Wisconsin VTAE Pipefitting Apprenticeship Curriculum. Instructor Guide, Apprentice Guide, [and] Wisconsin VTAE Pipefitting Competency Profile.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Northeast Wisconsin Technical Inst., Green Bay.

This curriculum guide contains 18 units for a course to assist apprentices in learning the pipefitting trade. Introductory materials include lists of suggested audiovisual materials, competencies, and textbooks and approximate times for each unit. Each instructional unit includes some or all of the following components: competencies, instructional…

Increasing Use of Instructional Television Programming.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harbison, Elaine S.

1989-01-01

Discusses the use of instructional television and video materials in the classroom and suggests what the role of the library/media specialist should be in increasing the use of these materials. Topics discussed include matching video materials with current curriculum needs; computer database programs; needs assessment forms; promotional…

Materials Center Collections and Procedures: Suggested Modifications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Larry L.

This description of a three year project of services to educators by the Kentucky Department of Education Materials Center includes the current collections, future collections, and the anticipated procedures necessary to provide optimum service and best utilize those materials. The plan involves better coordination between the three major…

Recycling Study Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hallowell, Anne; And Others

This study guide was designed to help teachers and students understand the problems surrounding solid wastes. It includes an overview of solid waste and recycling, a glossary, suggested activities and a list of resource publications, audiovisual materials and organizations. There are 19 activity suggestions included in this guide designed for use…

Beyond Advertising: How to Choose Materials for Review and Purchase.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singer, Marc G.; Pass, Barbara H.

1982-01-01

The article points out ways in which special education teachers can use advertising techniques to select curriculum materials. Suggested criteria include the product's design and image, testimonials, promise and benefits, newness and novelty, headlines, brand names and companies, and pricing. A checklist of nine questions for material evaluation…

Energy and Water: Conservation Suggestions for California's Elementary and Secondary Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento.

This publication contains conservation suggestions for schools in California to save water and energy. Contents include: (1) a list of sources of additional energy education assistance and materials; (2) a discussion of energy conservation in schools including HVAC system operations, lighting and building design; (3) a summary outline of actions…

Suggested Sources for Teaching about the Bill of Rights.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pahl, Ronald H.

1991-01-01

Provides an annotated bibliography of materials for use in teaching about the Bill of Rights. Includes items selected for their breadth of instructional techniques, variety of sources, and uniqueness. States prices and directions for obtaining the materials. (SG)

High Concentration Standard Aerosol Generator.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-31

Noncommercial Components .. .. ........ A-1 B. Maintenance Instructions and material Properties of Purchased Components . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . B-1...tration (if a lower flow or a wider size distribution is acceptable and 2) precautions and suggestions for use of different aerosol materials . Additional...details of the system (including shop drawings, 𔃻i4t lists of materials , and maintenance of commercially available components) are given in

Communication Arts: A Tentative Curriculum Guide for English 7-12, Basic, Regular, STS, [Advanced], Junior High Speech A & B, Speech I and II, Drama I and II, and Journalism I and II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Irving Independent School District, TX.

This guide is intended to be used for instruction in communication skills from the seventh grade through the twelfth. Each section of the guide is identified by grade level and includes instructional objectives, suggestions for introducing and motivating the unit, required material, suggested activities, audiovisual aids, resource materials, and…

Australia: An Instructional Unit for Elementary Grades.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duea, Joan; And Others

Designed to provide elementary teachers with materials for the study of Australia, this unit contains 19 lessons that include objectives, materials, procedures, suggested extension activities, and answer keys where needed. Following the 19 lessons are blackline masters for teacher transparencies, student worksheets, and extension activities. A…

City Geology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markle, Sandra

1989-01-01

This article provides information on the evolution of the building material, concrete, and suggests hands-on activities that allow students to experience concrete's qualities, test the heat absorbency of various ground surface materials, discover how an area's geology changes, and search for city fossils. A reproducible activity sheet is included.…

Vocational Education and the Gifted and Talented.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dickens, Ben H.

Information, materials, and suggestions are offered for providing vocational education for the gifted and talented. Introductory materials include definitions of the gifted, a review of vocational education literature concerning gifted and talented students, and procedures for identifying gifted and talented students. Guidelines are provided both…

The impact of rheologically controlled materials on the identification of airway compromise on the clinical and videofluoroscopic swallowing examinations.

PubMed

Groher, Michael E; Crary, Michael A; Carnaby Mann, Giselle; Vickers, Zata; Aguilar, Carlos

2006-10-01

Numerous studies have suggested that the clinical evaluation of swallowing fails to adequately identify those patients who aspirate or do not aspirate on a videofluoroscopic swallowing examination. These conclusions, however, are based on comparisons between swallowed materials that were not rheologically matched. The present study used a battery of rheologically matched test materials, involving thin and thick liquids and cohesive and adhesive semisolids. Using these test items, results from a clinical swallow evaluation were compared to the results of a videofluorographic evaluation using identical test materials. Results suggest that the use of three test materials, including thin and thick liquids given in volumes of 5 and 10 ml, demonstrated the strongest associations between cough on the clinical examination and aspiration on the videofluoroscopic examination.

Biodiversity. Teacher's Guide to World Resources. Comprehensive Coursework on the Global Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snyder, Sarah A.

This teacher's guide presents teaching suggestions and presentation materials about the importance of biodiversity, examines why it is threatened, and suggests ways of conserving it. The lesson is divided into seven parts and suggests allowing two or more class periods for completion. Student handouts include: (1) "Test Yourself: How Much Do…

Health Occupations Education: Medical Assistant.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sloan, Jamee Reid

These medical assistant instructional materials include 28 instructional units organized into sections covering orientation; anatomy and physiology, related disorders, disease, and skills; office practices; and clinical practices. Each unit includes eight basic components: performance objectives, suggested activities for teachers, information…

Real-time and accelerated outdoor endurance testing of solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Forestieri, A. F.; Anagnostou, E.

1978-01-01

Materials for solar-cell module construction have been studied on the basis of limited real-time outdoor exposure evaluations. The materials tested included transmission samples, sub-modules, and actual solar cells. The results suggest that glass, fluorinated ethylene propylene, and perfluoroalkoxy are good materials for the covering or encapsulation of solar-cell modules. In all cases, dirt accumulation and cleanability are important factors.

Reversible creation of nanostructures between identical or different species of materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jang, Hyun-Ik; Ko, Sungho; Park, Junyong; Lee, Dong-Eon; Jeon, Seokwoo; Ahn, Chi Won; Yoo, Kwang Soo; Park, Jae Hong

2012-07-01

In this study, accurate nanostructures with various aspect ratios are created on several types of material. This work is highly applicable to the energy, optical, and nano-bio fields, for example. A silicon (Si) nano-mold is preserved using the method described, and target nanostructures are replicated reversibly and unlimitedly to or from various hard and soft materials. It is also verified that various materials can be applied to the substrates. The results confirm that the target nanostructures are successfully created in precise straight line structures and circle structures with various aspect ratios, including extremely high aspect ratios of 1:18. It is suggested that the optimal replicating and demolding process of nanostructures with high aspect ratios, which are the most problematic, could be controlled by means of the surface energy between the functional materials. Relevant numerical and analytical studies are also performed. It is possible to expand the applicability of the nanostructured mold by adopting various backing materials, including rounded substrates. The scope of the applications is extended further by transferring the nanostructures between different species of materials including metallic materials as well as identical species.

Food Marketing: Cashier-Checker. Teacher's Guide. Competency Based Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Froelich, Larry; And Others

This teacher's guide is designed to accompany the Competency Based Cashier-Checker Curriculum student materials--see note. Contents include a listing of reference materials, tool and equipment lists, copy of the table of contents for student competency sheets, teacher's suggestions, and answer keys for information sheets and exercises.…

Annotated Bibliography of Mathematics Resources. Program Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markus, Nancy L.

Two bibliographies that review 18 books and resource materials that adult educators can use to teach mathematics in adult literacy classes are included. The materials are suggested to help teachers implement an effective, successful mathematics program, using many of the strategies recommended by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.…

A Model for Infusing Energy Concepts into Vocational Education Programs. Advanced Solar Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delta Vocational Technical School, Marked Tree, AR.

This instructional unit consists of materials designed to help students understand terms associated with solar energy; identify components of advanced solar systems; and identify applications of solar energy in business, industry, agriculture, and photovoltaics. Included in the unit are the following materials: suggested activities, instructional…

Agricultural Construction Volume I. Arc Welding Project Construction. Instructor's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brzozowski, Dick; Admire, Myron

This guide contains instructor's materials for teaching a secondary agricultural construction course consisting of instructional units on arc welding (8 lessons) and project construction (14 lessons). The materials for each unit include student objectives, a list of competencies from which the objectives were derived, suggestions for motivating…

Art in Aquatic Education: Materials and Methods.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whann, Maryann Smeyda

1983-01-01

Described are activities which utilize marine science subjects. These include: assemblage, bas-relief, batik, collage, mobile, montage, paper-mache, and play-dough activities. Includes a list of general suggestions for teachers using aquatic art activities in the classroom. (JN)

Commercial Carpentry: Instructional Units.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diehl, Donald W.; Penner, Wayman R.

This manual contains instructional materials which measure student performance on commercial carpentry behavioral objectives; criterion-referenced evaluation instruments are also included. Each of the manual's eleven sections consists of one or more units of instruction. Each instructional unit includes behavioral objectives, suggested activities…

Advanced nano lithography via soft materials-derived and reversible nano-patterning methodology for molding of infrared nano lenses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Jae Hong; Jang, Hyun Ik; Park, Jun Yong; Jeon, Seok Woo; Kim, Woo Choong; Kim, Hee Yeoun; Ahn, Chi Won

2015-03-01

The methodology suggested in this research provides the great possibility of creating nanostructures composed of various materials, such as soft polymer, hard polymer, and metal, as well as Si. Such nanostructures are required for a vast range of optical and display devices, photonic components, physical devices, energy devices including electrodes of secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and energy harvesters, biological devices including biochips, biomimetic or biosimilar structured devices, and mechanical devices including micro- or nano-scale sensors and actuators.

Building Literacy with Child-Constructed Sociodramatic Play Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferguson, Christine J.

1999-01-01

Presents suggestions for creating play-learning environments designed to promote children's early literacy. Suggests that stimulating and inviting environments, abundant in print-rich materials, realistic props, and manipulatives meaningful to children are most valuable. Themes include hospital, pizza restaurant, hardware store, flower shop, candy…

Computational Materials: Modeling and Simulation of Nanostructured Materials and Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gates, Thomas S.; Hinkley, Jeffrey A.

2003-01-01

The paper provides details on the structure and implementation of the Computational Materials program at the NASA Langley Research Center. Examples are given that illustrate the suggested approaches to predicting the behavior and influencing the design of nanostructured materials such as high-performance polymers, composites, and nanotube-reinforced polymers. Primary simulation and measurement methods applicable to multi-scale modeling are outlined. Key challenges including verification and validation of models are highlighted and discussed within the context of NASA's broad mission objectives.

Nuclear War and Science Teaching.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Art

1983-01-01

Suggests that science-related material on nuclear war be included in introductory courses. Lists nuclear war topics for physics, psychology, sociology, biology/ecology, chemistry, geography, geology/meteorology, mathematics, and medical science. Also lists 11 lectures on nuclear physics which include nuclear war topics. (JN)

ESL Teacher Training: Worksheets for Teachers of Adult Migrants.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dickie, J. A.; Lewis, Marilyn

Instructional materials are presented for teachers working with classes of adult migrants at technical institutes, high schools, or community centers in New Zealand. The materials are planned to be used in group training sessions, and the handbook includes suggestions for discussions, group tasks, and individual work. The handbook may be used for…

Audiovisual Records in the National Archives Relating to Black History. Preliminary Draft.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waffen, Leslie; And Others

A representative selection of the National Archives and Records Services' audiovisual collection relating to black history is presented. The intention is not to provide an exhaustive survey, but rather to indicate the breadth and scope of materials available for study and to suggest areas for concentrated research. The materials include sound…

Your Guide for Teaching Money Management. [Revised.] Money Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baran, Nancy H., Ed.; Tarrant, Sharon M., Ed.

This guide provides a framework for teaching consumer education to senior high and adult education classes. It may be used to develop a broad consumer economics program, to teach a single unit, or to incorporate money-managing concepts into various subject areas. Introductory materials include suggestions for adapting materials to curriculum…

Competency-Based Curriculum Guide for Introduction to Business. Grades 9-12. Bulletin No. 1729.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Louisiana State Dept. of Education, Baton Rouge. Div. of Vocational Education.

This curriculum guide is intended to assist business teachers in enabling students to develop consumer-business and socioeconomic competencies necessary for success in this competitive free enterprise system. Introductory materials include suggested teacher activities. Materials for 12 units are provided. Each unit contains these components: time…

Advanced Beef Unit for Advanced Livestock Production Curriculum. Instructor's Guide. AGDEX 420/00.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sparks, Jim; Stewart, Bob R.

This instructor's guide for an advanced beef unit contains 15 lessons that build on Agricultural Science I and II competencies. Introductory materials include lists of performance objectives and competencies for the complete unit, suggestions for motivational technique/interest approach and evaluation, lists of references and materials for the…

Readability of Written Materials for CKD Patients: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Morony, Suzanne; Flynn, Michaela; McCaffery, Kirsten J; Jansen, Jesse; Webster, Angela C

2015-06-01

The "average" patient has a literacy level of US grade 8 (age 13-14 years), but this may be lower for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Current guidelines suggest that patient education materials should be pitched at a literacy level of around 5th grade (age 10-11 years). This study aims to evaluate the readability of written materials targeted at patients with CKD. Systematic review. Patient information materials aimed at adults with CKD and written in English. Patient education materials designed to be printed and read, sourced from practices in Australia and online at all known websites run by relevant international CKD organizations during March 2014. Quantitative analysis of readability using Lexile Analyzer and Flesch-Kincaid tools. We analyzed 80 materials. Both Lexile Analyzer and Flesch-Kincaid analyses suggested that most materials required a minimum of grade 9 (age 14-15 years) schooling to read them. Only 5% of materials were pitched at the recommended level (grade 5). Readability formulas have inherent limitations and do not account for visual information. We did not consider other media through which patients with CKD may access information. Although the study covered materials from the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, all non-Internet materials were sourced locally, and it is possible that some international paper-based materials were missed. Generalizability may be limited due to exclusion of non-English materials. These findings suggest that patient information materials aimed at patients with CKD are pitched above the average patient's literacy level. This issue is compounded by cognitive decline in patients with CKD, who may have lower literacy than the average patient. It suggests that information providers need to consider their audience more carefully when preparing patient information materials, including user testing with a low-literacy patient population. Copyright © 2015 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biology Curriculum Support Document.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

North Carolina Dept. of Public Instruction, Raleigh.

This biology curriculum supplement includes the North Carolina Standard Course of Study Goals, helpful resources, and suggested activities supported by inquiry-based laboratory activities. Contents include a detailed description of content which provides the goals and standards being sough), a materials list for inquiry support labs and…

ELECTRONIC BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OCCUPATIONS, SUGGESTED CURRICULA.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC.

VOCATIONAL CURRICULUMS ARE SUGGESTED FOR EIGHT ELECTRONIC BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING OCCUPATIONS AS A GUIDE TO TRAINING UNEMPLOYED AND UNDEREMPLOYED PERSONS. THE COURSE OUTLINES AND OTHER MATERIAL WERE PREPARED BY STAFF MEMBERS OF THE INFORMATION AND TRAINING SERVICES DIVISION OF MCGRAW-HILL, INC. CONSULTANTS INCLUDED DATA PROCESSING TRAINING…

Ten-Minute Super Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lutz, Charlene Howells; Briles, Patricia

1983-01-01

Four student minicenters, concerning friendship, good grooming, good housekeeping, and fitness, are described. Reproducible materials to be used in the centers are included as well as instructions and suggestions. (CJ)

Chemical Decontaminant Testing

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-20

make certain that the amine group on the VX is entirely in the freebase form needed for complete extraction into the chloroform. (3) When other...information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information on ...material effects of decontaminants on fielded military equipment (material effects are defined as hardness). Mechanisms of decontaminating equipment

CGF cartridge development, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dixon, Carl A.

1993-01-01

This report is a summary of SRI's efforts in Crystal Growth Furnace cartridge developments. It includes: evaluation of molybdenum, TZM, and WC-103 as cartridge materials; a survey of oxidation resistant coatings; chemical compatibility studies of cadmium-zinc-telluride and gallium-arsenide with TZM and WC-103; a survey of future cartridge materials; and suggested improvements in ampoule design.

"The Taming of the Shrew." A Play Packet To Accompany "Elementary, My Dear Shakespeare."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Engen, Barbara; Campbell, Joy

Intended for use by elementary school teachers as a supplement to the book, "Elementary, My Dear Shakespeare," or for use by itself to produce one Shakespeare play, this play packet contains ready-to-reproduce materials for the production of "The Taming of the Shrew." Materials include: staging suggestions for scenery, props,…

Priority One: Environment. Air Pollution and Your Health, Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCutcheon, Patricia; And Others

This teaching guide is designed to be used with secondary school students and the unit Air Pollution and Your Health. Material for the teacher includes the following: (1) an introduction to the unit; (2) a discussion of the sections of the unit; (3) instructional objectives; (4) suggestions for use of filmstrips, worksheets, reference materials,…

Utilization of on-site resources for regenerative life support systems at Lunar and Martian outposts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ming, Douglas W.; Golden, D. C.; Henninger, Donald L.

1993-01-01

Lunar and martian materials can be processed and used at planetary outposts to reduce the need (and thus the cost) of transportng supplies from Earth. A variety of uses for indigenous, on-site materials have been suggested, including uses as rocket propellants, construction materials, and life support materials. Utilization of on-site resources will supplement Regenerative Life Support Systems (RLSS) that will be needed to regenerate air, water, wastes, and to produce food (e.g., plants) for human consumption during long-duration space missions. Natural materials on the Moon and/or Mars may be used for a variety of RLSS needs including (1) soils or solid-support substrate for plant growth, (2) sources for extraction of essential plant-growth nutrients, (3) sources of O2, H2, CO2, and water, (4) substrates for microbial populations in the degradation of wastes, and (5) shielding materials surrounding outpost structures to protect humans, plants, and microorganisms from radiation. In addition to the regolith, the martian atmosphere will provide additional resources at a Mars outpost, including water, CO2 and other atmospheric gases.

Towards aging mechanisms of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation materials in nuclear power plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Shuaishuai; Fifield, Leonard S.; Bowler, Nicola

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation material undergoes simultaneous, accelerated thermal and gamma-radiation aging to simulate the long-term aging environment within nuclear power plants (NPPs). A variety of materials characterization tests, including scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, oxidation induction time, gel-fraction and dielectric properties measurement, are conducted on pristine and differently aged XLPE samples. A preliminary model of one possible aging mechanism of XLPE cable insulation material under gamma radiation at elevated temperature of 115 °C is suggested.

Nanotechnology and clean energy: sustainable utilization and supply of critical materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fromer, Neil A.; Diallo, Mamadou S.

2013-11-01

Advances in nanoscale science and engineering suggest that many of the current problems involving the sustainable utilization and supply of critical materials in clean and renewable energy technologies could be addressed using (i) nanostructured materials with enhanced electronic, optical, magnetic and catalytic properties and (ii) nanotechnology-based separation materials and systems that can recover critical materials from non-traditional sources including mine tailings, industrial wastewater and electronic wastes with minimum environmental impact. This article discusses the utilization of nanotechnology to improve or achieve materials sustainability for energy generation, conversion and storage. We highlight recent advances and discuss opportunities of utilizing nanotechnology to address materials sustainability for clean and renewable energy technologies.

Materials Problems in Chemical Liquid-Propellant Rocket Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilbert, L. L.

1959-01-01

With the advent of the space age, new adjustments in technical thinking and engineering experience are necessary. There is an increasing and extensive interest in the utilization of materials for components to be used at temperatures ranging from -423 to over 3500 deg F. This paper presents a description of the materials problems associated with the various components of chemical liquid rocket systems. These components include cooled and uncooled thrust chambers, injectors, turbine drive systems, propellant tanks, and cryogenic propellant containers. In addition to materials limitations associated with these components, suggested research approaches for improving materials properties are made. Materials such as high-temperature alloys, cermets, carbides, nonferrous alloys, plastics, refractory metals, and porous materials are considered.

Research on the Superheater Material Properties for USC Boiler with 700°C Steam Parameter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chongbin, Wang; Xueyuan, Xu; Yufeng, Zhu; Yongqiang, Jin; Hui, Tong; Yu, Wang; Xiaoli, Lu

This paper discusses the materials' properties of superheater for 700°C USC boiler, including Sanicro25, HR6W, 617mod and 740H, and analyzes the range of applicable temperature of superheater made of different tubes, such as T91, T92, Super304H, TP310HCbN, Sanicro25, HR6W, 617Mod and 740H. In addition, some suggestions on the material selection have been proposed.

Using Aquatic Insects as Indicators of Water Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dyche, Steven E.

1977-01-01

Described is a science field activity that studies the presence of certain aquatic insects, like stoneflies, as indicators of water quality. Equipment, materials, and methods are listed in detail, including suggestions for building certain supplies. Results of previous studies on the Yellowstone River are included. (MA)

The Pimlico Chemistry Trail.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borrows, Peter

1984-01-01

Describes a chemistry "trail" (similar to a nature trail) which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. The trail includes 20 stops in and around a local school. Types of phenomena examined include building materials, air pollution, corrosion of metals, swimming pools, and others. Additional activities are also suggested. (DH)

Learning Center: Introducing "Sherman" the Sow Bug.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armstrong, Beverly; Moore, Charlotte

1982-01-01

Offers suggestions for using sow bugs in the classroom, including maintenance, source (found virtually everywhere in damp soil), background information, bibliography, and bulletin board idea. Includes instructions and materials (clue cards) for a fact-finding and hypothesis-testing game in which students determine what kind of an animal…

The Teaching of Electromagnetic Induction at Sixth Form Level

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Archenhold, W. F.

1974-01-01

Presents some ideas about teaching electromagnetic induction at sixth form level, including educational objectives, learning difficulties, syllabus requirements, selection of unit system, and sequence of material presentation. Suggests the Education Group of the Institute of Physics hold further discussions on these aspects before including the…

Nest Boxes Artificial Homes for Woodland Mammals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Decker, Daniel J.; Kelley, John W.

1983-01-01

Provides instructions for constructing artificial "homes" for squirrels, raccoons, and rabbits. These include squirrel dens constructed from discarded automobile tires and squirrel nest boxes, raccoon dens, and rabbit burrows constructed from wood. Includes a chart giving dimensions of materials needed and suggestions on where to place the…

Consumer Education. An Introductory Unit for Inmates in Penal Institutions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schmoele, Henry H.; And Others

This introductory consumer education curriculum outline contains materials designed to help soon-to-be-released prisoners to develop an awareness of consumer concerns and to better manage their family lives. Each of the four units provided includes lesson objectives, suggested contents, suggested teaching methods, handouts, and tests. The unit on…

Animal Rights: Selected Resources and Suggestions for Further Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davidoff, Donald J.

1989-01-01

Presents an annotated list of selected resources intended to serve as a guide to the growing amount of material on animal rights. Suggestions to aid in additional research include subject headings used to find books, indexes used to locate periodical articles, sources for locating organizations, and a selected list of animal rights organizations.…

Core III Materials for Rural Agriculture Programs. Units H-I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Courson, Roger L.; And Others

This curriculum guide includes teaching packets for nine problem areas of study to be included in a core curriculum for 11th-grade or third-year students enrolled in rural agricultural programs in Illinois. Each problem area includes some or all of the following components: suggestions to the teacher, a teacher guide, a competency inventory, an…

Core III Materials for Rural Agriculture Programs. Units A-G.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Courson, Roger L.; And Others

This curriculum guide includes teaching packets for 12 areas of study to be included in a core curriculum for 11th-grade or third-year students enrolled in rural agricultural programs in Illinois. Each problem area includes some or all of the following components: suggestions to the teacher, teacher guide, competency inventory, information sheet,…

For the Classroom: Scrimshaw.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Current, 1979

1979-01-01

Procedures are described for practicing the art of scrimshaw in the classroom. Several materials are suggested for use. These include beef soup bones, old piano keys, nails, sandpaper, and lampblack or charcoal. (SA)

Summary and Findings of the ARL Dynamic Failure Forum

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-29

short beam shear, quasi -static indentation, depth of penetration, and V50 limit velocity. o Experimental technique suggestions for improvement included...art in experimental , theoretical, and computational studies of dynamic failure. The forum also focused on identifying technologies and approaches...Army-specific problems. Experimental exploration of material behavior and an improved ability to parameterize material models is essential to improving

Materiales en Marcha para el Esfuerzo Bilingue-Bicultural (Materials on the March for the Promotion of Bilingualism/Biculturalism), July 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

San Diego City Schools, CA.

This newsletter is designed to promote the needs and aims of bilingual-bicultural education. This issue contains the following articles: (1) Santillana's "Redondel," (2) Secondary Biographies, (3) The Culture Crunch, and (4) Editor's Notes. Included is a list of suggested U.S. distributors of educational materials in Spanish and Portuguese. (SK)

The Dilemma of Toxic Materials. Classroom-Tested Ideas and Resources for Social Studies and Science Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Llewellyn, Gerald C.; And Others

Classroom tested ideas and resources for social studies and science teachers on toxic and hazardous substances are provided in this guide. Suggestions are included for ways of increasing student awareness and knowledge about this problem. Although the materials were primarily developed for junior high students they can be adapted and modified for…

Open to Suggestion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of Reading, 1981

1981-01-01

Contributors offer teaching ideas, including: using Sherlock Holmes mysteries to teach character and plot development, using materials supplied by the athletic coaches in the reading laboratory, and using individualized reading in the content areas. (AEA)

Population and Human Development: A Course Curriculum Including Lesson Plans, Activities, and Bibliography. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Elaine M.; Long, Alison T.

This course outline suggests materials and learning activities on the interrelated causes and consequences of population growth and other population matters. The document describes 15 class sessions which integrate information for sociology, anthropology, psychology, biology, animal behavior, and education. Topics include the history of human…

An Annotated Bibliography of Spanish Readers for Levels I-IV.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrow, Judith C.

Introductory remarks and suggestions for the possible use of reading materials included in this annotated bibliography precede the 38 entries classified according to grade level. The informational data includes: author, title, source, and availability. Annotations refer to format, level indicated, grammar, theme or plot, projected teaching use,…

Reference Materials and Services for a Small Hospital Library. 5th Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kesti, Julie, Comp.; Graham, Elaine, Comp.

This manual suggests and describes recommended reference services and sources for a small hospital library. Focusing on reference services, the first section includes information on ready-reference services; bibliographic search services, including taking and processing a request for a bibliography, National Library of Medicine literature…

Metric System Unit.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maggi, Gayle J. B.

Thirty-six lessons for introducing the metric system are outlined. Appropriate grade level is not specified. The metric lessons suggested include 13 lessons on length, 7 lessons on mass, 11 lessons on capacity, and 5 lessons on temperature. Each lesson includes a list of needed materials, a statement of the lesson purpose, and suggested…

Simulated Real-Life Experiences Using Classified Ads in the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hechler, Ellen

This guide contains activities to help teachers give middle school students experience in practical life skills. Techniques include role playing and using classified advertisements from newspapers. The five lessons include teacher tips on conducting the activities. Lessons contain objectives, materials needed, discussion, and suggested dialogue.…

Analysis of the stress state in an Iosipescu sheartest specimen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walrath, D. E.; Adams, D. F.

1983-01-01

The state of stress in an Iosipescu shear test specimen is analyzed, utilizing a finite element computer program. The influence of test fixture configuration on this stress state is included. Variations of the standard specimen configuration, including notch depth, notch angle, and notch root radius are modeled. The purpose is to establish guidelines for a specimen geometry which will accommodate highly orthotropic materials while minimizing stress distribution nonuniformities. Materials ranging from isotropic to highly orthotropic are considered. An optimum specimen configuration is suggested, along with changes in the test fixture.

Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results.

PubMed

Rohr, Annette; McDonald, Jacob

2016-02-01

Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.

Smell, Touch, Listen, Look--Kids Learn, Kids Cook: A Nutrition Education Workshop for Day Care Personnel.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herr, Judith; And Others

This collection of nutrition education materials is designed for use in inservice training workshops for day care personnel. The document includes a listing of good nutrition concepts, suggestions for cooking in the classroom, meal planning ideas, lesson plan forms and objectives, suggestions for involving parents in nutrition education, and…

Science Notes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Science Review, 1985

1985-01-01

Presents 23 experiments, activities, field projects and computer programs in the biological and physical sciences. Instructional procedures, experimental designs, materials, and background information are suggested. Topics include fluid mechanics, electricity, crystals, arthropods, limpets, acid neutralization, and software evaluation. (ML)

Effects of Variations in Toy Presentation on Social Behaviour of Infants and Toddlers in Childcare

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shohet, Cilly; Klein, Pnina S.

2010-01-01

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of variations in presentation of play materials on social behaviour of 18- to 30-month-old children. The study group included 102 children attending infant and toddler classes in 14 public childcare centres in Israel. Play materials were presented to the children either in a suggestive manner…

Space Resources for Teachers: Chemistry; Including Suggestions for Classroom Activities and Laboratory Experiments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawrence, Richard M.

This publication is composed of 10 units, each based on an area of space science and technology in which chemistry plays an important role. Each resource unit can be used independently of the others and materials can be selected from within a unit. The materials range in difficulty from the junior high level of understanding to those that will…

MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) Education And Public Outreach program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gulick, V. C.; Davatzes, A.; McEwen, A.

2006-12-01

HiRISE provides an innovative education and public outreach program with a variety of formal and informal educational activities. The centerpiece of HiRISE's E/PO program is it's interactive website called HiWeb (http://marsoweb.nasa.nasa.gov/hirise and http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu). HiWeb provides an image suggestion facility where the public can submit suggestions for HiRISE images and view HiRISE images in context with other available Mars data. HiRISE EPO has developed K-14 educational materials including activity, coloring and comic books that focus on Mars geology, the image suggestion process, understanding the HiRISE camera and working with digital image data. In addition, we have developed interactive educational games including Mars crosswords, jigsaws, word searches, and flash cards to provide fun ways for students to learn more about Mars. All educational materials and games are aligned with the National Science Standards. HiRISE Clickworkers will provide online opportunities for the public to assist the team in creating geologic feature databases (gullies, boulders, craters, wind streaks, etc.) present in the HiRISE images in addition to other innovative opportunities. Web events (including web chats, casts and forums) with HiRISE team members, will help guide students and educators of HiRISE capabilities and science goals and provide support for submitting good image suggestions. Educator workshops will be held each year at or near the institution of HiRISE team members. Workshop support materials and instructions for all hands-on activities will be placed on HiWeb to facilitate sharing of information with other educators and the general public. Large-scale displays of HiRISE images will be available at several at museums and planetariums.

Increased response time of primed associates following an "episodic" hypnotic amnesia suggestion: a case of unconscious volition.

PubMed

Smith, Caleb Henry; Oakley, David A; Morton, John

2013-12-01

Following a hypnotic amnesia suggestion, highly hypnotically suggestible subjects may experience amnesia for events. Is there a failure to retrieve the material concerned from autobiographical (episodic) memory, or is it retrieved but blocked from consciousness? Highly hypnotically suggestible subjects produced free-associates to a list of concrete nouns. They were then given an amnesia suggestion for that episode followed by another free association list, which included 15 critical words that had been previously presented. If episodic retrieval for the first trial had been blocked, the responses on the second trial should still have been at least as fast as for the first trial. With semantic priming, they should be faster. In fact, they were on average half a second slower. This suggests that the material had been retrieved but blocked from consciousness. A goal-oriented information processing framework is outlined to interpret these and related data. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Batch Feeder for Inhomogeneous Bulk Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vislov, I. S.; Kladiev, S. N.; Slobodyan, S. M.; Bogdan, A. M.

2016-04-01

The work includes the mechanical analysis of mechanical feeders and batchers that find application in various technological processes and industrial fields. Feeders are usually classified according to their design features into two groups: conveyor-type feeders and non-conveyor feeders. Batchers are used to batch solid bulk materials. Less frequently, they are used for liquids. In terms of a batching method, they are divided into volumetric and weighting batchers. Weighting batchers do not provide for sufficient batching accuracy. Automatic weighting batchers include a mass controlling sensor and systems for automatic material feed and automatic mass discharge control. In terms of operating principle, batchers are divided into gravitational batchers and batchers with forced feed of material using conveyors and pumps. Improved consumption of raw materials, decreased loss of materials, ease of use in automatic control systems of industrial facilities allows increasing the quality of technological processes and improve labor conditions. The batch feeder suggested by the authors is a volumetric batcher that has no comparable counterparts among conveyor-type feeders and allows solving the problem of targeted feeding of bulk material batches increasing reliability and hermeticity of the device.

Chemistry Notes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Science Review, 1983

1983-01-01

Presents chemistry experiments, laboratory procedures, demonstrations, teaching suggestions, and classroom materials/activities. These include: game for teaching ionic formulas; method for balancing equations; description of useful redox series; computer programs (with listings) for water electrolysis simulation and for determining chemical…

Software Reviews.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wulfson, Stephen, Ed.

1989-01-01

Presents comments by classroom teachers on courseware for teaching science. Materials include forests, heart anatomy and physiology, balancing a series of numbers on a lever, the scientific method, ecology, and fire prevention. Availability, suggested grade level, and costs are provided. (RT)

The Dot Blot ELISA.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerbig, Donald G., Jr.; Fenk, Christopher J.; Goodhart, Amy S.

2000-01-01

Uses two laboratory techniques, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western Blot, to demonstrate antibody-antigen binding concepts. Includes a list of required materials and directions for the procedure, and makes suggestions for classroom applications. (Contains 13 references.) (YDS)

Nanoscale phase change memory materials.

PubMed

Caldwell, Marissa A; Jeyasingh, Rakesh Gnana David; Wong, H-S Philip; Milliron, Delia J

2012-08-07

Phase change memory materials store information through their reversible transitions between crystalline and amorphous states. For typical metal chalcogenide compounds, their phase transition properties directly impact critical memory characteristics and the manipulation of these is a major focus in the field. Here, we discuss recent work that explores the tuning of such properties by scaling the materials to nanoscale dimensions, including fabrication and synthetic strategies used to produce nanoscale phase change memory materials. The trends that emerge are relevant to understanding how such memory technologies will function as they scale to ever smaller dimensions and also suggest new approaches to designing materials for phase change applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities raised by integrating nanoscale phase change materials into switching devices are discussed.

Suggestions for a Syllabus for Commercial German at an Intermediate and Advanced Level: Explanation of Methodologies and Techniques.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marfurt, Rose Marie A.

Suggestions are made for the organization of a business German course. It is proposed that course material be divided into chapters, one per week, each containing five sections. The sections include: (1) a broad selection of typical German business letters exemplifying operations in all branches of export and import, followed by a special…

Optical Studies and Poling of DNA NLO Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heckman, Emily; Grote, James

2005-04-01

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), extracted from salmon sperm through an enzyme isolation process, is precipitated with a surfactant complex, cetyltrimethl-ammonium (CTMA), for application as a nonlinear optical material. Preliminary characterization studies suggest that DNA-CTMA may be suitable for use as the host material in the poled core layer of electro-optically-active waveguide devices. Poling results and techniques for poled chromophore-DNA-CTMA films will be discussed. Optical characterization studies of the DNA-CTMA films, including optical propagation losses and considerations in making DNA-CTMA an optical quality material, will be presented.

TBC costing. [test bed concentrator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaminski, H. L.

1980-01-01

Procedures to be used in determining the cost of producing and installing a parabolic dish collector in annual production volumes of 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, and 1,000,000 units include (1) evaluating each individual part for material cost and for the type and number of operations required to work the raw material into the finished part; (2) costing labor, burden, tooling, gaging, machinery, and equipment; (3) estimating facilities requirements for each production volume; and (4) considering suggestions for design and material alterations that could result in cost reduction.

Determination of Optimal Heat-Storage Thickness of Layer for “Smart Wall” by Methods of Nonlinear Heat Conduction Equations for Phase-transition Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pospelova, I.

2017-11-01

The article suggests an original way of keeping heat load and its compensation for a microclimate system by proposing the “Smart Wall”. The construction consists of specially combined composite materials including phase-transition materials. The method for determination of the layer thickness is proposed for a certain accumulation time. Varying the thickness and composition of the layer it is possible to achieve a low amount of the thermal conductivity coefficient and to obtain various functional characteristics of fences.

A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Howard R.; Brown, James W.; Brown, Otis B.; Evans, Robert H.; Smith, Raymond C.

1988-01-01

A semianalytical radiance model is developed which predicts the upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of the phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in waters which were not included in the data base used to derive it. It suggests that the observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in the backscattering of plankton and the associated detrital material. The model is extended to include other material in the water, such as dissolved organic material, referred to as yellow substances, and detached coccoliths from coccolithophorids, e.g., Emiliana huxleyi. Potential applications include an improved biooptical algorithm for the retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths and an improved atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The model also serves to identify and to interpret deviations from Case 1 waters.

Worldwide Emerging Environmental Issues Affecting the U.S. Military. August 2006 Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

materials (such as mercury , lead and cadmium); power requirements; lifespan; and the "end of life" recycling plans offered by the manufacturers. Military...amounts of lead, mercury , cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flame-retardants (BFRs). To do well...A few experiments suggest that in more acidic conditions, microbes will produce more volatile organic compounds such as dimethyl sulphide , some of

Home Economics--A Look--A Job--A Future. A Course of Study at a Pre-Vocational Level for 7th and/or 8th Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oklahoma City Public School System, OK. Dept. of Home Economics.

Prevocational materials for use at the seventh and/or eighth grade levels are presented in this curriculum guide. Materials cover six areas, each consisting of several instructional units planned for more than one lesson or class period. Each unit includes behavioral objectives, suggested activities for teacher and students, information sheets,…

Electronic inhomogeneity in a Kondo lattice

PubMed Central

Bauer, E. D.; Yang, Yi-feng; Capan, C.; Urbano, R. R.; Miclea, C. F.; Sakai, H.; Ronning, F.; Graf, M. J.; Balatsky, A. V.; Movshovich, R.; Bianchi, A. D.; Reyes, A. P.; Kuhns, P. L.; Thompson, J. D.; Fisk, Z.

2011-01-01

Inhomogeneous electronic states resulting from entangled spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom are hallmarks of strongly correlated electron materials; such behavior has been observed in many classes of d-electron materials, including the high-Tc copper-oxide superconductors, manganites, and most recently the iron–pnictide superconductors. The complexity generated by competing phases in these materials constitutes a considerable theoretical challenge—one that still defies a complete description. Here, we report a manifestation of electronic inhomogeneity in a strongly correlated f-electron system, using CeCoIn5 as an example. A thermodynamic analysis of its superconductivity, combined with nuclear quadrupole resonance measurements, shows that nonmagnetic impurities (Y, La, Yb, Th, Hg, and Sn) locally suppress unconventional superconductivity, generating an inhomogeneous electronic “Swiss cheese” due to disrupted periodicity of the Kondo lattice. Our analysis may be generalized to include related systems, suggesting that electronic inhomogeneity should be considered broadly in Kondo lattice materials.

Tips for Teaching Birding.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burtch, Bob

1986-01-01

Provides descriptions of indoor and outdoor activities that can be used in teaching a unit on birds. Suggests techniques that can be helpful in bird identification. Includes a reference list of audiovisual materials, books, and field guides on birds. (ML)

Making a Submarine.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cornacchia, Deborah J.

2002-01-01

Describes Archimedes principle and why a ship sinks when it gets a hole in it. Suggests an activity for teaching the concept of density and water displacement through the construction of a simple submarine. Includes materials and procedures for this activity. (KHR)

Durability testing of medium speed diesel engine components designed for operating on coal/water slurry fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McDowell, R. E.; Giammarise, A. W.; Johnson, R. N.

1994-01-01

Over 200 operating cylinder hours were run on critical wearing engine parts. The main components tested included cylinder liners, piston rings, and fuel injector nozzles for coal/water slurry fueled operation. The liners had no visible indication of scoring nor major wear steps found on their tungsten carbide coating. While the tungsten carbide coating on the rings showed good wear resistance, some visual evidence suggests adhesive wear mode was present. Tungsten carbide coated rings running against tungsten carbide coated liners in GE 7FDL engines exhibit wear rates which suggest an approximate 500 to 750 hour life. Injector nozzle orifice materials evaluated were diamond compacts, chemical vapor deposited diamond tubes, and thermally stabilized diamond. Based upon a total of 500 cylinder hours of engine operation (including single-cylinder combustion tests), diamond compact was determined to be the preferred orifice material.

Learning to perceive haptic distance-to-break in the presence of friction.

PubMed

Altenhoff, Bliss M; Pagano, Christopher C; Kil, Irfan; Burg, Timothy C

2017-02-01

Two experiments employed attunement and calibration training to investigate whether observers are able to identify material break points in compliant materials through haptic force application. The task required participants to attune to a recently identified haptic invariant, distance-to-break (DTB), rather than haptic stimulation not related to the invariant, including friction. In the first experiment participants probed simulated force-displacement relationships (materials) under 3 levels of friction with the aim of pushing as far as possible into the materials without breaking them. In a second experiment a different set of participants pulled on the materials. Results revealed that participants are sensitive to DTB for both pushing and pulling, even in the presence of varying levels of friction, and this sensitivity can be improved through training. The results suggest that the simultaneous presence of friction may assist participants in perceiving DTB. Potential applications include the development of haptic training programs for minimally invasive (laparoscopic) surgery to reduce accidental tissue damage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

Luna 16 - Some Li, K, Rb, Sr, Ba, rare-earth, Zr, and Hf concentrations.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Philpotts, J. A.; Schnetzler, C. C.; Schuhmann, S.; Thomas , H. H.; Bottino, M. L.

1972-01-01

Concentrations of Li, K, Rb, Sr, Na, rare-earths, Zr and Hf have been determined for some Luna 16 core materials by mass-spectrometric isotope-dilution. Two regolith fines samples from different depths in the core, and four rock-chips, including both igneous rocks and breccias, have similar trace-element concentrations. The Luna 16 materials have general lunar trace-element characteristics but differ from other returned lunar samples in a manner that suggests the presence of excess feldspar. Unless the Luna 16 igneous rocks are fused soils, they appear to represent either partial plagioclase cumulates or the least differentiated igneous material yet returned from the moon. The similarity in trace-element concentrations of the igneous rocks and the fines would then suggest largely local derivation of the Luna 16 regolith.

Be a Water Watcher: A Resource Guide for Water Conservation, K-12. 1985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kominski, John

This guide provides teachers of kindergarten through high school with model lessons relating to water conservation. Age-appropriate suggestions are presented including songs, poems, skits, activity sheets, and field trips. Generic hints and information are included in addition to material which applies specifically to New York City, such as how to…

Horticulture Materials for Agricultural Education Programs. Core Agricultural Education Curriculum, Central Cluster.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois Univ., Urbana. Office of Agricultural Communications and Education.

This curriculum guide contains five units with relevant problem areas for horticulture. These problem areas have been selected as suggested areas of study to be included in a core curriculum for secondary students enrolled in an agricultural education program. Each problem area includes some or all of the following components: related problem…

Artist Material BRDF Database for Computer Graphics Rendering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashbaugh, Justin C.

The primary goal of this thesis was to create a physical library of artist material samples. This collection provides necessary data for the development of a gonio-imaging system for use in museums to more accurately document their collections. A sample set was produced consisting of 25 panels and containing nearly 600 unique samples. Selected materials are representative of those commonly used by artists both past and present. These take into account the variability in visual appearance resulting from the materials and application techniques used. Five attributes of variability were identified including medium, color, substrate, application technique and overcoat. Combinations of these attributes were selected based on those commonly observed in museum collections and suggested by surveying experts in the field. For each sample material, image data is collected and used to measure an average bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The results are available as a public-domain image and optical database of artist materials at art-si.org. Additionally, the database includes specifications for each sample along with other information useful for computer graphics rendering such as the rectified sample images and normal maps.

Instructor satisfaction with a technology-based resource for diabetes education.

PubMed

Hall, Deanne L; Corman, Shelby L; Drab, Scott R; Meyer, Susan M; Smith, Randall B

2009-05-27

To evaluate instructor use patterns and satisfaction with DM Educate, a comprehensive, Web-based diabetes course. Instructors completed a post-course survey instrument to assess their use of course materials and components, as well as satisfaction with the course content, design, and technology utilized, and to solicit their suggestions for additional content areas. Thirty-eight percent of respondents utilized DM Educate as a standalone elective and 62% had integrated materials into existing courses. The pharmacotherapy module was the most utilized at 91% and slide sets were the most utilized course components at 63%. All instructors stated that they would use the course again the following year. Suggestions for improvement included incorporation of more active-learning activities and patient cases. Instructors' were highly satisfied with the course materials and technology used by DM Educate, a Web-based diabetes education course, and indicated they were able to customize the course materials both to establish new courses and supplement existing courses. All instructors planned to use the course again.

A Course of Study in English for Grade Eight.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rochester Public Schools, Minn.

As an aid for teachers in instruction planning, a detailed English course of study is presented. Course goals and philosophies for each of three sections: Composition; Language; Literature are given. Each section includes: Aims, Instructional Materials, Suggestions. (NF)

A Course of Study in English for Grade Ten.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rochester Public Schools, Minn.

As an aid for teachers in instruction planning, a detailed English course of study is presented. Philosophies for each of three parts: Composition; Language; Literature are given. Each of these sections includes: Aims, Instructional Materials, Suggestions. (NF)

A Course of Study in English for Grade Seven.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rochester Public Schools, Minn.

As an aid for teachers in instruction planning, a detailed English course of study is presented. Course goals and philosophies for each of three sections: Composition; Language; Literature are given. Each section includes: Aims, Instructional Materials, Suggestions. (NF)

A Course of Study in English for Grade Nine.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rochester Public Schools, Minn.

As an aid for teachers in instruction planning, a detailed English course of study is presented. Course goals and philosophies for each of three sections: Composition; Language; Literature are given. Each section includes: Aims, Instructional Materials, Suggestions. (NF)

Finding More Time.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuery, Carol

1985-01-01

Suggests ways for English teachers to use their time more efficiently that include finding a quiet place at school to work, working after school, using a grade-scanner, sharing materials with other teachers, and making lists of tasks arranged in order of importance. (EL)

April 2013 MOVES Model Review Work Group Meeting Materials

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Presentations from the meeting on April 30th of 2013 include a focus on the next version of MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), evaluating proposed data sources and analysis methods, and commenting on or suggesting features or enhancements.

Acid Rain: Activities for Science Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Eric; And Others

1983-01-01

Seven complete secondary/college level acid rain activities are provided. Activities include overview; background information and societal implications; major concepts; student objectives; vocabulary/material lists; procedures; instructional strategies; and questions/discussion and extension suggestions. Activities consider effects of acid rain on…

Proverbs: Worldly Wisdom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meixner, Linda L.

1990-01-01

Offers a two-day lesson plan for secondary literature classes, using biblical proverbs from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanac," and anonymous adages. Identifies objectives, materials, procedure, evaluation, and suggests student projects. Includes proverbs for discussion and…

Career Education: Learning with a Purpose. Secondary Guide-Vol. 1. Art, English, Industrial Arts, Physical Education, Science, Field Trips and Guest Speakers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Atkinson, Marilyn; And Others

The guide offers a compilation of teacher developed career education materials which may be integrated with secondary level curriculum and, in some cases, complete unit or course outlines are included. Suggested activities and ideas are presented for the following five subject areas and their related units: art, English (activity suggestions for…

A content review of online naloxone Continuing Education courses for pharmacists in states with standing orders.

PubMed

Carpenter, Delesha M; Roberts, Courtney A; Westrick, Salisa C; Ferreri, Stefanie P; Kennelty, Korey A; Look, Kevin A; Abraham, Olufunmilola; Wilson, Courtenay

2017-11-21

Many community pharmacists are uncomfortable educating patients about naloxone, an opioid reversal agent. To examine whether training materials prepare pharmacists to counsel patients and caregivers about naloxone, online naloxone education materials for pharmacists in the 13 states with standing orders were analyzed. Two coders reviewed 12 naloxone training programs and extracted data for 15 topics that were clustered in four categories: background/importance, naloxone products, business/operations, and communication. Programs that included communication content were coded for whether they: 1) suggested specific verbiage for naloxone counseling; 2) recommended evidence-based communication practices; and 3) included example naloxone conversations. Most programs covered the majority of topics, with the exception of extended treatment for individuals who overdose and naloxone storage/expiration information. Eleven programs addressed pharmacist-patient communication, although information on communication was often limited. Only one program included an example pharmacist-patient naloxone conversation, but the conversation was 10 min long and occurred in a private room, limiting its applicability to most community pharmacies. Online naloxone training materials for pharmacists include limited content on how to communicate with patients and caregivers. Training materials that include more in-depth content on communication may increase pharmacists' confidence to discuss the topics of overdose and naloxone. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Characterization of Structure and Damage in Materials in Four Dimensions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robertson, I. M.; Schuh, C. A.; Vetrano, J. S.

2010-09-30

The materials characterization toolbox has recently experienced a number of parallel revolutionary advances, foreshadowing a time in the near future when materials scientists can quantify material structure across orders of magnitude in length and time scales (i.e., in four dimensions) completely. This paper presents a viewpoint on the materials characterization field, reviewing its recent past, evaluating its present capabilities, and proposing directions for its future development. Electron microscopy; atom-probe tomography; X-ray, neutron and electron tomography; serial sectioning tomography; and diffraction-based analysis methods are reviewed, and opportunities for their future development are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to studies that havemore » pioneered the synergetic use of multiple techniques to provide complementary views of a single structure or process; several of these studies represent the state-of-the-art in characterization, and suggest a trajectory for the continued development of the field. Based on this review, a set of grand challenges for characterization science is identified, including suggestions for instrumentation advances, scientific problems in microstructure analysis, and complex structure evolution problems involving materials damage. The future of microstructural characterization is proposed to be one not only where individual techniques are pushed to their limits, but where the community devises strategies of technique synergy to address complex multiscale problems in materials science and engineering.« less

Faces are special but not too special: Spared face recognition in amnesia is based on familiarity

PubMed Central

Aly, Mariam; Knight, Robert T.; Yonelinas, Andrew P.

2014-01-01

Most current theories of human memory are material-general in the sense that they assume that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is important for retrieving the details of prior events, regardless of the specific type of materials. Recent studies of amnesia have challenged the material-general assumption by suggesting that the MTL may be necessary for remembering words, but is not involved in remembering faces. We examined recognition memory for faces and words in a group of amnesic patients, which included hypoxic patients and patients with extensive left or right MTL lesions. Recognition confidence judgments were used to plot receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in order to more fully quantify recognition performance and to estimate the contributions of recollection and familiarity. Consistent with the extant literature, an analysis of overall recognition accuracy showed that the patients were impaired at word memory but had spared face memory. However, the ROC analysis indicated that the patients were generally impaired at high confidence recognition responses for faces and words, and they exhibited significant recollection impairments for both types of materials. Familiarity for faces was preserved in all patients, but extensive left MTL damage impaired familiarity for words. These results suggest that face recognition may appear to be spared because performance tends to rely heavily on familiarity, a process that is relatively well preserved in amnesia. The findings challenge material-general theories of memory, and suggest that both material and process are important determinants of memory performance in amnesia, and different types of materials may depend more or less on recollection and familiarity. PMID:20833190

Media.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, Lee E., Ed.

1974-01-01

Intended for secondary English teachers, the materials and ideas presented here suggest ways to use media in the classroom in teaching visual and auditory discrimination while enlivening classes and motivating students. Contents include "Media Specialists Need Not Apply," which discusses the need for preparation of media educators with…

A Right Now Project: How To Get Ready To Go Metric in Your School District

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Izzi, John

1973-01-01

Itemizes planning proposals to facilitate conversion of the educational system to metrics, including administrative committees and personnel training courses. Suggestions for purchasing materials and equipment refer the reader to several specific titles. (WM)

Treating Sludges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Josephson, Julian

1978-01-01

Discussed are some of the ways to handle municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludge presented at the 1978 American Chemical Society meeting. Suggestions include removing toxic materials, recovering metals, and disposing treated sewage sludge onto farm land. Arguments for and against land use are also given. (MA)

How-to-Do-It. Fast Plants--Rapid-Cycling Brassicas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hafner, Robert

1990-01-01

Described is an activity in which the life cycle of a plant is investigated over a 20-day period. Included are background information, a list of materials, procedures, diagrams of the plant, apparatus, and pollination. An outline is suggested. (CW)

Strike It Rich with Classroom Compost.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Linda L. Cronin

1992-01-01

Discusses composting of organic materials as an alternative to landfills. Lists uses of composts and describes details of a simple composting activity for high school students. Includes an information sheet for students and a student data sheet. Suggests other composting activities. (PR)

Fossil Simulation in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoehn, Robert G.

1977-01-01

Describes classroom science demonstrations and experiments that simulate the process of fossil formation. Lists materials, procedures and suggestions for successful activities. Includes ten student activities (coral fossils, leaf fossils, leaf scars, carbonization, etc.). Describes a fossil game in which students work in pairs. (CS)

Identifying and Dealing with Hazardous Materials and Procedures in the General Chemistry Laboratory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Katz, David A.

1982-01-01

A survey of freshman chemistry laboratory manuals identified 15 questionable laboratory procedures, including the use of potentially hazardous chemicals. Alternatives are suggested for each hazard discussed (such as using a substitute solvent for benzene). (SK)

Granting Each Equal Access.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walling, Linda Lucas

1992-01-01

Summarizes federal legislation regarding equal access for students with disabilities and discusses environmental barriers to accessibility in the library media center. Solutions to these design problems are suggested in the following areas: material formats and space requirements; the physical setting, including furniture, floor coverings,…

Teaching the Double Layer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bockris, J. O'M.

1983-01-01

Suggests various methods for teaching the double layer in electrochemistry courses. Topics addressed include measuring change in absolute potential difference (PD) at interphase, conventional electrode potential scale, analyzing absolute PD, metal-metal and overlap electron PDs, accumulation of material at interphase, thermodynamics of electrified…

Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars.

PubMed

Ming, D W; Archer, P D; Glavin, D P; Eigenbrode, J L; Franz, H B; Sutter, B; Brunner, A E; Stern, J C; Freissinet, C; McAdam, A C; Mahaffy, P R; Cabane, M; Coll, P; Campbell, J L; Atreya, S K; Niles, P B; Bell, J F; Bish, D L; Brinckerhoff, W B; Buch, A; Conrad, P G; Des Marais, D J; Ehlmann, B L; Fairén, A G; Farley, K; Flesch, G J; Francois, P; Gellert, R; Grant, J A; Grotzinger, J P; Gupta, S; Herkenhoff, K E; Hurowitz, J A; Leshin, L A; Lewis, K W; McLennan, S M; Miller, K E; Moersch, J; Morris, R V; Navarro-González, R; Pavlov, A A; Perrett, G M; Pradler, I; Squyres, S W; Summons, R E; Steele, A; Stolper, E M; Sumner, D Y; Szopa, C; Teinturier, S; Trainer, M G; Treiman, A H; Vaniman, D T; Vasavada, A R; Webster, C R; Wray, J J; Yingst, R A

2014-01-24

H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.

The Synthesis of Proteins-A Simple Experiment To Show the Procedures and Problems of Using Radioisotopes in Biochemical Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hawcroft, David M.

1996-11-01

Courses of organic chemistry frequently include studies of biochemistry and hence of biochemical techniques. Radioisotopes have played a major role in the understanding of metabolic pathways, transport, enzyme activity and other processes. The experiment described in this paper uses simple techniques to illustrate the procedures involved in working with radioisotopes when following a simplified metabolic pathway. Safety considerations are discussed and a list of safety rules is provided, but the experiment itself uses very low levels of a weak beta-emitting isotope (tritium). Plant material is suggested to reduce legal, financial and emotive problems, but the techniques are applicable to all soft-tissued material. The problems involved in data interpretation in radioisotope experiments resulting from radiation quenching are resolved by simple correction calculations, and the merits of using radioisotopes shown by a calculation of the low mass of material being measured. Suggestions for further experiments are given.

Granulometry of pebble beach ridges in Fort Williams Point, Greenwich Island, Antarctic Peninsula; a possible result from Holocene climate fluctuations

USGS Publications Warehouse

Santana, E.; Dumont, J.F.

2007-01-01

We present a granulometric study of emerged pebble beach ridges in the Fort Williams Point, Greenwich Island, Antarctic Peninsula. We studied 8 beach ridges from the shore up to 13.5 m above current sea level. The beach ridges are made of volcanic material from the surrounding relief, but also include glacially transported gneiss and granodiorite pebble and cobble. Based on granulometric distribution analysis of 2100 samples from 39 locations we identified evidence of 4 sequences of 1 to 3 ridges. Most of the material seems to be reworked from a till. Pavement formation by iceberg between the sequences of beach ridges suggests periods of lower temperature. The interpretation suggests that sequences of beach ridge construction formed during warmer periods of the late Holocene. This occurs in the framework of an isostatic postglacial uplift allowing the progressive mobilization of periglaciar material.

Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ming, D. W.; Archer, P.D.; Glavin, D.P.; Eigenbrode, J.L.; Franz, H.B.; Sutter, B.; Brunner, A.E.; Stern, J.C.; Freissinet, C.; McAdam, A.C.; Mahaffy, P.R.; Cabane, M.; Coll, P.; Campbell, J.L.; Atreya, S.K.; Niles, P.B.; Bell, J.F.; Bish, D.L.; Brinckerhoff, W.B.; Buch, A.; Conrad, P.G.; Des Marais, D.J.; Ehlmann, B.L.; Fairén, A.G.; Farley, K.; Flesch, G.J.; Francois, P.; Gellert, Ralf; Grant, J. A.; Grotzinger, J.P.; Gupta, S.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Hurowitz, J.A.; Leshin, L.A.; Lewis, K.W.; McLennan, S.M.; Miller, Karl E.; Moersch, J.; Morris, R.V.; Navarro- González, R.; Pavlov, A.A.; Perrett, G.M.; Pradler, I.; Squyres, S. W.; Summons, Roger E.; Steele, A.; Stolper, E.M.; Sumner, D.Y.; Szopa, C.; Teinturier, S.; Trainer, M.G.; Treiman, A.H.; Vaniman, D.T.; Vasavada, A.R.; Webster, C.R.; Wray, J.J.; Yingst, R.A.

2014-01-01

H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.

Super Dielectric Material Based Capacitors: Punched Membrane/Gel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petty, C. W.; Phillips, J.

2018-05-01

Extensive testing showed, as predicted, that punched membranes, filled with a gel containing aqueous salt solutions, behave as superdielectric materials (SDM). Punched membrane superdielectrics employed herein consisted of a commercial cellulose based membrane material, Celgard 16 μ thick, a material frequently used as a separator material in supercapacitors, into which macroscopic holes (ca. 2.5 mm) were punched with a laser cutter, and the holes subsequently filled with a gel-like material composed of fumed silica, NaCl and water. The gross dielectric constants measured, generally > 105, and the energy densities, > 40 J/cm3 during slow discharge, were in the range expected for superdielectric materials. The measured capacitance and energy density tracked the number of holes punched/area filled with the dielectric gel. Also, the observed power law decrease in all parameters including energy, power and capacitance, followed the same trends observed in other classes of SDM. Control studies included testing dielectrics composed of Celgard into which no holes were punched, but the SDM gel spread, also produced values consistent with the SDM model: no measurable capacitance using the standard protocol. Finally, the values measured suggest these materials rival the energy density of some common battery types at low discharge rates, and surpass the best commercial supercapacitors at low discharge rates.

Material availability and the supply chain: risks, effects, and responses.

PubMed

Alonso, Elisa; Gregory, Jeremy; Field, Frank; Kirchain, Randolph

2007-10-01

Many authors suggest that market forces are inadequate to successfully manage the problems of resource availability and use. The fundamental question is whether these inadequacies are intrinsic to the market or if they arise from a failure of firms to detect and respond to subtle market signals. This paper explores the latter by describing (1) mechanisms that can limit materials availability, (2) effects of such limits on the firm, (3) preliminary metrics to diagnose these risks, and (4) strategies to reduce a firm's risk exposure. Case analyses of two materials systems are used to suggestthat private firm interests, when properly informed, can motivate strategies that drive toward sustainable materials use. These strategies include (1) improving production efficiency, (2) developing technology to use more sustainable substitute materials, and (3) facilitating a more effective materials recycling infrastructure.

Physiological effects of bioceramic material: harvard step, resting metabolic rate and treadmill running assessments.

PubMed

Leung, Ting-Kai; Kuo, Chia-Hua; Lee, Chi-Ming; Kan, Nai-Wen; Hou, Chien-Wen

2013-12-31

Previous biomolecular and animal studies have shown that a room-temperature far-infrared-rayemitting ceramic material (bioceramic) demonstrates physical-biological effects, including the normalization of psychologically induced stress-conditioned elevated heart rate in animals. In this clinical study, the Harvard step test, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) assessment and the treadmill running test were conducted to evaluate possible physiological effects of the bioceramic material in human patients. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) during the Harvard step test indicated that the bioceramic material significantly increased the high-frequency (HF) power spectrum. In addition, the results of RMR analysis suggest that the bioceramic material reduced oxygen consumption (VO2). Our results demonstrate that the bioceramic material has the tendency to stimulate parasympathetic responses, which may reduce resting energy expenditure and improve cardiorespiratory recovery following exercise.

The Endangered Species Act and a Deeper Look at Extinction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borowski, John F.

1992-01-01

Discusses the importance of saving species and dispels myths surrounding the endangered species act as background to three student activities that include a round table debate, writing to congresspeople, and a research project suggestion. Lists reference materials for endangered species. (MCO)

The First of March Gets the Seal of Approval.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tinney, Richard; And Others

1984-01-01

Presents background information on seals, legislation designed to protect them, activities related to seals and the fourth International Day of the Seal, and suggestions for field trips. Includes list of materials available from the Seal Rescue Fund with current costs. (JM)

Diuretics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on diuretics is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then provided.…

Primary Astronomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstone, Sid; Smith, Murray

Selected materials needed to teach an astronomy unit as well as suggested procedures, activities, ideas, and astronomy fact sheets published by the Manitoba Planetarium are provided. Subjects of the fact sheets include: publications and classroom picture sets available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and facts and statistics…

Astronomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstone, Sid; Smith, Murray

Selected materials needed to teach an astronomy unit as well as suggested procedures, activities, ideas, and astronomy fact sheets published by the Manitoba Planetarium are provided. Subjects of the fact sheets include: publications and classroom picture sets available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and facts and statistics…

Intermediate Astronomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstone, Sid; Smith, Murray

Selected materials needed to teach an astronomy unit as well as suggested procedures, activities, ideas, and astronomy fact sheets published by the Manitoba Planetarium are provided. Subjects of the fact sheets include: publications and classroom picture sets available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and facts and statistics…

Reality Check. It Pays to Keep Your Sense of Humor.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whaley, Kanda W.

1995-01-01

A former elementary school teacher shares suggestions for decorating a classroom on a low budget. The article includes tips for decorating bulletin boards and keeping them up-to-date, organizing workspaces and storing materials, and creating appropriate seating arrangements. (SM)

Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashmore, M. Catherine; And Others

This curriculum guide is designed to provide some basic materials to assist in developing an introductory approach to entrepreneurship as a career option. Chapter 1 presents an overview of entrepreneurship education and possible teaching strategies, including a topical outline, resource suggestions, detailed descriptions of available curriculum…

Administering Eye Medications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Sara; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on administering eye medications is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. A brief discussion follows of…

Travel Abroad as Culture Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jantz, Richard K.; Weaver, V. Phillips

1992-01-01

Encourages traveling by teachers to enrich the multicultural curriculum in their classes. Includes suggestions and resources for planning overseas trips and using them to broaden teachers' perspectives and to provide background material for curriculum development. Outlines "case studies" of trips to Hungary and Greece. (CFR)

Antidiabetic Agents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on antidiabetic agents is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then…

Theme Courses for Community Colleges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conway, Diana

1986-01-01

Discusses organization of community college Spanish courses around themes, such as geography, life sciences, arts, holidays, in conjunction with techniques such as the Natural Approach and Total Physical Response. The discussion includes examples of class activities, suggestions for materials, and notes on accommodating different levels. (SED)

German 1990: Intensive and Diverse.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kempf, Franz R.

1990-01-01

Suggests the following methods for improving university-level German language education curricula: reduce skill-development time through immersion programs, adopt Zertifikat Deutsch als Fremdsprache as the proficiency standard for advanced students, and include literature from a variety of liberal arts disciplines in the reading materials for…

Multiple Sclerosis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on multiple sclerosis is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then…

Antineoplastic Drugs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Sara; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on antineoplastic drugs is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then…

History of plains resurfacing in the Scandia region of Mars

USGS Publications Warehouse

Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Fortezzo, Corey M.; Hayward, Rosalyn K.; Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Skinner, James A.

2011-01-01

We present a preliminary photogeologic map of the Scandia region of Mars with the objective of reconstructing its resurfacing history. The Scandia region includes the lower section of the regional lowland slope of Vastitas Borealis extending about 500–1800 km away from Alba Mons into the Scandia sub-basin below −4800 m elevation. Twenty mapped geologic units express the diverse stratigraphy of the region. We particularly focus on the materials making up the Vastitas Borealis plains and its Scandia sub-region, where erosional processes have obscured stratigraphic relations and made the reconstruction of the resurfacing history particularly challenging. Geologic mapping implicates the deposition, erosion, and deformation/degradation of geologic units predominantly during Late Hesperian and Early Amazonian time (~3.6–3.3 Ga). During this time, Alba Mons was active, outflow channels were debouching sediments into the northern plains, and basal ice layers of the north polar plateau were accumulating. We identify zones of regional tectonic contraction and extension as well as gradation and mantling. Depressions and scarps within these zones indicate collapse and gradation of Scandia outcrops and surfaces at scales of meters to hundreds of meters. We find that Scandia Tholi display concentric ridges, rugged peaks, irregular depressions, and moats that suggest uplift and tilting of layered plains material by diapirs and extrusion, erosion, and deflation of viscous, sedimentary slurries as previously suggested. These appear to be long-lived features that both pre-date and post-date impact craters. Mesa-forming features may have similar origins and occur along the southern margin of the Scandia region, including near the Phoenix Mars Lander site. Distinctive lobate materials associated with local impact craters suggest impact-induced mobilization of surface materials. We suggest that the formation of the Scandia region features potentially resulted from crustal heating related to Alba Mons volcanism, which acted upon a sequence of lavas, outflow channel sediments, and polar ice deposits centered within the Scandia region. These volatile-enriched sediments may have been in a state of partial volatile melt, resulting in the mobilization of deeply buried ancient materials and their ascent and emergence as sediment and mud breccia diapirs to form tholi features. Similar subsurface instabilities proximal to Alba Mons may have led to surface disruption, as suggested by local and regional scarps, mesas, moats, and knob fields.

Recurring Occultations of RW Aurigae by Coagulated Dust in the Tidally Disrupted Circumstellar Disk

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Reed, Phillip A.; Siverd, Robert J.; Pepper, Joshua; Stassun, Keivan G.; Gaudi, B. Scott; Weintraub, David A.; Beatty, Thomas G.; Lund, Michael B.; Stevens, Daniel J.

2016-02-01

We present photometric observations of RW Aurigae, a Classical T Tauri system, that reveal two remarkable dimming events. These events are similar to that which we observed in 2010-2011, which was the first such deep dimming observed in RW Aur in a century’s worth of photometric monitoring. We suggested the 2010-2011 dimming was the result of an occultation of the star by its tidally disrupted circumstellar disk. In 2012-2013, the RW Aur system dimmed by ˜0.7 mag for ˜40 days and in 2014/2015 the system dimmed by ˜2 mag for >250 days. The ingress/egress duration measurements of the more recent events agree well with those from the 2010-2011 event, providing strong evidence that the new dimmings are kinematically associated with the same occulting source as the 2010-2011 event. Therefore, we suggest that both the 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 dimming events, measured using data from the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope and the Kutztown University Observatory, are also occultations of RW Aur A by the tidally disrupted circumstellar material. Recent hydrodynamical simulations of the eccentric fly-by of RW Aur B suggest the occulting body to be a bridge of material connecting RW Aur A and B. These simulations also suggest the possibility of additional occultations which are supported by the observations presented in this work. The color evolution of the dimmings suggest that the tidally stripped disk material includes dust grains ranging in size from small grains at the leading edge, typical of star-forming regions, to large grains, ices or pebbles producing gray or nearly gray extinction deeper within the occulting material. It is not known whether this material represents arrested planet building prior to the tidal disruption event, or perhaps accelerated planet building as a result of the disruption event, but in any case the evidence suggests the presence of advanced planet building material in the space between the two stars of the RW Aur system.

Development and evaluation of elastomeric materials for geothermal applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, W. A.; Kalfayan, S. H.; Reilly, W. W.; Ingham, J. D.

1978-01-01

A material for a casing packer for service for 24 hours in a geothermal environment was developed by synthesis of new elastomers and formulation of available materials. Formulation included use of commercial elastomer gumstocks and also crosslinking of plastic (high Tg) materials. Fibrous reinforcement of fluorocarbon rubbers was emphasized. Organic fiber reinforcement did not increase hot properties significantly. Glass fiber reinforcement gave significant increase in tensile properties. Elongation was reduced, and the glass-reinforced composition examined so far did not hold up well in the geothermal environment. Colloidal asbestos fibers were also investigated. A few experiments with polyphenyl ether gave material with low tensile and high compression set. Available high styrene SBR compositions were studied. Work to date suggests that new synthetic polymers will be required for service in geothermal environments.

The Use of Basalt, Basalt Fibers and Modified Graphite for Nuclear Waste Repository - 12150

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gulik, V.I.; Biland, A.B.

2012-07-01

New materials enhancing the isolation of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel are continuously being developed.. Our research suggests that basalt-based materials, including basalt roving chopped basalt fiber strands, basalt composite rebar and materials based on modified graphite, could be used for enhancing radioactive waste isolation during the storage and disposal phases and maintaining it during a significant portion of the post-closure phase. The basalt vitrification process of nuclear waste is a viable alternative to glass vitrification. Basalt roving, chopped basalt fiber strands and basalt composite rebars can significantly increase the strength and safety characteristics of nuclear waste and spentmore » nuclear fuel storages. Materials based on MG are optimal waterproofing materials for nuclear waste containers. (authors)« less

Illicit drug detection using energy dispersive x-ray diffraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cook, E. J.; Griffiths, J. A.; Koutalonis, M.; Gent, C.; Pani, S.; Horrocks, J. A.; George, L.; Hardwick, S.; Speller, R.

2009-05-01

Illicit drugs are imported into countries in myriad ways, including via the postal system and courier services. An automated system is required to detect drugs in parcels for which X-ray diffraction is a suitable technique as it is non-destructive, material specific and uses X-rays of sufficiently high energy to penetrate parcels containing a range of attenuating materials. A database has been constructed containing the measured powder diffraction profiles of several thousand materials likely to be found in parcels. These include drugs, cutting agents, packaging and other innocuous materials. A software model has been developed using these data to predict the diffraction profiles which would be obtained by X-ray diffraction systems with a range of suggested detector (high purity germanium, CZT and scintillation), source and collimation options. The aim of the model was to identify the most promising system geometries, which was done with the aid of multivariate analysis (MVA). The most promising systems were constructed and tested. The diffraction profiles of a range of materials have been measured and used to both validate the model and to identify the presence of drugs in sample packages.

Lunar oxygen and metal for use in near-Earth space: Magma electrolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Colson, Russell O.; Haskin, Larry A.

1990-01-01

Because it is energetically easier to get material from the Moon to Earth orbit than from the Earth itself, the Moon is a potentially valuable source of materials for use in space. The unique conditions on the Moon, such as vacuum, absence of many reagents common on the Earth, and the presence of very nontraditional ores suggest that a unique and nontraditional process for extracting materials from the ores may prove the most practical. With this in mind, an investigation of unfluxed silicate electrolysis as a method for extracting oxygen, iron, and silicon from lunar regolith was initiated and is discussed. The advantages of the process include simplicity of concept, absence of need to supply reagents from Earth, and low power and mass requirements for the processing plant. Disadvantages include the need for uninterrupted high temperature and the highly corrosive nature of the high-temperature silicate melts which has made identifying suitable electrode and container materials difficult.

Perception of the material properties of wood based on vision, audition, and touch.

PubMed

Fujisaki, Waka; Tokita, Midori; Kariya, Kenji

2015-04-01

Most research on the multimodal perception of material properties has investigated the perception of material properties of two modalities such as vision-touch, vision-audition, audition-touch, and vision-action. Here, we investigated whether the same affective classifications of materials can be found in three different modalities of vision, audition, and touch, using wood as the target object. Fifty participants took part in an experiment involving the three modalities of vision, audition, and touch, in isolation. Twenty-two different wood types including genuine, processed, and fake were perceptually evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of twenty-three items (12 perceptual and 11 affective). The results demonstrated that evaluations of the affective properties of wood were similar in all three modalities. The elements of "expensiveness, sturdiness, rareness, interestingness, and sophisticatedness" and "pleasantness, relaxed feelings, and liked-disliked" were separately grouped for all three senses. Our results suggest that the affective material properties of wood are at least partly represented in a supramodal fashion. Our results also suggest an association between perceptual and affective properties, which will be a useful tool not only in science, but also in applied fields. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Reversible nano-lithography for commercial approaches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Jae Hong; Jang, Hyun Ik; Kim, Woo Choong; Yun, Hae S.; Park, Jun Yong; Jeon, Seok Woo; Kim, Hee Yeoun; Ahn, Chi Won

2016-04-01

The methodology suggested in this research provides the great possibility of creating nanostructures composed of various materials, such as soft polymer, hard polymer, and metal, as well as Si. Such nanostructures are required for a vast range of optical and display devices, photonic components, physical devices, energy devices including electrodes of secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and energy harvesters, biological devices including biochips, biomimetic or biosimilar structured devices, and mechanical devices including micro- or nano-scale sensors and actuators.

Mice and Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willingham, Shively; Thompson, Charles L.

Observations and experiments with mice, developed and tested at the Pennsylvania Advancement School with underachieving boys in grades seven and eight, are described in this teachers' guide which includes copies of student worksheets for exercises needing them. In addition to lists of materials and procedural suggestions, ideas for guiding…

Resources for Teaching about Energy in the Social Studies Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherman, Robin; Stone, Kim

1992-01-01

Lists instructional resources for use by social studies teachers in teaching about energy. Includes curriculum materials, videotapes, organizations, government agencies, and industry trade associations that can provide information. Suggests items on energy conservation, global warming, ecology, nuclear power, fossil fuels, oil spills, and…

Children of War. [Lesson Plan].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Discovery Communications, Inc., Bethesda, MD.

This lesson plan presents activities in which students read, analyze, and discuss excerpts from children's war diaries; and create a storyboard for a public service announcement on children's rights in wartime. It includes objectives, materials, procedures, extension activities, excerpts of children's war diaries, suggested readings, and web…

Junior High Astronomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstone, Sid; Smith, Murray

Selected materials needed to teach an astronomy unit as well as suggested procedures, activities, ideas, and astronomy fact sheets published by the Manitoba Planetarium are provided. Subjects of the fact sheets include: publications and classroom picture sets available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and facts and statistics…

Urinary Tract Infections.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on urinary tract infections is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are…

Upcycle!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flowers, Jim; Gorski, Alecia

2017-01-01

Whether you teach elementary school students, secondary school students, or college students, you can include upcycling activities in your class to promote both design skills and an environmental ethic. This article shares how a teacher at one school is doing just this, providing suggestions for those who have different material processing…

Demystifying Mystery Powders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kotar, Michael

1989-01-01

Describes science activities which use simple chemical tests to distinguish between materials and to determine some of their properties. Explains the water, iodine, heat, acid, baking soda, acid/base indicator, glucose, and sugar tests. Includes activities to enhance chemical testing and a list of suggested powders for use. (RT)

Drugs Used in COPD.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on drugs used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first.…

Geology of Wisconsin.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madison Public Schools, WI.

Included are a teacher's guidebook and two filmstrips, "Geology of Wisconsin," and associated materials. The following are described: outline of objectives; suggested use of the filmstrips and guidebook; outline of the filmstrip content; four pages of illustrations suitable for duplication; a test for each filmstrip; and a list of…

Advanced Texas Studies: Curriculum Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harlandale Independent School District, San Antonio, TX. Career Education Center.

The guide is arranged in vertical columns relating curriculum concepts in Texas studies to curriculum performance objectives, career concepts and career performance objectives, suggested teaching methods, and audio-visual and resource materials. Career information is included on 24 related occupations. Space is provided for teachers' notes which…

Rare earth elements and select actinoids in the Canadian House Dust Study.

PubMed

Rasmussen, P E; Levesque, C; Chénier, M; Gardner, H D

2017-09-01

Nationally representative baseline data are presented for rare earth elements (REE), thorium (Th) and uranium (U) in house dust sampled from 1025 urban homes, in units of concentrations (μg g -1 ), loadings (μg m -2 ), and loading rates (ng m -2  d -1 ). Spearman rank correlations indicate that, in addition to outdoor sources, consumer products and building materials can influence indoor dust concentrations of REE, Th, and U. Correlations (P<.01) with numbers of occupants, dogs, and cats suggest soil track-in. Correlations (P<.01) with hardwood floors suggest release of REE additives used in pigments and coatings during daily wear and tear. Concentrations of light REE are elevated in smokers' homes compared to non-smokers' homes (P<.001), suggesting that a key source is "mischmetal," the REE alloy used in cigarette-lighter flints. Indoor sources include geological impurities in raw materials used in consumer products, such as U and Th impurities in bentonite clay used in cat litter, and REE impurities in phosphates used for a variety of applications including dog food and building materials. Median gastric bioaccessibility (pH 1.5) of most REE in dust ranges from about 20% to 29%. Household vacuum samples correlate with fresh dust samples from the same homes (P<.001 for all investigated elements). © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Indoor Air © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Assessment of Corrosion, Fretting, and Material Loss of Retrieved Modular Total Knee Arthroplasties.

PubMed

Martin, Audrey J; Seagers, Kirsten A; Van Citters, Douglas W

2017-07-01

Modular junctions in total hip arthroplasties have been associated with fretting, corrosion, and debris release. The purpose of this study is to analyze damage severity in total knee arthroplasties of a single design by qualitative visual assessment and quantitative material loss measurements to evaluate implant performance and patient impact via material loss. Twenty-two modular knee retrievals of the same manufacturer were identified from an institutional review board-approved database. Junction designs included tapers with an axial screw and tapers with a radial screw. Constructs consisted of 2 metal alloys: CoCr and Ti6Al4V. Components were qualitatively scored and quantitatively measured for corrosion and fretting. Negative values represent adhered material. Statistical differences were analyzed using sign tests. Correlations were tested with a Spearman rank order test (P < .05). The median volumetric material loss and the maximum linear depth for the total population were -0.23 mm 3 and 5.84 μm, respectively. CoCr components in mixed metal junctions had higher maximum linear depth (P = .007) than corresponding Ti components. Fretting scores of Ti6Al4V alloy components in mixed metal junctions were statistically higher than the remaining groups. Taper angle did not correlate with material loss. Results suggest that CoCr components in mixed metal junctions are more vulnerable to corrosion than other components, suggesting preferential corrosion when interfacing with Ti6Al4V. Overall, although corrosion was noted in this series, material loss was low, and none were revised for clinical metal-related reaction. This suggests the clinical impact from corrosion in total knee arthroplasty is low. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Non-water-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer investigation

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCord, T.B.; Hansen, G.B.; Clark, R.N.; Martin, P.D.; Hibbitts, C.A.; Fanale, F.P.; Granahan, J.C.; Segura, M.; Matson, D.L.; Johnson, T.V.; Carlson, R.W.; Smythe, W.D.; Danielson, G.E.

1998-01-01

We present evidence for several non-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites, using the reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) experiment. Five new absorption features are described at 3.4, 3.88, 4.05, 4.25, and 4.57 ??m for Callisto and Ganymede, and some seem to exist for Europa as well. The four absorption bands strong enough to be mapped on Callisto and Ganymede are each spatially distributed in different ways, indicating different materials are responsible for each absorption. The spatial distributions are correlated at the local level in complex ways with surface features and in some cases show global patterns. Suggested candidate spectrally active groups, perhaps within larger molecules, producing the five absorptions include C-H, S-H, SO2, CO2, and C???N. Organic material like tholins are candidates for the 4.57- and 3.4-??m features. We suggest, based on spectroscopic evidence, that CO2 is present as a form which does not allow rotational modes and that SO2 is present neither as a frost nor a free gas. The CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen (4.57 ??m) may be present as very small collections of molecules within the crystal structure, perhaps following models for radiation damage and/or for comet and interstellar grain formation at low temperatures. Some of the dark material on these surfaces may be created by radiation damage of the CO2 and other carbon-bearing species and the formation of graphite. These spectra suggest a complex chemistry within the surface materials and an important role for non-ice materials in the evolution of the satellite surfaces. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.

Spectral behavior of hydrated sulfate salts: implications for Europa mission spectrometer design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dalton, James Bradley 3rd

2003-01-01

Remote sensing of the surface of Europa with near-infrared instruments has suggested the presence of hydrated materials, including sulfate salts. Attention has been focused on these salts for the information they might yield regarding the evolution of a putative interior ocean, and the evaluation of its astrobiological potential. These materials exhibit distinct infrared absorption features due to bound water. The interactions of this water with the host molecules lead to fine structure that can be used to discriminate among these materials on the basis of their spectral behavior. This fine structure is even more pronounced at the low temperatures prevalent on icy satellites. Examination of hydrated sulfate salt spectra measured under cryogenic temperature conditions provides realistic constraints for future remote-sensing missions to Europa. In particular, it suggests that a spectrometer system capable of 2-5 nm spectral resolution or better, with a spatial resolution approaching 100 m, would be able to differentiate among proposed hydrated surface materials, if present, and constrain their distributions across the surface. Such information would provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of Europa.

Spectral behavior of hydrated sulfate salts: implications for Europa mission spectrometer design.

PubMed

Dalton, James Bradley

2003-01-01

Remote sensing of the surface of Europa with near-infrared instruments has suggested the presence of hydrated materials, including sulfate salts. Attention has been focused on these salts for the information they might yield regarding the evolution of a putative interior ocean, and the evaluation of its astrobiological potential. These materials exhibit distinct infrared absorption features due to bound water. The interactions of this water with the host molecules lead to fine structure that can be used to discriminate among these materials on the basis of their spectral behavior. This fine structure is even more pronounced at the low temperatures prevalent on icy satellites. Examination of hydrated sulfate salt spectra measured under cryogenic temperature conditions provides realistic constraints for future remote-sensing missions to Europa. In particular, it suggests that a spectrometer system capable of 2-5 nm spectral resolution or better, with a spatial resolution approaching 100 m, would be able to differentiate among proposed hydrated surface materials, if present, and constrain their distributions across the surface. Such information would provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of Europa.

Earliest evidence for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or Larsen syndrome?

PubMed

Anderson, T

1997-08-08

A sixteenth-century illustrated pamphlet from Great Britain suggests that documentary evidence may permit accurate diagnosis of pathological conditions in earlier societies. The document is of particular importance, since the presented congenital abnormalities, including cleft lip, spina bifida cystica, genu recurvatum, and talipes deformity are reported rarely in archaeological skeletal material. It is suggested that the combination of abnormalities may represent the earliest case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or Larsen syndrome.

Resistance to airflow through bedding materials used in infancy.

PubMed Central

Hatch, D J; Helms, P; Matthew, D J; Skinner, D

1982-01-01

Various bedding materials used in infancy, including duvets (or continental quilts), were tested for airflow using the British Standards Institution tests for pillows or fabrics. Resistance was also measured when the items were placed on a dummy infant face. Measurements were made on washed and unwashed garments, which were tested both dry and wet. Results suggest that all the bedding materials tested are safe for use even in the newborn period. The duvets produced slightly lower resistance to breathing than conventional blankets and sheets. In view of the wide variety of infant bedding fabrics it seems desirable for standard airflow performance requirements to be introduced. PMID:7092309

Bullialdus - Strengthening the case for lunar plutons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pieters, Carle M.

1991-01-01

Although many craters expose materials of a composition different from that of the local surroundings, Bullialdus has excavated material representing three distinct stratigraphic zones that occur in the upper 6 km of crust, the top two of which are gabbroic and the deepest of which is noritic. This three-component stratigraphy at Bullialdus provides strong evidence that the lunar crust includes pockets of compositionally layered material reminiscent of mafic layered plutons. When combined with previous information on the compositional diversity at other large craters, these remote analyses obtained in a geologic context substantially strengthen the hypothesis suggested from lunar samples that plutons play an integral role in lunar crustal evolution.

2D Organic Materials for Optoelectronic Applications.

PubMed

Yang, Fangxu; Cheng, Shanshan; Zhang, Xiaotao; Ren, Xiaochen; Li, Rongjin; Dong, Huanli; Hu, Wenping

2018-01-01

The remarkable merits of 2D materials with atomically thin structures and optoelectronic attributes have inspired great interest in integrating 2D materials into electronics and optoelectronics. Moreover, as an emerging field in the 2D-materials family, assembly of organic nanostructures into 2D forms offers the advantages of molecular diversity, intrinsic flexibility, ease of processing, light weight, and so on, providing an exciting prospect for optoelectronic applications. Herein, the applications of organic 2D materials for optoelectronic devices are a main focus. Material examples include 2D, organic, crystalline, small molecules, polymers, self-assembly monolayers, and covalent organic frameworks. The protocols for 2D-organic-crystal-fabrication and -patterning techniques are briefly discussed, then applications in optoelectronic devices are introduced in detail. Overall, an introduction to what is known and suggestions for the potential of many exciting developments are presented. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Design for producing fiberglass fabric in a lunar environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benson, Rafer M.; Causby, Dana R.; Johnson, Michael C.; Storey, Mark A.; Tran, Dal T.; Zahr, Thomas A.

1992-01-01

The purpose of this project was to design a method of producing a fabric material on the lunar surface from readily available glass fibers. Various methods for forming fabrics were analyzed to determine which methods were appropriate for the lunar conditions. A nonwoven process was determined to be the most suitable process for making a fabric material out of fiberglass under these conditions. Various resins were considered for adhering the fibers. A single thermoplastic resin (AURUM) was found to be the only applicable resin. The end product of the process was determined to be suitable for use as a roadway surfacing material, canopy material, reflective material, or packaging material. A cost analysis of the lunar process versus shipping the end-product from the Earth suggests that the lunar formation is highly feasible. A design for a lunar, nonwoven process was determined and is included.

Design for producing fiberglass fabric in a lunar environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dorrity, J. Lewis; Patel, Suneer; Benson, Rafer M.; Johnson, Michael C.; Storey, Mark A.; Tran, Dai T.; Zahr, Thomas A.; Causby, Dana R.

1992-01-01

The purpose of this project was to design a method of producing a fabric material on the lunar surface from readily available glass fibers. Various methods for forming fabrics were analyzed to determine which methods were appropriate for the lunar conditions. A nonwoven process was determined to be the most suitable process for making a fabric material out of fiberglass under these conditions. Various resins were considered for adhering the fibers. A single thermoplastic resin (AURUM) was found to be the only applicable resin. The end product of the process was determined to be suitable for use as a roadway surfacing material, canopy materials, reflective material, or packaging material. A cost analysis of the lunar process versus shipping the end-product from the earth suggests that the lunar formation is highly feasible. A design for a lunar, nonwoven process was determined and included in the following document.

How to Teach Controversial Constitutional Issues Facing Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berry, Mary Frances

1988-01-01

Explains that teaching the historical context of women's legal issues allows future voters to make informed decisions. Suggests ways of including the Equal Rights Amendment, sexual harassment, sexual discrimination, and abortion in the high school curriculum. Recommends several anthologies of primary materials for teaching these issues. (LS)

Teaching Cell Division: Basics and Recommendations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Mike U.; Kindfield, Ann C. H.

1999-01-01

Presents a concise overview of cell division that includes only the essential concepts necessary for understanding genetics and evolution. Makes recommendations based on published research and teaching experiences that can be used to judge the merits of potential activities and materials for teaching cell division. Makes suggestions regarding the…

Physical Education: Tennis, Physical Fitness, Body-Building.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Veilleux, Dave

This unit plan for introducing high school students to the game of tennis is divided into objectives and suggested activities. A listing of resource outlets and retail prices for equipment and audiovisual materials is included. Student evaluation procedures are outlined, and a sample evaluation checklist is provided. (LH)

From Machiavelli to Martians: The Challenge of Department Chairmanship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Painter, Lorene H.

1968-01-01

The duties, problems, compensation, and selection procedures of department chairmen in secondary schools need to be clarified. Present duties of an English department chairman include developing an educational philosophy and curriculum for the department; suggesting materials and teaching methods; protecting teacher welfare; working with all…

An Invitation to Play.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lange, Jenny; Zieher, Connie

The manual is intended to provide suggestions for play to parents of young children with exceptional educational needs. Nineteen types of activities are described and pictured, including make believe with boxes, dress-up activities, kitchen play, bubbles, small motor activities using beans and buttons, use of throw-away materials, painting,…

Quiet Quincy Quarter. Teacher's Guide [and] Student Materials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zishka, Phyllis

This document suggests learning activities, teaching methods, objectives, and evaluation measures for a second grade consumer education unit on quarters. The unit, which requires approximately six hours of class time, reinforces basic social studies and mathematics skills including following sequences of numbers, distinguishing left from right,…

Environmental Awareness: Just a Pane of Glass Away.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kopchynski, Kevin

1982-01-01

Highlights several basic ecological principles and suggests corresponding classroom activities for grades five to eight that revolve around a freshwater aquarium. Basic ecological concepts, adaptations, characteristics of aquatic habitats, and pollution problems are outlined in separate tables. A short list of resource materials is included.…

Future E-Business Applications in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Norris, Donald M.; Olson, Mark A.

1999-01-01

Some of the opportunities created by e-business, or electronic commerce, for college teaching and administration are explored, including distributed learning, new forms of payment, new learning materials, academic support tools, administrative support, and new forms of publishing. E-business initiatives for colleges and universities are suggested.…

The Federal Program in Population Research, Parts 1 and 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Federal Council for Science and Technology, Washington, DC.

The first part of this report characterizes the many facets of the population problem (including biological, economic, and social aspects), suggests a list of areas in which the Federal Government should emphasize research (reproductive biology; fertility regulation techniques and materials; description, determinants, consequences of population…

Pushing the Boundaries: Zines and Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dodge, Chris

1995-01-01

Describes zines (self-published magazines); suggests librarians should regard zines as historical sources of culture and include them in materials selection. Discusses the role of technology in publication and distribution; the audience; cataloging problems; free speech; and zines on the Internet. Sidebars provide information on selected zines and…

Business Computer Programming I. Curriculum Guide. Second Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, Jan

This guide provides instructors of business computer programming with a curriculum correlated directly to the office education essential elements mandated by the Texas Education Agency. Introductory materials include a scope and sequence and lists of suggested textbooks, resource books, software, audiovisuals, and magazines. Eleven units are…

"Come to Chimera!" 1978: A Librarian's Planning Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lukenbill, Shirley; Lesser, Anita

This handbook, prepared to assist librarians in planning summer reading programs for children, includes suggestions on the following: (1) establishing program goals, objectives, and activities; (2) supplies, resources, and materials needed for the program; (3) sample registration, evaluation, and volunteer recruitment forms; (4) types of publicity…

Observing Flat Birds and Other Fun Birding Activities for K-12 Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matthews, Catherine E.; Connors, John

2002-01-01

Introduces the concept of the flat bird, which is a life-size color cutout of a bird, and uses flat birds to introduce the study of birds. Includes suggestions for teaching about common characteristics of birds and information on resource materials. (YDS)

Roundworm Roundup.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hampton, Elaine

1991-01-01

Presents an activity in which students use microscopes to examine the diversity of the roundworm species that they obtained from water and soil samples. Discusses the role of roundworms in the ecosystem. Provides a lesson plan for teacher use that includes preparation information, materials needed, lesson procedures, and suggestions to extend the…

Basics of Desktop Publishing. Teacher Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beeby, Ellen

This color-coded teacher's guide contains curriculum materials designed to give students an awareness of various desktop publishing techniques before they determine their computer hardware and software needs. The guide contains six units, each of which includes some or all of the following basic components: objective sheet, suggested activities…

Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift: Classroom Ideas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stout, Prentice K.

1983-01-01

Suggests various classroom studies related to plate tectonics and continental drift, including comments on and sources of resource materials useful in teaching the topics. A complete list of magazine articles on the topics from the Sawyer Marine Resource Collection may be obtained by contacting the author. (JN)

Vocational Agriculture I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, Bob; Harp, Keith

These course materials are designed to provide a foundation of basic knowledge in production agriculture as a prelude to further education in vocational agriculture. The guide contains 6 sections and 22 units of instruction. Each unit includes all or most of eight basic components: performance objectives, suggested activities for the teacher,…

Ant Homes under the Ground. Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Echols, Jean C.; And Others

This teacher's guide features step-by-step instructions for activities that use easily-obtained and inexpensive materials as well as background information, literature connections, and assessment ideas. The activities are designed for children in preschool through first grade. Lesson descriptions include suggestions for modifying the activities to…

Gifted/Talented Curriculum Bulletin No. 2: Differentiating.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldman, Nancy T.

The document provides a collection of curriculum ideas and suggestions for teaching gifted and talented students, with emphasis on self-directed learning and differentiation of the curriculum. Section I outlines steps for developinq a self-directed learning environment and includes resource materials lists and sample evaluation sheets. Among…

The (Nutrition Education) Gospel According to NDC.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilburn, Eric

1978-01-01

Discusses the flaws in nutrition education as presented by the National Dairy Council (NDC). Those discussed include the presentation of diets that contain high amounts of sugar and cholesterol and the failure to connect diet to heart disease. Suggests ways of monitoring these materials in the schools. (MA)

Critical Thinking about Political Commentary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luckowski, Jean A.; Lopach, James J.

2000-01-01

Argues that political commentary is excellent pedagogical raw material to help secondary students develop critical thinking. Outlines a lesson plan based on comparing the political commentaries of Rush Limbaugh and Will Rogers. Includes suggested evaluation activities, a list of annotated resources, and excerpts from the writings or statements of…

Tube Feedings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy

This module on tube feedings is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who work in long-term care. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then provided. A brief discussion follows…

How is that done? Student views on resources used outside the engineering classroom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maclaren, Peter

2018-07-01

While the traditional lecture remains a key feature in the teaching of mathematically intensive disciplines at a tertiary level, what students do outside class, the resources they use, and how they use them are critical factors in their success. This study reports on a survey of students studying a range of engineering subjects, giving their views on the effectiveness of resources that they use outside the classroom. Resource types examined included textbooks, lecturer course notes, in-class developed notes, and other online material, including multimedia. While lecturer-generated material was generally seen as more effective than formal textbooks and social media, external screencasts were rated as most effective where material appropriate to their class was available. It is suggested that student use of screencast resources has the potential to facilitate improved learning outcomes, and with accompanying changes in assessment focus, may enable more substantive pedagogical changes.

Next Generation Highly Conducting Organic Films Using Novel Donor-Acceptor Molecules for Opto-electronic Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

addition, a new class of donor molecules was invented in the course of the DRI program. 2.1 Polymer Based Donor-acceptor Material The following work by...average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data...information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information

Internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine: current international market, internationalization challenges and prospective suggestions.

PubMed

Lin, Annie Xianghong; Chan, Ging; Hu, Yuanjia; Ouyang, Defang; Ung, Carolina Oi Lam; Shi, Luwen; Hu, Hao

2018-01-01

Through reviewing the current international market for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this paper identified the internationalization challenges for TCM, including unclear therapeutic material basis and mechanism, difficulty of quality control, low preparation level, registration/policy barriers, and shortage of intellectual property. To deal with these challenges, suggestions were given including: (1) product innovation of TCM (study the TCM by using the methods and means of western medicine; innovate the basic theory of TCM; develop TCM health product); (2) standard innovation of TCM; (3) building big data platform of Chinese medicine (big data platform of TCM preparation; big data platform on the quality of TCM).

Ceres' Evolution Before and After Dawn: Where are We Now?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCord, T. B.; Castillo, J. C.

2016-12-01

Observations of Ceres before Dawn indicated that it contains 25 wt% water, and thermodynamic modeling indicated Ceres probably had experienced the same process of differentiation due to melting of the original ice after accretion as experienced by large icy moons. Consistent with that was a surface of altered mineralogy like clays suggesting aqueous alteration of the original chondritic silicates. Dawn has revealed some concentration of mass toward the center, specific aqueously altered mineralogies, a stiff surface with weaker material beneath, and extrusions and protrusions suggesting recent subsurface activity, including exposures of water ice that must be very recent. This wealth of new information from Dawn enables selection of more specific evolution models that best match the vastly improved Dawn observations. In this new study we propose one possibility is that Ceres accreted as an ice and silicate mixture after short-lived radionuclides in CAIs had significantly decayed, i.e. nearer 5 my after CAIs, and thus differentiated less completely than for hotter models. On the other hand, the presence of heavily aqueously altered mineralogies, including probably salts, suggests extensive mixing of water and silicates, which might normally be associated with more complete differentiation. Geologically recent activity, perhaps even to the present time, seems evident from several young landforms, including protrusions consistent with diapirism and recent exposures of water ice. This suggests recent flexing of the subsurface and rising of less dense interior material, including salts and ice. The presence of ammoniated minerals and what appear to be salt deposits suggest a major lowering of subsurface water ice melting temperature, enhancing the duration of water-silicate contact, and perhaps accelerating the mineralization processes and slowing or halting differentiation of water and silicates. Thus, Ceres is becoming known as the first body outward from the Sun that has had its evolution controlled by water-driven processes. Investigations of its interior and geology enable by Dawn's observations will in turn help to better understand other ice-rich bodies.

Ceres' evolution before and after Dawn: Where are we now?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCord, Thomas B.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.

2016-10-01

Observations of Ceres before Dawn indicated that it contains ~25 wt% water, and thermodynamic modeling indicated Ceres probably had experienced the same process of differentiation due to melting of the original ice after accretion as experienced by large icy moons. Consistent with that was a surface of altered mineralogy like clays suggesting aqueous alteration of the original chondritic silicates. Dawn has revealed some concentration of mass toward the center, specific aqueously altered mineralogies, a stiff surface with weaker material beneath, and extrusions and protrusions suggesting recent subsurface activity, including exposures of water ice that must be very recent. This wealth of new information from Dawn enables selection of more specific evolution models that best match the vastly improved Dawn observations. In this new study we propose one possibility is that Ceres accreted as an ice and silicate mixture after short-lived radionuclides in CAIs had significantly decayed, i.e. nearer 5 my after CAIs, and thus differentiated less completely than for hotter models. On the other hand, the presence of heavily aqueously altered mineralogies, including probably salts, suggests extensive mixing of water and silicates, which might normally be associated with more complete differentiation. Geologically recent activity, perhaps even to the present time, seems evident from several young landforms, including protrusions consistent with diapirism and recent exposures of water ice. This suggests recent flexing of the subsurface and rising of less dense interior material, including salts and ice. The presence of ammoniated minerals and what appear to be salt deposits suggest a major lowering of subsurface water ice melting temperature, enhancing the duration of water-silicate contact, and perhaps accelerating the mineralization processes and slowing or halting differentiation of water and silicates. Thus, Ceres is becoming known as the first body outward from the Sun that has had its evolution controlled by water-driven processes. Investigations of its interior and geology enable by Dawn's observations will in turn help to better understand other ice-rich bodies.

Finite Element Modeling of Passive Material Influence on the Deformation and Force Output of Skeletal Muscle

PubMed Central

Hodgson, John A.; Chi, Sheng-Wei; Yang, Judy P.; Chen, Jiun-Shyan; Edgerton, V. Reggie; Sinha, Shantanu

2014-01-01

The pattern of deformation of the different structural components of a muscle-tendon complex when it is activated provides important information about the internal mechanics of the muscle. Recent experimental observations of deformations in contracting muscle have presented inconsistencies with current widely held assumption about muscle behavior. These include negative strain in aponeuroses, non-uniform strain changes in sarcomeres, even of individual muscle fibers and evidence that muscle fiber cross sectional deformations are asymmetrical suggesting a need to readjust current models of contracting muscle. We report here our use of finite element modeling techniques to simulate a simple muscle-tendon complex and investigate the influence of passive intramuscular material properties upon the deformation patterns under isometric and shortening conditions. While phenomenological force-displacement relationships described the muscle fiber properties, the material properties of the passive matrix were varied to simulate a hydrostatic model, compliant and stiff isotropically hyperelastic models and an anisotropic elastic model. The numerical results demonstrate that passive elastic material properties significantly influence the magnitude, heterogeneity and distribution pattern of many measures of deformation in a contracting muscle. Measures included aponeurosis strain, aponeurosis separation, muscle fiber strain and fiber cross-sectional deformation. The force output of our simulations was strongly influenced by passive material properties, changing by as much as ~80% under some conditions. Maximum output was accomplished by introducing anisotropy along axes which were not strained significantly during a muscle length change, suggesting that correct costamere orientation may be a critical factor in optimal muscle function. Such a model not only fits known physiological data, but also maintains the relatively constant aponeurosis separation observed during in vivo muscle contractions and is easily extrapolated from our plane-strain conditions into a 3-dimensional structure. Such modeling approaches have the potential of explaining the reduction of force output consequent to changes in material properties of intramuscular materials arising in the diseased state such as in genetic disorders. PMID:22498294

Finite element modeling of passive material influence on the deformation and force output of skeletal muscle.

PubMed

Hodgson, John A; Chi, Sheng-Wei; Yang, Judy P; Chen, Jiun-Shyan; Edgerton, Victor R; Sinha, Shantanu

2012-05-01

The pattern of deformation of different structural components of a muscle-tendon complex when it is activated provides important information about the internal mechanics of the muscle. Recent experimental observations of deformations in contracting muscle have presented inconsistencies with current widely held assumption about muscle behavior. These include negative strain in aponeuroses, non-uniform strain changes in sarcomeres, even of individual muscle fibers and evidence that muscle fiber cross sectional deformations are asymmetrical suggesting a need to readjust current models of contracting muscle. We report here our use of finite element modeling techniques to simulate a simple muscle-tendon complex and investigate the influence of passive intramuscular material properties upon the deformation patterns under isometric and shortening conditions. While phenomenological force-displacement relationships described the muscle fiber properties, the material properties of the passive matrix were varied to simulate a hydrostatic model, compliant and stiff isotropically hyperelastic models and an anisotropic elastic model. The numerical results demonstrate that passive elastic material properties significantly influence the magnitude, heterogeneity and distribution pattern of many measures of deformation in a contracting muscle. Measures included aponeurosis strain, aponeurosis separation, muscle fiber strain and fiber cross-sectional deformation. The force output of our simulations was strongly influenced by passive material properties, changing by as much as ~80% under some conditions. The maximum output was accomplished by introducing anisotropy along axes which were not strained significantly during a muscle length change, suggesting that correct costamere orientation may be a critical factor in the optimal muscle function. Such a model not only fits known physiological data, but also maintains the relatively constant aponeurosis separation observed during in vivo muscle contractions and is easily extrapolated from our plane-strain conditions into a three-dimensional structure. Such modeling approaches have the potential of explaining the reduction of force output consequent to changes in material properties of intramuscular materials arising in the diseased state such as in genetic disorders. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reading and the English Teacher.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matthews, Dorothy, Ed.

1977-01-01

In this issue, articles deal with various aspects of the relationship between reading and the English teacher. Titles include "Literary Humor" by Wilmer Lamar and "200 Adolescent Novels Worth Reading" by Ken Donelson; both suggest reading materials. Practical teaching tips are provided in "Comprehension Is Comprehension, Is . . ." by Jerry Walker,…

Creativity and Collaborative Learning: A Practical Guide to Empowering Students and Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thousand, Jacqueline S., Ed.; And Others

This book offers practical guidelines for implementing cooperative-collaborative learning in the classroom. Included are research reviews, sample lesson plan formats, suggestions for peer coaching, and forms and materials that teachers may duplicate. The book's 17 chapters are divided into three sections on cooperative group learning; partner…

Report of the Polymer Core Course Committee: Inclusion of Polymer Topics into Undergraduate Inorganic Chemistry Courses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Norman E.; And Others

1984-01-01

Suggests polymer topics for study in inorganic chemistry courses. Commercial materials (including list of inorganic compounds utilized in polymer industry), anchored metal catalysis, polymers modified or formed by coordination, polysiloxanes, phosphazene or phosphonitrilic halide polymers, and hetergeneous polymerization catalysts are considered.…

Childhood Injuries: Keeping the #1 Killer at Bay.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cutright, Melitta J.

1991-01-01

Suggestions to help parents keep their children safe from injury include learn first aid; child-proof the home; use carseats and safety belts; lock up medications, toxic materials, sharp instruments, and guns; block off stairways; install smoke alarms; insist on bike helmets; and put safety plugs in electric sockets. (SM)

How-to-Do-It: Further Improvements to the Steucek & Hill Assay of Photosynthesis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Juliao, Fernando; Butcher, Henry C., IV

1989-01-01

Several modifications that improve upon the assay of photosynthesis are suggested. Described are the apparatus, materials, light intensity and photosynthesis measurements, and results. A table of the average light intensity values versus the screen number and a sketch of the experimental set-up is included. (RT)

Elementary Resource Classroom Packet.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson Public Schools, MI.

The materials in this resource kit were developed at a summer workshop to provide teachers with suggestions and specific classroom activities to promote sex equity attitudes in elementary school students. Among the products included in the kit are a set of ditto worksheets, for primary students, to reinforce their understanding of the book…

Election '88: Teacher Packet.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

North Carolina State Dept. of Public Instruction, Raleigh. Div. of Social Studies Education.

This materials packet contains information on teaching about the electoral process and the elections of 1988, and on participation in a mock election for students whose schools would take part in the 1988 North Carolina Mock Election. Suggestions for teachers' preparations are given, including a classroom skit and a mock candidates' election…

Mechanical Drawing and Design.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mikulsky, Marilyn; McEnaney, Walter K.

A syllabus is provided for a comprehensive foundation course in mechanical drawing and design for grades 9, 10, 11, or 12 that is prerequisite to advanced elective courses. Introductory materials include course objectives, an overview of basic concepts, and guidelines for implementation. Brief discussions of and suggestions for the areas of design…

Special Focus: Effective Instruction in Reading. Strategies for Vocabulary Instruction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Ellen, Ed.; Dixon, Robert

1987-01-01

Research based suggestions are presented for effective vocabulary instruction strategies, including: learning new labels; learning concepts; and learning to learn meanings. Regardless of the method chosen, it is crucial that students: demonstrate generalization abilities; be given time to learn new material; periodically review what they learn;…

Policy Analysis for Rural Development and Growth Management in Colorado.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gilmore, John S.; Duff, Mary K.

Providing a broad analysis of Colorado's rural problems, the body of this report enumerates rural development and growth management problems; describes remedies worth study; and suggests a policy making system. The Appendix presents supporting material, including comparative socioeconomic data on each Colorado county. Opportunities and threats…

Drawing and Painting with Under-Threes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kolbe, Ursula; Smyth, Jane

2000-01-01

Noting that drawing and painting offer very young children powerful ways to explore and communicate thoughts and feelings, this booklet for caregivers and teachers offers suggestions related to painting and drawing for children under 3 years. The booklet discusses what young children can do with drawing and painting materials, including exploring…

Art Projects and Activities for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buffalo Public Schools, NY.

Forty-two art activities are suggested for use with mentally handicapped children. These include miscellaneous activities as well as activities appropriate to the four seasons of the year. For each activity, materials, instructional level, procedure, and variations are specified. In addition, display ideas are presented and recipes given for…

Day Camp Manual: Program. Book IV.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Babcock, William

Book IV in a 5-book day camp manual discusses the camp program. Section I describes the organization, definition, and elements essential to successful day camp programs. Section II, which addresses the benefits and special considerations of mass programs, includes rainy day contingencies, materials to have on hand, and activity suggestions.…

Two-Year Core Curriculum for Agricultural Education in Montana. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Dept. of Agricultural and Industrial Education.

This guide contains suggested units of instruction for the first two years of instruction in secondary vocational agriculture. It is intended to aid teachers and administrators in planning instructional programs to equip students with essential basic competencies required for more specialized programs. Instructor materials include information on…

Project Earth, A Curriculum Guide, Kindergarten-Primary-Intermediate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, Arnold R., Ed.

This conservation curriculum guide contains units on the air, water, soil, plants, and animals. The guide is organized by grade levels--kindergarten, primary, intermediate. Objectives and concepts are listed and suggested activities are complete with a statement of procedure and necessary materials. A resource appendix includes books, films, and…

GUIDE FOR OPPORTUNITY CLASSES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

JENNINGS, H. MARVIN; AND OTHERS

TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE SLOW LEARNER AT THE SECONDARY LEVELS, CAREFULLY PLANNED AND TESTED GUIDELINES ARE SET FORTH FOR SELECTION OF PUPILS, STANDARDS FOR GRADING, AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS. LESSON PLANS AND SUGGESTIONS, MATERIALS, AND TEXTBOOKS ARE INCLUDED. COURSES COVERED ARE LANGUAGE ARTS, JUNIOR HIGH ARITHMETIC, MATHEMATICS IN HIGH SCHOOL,…

Career Exploration Curriculum Guide. (Prototype).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Great Falls Public Schools, MT.

Materials contained in this curriculum guide include daily lesson plan outlines for an eighteen-week Experience Based Career Education (EBCE) class. Learning experiences are suggested to meet the following major objectives of the class: (1) Develop students' understanding of the role of work in society and the multiple aspects of their career…

Something's Underfoot.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrow, Hugh

1997-01-01

Examines the decision-making factors when selecting school flooring. Areas to consider include what the area being covered is used for and the flooring's life-cycle costing. Suggestions on the types of flooring to consider are offered, as are tips on buying flooring made of recycled materials, and considerations for making the best overall…

Student Organizations--FBLA Projects and Activities Relating to Free Enterprise.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Western Kentucky Univ., Bowling Green.

This guide for Future Business Leaders of America and Phi Beta Lambda chapters describes 25 economic awareness projects/activities to create awareness of the free enterprise economic system. Introductory materials include suggestions for project planning and management and a worksheet for planning activities and projects. The projects/activities…

Medications Used in the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Nancy; Michael, Nancy, Ed.

This module on medications used in the treatment of ischemic heart disease is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first.…

Mainstreaming: Sharing Ideas, Strategies, Materials, Techniques.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hillside School, Cushing, OK.

The manual provides teaching approaches based on a model of least to highest modification of instruction, which may be used for a continuum of special education placements ranging from regular classroom through hospital settings. The first section on adaptive techniques (requiring the least modification) includes suggestions to adjust time for…

Tackling Production Techniques: Telling Tales with Transparencies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Ron

1986-01-01

This lesson introduces students to procedures for creating both hand-drawn and machine-made transparencies and requires each of them to create one example to illustrate the same story. Detailed plans include performance objectives, materials needed, instructions for presenting the lesson, a sample student task card, and suggestions for evaluating…

Increasing the Interaction with Distant Learners on an Interactive Telecommunications System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schlenker, Jon

1994-01-01

Suggests a variety of ways to increase interaction with distance learners on an interactive telecommunications system, based on experiences at the University of Maine at Augusta. Highlights include establishing the proper environment; telephone systems; voice mail; fax; electronic mail; computer conferencing; postal mail; printed materials; and…

The Real Business of America: Ethics and New Economic Realities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartoonian, H. Michael; Van Scotter, Richard

2000-01-01

Considers the emerging global economy. Discusses the meaning of wealth, not in terms of materials, but in relation to the knowledge and ethical behavior that are forces for economic growth. Suggests ways to help students connect character content to social studies, including lists of discussion questions. (CMK)

General Metal Trades Book I. Units of Instruction. Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

East Texas State Univ., Commerce. Occupational Curriculum Lab.

This teacher's guide provides instructional materials for a 10-unit course in the General Metal Trades program. Each unit includes most or all of these basic components: performance objectives (unit and specific objectives), suggested teaching activities (a sheet outlining steps to follow to accomplish specific objectives), information sheets,…

Going Beyond, Going Further: An Inexpensive Experiment for the Introduction of High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bidlingmeyer, Brian A.; Warren, F. Vincent, Jr.

1984-01-01

Background information, materials needed, laboratory procedures, and typical results are provided for five high performance liquid chromatography experiments (three isocratic and two step gradient separations). Suggestions for further experimentation are also provided, including quantitative determinations and separation of charged solutes. (JN)

Transportation Technology Curriculum Materials FY 90. Illinois Plan for Industrial Technology Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gallo, Dennis; And Others

This packet contains technology-based learning activities for the transportation technology course at the orientation level (grades 9 and 10) of the Illinois Plan for Industrial Technology Education curriculum project. The packet includes a course rationale, mission, description, and course outline. Suggested learning objectives and suggested…

Why Teach the Electron Configuration of the Elements as We Do?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Millikan, Roger C.

1982-01-01

Discusses pros and cons of current methods of teaching electron configurations of elements. Offers alternative instructional strategies, suggesting that although tables of electron configurations are useful and in conjunction with periodic tables may help solve many problems, they should be included as reference material. (Author/JN)

Catalysis of the Carbonylation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids Including Acetic Acid Synthesis from Methanol.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forster, Denis; DeKleva, Thomas W.

1986-01-01

Monsanto's highly successful synthesis of acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide illustrates use of new starting materials to replace pretroleum-derived ethylene. Outlines the fundamental aspects of the acetic acid process and suggests ways of extending the synthesis to higher carboxylic acids. (JN)

Food Additives: "Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy". Health and the Consumer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Div. of Elementary and Secondary Education.

One in a series, this consumer education learning activity package teaches secondary students about food additives. The package includes instructions for the teacher, suggestions for activities, lists of resource materials, film guides, student activity worksheets, a student resource booklet of background readings, and answer keys. Content taught…

78 FR 32302 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-29

... burden estimate, or any other aspect of the information collection, including suggestion for reducing the... capture information related to Community Development Entity (CDE)/New Markets Tax Credit material events... indicate, through a series of specific questions, whether or not the event will have an impact on areas of...

A Discussion of Art Therapy as a Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gantt, Linda M.

1998-01-01

Examines four factors that may cause art therapists to reject the scientific method. Gives an overview of historical developments in science to provide a background for a discussion of each factor. Includes material from anthropology, psychoanalysis, and alternative health care. Offers suggestions for training art therapists in scientific…

Encouraging Reading/Writing Literacy with Young Children in the Home.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valeri-Gold, Maria

1989-01-01

Lists 10 practical suggestions and literature sources for parents to use with their children, including creating a "reading and writing corner," playing word games such as "pictodictionary," taking children to the library, and using magazines and newspapers as sources of learning material. Lists newsletters, brochures, and…

Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste.

PubMed

Pivnenko, K; Olsson, M E; Götze, R; Eriksson, E; Astrup, T F

2016-05-01

Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled, respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed. Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterizing dark mantle deposits in the lunar crater Alphonsus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shkuratov, Y. G.; Ivanov, M. A.; Korokhin, V. V.; Kaydash, V. G.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Videen, G.; Hradyska, L. V.; Velikodsky, Y. I.; Marchenko, G. P.

2018-04-01

We analyze available remote-sensing data of the crater Alphonsus, focusing on the analysis of the crater's dark mantle deposits (DMDs), which includes images from NASA Clementine and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Japanese Selene (Kaguya), and Indian Chandrayaan-1 missions. The Alphonsus DMDs are gentle-sloped flat hills with typical heights of several meters, which are presented with pyroclastic materials. Our determination of the absolute ages of the Alphonsus DMDs by the technique of crater size-frequency distributions shows that they are ∼200-400 m.y. old. However, being geologically young, the Alphonsus DMDs are not seen in OMAT maps. The DMDs have noticeably lower content of TiO2 (2-3%) than the mare regions to the west (>4%). The assessment of total pyroxene shows it has a higher abundance in the DMDs, although LRO Diviner measurements of the Chirstiansen feature suggest, rather, a high abundance of olivine. The DMDs pyroclastic material has no signs of OH/H2O compounds. We may suggest that this characteristic of the DMDs either relates to their impact reworking and loss of the OH/H2O compounds or to the non-water volatiles as the driving agent of the pyroclastic activity. The compositional assessments of the DMDs may be flawed from contamination with the surrounding material due to horizontal and vertical transportation due to impacts. This effect probably can be observed in LROC NAC images of high resolution. A very dark material outcropping on the slopes of the vent depression is seen due to renovation of the regolith on the steep walls of the depression. Thus, at smaller phase angles, the pyroclastic material is dark and at larger phase angles it appears almost like the surrounding material. This means that the phase dependence of the outcropping dark material is shallow; i.e. the dark surface is smoother than its surroundings. This may suggest venting of gases resulting in fluidization of the granular pyroclastic material of the deposit.

Temporal properties of material categorization and material rating: visual vs non-visual material features.

PubMed

Nagai, Takehiro; Matsushima, Toshiki; Koida, Kowa; Tani, Yusuke; Kitazaki, Michiteru; Nakauchi, Shigeki

2015-10-01

Humans can visually recognize material categories of objects, such as glass, stone, and plastic, easily. However, little is known about the kinds of surface quality features that contribute to such material class recognition. In this paper, we examine the relationship between perceptual surface features and material category discrimination performance for pictures of materials, focusing on temporal aspects, including reaction time and effects of stimulus duration. The stimuli were pictures of objects with an identical shape but made of different materials that could be categorized into seven classes (glass, plastic, metal, stone, wood, leather, and fabric). In a pre-experiment, observers rated the pictures on nine surface features, including visual (e.g., glossiness and transparency) and non-visual features (e.g., heaviness and warmness), on a 7-point scale. In the main experiments, observers judged whether two simultaneously presented pictures were classified as the same or different material category. Reaction times and effects of stimulus duration were measured. The results showed that visual feature ratings were correlated with material discrimination performance for short reaction times or short stimulus durations, while non-visual feature ratings were correlated only with performance for long reaction times or long stimulus durations. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying visual and non-visual feature processing may differ in terms of processing time, although the cause is unclear. Visual surface features may mainly contribute to material recognition in daily life, while non-visual features may contribute only weakly, if at all. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance of selected polymeric materials on LDEF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Young, Philip R.; Slemp, Wayne S.; Stein, Bland A.

1993-01-01

The NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) provided a unique environmental exposure of a wide variety of materials for potential advanced spacecraft application. This paper examines the molecular level response of selected polymeric materials which flew onboard this vehicle. Polymers include epolyimide, polysulfone, and polystyrene film and polyimide, polysulfone, and epoxy matrix resin/graphite fiber reinforced composites. Several promising experimental films were also studied. Most specimens received 5.8 years of low Earth orbital (LEO) exposure on LDEF. Several samples received on 10 months of exposure. Chemical characterization techniques included ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and selected solution property measurements. Results suggest that many molecular level effects present during the first 10 months of exposure were not present after 5.8 years of exposure for specimens on or near Row 9. Increased AO fluence near the end of the mission likely eroded away much environmentally induced surface phenomena. The objective of this work is to provide fundamental information for use in improving the performance of polymeric materials for LEO application. A secondary objective is to gain an appreciation for the constraints and limitations of results from LDEF polymeric materials experiments.

Realization of a Hole-Doped Mott Insulator on a Triangular Silicon Lattice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ming, Fangfei; Johnston, Steve; Mulugeta, Daniel; Smith, Tyler S.; Vilmercati, Paolo; Lee, Geunseop; Maier, Thomas A.; Snijders, Paul C.; Weitering, Hanno H.

2017-12-01

The physics of doped Mott insulators is at the heart of some of the most exotic physical phenomena in materials research including insulator-metal transitions, colossal magnetoresistance, and high-temperature superconductivity in layered perovskite compounds. Advances in this field would greatly benefit from the availability of new material systems with a similar richness of physical phenomena but with fewer chemical and structural complications in comparison to oxides. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that such a system can be realized on a silicon platform. The adsorption of one-third monolayer of Sn atoms on a Si(111) surface produces a triangular surface lattice with half filled dangling bond orbitals. Modulation hole doping of these dangling bonds unveils clear hallmarks of Mott physics, such as spectral weight transfer and the formation of quasiparticle states at the Fermi level, well-defined Fermi contour segments, and a sharp singularity in the density of states. These observations are remarkably similar to those made in complex oxide materials, including high-temperature superconductors, but highly extraordinary within the realm of conventional s p -bonded semiconductor materials. It suggests that exotic quantum matter phases can be realized and engineered on silicon-based materials platforms.

Evaluation of Space Power Materials Flown on the Passive Optical Sample Assembly

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaworske, Donald A.; deGroh, Kim K.; Skowronski, Timothy J.; McCollum, Tim; Pippin, Gary; Bungay, Corey

1999-01-01

Evaluating the performance of materials on the exterior of spacecraft is of continuing interest, particularly in anticipation of those applications that will require a long duration in low Earth orbit. The Passive Optical Sample Assembly (POSA) experiment flown on the exterior of Mir as a risk mitigation experiment for the International Space Station was designed to better understand the interaction of materials with the low Earth orbit environment and to better understand the potential contamination threats that may be present in the vicinity of spacecraft. Deterioration in the optical performance of candidate space power materials due to the low Earth orbit environment, the contamination environment, or both, must be evaluated in order to propose measures to mitigate such deterioration. The thirty two samples of space power materials studied here include solar array blanket materials such as polyimide Kapton H and SiO(x) coated polyimide Kapton H, front surface aluminized sapphire, solar dynamic concentrator materials such as silver on spin coated polyimide and aluminum on spin coated polyimide, CV 1144 silicone, and the thermal control paint Z-93-P. The physical and optical properties that were evaluated prior to and after the POSA flight include mass, total, diffuse, and specular reflectance, solar absorptance, and infrared emittance. Additional post flight evaluation included scanning electron microscopy to observe surface features caused by the low Earth orbit environment and the contamination environment, and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry to identify contaminant type and thickness. This paper summarizes the results of pre- and post-flight measurements, identifies the mechanisms responsible for optical properties deterioration, and suggests improvements for the durability of materials in future missions.

Effective IEC approaches for Asia. IEC evaluation workshop.

PubMed

1996-02-01

The UNFPA-supported project on development and distribution of information, education, and communication (IEC) materials in support of improving women's health and status was evaluated at a workshop held in Tokyo in December 13-15, 1995. The 1992-95 cycle of the project was analyzed by experts from Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, and Vietnam plus three experts from the UNFPA/Country Support Team. The workshop also made it possible for the experts to identify needs as well as effective utilization of existing IEC materials. It was suggested that a nongovernmental organization be established for the distribution and effective use of these materials. The workshop mostly reviewed the print and audiovisual materials. Videos were also evaluated. The materials were found useful for the targeted region. Among other subregional issues it was noted that youth needs were inadequately addressed as they related to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unwanted pregnancy, risk of maternal mortality and morbidity, low birth weight, and premature birth. Although the women of the region comprise one-third of the world's population, 70% of the global annual maternal mortality of 500,000 occurs in the subregion. IEC materials should also target adolescents and their support groups. Other needs were also outlined: the expansion of educational opportunities for women, the promotion of employment, the involvement of men, and the training of personnel. The strategies used in the cycle helped strengthen self-reliance through information and experience sharing. The focus on women should be continued with more attention paid to adolescents and young adults, including males. Women's health issues should be expanded to include menopause, reproductive tract infections, STDs, HIV/AIDS prevention, and legal rights including abortion. The production of IEC materials should be identified through research and analysis of existing materials, focus group discussions, or field visits.

Foulant Analysis of Three RO Membranes Used in Treating Simulated Brackish Water of the Iraqi Marshes

PubMed Central

Sachit, Dawood Eisa; Veenstra, John N.

2017-01-01

In this work, three different types of Reverse Osmosis (RO) (Thin-Film Composite (SE), Cellulose Acetate (CE), and Polyamide (AD)) were used to perform foulant analysis (autopsy) study on the deposited materials from three different simulated brackish surface feed waters. The brackish surface water qualities represented the water quality in Iraqi marshes. The main foulants from the simulated feed waters were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) spectra. The effect of feed water temperatures (37 °C and 11 °C) on the formation of the fouled material deposited on the membrane surface was examined in this study. Also, pretreatment by a 0.1 micron microfiltration (MF) membrane of the simulated feed water in advance of the RO membrane on the precipitated material on the membrane surface was investigated. Finally, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to identify the functional groups of the organic matter deposited on the RO membrane surfaces. The SEM images and EDSX spectra suggested that the fouled material was mainly organic matter, and the major crystal deposited on the RO membrane was calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The FTIR spectra of the fouled RO membranes suggested that the constituents of the fouled material included aliphatic and aromatic compounds. PMID:28406468

Lunar oxygen and metal for use in near-earth space - Magma electrolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Colson, Russell O.; Haskin, Larry A.

1990-01-01

The unique conditions on the moon, such as vacuum, absence of many reagents common on the earth, and presence of very nontraditional 'ores', suggest that a unique and nontraditional process for extracting materials from the ores may prove the most practical. An investigation has begun into unfluxed silicate electrolysis as a method for extracting oxygen, Fe, and Si from lunar regolith. The advantages of the process include simplicity of concept, absence of need to supply reagents from the earth, and low power and mass requirements for the processing plant. Disadvantages include the need for uninterrupted high temperature and the highly corrosive nature of the high-temperature silicate melts, which has made identifying suitable electrode and container materials difficult.

Solar energy and conservation technologies for Caribbean Tourist Facilities (CTF)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

The primary objectives of the Caribbean Tourist Facilities (CTF) project were to develop and publish materials and conduct workshops on solar energy and conservation technologies that would directly address the needs and interests of tourist facilities in the Caribbean basin. Past contacts with the Caribbean and US tourist industries indicated that decision-makers remained unconvinced that renewable technologies could have a significant impact on development and operation costs or that renewable energy products and services suited their needs. In order to assure that the materials and programs developed were responsive to the Caribbean tourist industry and U.S. conservation and renewable energy industries, marketing research with potential end users and the organizations and associations that serve those users was included as an underlying task in the project. The tasks outlined in the CTF Statement of Work included conference planning, gathering of field data, development of educational materials, and conduct of workshop(s). In addition to providing a chronicle of the fulfillment of those tasks, this final report includes suggestions for distributing the documents developed during the project, venues for future workshops, and other technology transfer and market influence strategies.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The primary objectives of the Caribbean Tourist Facilities (CTF) project were to develop and publish materials and conduct workshops on solar energy and conservation technologies that would directly address the needs and interests of tourist facilities in the Caribbean basin. Past contacts with the Caribbean and US tourist industries indicated that decision-makers remained unconvinced that renewable technologies could have a significant impact on development and operation costs or that renewable energy products and services suited their needs. In order to assure that the materials and programs developed were responsive to the Caribbean tourist industry and US conservation and renewable energymore » industries, marketing research with potential end users and the organizations and associations that serve those users was included as an underlying task in the project. The tasks outlined in the CTF Statement of Work included conference planning, gathering of field data, development of educational materials, and conduct of workshop(s). In addition to providing a chronicle of the fulfillment of those tasks, this final report includes suggestions for distributing the documents developed during the project, venues for future workshops, and other technology transfer and market influence strategies. 3 refs.« less

MATERIALS SCIENCE: New Tigers in the Fuel Cell Tank.

PubMed

Service, R F

2000-06-16

After decades of incremental advances, a spurt of findings suggests that fuel cells that run on good old fossil fuels are almost ready for prime time. Although conventional ceramic cells, known as solid oxide fuel cells, require expensive heat-resistant materials, a new generation of SOFCs, including one featured on page 2031, converts hydrocarbons directly into electricity at lower temperatures. And a recent demonstration of a system of standard SOFCs large enough to light up more than 200 homes showed that it is the most efficient large-scale electrical generator ever designed.

Calibrating the ChemCam LIBS for Carbonate Minerals on Mars

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Wiens, Roger C.; Clegg, Samuel M.; Ollila, Ann M.; Barefield, James E.; Lanza, Nina; Newsom, Horton E.

2009-01-01

The ChemCam instrument suite on board the NASA Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover includes the first LIBS instrument for extraterrestrial applications. Here we examine carbonate minerals in a simulated martian environment using the LIDS technique in order to better understand the in situ signature of these materials on Mars. Both chemical composition and rock type are determined using multivariate analysis (MVA) techniques. Composition is confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Our initial results suggest that ChemCam can recognize and differentiate between carbonate materials on Mars.

Dissolution chemistry and biocompatibility of single-crystalline silicon nanomembranes and associated materials for transient electronics.

PubMed

Hwang, Suk-Won; Park, Gayoung; Edwards, Chris; Corbin, Elise A; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Cheng, Huanyu; Song, Jun-Kyul; Kim, Jae-Hwan; Yu, Sooyoun; Ng, Joanne; Lee, Jung Eun; Kim, Jiyoung; Yee, Cassian; Bhaduri, Basanta; Su, Yewang; Omennetto, Fiorenzo G; Huang, Yonggang; Bashir, Rashid; Goddard, Lynford; Popescu, Gabriel; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Rogers, John A

2014-06-24

Single-crystalline silicon nanomembranes (Si NMs) represent a critically important class of material for high-performance forms of electronics that are capable of complete, controlled dissolution when immersed in water and/or biofluids, sometimes referred to as a type of "transient" electronics. The results reported here include the kinetics of hydrolysis of Si NMs in biofluids and various aqueous solutions through a range of relevant pH values, ionic concentrations and temperatures, and dependence on dopant types and concentrations. In vitro and in vivo investigations of Si NMs and other transient electronic materials demonstrate biocompatibility and bioresorption, thereby suggesting potential for envisioned applications in active, biodegradable electronic implants.

Short-term organic carbon migration from polymeric materials in contact with chlorinated drinking water.

PubMed

Mao, Guannan; Wang, Yingying; Hammes, Frederik

2018-02-01

Polymeric materials are widely used in drinking water distribution systems. These materials could release organic carbon that supports bacterial growth. To date, the available migration assays for polymeric materials have not included the potential influence of chlorination on organic carbon migration behavior. Hence, we established a migration and growth potential protocol specifically for analysis of carbon migration from materials in contact with chlorinated drinking water. Four different materials were tested, including ethylene propylene dienemethylene (EPDM), poly-ethylene (PEX b and PEX c) and poly-butylene (PB). Chlorine consumption rates decreased gradually over time for EPDM, PEXc and PB. In contrast, no free chlorine was detected for PEXb at any time during the 7 migration cycles. Total organic carbon (TOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) was evaluated in both chlorinated and non-chlorinated migrations. TOC concentrations for EPDM and PEXb in chlorinated migrations were significantly higher than non-chlorinated migrations. The AOC results showed pronounced differences among tested materials. AOC concentrations from chlorinated migration waters of EPDM and PB were higher compared to non-chlorinated migrations, whereas the opposite trend was observed for PEXb and PEXc. There was also a considerable difference between tested materials with regards to bacterial growth potential. The results revealed that the materials exposed to chlorine-influenced migration still exhibited a strong biofilm formation potential. The overall results suggested that the choice in material would make a considerable difference in chlorine consumption and carbon migration behavior in drinking water distribution systems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Food Shopping: "Food for Your Brood". Health and the Consumer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Div. of Elementary and Secondary Education.

The purpose of this learning activity package, which is one of a series, is to acquaint secondary level students with options and money saving buying habits when shopping for food. The package includes instructions for the teacher, suggestions for activities, lists of resource materials, film guides, student activity worksheets, a student resource…

Diversity and Periodicity: An Inorganic Chemistry Module. Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huheey, James; Sandoval, Amado

This teacher's guide is designed to provide science teachers with the necessary guidance and suggestions for teaching inorganic chemistry. The material in this book can be integrated with the other modules in a sequence that helps students to see that chemistry is a unified science. Contents include: (1) "Periodicity: A Chemical Calendar"; (2)…

Communities of Molecules: A Physical Chemistry Module. Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVoe, Howard; Hearle, Robert

This teacher's guide is designed to provide science teachers with the necessary guidance and suggestions for teaching physical chemistry. The material in this book can be integrated with the other modules in a sequence that helps students see that chemistry is a unified science. Contents include: (1) "Introduction of Physical Chemistry"; (2) "The…

Social Studies Program Guide, 3-6: Intermediate Grades.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spokane School District 81, WA.

This curriculum guide suggests materials, resources, and activities related to social studies knowledge and skill development for grades 4-6. Third grade activities are also included to inform intermediate teachers what has been previously taught. Part of a series of social studies program guides designed to be used in the Spokane public schools…

Social Studies Program Guide, 6-9.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spokane School District 81, WA.

This curriculum guide suggests materials, resources, and activities related to social studies knowledge and skill development for grades 7-9. Grade 6 activities are also included to inform junior high school teachers what has been previously taught. Part of a series of social studies program guides designed to be used in Spokane public schools for…

Travel and Tourism Module. An Advanced-Level Option For Distribution and Marketing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Occupational Education Curriculum Development.

Intended as an advanced option for distributive education students in the twelfth grade, this travel and tourism module is designed to cover a minimum of ten weeks or a maximum of twenty weeks. Introductory material includes information on employment demands, administrative considerations, course format, teaching suggestions, expected outcomes,…

Modules in Agricultural Education for Agricultural Production.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Occupational and Career Curriculum Development.

Each of the 61 modules in this packet contains a brief description of the module contents, a list of the major division of units, the overall objectives, objectives by units, content outline, and suggested teaching method, student application activities, and evaluation procedures. A list of resource materials is also included for each. Some of the…

For Parents Particularly: Saving with Dough and Other Inexpensive Activities for the Family.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newman, Rita

1995-01-01

Encourages parents to be aware of how natural exploration and play can facilitate learning in their children. Gives activities, adjustable in difficulty depending on developmental age of child, such as cooking that can be used to develop readiness for reading, writing, and math. Includes suggestions for inexpensive materials. (ET)

The Negro in American History: A Series of Episodes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nashville - Davidson County Metropolitan Public Schools, TN.

This teacher's kit contains a series of lessons on black history that can be integrated into regular 8th- and 11th-grade American history courses. Each lesson includes a student card containing basic reading material, with appropriate activities, and a teacher card providing additional information and/or suggestions for class discussion. Although…

The library as a reference tool: online catalogs

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stark, M.

1991-01-01

Online catalogs are computerized listings of materials in a particular library or group of libraries. General characteristics of online catalogs include ability for searching interactively and for locating descriptions of books, maps, and reports on regional or topical geology. Suggestions for searching, evaluating results, modifying searches, and limitations of searching are presented. -Author

Measuring Very Small Quantities: Fascinating Suggestions for Math or Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, John Taylor

1989-01-01

Described are several activities for teaching children to determine mass and volume. Included are the masses of a water drop and a grain of rice; the volume of a water drop and small solids; and measuring the width of a hair. Procedures and materials for the activities are discussed. (CW)

The Now Frontier. Linking Earth and Planets. Issue No. 1-4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA.

This publication includes four pamphlets providing background material for understanding the NASA program of planetary flights. Each issue presents student involvement activities as well as suggested reading lists. Issue 1 describes the innermost planets of the solar system. Issue 2 gives information about the evolution of the planetary system as…

Language Arts: Programming Suggestions for Hearing Impaired Students in Elementary Schools. Recommended Resources by the Alberta School for the Deaf.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton.

The monograph is designed to assist program planning teams in developing language arts programs for hearing-impaired students in regular classrooms. Topics discussed include promising instructional strategies, description and evaluation of materials, and effective assessment instruments. The first section on instructional strategies covers…

Course of Study for Electronic Music I. An Instructional Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, MD. Dept. of Curriculum and Instruction.

The booklet is a guide for music teachers and administrators who wish to incorporate electronic music into the junior or senior high curriculum. It defines program objectives and suggests goals, teaching strategies, materials, and equipment. Reasons for teaching electronic music include its popularity with the younger generation, its capability to…

Futures Conditional.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Theobald, Robert

The readings presented here are designed to help the reader perceive the future more vividly. Part one of the book suggests the various ways in which the future can be seen; it includes science fiction and the views of various analysts as to what the future holds. Part two collects printed materials about the future from various sources, including…

Haida Story Telling Time with Activity Folder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cogo, Robert

One in a series of curriculum materials on Southeast Alaska Natives, this booklet contains seven myths and legends from the Haida oral tradition, each accompanied by discussion questions and suggested learning activities. Intended for use in the intermediate grades, the stories are two to four pages long with many Haida words included in the text…

Introduction to Insulation. Instructor Edition. Introduction to Construction Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oklahoma State Dept. of Vocational and Technical Education, Stillwater. Curriculum and Instructional Materials Center.

This instructor's guide contains the materials required to teach a competency-based introductory course in insulation to students who have chosen to explore careers in construction. It contains three units: instructional unit includes some or all of the basic components of a unit of instruction: performance objectives, suggested activities for the…

Parenting Workshops on Child Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warren-Newport Public Library, Gurnee, IL.

The parent education materials in this packet are intended for use by professionals, and some paraprofessionals, who work with children from birth through 5 years of age and with their families. Included are guidelines for choosing playthings for children of any age, and lists of suggested toys for children of various ages, and, in particular,…

Identity Orientations: Definition, Assessment, and Personal Correlates. A Teaching Module.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carducci, Bernardo J.

Probably no other concept comes closer to encompassing the core of personality psychology than the concept of the self. This teaching activity provides instructors with a self-contained teaching module--including lecture material, an in-class activity, suggestions for in-class discussion, and supporting references--on the topic of identity…

Product Safety, It's No Accident. A Consumer Product Safety Monthly Planning Guide for Community Organizations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC.

A consumer product safety monthly planning guide for community organizations is provided. The material is organized into suggested monthly topics with seasonal emphasis. Each section highlights selected information about how to identify potential hazards associated with categories of products. Each section also includes recommendaitons of ways to…

Beef Production Unit for Agricultural Science I Core Curriculum. Instructor's Guide. AGDEX 420/10.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stewart, Bob R.; And Others

This instructor's guide for a beef production unit contains five lessons that are designed to be taught in the Agricultural Science I core curriculum. Introductory materials include lists of performance objectives and competencies for the complete unit, suggestions for motivational technique/interest approach and evaluation, lists of references…

Energy Utilization Technology Curriculum Materials FY 91. Illinois Plan for Industrial Technology Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gallo, Dennis; Welty, Kenneth

This document contains technology-based learning activities for the Illinois energy utilization technology course at the orientation level (grades 9 and 10). This packet includes a course rationale, course mission statement, course description, course outline, suggested learning objectives for each of the energy utilization areas, and suggested…

1973 ATLAS Curriculum Guide for Mexican-American and Puerto Rican Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of Teachers of Latin American Studies, Brooklyn, NY.

This curriculum guide, developed by the Association of Teachers of Latin American Studies, provides an interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented approach to Mexican-American and Puerto Rican Studies. Unit one contains a list of cognitive and affective objectives and evaluation suggestions. Units two through six provide content materials and include a…

Rags and Riches in Modern American Literature, Language Arts, English: 5113.89.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL.

This course guide is designed to help the student view some of the many facets of American society as they are portrayed in literature. Materials suggested are "The Great Gatsby,""The Grapes of Wrath,""All My Sons," and "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" Performance objectives for students include identifying…

Ciencias 1. Manual do Professor (Science 1. Teacher's Manual).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raposo, Lucilia

This is the teacher's guide for Ciencias 1, the first in a series of science books designed for Portuguese-speaking students in elementary schools. The guide contains materials corresponding to the student's book. Included are five sections comprised of 43 lessons. The teacher's guide also contains lesson objectives, suggestions for lesson…

The Role of Mentoring in the Development of Professional Psychologists.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harmon-Bowman, Mona; Elmore, Richard T., Jr.

This paper provides an overview of mentoring in psychology, and includes the components of teaching, modeling, guiding, sponsoring, and counseling. The contributions of mentors toward the professional success of men and women in business, medicine and education are discussed. The materials suggest a need for further research because the literature…

A Checklist and Purchase Guide for School and Community Libraries in Appalachia. Special Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Jim Wayne

1979-01-01

The checklist and purchase guide for school and community libraries in Appalachia includes an introduction with suggestions for use of the checklist, and listings in eight sections: bibliographies, materials, and resource lists; standard works and surveys on Appalachian history, culture, and politics; language and literature; music, arts, and…

Studies in Mathematics Education. Volume 6. Out-of-School Mathematics Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Robert, Ed.

This is the sixth volume in a series designed to improve mathematics instruction by providing resource materials for those responsible for mathematics teaching. Focusing on out-of-school mathematics education, this volume presents a panorama of current practices around the world and suggests future trends. Subjects considered include: (1)…

Business as Usual: Sex Stereotyping in Business Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Project on Sex Stereotyping in Education, Red Bank, NJ.

The module described in this document is part of a series of instructional modules on sex-role stereotyping in education. This document (including all but the cassette tape) is the module that explores the myths and stereotypes that have limited women in the world of work. The material provides suggestions for helping students expand occupational…

Sheep Production Unit for Agricultural Science I Core Curriculum. Instructor's Guide. AGDEX 430/10.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brzozowski, Richard J.; Stewart, Bob R.

This instructor's guide for a sheep production unit contains six lessons that are designed to be taught in the Agricultural Science I core curriculum. Introductory materials include lists of performance objectives and competencies for the complete unit, suggestions for motivational technique/interest approach and evaluation, lists of references…

Exploring Norms and Moral Authority through Content Analysis of Classic Texts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallace, Richard Cheever

1993-01-01

Describes a class assignment for a college-level sociology course in which students read from religious texts to identify norms and sanctions. Reports that students expressed positive comments about the activity. Includes suggestions for preparing materials, instructions for implementing the activity, and a coding sheet to be used by students.…

Managing critical materials with a technology-specific stocks and flows model.

PubMed

Busch, Jonathan; Steinberger, Julia K; Dawson, David A; Purnell, Phil; Roelich, Katy

2014-01-21

The transition to low carbon infrastructure systems required to meet climate change mitigation targets will involve an unprecedented roll-out of technologies reliant upon materials not previously widespread in infrastructure. Many of these materials (including lithium and rare earth metals) are at risk of supply disruption. To ensure the future sustainability and resilience of infrastructure, circular economy policies must be crafted to manage these critical materials effectively. These policies can only be effective if supported by an understanding of the material demands of infrastructure transition and what reuse and recycling options are possible given the future availability of end-of-life stocks. This Article presents a novel, enhanced stocks and flows model for the dynamic assessment of material demands resulting from infrastructure transitions. By including a hierarchical, nested description of infrastructure technologies, their components, and the materials they contain, this model can be used to quantify the effectiveness of recovery at both a technology remanufacturing and reuse level and a material recycling level. The model's potential is demonstrated on a case study on the roll-out of electric vehicles in the UK forecast by UK Department of Energy and Climate Change scenarios. The results suggest policy action should be taken to ensure Li-ion battery recycling infrastructure is in place by 2025 and NdFeB motor magnets should be designed for reuse. This could result in a reduction in primary demand for lithium of 40% and neodymium of 70%.

Managing Critical Materials with a Technology-Specific Stocks and Flows Model

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

The transition to low carbon infrastructure systems required to meet climate change mitigation targets will involve an unprecedented roll-out of technologies reliant upon materials not previously widespread in infrastructure. Many of these materials (including lithium and rare earth metals) are at risk of supply disruption. To ensure the future sustainability and resilience of infrastructure, circular economy policies must be crafted to manage these critical materials effectively. These policies can only be effective if supported by an understanding of the material demands of infrastructure transition and what reuse and recycling options are possible given the future availability of end-of-life stocks. This Article presents a novel, enhanced stocks and flows model for the dynamic assessment of material demands resulting from infrastructure transitions. By including a hierarchical, nested description of infrastructure technologies, their components, and the materials they contain, this model can be used to quantify the effectiveness of recovery at both a technology remanufacturing and reuse level and a material recycling level. The model’s potential is demonstrated on a case study on the roll-out of electric vehicles in the UK forecast by UK Department of Energy and Climate Change scenarios. The results suggest policy action should be taken to ensure Li-ion battery recycling infrastructure is in place by 2025 and NdFeB motor magnets should be designed for reuse. This could result in a reduction in primary demand for lithium of 40% and neodymium of 70%. PMID:24328245

Relaxation dynamics of nanosecond laser superheated material in dielectrics

DOE PAGES

Demos, Stavros G.; Negres, Raluca A.; Raman, Rajesh N.; ...

2015-08-20

Intense laser pulses can cause superheating of the near-surface volume of materials. This mechanism is widely used in applications such as laser micromachining, laser ablation, or laser assisted thin film deposition. The relaxation of the near solid density superheated material is not well understood, however. In this work, we investigate the relaxation dynamics of the superheated material formed in several dielectrics with widely differing physical properties. The results suggest that the relaxation process involves a number of distinct phases, which include the delayed explosive ejection of microscale particles starting after the pressure of the superheated material is reduced to aboutmore » 4 GPa and for a time duration on the order of 1 μs. The appearance of a subset of collected ejected particles in fused silica is similar to that of micro-tektites and provides information about the state of the superheated material at the time of ejection. Lastly, these results advance our understanding of a key aspect of the laser–material interaction pathway and can lead to optimization of associated applications ranging from material processing to laser surgery.« less

Mineralogy of Sediments on a Cold and Icy Early Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rampe, E. B.; Horgan, B. H. N.; Smith, R.; Scudder, N.; Rutledge, A. M.; Bamber, E.; Morris, R. V.

2017-12-01

The water-related minerals discovered in ancient martian terrains suggest liquid water was abundant on the surface and/or near subsurface during Mars' early history. The debate remains, however, whether these minerals are indicative of a warm and wet or cold and icy climate. To characterize mineral assemblages of cold and icy mafic terrains, we analyzed pro- and supraglacial rocks and sediments from the Collier and Diller glacial valleys in Three Sisters, Oregon. We identified primary and secondary phases using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopies with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM, TEM, EDS), and visible/short-wave-infrared (VSWIR) and thermal-infrared (TIR) spectroscopies. Samples from both glacial valleys are dominated by primary igneous minerals (i.e., plagioclase and pyroxene). Sediments in the Collier glacial valley contain minor to trace amounts of phyllosilicates and zeolites, but these phases are likely detrital and sourced from hydrothermally altered units on North Sister. We find that the authigenic phases in cold and icy mafic terrains are poorly crystalline and/or amorphous. TEM-EDS analyses of the <2 um size fraction of glacial flour shows the presence of many different nanophase materials, including iron oxides, devitrified volcanic glass, and Fe-Si-Al (e.g., proto-clay) phases. A variety of primary and secondary amorphous materials (e.g., volcanic glass, leached glass, allophane) have been suggested from orbital IR data from Mars, and the CheMin XRD on the Curiosity rover has identified X-ray amorphous materials in all rocks and soils measured to date. The compositions of the Gale Crater amorphous components cannot be explained by primary volcanic glass alone and likely include secondary silicates, iron oxides, and sulfates. We suggest that the prevalence of amorphous materials on the martian surface and the variety of amorphous components may be a signature of a cold and icy climate on Early Mars.

Evaluating Material Flammability in Microgravity and Martian Gravity Compared to the NASA Standard Normal Gravity Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oslon, Sandra. L.; Ferkul, Paul

2012-01-01

Drop tower tests are conducted at Martian gravity to determine the flammability of three materials compared to previous tests in other normal gravity and reduced gravity environments. The comparison is made with consideration of a modified NASA standard test protocol. Material flammability limits in the different gravity and flow environments are tabulated to determine the factor of safety associated with normal gravity flammability screening. Previous testing at microgravity and Lunar gravity indicated that some materials burned to lower oxygen concentrations in low gravity than in normal gravity, although the low g extinction limit criteria are not the same as 1g due to time constraints in drop testing. Similarly, the data presented in this paper for Martian gravity suggest that there is a gravity level below Earth s at which materials burn more readily than on Earth. If proven for more materials, this may indicate the need to include a factor of safety on 1g flammability limits.

Quantitative comparison of ligament formulation and pre-strain in finite element analysis of the human lumbar spine.

PubMed

Hortin, Mitchell S; Bowden, Anton E

2016-11-01

Data has been published that quantifies the nonlinear, anisotropic material behaviour and pre-strain behaviour of the anterior longitudinal, supraspinous (SSL), and interspinous ligaments of the human lumbar spine. Additionally, data has been published on localized material properties of the SSL. These results have been incrementally incorporated into a previously validated finite element model of the human lumbar spine. Results suggest that the effects of increased ligament model fidelity on bone strain energy were moderate and the effects on disc pressure were slight, and do not justify a change in modelling strategy for most clinical applications. There were significant effects on the ligament stresses of the ligaments that were directly modified, suggesting that these phenomena should be included in FE models where ligament stresses are the desired metric.

The utility of the in vitro micronucleus test for evaluating the genotoxicity of natural and manmade nano-scale fibres.

PubMed

Fowler, Paul; Homan, Andrew; Atkins, Derek; Whitwell, James; Lloyd, Melvyn; Bradford, Roberta

2016-10-01

A range of fibrous materials, including several types of asbestos and carbon fibres with nano scale diameters that had reported positive genotoxicity data (predominantly clastogenicity), were tested in the in vitro micronucleus test (OECD 487) in GLP-compliant studies in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Out of eight materials tested, only one (crocidolite, an asbestos fibre) gave a positive response either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9) and at short (3h) or extended (24h) exposure times (p≤0.001). Our data suggest that the commonly used tests for clastogenicity in mammalian cells require extensive modification before fibrous materials are detected as positive, raising questions about the validity of these tests for detecting clastogenic and aneugenic fibrous materials. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of a chemical munition dumpsite in the Baltic Sea based on geophysical and chemical investigations.

PubMed

Missiaen, Tine; Söderström, Martin; Popescu, Irina; Vanninen, Paula

2010-08-01

This paper discusses the results of geophysical and chemical investigations carried out in a chemical munition dumpsite in the southern Baltic Sea, east of the island of Bornholm. After WW2 over 32,000 tons of chemical war material was dumped here including shells and bombs as well as small drums and containers. The geophysical investigations combined very-high-resolution seismics and gradiometric measurements. The results indicate the presence of a large number of objects buried just below the seafloor. The size of the objects and their distribution, with a marked increase in density towards the center of the dumpsite, suggests that we are dealing with dumped war material. Sediment and near-bottom water samples, taken within the dumpsite and in the surrounding area, were analysed for the presence of various chemical warfare agents (CWA) including Adamsite, Clark, sulphur mustard, tabun, chlorobenzene and arsine oil. The results indicate a widespread contamination that reaches far beyond the dumpsite boundary. CWA degradation products were found in most of the sediment samples. The contamination was mostly related to arsenic containing compounds; only one sample indicated the presence of sulfur mustard. Although the correlation between detected objects and CWA concentrations is not always straightforward, the overall results suggest that a lot of the dumped war material is leaking and that over the years the contamination has reached the seafloor sediments.

Exploring the role of curriculum materials to support teachers in science education reform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schneider, Rebecca M.

2001-07-01

For curriculum materials to succeed in promoting large-scale science education reform, teacher learning must be supported. Materials were designed to reflect desired reforms and to be educative by including detailed lesson descriptions that addressed necessary content, pedagogy, and pedagogical content knowledge for teachers. The goal of this research was to describe how such materials contributed to classroom practices. As part of an urban systemic reform effort, four middle school teachers' initial enactment of an inquiry-based science unit on force and motion were videotaped. Enactments focused on five lesson sequences containing experiences with phenomena, investigation, technology use, or artifact development. Each sequence spanned three to five days across the 10-week unit. For each lesson sequence, intended and actual enactment were compared using ratings of (1) accuracy and completeness of science ideas presented, (2) amount student learning opportunities, similarity of learning opportunities with those intended, and quality of adaptations , and (3) amount of instructional supports offered, appropriateness of instructional supports and source of ideas for instructional supports. Ratings indicated two teachers' enactments were consistent with intentions and two teachers' enactments were not. The first two were in school contexts supportive of the reform. They purposefully used the materials to guide enactment, which tended to be consistent with standards-based reform. They provided students opportunities to use technology tools, design investigations, and discuss ideas. However, enactment ratings were less reflective of curriculum intent when challenges were greatest, such as when teachers attempted to present challenging science ideas, respond to students' ideas, structure investigations, guide small-group discussions, or make adaptations. Moreover, enactment ratings were less consistent in parts of lessons where materials did not include lesson specific educative supports for teachers. Overall, findings indicate curriculum materials that include detailed descriptions of lessons accompanied by educative features can help teachers with enactment. Therefore, design principles to improve materials to support teachers in reform are suggested. However, results also demonstrate materials alone are not sufficient to create intended enactments; reform efforts must include professional development in content and pedagogy and efforts to create systemic change in context and policy to support teacher learning and classroom enactment.

Constitutive modeling and control of 1D smart composite structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Briggs, Jonathan P.; Ostrowski, James P.; Ponte-Castaneda, Pedro

1998-07-01

Homogenization techniques for determining effective properties of composite materials may provide advantages for control of stiffness and strain in systems using hysteretic smart actuators embedded in a soft matrix. In this paper, a homogenized model of a 1D composite structure comprised of shape memory alloys and a rubber-like matrix is presented. With proportional and proportional/integral feedback, using current as the input state and global strain as an error state, implementation scenarios include the use of tractions on the boundaries and a nonlinear constitutive law for the matrix. The result is a simple model which captures the nonlinear behavior of the smart composite material system and is amenable to experiments with various control paradigms. The success of this approach in the context of the 1D model suggests that the homogenization method may prove useful in investigating control of more general smart structures. Applications of such materials could include active rehabilitation aids, e.g. wrist braces, as well as swimming/undulating robots, or adaptive molds for manufacturing processes.

Inferring Ancient Technology and Practices of the Elite Maya Kingship Through the Application of Materials Engineering Characterization Modalities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheung, Kristina Alyssa

This project focuses on the characterization of materials from burial offerings and painted decoration in a royal Maya tomb at El Zotz, Guatemala, and their association with mortuary rituals. Archaeological findings included vessels, jade masks, organic materials (wood, cord, and textiles), specular hematite cubes, shells with powdered cinnabar, green (malachite) painted stucco assumed to have decorated the wooden bier where the king was resting, and caches of lip-to-lip Aguila Orange bowls containing human phalanges. This paper describes findings from non-invasive and non-destructive analytical techniques including XRF, VPSEM-EDS, and XRD, emphasizing the potential of these combined technologies in the identification of organic and inorganic markers to infer burial customs. The nature and location of the findings, the evidence of pigment coloration on the bones employing hematite and cinnabar, and the indication of exposure of the bones to high temperatures suggest highly complex, even protracted mortuary practices of Maya elite.

Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems: Guidelines for Hydrogen System Design, Materials Selection, Operations, Storage and Transportation. Revision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1997-01-01

The NASA Safety Standard, which establishes a uniform process for hydrogen system design, materials selection, operation, storage, and transportation, is presented. The guidelines include suggestions for safely storing, handling, and using hydrogen in gaseous (GH2), liquid (LH2), or slush (SLH2) form whether used as a propellant or non-propellant. The handbook contains 9 chapters detailing properties and hazards, facility design, design of components, materials compatibility, detection, and transportation. Chapter 10 serves as a reference and the appendices contained therein include: assessment examples; scaling laws, explosions, blast effects, and fragmentation; codes, standards, and NASA directives; and relief devices along with a list of tables and figures, abbreviations, a glossary and an index for ease of use. The intent of the handbook is to provide enough information that it can be used alone, but at the same time, reference data sources that can provide much more detail if required.

Porous, S-bearing silica in metal-sulfide nodules and in the interchondrule clastic matrix in two EH3 chondrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lehner, S. W.; Németh, P.; Petaev, M. I.; Buseck, P. R.

2017-11-01

Two new occurrences of porous, S-bearing, amorphous silica are described within metal-sulfide nodules (MSN) and as interchondrule patches in EH3 chondrites SAH 97072 and ALH 84170. This porous amorphous material, which was first reported from sulfide-bearing chondrules, consists of sinewy SiO2-rich areas containing S with minor Na or Ca as well as Fe, Mg, and Al. Some pores contain minerals including pyrite, pyrrhotite, and anhydrite. Most pores appear vacant or contain unidentified material that is unstable under analytical conditions. Niningerite, olivine, enstatite, albite, and kumdykolite occur enclosed within porous silica patches. Porous silica is commonly interfingered with cristobalite suggesting its amorphous structure resulted from high-temperature quenching. We interpret the S-bearing porous silica to be a product of silicate sulfidation, and the Na, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Al detectable within this material are chemical residues of sulfidized silicates and metal. The occurrence of porous silica in the cores of MSN, which are considered to be pre-accretionary objects, suggests the sulfidizing conditions occurred prior to final parent-body solidification. Ubiquitous S-bearing porous silica among sulfide-bearing chondrules, MSN, and in the interchondrule clastic matrix, suggests that similar sulfidizing conditions affected all the constituents of these EH3 chondrites.

Acid Sulfate Weathering on Mars: Results from the Mars Exploration Rover Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ming, Douglas W.; Morris, R. V.; Golden, D. C.

2006-01-01

Sulfur has played a major role in the formation and alteration of outcrops, rocks, and soils at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites on Meridiani Planum and in Gusev crater. Jarosite, hematite, and evaporite sulfates (e.g., Mg and Ca sulfates) occur along with siliciclastic sediments in outcrops at Meridiani Planum. The occurrence of jarosite is a strong indicator for an acid sulfate weathering environment at Meridiani Planum. Some outcrops and rocks in the Columbia Hills in Gusev crater appear to be extensively altered as suggested by their relative softness as compared to crater floor basalts, high Fe(3+)/FeT, iron mineralogy dominated by nanophase Fe(3+) oxides, hematite and/or goethite, corundum-normative mineralogies, and the presence of Mg- and Casulfates. One scenario for aqueous alteration of these rocks and outcrops is that vapors and/or fluids rich in SO2 (volcanic source) and water interacted with rocks that were basaltic in bulk composition. Ferric-, Mg-, and Ca-sulfates, phosphates, and amorphous Si occur in several high albedo soils disturbed by the rover's wheels in the Columbia Hills. The mineralogy of these materials suggests the movement of liquid water within the host material and the subsequent evaporation of solutions rich in Fe, Mg, Ca, S, P, and Si. The presence of ferric sulfates suggests that these phases precipitated from highly oxidized, low-pH solutions. Several hypotheses that invoke acid sulfate weathering environments have been suggested for the aqueous formation of sulfate-bearing phases on the surface of Mars including (1) the oxidative weathering of ultramafic igneous rocks containing sulfides; (2) sulfuric acid weathering of basaltic materials by solutions enriched by volcanic gases (e.g., SO2); and (3) acid fog (i.e., vapors rich in H2SO4) weathering of basaltic or basaltic-derived materials.

Characterization of biogenic elements in interplanetary dust particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bunch, T. E.

1986-01-01

Those particles that were designated cometary are aggregates of amorphous materials including carbon, iron-magnesium silicates, sulfides, metal and trace amounts of unusual phases. Most aggregates are carbon-rich with major and minor element abundances similar to a fine grained matrix of carbonaceous chondrites. Several particles were analyzed by a laser microprobe. The negative ionic species identified to date include carbon clusters, protonated carbon clusters, CN-, HCN-, CNO-, PO2-, PO3-, S-, S2- asnd OH-. These species are similar to those observed in cometary spectra and they support the assumption that organic materials are present. The occurance of phosphate ions suggests the presence of apatite or whitlockite. Cometary particle characteristics may indicate that the component grains represent primitive unaltered dust whose overall properties are extremely similar to altered primitive dust in carbonaceous chondrites.

Acoustic levitation for high temperature containerless processing in space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rey, C. A.; Sisler, R.; Merkley, D. R.; Danley, T. J.

1990-01-01

New facilities for high-temperature containerless processing in space are described, including the acoustic levitation furnace (ALF), the high-temperature acoustic levitator (HAL), and the high-pressure acoustic levitator (HPAL). In the current ALF development, the maximum temperature capabilities of the levitation furnaces are 1750 C, and in the HAL development with a cold wall furnace they will exceed 2000-2500 C. The HPAL demonstrated feasibility of precursor space flight experiments on the ground in a 1 g pressurized-gas environment. Testing of lower density materials up to 1300 C has also been accomplished. It is suggested that advances in acoustic levitation techniques will result in the production of new materials such as ceramics, alloys, and optical and electronic materials.

The alloy with a memory, 55-Nitinol: Its physical metallurgy, properties, and applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, C. M.; Wagner, H. J.; Wasilewski, R. J.

1972-01-01

A series of nickel titanium alloys (55-Nitinol), which are unique in that they possess a shape memory, are described. Components made of these materials that are altered in their shapes by deformation under proper conditions return to predetermined shapes when they are heated to the proper temperature range. The shape memory, together with the force exerted and the ability of the material to do mechanical work as it returns to its predetermined shape, suggest a wide variety of industrial applications for the alloy. Also included are discussions of the physical metallurgy and the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of 55-Nitinol; procedures for melting and processing the material into useful shapes; and a summary of applications.

Schottky barrier at graphene/metal oxide interfaces: insight from first-principles calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Kai; Han, Nannan; Su, Yan; Zhang, Junfeng; Zhao, Jijun

2017-02-01

Anode materials play an important role in determining the performance of lithium ion batteries. In experiment, graphene (GR)/metal oxide (MO) composites possess excellent electrochemical properties and are promising anode materials. Here we perform density functional theory calculations to explore the interfacial interaction between GR and MO. Our result reveals generally weak physical interactions between GR and several MOs (including Cu2O, NiO). The Schottky barrier height (SBH) in these metal/semiconductor heterostructures are computed using the macroscopically averaged electrostatic potential method, and the role of interfacial dipole is discussed. The calculated SBHs below 1 eV suggest low contact resistance; thus these GR/MO composites are favorable anode materials for better lithium ion batteries.

Schottky barrier at graphene/metal oxide interfaces: insight from first-principles calculations.

PubMed

Cheng, Kai; Han, Nannan; Su, Yan; Zhang, Junfeng; Zhao, Jijun

2017-02-06

Anode materials play an important role in determining the performance of lithium ion batteries. In experiment, graphene (GR)/metal oxide (MO) composites possess excellent electrochemical properties and are promising anode materials. Here we perform density functional theory calculations to explore the interfacial interaction between GR and MO. Our result reveals generally weak physical interactions between GR and several MOs (including Cu2O, NiO). The Schottky barrier height (SBH) in these metal/semiconductor heterostructures are computed using the macroscopically averaged electrostatic potential method, and the role of interfacial dipole is discussed. The calculated SBHs below 1 eV suggest low contact resistance; thus these GR/MO composites are favorable anode materials for better lithium ion batteries.

Effect of halogenated impurities on lifetime of organic light emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamawaki, Hayato; Suzuki, Kunihiko; Kubota, Tomohiro; Watabe, Takeyoshi; Ishigaki, Ayumi; Nakamura, Rina; Inoue, Hideko; Nakashima, Harue; Horikoshi, Nozomi; Nowatari, Hiromi; Kataishi, Riho; Hamada, Toshiki; Sasaki, Toshiki; Suzuki, Tsunenori; Seo, Satoshi

2016-09-01

We investigated a correlation between lifetime and the halogen element concentration in an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and conducted experiments and simulations to discuss degradation mechanisms due to the halogen. OELD is generally formed of high-purity materials. Since the synthesis of high-purity materials takes time and cost, quantitative understanding of the kind, amount, and influence of impurities in OLED devices is expected. The results of combustion ion chromatography show that, if the chlorine concentration in the host material is more than several parts per million, the lifetime of the device is drastically reduced. The chlorine element, which is derived from the chlorinated by-product of the host material, is found to be transferred from the chloride to other materials (e.g., an emissive dopant) according to the results of LC-MS analysis. In addition, the electron transport layer including such impurities is also found to adversely affect the lifetime. The results of TOF-SIMS analysis suggest that the dissociated chlorine element diffuse to the light-emitting layer side when the device is driven. The results of simulations (Gaussian 09) and electrochemical analyses (cyclic voltammetry and electrolysis) reveal that the halogen element is easy to dissociate from halide by excitation or reduction. The halogen element can repeat reactions with the peripheral materials by excitation or reduction and cause damages, e.g., generate radicals or further reaction products due to the radicals. The results of simulation suggest that, such compounds have low energy level and become quenchers.

Serving Boys through Readers' Advisory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sullivan, Michael

2010-01-01

Based on more than twenty years' experience working to get boys interested in reading, the author now offers his first readers' advisory volume. With an emphasis on nonfiction and the boy-friendly categories of genre fiction, the work offers a wealth of material including: (1) Suggestions for how to booktalk one-on-one as well as in large groups;…

Population and Human Development: A Course Curriculum Including Lesson Plans, Activities and Bibliography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Elaine M.

This course outline suggests materials and learning activities on the interrelated causes and consequences of population growth and other population concerns. Designed to educate general college audiences, it is also intended for use as a preservice course for teachers. In addition, the course can be modified for high school students. The course…

Population, Poverty, and Land Degradation. Teacher's Guide to World Resources. Comprehensive Coursework on the Global Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snyder, Sarah A.

This teacher's guide presents teaching suggestions and presentation materials about the complex connections among population growth, economic activity, and changes in the environment. The lesson is divided into five parts and may be completed in one or more class periods. Student handouts include: (1) "Facts about Population, Poverty, and…

Homemaking for the Educable Mentally Retarded Girl; In-Service Training Materials for Teachers of the Educable Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyen, Edward L.; Carr, Donald L.

Designed for use with educable mentally handicapped girls, the guide stresses the importance of certain homemaking areas. They include grooming and personality, home management, foods and nutrition, clothing, and child care. For each area, an outline of suggested content is provided, specifying sub-units, general objectives, and activities. Sample…

Reading and Note Taking in Monological and Dialogical Classes in the Social Sciences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cartolari, Manuela; Carlino, Paula; Colombo, Laura M.

2013-01-01

This qualitative study explores the uses of reading and note-taking in two pre-service teacher training Social Sciences courses. Data analysis of in-depth interviews with professors and students, class observations and course materials suggested two polar teaching styles according to how bibliography was included in the course and the presence or…

Development and Exchange of Instructional Resources in Water Quality Control Programs, III: Selecting Audio-Visual Equipment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moon, Donald K.

This document is one in a series of reports which reviews instructional materials and equipment and offers suggestions about how to select equipment. Topics discussed include: (1) the general criteria for audio-visual equipment selection such as performance, safety, comparability, sturdiness and repairability; and (2) specific equipment criteria…

Historical Sources for Use in Schools. Occasional Paper #74-2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rawcliffe, Michael

This handbook of historical sources for use in the school includes suggestions, leads, and examples, which serve as springboards to other sources, encouraging the teacher to consider various ways in which original source materials might be used in an instructional setting. The following categories are used as one way of looking at primary sources:…

Design of Learning Objects for Concept Learning: Effects of Multimedia Learning Principles and an Instructional Approach

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chiu, Thomas K. F.; Churchill, Daniel

2016-01-01

Literature suggests using multimedia learning principles in the design of instructional material. However, these principles may not be sufficient for the design of learning objects for concept learning in mathematics. This paper reports on an experimental study that investigated the effects of an instructional approach, which includes two teaching…

Shipping: The World Connection. Student Guide and Teacher Guide. OEAGLS Investigation 12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fortner, Rosanne; Pauken, Ray

This unit investigates through three activities the importance of the Great Lakes in international trade. A student workbook and a teaching guide are provided. Included in the teacher's manual are an overview of the unit, a materials list, objectives, teaching suggestions, evaluation items, and answer keys to student activities. In the first…

The Joyful Child: Michael Olaf's Essential Montessori for Children from Birth to Three Years. 1999-2000 Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephenson, Susan Mayclin

This publication presents ideas and practical suggestions for caregivers of infants and toddlers from the Montessori Birth to Three Program and contains a catalog of recommended toys and materials for the home and child care setting. The topics discussed include parenting, the Montessori educational philosophy, child development during the first…

Teaching Chemistry in Primary Science: What Does the Research Suggest?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skamp, Keith

2011-01-01

The new Australian national science curriculum includes chemistry content at the primary level. Chemistry for young students is learning about changes in material stuff (matter) and, by implication, of what stuff is made. Pedagogy in this area needs to be guided by research if stepping stones to later learning of chemical ideas are to facilitate…

Classroom Learning Centers: Animals, Levels E-I. A Supplementary Approach for Teaching Science and Art.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doughty, Ted G.; Richiger, Georgina M.

This publication includes curriculum materials on animals for grades 4-6. The major purposes of this publication are to foster individualized and interdisciplinary science and art activities within elementary classrooms and to provide pupils and teachers with suggestions to encourage the use of zoos, animal parks, and natural history museums.…

Acid Rain. Activities for Grades 4 to 12. A Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wood, David; Bryant, Jeannette

This teacher's guide on acid rain is divided into three study areas to explain: (1) what causes acid rain; (2) what problems acid rain has created; and (3) what teachers and students can do to help combat acid rain. Instructions for activities within the study areas include suggested grade levels, objectives, materials needed, and directions for…

Framework for the Social Studies in Wyoming, Grades K-12. A Guide for Curriculum Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wyoming State Dept. of Education, Cheyenne.

GRADES OR AGES: K-12. SUBJECT MATTER: Social studies. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The introductory material includes sections on curriculum improvement, new social studies, and scope and sequence. A suggested conceptual framework for the program is presented in the form of a chart, with columns for history, anthropology-sociology,…

Suggestions for Teaching Mathematics Using Laboratory Approaches. 6. Probability. Experimental Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Elementary Curriculum Development.

This guide is the sixth in a series of publications to assist teachers in using a laboratory approach to mathematics. Twenty activities on probability and statistics for the elementary grades are described in terms of purpose, materials needed, and procedures to be used. Objectives of these activities include basic probability concepts; gathering,…

Machine Shop Suggested Job and Task Sheets. Part I. 25 Elementary Jobs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Vocational Instructional Services.

This volume consists of elementary job and task sheets adaptable for use in the regular vocational industrial education programs for the training of machinists and machine shop operators. Twenty-five simple machine shop job sheets are included. Some or all of this material is provided for each job sheet: an introductory sheet with aim, checking…

Machine Shop Suggested Job and Task Sheets. Part II. 21 Advanced Jobs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Vocational Instructional Services.

This volume consists of advanced job and task sheets adaptable for use in the regular vocational industrial education programs for the training of machinists and machine shop operators. Twenty-one advanced machine shop job sheets are included. Some or all of this material is provided for each job: an introductory sheet with aim, checking…

Learning from History: A Lesson on the Model of the Earth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Shu-Chiu

2006-01-01

It is suggested that historical material concerning the model of the earth be utilised in the science classroom to construct narrative explanations. The article includes the various ancient models of the earth, the discovery of the spherical earth model, and the arguments and experiments coupled with it. Its instructional gain may lie in the…

The Development of Industry. The Wisconsin Guide to Local Curriculum Improvement in Industrial Education, K-12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loeffler, Gordon

This field tested instructional package is intended to develop within the student an understanding of the significant time periods and major events in the history of industry. Defining behavioral objectives, the course description includes a media section, suggested classroom activities, and student evaluation materials, as well as the basic…

Car Trouble. Teacher's Guide to World Resources. Comprehensive Coursework on the Global Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snyder, Sarah A.

This teacher's guide presents teaching suggestions and presentation materials on the hidden environmental costs of driving automobiles through examining the history of the automobile and looking to the future for alternatives. The lesson is divided into six parts and may be completed in four or more class periods. Student handouts include: (1)…

The role of endogenous lipids in the emulsifying properties of cocoa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gould, Joanne; Furse, Samuel; Wolf, Bettina

2016-03-01

This paper describes a study in which the emulsifying properties of cocoa material with and without its lipid fraction were explored. This study was motivated by the commercial interest in naturally-occurring particulate emulsifiers as opposed to the chemically modified emulsifying particles presently available for commercial use. The hypothesis was that endogenous lipids from cocoa were responsible for driving the formation of stable oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The data presented includes relative quantification of phospholipids from different commercially available cocoa material using 31P NMR spectroscopy and analyses of the emulsifying power of delipidified cocoa material. The commercially available cocoa material comprised several phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine being the most abundant in all samples. Dispersions of delipidified cocoa material were found to drive the formation of o/w emulsions despite the absence of lipids. We therefore concluded that the emulsifying behaviour of cocoa material is not entirely reliant upon the endogenous lipids. This suggests that cocoa material may have a new and potentially widespread use in industrial food preparation and may inform manufacturing strategies for novel food grade emulsifiers.

Potential misinterpretation of the nutritional value of dietary fiber: correcting fiber digestibility values for nondietary gut-interfering material.

PubMed

Montoya, Carlos A; Henare, Sharon J; Rutherfurd, Shane M; Moughan, Paul J

2016-08-01

The aim of this review is to identify the origin and implications of a nondietary material present in digesta and feces that interferes with the determination of dietary fiber in gastrointestinal contents. Negative values for ileal and fecal digestibility of dietary fiber are commonly reported in the literature for monogastric animal species, including humans. As negative values are not possible physiologically, this suggests the existence of a nondietary material in the gastrointestinal contents and feces that interferes with the accurate determination of dietary fiber digestibility when conventional methods of fiber determination are applied. To date, little attention has been given to this nondietary interfering material, which appears to be influenced by the type and concentration of fiber in the diet. Interestingly, estimates of dietary fiber digestibility increase substantially when corrected for the nondietary interfering material, which suggests that currently reported values underestimate the digestibility of dietary fiber and may misrepresent where, in the digestive tract, fermentation of fiber occurs. A new perspective of dietary fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is developing, leading to a better understanding of the contribution of dietary fiber to health. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Aerosol jet printed p- and n-type electrolyte-gated transistors with a variety of electrode materials: exploring practical routes to printed electronics.

PubMed

Hong, Kihyon; Kim, Se Hyun; Mahajan, Ankit; Frisbie, C Daniel

2014-11-12

Printing electrically functional liquid inks is a promising approach for achieving low-cost, large-area, additive manufacturing of flexible electronic circuits. To print thin-film transistors, a basic building block of thin-film electronics, it is important to have several options for printable electrode materials that exhibit high conductivity, high stability, and low-cost. Here we report completely aerosol jet printed (AJP) p- and n-type electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) using a variety of different electrode materials including highly conductive metal nanoparticles (Ag), conducting polymers (polystyrenesulfonate doped poly(3,4-ethylendedioxythiophene, PEDOT:PSS), transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide), and carbon-based materials (reduced graphene oxide). Using these source-drain electrode materials and a PEDOT:PSS/ion gel gate stack, we demonstrated all-printed p- and n-type EGTs in combination with poly(3-hexythiophene) and ZnO semiconductors. All transistor components (including electrodes, semiconductors, and gate insulators) were printed by AJP. Both kinds of devices showed typical p- and n-type transistor characteristics, and exhibited both low-threshold voltages (<2 V) and high hole and electron mobilities. Our assessment suggests Ag electrodes may be the best option in terms of overall performance for both types of EGTs.

Working memory training to improve speech perception in noise across languages

PubMed Central

Ingvalson, Erin M.; Dhar, Sumitrajit; Wong, Patrick C. M.; Liu, Hanjun

2015-01-01

Working memory capacity has been linked to performance on many higher cognitive tasks, including the ability to perceive speech in noise. Current efforts to train working memory have demonstrated that working memory performance can be improved, suggesting that working memory training may lead to improved speech perception in noise. A further advantage of working memory training to improve speech perception in noise is that working memory training materials are often simple, such as letters or digits, making them easily translatable across languages. The current effort tested the hypothesis that working memory training would be associated with improved speech perception in noise and that materials would easily translate across languages. Native Mandarin Chinese and native English speakers completed ten days of reversed digit span training. Reading span and speech perception in noise both significantly improved following training, whereas untrained controls showed no gains. These data suggest that working memory training may be used to improve listeners' speech perception in noise and that the materials may be quickly adapted to a wide variety of listeners. PMID:26093435

Working memory training to improve speech perception in noise across languages.

PubMed

Ingvalson, Erin M; Dhar, Sumitrajit; Wong, Patrick C M; Liu, Hanjun

2015-06-01

Working memory capacity has been linked to performance on many higher cognitive tasks, including the ability to perceive speech in noise. Current efforts to train working memory have demonstrated that working memory performance can be improved, suggesting that working memory training may lead to improved speech perception in noise. A further advantage of working memory training to improve speech perception in noise is that working memory training materials are often simple, such as letters or digits, making them easily translatable across languages. The current effort tested the hypothesis that working memory training would be associated with improved speech perception in noise and that materials would easily translate across languages. Native Mandarin Chinese and native English speakers completed ten days of reversed digit span training. Reading span and speech perception in noise both significantly improved following training, whereas untrained controls showed no gains. These data suggest that working memory training may be used to improve listeners' speech perception in noise and that the materials may be quickly adapted to a wide variety of listeners.

A review of recent activities in the NASA CELSS program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macelroy, R. D.; Tremor, J.; Smernoff, D. T.; Knott, W.; Prince, R. P.

1987-01-01

A CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) is a device that utilizes photosynthetic organisms and light energy to regenerate waste materials into oxygen and food for a crew in space. The results of studies with the CELSS program suggest that a bioregenerative life support system is a useful and effective method of regenerating consumable materials for crew sustenance. The data suggests that the operation of a CELSS in space is practical if plants can be made to behave predictably in the space environment. Much of the work centers on the biological components of the CELSS system. Ways of achieving high efficiency and long term stability of all components of the system are examined. Included are explorations of the conversion of nonedible cellulose to edible materials, nitrogen fixation by biological and chemical methods, and methods of waste processing. A description is provided of the extent to which a bioregenerative life support system can meet the constraints of the space environment, and the degree is assessed to which system efficiency and stability can be increased during the next decade.

Nanoparticulate, sub-micron and micron sized particles emanating from hydrothermal vents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luther, G. W., III; Gartman, A.; Findlay, A.; Yucel, M.; Chan, C. S. Y.

2015-12-01

Recent data from Geotraces cruises over the MAR and SEPR indicate dissolved and particulate Fe enrichment in waters 1000 and 4000 km from their vent sources, respectively. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the waters in the reactive mixing zone above vent orifices have been suggested to be an important source of fine material that can pass through normal filters (0.2 and 0.4 μm). In this work, nanoparticles are defined operationally as that which can pass through a 0.2 μm filter. We investigated two vent sites (Lau Basin and the MAR). Chimneys from both vent sites have fluids that can be sulfide rich or metal rich. We also present chemical and physical chemical data (SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, EELS) showing some of the materials found in these (nano)particulate phases including pyrite, metal sulfides, silicate and aluminosilicate material. Enrichment of Mg and K in the latter suggest that reverse weathering may occur in the waters within 1-2 meters of the vent orifice where vent waters mix with cold oxygenated bottom waters.

From rumen to industry

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

The rumen is one of the most complicated and most fascinating microbial ecosystems in nature. A wide variety of microbial species, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa act together to bioconvert (ligno)cellulosic plant material into compounds, which can be taken up and metabolized by the ruminant. Thus, the rumen perfectly resembles a solution to a current industrial problem: the biorefinery, which aims at the bioconversion of lignocellulosic material into fuels and chemicals. We suggest to intensify the studies of the ruminal microbial ecosystem from an industrial microbiologists point of view in order to make use of this rich source of organisms and enzymes. PMID:22963386

Supplier selection based on complex indicator of finished products quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernikova, Anna; Golovkina, Svetlana; Kuzmina, Svetlana; Demenchenok, Tatiana

2017-10-01

In the article the authors consider possible directions of solving problems when selecting a supplier for deliveries of raw materials and materials of an industrial enterprise, possible difficulties are analyzed and ways of their solution are suggested. Various methods are considered to improve the efficiency of the supplier selection process based on the analysis of the paper bags supplier selection process for the needs of the construction company. In the article the calculation of generalized indicators and complex indicator, which should include single indicators, formed in groups that reflect different aspects of quality, is presented.

Meeting the challenge of a 50000-hour-life-time requirement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vest, C. E.; Studer, P. A.

1971-01-01

Space mission requirements for the 70's have established a 50,000-hour-lifetime challenge for the mechanisms designer. This challenge may be met by two approaches: (1) development of new materials for wear-prone elements, and (2) design innovation of new electromechanical devices that do not include mechanical wear-prone components. Present state-of-the-art materials require restricted operation regarding load, speed, and power for gears, bearings, and brush-slipring components. These restrictions are discussed, and methods of improvement are suggested. The design-innovations approach is discussed and is illustrated by the design of an experimental magnetically suspended motor.

From rumen to industry.

PubMed

Sauer, Michael; Marx, Hans; Mattanovich, Diethard

2012-09-10

The rumen is one of the most complicated and most fascinating microbial ecosystems in nature. A wide variety of microbial species, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa act together to bioconvert (ligno)cellulosic plant material into compounds, which can be taken up and metabolized by the ruminant. Thus, the rumen perfectly resembles a solution to a current industrial problem: the biorefinery, which aims at the bioconversion of lignocellulosic material into fuels and chemicals. We suggest to intensify the studies of the ruminal microbial ecosystem from an industrial microbiologists point of view in order to make use of this rich source of organisms and enzymes.

SRC-I demonstration plant analytical laboratory methods manual. Final technical report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klusaritz, M.L.; Tewari, K.C.; Tiedge, W.F.

1983-03-01

This manual is a compilation of analytical procedures required for operation of a Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC-I) demonstration or commercial plant. Each method reproduced in full includes a detailed procedure, a list of equipment and reagents, safety precautions, and, where possible, a precision statement. Procedures for the laboratory's environmental and industrial hygiene modules are not included. Required American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods are cited, and ICRC's suggested modifications to these methods for handling coal-derived products are provided.

Exploring demand reduction through design, durability and 'usership' of fashion clothes.

PubMed

Fletcher, Kate

2017-06-13

Global planetary boundaries confer limits to production and consumption of material goods. They also confer an obligation to experiment, as individuals and collectively as society, with less-materially-intensive, but no less exuberant, ways of living. This paper takes up this mantle and explores materials demand reduction through a focus on design, fashion garments and the universal, everyday activity of wearing clothes. It takes as its starting point the design of longer-lasting products, a widely favoured strategy for increasing materials efficiency and reducing materials demand in many sectors, including fashion. Drawing on scholarship in the field of design for sustainability and ethnographic research conducted in 16 locations in nine countries about already-existing practices of intensive use and maintenance of clothing, this paper critiques the effectiveness of durability strategies to reduce the amount of materials used. It argues for an update in the familiar preference within sustainability debates for the 'techno-fix' to explore instead resourceful use of materials as emerging from human actions and relationships with material goods. It suggests that, while facilitated by design, technology and engineering, opportunities to reduce materials demand begin in individual and collective practices, which, in turn, have dynamic implications for use of materials.This article is part of the themed issue 'Material demand reduction'. © 2017 The Author(s).

Exploring demand reduction through design, durability and ‘usership’ of fashion clothes

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Global planetary boundaries confer limits to production and consumption of material goods. They also confer an obligation to experiment, as individuals and collectively as society, with less-materially-intensive, but no less exuberant, ways of living. This paper takes up this mantle and explores materials demand reduction through a focus on design, fashion garments and the universal, everyday activity of wearing clothes. It takes as its starting point the design of longer-lasting products, a widely favoured strategy for increasing materials efficiency and reducing materials demand in many sectors, including fashion. Drawing on scholarship in the field of design for sustainability and ethnographic research conducted in 16 locations in nine countries about already-existing practices of intensive use and maintenance of clothing, this paper critiques the effectiveness of durability strategies to reduce the amount of materials used. It argues for an update in the familiar preference within sustainability debates for the ‘techno-fix’ to explore instead resourceful use of materials as emerging from human actions and relationships with material goods. It suggests that, while facilitated by design, technology and engineering, opportunities to reduce materials demand begin in individual and collective practices, which, in turn, have dynamic implications for use of materials. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’. PMID:28461430

Fracture Analysis of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Min, James B.; Cornie, James A.

2013-01-01

A fracture analysis of highly loaded particulate reinforced composites was performed using laser moire interferometry to measure the displacements within the plastic zone at the tip of an advancing crack. Ten castings were made of five different particulate reinforcement-aluminum alloy combinations. Each casting included net-shape specimens which were used for the evaluation of fracture toughness, tensile properties, and flexure properties resulting in an extensive materials properties data. Measured fracture toughness range from 14.1 MPa for an alumina reinforced 356 aluminum alloy to 23.9 MPa for a silicon carbide reinforced 2214 aluminum alloy. For the combination of these K(sub Ic) values and the measured tensile strengths, the compact tension specimens were too thin to yield true plane strain K(sub Ic) values. All materials exhibited brittle behavior characterized by very small tensile ductility suggesting that successful application of these materials requires that the design stresses be below the elastic limit. Probabilistic design principles similar to those used with ceramics are recommended when using these materials. Such principles would include the use of experimentally determined design allowables. In the absence of thorough testing, a design allowable stress of 60 percent of the measured ultimate tensile stress is recommended.

Measurement of Photoelectron Emission Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Ray Irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okamura, Shugo; Iwao, Toru; Yumoto, Motoshige; Miyake, Hiroaki; Nitta, Kumi

2009-01-01

Satellites have come to play many roles depending on their purpose, including communication, weather observation, astronomy observation, and space development. A satellite requires long life and high reliability in such a situation. However, at an altitude of several hundred kilometers, atomic oxygen (AO) is a destructive factor. With density of about 1015 atoms/m3, AO also has high reactivity. As the satellite collides with AO, surface materials of the satellite are degraded, engendering surface roughness and oxidation. Accordingly, it is necessary to monitor the surface conditions. In this study, photoemission characteristics of several materials, such as metals, glasses, and polymers are measured using a deuterium lamp and band pass filters. The threshold energy for photoemission and the quantum efficiency were evaluated from those measurements. Consequently, for the investigated materials the threshold energies for photoelectron emission were found to be 4.9-5.7 eV. The quantum efficiency of metals is about 100 times higher than that of other samples. The quantum efficiency of PS that includes a benzene ring is several times higher than that of either PP or PTFE, suggesting that deteriorated materials emit large amounts of photoelectrons.

Automated first-principles mapping for phase-change materials.

PubMed

Esser, Marc; Maintz, Stefan; Dronskowski, Richard

2017-04-05

Plotting materials on bi-coordinate maps according to physically meaningful descriptors has a successful tradition in computational solid-state science spanning more than four decades. Equipped with new ab initio techniques introduced in this work, we generate an improved version of the treasure map for phase-change materials (PCMs) as introduced previously by Lencer et al. which, other than before, charts all industrially used PCMs correctly. Furthermore, we suggest seven new PCM candidates, namely SiSb 4 Te 7 , Si 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , SiAs 2 Te 4 , PbAs 2 Te 4 , SiSb 2 Te 4 , Sn 2 As 2 Te 5 , and PbAs 4 Te 7 , to be used as synthetic targets. To realize aforementioned maps based on orbital mixing (or "hybridization") and ionicity coordinates, structural information was first included into an ab initio numerical descriptor for sp 3 orbital mixing and then generalized beyond high-symmetry structures. In addition, a simple, yet powerful quantum-mechanical ionization measure also including structural information was introduced. Taken together, these tools allow for (automatically) generating materials maps solely relying on first-principles calculations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efficient sugar release by acetic acid ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification.

PubMed

Zhang, Hongdan; Wu, Shubin

2014-12-03

Acetic acid ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse was performed to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. The effect of different parameters (including temperature, reaction time, solvent concentration, and acid catalyst dose) on pretreatment prehydrolyzate and subsequent enzymatic digestibility was determined. During the pretreatment process, 11.83 g of xylose based on 100 g of raw material could be obtained. After the ethanol-based pretreatment, the enzymatic hydrolysis was enhanced and the highest glucose yield of 40.99 g based on 100 g of raw material could be obtained, representing 93.8% of glucose in sugar cane bagasse. The maximum total sugar yields occurred at 190 °C, 45 min, 60:40 ethanol/water, and 5% dosage of acetic acid, reaching 58.36 g (including 17.69 g of xylose and 40.67 g of glucose) based on 100 g of raw material, representing 85.4% of total sugars in raw material. Furthermore, characterization of the pretreated sugar cane bagasse using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were also developed. The results suggested that ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment could enhance enzymatic digestibilities because of the delignification and removal of xylan.

Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics.

PubMed

Fan, Jonathan A; Yeo, Woon-Hong; Su, Yewang; Hattori, Yoshiaki; Lee, Woosik; Jung, Sung-Young; Zhang, Yihui; Liu, Zhuangjian; Cheng, Huanyu; Falgout, Leo; Bajema, Mike; Coleman, Todd; Gregoire, Dan; Larsen, Ryan J; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A

2014-01-01

Stretchable electronics provide a foundation for applications that exceed the scope of conventional wafer and circuit board technologies due to their unique capacity to integrate with soft materials and curvilinear surfaces. The range of possibilities is predicated on the development of device architectures that simultaneously offer advanced electronic function and compliant mechanics. Here we report that thin films of hard electronic materials patterned in deterministic fractal motifs and bonded to elastomers enable unusual mechanics with important implications in stretchable device design. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of Peano, Greek cross, Vicsek and other fractal constructs to yield space-filling structures of electronic materials, including monocrystalline silicon, for electrophysiological sensors, precision monitors and actuators, and radio frequency antennas. These devices support conformal mounting on the skin and have unique properties such as invisibility under magnetic resonance imaging. The results suggest that fractal-based layouts represent important strategies for hard-soft materials integration.

4D bioprinting: the next-generation technology for biofabrication enabled by stimuli-responsive materials.

PubMed

Li, Yi-Chen; Zhang, Yu Shrike; Akpek, Ali; Shin, Su Ryon; Khademhosseini, Ali

2016-12-02

Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, encompassing a wide range of disciplines including bioengineering, materials science, chemistry, and computer sciences, is emerging as the next-generation biofabrication technology. By utilizing stimuli-responsive materials and advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting strategies, 4D bioprinting aims to create dynamic 3D patterned biological structures that can transform their shapes or behavior under various stimuli. In this review, we highlight the potential use of various stimuli-responsive materials for 4D printing and their extension into biofabrication. We first discuss the state of the art and limitations associated with current 3D printing modalities and their transition into the inclusion of the additional time dimension. We then suggest the potential use of different stimuli-responsive biomaterials as the bioink that may achieve 4D bioprinting where transformation of fabricated biological constructs can be realized. We finally conclude with future perspectives.

Proposed changes for part N of suggested state regulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paris, R.

1997-02-01

This paper discusses proposed changes for Part N regulations regarding naturally occuring radioactive materials. It describes the work of the Commission on NORM of the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD), toward adjusting the regulations. A set of questions was formulated and a review panel established to address these questions and come back with recommended actions. The panel recommended the distinction that the material being regulated is `Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material` (TENORM). By this they mean `naturally occurring radioactive material not regulated under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) whose radionuclide concentrations have been increased by or asmore » a result of human practices.` Recommendations also include: using a dose based instead of concentration based standard; refined definition of exemptions from regulations; exclusion of radon from Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) calculations; provide states flexibility in implementation; inclusion of prospective remedial and operations aspects for TENORM; provision of institutional controls.« less

Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Jonathan A.; Yeo, Woon-Hong; Su, Yewang; Hattori, Yoshiaki; Lee, Woosik; Jung, Sung-Young; Zhang, Yihui; Liu, Zhuangjian; Cheng, Huanyu; Falgout, Leo; Bajema, Mike; Coleman, Todd; Gregoire, Dan; Larsen, Ryan J.; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.

2014-02-01

Stretchable electronics provide a foundation for applications that exceed the scope of conventional wafer and circuit board technologies due to their unique capacity to integrate with soft materials and curvilinear surfaces. The range of possibilities is predicated on the development of device architectures that simultaneously offer advanced electronic function and compliant mechanics. Here we report that thin films of hard electronic materials patterned in deterministic fractal motifs and bonded to elastomers enable unusual mechanics with important implications in stretchable device design. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of Peano, Greek cross, Vicsek and other fractal constructs to yield space-filling structures of electronic materials, including monocrystalline silicon, for electrophysiological sensors, precision monitors and actuators, and radio frequency antennas. These devices support conformal mounting on the skin and have unique properties such as invisibility under magnetic resonance imaging. The results suggest that fractal-based layouts represent important strategies for hard-soft materials integration.

Hafnium—an optical hydrogen sensor spanning six orders in pressure

PubMed Central

Boelsma, C.; Bannenberg, L. J.; van Setten, M. J.; Steinke, N.-J.; van Well, A. A.; Dam, B.

2017-01-01

Hydrogen detection is essential for its implementation as an energy vector. So far, palladium is considered to be the most effective hydrogen sensing material. Here we show that palladium-capped hafnium thin films show a highly reproducible change in optical transmission in response to a hydrogen exposure ranging over six orders of magnitude in pressure. The optical signal is hysteresis-free within this range, which includes a transition between two structural phases. A temperature change results in a uniform shift of the optical signal. This, to our knowledge unique, feature facilitates the sensor calibration and suggests a constant hydrogenation enthalpy. In addition, it suggests an anomalously steep increase of the entropy with the hydrogen/metal ratio that cannot be explained on the basis of a classical solid solution model. The optical behaviour as a function of its hydrogen content makes hafnium well-suited for use as a hydrogen detection material. PMID:28580959

A family health case study. Stillbirth.

PubMed

Edmands, E M

1982-01-01

This is an example of a case study written to describe the physical and psychological impact of stillbirth on the patient and the family, and how it can be used in the teaching of family health. It is suggested that the teacher prepare the students by reviewing the known causes of stillbirth and the physiology of labor and delivery. The patient, her family, and her community are described in detail. The situation and events are given in the form of a story. After the presentation, questions are put to the students that require their assessment of the requirements of the patient and her family in terms of nursing-midwifery management. A number of follow-ups are suggested for the teacher and students. This material was prepared by INTRAH staff members. Other materials prepared include training exercise in group dynamics, how to use tracing techniques to create visual aids, how to evaluate teaching and how to create a family health case study.

Polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite markers in the octoploid Lepidium meyenii (Brassicaceae) and cross-species amplification in Lepidium.

PubMed

Hasan, Nabeeh A; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Quiros, Carlos F; Tay, C David; Bailey, C Donovan

2010-10-01

As a crop and medicinal plant, the octoploid Andean endemic Lepidium meyenii suffers from taxonomic uncertainty. Few molecular markers are available to genotype individuals or track gene flow in wild and cultivated material. • Using available sequence data, eight cpSSR primer pairs were developed for L. meyenii. Levels of polymorphism checked in 56 individual L. meyenii, including cultivated and wild material, revealed that the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to five, and intrapopulation allele frequencies ranged from 0.071 to 1.0. Polymerase-chain-reaction screens using our cpSSR primers in 27 other Lepidium species and three Coronopus species suggested a high degree of interspecific amplification. • These polymorphic cpSSR markers should prove useful in characterizing genetic variation among cultivated and wild L. meyenii. Additionally, interspecific amplifications suggest that these markers will be useful for the study of related taxa.

Doors for memory: A searchable database.

PubMed

Baddeley, Alan D; Hitch, Graham J; Quinlan, Philip T; Bowes, Lindsey; Stone, Rob

2016-11-01

The study of human long-term memory has for over 50 years been dominated by research on words. This is partly due to lack of suitable nonverbal materials. Experience in developing a clinical test suggested that door scenes can provide an ecologically relevant and sensitive alternative to the faces and geometrical figures traditionally used to study visual memory. In pursuing this line of research, we have accumulated over 2000 door scenes providing a database that is categorized on a range of variables including building type, colour, age, condition, glazing, and a range of other physical characteristics. We describe an illustrative study of recognition memory for 100 doors tested by yes/no, two-alternative, or four-alternative forced-choice paradigms. These stimuli, together with the full categorized database, are available through a dedicated website. We suggest that door scenes provide an ecologically relevant and participant-friendly source of material for studying the comparatively neglected field of visual long-term memory.

ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: external quality assessment and comparative testing for reference and in-clinic laboratories.

PubMed

Camus, Melinda S; Flatland, Bente; Freeman, Kathleen P; Cruz Cardona, Janice A

2015-12-01

The purpose of this document is to educate providers of veterinary laboratory diagnostic testing in any setting about comparative testing. These guidelines will define, explain, and illustrate the importance of a multi-faceted laboratory quality management program which includes comparative testing. The guidelines will provide suggestions for implementation of such testing, including which samples should be tested, frequency of testing, and recommendations for result interpretation. Examples and a list of vendors and manufacturers supplying control materials and services to veterinary laboratories are also included. © 2015 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Setting up the criteria and credit-awarding scheme for building interior material selection to achieve better indoor air quality.

PubMed

Niu, J L; Burnett, J

2001-06-01

Methods, standards, and regulations that are aimed to reduce indoor air pollution from building materials are critically reviewed. These are classified as content control and emission control. Methods and standards can be found in both of these two classes. In the regulation domain, only content control is enforced in some countries and some regions, and asbestos is the only building material that is banned for building use. The controlled pollutants include heavy metals, radon, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Emission rate control based upon environment chamber testing is very much in the nature of voluntary product labeling and ranking, and this mainly targets formaldehyde and VOC emissions. It is suggested that radon emission from building materials should be subject to similar emission rate control. A comprehensive set criteria and credit-awarding scheme that encourages the use of low-emission building material is synthesized, and how this scheme can be practiced in building design is proposed and discussed.

Magnetic Phase Diagram of α-RuCl3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sears, Jennifer; Kim, Young-June; Zhao, Yang; Lynn, Jeffrey

The layered honeycomb material α-RuCl3 is thought to possess unusual magnetic interactions including a strong bond-dependent Kitaev term, offering a potential opportunity to study a material near a well understood spin liquid phase. Although this material orders magnetically at low temperatures and is thus not a realization of a Kitaev spin liquid, it does show a broad continuum of magnetic excitations reminiscent of that expected for the spin liquid phase. It has also been proposed that a magnetic field could destabilize the magnetic order in this material and induce a transition into a spin liquid phase. Low temperature magnetization and specific heat measurements in this material have suggested a complex magnetic phase diagram with multiple unidentified magnetic phases present at low temperature. This has provided motivation for our work characterizing the magnetic transitions and phase diagram in α-RuCl3. I will present detailed bulk measurements combined with magnetic neutron diffraction measurements to map out the phase diagram and identify the various phases present.

Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites (HOIPs): Opportunities and Challenges.

PubMed

Berry, Joseph; Buonassisi, Tonio; Egger, David A; Hodes, Gary; Kronik, Leeor; Loo, Yueh-Lin; Lubomirsky, Igor; Marder, Seth R; Mastai, Yitzhak; Miller, Joel S; Mitzi, David B; Paz, Yaron; Rappe, Andrew M; Riess, Ilan; Rybtchinski, Boris; Stafsudd, Oscar; Stevanovic, Vladan; Toney, Michael F; Zitoun, David; Kahn, Antoine; Ginley, David; Cahen, David

2015-09-16

The conclusions reached by a diverse group of scientists who attended an intense 2-day workshop on hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are presented, including their thoughts on the most burning fundamental and practical questions regarding this unique class of materials, and their suggestions on various approaches to resolve these issues. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Children Hungering for Justice: Curriculum on Hunger and Children's Rights, Grades K-4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gray, Kaaren St. Armour

This curriculum is designed to introduce students to the issues of world hunger and children's rights. The curriculum includes more than enough material for two hour-long lessons. Each lesson can stand on its own; however, the interrelated nature of the topics lends itself to presenting both parts of the packet. If time is limited, suggestions are…

Expanding UCR’s Interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Faculty

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-02-27

1 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1...completing and reviewing this collection of information . Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of... information , including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information

Connections: A Compendium of Integration Ideas. Illinois Tech Prep Innovators. 1992 Compendium. Integrative Teaching Ideas from Illinois Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois State Board of Education, Springfield. Dept. of Adult, Vocational and Technical Education.

This report contains 51 one-page abstracts of innovative Illinois tech prep programs that integrate academic and vocational education. Each abstract includes the following: curriculum areas, grade level, types of students for whom the program is appropriate, materials needed, suggested resources, a contact person with address and telephone number,…

Literature and History--A Focus on the Era of the Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahern, John; Sandmann, Alexa

1997-01-01

Provides an annotated bibliography and suggested teaching activities for units on the Great Depression and World War II. The materials support inquiry into the causes of the Great Depression and World War II and how these events transformed U.S. society. The annotated bibliography includes novels, memoirs, biographies, and political studies. (MJP)

Oceans and Coasts. Teacher's Guide to World Resources. Comprehensive Coursework on the Global Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snyder, Sarah A.

This teacher's guide presents teaching suggestions and presentation materials about the world's oceans and the important role humans play in maintaining the life and health of the oceans. The lesson is divided into five parts and can be taught in one class period or divided into segments. Student handouts include: (1) "Facts about Oceans and…

Getting Things Done. A Learning Package for Process Skills. An Occasional Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Max

This manual is designed to help teachers and tutors implement a 4-day modular course in the skills and processes necessary to get things done. The aims and content of the course are described. A course summary is provided along with a model course program that includes parallel lists of objectives, suggested learning activities and text materials,…

Nuclear Parity with China?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

reviewers, and others who read the paper and offered constructive suggestions, including Victor Utgoff, Heather Williams , and Jessica Knight of IDA...Energy Agency (IAEA) assumptions about the amount of fissile material needed to make a first- generation weapon. 6 Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI...administration, recorded in the 2001 NPR, and was championed by the Republican presidential nominee, John McCain, in the 2008 presidential election . 15

National Security in the Nuclear Age: Public Library Proposal and Booklist. May 1987 Update.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dane, Ernest B.

To increase public understanding of national security issues, this document proposes that a balanced and up-to-date collection of books and other materials on national security in the nuclear age be included in all U.S. public libraries. The proposal suggests that the books be grouped together on an identified shelf. Selection criteria for the…

Agricultural Business and Management Materials for Agricultural Education Programs. Core Agricultural Education Curriculum, Central Cluster.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois Univ., Urbana. Office of Agricultural Communications and Education.

This curriculum guide contains 5 teaching units for 44 agricultural business and management cluster problem areas. These problem areas have been selected as suggested areas of study to be included in a core curriculum for secondary students enrolled in an agricultural education program. The five units are as follows: (1) agribusiness operation and…

Strategic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the...George Featherstonhaugh linked mineral availability with national defense. He suggested to Secretary of War Lewis Cass that a geological map of the...from military tactical vehicle armor (ArmorWorks) to concealable armor protection for civilians (Point Blank Body Armor, Inc. and PACA Body Armor

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES FOR THE GIFTED CHILD IN THE REGULAR CLASSROOM--GRADES FOUR THROUGH EIGHT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MCARTHUR, BERNARD

ENRICHMENT SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS OF GRADES FOUR THROUGH EIGHT IN THE AREAS OF SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, SOCIAL STUDIES, AND LANGUAGE AND READING WERE PRESENTED. EACH SUBJECT INCLUDED A DESCRIPTION OF THE LESSON, WITH MATERIALS, AND HOW TO EXPLAIN THE PURPOSES. AN EXAMPLE OF A SCIENCE ACTIVITY WAS BUILDING A TEST COIL FOR A SEVENTH GRADE CLASS. THE…

United States and New York State History, Grade 7. A Multicultural Perspective. Volume I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY.

This resource guide, designed for use by New York City teachers, provides a wide range of suggested approaches and materials from which teachers can select as they teach the grade 7 and grade 8 course "United States and New York State History." The resource guide strives to include the histories, perspectives, and contributions of all…

The Arts Tool Kit. Priority Academic Student Skills: Visual Art and General Music, Grades 1-12. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foster, Gayla; Alexander, JoAnne C.; Bass, Elaine; Black, Paulette; Cesario, Robert; Clow, Jo Ellen; Dalton, Doug; Dedmon, Charla; Gabbard, Susan; Gabel, Barbara; Goree, Gary; Kyle, Nicholas; Martin, Rita; Merklin, Roxy; Riley, Patrick; Reed, John

This kit is designed to help teachers throughout the state of Oklahoma implement the arts in the core curriculum. Suggestions are included for classroom activities that complement the arts competencies in the "Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS)." The kit is a collection of ideas to introduce or reinforce PASS. In the material is a…

Energy, Atmosphere, and Climate. Teacher's Guide to World Resources. Comprehensive Coursework on the Global Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snyder, Sarah A.

This teacher's guide presents teaching suggestions and presentation materials about how daily human activities, such as energy use, add pollutants to the atmosphere. The lesson is divided into seven parts and can be taught in two or more class periods. Student handouts include: (1) "Total Energy Use by Fuel Type, 1991"; (2) "Facts…

An Examination of the Potential of Secondary Mathematics Curriculum Materials to Support Teacher and Student Learning of Probabiility and Statistics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Joshua E.

2016-01-01

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSSM) suggest many changes to secondary mathematics education including an increased focus on conceptual understanding and the inclusion of content and processes that are beyond what is currently taught to most high school students. To facilitate these changes, students will need opportunities to…

Invitations to Evolving. Teacher-Friendly Science Activities with Reproducible Handouts in English and Spanish. Grades 3-5. Living Things Science Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Camp, Carole Ann, Ed.

This booklet, one of six in the Living Things Science series, presents activities about evolution which address basic "Benchmarks" suggested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Living Environment for grades 3-5. Contents include background information, vocabulary (in English and Spanish), materials,…

A study of spaceraft technology and design concepts, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zylius, F. A.

1985-01-01

Concepts for advancing the state of the art in the design of unmanned spacecraft, the requirements that gave rise to its configuration, and the programs of technology that are suggested as leading to its eventual development are examined. Particular technology issues discussed include: structures and materials; thermal control; propulsion; electrical power; communications; data management; and guidance, navigation, and control.

They'll Read if It Matters: Study Guides for Books about Pregnancy and Parenting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindsay, Jeanne

This guide includes teaching suggestions for teachers of pregnant minors and other students and approximately 815 study questions and answers about the content of 26 books concerning pregnancy and babies. Part I indicates how the materials can be used for classroom instruction of pregnant minors and for other students in general science or social…

Reflectance spectroscopy of oxalate minerals and relevance to Solar System carbon inventories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Applin, Daniel M.; Izawa, Matthew R. M.; Cloutis, Edward A.

2016-11-01

The diversity of oxalate formation mechanisms suggests that significant concentrations of oxalic acid and oxalate minerals could be widely distributed in the Solar System. We have carried out a systematic study of the reflectance spectra of oxalate minerals and oxalic acid, covering the 0.2-16 μm wavelength region. Our analyses show that oxalates exhibit unique spectral features that enable discrimination between oxalate phases and from other commonly occurring compounds, including carbonates, in all regions of the spectrum except for the visible. Using these spectral data, we consider the possible contribution of oxalate minerals to previously observed reflectance spectra of many objects throughout the Solar System, including satellites, comets, and asteroids. We find that polycarboxylic acid dimers and their salts may explain the reflectance spectra of many carbonaceous asteroids in the 3 μm spectral region. We suggest surface concentration of these compounds may be a type of space weathering from the photochemical and oxidative decomposition of the organic macromolecular material found in carbonaceous chondrites. The stability and ubiquity of these minerals on Earth, in extraterrestrial materials, and in association with biological processes make them useful for many applications in Earth and planetary sciences.

Kinetic approach to degradation mechanisms in polymer solar cells and their accurate lifetime predictions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arshad, Muhammad Azeem; Maaroufi, AbdelKrim

2018-07-01

A beginning has been made in the present study regarding the accurate lifetime predictions of polymer solar cells. Certain reservations about the conventionally employed temperature accelerated lifetime measurements test for its unworthiness of predicting reliable lifetimes of polymer solar cells are brought into light. Critical issues concerning the accelerated lifetime testing include, assuming reaction mechanism instead of determining it, and relying solely on the temperature acceleration of a single property of material. An advanced approach comprising a set of theoretical models to estimate the accurate lifetimes of polymer solar cells is therefore suggested in order to suitably alternate the accelerated lifetime testing. This approach takes into account systematic kinetic modeling of various possible polymer degradation mechanisms under natural weathering conditions. The proposed kinetic approach is substantiated by its applications on experimental aging data-sets of polymer solar materials/solar cells including, P3HT polymer film, bulk heterojunction (MDMO-PPV:PCBM) and dye-sensitized solar cells. Based on the suggested approach, an efficacious lifetime determination formula for polymer solar cells is derived and tested on dye-sensitized solar cells. Some important merits of the proposed method are also pointed out and its prospective applications are discussed.

Development of spacecraft toxic gas removal agents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, R. S.

1974-01-01

The development of agents suitable for removal of CO, NH3, NO2 SO2, and other spacecraft contaminants was approached. An extensive technology review was conducted, yielding a large number of potentially useful materials and/or concepts. Because the two toxic gases of greatest interest, CO and NH3, suggested the use of catalysis principles emphasis was placed on the intestigation of transition metals on various supports. Forty-three materials were prepared or obtained and 25 were tested. Gas chromatographic techniques were used to find seven candidates that effectively managed various combinations of the four toxic gases: none managed all. These candidates included six transition metal-containing preparations and a supported LiOH material. Three commercial charcoals showed some efficiency for the toxic gases and may constitute candidates for enhancement by doping with transition metals.

An integrated analytical approach for characterizing an organic residue from an archaeological glass bottle recovered in Pompeii (Naples, Italy).

PubMed

Ribechini, Erika; Modugno, Francesca; Baraldi, Cecilia; Baraldi, Pietro; Colombini, Maria Perla

2008-01-15

Within the framework of an Italian research project aimed at studying organic residues found in archaeological objects from the Roman period, the chemical composition of the contents of several glass vessels recovered from archaeological sites from the Vesuvian area (Naples, Italy) was investigated. In particular, this paper deals with the study of an organic material found in a glass bottle from the archaeological site of Pompeii using a multi-analytical approach, including FT-IR, direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and GC-MS techniques. The overall results suggest the occurrence of a lipid material of vegetable origin. The hypothesis that the native lipid material had been subjected to a chemical transformation procedure before being used is presented and discussed.

The chemistry and mineralogy of Mars soil and dust

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Banin, A.

1991-01-01

A single geological unit consisting of fine, apparently weathered soil material is covering large portions of the surface of Mars. This soil material has been thoroughly homogenized by global dust storms and it is plausible to assume that Mars dust is strongly correlated with it. The chemical-elemental composition of the soil was directly measured by the Viking Landers. Positive detection of Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti, S, Cl, and Br was achieved. Analyses of the SNC meteorites, a group of meteorites that has been suggested to be ejected Martian rocks, supply additional elemental-concentration data, broadening considerably the chemical data-base on the surface materials. A composition model for Mars soil, giving selected average elemental concentrations of major and trace elements, was recently suggested. It was constructed by combining the Viking Lander data, the SNC meteorite analyses, and other analyses. The mineralogy of the surface materials on Mars has not been directly measured yet. By use of various indirect approaches, including chemical correspondence to the surface analyses, spectral analogies, simulations of Viking Lander experiments, analyses of the SNC meteorites and various modeling efforts, the mineralogical composition was constrained to some extent. No direct analyses of soil reactivity have been done yet. Indirect evidence, mostly from the Viking biology experimental results, suggests that the soil probably has a slightly acidic reaction and is generally oxidized. Unambiguous identification of the Mars soil minerals by direct mineralogical analyses, and non-disturbed or in-situ measurements of the soil's reactivity, are of primary importance in future Mars research.

The interactive role of income (material position) and income rank (psychosocial position) in psychological distress: a 9-year longitudinal study of 30,000 UK parents.

PubMed

Garratt, Elisabeth A; Chandola, Tarani; Purdam, Kingsley; Wood, Alex M

2016-10-01

Parents face an increased risk of psychological distress compared with adults without children, and families with children also have lower average household incomes. Past research suggests that absolute income (material position) and income status (psychosocial position) influence psychological distress, but their combined effects on changes in psychological distress have not been examined. Whether absolute income interacts with income status to influence psychological distress are also key questions. We used fixed-effects panel models to examine longitudinal associations between psychological distress (measured on the Kessler scale) and absolute income, distance from the regional mean income, and regional income rank (a proxy for status) using data from 29,107 parents included in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (2003-2012). Psychological distress was determined by an interaction between absolute income and income rank: higher absolute income was associated with lower psychological distress across the income spectrum, while the benefits of higher income rank were evident only in the highest income parents. Parents' psychological distress was, therefore, determined by a combination of income-related material and psychosocial factors. Both material and psychosocial factors contribute to well-being. Higher absolute incomes were associated with lower psychological distress across the income spectrum, demonstrating the importance of material factors. Conversely, income status was associated with psychological distress only at higher absolute incomes, suggesting that psychosocial factors are more relevant to distress in more advantaged, higher income parents. Clinical interventions could, therefore, consider both the material and psychosocial impacts of income on psychological distress.

Using Informational Material to Spark Reading Interests in Adolescents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hubbell, Victoria

Classroom teachers of adolescents need to analyze the material they use for instructional purposes, as well as the materials they suggest for independent reading, to be certain that both incorporate text which is informational or technical, since experience suggests that this type of material is generally preferred by readers of this age group.…

Detecting Corrosion Resistance of Coated Steel Rebars by Electrochemical Technique (eis)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryou, J.; Shah, S.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the electrochemical techniques used in materials science. The present measurements are used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of new types of coated steel rebar used in reinforced concrete. In this study, Si-based coating materials are used and evaluated, because adding Si to metals and alloys, including steel, generally increases their corrosion, oxidation, and erosion resistance. The result suggests that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy may be useful for monitoring corrosion activity on coated steel rebars. Based upon impedance changes, it appears that the silicon powder coating bonds well to the steel, and that the coating has a good performance.

Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Role of Defects in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johlin, Eric; Wagner, Lucas; Buonassisi, Tonio; Grossman, Jeffrey C.

2010-03-01

Amorphous silicon holds promise as a cheap and efficient material for thin-film photovoltaic devices. However, current device efficiencies are severely limited by the low mobility of holes in the bulk amorphous silicon material, the cause of which is not yet fully understood. This work employs a statistical analysis of density functional theory calculations to uncover the implications of a range of defects (including internal strain and substitution impurities) on the trapping and mobility of holes, and thereby also on the total conversion efficiency. We investigate the root causes of this low mobility and attempt to provide suggestions for simple methods of improving this property.

The intercrater plains of Mercury and the Moon: Their nature, origin and role in terrestrial planet evolution. Alternative thermal histories. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leake, M. A.

1982-01-01

Interpretations supporting a differentiated, once active Mercury are listed. Alternative scenarios of the planet's thermal history involve: different distributions of accreted materials, including uranium and thorium-rich materials; variations of early melting; and different modes of plains and scarp formation. Arguments are advanced which strongly favor plains formation by volcanism, lack of a primordial surface, and possible identification of remnant tensional features. Studies of remotely sensed data which strongly suggest a modestly homogeneous surface of silicates imply core separation. Reasons for accepting or rejecting various hypotheses for thermal histories of the planet are mentioned.

High-performance liquid chromatography of oligoguanylates at high pH

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stribling, R.; Deamer, D. (Principal Investigator)

1991-01-01

Because of the stable self-structures formed by oligomers of guanosine, standard high-performance liquid chromatography techniques for oligonucleotide fractionation are not applicable. Previously, oligoguanylate separations have been carried out at pH 12 using RPC-5 as the packing material. While RPC-5 provides excellent separations, there are several limitations, including the lack of a commercially available source. This report describes a new anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography method using HEMA-IEC BIO Q, which successfully separates different forms of the guanosine monomer as well as longer oligoguanylates. The reproducibility and stability at high pH suggests a versatile role for this material.

Backscatter Mossbauer Spectrometer (BaMS) for extraterrestrial applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agresti, D. G.; Shelfer, T. D.; Pimperl, M. M.; Wills, E. L.; Shen, M. H.; Morris, R. V.

1993-01-01

Mossbauer spectroscopy is a nuclear gamma resonance technique particularly well suited to the study of materials that contain iron (Fe-57). It can provide information on the oxidation state of iron as well as the type and proportion of iron-containing mineral species in a sample of interest. Iron Mossbauer spectroscopy (FeMS) has been applied to samples believed to have come from Mars (SNC meteorites) and has been helpful in refining the choice among putative Martian surface materials by suggesting a likely nanophase component of the Martian regolity. FeMS spectrum of a Martial analogue material (Hawaiian palagonite) is shown; it is dominated by ferric-bearing phases and shows evidence of a nanophase component. FeMS has also been applied to lunar materials. It can be used to measure the maturity of lunar surface material and has been proposed as a prospector for lunar ilmenite, an oxygen resource mineral. Several years ago we suggested a backscatter Mossbauer spectrometer (BaMS) for a Mars rover mission. Backscatter design was selected as most appropriate for in-situ application because no sample preparation is required. Since that time, we have continued to develop the BaMS instrument in anticipation that it would eventually find a home on a NASA planetary mission. Gooding proposed BaMS as a geochemistry instrument on MESUR. More recently, an LPI workshop has recommended that BaMS be included in a three-instrument payload on the next (1996?) lunar lander.

Weighing the contributions of material and social area deprivation to preterm birth.

PubMed

Auger, Nathalie; Park, Alison L; Gamache, Philippe; Pampalon, Robert; Daniel, Mark

2012-09-01

Evidence suggests that individual socioeconomic status is a better predictor of preterm birth (PTB) than other individual social characteristics, but it is not clear if socioeconomic (material) area context is likewise more strongly related to PTB than social area characteristics. We compared material and social area deprivation to determine which was more strongly associated with PTB. Live singleton births from Québec, Canada were obtained for 1999-2006 (N = 581,898). PTB was defined as <37 completed gestational weeks. Two composite indices representing area-level material and social deprivation were used in Cox proportional hazards regression models to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PTB, accounting for individual-level characteristics including maternal education. Results indicated that PTB rates were higher for areas with high material (7.1%) and social (6.8%) deprivation than those with low material (5.5%) and social (5.9%) deprivation. Adjusted hazards of PTB were slightly greater for material deprivation than social deprivation. These findings indicate that material area deprivation is marginally more strongly associated with PTB than social deprivation, but it is not clear that interventions to prevent PTB should focus on material deprivation any more than on social area deprivation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Insights into the martian hydrosphere from the nakhlites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomkinson, T.; Mark, D. F.; Lee, M.; Lindgren, P.; Stuart, F.

2011-12-01

The nakhlite meteorites contain minerals including clays, salts and carbonates that crystallized from water within an impact-induced hydrothermal system or subsurface aquifer [1,2]. These minerals can be used to explore the longevity, scale and evolution of the aqueous system. However, such work has proven to be challenging owing to their very fine crystal size and their compositional complexity. In this study we have used a suite of techniques including CT tomography, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Ar/Ar dating to explore the history of secondary mineralization in the nakhlites. In total there are thirteen nakhlites, however, this study has focused on Nakhla as it is the only fall. To further understand their alteration relationships we also plan to study Lafayette, MIL 003346, Yamato 000593, 000749 and NWA 5790. In contrast to previous studies that have used polished thin sections, we have examined secondary minerals exposed on freshly produced fracture surfaces from the interior of the Nakhla meteorite. This technique has revealed six textures that have not previously been described. (1) Areas of nanocrystalline/amorphous growth of sheeted silicates appearing to nucleate from underlying Cl and C rich fibrous material. (2) Underlying material which forms on the olivine grains surface with a nanoscale fibrous structure contains intergrown <5 μm sized euhedral calcium sulphate crystals. (3) The overlying sheeted silicates are also cross-cut by veins of this Cl and C enriched fibrous material. (4) A concentrically Si, Cl, Ca, Mn and Fe zoned region of alteration with a diameter of ~90 μm that has also been observed potentially sourcing enrichments from an underlying halite grain and augite and magnetite inclusions formed from symplectic exsolution in the host olivine [3]. Additionally, we have observed (5) radial growth structures emanating from halite grains and (6) etch pits in the surfaces of olivines. We will also present preliminary Ar/Ar ages for the K-bearing alteration material within the nakhlites. The textures that we have observed suggest that the sheeted silicate material formed either during fluctuations in fluid compositions or as a result of these newly discovered sites of nucleation growth from the underlying Cl and C enriched fibrous material. The presence of the fibrous material cross-cutting the silicate could indicate the following: a subsequent injection of a saline fluid, an expansion of the fibrous material rupturing the silicate, or the remobilisation of the fibrous material. The sharp contacts of the silicate with these cross cutting veins of fibrous material suggest that this material (likely brine) was exposed to only very low temperatures [4] thus not remobilising and equilibrating with the surrounding material. Some of the features that we have found would have been lost in conventional thin section manufacture and may explain why they have not been observed previously.

Using an employee handbook to head off problems.

PubMed

Hills, Laura Sachs

2005-01-01

Most medical practices agree that an employee handbook is a great idea. Many, however, don't know how to write a good handbook. This article provides a helpful overview of the kinds of materials that should and should not be included in your practice's employee handbook. It explores the many benefits of employee handbooks and identifies four policy topics that you should avoid. It suggests the benefits and potential uses of a glossary in your employee handbook and provides an example of the terms that might be included in a medical practice glossary. This article also suggests the appropriate language and tone for employee handbooks and offers advice about distributing them so your staff will read and understand your personnel policies. Finally, the article offers a blueprint for creating your own employee handbook.

Correlating the chemical composition and size of various metal oxide substrates with the catalytic activity and stability of as-deposited Pt nanoparticles for the methanol oxidation reaction

DOE PAGES

Megan E. Scofield; Wong, Stanislaus S.; Koenigsmann, Christopher; ...

2015-12-09

The performance of electrode materials in conventional direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC) is constrained by (i) the low activity of the catalyst materials relative to their overall cost, (ii) the poisoning of the active sites due to the presence of partially oxidized carbon species (such as but not limited to CO, formate, and acetate) produced during small molecule oxidation, and (iii) the lack of catalytic stability and durability on the underlying commercial carbon support. Therefore, as a viable alternative, we have synthesized various metal oxide and perovskite materials of different sizes and chemical compositions as supports for Pt nanoparticles (NPs).more » Our results including unique mechanistic studies demonstrate that the SrRuO 3 substrate with immobilized Pt NPs at its surface evinces the best methanol oxidation performance as compared with all of the other substrate materials tested herein, including commercial carbon itself. In addition, data from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of electron transfer from bound Pt NPs to surface Ru species within the SrRuO 3 substrate itself, thereby suggesting that favorable metal support interactions are responsible for the increased methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity of Pt species with respect to the underlying SrRuO 3 composite catalyst material.« less

Analysis of biosurfaces by neutron reflectometry: From simple to complex interfaces

DOE PAGES

Junghans, Ann; Watkins, Erik B.; Barker, Robert D.; ...

2015-03-16

Because of its high sensitivity for light elements and the scattering contrast manipulation via isotopic substitutions, neutron reflectometry (NR) is an excellent tool for studying the structure of soft-condensed material. These materials include model biophysical systems as well as in situ living tissue at the solid–liquid interface. The penetrability of neutrons makes NR suitable for probing thin films with thicknesses of 5–5000 Å at various buried, for example, solid–liquid, interfaces [J. Daillant and A. Gibaud, Lect. Notes Phys. 770, 133 (2009); G. Fragneto-Cusani, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, 4973 (2001); J. Penfold, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 7, 139 (2002)].more » Over the past two decades, NR has evolved to become a key tool in the characterization of biological and biomimetic thin films. Highlighted In the current report are some of the authors' recent accomplishments in utilizing NR to study highly complex systems, including in-situ experiments. Such studies will result in a much better understanding of complex biological problems, have significant medical impact by suggesting innovative treatment, and advance the development of highly functionalized biomimetic materials.« less

Elementary Students' Learning of Materials Science Practices Through Instruction Based on Engineering Design Tasks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wendell, Kristen Bethke; Lee, Hee-Sun

2010-12-01

Materials science, which entails the practices of selecting, testing, and characterizing materials, is an important discipline within the study of matter. This paper examines how third grade students' materials science performance changes over the course of instruction based on an engineering design challenge. We conducted a case study of nine students who participated in engineering design-based science instruction with the goal of constructing a stable, quiet, thermally comfortable model house. The learning outcome of materials science practices was assessed by clinical interviews conducted before and after the instruction, and the learning process was assessed by students' workbooks completed during the instruction. The interviews included two materials selection tasks for designing a sturdy stepstool and an insulated pet habitat. Results indicate that: (1) students significantly improved on both materials selection tasks, (2) their gains were significantly positively associated with the degree of completion of their workbooks, and (3) students who were highly engaged with the workbook's reflective record-keeping tasks showed the greatest improvement on the interviews. These findings suggest the important role workbooks can play in facilitating elementary students' learning of science through authentic activity such as engineering design.

Suggested Planting Guidelines - Best Management Practices for Revegetation of Actively Used Training Lands in the Northeastern United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Indiana Crane Naval Warfare Center Jefferson Proving Ground Camp Atterbury 62,473 1,033 33,484 ERDC/CRREL TR-12-10 4 State and Facility Land...2012). They include seeding wildflowers and forbs as well as planting woody materials. Equipment used in the planting process is not included in...on invasive weeds by state can be found at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/research/ shrub /links.shtml ERDC/CRREL TR-12-10 18 3 Selecting the Seed

Trace Elements in Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clay at Gubbio, Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebihara, M.; Miura, T.

1992-07-01

In 1980, Alvarez et al. reported high Ir concentrations for the Cretaceous-Tertiary (hereafter, K/T) boundary layer, suggesting an impact of extraterrestrial material as a possible cause of the sudden mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period. Since then, high Ir abundances have been reported for K/T layers all over the world. Iridium enrichments were alternatively explained in terms of volcanic eruptions (Officer and Drake, 1982) or sedimentation (Zoller et al, 1982). Thus, abundances of Ir only cannot be critical in explaining the cause of the mass extinctions at the K/T boundary. In contrast to the fairly large number of Ir data for K/T boundary geological materials, only limited data are available for other siderophile elements. Relative abundances of siderophiles must be more informative in considering the causes of extinction, and provide further data on the type of extraterrestrial material of the projectile if siderophile abundances are in favor of an impact as the cause of the mass extinction at the K/T boundary. Thus, we analyzed additional K/T boundary materials for trace elements, including some of the siderophiles. A total of 7 samples collected from the K/T boundary near Gubbio, Italy (three from Bottaccione, four from Contessa) were analyzed. For comparison, we analyzed three additional samples, one from a Cretaceous sediment layer and the remaining two from a Tertiary layer. Four siderophile elements (Ir, Pt, Au, and Pd) were measured by RNAA and more than 25 elements, including 9 lanthanoids, were measured by INAA. The siderophiles listed above and Ni were found to be present in all of the boundary clay samples. They have C1-normalized abundances of 0.02 for Ni, Ir, and Pt, 0.04 for Pd, and Au was exceptionally depleted at 0.005. Both Ni and Ir show fairly small variations in abundances among the clay samples, whereas the other three elements show quite large variations, exceeding error limits. We believe that similar enrichments for these siderophiles in the K/T boundary clays were caused by an impact of extraterrestrial material having siderophiles that have not been largely fractionated. Similar abundance patterns of REE were confirmed not only for clay samples but also for the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. This suggests that sedimentation continued in similar circumstances without a large disturbance at the K/T boundary. We confirmed excellent correlations among Ir, As, and Sb abundances in the K/T samples, suggesting that they had a similar solution chemistry when sedimentation occurred. Both As and Sb show similar abundances, even for the Cretaceous as well as the Tertiary sediments, while Ir does not. Neither Pd nor Pt shows any correlation with these elements or with each other. This suggests that Ir was trapped into the clay together with As and Sb, but not with Pd or Pt. It is highly unlikely that these siderophiles were supplied only from sea water, and were eventually greatly enriched in clay materials, with the relative elemental abundances coinciding with those in chondrites. Thus, our data strongly suggest that a large impact of extraterrestrial material (chondritic?) caused the enrichment of siderophiles at K/T boundary. Acknowledgment. We are indebted to M. Ozima and S. Amari for samples analyzed in this work. References Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H.V. (1980) Science 208, 1095-1108. Officer, C.B. and Drake, C.L. (1982) Science 219, 1383-1390. Zoller, W.H., Parrington, J.R., and Kotra, J.M.P. (1983) Science 222, 1118-1120.

Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gasparini, Z.; Casadio, S.; Fernández, M.; Salgado, L.

2001-04-01

During the Campanian-Maastrichtian, Patagonia was flooded by the Atlantic and reduced to an archipelago. Several localities of northern Patagonia have yielded marine reptiles. Analysis of several assemblages suggests that the diversity and abundance of pelagic marine reptiles in northern Patagonia was higher by the end of the Cretaceous than previously thought. Several plesiosaurids, including Aristonectes parvidens and the polycotylid Sulcusuchus, and the first remains of mosasaurinae have been found. The Cretaceous marine reptile record from South America is scanty. Nevertheless, materials described here suggest that Tethyan and Weddelian forms converged in northern Patagonia, as seen with invertebrates.

Metal-Element Compounds of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium as Pyrotechnic Fuels

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-04

including ceramic materials in this role has been far less common. Following the development of boron carbide-based pyrotechnics in our laboratories, we...ameliorate these problems. Commercially available group 4 compounds containing hydrogen, boron , carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and phosphorus were obtained for...predicted behavior suggests that these compounds may be useful for a variety of pyrotechnic applications. 1. INTRODUCTION The recent use of boron

Invitations to Cells: Life's Building Blocks. Teacher-Friendly Science Activities with Reproducible Handouts in English and Spanish. Grades 3-5. Living Things Science Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Camp, Carole Ann, Ed.

This booklet, one of six in the Living Things Science series, presents activities about cells which address basic "Benchmarks" suggested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Living Environment for grades 3-5. Contents include background information, vocabulary (in English and Spanish), materials, procedures,…

Mining Careers. Instructor's Manual and Student's Basic Course of Study. Recommended Courses for Entry Level Miner, General Inside Laborer, Timber Framer, Face Worker.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Admiral Peary Area Vocational-Technical School, Ebensburg, PA.

Guides for organizing and individualizing three courses of study for job training in the mining careers of entry level miner, general inside laborer/timber framer, and faceman are presented in this manual. Introductory information includes (1) suggestions for utilizing, modifying, or customizing materials (task sheets) in the manual to suit…

Invitations to Interdependence: Caught in the Web. Teacher-Friendly Science Activities with Reproducible Handouts in English and Spanish. Grades 3-5. Living Things Science Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Camp, Carole Ann, Ed.

This booklet, one of six in the Living Things Science series, presents activities about ecosystems which address basic "Benchmarks" suggested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Living Environment for grades 3-5. Contents include background information, vocabulary (in English and Spanish), materials,…

Pile et Face: Avec du papier, des images, de la colle...et des ciseaux (Heads and Tails: With Paper, Pictures, Glue...and Scissors).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vever, Daniel

1991-01-01

A kit using the concept of puzzles as a focus for developing self-correcting instructional materials for French language teaching is described. The kit, designed for teachers and including 47 ideas organized by theme, contains matrices and cards for a variety of exercises at various levels and suggestions for their use. (MSE)

Dante, Seventh Centennial, 1265-1965: Resource Materials for Teachers. Curriculum Bulletin, 1965-66 Series, Number 16.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cavicchia, Gida; Costadasi, Virginia

A two-part curriculum bulletin pays tribute to the life and works of Dante Alighieri during the 700th annivarsary of his birth. Part One includes his biography, a discussion of his minor works, a summary of "The Divine Comedy", Dante's impact on other lands, and Dantean thought. Suggestions for teaching a resource unit for elementary and…

Computer Aided Design in FE. Some Suggestions on the Inclusion of CAD Topics in Mechanical Engineering Courses. An Occasional Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ingham, P. C.

This report investigates the feasibility of including computer aided design (CAD) materials in engineering courses. Section 1 briefly discusses the inevitability of CAD being adopted widely by British industry and the consequent need for its inclusion in engineering syllabi at all levels. A short description of what is meant by CAD follows in…

Las Heroinas en el Mundo Mio y Yo (Myself and Women Heroes in My World).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Women's History Project, Windsor, CA.

This book offers a series of lesson plans and resources for teaching young learners (K-3) about heroines in U.S. history. The book offers general guidelines for presentation of the materials as well as specific suggestions for individual lessons. Each lesson focuses on a particular historical figure and includes a biography, a lesson plan outline,…

Invitations to the Matter-Energy Cycle. Teacher-Friendly Science Activities with Reproducible Handouts in English and Spanish. Grades 3-5. Living Things Science Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Camp, Carole Ann, Ed.

This booklet, one of six in the Living Things Science series, presents activities about matter and energy which address basic "Benchmarks" suggested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Living Environment for grades 3-5. Contents include background information, vocabulary (in English and Spanish), materials,…

Evaluation of Curricula Content Based on Thai Pharmacy Competency Standards

PubMed Central

Maitreemit, Pagamas; Pongcharoensuk, Petcharat; Armstrong, Edward P.

2008-01-01

Objective To evaluate the curricula content of Thai pharmacy schools based on the Thai pharmacy competency standards. Methods Course syllabi were collected from 11 pharmacy schools. A questionnaire was developed based on the Thai pharmacy competency standards. Course coordinators completed the questionnaire assessing the curricula content. Results The curricula for both the bachelor of science in pharmacy degree (BS Pharm) and doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree programs included the minimum content required by the 8 competency domains. The dominant content area in BS Pharm degree programs was product-oriented material. The content ratio of patient to product to social and administrative pharmacy in the BS Pharm degree programs was 2:3:1, respectively. However, the content ratio suggested by the Thai Pharmacy Council was 3:2:1, respectively. For the PharmD programs, the largest content area was patient-oriented material, which was in agreement with the framework suggested by the Thai Pharmacy Council. Conclusions The curricula of all Thai pharmacy schools met the competency standards; however, some patient-oriented material should be expanded and some product-oriented content deleted in order to meet the recommended content ratio. PMID:18322571

Calcium phosphate coatings on magnesium alloys for biomedical applications: a review.

PubMed

Shadanbaz, Shaylin; Dias, George J

2012-01-01

Magnesium has been suggested as a revolutionary biodegradable metal for use as an orthopaedic material. As a biocompatible and degradable metal, it has several advantages over the permanent metallic materials currently in use, including eliminating the effects of stress shielding, improving biocompatibility concerns in vivo and improving degradation properties, removing the requirement of a second surgery for implant removal. The rapid degradation of magnesium, however, is a double-edged sword as it is necessary to control the corrosion rates of the materials to match the rates of bone healing. In response, calcium phosphate coatings have been suggested as a means to control these corrosion rates. The potential calcium phosphate phases and their coating techniques on substrates are numerous and can provide several different properties for different applications. The reactivity and low melting point of magnesium, however, require specific parameters for calcium phosphate coatings to be successful. Within this review, an overview of the different calcium phosphate phases, their properties and their behaviour in vitro and in vivo has been provided, followed by the current coating techniques used for calcium phosphates that may be or may have been adapted for magnesium substrates. Copyright © 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A review of recent activities in the NASA CELSS program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macelroy, R. D.; Tremor, J.; Smernoff, D. T.; Knott, W.; Prince, R. P.

1987-01-01

A CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) is a device that utilizes photosynthetic organisms and light energy to regenerate waste materials into oxygen and food for a crew in space. The results of theoretical and practical studies conducted by investigators within the CELSS program suggest that a bioregenerative life support system can be a useful and effective method of regenerating consumable materials for crew sustenance. Experimental data suggests that the operation of a CELSS in space will be practical if plants can be made to behave predictably in the space environment. Much of the work currently conducted within the CELSS program centers on the biological components of the CELSS system. The work is particularly directed at ways of achieving high efficiency and long term stability of all components of the system. Included are explorations of the conversion of nonedible cellulose to edible materials, nitrogen fixation by biological and chemical methods, and methods of waste processing. It is the intent of the presentation to provide a description of the extent to which a bioregenerative life support system can meet the constraints of the space environment, and to assess the degree to which system efficiency and stability can be increased during the next decade.

Multiplexed Holographic Data Storage in Bacteriorhodopsin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehrl, David J.; Krile, Thomas F.

1997-01-01

High density optical data storage, driven by the information revolution, remains at the forefront of current research areas. Much of the current research has focused on photorefractive materials (SBN and LiNbO3) and polymers, despite various problems with expense, durability, response time and retention periods. Photon echo techniques, though promising, are questionable due to the need for cryogenic conditions. Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) films are an attractive alternative recording medium. Great strides have been made in refining BR, and materials with storage lifetimes as long as 100 days have recently become available. The ability to deposit this robust polycrystalline material as high quality optical films suggests the use of BR as a recording medium for commercial optical disks. Our own recent research has demonstrated the suitability of BR films for real time spatial filtering and holography. We propose to fully investigate the feasibility of performing holographic mass data storage in BR. Important aspects of the problem to be investigated include various data multiplexing techniques (e.g. angle- amplitude- and phase-encoded multiplexing, and in particular shift-multiplexing), multilayer recording techniques, SLM selection and data readout using crossed polarizers for noise rejection. Systems evaluations of storage parameters, including access times, memory refresh constraints, erasure, signal-to-noise ratios and bit error rates, will be included in our investigations.

Sun, sand, and citizenship: the marketing of gay tourism.

PubMed

Coon, David R

2012-01-01

This article investigates trends in the marketing of gay and lesbian tourism. It reviews gay and lesbian travel guides from the 1960s to the 1990s before examining more recent travel materials including brochures and Web sites promoting specific American cities. These promotional materials are a valuable object of inquiry because they are uniquely situated at the intersection of discussions of sexuality, the market, representation, space, and citizenship. Through an aggregate semiotic analysis and ideological criticism, this article examines themes and concerns raised by the recent wave of gay tourism marketing, including questions of visibility, privacy, and assimilation. I argue that while marketers' recent attempts to lure gay and lesbian tourists to specific destinations may seem to suggest increased tolerance and societal inclusion, the specific strategies that they employ actually reveal the second-class citizen status still experienced by gays and lesbians within the rest of American society.

Counselor Assessments of Training and Adoption Barriers

PubMed Central

Bartholomew, Norma G.; Joe, George W.; Rowan-Szal, Grace A.; Simpson, D. Dwayne

2007-01-01

The prevailing emphasis on adoption of evidence-based practices suggests more focused training evaluations are needed that capture factors in clinician decisions to use new techniques. This includes relationships of post-conference evaluations with subsequent adoption of training materials. Training assessments were therefore collected at two time points from substance abuse treatment counselors who attended training on dual diagnosis and on therapeutic alliance as part of a state-sponsored conference. Customized evaluations were collected to assess counselor perceptions of training quality, relevance, and resources in relation to its utilization during the 6 months following the conference. Higher ratings for relevance of training concepts and materials to service needs of clients, desire to have additional training, and level of program support were each related to greater trial usage during the follow-up period. Primary resource-related and procedural barriers cited by counselors included lack of time and redundancy with existing practices. PMID:17434707

Health information technology to guide pediatric obesity management.

PubMed

McDonald, Julia; Goldman, Roberta E; O'Brien, Ashley; Ayash, Christine; Mitchell, Kathy; Marshall, Richard; Simon, Steven R; Taveras, Elsie M

2011-06-01

The purpose of this study was to examine pediatricians' familiarity with expert committee recommendations on the management of childhood obesity and their use of health information technology for obesity-related care. The authors interviewed 35 pediatricians from 17 primary care practices using an electronic health record; immersion crystallization facilitated analysis of the qualitative data. Nearly all pediatricians were unfamiliar with expert recommendations; however, all participants reported using growth charts and providing nutrition and physical activity counseling. Most participants wanted easy access to educational materials they could print for patients. The majority of participants were in favor of an electronic alert to identify obese patients, remind clinicians of current guidelines, and facilitate ordering, believing it would help standardize care. Concerns included "alert fatigue," distraction, and disruption of workflow. Suggestions for future electronic functions included tailored educational materials and physical activity resources customized by patient address.

Aggregate resource availability in the conterminous United States, including suggestions for addressing shortages, quality, and environmental concerns

USGS Publications Warehouse

Langer, William H.

2011-01-01

Although potential sources of aggregate are widespread throughout the United States, many sources may not meet certain physical property requirements, such as soundness, hardness, strength, porosity, and specific gravity, or they may contain contaminants or deleterious materials that render them unusable. Encroachment by conflicting land uses, permitting considerations, environmental issues, and societal pressures can prevent or limit development of otherwise suitable aggregate. The use of sustainable aggregate resource management can help ensure an economically viable supply of aggregate. Sustainable aggregate resource management techniques that have successfully been used include (1) protecting potential resources from encroachment; (2) using marginal-quality local aggregate for applications that do not demand a high-quality resource; (3) using substitute materials such as clinker, scoria, and recycled asphalt and concrete; and (4) using rail and water to transport aggregates from remote sources.

Sensitivity studies of pediatric material properties on juvenile lumbar spine responses using finite element analysis.

PubMed

Jebaseelan, D Davidson; Jebaraj, C; Yoganandan, Narayan; Rajasekaran, S; Kanna, Rishi M

2012-05-01

The objective of the study was to determine the sensitivity of material properties of the juvenile spine to its external and internal responses using a finite element model under compression, and flexion-extension bending moments. The methodology included exercising the 8-year-old juvenile lumbar spine using parametric procedures. The model included the vertebral centrum, growth plates, laminae, pedicles, transverse processes and spinous processes; disc annulus and nucleus; and various ligaments. The sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the modulus of elasticity for various components. The first simulation was done using mean material properties. Additional simulations were done for each component corresponding to low and high material property variations. External displacement/rotation and internal stress-strain responses were determined under compression and flexion-extension bending. Results indicated that, under compression, disc properties were more sensitive than bone properties, implying an elevated role of the disc under this mode. Under flexion-extension moments, ligament properties were more dominant than the other components, suggesting that various ligaments of the juvenile spine play a key role in modulating bending behaviors. Changes in the growth plate stress associated with ligament properties explained the importance of the growth plate in the pediatric spine with potential implications in progressive deformities.

Characterizing Salmonella Contamination in Two Rendering Processing Plants.

PubMed

Gong, Chao; Jiang, Xiuping

2017-02-01

A microbiological investigation on Salmonella contamination was conducted in two U.S. rendering plants to investigate the potential cross-contamination of Salmonella in the rendering processing environment. Sampling locations were predetermined at the areas where Salmonella contamination may potentially occur, including raw materials receiving, crax (rendered materials before grinding process) grinding, and finished meal loading-out areas. Salmonella was either enumerated directly on xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar plates or enriched in Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate broths. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed using CHROMagar plating and latex agglutination testing and then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, serotyping, and biofilm-forming determination. Among 108 samples analyzed, 79 (73%) samples were Salmonella positive after enrichment. Selected Salmonella isolates (n = 65) were assigned to 31 unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, with 16 Salmonella serotypes, including Typhimurium and Mbandaka, identified as predominant serotypes and 10 Salmonella strains determined as strong biofilm formers. Our results indicated that the raw materials receiving area was the primary source of Salmonella and that the surfaces surrounding crax grinding and finished meal loading-out areas harbor Salmonella in biofilms that may recontaminate the finished meals. The same Salmonella serotypes found in both raw materials receiving and the finished meal loading-out areas suggested a potential of cross-contamination between different areas in the rendering processing environment.

Performance of the Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming Product Under Hydraulically Unsaturated Conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Neeway, James J.; Qafoku, Nikolla; Williams, Benjamin D.

2014-05-01

Currently, several candidates for secondary waste immobilization at the Hanford site in the State of Washington, USA are being considered. To demonstrate the durability of the product in the unsaturated Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) at the site, a series of tests have been performed one of the candidate materials using the Pressurized Unsaturated Flow (PUF) system. The material that was tested was the Fluidized Bed Steam Reformer (FBSR) granular product and the granular product encapsulated in a geopolymer matrix. The FBSR product is composed primarily of an insoluble sodium aluminosilicate matrix with the dominant phases being feldspathoid minerals mostly nepheline,more » sodalite, and nosean. The PUF test method allows for the accelerated weathering of materials, including radioactive waste forms, under hydraulically unsaturated conditions, thus mimicking the open-flow and transport properties that most likely will be present at the IDF. The experiments show a trend of decreasing tracer release as a function of time for several of the elements released from the material including Na, Si, Al, and Cs. However, some of the elements, notably I and Re, show a steady release throughout the yearlong test. This result suggests that the release of these minerals from the sodalite cage occurs at a different rate compared with the dissolution of the predominant nepheline phase.« less

16S rRNA analysis provides evidence of biofilms on all components of three infected periprosthetic knees including permanent braided suture.

PubMed

Swearingen, Matthew C; DiBartola, Alex C; Dusane, Devendra; Granger, Jeffrey; Stoodley, Paul

2016-10-01

Bacterial biofilms are the main etiological agent of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI); however, it is unclear if biofilms colonize one or multiple components. Because biofilms can colonize a variety of surfaces, we hypothesized that biofilms would be present on all components. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing analysis was used to identify bacteria recovered from individual components and non-absorbable suture material recovered from three PJI total knee revision cases. Bray-Curtis non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed no significant differences in similarity when factoring component, material type, or suture versus non-suture material, but did reveal significant differences in organism profile between patients (P < 0.001) and negative controls (P < 0.001). Confocal microscopy and a novel agar encasement culturing method also confirmed biofilm growth on a subset of components. While 16S sequencing suggested that the microbiology was more complex than revealed by culture contaminating, bacterial DNA generates a risk of false positives. This report highlights that biofilm bacteria may colonize all infected prosthetic components including braided suture material, and provides further evidence that clinical culture can fail to sufficiently identify the full pathogen profile in PJI cases. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Distribution of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in the Xenopus laevis Embryo after Microinjection

PubMed Central

Holt, Brian D.; Shawky, Joseph H.; Dahl, Kris Noel; Davidson, Lance A.; Islam, Mohammad F.

2016-01-01

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are advanced materials with the potential for a myriad of diverse applications, including biological technologies and largescale usage with the potential for environmental impacts. SWCNTs have been exposed to developing organisms to determine their effects on embryogenesis, and results have been inconsistent arising, in part, from differing material quality, dispersion status, material size, impurity from catalysts, and stability. For this study, we utilized highly purified SWCNT samples with short, uniform lengths (145 ± 17 nm) well dispersed in solution. To test high exposure doses, we microinjected > 500 μg mL-1 SWCNT concentrations into the well-established embryogenesis model, Xenopus laevis, and determined embryo compatibility and sub-cellular localization during development. SWCNTs localized within cellular progeny of the microinjected cells, but heterogeneously distributed throughout the target-injected tissue. Co-registering unique Raman spectral intensity of SWCNTs with images of fluorescently labelled sub-cellular compartments demonstrated that even at the regions of highest SWCNT concentration, there were no gross alterations to sub-cellular microstructures, including filamentous actin, endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. Furthermore, SWCNTs did not aggregate or localize to the perinuclear sub-cellular region. Combined, these results suggest that purified and dispersed SWCNTs are not toxic to X. laevis animal cap ectoderm and may be suitable candidate materials for biological applications. PMID:26510384

Orbital surveys of solar stimulated luminescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hemphill, W. R.; Theisen, A. F.; Tyson, R. M.; Granata, J. S.

The Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD) is an electro-optical device for imaging natural and manmade materials which have been stimulated to luminesce by the sun. An airborne FLD has been used to detect geochemically stressed vegetation, drought-stressed agricultural crops, industrial and residential pollution effluents, marine oil seeps, phosphate rock, uranium-bearing sandstone, and bioluminescent ocean plankton. Three-dimensional perspective plots of excitation and emission spectra, measured with a laboratory spectrometer, graphically depict similarities and differences in luminescence properties between sample materials. The laboratory data also include luminescence intensities at six Fraunhofer lines in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both the airborne and laboratory data suggest the feasibility of delineating and monitoring at least some of these luminescing materials from orbital altitude, such as a test flight aboard the Space Shuttle using an improved third-generation FLD.

Porous organic cages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tozawa, Tomokazu; Jones, James T. A.; Swamy, Shashikala I.; Jiang, Shan; Adams, Dave J.; Shakespeare, Stephen; Clowes, Rob; Bradshaw, Darren; Hasell, Tom; Chong, Samantha Y.; Tang, Chiu; Thompson, Stephen; Parker, Julia; Trewin, Abbie; Bacsa, John; Slawin, Alexandra M. Z.; Steiner, Alexander; Cooper, Andrew I.

2009-12-01

Porous materials are important in a wide range of applications including molecular separations and catalysis. We demonstrate that covalently bonded organic cages can assemble into crystalline microporous materials. The porosity is prefabricated and intrinsic to the molecular cage structure, as opposed to being formed by non-covalent self-assembly of non-porous sub-units. The three-dimensional connectivity between the cage windows is controlled by varying the chemical functionality such that either non-porous or permanently porous assemblies can be produced. Surface areas and gas uptakes for the latter exceed comparable molecular solids. One of the cages can be converted by recrystallization to produce either porous or non-porous polymorphs with apparent Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas of 550 and 23m2g-1, respectively. These results suggest design principles for responsive porous organic solids and for the modular construction of extended materials from prefabricated molecular pores.

Arsenic Adsorption from Water Using Graphene-Based Materials as Adsorbents: a Critical Review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xuetong; Xia, Ling; Song, Shaoxian

2017-07-01

Adsorption is widely applied to remove arsenic from water. This paper reviewed and compared the recent progresses on the arsenic removal by adsorption using two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphene-based materials as adsorbents. Functional graphene sheet achieved the largest As(III) adsorption capacity of 138.79mg/g, while Mg-Al LDH/GO2 showed the largest As(V) adsorption capacity of 183.11mg/g. Parameters including pH, temperature, co-existing ions and loaded metal or metal oxide affected the adsorption process. The adsorption mechanisms of graphene-based materials for As(III) and As(V) could be explained by surface complexation and the electrostatic attraction, respectively. Future works are suggested to focus on regenerating of two-dimensional graphene-based adsorbents and developing the three-dimensional with large specific surface area and better adsorption performance.

Properties of the moon, Mars, Martian satellites, and near-earth asteroids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Jeffrey G.

1989-01-01

Environments and surface properties of the moon, Mars, Martian satellites, and near-earth asteroids are discussed. Topics include gravity, atmospheres, surface properties, surface compositions, seismicity, radiation environment, degradation, use of robotics, and environmental impacts. Gravity fields vary from large fractions of the earth's field such as 1/3 on Mars and 1/6 on the moon to smaller fractions of 0.0004 g on an asteroid 1 km in diameter. Spectral data and the analogy with meteor compositions suggest that near-earth asteroids may contain many resources such as water-rich carbonaceous materials and iron-rich metallic bodies. It is concluded that future mining and materials processing operations from extraterrestrial bodies require an investment now in both (1) missions to the moon, Mars, Phobos, Deimos, and near-earth asteroids and (2) earth-based laboratory research in materials and processing.

Predicting the structure of screw dislocations in nanoporous materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walker, Andrew M.; Slater, Ben; Gale, Julian D.; Wright, Kate

2004-10-01

Extended microscale crystal defects, including dislocations and stacking faults, can radically alter the properties of technologically important materials. Determining the atomic structure and the influence of defects on properties remains a major experimental and computational challenge. Using a newly developed simulation technique, the structure of the 1/2a <100> screw dislocation in nanoporous zeolite A has been modelled. The predicted channel structure has a spiral form that resembles a nanoscale corkscrew. Our findings suggest that the dislocation will enhance the transport of molecules from the surface to the interior of the crystal while retarding transport parallel to the surface. Crucially, the dislocation creates an activated, locally chiral environment that may have enantioselective applications. These predictions highlight the influence that microscale defects have on the properties of structurally complex materials, in addition to their pivotal role in crystal growth.

Poly(ether ester) Ionomers as Water-Soluble Polymers for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Processes.

PubMed

Pekkanen, Allison M; Zawaski, Callie; Stevenson, André T; Dickerman, Ross; Whittington, Abby R; Williams, Christopher B; Long, Timothy E

2017-04-12

Water-soluble polymers as sacrificial supports for additive manufacturing (AM) facilitate complex features in printed objects. Few water-soluble polymers beyond poly(vinyl alcohol) enable material extrusion AM. In this work, charged poly(ether ester)s with tailored rheological and mechanical properties serve as novel materials for extrusion-based AM at low temperatures. Melt transesterification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 8k) and dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate afforded poly(ether ester)s of sufficient molecular weight to impart mechanical integrity. Quantitative ion exchange provided a library of poly(ether ester)s with varying counterions, including both monovalent and divalent cations. Dynamic mechanical and tensile analysis revealed an insignificant difference in mechanical properties for these polymers below the melting temperature, suggesting an insignificant change in final part properties. Rheological analysis, however, revealed the advantageous effect of divalent countercations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) in the melt state and exhibited an increase in viscosity of two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, time-temperature superposition identified an elevation in modulus, melt viscosity, and flow activation energy, suggesting intramolecular interactions between polymer chains and a higher apparent molecular weight. In particular, extrusion of poly(PEG 8k -co-CaSIP) revealed vast opportunities for extrusion AM of well-defined parts. The unique melt rheological properties highlighted these poly(ether ester) ionomers as ideal candidates for low-temperature material extrusion additive manufacturing of water-soluble parts.

Assessment of vinyl polysiloxane as an innovative injection material for the anatomical study of vasculature.

PubMed

Dargaud, Jacques; Chalvet, Laurane; Del Corso, Marco; Cerboni, Elsa; Feugier, Patrick; Mertens, Patrick; Simon, Emile

2016-04-01

There are numerous injection materials for the study of vasculature in anatomical specimens, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Latex and resins are the most widely used injection materials but need several days to set. The development of new materials taking shorter time to polymerize might be very useful to improve anatomic specimen study conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate vinyl polysiloxane (VPS), a silicon material widely used for dental impressions with the advantage to set very rapidly, as an injection material. We assessed the preparation, use, diffusion and setting time of the product in different anatomical regions (central nervous system, external carotid/jugular, lower limb) to observe its behavior in variably sized vessels. Our results suggest that VPS might be of interest for the study of vessels in anatomical specimens. The main strengths of the product are represented by (1) simplicity of use, as it is a ready-to-use material, (2) very rapid polymerization, (3) availability in a range of viscosities making easier the exploration of small vessels, (4) its better elasticity compared to resins, (5) and finally its availability in a range of colors making it a material of choice for vascular system dissections including those with very small caliber vessels.

Potential countersample materials for in vitro simulation wear testing.

PubMed

Shortall, Adrian C; Hu, Xiao Q; Marquis, Peter M

2002-05-01

Any laboratory investigation of the wear resistance of dental materials needs to consider oral conditions so that in vitro wear results can be correlated with in vivo findings. The choice of the countersample is a critical factor in establishing the pattern of tribological wear and in achieving an efficient in vitro wear testing system. This research investigated the wear behavior and surface characteristics associated with three candidate countersample materials used for in vitro wear testing in order to identify a possible suitable substitute for human dental enamel. Three candidate materials, stainless steel, steatite and dental porcelain were evaluated and compared to human enamel. A variety of factors including hardness, wear surface evolution and frictional coefficients were considered, relative to the tribology of the in vivo situation. The results suggested that the dental porcelain investigated bore the closest similarity to human enamel of the materials investigated. Assessment of potential countersample materials should be based on the essential tribological simulation supported by investigations of mechanical, chemical and structural properties. The selected dental porcelain had the best simulating ability among the three selected countersample materials and this class of material may be considered as a possible countersample material for in vitro wear test purposes. Further studies are required, employing a wider range of dental ceramics, in order to optimise the choice of countersample material for standardized in vitro wear testing.

Abundant Solar Nebula Solids in Comets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Messenger, S.; Keller, L. P.; Nakamura-Messenger, K.; Nguyen, A. N.; Clemett, S.

2016-01-01

Comets have been proposed to consist of unprocessed interstellar materials together with a variable amount of thermally annealed interstellar grains. Recent studies of cometary solids in the laboratory have shown that comets instead consist of a wide range of materials from across the protoplanetary disk, in addition to a minor complement of interstellar materials. These advances were made possible by the return of direct samples of comet 81P/Wild 2 coma dust by the NASA Stardust mission and recent advances in microscale analytical techniques. Isotopic studies of 'cometary' chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs) and comet 81P/Wild 2 Stardust samples show that preserved interstellar materials are more abundant in comets than in any class of meteorite. Identified interstellar materials include sub-micron-sized presolar silicates, oxides, and SiC dust grains and some fraction of the organic material that binds the samples together. Presolar grain abundances reach 1 weight percentage in the most stardust-rich CP-IDPs, 50 times greater than in meteorites. Yet, order of magnitude variations in presolar grain abundances among CP-IDPs suggest cometary solids experienced significant variations in the degree of processing in the solar nebula. Comets contain a surprisingly high abundance of nebular solids formed or altered at high temperatures. Comet 81P/Wild 2 samples include 10-40 micron-sized, refractory Ca- Al-rich inclusion (CAI)-, chondrule-, and ameboid olivine aggregate (AOA)-like materials. The O isotopic compositions of these refractory materials are remarkably similar to their meteoritic counterparts, ranging from 5 percent enrichments in (sup 16) O to near-terrestrial values. Comet 81P/Wild 2 and CP-IDPs also contain abundant Mg-Fe crystalline and amorphous silicates whose O isotopic compositions are also consistent with Solar System origins. Unlike meteorites, that are dominated by locally-produced materials, comets appear to be composed of materials that were formed across a wide swath of the early protoplanetary disk.

An in vivo study of the biocompatibility of classic and novel device materials on the central nervous system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaboro, Claudine

2007-12-01

Investigation of novel biomaterials is an essential part of the development of electrical stimulation and chemical drug delivery for biomedical applications. In evaluating biocompatibility, the material's surface and the tissue should both be analyzed to determine their interaction during neural exposure. This includes a material investigation of bulk sapphire substrate, platinum (Pt) deposited on sapphire substrate using magnetron sputtering and aluminum nitride (AlN) which was deposited on sapphire substrate using plasma source molecular beam epitaxy (PSMBE). Zinc titania coverslip glass and borosilicate glass were used as control materials. The materials were implanted for periods of 10, 28 and 90 days on the cortical surface of the brain in a rat animal model. The chronic implants were analyzed both pre- and post- implantation for device structure/tissue interactions down to the atomic level. The characterization techniques used to explore structural and chemical changes on or within the material included optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and histology were used to determine the effects of the implants in vivo. Biocompatibility is the ability of a material or device to be exposed to the dynamic environment of the body and elicit little or no adverse effects. The data suggests that the biocompatibility of a material may be directly associated with structure and topology. The sapphire, zinc titania coverslip glass and platinum all had signs of bio-incompatibility. The aluminum nitride and borosilicate glass materials were both biocompatible based on our studies. The borosilicate glass elicited no response from the tissue while the aluminum nitride had a positive affect on the tissue encouraging the attachment of proteins and tissue without glial scars instigation. The material characterization, MR imaging and histological data show that surface features such as roughness in addition to chemical stability may have a direct effect on the neurocompatibility of the chronic implants.

Extreme mechanical properties of materials under extreme pressure and temperature conditions (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavner, A.; Armentrout, M. M.; Xie, M.; Weinberger, M.; Kaner, R. B.; Tolbert, S. H.

2010-12-01

A strong synergy ties together the high-pressure subfields of mineral physics, solid-state physics, and materials engineering. The catalog of studies measuring the mechanical properties of materials subjected to large differential stresses in the diamond anvil cell demonstrates a significant pressure-enhancement of strength across many classes of materials, including elemental solids, salts, oxides, silicates, and borides and nitrides. High pressure techniques—both radial diffraction and laser heating in the diamond anvil cell—can be used to characterize the behavior of ultrahard materials under extreme conditions, and help test hypotheses about how composition, structure, and bonding work together to govern the mechanical properties of materials. The principles that are elucidated by these studies can then be used to help design engineering materials to encourage desired properties. Understanding Earth and planetary interiors requires measuring equations of state of relevant materials, including oxides, silicates, and metals under extreme conditions. If these minerals in the diamond anvil cell have any ability to support a differential stress, the assumption of quasi-hydrostaticity no longer applies, with a resulting non-salubrious effect on attempts to measure equation of state. We illustrate these applications with the results of variety of studies from our laboratory and others’ that have used high-pressure radial diffraction techniques and also laser heating in the diamond anvil cell to characterize the mechanical properties of a variety of ultrahard materials, especially osmium metal, osmium diboride, rhenium diboride, and tungsten tetraboride. We compare ambient condition strength studies such as hardness testing with high-pressure studies, especially radial diffraction under differential stress. In addition, we outline criteria for evaluating mechanical properties of materials at combination high pressures and temperatures. Finally, we synthesize our understanding of mechanical properties and composite behavior to suggest new approaches to designing high-pressure experiments to target specific measurements of a wide variety of mechanical properties.

Volcano-tectonic implications of 3-D velocity structures derived from joint active and passive source tomography of the island of Hawaii

USGS Publications Warehouse

Park, J.; Morgan, J.K.; Zelt, C.A.; Okubo, P.G.

2009-01-01

We present a velocity model of the onshore and offshore regions around the southern part of the island of Hawaii, including southern Mauna Kea, southeastern Hualalai, and the active volcanoes of Mauna Loa, and Kilauea, and Loihi seamount. The velocity model was inverted from about 200,000 first-arrival traveltime picks of earthquakes and air gun shots recorded at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). Reconstructed volcanic structures of the island provide us with an improved understanding of the volcano-tectonic evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes and their interactions. The summits and upper rift zones of the active volcanoes are characterized by high-velocity materials, correlated with intrusive magma cumulates. These high-velocity materials often do not extend the full lengths of the rift zones, suggesting that rift zone intrusions may be spatially limited. Seismicity tends to be localized seaward of the most active intrusive bodies. Low-velocity materials beneath parts of the active rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa suggest discontinuous rift zone intrusives, possibly due to the presence of a preexisting volcanic edifice, e.g., along Mauna Loa beneath Kilauea's southwest rift zone, or alternatively, removal of high-velocity materials by large-scale landsliding, e.g., along Mauna Loa's western flank. Both locations also show increased seismicity that may result from edifice interactions or reactivation of buried faults. New high-velocity regions are recognized and suggest the presence of buried, and in some cases, previously unknown rift zones, within the northwest flank of Mauna Loa, and the south flanks of Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and Mauna Kea. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.

Two-dimensional materials as catalysts for energy conversion

DOE PAGES

Siahrostami, Samira; Tsai, Charlie; Karamad, Mohammadreza; ...

2016-08-24

Although large efforts have been dedicated to studying two-dimensional materials for catalysis, a rationalization of the associated trends in their intrinsic activity has so far been elusive. In the present work we employ density functional theory to examine a variety of two-dimensional materials, including, carbon based materials, hexagonal boron nitride ( h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g. MoS 2, MoSe 2) and layered oxides, to give an overview of the trends in adsorption energies. By examining key reaction intermediates relevant to the oxygen reduction, and oxygen evolution reactions we find that binding energies largely follow the linear scaling relationships observed formore » pure metals. Here, this observation is very important as it suggests that the same simplifying assumptions made to correlate descriptors with reaction rates in transition metal catalysts are also valid for the studied two-dimensional materials. By means of these scaling relations, for each reaction we also identify several promising candidates that are predicted to exhibit a comparable activity to the state-of-the-art catalysts.« less

Graphene and graphene-like layered transition metal dichalcogenides in energy conversion and storage.

PubMed

Wang, Hua; Feng, Hongbin; Li, Jinghong

2014-06-12

Being confronted with the energy crisis and environmental problems, the exploration of clean and renewable energy materials as well as their devices are urgently demanded. Two-dimensional (2D) atomically-thick materials, graphene and grpahene-like layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have showed vast potential as novel energy materials due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this Review, we outline the typical application of graphene and grpahene-like TMDs in energy conversion and storage fields, and hope to promote the development of 2D TMDs in this field through the analysis and comparisons with the relatively natural graphene. First, a brief introduction of electronic structures and basic properties of graphene and TMDs are presented. Then, we summarize the exciting progress of these materials made in both energy conversion and storage field including solar cells, electrocatalysis, supercapacitors and lithium ions batteries. Finally, the prospects and further developments in these exciting fields of graphene and graphene-like TMDs materials are also suggested. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Simulated Lunar Environment Spectra of Silicic Volcanic Rocks: Application to Lunar Domes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glotch, T. D.; Shirley, K.; Greenhagen, B. T.

2016-12-01

Lunar volcanism was dominated by flood-style basaltic volcanism associated with the lunar mare. However, since the Apollo era it has been suggested that some regions, termed "red spots," are the result of non-basaltic volcanic activity. These early suggestions of non-mare volcanism were based on interpretations of rugged geomorphology resulting from viscous lava flows and relatively featureless, red-sloped VNIR spectra. Mid-infrared data from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter have confirmed that many of the red spot features, including Hansteen Alpha, the Gruithuisen Domes, the Mairan Domes, Lassell Massif, and Compton Belkovich are silicic volcanic domes. Additional detections of silicic material in the Aristarchus central peak and ejecta suggest excavation of a subsurface silicic pluton. Other red spots, including the Helmet and Copernicus have relatively low Diviner Christiansen feature positions, but they are not as felsic as the features listed above. To date, the SiO2 content of the silicic dome features has been difficult to quantitatively determine due to the limited spectral resolution of Diviner and lack of terrestrial analog spectra acquired in an appropriate environment. Based on spectra of pure mineral and glass separates, preliminary estimates suggest that the rocks comprising the lunar silicic domes are > 65 wt.% SiO2. In an effort to better constrain this value, we have acquired spectra of andesite, dacite, rhyolite, pumice, and obsidian rock samples under a simulated lunar environment in the Planetary and Asteroid Regolith Spectroscopy Environmental Chamber (PARSEC) at the Center for Planetary Exploration at Stony Brook University. This presentation will discuss the spectra of these materials and how they relate to the Diviner measurements of the lunar silicic dome features.

Ultrasound Microbubble Treatment Enhances Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Fluid-Phase Uptake through Distinct Mechanisms.

PubMed

Fekri, Farnaz; Delos Santos, Ralph Christian; Karshafian, Raffi; Antonescu, Costin N

2016-01-01

Drug delivery to tumors is limited by several factors, including drug permeability of the target cell plasma membrane. Ultrasound in combination with microbubbles (USMB) is a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. USMB treatment elicits enhanced cellular uptake of materials such as drugs, in part as a result of sheer stress and formation of transient membrane pores. Pores formed upon USMB treatment are rapidly resealed, suggesting that other processes such as enhanced endocytosis may contribute to the enhanced material uptake by cells upon USMB treatment. How USMB regulates endocytic processes remains incompletely understood. Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. Tracking the abundance of TfR on the cell surface and the internalization of its ligand transferrin revealed that USMB acutely enhances the rate of CME. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy experiments revealed that USMB treatment altered the assembly of clathrin-coated pits, the basic structural units of CME. In addition, the rate of fluid-phase endocytosis was enhanced, but with delayed onset upon USMB treatment relative to the enhancement of CME, suggesting that the two processes are distinctly regulated by USMB. Indeed, vacuolin-1 or desipramine treatment prevented the enhancement of CME but not of fluid phase endocytosis upon USMB, suggesting that lysosome exocytosis and acid sphingomyelinase, respectively, are required for the regulation of CME but not fluid phase endocytosis upon USMB treatment. These results indicate that USMB enhances both CME and fluid phase endocytosis through distinct signaling mechanisms, and suggest that strategies for potentiating the enhancement of endocytosis upon USMB treatment may improve targeted drug delivery.

Analysis of severely fractured glenoid components: clinical consequences of biomechanics, design, and materials selection on implant performance.

PubMed

Ansari, Farzana; Lee, Taylor; Malito, Louis; Martin, Audrey; Gunther, Stephen B; Harmsen, Samuel; Norris, Tom R; Ries, Mike; Van Citters, Douglas; Pruitt, Lisa

2016-07-01

The longevity of total shoulder replacement is primarily limited by the performance of the ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) glenoid component in vivo. Variations in glenoid design (conformity, thickness), biomechanics (joint kinematics), and UHMWPE material selection (sterilization, cross-linking) distinguish total shoulder replacements from hip and knee arthroplasty devices. These variables can lead to severe mechanical failures, including gross fracture. Sixteen retrieved glenoids with severe fracture were analyzed. The explant cohort included 3 material groups (gamma-sterilized Hylamer; gamma-sterilized UHMWPE; and gas plasma-sterilized, remelted, highly cross-linked UHMWPE [HXL]) and a range of conformities (0- to 10-mm radial mismatch). Analysis included fractography (optical and scanning electron microscopy) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for oxidative analysis. Fracture primarily occurred along the exterior rim for all 16 explants. Fourier transform infrared analysis and fractography revealed significant oxidative embrittlement for all gamma-sterilized glenoids. Fatigue striations and internal flaws were evident on the fracture surface of the HXL glenoid, with little oxidation detected. Fracture initiated at the external rim of all devices. Elevated oxidation levels and visible material distortion for representative gamma-sterilized conventional and Hylamer devices suggest oxidative embrittlement as a driving force for crack inception and subsequent fracture. Brittle fracture of theHXL glenoid resulted from a combination of elevated contact stress due to a nonconforming surface, an internal flaw, and reduced resistance to fatigue crack growth. This demonstrates that glenoid fracture associated with oxidation has not been eliminated with the advent of modern materials (HXL) in the shoulder domain. Basic Science Study; Implant Retrieval Study. Copyright © 2016 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Beyond income poverty: Measuring disadvantage in terms of material hardship and health

PubMed Central

Neckerman, Kathryn M.; Garfinkel, Irwin; Teitler, Julien O.; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher

2016-01-01

The New York City (NYC) Longitudinal Study of Wellbeing, or “Poverty Tracker,” is a survey of about 2,300 New York City residents. Its purpose is to provide a multidimensional and dynamic understanding of economic disadvantage in NYC. Measures of disadvantage were collected at baseline and a 12-month follow-up, and include three types of disadvantage: (1) income poverty, using a measure based on the new Supplemental Poverty Measure; (2) material hardship, including indicators of food insecurity, housing hardship, unmet medical needs, utility cutoffs, and financial insecurity; and (3) adult health problems, which can drain family time and resources. This paper presents initial results for NYC families with children under 18. At baseline, 56% of families with children had one or more type of disadvantage, including 28% with income poverty, 39% with material hardship, and 17% with an adult health problem. Even among nonpoor families, 33% experienced material hardship and 14% reported an adult health problem. Two-thirds of all families faced disadvantage at either baseline or follow-up, with 46% experiencing some kind of disadvantage at both time points. Respondents with a college education were much less likely to face disadvantage. Even after adjusting for educational attainment and family characteristics, the families of black and Hispanic respondents had elevated rates of disadvantage. Considering income poverty alone greatly understates the extent of disadvantage among families with children in New York City. These results suggest that in addition to addressing income poverty, policymakers should give priority to efforts to reduce material hardship and help families cope with chronic physical or mental illness. The need for these resources extends far above the poverty line. PMID:27044702

Beyond Income Poverty: Measuring Disadvantage in Terms of Material Hardship and Health.

PubMed

Neckerman, Kathryn M; Garfinkel, Irwin; Teitler, Julien O; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher

2016-04-01

The New York City (NYC) Longitudinal Study of Wellbeing, or "Poverty Tracker," is a survey of approximately 2300 NYC residents. Its purpose is to provide a multidimensional and dynamic understanding of economic disadvantage in NYC. Measures of disadvantage were collected at baseline and a 12-month follow-up, and include 3 types of disadvantage: 1) income poverty, using a measure on the basis of the new Supplemental Poverty Measure; 2) material hardship, including indicators of food insecurity, housing hardship, unmet medical needs, utility cutoffs, and financial insecurity; and 3) adult health problems, which can drain family time and resources. In this article initial results for NYC families with children younger than the age of 18 years are presented. At baseline, 56% of families with children had 1 or more type of disadvantage, including 28% with income poverty, 39% with material hardship, and 17% with an adult health problem. Even among nonpoor families, 33% experienced material hardship and 14% reported an adult health problem. Two-thirds of all families faced disadvantage at either baseline or follow-up, with 46% experiencing some kind of disadvantage at both time points. Respondents with a college education were much less likely to face disadvantage. Even after adjusting for educational attainment and family characteristics, the families of black and Hispanic respondents had increased rates of disadvantage. Considering income poverty alone the extent of disadvantage among families with children in NYC is greatly understated. These results suggest that in addition to addressing income poverty, policymakers should give priority to efforts to reduce material hardship and help families cope with chronic physical or mental illness. The need for these resources extends far above the poverty line. Copyright © 2016 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Volcanism and Fluvio-Glacial Processes on the Interior Layered Deposits of Valles Marineris, Mars?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chapman, M. G.

2005-12-01

The Interior Layered Deposits (ILDs) in Valles Marineris have been suggested to be possible sub-ice volcanoes. Recent images also show evidence of possible fluvio-glacial processes on the ILDs and hence volcano/ice/water interaction. For example, Mars Express Mission anaglyph from Orbit 334 of central Ophir and Candor Chasmata, THEMIS image V10551002, and MOC images E1700142 and E190020 show 2 ILD mounds in central Candor Chasma that have been sheared off at approximately equal elevations by some material that has been subsequently removed. Level shearing of ILD rock materials and subsequent removal of the abrasive material, suggest ice erosion and glacial processes because glacial ice is mobile enough to grind the rock and can melt away. Another adjacent ILD mound in Central Candor shows an abrupt flank termination and damming of material, rather than flank scour. The dammed material appears to be layers piled up in a ridge at the ILD base. This relation is observed on the HRSC anaglyph and MOC images E0101343 and E201146. Another ILD in Melas Chasma, seen on MOC image M0804981, shows lobes of flank material that terminate along a lineation; possibly suggesting lobe confinement against subsequently removed material. This morphology can also be observed on the flank of the Gangis Chasma ILD in MOC image M0705587. A possible terrestrial volcanic analog for this ILD flank morphology is the Helgafell hyaloclasitic ridge (tindar) in Iceland (Chapman et al., 2004), the eastern flank of which has a linear termination interpreted as largely unmodified and caused by hyalotuff material banked against a former ice wall that has since melted away (Schopka et al., 2003). Glacial shearing of some ILDs and confined banking of other ILDs suggest that these mounds formed at different times, as the sheared ILD likely predated ice and the confined ILD may have formed concurrently with ice. Alternatively, the banking may have been due to lack of shear forces (static ice) and confined post-depositional avalanche deposits. However, exposed in the banked cliff faces are near horizontal bedding planes that can be traced upslope into angled flank layers; a relation that may suggest ice concurrent with volcanic ILD formation (Chapman and Smellie, in press). In addition to glacial processes, many Mars ILDs show fluvial gullies cut into mostly low lying flank deposits. Gullies are eroded into all sides of the ILDs including their north-facing slopes, so solar heating likely did not generate the gullies. Although formal work on the subject is lacking, ongoing terrestrial observation by the author (on an edifice north of Helgafell and in Gjalp eruption films) indicate fluvial erosion of subglacial volcanoes on Earth may be concurrent with their formation, occurring after edifices rise above their surrounding ice-confined meltwater lake. Remnant ice on the top of the edifices can melt to generate streams that erode the growing volcanic flanks.

Numerical methods for analyzing electromagnetic scattering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, S. W.; Lo, Y. T.; Chuang, S. L.; Lee, C. S.

1985-01-01

Attenuation properties of the normal modes in an overmoded waveguide coated with a lossy material were analyzed. It is found that the low-order modes, can be significantly attenuated even with a thin layer of coating if the coating material is not too lossy. A thinner layer of coating is required for large attenuation of the low-order modes if the coating material is magnetic rather than dielectric. The Radar Cross Section (RCS) from an uncoated circular guide terminated by a perfect electric conductor was calculated and compared with available experimental data. It is confirmed that the interior irradiation contributes to the RCS. The equivalent-current method based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) was chosen for the calculation of the contribution from the rim diffraction. The RCS reduction from a coated circular guide terminated by a PEC are planned schemes for the experiments are included. The waveguide coated with a lossy magnetic material is suggested as a substitute for the corrugated waveguide.

Towards a Spiderman suit: large invisible cables and self-cleaning releasable superadhesive materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pugno, Nicola M.

2007-10-01

Spiders can produce cobwebs with high strength to density ratio and surprisingly display self-cleaning, strong and releasable adhesion (like geckos). Nanointerlocking, capillary and van der Waals forces, all potential adhesive mechanisms, are thus discussed, demonstrating the key role played by hierarchy in the design of superhydrophobic, i.e. self-cleaning (dry or wet and enhanced by activating Fakir drops as in lotus leaves) and superadhesive materials. The reversibility of the strong attachment is quantified thanks to an improved nonlinear peeling model including friction, for which the solution in closed form is provided. Thus, mimicking nature, thanks to carbon-nanotube-based technology, we suggest the feasibility of large invisible cables, as well as of self-cleaning, superadhesive and releasable hierarchical smart materials. We found that a man can theoretically be supported by a transparent cable with cross-section of 1 cm2 and feasibly, with spider material gloves and boots, could remain attached even to a ceiling: a preliminary step towards a Spiderman suit.

Ancient fluvial processes in the equatorial highlands of Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Craddock, Robert A.; Maxwell, Ted A.

1991-01-01

Martian highland craters typically lack ejecta deposits, have no noticeable rim, and are flat floored. In addition, crater size frequency distribution curves show that highland craters have depleted populations less than 20 km in diameter. A variety of processes have been suggested to explain these observations including deposition of aeolian or volcanic materials up to the crater rim crests, thermal creep, terrain softening, and mass wasting. However, none of these processes adequately explains both the crater morphology and population distribution. In order to explain both the Martian highland crater morphology and population distribution, a fluvial process is proposed which is capable of removing the loose crater rim material. The resulting effect is to decrease the crater diameter, thereby causing the population curves to bendover. The eroded material is redistributed, burying or partially burying smaller diameter craters before complete erosion. This material may also be deposited into local topographic lows, creating the depositional basins observed. A fluvial process explains both sets of observations: crater morphology and crater population distribution curves.

Soft network composite materials with deterministic and bio-inspired designs

PubMed Central

Jang, Kyung-In; Chung, Ha Uk; Xu, Sheng; Lee, Chi Hwan; Luan, Haiwen; Jeong, Jaewoong; Cheng, Huanyu; Kim, Gwang-Tae; Han, Sang Youn; Lee, Jung Woo; Kim, Jeonghyun; Cho, Moongee; Miao, Fuxing; Yang, Yiyuan; Jung, Han Na; Flavin, Matthew; Liu, Howard; Kong, Gil Woo; Yu, Ki Jun; Rhee, Sang Il; Chung, Jeahoon; Kim, Byunggik; Kwak, Jean Won; Yun, Myoung Hee; Kim, Jin Young; Song, Young Min; Paik, Ungyu; Zhang, Yihui; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.

2015-01-01

Hard and soft structural composites found in biology provide inspiration for the design of advanced synthetic materials. Many examples of bio-inspired hard materials can be found in the literature; far less attention has been devoted to soft systems. Here we introduce deterministic routes to low-modulus thin film materials with stress/strain responses that can be tailored precisely to match the non-linear properties of biological tissues, with application opportunities that range from soft biomedical devices to constructs for tissue engineering. The approach combines a low-modulus matrix with an open, stretchable network as a structural reinforcement that can yield classes of composites with a wide range of desired mechanical responses, including anisotropic, spatially heterogeneous, hierarchical and self-similar designs. Demonstrative application examples in thin, skin-mounted electrophysiological sensors with mechanics precisely matched to the human epidermis and in soft, hydrogel-based vehicles for triggered drug release suggest their broad potential uses in biomedical devices. PMID:25782446

Effects of space environment on structural materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miglionico, C.; Stein, C.; Roybal, R.; Robertson, R.; Murr, L. E.; Quinones, S.; Rivas, J.; Marquez, B.; Advani, A. H.; Fisher, W. W.

1992-01-01

A preliminary study of materials exposed in space in a low Earth orbit for nearly six years has revealed a wide range of micrometeorite or microparticle impact craters ranging in size from 1 to 1000 micron in diameter, debris particles from adjacent and distant materials systems, reaction products, and other growth features on the specimen surfaces, and related phenomena. The exposed surface features included fine grained and nearly amorphous materials as well as a large array of single crystal particles. A replication type, lift off technique was developed to remove reaction products and debris from the specimen surfaces in order to isolate them from the background substrate without creating microchemical or microstructural artifacts or alterations. This resulted in surface features resting on a carbon support film which was virtually invisible to observation by electron microscopy and nondispersive x ray analysis. Some evidence for blisters on leading edge aluminum alloy surfaces and a high surface region concentration of oxygen determined by Auger electron spectrometry suggests oxygen effects where fluences exceed 10(exp 21) atoms/sq cm.

Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust

USGS Publications Warehouse

Soderblom, L.A.; Wenner, D.B.

1978-01-01

Throughout the northern equatorial region of Mars, extensive areas have been uniformly stripped, roughly to a constant depth. These terrains vary widely in their relative ages. A model is described here to explain this phenomenon as reflecting the vertical distribution of H2O liquid and ice in the crust. Under present conditions the Martian equatorial regions are stratified in terms of the stability of water ice and liquid water. This arises because the temperature of the upper 1 or 2 km is below the melting point of ice and liquid is stable only at greater depth. It is suggested here that during planetary outgassing earlier in Martian history H2O was injected into the upper few kilometers of the crust by subsurface and surface volcanic eruption and lateral migration of the liquid and vapor. As a result, a discontinuity in the physical state of materials developed in the Martian crust coincident with the depth of H2O liquid-ice phase boundary. Material above the boundary remained pristine; material below underwent diagenetic alteration and cementation. Subsequently, sections of the ice-laden zone were erosionally stripped by processes including eolian deflation, gravitational slump and collapse, and fluvial transport due to geothermal heating and melting of the ice. The youngest plains which display this uniform stripping may provide a minimum stratigraphic age for the major period of outgassing of the planet. Viking results suggest that the total amount of H2O outgassed is less than half that required to fill the ice layer, hence any residual liquid eventually found itself in the upper permafrost zone or stored in the polar regions. Erosion stopped at the old liquid-ice interface due to increased resistance of subjacent material and/or because melting of ice was required to mobilize the debris. Water ice may remain in uneroded regions, the overburden of debris preventing its escape to the atmosphere. Numerous morphological examples shown in Viking and Mariner 9 images suggest interaction of impact, volcanic, and gravitational processes with the ice-laden layer. Finally, volcanic eruptions into ice produces a highly oxidized friable amorphous rock, palagonite. Based on spectral reflectance properties, these materials may provide the best analog to Martian surface materials. They are easily eroded, providing vast amounts of eolian debris, and have been suggested (Toulmin et al., 1977) as possible source rocks for the materials observed at the Viking landing sites. ?? 1978.

Exploring the problem of mold growth and the efficacy of various mold inhibitor methods during moisture sorption isotherm measurements.

PubMed

Yu, X; Martin, S E; Schmidt, S J

2008-03-01

Mold growth is a common problem during the equilibration of food materials at high relative humidity values using the standard saturated salt slurry method. Exposing samples to toluene vapor and mixing samples with mold inhibitor chemicals are suggested methods for preventing mold growth while obtaining isotherms. However, no published research was found that examined the effect of mold growth on isotherm performance or the efficacy of various mold inhibitor methods, including their possible effect on the physicochemical properties of food materials. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) explore the effect of mold growth on isotherm performance in a range of food materials, (2) investigate the effectiveness of 4 mold inhibitor methods, irradiation, 2 chemical inhibitors (potassium sorbate and sodium acetate), and toluene vapor, on mold growth on dent corn starch inoculated with A. niger, and (3) examine the effect of mold inhibitor methods on the physicochemical properties of dent corn starch, including isotherm performance, pasting properties, gelatinization temperature, and enthalpy. Mold growth was found to affect starch isotherm performance by contributing to weight changes during sample equilibration. Among the 4 mold inhibitor methods tested, irradiation and toluene vapor were found to be the most effective for inhibiting growth of A. niger on dent cornstarch. However, both methods exhibited a significant impact on the starches' physiochemical properties, suggesting the need to probe the efficacy of other mold inhibitor methods and explore the use of new rapid isotherm instruments, which hamper mold growth by significantly decreasing measurement time.

Novel PLS3 variants in X-linked osteoporosis: Exploring bone material properties.

PubMed

Balasubramanian, Meena; Fratzl-Zelman, Nadja; O'Sullivan, Rory; Bull, Mary; Fa Peel, Nicola; Pollitt, Rebecca C; Jones, Rebecca; Milne, Elizabeth; Smith, Kath; Roschger, Paul; Klaushofer, Klaus; Bishop, Nicholas J

2018-05-07

Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis (IJO) refers to significantly lower than expected bone mass manifesting in childhood with no identifiable aetiology. IJO classically presents in early pubertal period with multiple fractures including metaphyseal and vertebral crush fractures, and low bone-mass. Here we describe two patients and provide information on their clinical phenotype, genotype and bone material analysis in one of the patients. Patient 1: 40-year old adult male diagnosed with IJO in childhood who re-presented with a hip fracture as an adult. Genetic analysis identified a pathogenic PLS3 hemizygous variant, c.1765del in exon 16. Patient 2: 15-year old boy with multiple vertebral fractures and bone biopsy findings suggestive of IJO who also has a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Genetic analysis identified a maternally inherited PLS3 pathogenic c.1295T>A variant in exon 12. Analyses of the transiliac bone sample revealed severe reduction of trabecular volume and bone turnover indices and elevated bone matrix mineralisation. We propose that genetic testing for PLS3 should be undertaken in patients presenting with a current or previous history of IJO as this has implications for genetic counselling and cascade screening. The extensive evaluation of the transiliac biopsy sample of Patient 2 revealed a novel bone phenotype. This report includes a review of IJO and genetic causes of osteoporosis, and suggests that existing cases of IJO should be screened for PLS3. Through analysis of bone material properties in Patient 2, we can conclude that PLS3 does have a role in bone mineralisation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Free body analysis, beam mechanics, and finite element modeling of the mandible of Alligator mississippiensis.

PubMed

Porro, Laura B; Holliday, Casey M; Anapol, Fred; Ontiveros, Lupita C; Ontiveros, Lolita T; Ross, Callum F

2011-08-01

The mechanical behavior of mammalian mandibles is well-studied, but a comprehensive biomechanical analysis (incorporating detailed muscle architecture, accurate material properties, and three-dimensional mechanical behavior) of an extant archosaur mandible has never been carried out. This makes it unclear how closely models of extant and extinct archosaur mandibles reflect reality and prevents comparisons of structure-function relationships in mammalian and archosaur mandibles. We tested hypotheses regarding the mechanical behavior of the mandible of Alligator mississippiensis by analyzing reaction forces and bending, shear, and torsional stress regimes in six models of varying complexity. Models included free body analysis using basic lever arm mechanics, 2D and 3D beam models, and three high-resolution finite element models of the Alligator mandible, incorporating, respectively, isotropic bone without sutures, anisotropic bone with sutures, and anisotropic bone with sutures and contact between the mandible and the pterygoid flange. Compared with the beam models, the Alligator finite element models exhibited less spatial variability in dorsoventral bending and sagittal shear stress, as well as lower peak values for these stresses, suggesting that Alligator mandibular morphology is in part designed to reduce these stresses during biting. However, the Alligator models exhibited greater variability in the distribution of mediolateral and torsional stresses than the beam models. Incorporating anisotropic bone material properties and sutures into the model reduced dorsoventral and torsional stresses within the mandible, but led to elevated mediolateral stresses. These mediolateral stresses were mitigated by the addition of a pterygoid-mandibular contact, suggesting important contributions from, and trade-offs between, material properties and external constraints in Alligator mandible design. Our results suggest that beam modeling does not accurately represent the mechanical behavior of the Alligator mandible, including important performance metrics such as magnitude and orientation of reaction forces, and mediolateral bending and torsional stress distributions. J.Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Methods of using structures including catalytic materials disposed within porous zeolite materials to synthesize hydrocarbons

DOEpatents

Rollins, Harry W [Idaho Falls, ID; Petkovic, Lucia M [Idaho Falls, ID; Ginosar, Daniel M [Idaho Falls, ID

2011-02-01

Catalytic structures include a catalytic material disposed within a zeolite material. The catalytic material may be capable of catalyzing a formation of methanol from carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, and the zeolite material may be capable of catalyzing a formation of hydrocarbon molecules from methanol. The catalytic material may include copper and zinc oxide. The zeolite material may include a first plurality of pores substantially defined by a crystal structure of the zeolite material and a second plurality of pores dispersed throughout the zeolite material. Systems for synthesizing hydrocarbon molecules also include catalytic structures. Methods for synthesizing hydrocarbon molecules include contacting hydrogen and at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with such catalytic structures. Catalytic structures are fabricated by forming a zeolite material at least partially around a template structure, removing the template structure, and introducing a catalytic material into the zeolite material.

Astrophysics with Extraterrestrial Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nittler, Larry R.; Ciesla, Fred

2016-09-01

Extraterrestrial materials, including meteorites, interplanetary dust, and spacecraft-returned asteroidal and cometary samples, provide a record of the starting materials and early evolution of the Solar System. We review how laboratory analyses of these materials provide unique information, complementary to astronomical observations, about a wide variety of stellar, interstellar and protoplanetary processes. Presolar stardust grains retain the isotopic compositions of their stellar sources, mainly asymptotic giant branch stars and Type II supernovae. They serve as direct probes of nucleosynthetic and dust formation processes in stars, galactic chemical evolution, and interstellar dust processing. Extinct radioactivities suggest that the Sun's birth environment was decoupled from average galactic nucleosynthesis for some tens to hundreds of Myr but was enriched in short-lived isotopes from massive stellar winds or explosions shortly before or during formation of the Solar System. Radiometric dating of meteorite components tells us about the timing and duration over which solar nebula solids were assembled into the building blocks of the planets. Components of the most primitive meteoritical materials provide further detailed constraints on the formation, processing, and transport of material and associated timescales in the Sun's protoplanetary disk as well as in other forming planetary systems.

Three dimensional graphene based materials: Synthesis and applications from energy storage and conversion to electrochemical sensor and environmental remediation.

PubMed

Wang, Hou; Yuan, Xingzhong; Zeng, Guangming; Wu, Yan; Liu, Yang; Jiang, Qian; Gu, Shansi

2015-07-01

With superior electrical/thermal conductivities and mechanical properties, two dimensional (2D) graphene has become one of the most intensively explored carbon allotropes in materials science. To exploit the inherent properties fully, 2D graphene sheets are often fabricated or assembled into functional architectures (e.g. hydrogels, aerogels) with desired three dimensional (3D) interconnected porous microstructures. The 3D graphene based materials show many excellent characteristics including increased active material per projected area, accessible mass transport or storage, electro/thermo conductivity, chemical/electrochemical stability and flexibility. It has paved the way for practical requirements in electronics, adsorption as well as catalysis related system. This review shows an extensive overview of the main principles and the recent synthetic technologies about fabricating various innovative 3D graphene based materials. Subsequently, recent progresses in electrochemical energy devices (lithium/lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells and solar cells) and hydrogen energy generation/storage are explicitly discussed. The up to date advances for pollutants detection and environmental remediation are also reviewed. Finally, challenges and outlooks in materials development for energy and environment are suggested. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Peer reviewing e-learning: opportunities, challenges, and solutions.

PubMed

Ruiz, Jorge G; Candler, Chris; Teasdale, Thomas A

2007-05-01

Peer review is the foundation of academic publication and a necessary step in the scrutiny of any scholarly work. Simply defined, peer review is the attentive, unbiased assessment of any scholarly work that is submitted for formal scrutiny. Although medical school faculty increasingly use technology in clinical teaching, e-learning materials are often not subjected to a rigorous peer review process. The authors contrast peer review of e-learning materials with that of print materials, describe peer review issues regarding e-learning materials, propose approaches to address the challenges of peer review of e-learning materials, and outline directions for refinement of the e-learning peer review process. At its core, the peer review of e-learning materials should not differ substantially from that of traditional manuscripts. However, e-learning introduces new demands that impel reviewers to consider aspects that are unique to educational technology, including pedagogy, format, usability, navigation, interactivity, delivery, ease of updating, distribution, and access. Four approaches are offered to ease the burden and improve the quality of e-learning peer review: develop peer review training, embrace multidisciplinary peer review, develop guidelines, and provide incentives and compensation. The authors conclude with suggestions about peer review research.

2D Crystal heterostructures properties and growth by molecular beam epitaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Grace Huili

Two-dimensional (2D) crystals such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) along with other families of layered materials including graphene, SnSe2, GaSe, BN etc, has attracted intense attention from the scientific community. One monolayer of such materials represent the thinnest ``quantum wells''. These layered materials typically possess an in-plane hexagonal crystal structure, and can be stacked together by interlayer van der Waals interactions. Therefore, it is possible to create novel heterostructures by stacking materials with large lattice mismatches and different properties, for instance, superconductors (NbSe2) , metals, semi-metals (graphene), semiconductors (MoS2) and insulators (BN). Numerous novel material properties and device concepts have been discovered, proposed and demonstrated lately. However, the low internal photoluminescence efficiency (IPE, <1%) and low carrier mobility observed in the 2D semiconductors suggest strongly that the materials under investigation today most likely suffer from a high concentration of defects. In this talk, I will share our progress and the challenges we face in terms of preparing, characterizing these 2D crystals as well as pursuing their applications. This work has been supported in part by NSF, AFOSR and LEAST, one of the STARnet centers.

Making good use of online case study materials.

PubMed

Keefer, Matthew Wilks

2005-07-01

Web-based access to engaging instructional materials for SEE instruction represents an increasingly viable and attractive opportunity for educators. This paper will review research findings that demonstrate important differences in more experienced and novice ethical responses to engaging online materials, including authentic cases, codes, and commentaries. Results demonstrate that experienced ethical thinkers are more likely than novices to appeal to middle level principles that identify professional role-specific obligations (RSO); to make greater use of professional knowledge in order to recognize moral issues and relevant facts; and to employ more 'contextually sensitive' reasoning strategies when crafting resolutions to moral problems--e.g., identify alternative moral issues, assess the moral implications of actions, and provide alternative practical resolutions to conflicts. These findings suggest that when effectively integrated into SEE courses, authentic instructional materials have the potential to effectively challenge students and enhance student learning. However, there is evidence that the uses and benefits of these materials are not well understood. In the second part of this paper, five research-based instructional principles will be identified and discussed that can help SEE instructors better understand how to effectively integrate these materials into their courses.

Inverted channel deposits on the floor of Miyamoto crater, Mars

USGS Publications Warehouse

Newsom, Horton E.; Lanza, N.L.; Ollila, A.M.; Wiseman, S.M.; Roush, T.L.; Marzo, G.A.; Tornabene, L.L.; Okubo, C.H.; Osterloo, M.M.; Hamilton, V.E.; Crumpler, L.S.

2010-01-01

Morphological features on the western floor of Miyamoto crater in southwestern Meridiani Planum, Mars, are suggestive of past fluvial activity. Imagery from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) gives a detailed view of raised curvilinear features that appear to represent inverted paleochannel deposits. The inverted terrain appears to be capped with a resistant, dark-toned deposit that is partially covered by unconsolidated surficial materials. Subsequent to deposition of the capping layer, erosion of the surrounding material has left the capping materials perched on pedestals of uneroded basal unit material. Neither the capping material nor the surrounding terrains show any unambiguous morphological evidence of volcanism or glaciation. The capping deposit may include unconsolidated or cemented stream deposits analogous to terrestrial inverted channels in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. In addition to this morphological evidence for fluvial activity, phyllosilicates have been identified in the basal material on the floor of Miyamoto crater by orbital spectroscopy, providing mineralogical evidence of past aqueous activity. Based on both the morphological and mineralogical evidence, Miyamoto crater represents an excellent site for in situ examination and sampling of a potentially habitable environment. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc.

Density measurements as a condition monitoring approach for following the aging of nuclear power plant cable materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gillen, K. T.; Celina, M.; Clough, R. L.

1999-10-01

Monitoring changes in material density has been suggested as a potentially useful condition monitoring (CM) method for following the aging of cable jacket and insulation materials in nuclear power plants. In this study, we compare density measurements and ultimate tensile elongation results versus aging time for most of the important generic types of commercial nuclear power plant cable materials. Aging conditions, which include thermal-only, as well as combined radiation plus thermal, were chosen such that potentially anomalous effects caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) are unimportant. The results show that easily measurable density increases occur in most important cable materials. For some materials and environments, the density change occurs at a fairly constant rate throughout the mechanical property lifetime. For cases involving so-called induction-time behavior, density increases are slow to moderate until after the induction time, at which point they begin to increase dramatically. In other instances, density increases rapidly at first, then slows down. The results offer strong evidence that density measurements, which reflect property changes under both radiation and thermal conditions, could represent a very useful CM approach.

N400 ERPs for actions: building meaning in context

PubMed Central

Amoruso, Lucía; Gelormini, Carlos; Aboitiz, Francisco; Alvarez González, Miguel; Manes, Facundo; Cardona, Juan F.; Ibanez, Agustín

2013-01-01

Converging neuroscientific evidence suggests the existence of close links between language and sensorimotor cognition. Accordingly, during the comprehension of meaningful actions, our brain would recruit semantic-related operations similar to those associated with the processing of language information. Consistent with this view, electrophysiological findings show that the N400 component, traditionally linked to the semantic processing of linguistic material, can also be elicited by action-related material. This review outlines recent data from N400 studies that examine the understanding of action events. We focus on three specific domains, including everyday action comprehension, co-speech gesture integration, and the semantics involved in motor planning and execution. Based on the reviewed findings, we suggest that both negativities (the N400 and the action-N400) reflect a common neurocognitive mechanism involved in the construction of meaning through the expectancies created by previous experiences and current contextual information. To shed light on how this process is instantiated in the brain, a testable contextual fronto-temporo-parietal model is proposed. PMID:23459873

POLYMORPHIC CHLOROPLAST MICROSATELLITE MARKERS IN THE OCTOPLOID LEPIDIUM MEYENII (BRASSICACEAE) AND CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION IN LEPIDIUM

PubMed Central

Hasan, Nabeeh A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Quiros, Carlos F.; Tay, C. David; Bailey, C. Donovan

2013-01-01

Premise of the study As a crop and medicinal plant, the octoploid Andean endemic Lepidium meyenii suffers from taxonomic uncertainty. Few molecular markers are available to genotype individuals or track gene flow in wild and cultivated material. Methods and Results Using available sequence data, eight cpSSR primer pairs were developed for L. meyenii. Levels of polymorphism checked in 56 individual L. meyenii, including cultivated and wild material, revealed that the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to five, and intrapopulation allele frequencies ranged from 0.071 to 1.0. Polymerase-chain-reaction screens using our cpSSR primers in 27 other Lepidium species and three Coronopus species suggested a high degree of interspecific amplification. Conclusions These polymorphic cpSSR markers should prove useful in characterizing genetic variation among cultivated and wild L. meyenii. Additionally, interspecific amplifications suggest that these markers will be useful for the study of related taxa. PMID:21616787

Suggestions for A Basic Economics Library: A Guide to the Building of an Economics Library for School, Classroom and Individual. Fifth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leamer, Laurence E.; Dawson, George G.

The annotated listing of books and periodicals is intended for librarians and for educators interested in building a basic economics library at the secondary or college level. Most of the materials cited were published in the 1970's, with a few dating from the 1960's. In addition to full bibliographic information, including price, a purchase…

The Camera Lens: A Window into the [World]; Film Study and Film Making: Resource Suggestions for the English Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mihalka, Gwendolyn C.; Bolton, Gerre M.

This guide for film study and film making in the secondary English class arranges materials in a sequential order and divides them into four major sections. The section on background information includes: Table of Contents, Design for Use of the Guide, Rationale for the Use of Film Study in the English Class, Objectives for a Film Study and Film…

Dynamics of laser-induced damage of spherical nanoparticles by high-intensity ultrashort laser pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Komolov, Vladimir L.; Gruzdev, Vitaly E.; Przhibelskii, Sergey G.; Smirnov, Dmitry S.

2012-12-01

Damage of a metal spherical nanoparticle by femtosecond laser pulses is analyzed by splitting the overall process into two steps. The fast step includes electron photoemission from a nanoparticle. It takes place during direct action of a laser pulse and its rate is evaluated as a function of laser and particle parameters by two approaches. Obtained results suggest the formation of significant positive charge of the nanoparticles due to the photoemission. The next step includes ion emission that removes the excessive positive charge and modifies particle structure. It is delayed with respect to the photo-emission and is analyzed by a simple analytical model and modified molecular dynamics. Obtained energy distribution suggests generation of fast ions capable of penetrating into surrounding material and generating defects next to the nanoparticle. The modeling is extended to the case of a nanoparticle on a solid surface to understand the basic mechanism of surface laser damage initiated by nano-contamination. Simulations predict embedding the emitted ions into substrate within a spot with size significantly exceeding the original particle size. We discuss the relation of those effects to the problem of bulk and surface laser-induced damage of optical materials by single and multiple ultrashort laser pulses.

Determination of effective mechanical properties of a double-layer beam by means of a nano-electromechanical transducer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hocke, Fredrik; Pernpeintner, Matthias; Gross, Rudolf, E-mail: rudolf.gross@wmi.badw.de

We investigate the mechanical properties of a doubly clamped, double-layer nanobeam embedded into an electromechanical system. The nanobeam consists of a highly pre-stressed silicon nitride and a superconducting niobium layer. By measuring the mechanical displacement spectral density both in the linear and the nonlinear Duffing regime, we determine the pre-stress and the effective Young's modulus of the nanobeam. An analytical double-layer model quantitatively corroborates the measured values. This suggests that this model can be used to design mechanical multilayer systems for electro- and optomechanical devices, including materials controllable by external parameters such as piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or in more general multiferroicmore » materials.« less

Herpetological Monitoring Using a Pitfall Trapping Design in Southern California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fisher, Robert; Stokes, Drew; Rochester, Carlton; Brehme, Cheryl; Hathaway, Stacie; Case, Ted

2008-01-01

The steps necessary to conduct a pitfall trapping survey for small terrestrial vertebrates are presented. Descriptions of the materials needed and the methods to build trapping equipment from raw materials are discussed. Recommended data collection techniques are given along with suggested data fields. Animal specimen processing procedures, including toe- and scale-clipping, are described for lizards, snakes, frogs, and salamanders. Methods are presented for conducting vegetation surveys that can be used to classify the environment associated with each pitfall trap array. Techniques for data storage and presentation are given based on commonly use computer applications. As with any study, much consideration should be given to the study design and methods before beginning any data collection effort.

General aviation aircraft interior noise problem: Some suggested solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roskam, J.; Navaneethan, R.

1984-01-01

Laboratory investigation of sound transmission through panels and the use of modern data analysis techniques applied to actual aircraft is used to determine methods to reduce general aviation interior noise. The experimental noise reduction characteristics of stiffened flat and curved panels with damping treatment are discussed. The experimental results of double-wall panels used in the general aviation industry are given. The effects of skin panel material, fiberglass insulation and trim panel material on the noise reduction characteristics of double-wall panels are investigated. With few modifications, the classical sound transmission theory can be used to design the interior noise control treatment of aircraft. Acoustic intensity and analysis procedures are included.

Optimized structural designs for stretchable silicon integrated circuits.

PubMed

Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Liu, Zhuangjian; Kim, Yun-Soung; Wu, Jian; Song, Jizhou; Kim, Hoon-Sik; Huang, Yonggang; Hwang, Keh-Chih; Zhang, Yongwei; Rogers, John A

2009-12-01

Materials and design strategies for stretchable silicon integrated circuits that use non-coplanar mesh layouts and elastomeric substrates are presented. Detailed experimental and theoretical studies reveal many of the key underlying aspects of these systems. The results shpw, as an example, optimized mechanics and materials for circuits that exhibit maximum principal strains less than 0.2% even for applied strains of up to approximately 90%. Simple circuits, including complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverters and n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor differential amplifiers, validate these designs. The results suggest practical routes to high-performance electronics with linear elastic responses to large strain deformations, suitable for diverse applications that are not readily addressed with conventional wafer-based technologies.

Material Matters: Increasing Emotional Engagement in Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Steven S.; Statler, Matt

2014-01-01

Organizational scholars and neuroscientists suggest that when people are more emotionally engaged, they learn more effectively. Clinical art therapists suggest that the experience as well as the expression of emotions can be enabled or constrained by different materials. So then, what materials can be employed by management educators to achieve…

In vitro evaluation of microbial contamination of orthodontic brackets as received from the manufacturer using microbiological and molecular tests.

PubMed

Dos Santos Gerzson, Darlene R; Simon, Daniel; Dos Anjos, Aline Lima; Freitas, Maria Perpétua Mota

2015-11-01

To test the null hypothesis that orthodontic brackets as supplied by manufacturers do not have microbial contamination. The sample comprised 140 brackets of four different commercially available brands, used directly from the manufacturer's packaging, divided into 14 groups (n  =  10 brackets each). Of the 140 pieces, 60 were full cases and 80 were replacement brackets. Materials were tested to detect bacterial growth, analyze types of bacteria present (biochemical test), and identify bacteria (molecular test with polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). In two of 12 groups the brackets showed microbial contamination: group 1, Morelli full case brackets, and group 12, Abzil-3M Unitek replacement brackets. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the bacteria identified in groups 1 and 12, respectively (suggested by the biochemical test and confirmed by PCR). Brackets of two brands (Morelli and Abzil-3M Unitek) were found to be contaminated by bacteria in the original packages supplied by the manufacturers, which suggests a risk for patient contamination. These data suggest that the manufacturers of these materials should improve the quality control of the packaging used, including sterilization, for the security of patient health.

Readability and quality assessment of internet-based patient education materials related to laryngeal cancer.

PubMed

Narwani, Vishal; Nalamada, Keerthana; Lee, Michael; Kothari, Prasad; Lakhani, Raj

2016-04-01

Patients are increasingly using the internet to access health-related information. The purpose of this study was to assess the readability and quality of laryngeal cancer-related websites. Patient education materials were identified by performing an internet search using 3 search engines. Readability was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and Gunning Fog Index (GFI). The DISCERN instrument was utilized to assess quality of health information. A total of 54 websites were included in the analysis. The mean readability scores were as follows: FRES, 48.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 44.8-51.6); FKGL, 10.9 (95% CI = 10.3-11.5); and GFI, 13.8 (95% CI = 11.3-16.3). These scores suggest that, on average, online information about patients with laryngeal cancer is written at an advanced level. The mean DISCERN score was 49.8 (95% CI = 45.4-54.2), suggesting that online information is of variable quality. Our study suggests much of the laryngeal cancer information available online is of suboptimal quality and written at a level too difficult for the average adult to read comfortably. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Open-Source Selective Laser Sintering (OpenSLS) of Nylon and Biocompatible Polycaprolactone

PubMed Central

Paulsen, Samantha J.; Hwang, Daniel H.; Ta, Anderson H.; Yalacki, David R.; Schmidt, Tim; Miller, Jordan S.

2016-01-01

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing process that uses a laser to fuse powdered starting materials into solid 3D structures. Despite the potential for fabrication of complex, high-resolution structures with SLS using diverse starting materials (including biomaterials), prohibitive costs of commercial SLS systems have hindered the wide adoption of this technology in the scientific community. Here, we developed a low-cost, open-source SLS system (OpenSLS) and demonstrated its capacity to fabricate structures in nylon with sub-millimeter features and overhanging regions. Subsequently, we demonstrated fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) into macroporous structures such as a diamond lattice. Widespread interest in using PCL for bone tissue engineering suggests that PCL lattices are relevant model scaffold geometries for engineering bone. SLS of materials with large powder grain size (~500 μm) leads to part surfaces with high roughness, so we further introduced a simple vapor-smoothing technique to reduce the surface roughness of sintered PCL structures which further improves their elastic modulus and yield stress. Vapor-smoothed PCL can also be used for sacrificial templating of perfusable fluidic networks within orthogonal materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicone. Finally, we demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells were able to adhere, survive, and differentiate down an osteogenic lineage on sintered and smoothed PCL surfaces, suggesting that OpenSLS has the potential to produce PCL scaffolds useful for cell studies. OpenSLS provides the scientific community with an accessible platform for the study of laser sintering and the fabrication of complex geometries in diverse materials. PMID:26841023

The influence of aluminium, steel and polyurethane shoeing systems and of the unshod hoof on the injury risk of a horse kick. An ex vivo experimental study.

PubMed

Sprick, Miriam; Fürst, Anton; Baschnagel, Fabio; Michel, Silvain; Piskoty, Gabor; Hartnack, Sonja; Jackson, Michelle A

2017-09-12

To evaluate the damage inflicted by an unshod hoof and by the various horseshoe materials (steel, aluminium and polyurethane) on the long bones of horses after a simulated kick. Sixty-four equine radii and tibiae were evaluated using a drop impact test setup. An impactor with a steel, aluminium, polyurethane, or hoof horn head was dropped onto prepared bones. An impactor velocity of 8 m/s was initially used with all four materials and then testing was repeated with a velocity of 12 m/s with the polyurethane and hoof horn heads. The impact process was analysed using a high-speed camera, and physical parameters, including peak contact force and impact duration, were calculated. At 8 m/s, the probability of a fracture was 75% for steel and 81% for aluminium, whereas polyurethane and hoof horn did not damage the bones. At 12 m/s, the probability of a fracture was 25% for polyurethane and 12.5% for hoof horn. The peak contact force and impact duration differed significantly between 'hard materials' (aluminium and steel) and 'soft materials' (polyurethane and hoof horn). The observed bone injuries were similar to those seen in analogous experimental studies carried out previously and comparable to clinical fracture cases suggesting that the simulated kick was realistic. The probability of fracture was significantly higher for steel and aluminium than for polyurethane and hoof horn, which suggests that the horseshoe material has a significant influence on the risk of injury for humans or horses kicked by a horse.

Open-Source Selective Laser Sintering (OpenSLS) of Nylon and Biocompatible Polycaprolactone.

PubMed

Kinstlinger, Ian S; Bastian, Andreas; Paulsen, Samantha J; Hwang, Daniel H; Ta, Anderson H; Yalacki, David R; Schmidt, Tim; Miller, Jordan S

2016-01-01

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing process that uses a laser to fuse powdered starting materials into solid 3D structures. Despite the potential for fabrication of complex, high-resolution structures with SLS using diverse starting materials (including biomaterials), prohibitive costs of commercial SLS systems have hindered the wide adoption of this technology in the scientific community. Here, we developed a low-cost, open-source SLS system (OpenSLS) and demonstrated its capacity to fabricate structures in nylon with sub-millimeter features and overhanging regions. Subsequently, we demonstrated fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) into macroporous structures such as a diamond lattice. Widespread interest in using PCL for bone tissue engineering suggests that PCL lattices are relevant model scaffold geometries for engineering bone. SLS of materials with large powder grain size (~500 μm) leads to part surfaces with high roughness, so we further introduced a simple vapor-smoothing technique to reduce the surface roughness of sintered PCL structures which further improves their elastic modulus and yield stress. Vapor-smoothed PCL can also be used for sacrificial templating of perfusable fluidic networks within orthogonal materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicone. Finally, we demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells were able to adhere, survive, and differentiate down an osteogenic lineage on sintered and smoothed PCL surfaces, suggesting that OpenSLS has the potential to produce PCL scaffolds useful for cell studies. OpenSLS provides the scientific community with an accessible platform for the study of laser sintering and the fabrication of complex geometries in diverse materials.

Systems including catalysts in porous zeolite materials within a reactor for use in synthesizing hydrocarbons

DOEpatents

Rolllins, Harry W [Idaho Falls, ID; Petkovic, Lucia M [Idaho Falls, ID; Ginosar, Daniel M [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-07-24

Catalytic structures include a catalytic material disposed within a zeolite material. The catalytic material may be capable of catalyzing a formation of methanol from carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, and the zeolite material may be capable of catalyzing a formation of hydrocarbon molecules from methanol. The catalytic material may include copper and zinc oxide. The zeolite material may include a first plurality of pores substantially defined by a crystal structure of the zeolite material and a second plurality of pores dispersed throughout the zeolite material. Systems for synthesizing hydrocarbon molecules also include catalytic structures. Methods for synthesizing hydrocarbon molecules include contacting hydrogen and at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with such catalytic structures. Catalytic structures are fabricated by forming a zeolite material at least partially around a template structure, removing the template structure, and introducing a catalytic material into the zeolite material.

The epidemiology of microbial keratitis with silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

PubMed

Stapleton, Fiona; Keay, Lisa; Edwards, Katie; Holden, Brien

2013-01-01

It was widely anticipated that after the introduction of silicone hydrogel lenses, the risk of microbial keratitis would be lower than with hydrogel lenses because of the reduction in hypoxic effects on the corneal epithelium. Large-scale epidemiological studies have confirmed that the absolute and relative risk of microbial keratitis is unchanged with overnight use of silicone hydrogel materials. The key findings include the following: (1) The risk of infection with 30 nights of silicone hydrogel use is equivalent to 6 nights of hydrogel extended wear; (2) Occasional overnight lens use is associated with a greater risk than daily lens use; (3) The rate of vision loss due to corneal infection with silicone hydrogel contact lenses is similar to that seen in hydrogel lenses; (4) The spectrum of causative organisms is similar to that seen in hydrogel lenses, and the material type does not impact the corneal location of presumed microbial keratitis; and (5) Modifiable risk factors for infection include overnight lens use, the degree of exposure, failing to wash hands before lens handling, and storage case hygiene practice. The lack of change in the absolute risk of disease would suggest that exposure to large number of pathogenic organisms can overcome any advantages obtained from eliminating the hypoxic effects of contact lenses. Epidemiological studies remain important in the assessment of new materials and modalities. Consideration of an early adopter effect with studies involving new materials and modalities and further investigation of the impact of second-generation silicone hydrogel materials is warranted.

Qualitative assessment of study materials and communication strategies used in studies that include DNA collection.

PubMed

Jenkins, Mary M; Reed-Gross, Erika; Barfield, Wanda D; Prue, Christine E; Gallagher, Margaret L; Rasmussen, Sonja A; Honein, Margaret A

2011-11-01

To understand motivations and barriers to participation in studies that include DNA collection, focus group discussions were held with mothers who had participated in a case-control study of birth defects. Recruited mothers had completed an interview and had received a mailed kit containing cytobrushes to collect buccal cells for DNA from herself, her infant, and her infant's father. Six moderator-led focus groups were attended by a total of 38 women residing in Atlanta, Georgia. Focus groups were segmented by DNA collection status (biologics participants or nonparticipants), infant case-control status, infant birthweight, and maternal race and ethnicity. This report assesses maternal attitudes toward study materials and communication strategies. Across groups, respondents expressed concern about how their contact information was obtained. Study materials were described as clear and professional by most women, although some respondents reported confusion about disclosure of individual genetic results. Respondents generally reported that monetary incentives were not a motivation to participate, but increased perceived study legitimacy. Biologics nonparticipants expressed concerns about kit component sterility; government involvement; and DNA sample use, storage, and disposal. Respondents suggested that investigators provide feedback on whether sample collection was performed correctly and provide materials targeted to fathers to help alleviate paternal skepticism. Participation in DNA collection might be improved by strengthening study materials and communication strategies. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Rare earth-doped materials with enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Venkatasubramanian, Rama; Cook, Bruce Allen; Levin, Evgenii M.

A thermoelectric material and a thermoelectric converter using this material. The thermoelectric material has a first component including a semiconductor material and a second component including a rare earth material included in the first component to thereby increase a figure of merit of a composite of the semiconductor material and the rare earth material relative to a figure of merit of the semiconductor material. The thermoelectric converter has a p-type thermoelectric material and a n-type thermoelectric material. At least one of the p-type thermoelectric material and the n-type thermoelectric material includes a rare earth material in at least one ofmore » the p-type thermoelectric material or the n-type thermoelectric material.« less

Titan's Surface Composition from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCord, T. B.; Griffith, C. A.; Hansen, G. B.; Lunine, J. I.; Baines, K. H.; Brown, R. H.; Buratti, B.; Clark, R. N.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Filacchione, G.; Jaumann, R.; Hibbitts, C. A.; Sotine, C.; Cassini VIMS

2004-11-01

Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick atmosphere containing methane with high altitude haze that obscures the surface except for windows in the methane absorption bands at some IR wavelengths where scattering also is reduced. Chemistry models of the atmosphere suggest deep deposits of organic liquids and solids (1). Groundbased telescopic observations of Titan's integral disk suggest the presence of water ice (2). The Cassini VIMS obtained spectra in the 0.35 to 5.1 μm range that include narrow windows in the methane spectrum near 1.6, 2.0, 2.8, and 5.0 μm where the surface might have been observed with spatial resolution up to about 100 x 200 km during the Saturn orbit insertion phase on June 30 2004. Surface albedo features seem to appear in these windows. We have analyzed Titan's spectra in an attempt to identity the surface material(s). The VIMS spectra were averaged for several pixels for each of six regions on Titan corresponding to apparent bright and dark surface features. The spectra were calibrated to I/F as seen by VIMS and then were analyzed using radiative transfer models to remove the effects of the atmosphere (2) to estimate surface I/F values. These were then compared with candidate material reflectance at each of the spectral windows. Preliminary analysis suggests that the average results will agree with previous groundbased data analyses (2) and there is the suggestion of differences in reflectance among the surface regions analyzed so far. This work was supported by the NASA Cassini Project. (1) Lunine et al., Science, 222, 1229, 1983. (2) Coustenis et al., Icarus 118, 87, 1995; Griffith et al., Science 300, 628, 2003.

Effects of natural enrichment materials on stress, memory and exploratory behavior in mice.

PubMed

Acklin, Casey J; Gault, Ruth A

2015-07-01

Environmental enrichment is an essential component of laboratory animal housing that allows animals to engage in natural behaviors in an otherwise artificial setting. Previous research by the authors suggested that, compared with synthetic enrichment materials, natural materials were associated with lower stress levels in mice. Here, the authors compare the effects of different enrichment materials on stress, memory and exploratory behavior in Swiss Webster mice. Mice that were provided with natural enrichment materials had lower stress levels, better memory and greater exploratory behavior than did mice provided with synthetic enrichment materials or with no enrichment materials. These findings suggest that provision of natural enrichment materials can improve well-being of laboratory mice.

Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis of calcific deposits on intrauterine contraceptive devices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khan, S.R.; Wilkinson, E.J.

Deposits found on intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) were studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. All seven devices, including five plastic and two copper IUDs, were coated with a crust containing cellular, acellular, and fibrillar material. The cellular material was composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of epithelial origin, sperm, and bacteria. Some of the bacteria were filamentous, with acute-angle branching. The fibrillar material appeared to be fibrin. Most of the acellular material was amorphous; calcite was identified by x-ray diffraction, and x-ray microanalysis showed only calcium. Some of the acellular material, particularly that on themore » IUD side of the crust, was organized in spherulitic crystals and was identified as calcium phosphate by x-ray microanalysis. The crust was joined to the IUD surface by a layer of fibrillar and amorphous material. It is suggested that the initial event in the formation of calcific deposits on IUD surfaces is the deposition of an amorphous and fibrillar layer. Various types of cells present in the endometrial environment adhere to this layer and then calcify. Thus, the deposition of calcific material on the IUDs is a calcification phenomenon, not unlike the formation of plaque on teeth.« less

Ablation study of tungsten-based nuclear thermal rocket fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Tabitha Elizabeth Rose

The research described in this thesis has been performed in order to support the materials research and development efforts of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), of Tungsten-based Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) fuel. The NTR was developed to a point of flight readiness nearly six decades ago and has been undergoing gradual modification and upgrading since then. Due to the simplicity in design of the NTR, and also in the modernization of the materials fabrication processes of nuclear fuel since the 1960's, the fuel of the NTR has been upgraded continuously. Tungsten-based fuel is of great interest to the NTR community, seeking to determine its advantages over the Carbide-based fuel of the previous NTR programs. The materials development and fabrication process contains failure testing, which is currently being conducted at MSFC in the form of heating the material externally and internally to replicate operation within the nuclear reactor of the NTR, such as with hot gas and RF coils. In order to expand on these efforts, experiments and computational studies of Tungsten and a Tungsten Zirconium Oxide sample provided by NASA have been conducted for this dissertation within a plasma arc-jet, meant to induce ablation on the material. Mathematical analysis was also conducted, for purposes of verifying experiments and making predictions. The computational method utilizes Anisimov's kinetic method of plasma ablation, including a thermal conduction parameter from the Chapman Enskog expansion of the Maxwell Boltzmann equations, and has been modified to include a tangential velocity component. Experimental data matches that of the computational data, in which plasma ablation at an angle shows nearly half the ablation of plasma ablation at no angle. Fuel failure analysis of two NASA samples post-testing was conducted, and suggestions have been made for future materials fabrication processes. These studies, including the computational kinetic model at an angle and the ablation of the NASA sample, could be applied to an atmospheric reentry body, reentering at a ballistic trajectory at hypersonic velocities.

Elementary school aerospace activities: A resource for teachers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

The chronological development of the story of man and flight, with emphasis on space flight, is presented in 10 units designed as a resource for elementary school teachers. Future exploration of space and the utlization of space flight capabilities are included. Each unit contains an outline, a list of suggested activities for correlation, a bibliography, and a list of selected audiovisual materials. A glossary of aerospace terms is included. Topics cover: earth characteristics that affect flight; flight in atmosphere, rockets, technological advances, unmanned Earth satellites, umanned exploration of the solar system, life support systems; astronauts, man in space, and projections for the future.

Forensic DNA methylation profiling from evidence material for investigative leads

PubMed Central

Lee, Hwan Young; Lee, Soong Deok; Shin, Kyoung-Jin

2016-01-01

DNA methylation is emerging as an attractive marker providing investigative leads to solve crimes in forensic genetics. The identification of body fluids that utilizes tissue-specific DNA methylation can contribute to solving crimes by predicting activity related to the evidence material. The age estimation based on DNA methylation is expected to reduce the number of potential suspects, when the DNA profile from the evidence does not match with any known person, including those stored in the forensic database. Moreover, the variation in DNA implicates environmental exposure, such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, thereby suggesting the possibility to be used as a marker for predicting the lifestyle of potential suspect. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of DNA methylation variations and the utility of DNA methylation as a forensic marker for advanced investigative leads from evidence materials. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(7): 359-369] PMID:27099236

Understanding soft glassy materials using an energy landscape approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Hyun Joo; Riggleman, Robert A.; Crocker, John C.

2016-09-01

Many seemingly different soft materials--such as soap foams, mayonnaise, toothpaste and living cells--display strikingly similar viscoelastic behaviour. A fundamental physical understanding of such soft glassy rheology and how it can manifest in such diverse materials, however, remains unknown. Here, by using a model soap foam consisting of compressible spherical bubbles, whose sizes slowly evolve and whose collective motion is simply dictated by energy minimization, we study the foam's dynamics as it corresponds to downhill motion on an energy landscape function spanning a high-dimensional configuration space. We find that these downhill paths, when viewed in this configuration space, are, surprisingly, fractal. The complex behaviour of our model, including power-law rheology and non-diffusive bubble motion and avalanches, stems directly from the fractal dimension and energy function of these paths. Our results suggest that ubiquitous soft glassy rheology may be a consequence of emergent fractal geometry in the energy landscapes of many complex fluids.

Economic and environmental assessment of propionic acid production by fermentation using different renewable raw materials.

PubMed

Tufvesson, Pär; Ekman, Anna; Sardari, Roya R R; Engdahl, Kristina; Tufvesson, Linda

2013-12-01

Production of propionic acid by fermentation of glycerol as a renewable resource has been suggested as a means for developing an environmentally-friendly route for this commodity chemical. However, in order to quantify the environmental benefits, life cycle assessment of the production, including raw materials, fermentation, upstream and downstream processing is required. The economic viability of the process also needs to be analysed to make sure that any environmental savings can be realised. In this study an environmental and economic assessment from cradle-to-gate has been conducted. The study highlights the need for a highly efficient bioprocess in terms of product titre (more than 100g/L and productivity more than 2g/(L · h)) in order to be sustainable. The importance of the raw materials and energy production for operating the process to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases is also shown. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TOPICAL REVIEW: Progress in engineering high strain lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leontsev, Serhiy O.; Eitel, Richard E.

2010-08-01

Environmental concerns are strongly driving the need to replace the lead-based piezoelectric materials currently employed as multilayer actuators. The current review describes both compositional and structural engineering approaches to achieve enhanced piezoelectric properties in lead-free materials. The review of the compositional engineering approach focuses on compositional tuning of the properties and phase behavior in three promising families of lead-free perovskite ferroelectrics: the titanate, alkaline niobate and bismuth perovskites and their solid solutions. The 'structural engineering' approaches focus instead on optimization of microstructural features including grain size, grain orientation or texture, ferroelectric domain size and electrical bias field as potential paths to induce large piezoelectric properties in lead-free piezoceramics. It is suggested that a combination of both compositional and novel structural engineering approaches will be required in order to realize viable lead-free alternatives to current lead-based materials for piezoelectric actuator applications.

Progress in engineering high strain lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

PubMed Central

Leontsev, Serhiy O; Eitel, Richard E

2010-01-01

Environmental concerns are strongly driving the need to replace the lead-based piezoelectric materials currently employed as multilayer actuators. The current review describes both compositional and structural engineering approaches to achieve enhanced piezoelectric properties in lead-free materials. The review of the compositional engineering approach focuses on compositional tuning of the properties and phase behavior in three promising families of lead-free perovskite ferroelectrics: the titanate, alkaline niobate and bismuth perovskites and their solid solutions. The ‘structural engineering’ approaches focus instead on optimization of microstructural features including grain size, grain orientation or texture, ferroelectric domain size and electrical bias field as potential paths to induce large piezoelectric properties in lead-free piezoceramics. It is suggested that a combination of both compositional and novel structural engineering approaches will be required in order to realize viable lead-free alternatives to current lead-based materials for piezoelectric actuator applications. PMID:27877343

Friction properties of biological functional materials: PVDF membranes.

PubMed

Chen, Long; Di, Changan; Chen, Xuguang; Li, Zhengzhi; Luo, Jia

2017-01-02

Touch is produced by sensations that include approaching, sliding, pressing, and temperature. This concept has become a target of research in biotechnology, especially in the field of bionic biology. This study measured sliding and pressing with traditional tactile sensors in order to improve a machine operator's judgment of surface roughness. Based on the theory of acoustic emission, this study combined polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a sonic transducer to produce tactile sensors that can detect surface roughness. Friction between PVDF films and experimental materials generated tiny acoustic signals that were transferred into electrical signals through a sonic transducer. The characteristics of the acoustic signals for the various materials were then analyzed. The results suggest that this device can effectively distinguish among different objects based on roughness. Tactile sensors designed using this principle and structure function very similarly to the human body in recognizing the surface of an object.

Structural disorder in molecular framework materials.

PubMed

Cairns, Andrew B; Goodwin, Andrew L

2013-06-21

It is increasingly apparent that many important classes of molecular framework material exhibit a variety of interesting and useful types of structural disorder. This tutorial review summarises a number of recent efforts to understand better both the complex microscopic nature of this disorder and also how it might be implicated in useful functionalities of these materials. We draw on a number of topical examples including topologically-disordered zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), the phenomena of temperature-, pressure- and desorption-induced amorphisation, partial interpenetration, ferroelectric transition-metal formates, negative thermal expansion in cyanide frameworks, and the mechanics and processing of layered frameworks. We outline the various uses of pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, dielectric spectroscopy, peak-shape analysis of powder diffraction data and single-crystal diffuse scattering measurements as means of characterising disorder in these systems, and we suggest a number of opportunities for future research in the field.

Handbook for Planning and Conducting Charrettes for High-Performance Projects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lindsey, G.; Todd, J. A.; Hayter, S. J.

The purpose of this handbook is to furnish guidance for planning and conducting a"high-performance building" charrette, sometimes called a"greening charrette." The handbook answers typical questions that will arise, such as"What is a charrette?""Why conduct a charrette?""What topics should we cover during the charrette?" and"Whom should we invite?" It also contains samples of agendas, invitation letters, and other commonly used charrette materials. This handbook also outlines the characteristics of a good charrette facilitator. It gives suggestions for the types of experts to invite to the event to motivate participants and answer their questions. The handbook includes sample presentations that can bemore » used by these experts to ensure they address the required technical content. It suggests the types of participants, including technical, political, and community representatives, to invite to the charrette. It offers advice for forming effective breakout groups to ensure that a broad range of complementary expertise is represented in each group. We have also included guidance on how best to include key decision makers and stakeholders who are able to attend only portions of the event.« less

Using magnetic resonance elastography to assess the dynamic mechanical properties of cartilage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopez, Orlando; Amrami, Kimberly; Rossman, Phillip; Ehman, Richard L.

2004-04-01

This work explored the feasibility of using Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) technology to enable in vitro quantification of dynamic mechanical behavior of cartilage through its thickness. A customized system for MRE of cartilage was designed to include components for adequate generation and detection of high frequency mechanical shear waves within small and stiff materials. The system included components for mechanical excitation, motion encoding, and imaging of small samples. Limitations in sensitivity to motion encoding of high frequency propagating mechanical waves using a whole body coil (i.e. Gmax = 2.2 G/cm) required the design of a local gradient coil system to achieve a gain in gradient strength of at least 5 times. The performance of the new system was tested using various cartilage-mimicking phantom materials. MRE of a stiff 5% agar gelatin phantom demonstrated gains in sensitivity to motion encoding of high frequency mechanical waves in cartilage like materials. MRE of fetal bovine cartilage samples yielded a distribution of shear stiffness within the thickness of the cartilage similar to values found in the literature, hence, suggesting the feasibility of using MRE to non-invasively and directly assess the dynamic mechanical properties of cartilage.

Mini-RF and LROC observations of mare crater layering relationships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stickle, A. M.; Patterson, G. W.; Cahill, J. T. S.; Bussey, D. B. J.

2016-07-01

The lunar maria cover approximately 17% of the Moon's surface. Discerning discrete subsurface layers in the mare provides some constraints on thickness and volume estimates of mare volcanism. Multiple types of data and measurement techniques allow probing the subsurface and provide insights into these layers, including detailed examination of impact craters, mare pits and sinuous rilles, and radar sounders. Unfortunately, radar sounding includes many uncertainties about the material properties of the lunar surface that may influence estimates of layer depth and thickness. Because they distribute material from depth onto the surface, detailed examination of impact ejecta blankets provides a reliable way to examine deeper material using orbital instruments such as cameras, spectrometers, or imaging radars. Here, we utilize Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) data to investigate the scattering characteristics of ejecta blankets of young lunar craters. We use Circular Polarization Ratio (CPR) information from twenty-two young, fresh lunar craters to examine how the scattering behavior changes as a function of radius from the crater rim. Observations across a range of crater size and relative ages exhibit significant diversity within mare regions. Five of the examined craters exhibit profiles with no shelf of constant CPR near the crater rim. Comparing these CPR profiles with LROC imagery shows that the magnitude of the CPR may be an indication of crater degradation state; this may manifest differently at radar compared to optical wavelengths. Comparisons of radar and optical data also suggest relationships between subsurface stratigraphy and structure in the mare and the block size of the material found within the ejecta blanket. Of the examined craters, twelve have shelves of approximately constant CPR as well as discrete layers outcropping in the subsurface, and nine fall along a trend line when comparing shelf-width with thickness of subsurface layers. These observations suggest that surface CPR measurements may be used to identify near-surface layering. Here, we use ejected material to probe the subsurface, allowing observations of near-surface stratigraphy that may be otherwise hidden by layers higher from remote observations.

A geochemical assessment of possible lunar ore formation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haskin, Larry A.; Colson, Russell O.; Vaniman, David

1991-01-01

The Moon apparently formed without appreciable water or other relatively volatile materials. Interior concentrations of water or other volatile substances appear to be extremely low. On Earth, water is important to the genesis of nearly all types of ores. Thus, some have reasoned that only abundant elements would occur in ore concentrations. The definition and recognition of ores on the Moon challenge the imaginations and the terrestrial perceptions of ore bodies. Lunar ores included solar-wind soaked soils, which contain abundant but dilute H, C, N, and noble gases (including He-3). Oxygen must be mined; soils contain approximately 45 percent (wt). Mainstream processes of rock formation concentrated Si, Mg, Al, Fe, and Ca, and possibly Ti and Cr. The highland surface contains approximately 70 percent (wt) feldspar (mainly CaAl2Si2O8), which can be separated from some highland soils. Small fragments of dunite were collected; dunite may occur in walls and central peaks of some craters. Theoretical extensions of observations of lunar samples suggest that the Moon may have produced ores of trace elements. Some small fragments have trace-element concentrations 10(exp 4) times higher than the lunar average, indicating that effective geochemical separations occurred; processes included fractional crystallization, silicate immiscibility, vaporization and condensation, and sulfide metamorphism. Operations of these processes acting on indigenous materials and on meteoritic material in the regolith could have produced ores. Infalling carbonaceous meteorites and comets have added water and hydrocarbons that may have been cold-trapped. Vesicles in basalts, pyroclastic beads, and reported transient events suggest gag emission from the lunar interior; such gas might concentrate and transport rare elements. Large impacts may disperse ores or produce them through deposition of heat at depth and by vaporization and subsequent condensation. The main problem in assessing lunar resources is the ignorance about the largely unexplored Moon.

Examination of the polished surface character of fused silica.

PubMed

Tesar, A A; Fuchs, B A; Hed, P P

1992-12-01

Investigation of the surface character of fused silica polished with various compounds dispersed in water identified pH 4 as the optimum condition for high quality. Analyses support the conclusion that at this pH redeposition of hydrated material onto the surface during polishing is limited. Comparative polishing results for Zerodur are included. Improvement of the laser-damage threshold of a coating on the pH 4 polished fused silica is suggested.

Enhanced Fuel Cell Catalyst Durability with Nitrogen Modified Carbon Supports

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-12

detected in the undoped and JM5000 materials are related to the presence of a single nitrogen peak attributed to either amine, cyano or pyrrolic ...functionalities, including pyrrolic , pyridinic, amine and graphitic N. The bulk Ru:Pt ratio, measured with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), consistently...analysis suggests that the specific roles of pyridinic, pyrrollic , cyano, and graphic N are complex in nature and that the presence of two or more N

Economic Education Experiences of Enterprising Teachers. Volume 17. A Report Developed from the 1978-79 Entries in the International Paper Company Foundation Awards Program for the Teaching of Economics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nappi, Andrew T., Ed.; Suglia, Anthony F., Ed.

Sixteen award-winning teacher-developed programs, projects, courses, and materials in economics education are presented. The projects are designed for use in primary, intermediate, junior high, and senior high schools and are organized into four chapters. Chapter I suggests ways to teach economic concepts in grades K-3. Projects include an auction…