The use of cochlear's SCAN and wireless microphones to improve speech understanding in noise with the Nucleus6® CP900 processor.

PubMed

De Ceulaer, Geert; Pascoal, David; Vanpoucke, Filiep; Govaerts, Paul J

2017-11-01

The newest Nucleus CI processor, the CP900, has two new options to improve speech-in-noise perception: (1) use of an adaptive directional microphone (SCAN mode) and (2) wireless connection to MiniMic1 and MiniMic2 wireless remote microphones. An analysis was made of the absolute and relative benefits of these technologies in a real-world mimicking test situation. Speech perception was tested using an adaptive speech-in-noise test (sentences-in-babble noise). In session A, SRTs were measured in three conditions: (1) Clinical Map, (2) SCAN and (3) MiniMic1. Each was assessed for three distances between speakers and CI recipient: 1 m, 2 m and 3 m. In session B, the benefit of the use of MiniMic2 was compared to benefit of MiniMic1 at 3 m. A group of 13 adult CP900 recipients participated. SCAN and MiniMic1 improved performance compared to the standard microphone with a median improvement in SRT of 2.7-3.9 dB for SCAN at 1 m and 3 m, respectively, and 4.7-10.9 dB for the MiniMic1. MiniMic1 improvements were significant. MiniMic2 showed an improvement in SRT of 22.2 dB compared to 10.0 dB for MiniMic1 (3 m). Digital wireless transmission systems (i.e. MiniMic) offer a statistically and clinically significant improvement in speech perception in challenging, realistic listening conditions.

Esophagectomy - minimally invasive

MedlinePlus

Minimally invasive esophagectomy; Robotic esophagectomy; Removal of the esophagus - minimally invasive; Achalasia - esophagectomy; Barrett esophagus - esophagectomy; Esophageal cancer - esophagectomy - laparoscopic; Cancer of the ...

Symbolic Play in School-Aged Minimally Verbal Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chang, Ya-Chih; Shih, Wendy; Landa, Rebecca; Kaiser, Ann; Kasari, Connie

2018-01-01

Few interventions exist for school-aged minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Even though play skills are associated with children's production of language, few studies have focused on play for minimally verbal children. Fifty-eight minimally verbal children with ASD received a naturalistic developmental behavioral…

An autonomous payload controller for the Space Shuttle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hudgins, J. I.

1979-01-01

The Autonomous Payload Control (APC) system discussed in the present paper was designed on the basis of such criteria as minimal cost of implementation, minimal space required in the flight-deck area, simple operation with verification of the results, minimal additional weight, minimal impact on Orbiter design, and minimal impact on Orbiter payload integration. In its present configuration, the APC provides a means for the Orbiter crew to control as many as 31 autononous payloads. The avionics and human engineering aspects of the system are discussed.

Gauge Field Localization on Deformed Branes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tofighi, A.; Moazzen, M.; Farokhtabar, A.

2016-02-01

In this paper, we utilise the Chumbes-Holf da Silva-Hott (CHH) mechanism to investigate the issue of gauge field localization on a deformed brane constructed with one scalar field, which can be coupled to gravity minimally or non-minimally. The study of deformed defects is important because they contain internal structures which may have implications in braneworld models. With the CHH mechanism, we find that the massless zero mode of gauge field, in the case of minimal or non-minimal coupling is localized on the brane. Moreover, in the case of non-minimal coupling, it is shown that, when the non-minimal coupling constant is larger than its critical value, then the zero mode is localized on each sub brane.

Mitral repair and the robot: a revolutionary tool or marketing ploy?

PubMed

Ghoneim, Aly; Bouhout, Ismail; Makhdom, Fahd; Chu, Michael W A

2018-03-01

In this review, we discuss the current evidence supporting each minimally invasive mitral repair approach and their associated controversies. Current evidence demonstrates that minimally invasive mitral repair techniques yield similar mitral repair results to conventional sternotomy with the benefits of shorter hospital stay, quicker recovery, better cosmesis and improved patient satisfaction. Despite this, broad adoption of minimally invasive mitral repair is still not achieved. Two main approaches of minimally invasive mitral repair exist: endoscopic mini-thoracotomy and robotic-assisted approaches. Both minimally invasive approaches share many commonalities; however, most centres are strongly polarized to one approach over another creating controversy and debate about the most effective minimally invasive approach.

On the convergence of nonconvex minimization methods for image recovery.

PubMed

Xiao, Jin; Ng, Michael Kwok-Po; Yang, Yu-Fei

2015-05-01

Nonconvex nonsmooth regularization method has been shown to be effective for restoring images with neat edges. Fast alternating minimization schemes have also been proposed and developed to solve the nonconvex nonsmooth minimization problem. The main contribution of this paper is to show the convergence of these alternating minimization schemes, based on the Kurdyka-Łojasiewicz property. In particular, we show that the iterates generated by the alternating minimization scheme, converges to a critical point of this nonconvex nonsmooth objective function. We also extend the analysis to nonconvex nonsmooth regularization model with box constraints, and obtain similar convergence results of the related minimization algorithm. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our convergence analysis.

Radial Symmetry of p-Harmonic Minimizers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koski, Aleksis; Onninen, Jani

2018-03-01

"It is still not known if the radial cavitating minimizers obtained by uc(Ball) (Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 306:557-611, 1982) (and subsequently by many others) are global minimizers of any physically reasonable nonlinearly elastic energy". This quotation is from uc(Sivaloganathan) and uc(Spector) (Ann Inst Henri Poincaré Anal Non Linéaire 25(1):201-213, 2008) and seems to be still accurate. The model case of the p-harmonic energy is considered here. We prove that the planar radial minimizers are indeed the global minimizers provided we prescribe the admissible deformations on the boundary. In the traction free setting, however, even the identity map need not be a global minimizer.

Use of minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation in cardiac surgery: principles, definitions and potential benefits. A position paper from the Minimal invasive Extra-Corporeal Technologies international Society (MiECTiS)

PubMed Central

Anastasiadis, Kyriakos; Murkin, John; Antonitsis, Polychronis; Bauer, Adrian; Ranucci, Marco; Gygax, Erich; Schaarschmidt, Jan; Fromes, Yves; Philipp, Alois; Eberle, Balthasar; Punjabi, Prakash; Argiriadou, Helena; Kadner, Alexander; Jenni, Hansjoerg; Albrecht, Guenter; van Boven, Wim; Liebold, Andreas; de Somer, Fillip; Hausmann, Harald; Deliopoulos, Apostolos; El-Essawi, Aschraf; Mazzei, Valerio; Biancari, Fausto; Fernandez, Adam; Weerwind, Patrick; Puehler, Thomas; Serrick, Cyril; Waanders, Frans; Gunaydin, Serdar; Ohri, Sunil; Gummert, Jan; Angelini, Gianni; Falk, Volkmar; Carrel, Thierry

2016-01-01

Minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) systems have initiated important efforts within science and technology to further improve the biocompatibility of cardiopulmonary bypass components to minimize the adverse effects and improve end-organ protection. The Minimal invasive Extra-Corporeal Technologies international Society was founded to create an international forum for the exchange of ideas on clinical application and research of minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation technology. The present work is a consensus document developed to standardize the terminology and the definition of minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation technology as well as to provide recommendations for the clinical practice. The goal of this manuscript is to promote the use of MiECC systems into clinical practice as a multidisciplinary strategy involving cardiac surgeons, anaesthesiologists and perfusionists. PMID:26819269

Video-assisted endocrine neck surgery: state of the art.

PubMed

Sessa, Luca; Lombardi, Celestino Pio; De Crea, Carmela; Raffaelli, Marco; Bellantone, Rocco

2017-06-01

During the last two decades, several minimally invasive approaches for endocrine neck surgery have been developed. Minimally invasive video-assisted approaches (minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy and minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy) gained a quite large worldwide diffusion, maybe because these techniques combine the advantages related to the endoscopic magnification with those due to the close similarity with the conventional surgery that makes these surgical approaches reproducible and feasible in different surgical settings. Several comparative studies have demonstrated the advantages of minimally invasive video-assisted neck surgery in terms of reduced postoperative pain, better cosmetic result, and higher patients' satisfaction over the conventional endocrine neck surgery. An accurate patients' selection plays a key role to ensure the success of minimally invasive video-assisted approaches. To date, in selected cases and in experienced Center, minimally invasive video-assisted endocrine neck surgery could be considered the standard treatment or at least a safe and effective surgical option.

40 CFR 63.1213 - How can the compliance date be extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? 63.1213 Section 63.1213 Protection... extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? (a) Applicability. You may request... pollution prevention or waste minimization measures will significantly reduce the amount and/or toxicity of...

40 CFR 63.1213 - How can the compliance date be extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? 63.1213 Section 63.1213 Protection... extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? (a) Applicability. You may request... pollution prevention or waste minimization measures will significantly reduce the amount and/or toxicity of...

NEWSUMT: A FORTRAN program for inequality constrained function minimization, users guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miura, H.; Schmit, L. A., Jr.

1979-01-01

A computer program written in FORTRAN subroutine form for the solution of linear and nonlinear constrained and unconstrained function minimization problems is presented. The algorithm is the sequence of unconstrained minimizations using the Newton's method for unconstrained function minimizations. The use of NEWSUMT and the definition of all parameters are described.

Concurrent optimization of material spatial distribution and material anisotropy repartition for two-dimensional structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ranaivomiarana, Narindra; Irisarri, François-Xavier; Bettebghor, Dimitri; Desmorat, Boris

2018-04-01

An optimization methodology to find concurrently material spatial distribution and material anisotropy repartition is proposed for orthotropic, linear and elastic two-dimensional membrane structures. The shape of the structure is parameterized by a density variable that determines the presence or absence of material. The polar method is used to parameterize a general orthotropic material by its elasticity tensor invariants by change of frame. A global structural stiffness maximization problem written as a compliance minimization problem is treated, and a volume constraint is applied. The compliance minimization can be put into a double minimization of complementary energy. An extension of the alternate directions algorithm is proposed to solve the double minimization problem. The algorithm iterates between local minimizations in each element of the structure and global minimizations. Thanks to the polar method, the local minimizations are solved explicitly providing analytical solutions. The global minimizations are performed with finite element calculations. The method is shown to be straightforward and efficient. Concurrent optimization of density and anisotropy distribution of a cantilever beam and a bridge are presented.

Heel impact forces during barefoot versus minimally shod walking among Tarahumara subsistence farmers and urban Americans

PubMed Central

Koch, Elizabeth; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Lieberman, Daniel E.

2018-01-01

Despite substantial recent interest in walking barefoot and in minimal footwear, little is known about potential differences in walking biomechanics when unshod versus minimally shod. To test the hypothesis that heel impact forces are similar during barefoot and minimally shod walking, we analysed ground reaction forces recorded in both conditions with a pedography platform among indigenous subsistence farmers, the Tarahumara of Mexico, who habitually wear minimal sandals, as well as among urban Americans wearing commercially available minimal sandals. Among both the Tarahumara (n = 35) and Americans (n = 30), impact peaks generated in sandals had significantly (p < 0.05) higher force magnitudes, slower loading rates and larger vertical impulses than during barefoot walking. These kinetic differences were partly due to individuals' significantly greater effective mass when walking in sandals. Our results indicate that, in general, people tread more lightly when walking barefoot than in minimal footwear. Further research is needed to test if the variations in impact peaks generated by walking barefoot or in minimal shoes have consequences for musculoskeletal health. PMID:29657826

Improving the performance of minimizers and winnowing schemes

PubMed Central

Marçais, Guillaume; Pellow, David; Bork, Daniel; Orenstein, Yaron; Shamir, Ron; Kingsford, Carl

2017-01-01

Abstract Motivation: The minimizers scheme is a method for selecting k-mers from sequences. It is used in many bioinformatics software tools to bin comparable sequences or to sample a sequence in a deterministic fashion at approximately regular intervals, in order to reduce memory consumption and processing time. Although very useful, the minimizers selection procedure has undesirable behaviors (e.g. too many k-mers are selected when processing certain sequences). Some of these problems were already known to the authors of the minimizers technique, and the natural lexicographic ordering of k-mers used by minimizers was recognized as their origin. Many software tools using minimizers employ ad hoc variations of the lexicographic order to alleviate those issues. Results: We provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of k-mer ordering on the performance of the minimizers technique. By using small universal hitting sets (a recently defined concept), we show how to significantly improve the performance of minimizers and avoid some of its worse behaviors. Based on these results, we encourage bioinformatics software developers to use an ordering based on a universal hitting set or, if not possible, a randomized ordering, rather than the lexicographic order. This analysis also settles negatively a conjecture (by Schleimer et al.) on the expected density of minimizers in a random sequence. Availability and Implementation: The software used for this analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/gmarcais/minimizers.git. Contact: gmarcais@cs.cmu.edu or carlk@cs.cmu.edu PMID:28881970

Detection of minimal residual disease following induction immunochemotherapy predicts progression free survival in mantle cell lymphoma: final results of CALGB 59909

PubMed Central

Liu, Hongtao; Johnson, Jeffrey L.; Koval, Greg; Malnassy, Greg; Sher, Dorie; Damon, Lloyd E.; Hsi, Eric D.; Bucci, Donna Marie; Linker, Charles A.; Cheson, Bruce D.; Stock, Wendy

2012-01-01

Background In the present study, the prognostic impact of minimal residual disease during treatment on time to progression and overall survival was analyzed prospectively in patients with mantle cell lymphoma treated on the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 59909 clinical trial. Design and Methods Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were collected during different phases of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 59909 study for minimal residual disease analysis. Minimal residual disease status was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of IgH and/or BCL-1/JH gene rearrangement. Correlation of minimal residual disease status with time to progression and overall survival was determined. In multivariable analysis, minimal residual disease, and other risk factors were correlated with time to progression. Results Thirty-nine patients had evaluable, sequential peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for minimal residual disease analysis. Using peripheral blood monitoring, 18 of 39 (46%) achieved molecular remission following induction therapy. The molecular remission rate increased from 46 to 74% after one course of intensification therapy. Twelve of 21 minimal residual disease positive patients (57%) progressed within three years of follow up compared to 4 of 18 (22%) molecular remission patients (P=0.049). Detection of minimal residual disease following induction therapy predicted disease progression with a hazard ratio of 3.7 (P=0.016). The 3-year probability of time to progression among those who were in molecular remission after induction chemotherapy was 82% compared to 48% in patients with detectable minimal residual disease. The prediction of time to progression by post-induction minimal residual disease was independent of other prognostic factors in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Detection of minimal residual disease following induction immunochemotherapy was an independent predictor of time to progression following immunochemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for mantle cell lymphoma. The clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00020943. PMID:22102709

Maintaining oncologic integrity with minimally invasive resection of pediatric embryonal tumors.

PubMed

Phelps, Hannah M; Ayers, Gregory D; Ndolo, Josephine M; Dietrich, Hannah L; Watson, Katherine D; Hilmes, Melissa A; Lovvorn, Harold N

2018-05-08

Embryonal tumors arise typically in infants and young children and are often massive at presentation. Operative resection is a cornerstone in the multimodal treatment of embryonal tumors but potentially disrupts therapeutic timelines. When used appropriately, minimally invasive surgery can minimize treatment delays. The oncologic integrity and safety attainable with minimally invasive resection of embryonal tumors, however, remains controversial. Query of the Vanderbilt Cancer Registry identified all children treated for intracavitary, embryonal tumors during a 15-year period. Tumors were assessed radiographically to measure volume (mL) and image-defined risk factors (neuroblastic tumors only) at time of diagnosis, and at preresection and postresection. Patient and tumor characteristics, perioperative details, and oncologic outcomes were compared between minimally invasive surgery and open resection of tumors of comparable size. A total of 202 patients were treated for 206 intracavitary embryonal tumors, of which 178 were resected either open (n = 152, 85%) or with minimally invasive surgery (n = 26, 15%). The 5-year, relapse-free, and overall survival were not significantly different after minimally invasive surgery or open resection of tumors having a volume less than 100 mL, corresponding to the largest resected with minimally invasive surgery (P = .249 and P = .124, respectively). No difference in margin status or lymph node sampling between the 2 operative approaches was detected (p = .333 and p = .070, respectively). Advantages associated with minimally invasive surgery were decreased blood loss (P < .001), decreased operating time (P = .002), and shorter hospital stay (P < .001). Characteristically, minimally invasive surgery was used for smaller volume and earlier stage neuroblastic tumors without image-defined risk factors. When selected appropriately, minimally invasive resection of pediatric embryonal tumors, particularly neuroblastic tumors, provides acceptable oncologic integrity. Large tumor volume, small patient size, and image-defined risk factors may limit the broader applicability of minimally invasive surgery. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Greedy algorithms in disordered systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duxbury, P. M.; Dobrin, R.

1999-08-01

We discuss search, minimal path and minimal spanning tree algorithms and their applications to disordered systems. Greedy algorithms solve these problems exactly, and are related to extremal dynamics in physics. Minimal cost path (Dijkstra) and minimal cost spanning tree (Prim) algorithms provide extremal dynamics for a polymer in a random medium (the KPZ universality class) and invasion percolation (without trapping) respectively.

Minimal measures on surfaces of higher genus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Fang

We study the minimal measures for positive definite autonomous Lagrangian systems defined on the tangent bundles of compact surfaces with genus greater than one. We present some results on the structure of minimal measures on compact surfaces. Specifically, we give a finer description of the structure of minimal measures with rational rotation vectors for geodesic flows on compact surfaces.

76 FR 30550 - Federal Management Regulation; Change in Consumer Price Index Minimal Value

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-26

... Minimal Value AGENCY: Office of Governmentwide Policy, GSA. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 7342, at three-year intervals following January 1, 1981, the minimal value for foreign gifts must... required consultation has been completed and the minimal value has been increased to $350 or less as of...

Tool for a configurable integrated circuit that uses determination of dynamic power consumption

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davoodi, Azadeh (Inventor); French, Matthew C. (Inventor); Agarwal, Deepak (Inventor); Wang, Li (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A configurable logic tool that allows minimization of dynamic power within an FPGA design without changing user-entered specifications. The minimization of power may use minimized clock nets as a first order operation, and a second order operation that minimizes other factors, such as area of placement, area of clocks and/or slack.

Systems Biology Perspectives on Minimal and Simpler Cells

PubMed Central

Xavier, Joana C.; Patil, Kiran Raosaheb

2014-01-01

SUMMARY The concept of the minimal cell has fascinated scientists for a long time, from both fundamental and applied points of view. This broad concept encompasses extreme reductions of genomes, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the creation of semiartificial cells, and the design of protocells and chassis cells. Here we review these different areas of research and identify common and complementary aspects of each one. We focus on systems biology, a discipline that is greatly facilitating the classical top-down and bottom-up approaches toward minimal cells. In addition, we also review the so-called middle-out approach and its contributions to the field with mathematical and computational models. Owing to the advances in genomics technologies, much of the work in this area has been centered on minimal genomes, or rather minimal gene sets, required to sustain life. Nevertheless, a fundamental expansion has been taking place in the last few years wherein the minimal gene set is viewed as a backbone of a more complex system. Complementing genomics, progress is being made in understanding the system-wide properties at the levels of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Network modeling approaches are enabling the integration of these different omics data sets toward an understanding of the complex molecular pathways connecting genotype to phenotype. We review key concepts central to the mapping and modeling of this complexity, which is at the heart of research on minimal cells. Finally, we discuss the distinction between minimizing the number of cellular components and minimizing cellular complexity, toward an improved understanding and utilization of minimal and simpler cells. PMID:25184563

Improving the performance of minimizers and winnowing schemes.

PubMed

Marçais, Guillaume; Pellow, David; Bork, Daniel; Orenstein, Yaron; Shamir, Ron; Kingsford, Carl

2017-07-15

The minimizers scheme is a method for selecting k -mers from sequences. It is used in many bioinformatics software tools to bin comparable sequences or to sample a sequence in a deterministic fashion at approximately regular intervals, in order to reduce memory consumption and processing time. Although very useful, the minimizers selection procedure has undesirable behaviors (e.g. too many k -mers are selected when processing certain sequences). Some of these problems were already known to the authors of the minimizers technique, and the natural lexicographic ordering of k -mers used by minimizers was recognized as their origin. Many software tools using minimizers employ ad hoc variations of the lexicographic order to alleviate those issues. We provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of k -mer ordering on the performance of the minimizers technique. By using small universal hitting sets (a recently defined concept), we show how to significantly improve the performance of minimizers and avoid some of its worse behaviors. Based on these results, we encourage bioinformatics software developers to use an ordering based on a universal hitting set or, if not possible, a randomized ordering, rather than the lexicographic order. This analysis also settles negatively a conjecture (by Schleimer et al. ) on the expected density of minimizers in a random sequence. The software used for this analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/gmarcais/minimizers.git . gmarcais@cs.cmu.edu or carlk@cs.cmu.edu. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Use of minimally invasive spine surgical instruments for the treatment of bone tumors.

PubMed

Reeves, Russell A; DeWolf, Matthew C; Shaughnessy, Peter J; Ames, James B; Henderson, Eric R

2017-11-01

Orthopedic oncologists often encounter patients with minor bony lesions that are difficult to access surgically and therefore require large exposures out of proportion to the severity of disease that confer significant patient morbidity. Minimally invasive surgical techniques offer the advantage of smaller incisions, shorter operative times, decreased tissue damage, and decreased costs. A variety of surgical procedures have emerged using minimally invasive technologies, particularly in the field of spine surgery. Areas covered: In this article, we describe the Minimal Exposure Tubular Retractor (METRx TM ) System which is a minimally invasive surgical device that utilizes a series of dilators to permit access to a surgical site of interest. This system was developed for use in treatment of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, posterior lumbar interbody fusion, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and spinal cord stimulation implantation. We also describe novel uses of this system for minimally invasive biopsy and treatment of benign and metastatic bone lesions at our institution. Expert commentary: Minimally invasive surgical techniques will continue to expand into the field of orthopedic oncology. With a greater number of studies proving the safety and effectiveness of this technique, the demand for minimally invasive treatments will grow.

Cigarette Price-Minimization Strategies by U.S. Smokers

PubMed Central

Xu, Xin; Pesko, Michael F.; Tynan, Michael A.; Gerzoff, Robert B.; Malarcher, Ann M.; Pechacek, Terry F.

2015-01-01

Background Smokers may react to cigarette excise tax increases by engaging in price-minimization strategies (i.e., finding ways to reduce the cost of cigarette smoking) rather than by quitting or reducing their cigarette use, thereby reducing the public health benefits of such tax increases. Purpose To evaluate the state and national prevalence of five common cigarette price-minimization strategies and the size of price reductions obtained from these strategies. Methods Using data from the 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, the prevalence of five common price-minimization strategies by type of strategy and by smoker’s cigarette consumption level were estimated. The price reductions associated with these price-minimization strategies also were evaluated. Analyses took place in November 2012. Results Approximately 55.4% of U.S. adult smokers used at least one of five price-minimization strategies in the previous year, with an average reduction of $1.27 per pack (22.0%). Results varied widely by state. Conclusions Cigarette price-minimization strategies are practiced widely among current smokers, and resulting price reductions are relatively large. Policies that decrease opportunities to effectively apply cigarette price-minimization strategies would increase the public health gains of cigarette excise tax increases. PMID:23597810

Non-minimally coupled f(R) cosmology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thakur, Shruti; Sen, Anjan A.; Seshadri, T. R.

2011-02-01

We investigate the consequences of non-minimal gravitational coupling to matter and study how it differs from the case of minimal coupling by choosing certain simple forms for the nature of coupling. The values of the parameters are specified at z=0 (present epoch) and the equations are evolved backwards to calculate the evolution of cosmological parameters. We find that the Hubble parameter evolves more slowly in non-minimal coupling case as compared to the minimal coupling case. In both the cases, the universe accelerates around present time, and enters the decelerating regime in the past. Using the latest Union2 dataset for supernova Type Ia observations as well as the data for baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) from SDSS observations, we constraint the parameters of Linder exponential model in the two different approaches. We find that there is an upper bound on model parameter in minimal coupling. But for non-minimal coupling case, there is range of allowed values for the model parameter.

Economic impact of minimally invasive lumbar surgery.

PubMed

Hofstetter, Christoph P; Hofer, Anna S; Wang, Michael Y

2015-03-18

Cost effectiveness has been demonstrated for traditional lumbar discectomy, lumbar laminectomy as well as for instrumented and noninstrumented arthrodesis. While emerging evidence suggests that minimally invasive spine surgery reduces morbidity, duration of hospitalization, and accelerates return to activites of daily living, data regarding cost effectiveness of these novel techniques is limited. The current study analyzes all available data on minimally invasive techniques for lumbar discectomy, decompression, short-segment fusion and deformity surgery. In general, minimally invasive spine procedures appear to hold promise in quicker patient recovery times and earlier return to work. Thus, minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery appears to have the potential to be a cost-effective intervention. Moreover, novel less invasive procedures are less destabilizing and may therefore be utilized in certain indications that traditionally required arthrodesis procedures. However, there is a lack of studies analyzing the economic impact of minimally invasive spine surgery. Future studies are necessary to confirm the durability and further define indications for minimally invasive lumbar spine procedures.

Linear Matrix Inequality Method for a Quadratic Performance Index Minimization Problem with a class of Bilinear Matrix Inequality Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanemura, M.; Chida, Y.

2016-09-01

There are a lot of design problems of control system which are expressed as a performance index minimization under BMI conditions. However, a minimization problem expressed as LMIs can be easily solved because of the convex property of LMIs. Therefore, many researchers have been studying transforming a variety of control design problems into convex minimization problems expressed as LMIs. This paper proposes an LMI method for a quadratic performance index minimization problem with a class of BMI conditions. The minimization problem treated in this paper includes design problems of state-feedback gain for switched system and so on. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through a state-feedback gain design for switched systems and a numerical simulation using the designed feedback gains.

Limited access atrial septal defect closure and the evolution of minimally invasive surgery.

PubMed

Izzat, M B; Yim, A P; El-Zufari, M H

1998-04-01

While minimizing the "invasiveness" in general surgery has been equated with minimizing "access", what constitutes minimally invasive intra-cardiac surgery remains controversial. Many surgeons doubt the benefits of minimizing access when the need for cardiopulmonary bypass cannot be waived. Recognizing that median sternotomy itself does entail significant morbidity, we investigated the value of alternative approaches to median sternotomy using atrial septal defect closure as our investigative model. We believe that some, but not all minimal access approaches are associated with reduced postoperative morbidity and enhanced recovery. Our current strategy is to use a mini-sternotomy approach in adult patients, whereas conventional median sternotomy remains our standard approach in the pediatric population. Considerable clinical experiences coupled with documented clinical benefits are fundamental before a certain approach is adopted in routine practice.

Correlation between the norm and the geometry of minimal networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laut, I. L.

2017-05-01

The paper is concerned with the inverse problem of the minimal Steiner network problem in a normed linear space. Namely, given a normed space in which all minimal networks are known for any finite point set, the problem is to describe all the norms on this space for which the minimal networks are the same as for the original norm. We survey the available results and prove that in the plane a rotund differentiable norm determines a distinctive set of minimal Steiner networks. In a two-dimensional space with rotund differentiable norm the coordinates of interior vertices of a nondegenerate minimal parametric network are shown to vary continuously under small deformations of the boundary set, and the turn direction of the network is determined. Bibliography: 15 titles.

Massively parallel GPU-accelerated minimization of classical density functional theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stopper, Daniel; Roth, Roland

2017-08-01

In this paper, we discuss the ability to numerically minimize the grand potential of hard disks in two-dimensional and of hard spheres in three-dimensional space within the framework of classical density functional and fundamental measure theory on modern graphics cards. Our main finding is that a massively parallel minimization leads to an enormous performance gain in comparison to standard sequential minimization schemes. Furthermore, the results indicate that in complex multi-dimensional situations, a heavy parallel minimization of the grand potential seems to be mandatory in order to reach a reasonable balance between accuracy and computational cost.

An Error-Entropy Minimization Algorithm for Tracking Control of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems with Non-Gaussian Variables

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yunlong; Wang, Aiping; Guo, Lei

This paper presents an error-entropy minimization tracking control algorithm for a class of dynamic stochastic system. The system is represented by a set of time-varying discrete nonlinear equations with non-Gaussian stochastic input, where the statistical properties of stochastic input are unknown. By using Parzen windowing with Gaussian kernel to estimate the probability densities of errors, recursive algorithms are then proposed to design the controller such that the tracking error can be minimized. The performance of the error-entropy minimization criterion is compared with the mean-square-error minimization in the simulation results.

Minimally Invasive Dentistry

MedlinePlus

... geta poker friv Home InfoBites Find an AGD Dentist Your Family's Oral Health About the AGD Dental ... structure. It focuses on prevention, remineralization, and minimal dentist intervention. Using scientific advances, minimally invasive dentistry allows ...

Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

Logistics 4 Initiative - DoD Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Non- Chrome Primer IIEXAVAJ ENT CHRO:M I~UMI CHROMIUM (VII Oil CrfVli.J CANCEfl HAnRD CD...Management Office of the Secretary of Defense Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Strategy Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188...00-2011 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Strategy 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6

Open conversion during minimally invasive radical prostatectomy: impact on perioperative complications and predictors from national data.

PubMed

Sharma, Vidit; Meeks, Joshua J

2014-12-01

Despite the increased use of minimally invasive radical prostatectomy, open conversion may occur due to surgical complications, surgeon inexperience or failure to progress. We used nationally representative data to quantify the impact of open conversion compared to nonconverted minimally invasive radical prostatectomy and open radical prostatectomy, and identify predictors of open conversion. Years 2004 to 2010 of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were queried for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy to analyze the association of open conversion during minimally invasive radical prostatectomy with Clavien complications. Multivariate regression models yielded significant predictors of open conversion. From 2004 to 2010, 134,398 (95% CI 111,509-157,287) minimally invasive radical prostatectomies were performed with a 1.8% (95% CI 1.4-2.1) open conversion rate, translating to 2,360 (95% CI 2,001-2,720) conversions. Open conversion cases had a longer length of stay (4.17 vs 1.71 days, p <0.001) and higher hospital charges ($51,049 vs $37,418, p <0.001) than nonconverted cases. Of open conversion cases 45.2% experienced a complication vs 7.2% and 12.9% of minimally invasive radical prostatectomy and open radical prostatectomy cases, respectively (p <0.001). After adjusting for age and comorbidities, open conversion was associated with significantly increased odds of a Clavien grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 complication compared to nonconverted minimally invasive radical prostatectomy and open radical prostatectomy (OR range 2.913 to 15.670, p <0.001). Significant multivariate predictors of open conversion were obesity (OR 1.916), adhesions (OR 3.060), anemia (OR 5.692) and surgeon volume for minimally invasive radical prostatectomy less than 25 cases per year (OR 7.376) (all p <0.01). Open conversion during minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is associated with a higher than expected increase in complications compared to open radical prostatectomy and minimally invasive radical prostatectomy after adjusting for age and comorbidities. External validation of predictors of open conversion may prove useful in minimizing open conversion during minimally invasive radical prostatectomy. Copyright © 2014 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[THE COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF DETECTION OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND MARROW IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUCOSIS].

PubMed

Tsaur, G A; Riger, T O; Popov, A M; Nasedkina, T V; Kustanovich, A M; Solodovnikov, A G; Streneva, O V; Shorikov, E V; Tsvirenko, S V; Saveliev, L I; Fechina, L G

2015-04-01

The occurrence of minimal residual disease is an important prognostic factor under acute lymphoblastic leucosis in children and adults. In overwhelming majority of research studies bone marrow is used to detect minimal residual disease. The comparative characteristic of detection of minimal residual disease in peripheral blood and bone marrow was carried out. The prognostic role of occurrence of minimal residual disease in peripheral blood and bone marrow under therapy according protocol MLL-Baby was evaluated. The analysis embraced 142 pair samples from 53 patients with acute lymphoblastic leucosis and various displacements of gene MLL younger than 365 days. The minimal residual disease was detected by force of identification of chimeric transcripts using polymerase chain reaction in real-time mode in 7 sequential points of observation established by protocol of therapy. The comparability of results of qualitative detection of minimal residual disease in bone marrow and peripheral blood amounted to 84.5%. At that, in all 22 (15.5%) discordant samples minimal residual disease was detected only in bone marrow. Despite of high level of comparability of results of detection of minimal residual disease in peripheral blood and bone marrow the occurrence of minimal residual disease in peripheral blood at various stages of therapy demonstrated no independent prognostic significance. The established differences had no relationship with sensitivity of method determined by value of absolute expression of gene ABL. Most likely, these differences reflected real distribution of tumor cells. The results of study demonstrated that application of peripheral blood instead of bone marrow for monitoring of minimal residual disease under acute lymphoblastic leucosis in children of first year of life is inappropriate. At the same time, retention of minimal residual disease in TH4 in bone marrow was an independent and prognostic unfavorable factor under therapy of acute lymphoblastic leucosis of children of first year of life according protocol MLL-Baby (OO=7.326, confidence interval 2.378-22.565).

Electromyographic monitoring and its anatomical implications in minimally invasive spine surgery.

PubMed

Uribe, Juan S; Vale, Fernando L; Dakwar, Elias

2010-12-15

Literature review. The objective of this article is to examine current intraoperative electromyography (EMG) neurophysiologic monitoring methods and their application in minimally invasive techniques. We will also discuss the recent application of EMG and its anatomic implications to the minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the spine. Minimally invasive techniques require that the same goals of surgery be achieved, with the hope of decreased morbidity to the patient. Unlike standard open procedures, direct visualization of the anatomy is decreased. To increase the safety of minimally invasive spine surgery, neurophysiological monitoring techniques have been developed. Review of the literature was performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases using PUBMED/MEDLINE. All articles in the English language discussing the use of intraoperative EMG monitoring and minimally invasive spine surgery were reviewed. The role of EMG monitoring in special reference to the minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach is also described. In total, 76 articles were identified that discussed the role of neuromonitoring in spine surgery. The majority of articles on EMG and spine surgery discuss the use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) for safe and accurate pedicle screw placement. In general, there is a paucity of literature that pertains to intraoperative EMG neuromonitoring and minimally invasive spine surgery. Recently, EMG has been used during minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine for interbody fusion. The addition of EMG to the lateral approach has contributed to decrease the complication rate from 30% to less than 1%. In minimally invasive approaches to the spine, the use of EMG IOM might provide additional safety, such as percutaneous pedicle screw placement, where visualization is limited compared with conventional open procedures. In addition to knowledge of the anatomy and image guidance, directional EMG IOM is crucial for safe passage through the psoas muscle during the minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal approach.

Comparing fixed sampling with minimizer sampling when using k-mer indexes to find maximal exact matches.

PubMed

Almutairy, Meznah; Torng, Eric

2018-01-01

Bioinformatics applications and pipelines increasingly use k-mer indexes to search for similar sequences. The major problem with k-mer indexes is that they require lots of memory. Sampling is often used to reduce index size and query time. Most applications use one of two major types of sampling: fixed sampling and minimizer sampling. It is well known that fixed sampling will produce a smaller index, typically by roughly a factor of two, whereas it is generally assumed that minimizer sampling will produce faster query times since query k-mers can also be sampled. However, no direct comparison of fixed and minimizer sampling has been performed to verify these assumptions. We systematically compare fixed and minimizer sampling using the human genome as our database. We use the resulting k-mer indexes for fixed sampling and minimizer sampling to find all maximal exact matches between our database, the human genome, and three separate query sets, the mouse genome, the chimp genome, and an NGS data set. We reach the following conclusions. First, using larger k-mers reduces query time for both fixed sampling and minimizer sampling at a cost of requiring more space. If we use the same k-mer size for both methods, fixed sampling requires typically half as much space whereas minimizer sampling processes queries only slightly faster. If we are allowed to use any k-mer size for each method, then we can choose a k-mer size such that fixed sampling both uses less space and processes queries faster than minimizer sampling. The reason is that although minimizer sampling is able to sample query k-mers, the number of shared k-mer occurrences that must be processed is much larger for minimizer sampling than fixed sampling. In conclusion, we argue that for any application where each shared k-mer occurrence must be processed, fixed sampling is the right sampling method.

Comparing fixed sampling with minimizer sampling when using k-mer indexes to find maximal exact matches

PubMed Central

Torng, Eric

2018-01-01

Bioinformatics applications and pipelines increasingly use k-mer indexes to search for similar sequences. The major problem with k-mer indexes is that they require lots of memory. Sampling is often used to reduce index size and query time. Most applications use one of two major types of sampling: fixed sampling and minimizer sampling. It is well known that fixed sampling will produce a smaller index, typically by roughly a factor of two, whereas it is generally assumed that minimizer sampling will produce faster query times since query k-mers can also be sampled. However, no direct comparison of fixed and minimizer sampling has been performed to verify these assumptions. We systematically compare fixed and minimizer sampling using the human genome as our database. We use the resulting k-mer indexes for fixed sampling and minimizer sampling to find all maximal exact matches between our database, the human genome, and three separate query sets, the mouse genome, the chimp genome, and an NGS data set. We reach the following conclusions. First, using larger k-mers reduces query time for both fixed sampling and minimizer sampling at a cost of requiring more space. If we use the same k-mer size for both methods, fixed sampling requires typically half as much space whereas minimizer sampling processes queries only slightly faster. If we are allowed to use any k-mer size for each method, then we can choose a k-mer size such that fixed sampling both uses less space and processes queries faster than minimizer sampling. The reason is that although minimizer sampling is able to sample query k-mers, the number of shared k-mer occurrences that must be processed is much larger for minimizer sampling than fixed sampling. In conclusion, we argue that for any application where each shared k-mer occurrence must be processed, fixed sampling is the right sampling method. PMID:29389989

Systems biology perspectives on minimal and simpler cells.

PubMed

Xavier, Joana C; Patil, Kiran Raosaheb; Rocha, Isabel

2014-09-01

The concept of the minimal cell has fascinated scientists for a long time, from both fundamental and applied points of view. This broad concept encompasses extreme reductions of genomes, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the creation of semiartificial cells, and the design of protocells and chassis cells. Here we review these different areas of research and identify common and complementary aspects of each one. We focus on systems biology, a discipline that is greatly facilitating the classical top-down and bottom-up approaches toward minimal cells. In addition, we also review the so-called middle-out approach and its contributions to the field with mathematical and computational models. Owing to the advances in genomics technologies, much of the work in this area has been centered on minimal genomes, or rather minimal gene sets, required to sustain life. Nevertheless, a fundamental expansion has been taking place in the last few years wherein the minimal gene set is viewed as a backbone of a more complex system. Complementing genomics, progress is being made in understanding the system-wide properties at the levels of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Network modeling approaches are enabling the integration of these different omics data sets toward an understanding of the complex molecular pathways connecting genotype to phenotype. We review key concepts central to the mapping and modeling of this complexity, which is at the heart of research on minimal cells. Finally, we discuss the distinction between minimizing the number of cellular components and minimizing cellular complexity, toward an improved understanding and utilization of minimal and simpler cells. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

[Can the local energy minimization refine the PDB structures of different resolution universally?].

PubMed

Godzi, M G; Gromova, A P; Oferkin, I V; Mironov, P V

2009-01-01

The local energy minimization was statistically validated as the refinement strategy for PDB structure pairs of different resolution. Thirteen pairs of structures with the only difference in resolution were extracted from PDB, and the structures of 11 identical proteins obtained by different X-ray diffraction techniques were represented. The distribution of RMSD value was calculated for these pairs before and after the local energy minimization of each structure. The MMFF94 field was used for energy calculations, and the quasi-Newton method was used for local energy minimization. By comparison of these two RMSD distributions, the local energy minimization was proved to statistically increase the structural differences in pairs so that it cannot be used for refinement purposes. To explore the prospects of complex refinement strategies based on energy minimization, randomized structures were obtained by moving the initial PDB structures as far as the minimized structures had been moved in a multidimensional space of atomic coordinates. For these randomized structures, the RMSD distribution was calculated and compared with that for minimized structures. The significant differences in their mean values proved the energy surface of the protein to have only few minima near the conformations of different resolution obtained by X-ray diffraction for PDB. Some other results obtained by exploring the energy surface near these conformations are also presented. These results are expected to be very useful for the development of new protein refinement strategies based on energy minimization.

Steiner minimal trees in small neighbourhoods of points in Riemannian manifolds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chikin, V. M.

2017-07-01

In contrast to the Euclidean case, almost no Steiner minimal trees with concrete boundaries on Riemannian manifolds are known. A result describing the types of Steiner minimal trees on a Riemannian manifold for arbitrary small boundaries is obtained. As a consequence, it is shown that for sufficiently small regular n-gons with n≥ 7 their boundaries without a longest side are Steiner minimal trees. Bibliography: 22 titles.

Spin coating apparatus

DOEpatents

Torczynski, John R.

2000-01-01

A spin coating apparatus requires less cleanroom air flow than prior spin coating apparatus to minimize cleanroom contamination. A shaped exhaust duct from the spin coater maintains process quality while requiring reduced cleanroom air flow. The exhaust duct can decrease in cross section as it extends from the wafer, minimizing eddy formation. The exhaust duct can conform to entrainment streamlines to minimize eddy formation and reduce interprocess contamination at minimal cleanroom air flow rates.

A generic minimization random allocation and blinding system on web.

PubMed

Cai, Hongwei; Xia, Jielai; Xu, Dezhong; Gao, Donghuai; Yan, Yongping

2006-12-01

Minimization is a dynamic randomization method for clinical trials. Although recommended by many researchers, the utilization of minimization has been seldom reported in randomized trials mainly because of the controversy surrounding the validity of conventional analyses and its complexity in implementation. However, both the statistical and clinical validity of minimization were demonstrated in recent studies. Minimization random allocation system integrated with blinding function that could facilitate the implementation of this method in general clinical trials has not been reported. SYSTEM OVERVIEW: The system is a web-based random allocation system using Pocock and Simon minimization method. It also supports multiple treatment arms within a trial, multiple simultaneous trials, and blinding without further programming. This system was constructed with generic database schema design method, Pocock and Simon minimization method and blinding method. It was coded with Microsoft Visual Basic and Active Server Pages (ASP) programming languages. And all dataset were managed with a Microsoft SQL Server database. Some critical programming codes were also provided. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS: Two clinical trials were simulated simultaneously to test the system's applicability. Not only balanced groups but also blinded allocation results were achieved in both trials. Practical considerations for minimization method, the benefits, general applicability and drawbacks of the technique implemented in this system are discussed. Promising features of the proposed system are also summarized.

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma.

PubMed

Kaye, Ian David; Passias, Peter

2018-03-01

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques offer promising improvements in the management of thoracolumbar trauma. Recent advances in MIS techniques and instrumentation for degenerative conditions have heralded a growing interest in employing these techniques for thoracolumbar trauma. Specifically, surgeons have applied these techniques to help manage flexion- and extension-distraction injuries, neurologically intact burst fractures, and cases of damage control. Minimally invasive surgical techniques offer a means to decrease blood loss, shorten operative time, reduce infection risk, and shorten hospital stays. Herein, we review thoracolumbar minimally invasive surgery with an emphasis on thoracolumbar trauma classification, minimally invasive spinal stabilization, surgical indications, patient outcomes, technical considerations, and potential complications.

Minimal sufficient positive-operator valued measure on a separable Hilbert space

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuramochi, Yui, E-mail: kuramochi.yui.22c@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

We introduce a concept of a minimal sufficient positive-operator valued measure (POVM), which is the least redundant POVM among the POVMs that have the equivalent information about the measured quantum system. Assuming the system Hilbert space to be separable, we show that for a given POVM, a sufficient statistic called a Lehmann-Scheffé-Bahadur statistic induces a minimal sufficient POVM. We also show that every POVM has an equivalent minimal sufficient POVM and that such a minimal sufficient POVM is unique up to relabeling neglecting null sets. We apply these results to discrete POVMs and information conservation conditions proposed by the author.

Minimal investment risk of a portfolio optimization problem with budget and investment concentration constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shinzato, Takashi

2017-02-01

In the present paper, the minimal investment risk for a portfolio optimization problem with imposed budget and investment concentration constraints is considered using replica analysis. Since the minimal investment risk is influenced by the investment concentration constraint (as well as the budget constraint), it is intuitive that the minimal investment risk for the problem with an investment concentration constraint can be larger than that without the constraint (that is, with only the budget constraint). Moreover, a numerical experiment shows the effectiveness of our proposed analysis. In contrast, the standard operations research approach failed to identify accurately the minimal investment risk of the portfolio optimization problem.

Local Risk-Minimization for Defaultable Claims with Recovery Process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biagini, Francesca, E-mail: biagini@mathematik.uni-muenchen.de; Cretarola, Alessandra, E-mail: alessandra.cretarola@dmi.unipg.it

We study the local risk-minimization approach for defaultable claims with random recovery at default time, seen as payment streams on the random interval [0,{tau} Logical-And T], where T denotes the fixed time-horizon. We find the pseudo-locally risk-minimizing strategy in the case when the agent information takes into account the possibility of a default event (local risk-minimization with G-strategies) and we provide an application in the case of a corporate bond. We also discuss the problem of finding a pseudo-locally risk-minimizing strategy if we suppose the agent obtains her information only by observing the non-defaultable assets.

A videoscope for use in minimally invasive periodontal surgery.

PubMed

Harrel, Stephen K; Wilson, Thomas G; Rivera-Hidalgo, Francisco

2013-09-01

Minimally invasive periodontal procedures have been reported to produce excellent clinical results. Visualization during minimally invasive procedures has traditionally been obtained by the use of surgical telescopes, surgical microscopes, glass fibre endoscopes or a combination of these devices. All of these methods for visualization are less than fully satisfactory due to problems with access, magnification and blurred imaging. A videoscope for use with minimally invasive periodontal procedures has been developed to overcome some of the difficulties that exist with current visualization approaches. This videoscope incorporates a gas shielding technology that eliminates the problems of fogging and fouling of the optics of the videoscope that has previously prevented the successful application of endoscopic visualization to periodontal surgery. In addition, as part of the gas shielding technology the videoscope also includes a moveable retractor specifically adapted for minimally invasive surgery. The clinical use of the videoscope during minimally invasive periodontal surgery is demonstrated and discussed. The videoscope with gas shielding alleviates many of the difficulties associated with visualization during minimally invasive periodontal surgery. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

An Overview of Randomization and Minimization Programs for Randomized Clinical Trials

PubMed Central

Saghaei, Mahmoud

2011-01-01

Randomization is an essential component of sound clinical trials, which prevents selection biases and helps in blinding the allocations. Randomization is a process by which subsequent subjects are enrolled into trial groups only by chance, which essentially eliminates selection biases. A serious consequence of randomization is severe imbalance among the treatment groups with respect to some prognostic factors, which invalidate the trial results or necessitate complex and usually unreliable secondary analysis to eradicate the source of imbalances. Minimization on the other hand tends to allocate in such a way as to minimize the differences among groups, with respect to prognostic factors. Pure minimization is therefore completely deterministic, that is, one can predict the allocation of the next subject by knowing the factor levels of a previously enrolled subject and having the properties of the next subject. To eliminate the predictability of randomization, it is necessary to include some elements of randomness in the minimization algorithms. In this article brief descriptions of randomization and minimization are presented followed by introducing selected randomization and minimization programs. PMID:22606659

The Costs of Legislated Minimal Competency Requirements. A background paper prepared for the Minimal Cometency Workshops sponsored by the Education Commission of the States and the National Institute of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Barry D.

Little is known about the costs of setting up and implementing legislated minimal competency testing (MCT). To estimate the financial obstacles which lie between the idea and its implementation, MCT requirements are viewed from two perspectives. The first, government regulation, views legislated minimal competency requirements as an attempt by the…

Minimizers with Bounded Action for the High-Dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miao, Xue-Qing; Wang, Ya-Nan; Qin, Wen-Xin

In Aubry-Mather theory for monotone twist maps or for one-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) model with nearest neighbor interactions, each global minimizer (minimal energy configuration) is naturally Birkhoff. However, this is not true for the one-dimensional FK model with non-nearest neighbor interactions or for the high-dimensional FK model. In this paper, we study the Birkhoff property of minimizers with bounded action for the high-dimensional FK model.

On the minimal risk threshold in research with children.

PubMed

Binik, Ariella

2014-01-01

To protect children in research, procedures that are not administered in the medical interests of a child must be restricted. The risk threshold for these procedures is generally measured according to the concept of minimal risk. Minimal risk is often defined according to the risks of "daily life." But it is not clear whose daily life should serve as the baseline; that is, it is not clear to whom minimal risk should refer. Commentators in research ethics often argue that "minimal risk" should refer to healthy children or the subjects of the research. I argue that neither of these interpretations is successful. I propose a new interpretation in which minimal risk refers to children who are not unduly burdened by their daily lives. I argue that children are not unduly burdened when they fare well, and I defend a substantive goods account of children's welfare.

Comparisons of Adolescent and Parent Willingness to Participate in Minimal and Above Minimal Risk Pediatric Asthma Research Protocols

PubMed Central

Brody, Janet L.; Annett, Robert D.; Scherer, David G.; Perryman, Mandy L.; Cofrin, Keely M. W.

2007-01-01

Purpose Much has been written about conceptual concern for voluntary assent with children and adolescents. However, little empirical data exists examining the frequency with which, or context in which, adolescents and parents disagree on research participation decisions. The purpose of this study was to compare parent and adolescent willingness to participate in minimal and above minimal risk pediatric asthma research protocols. Method 36 adolescents diagnosed with asthma and one of their parents independently rated their willingness to participate in 9 pediatric asthma research protocol vignettes. The selected protocols were chosen by an expert panel as representative of typical minimal and above minimal risk pediatric asthma studies. Results Parents and adolescents were significantly less likely to agree to enroll in above minimal risk studies. However, this was qualified by a finding that adolescents were significantly more willing than parents to enroll in above minimal risk research. Across all 9 studies, parents and adolescents held concordant views on participation decisions approximately 60% of the time. Perception of potential study benefit was the most frequent reason provided for participation decisions by both parents and adolescents. Conclusion Parents and their adolescents report a consistent 40% discordance in their views about participating in asthma research across a variety of asthma research protocols, with adolescents more willing than their parents to enroll in above minimal risk studies. These differences of opinion highlight the need to carefully consider the process by which families are offered the option of adolescent research participation. PMID:16109343

Quantum scattering in one-dimensional systems satisfying the minimal length uncertainty relation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bernardo, Reginald Christian S., E-mail: rcbernardo@nip.upd.edu.ph; Esguerra, Jose Perico H., E-mail: jesguerra@nip.upd.edu.ph

In quantum gravity theories, when the scattering energy is comparable to the Planck energy the Heisenberg uncertainty principle breaks down and is replaced by the minimal length uncertainty relation. In this paper, the consequences of the minimal length uncertainty relation on one-dimensional quantum scattering are studied using an approach involving a recently proposed second-order differential equation. An exact analytical expression for the tunneling probability through a locally-periodic rectangular potential barrier system is obtained. Results show that the existence of a non-zero minimal length uncertainty tends to shift the resonant tunneling energies to the positive direction. Scattering through a locally-periodic potentialmore » composed of double-rectangular potential barriers shows that the first band of resonant tunneling energies widens for minimal length cases when the double-rectangular potential barrier is symmetric but narrows down when the double-rectangular potential barrier is asymmetric. A numerical solution which exploits the use of Wronskians is used to calculate the transmission probabilities through the Pöschl–Teller well, Gaussian barrier, and double-Gaussian barrier. Results show that the probability of passage through the Pöschl–Teller well and Gaussian barrier is smaller in the minimal length cases compared to the non-minimal length case. For the double-Gaussian barrier, the probability of passage for energies that are more positive than the resonant tunneling energy is larger in the minimal length cases compared to the non-minimal length case. The approach is exact and applicable to many types of scattering potential.« less

Minimally Invasive Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy: A Potential Alternative to Conventional Sternotomy.

PubMed

Pasrija, Chetan; Shah, Aakash; Sultanik, Elliot; Rouse, Michael; Ghoreishi, Mehrdad; Bittle, Gregory J; Boulos, Francesca; Griffith, Bartley P; Kon, Zachary N

Surgical pulmonary embolectomy has gained increasing popularity over the past decade with multiple series reporting excellent outcomes in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism. However, a significant barrier to the broader adoption of surgical pulmonary embolectomy remains the large incision and long recovery after a full sternotomy. We report the safety and efficacy of using a minimally invasive approach to surgical pulmonary embolectomy. All consecutive patients undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy for a submassive pulmonary embolism (2015-2017) were reviewed. Patients were stratified as conventional or minimally invasive. The minimally invasive approach included a 5- to 7-cm skin incision with upper hemisternotomy to the third intercostal space. The primary outcomes were in-hospital and 90-day survival. Thirty patients (conventional = 20, minimally invasive = 10) were identified. Operative time was similar between the two groups, but cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly longer in the minimally invasive group (58 vs 94 minutes, P = 0.04). While ventilator time and intensive care unit length of stay were similar between groups, hospital length of stay was 4.5 days shorter in the minimally invasive group, and there was a trend toward less blood product use. In-hospital and 90-day survival was 100%. Within the minimally invasive cohort, median right ventricular dysfunction at discharge was none-mild and no patient experienced postoperative renal failure, deep sternal wound infection, sepsis, or stroke. Minimally invasive surgical pulmonary embolectomy appears to be a feasible approach in the treatment of patients with a submassive pulmonary embolism. A larger, prospective analysis comparing this modality with conventional surgical pulmonary embolectomy may be warranted.

Implications of the concept of minimal risk in research on informed choice in clinical practice

PubMed Central

Wada, Kyoko; Nisker, Jeff

2015-01-01

The concept of a minimal risk threshold in research, beneath which exception to informed consent and ethics review processes may occur, has been codified for over 30 years in many national research regulations and by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Although minimal risk in research constitutes one of the criteria for allowing waiver of informed consent or modification to the consent process and a large body of literature exists, discussion of a minimal risk threshold in clinical practice has not occurred. One reason for lack of discussion may be that implicit consent is accepted for a wide range of routine clinical practices. Extending the role of minimal risk in research to clinical practice might assist clinicians in identifying circumstances for which implicit consent is indeed sufficient and circumstances in which it is not. Further, concepts from minimal risk in research might assist clinicians regarding when information provision in health promotion is required. We begin by reviewing concepts in both minimal risk in research and informed choice in clinical practice. We then explore how a clinical minimal risk concept may clarify recommendations for information provision in clinical practice and support the patient's informed choice regarding therapeutic and diagnostic procedures and also health promotion. Given that clinical practice involves a broad scope of health information, professional practice guidelines on information provision based on the application of the minimal risk threshold in research could be developed to guide clinicians in what information must be provided to their patients. PMID:26108215

Re-appraisal and consideration of minimally invasive surgery in colorectal cancer

PubMed Central

Abu Gazala, Mahmoud

2017-01-01

Throughout history, surgeons have been on a quest to refine the surgical treatment options for their patients and to minimize operative trauma. During the last three decades, there have been tremendous advances in the field of minimally invasive colorectal surgery, with an explosion of different technologies and approaches offered to treat well-known diseases. Laparoscopic surgery has been shown to be equal or superior to open surgery. The boundaries of laparoscopy have been pushed further, in the form of single-incision laparoscopy, natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery and robotics. This paper critically reviews the pathway of development of minimally invasive surgery, and appraises the different minimally invasive colorectal surgical approaches available to date. PMID:28567286

Finite-element grid improvement by minimization of stiffness matrix trace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kittur, Madan G.; Huston, Ronald L.; Oswald, Fred B.

1989-01-01

A new and simple method of finite-element grid improvement is presented. The objective is to improve the accuracy of the analysis. The procedure is based on a minimization of the trace of the stiffness matrix. For a broad class of problems this minimization is seen to be equivalent to minimizing the potential energy. The method is illustrated with the classical tapered bar problem examined earlier by Prager and Masur. Identical results are obtained.

Finite-element grid improvement by minimization of stiffness matrix trace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kittur, Madan G.; Huston, Ronald L.; Oswald, Fred B.

1987-01-01

A new and simple method of finite-element grid improvement is presented. The objective is to improve the accuracy of the analysis. The procedure is based on a minimization of the trace of the stiffness matrix. For a broad class of problems this minimization is seen to be equivalent to minimizing the potential energy. The method is illustrated with the classical tapered bar problem examined earlier by Prager and Masur. Identical results are obtained.

NAVAIR Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Status

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-11-01

NAVAIR  Hexavalent  Chromium Minimization Status  SERDP/ESTCP Symposium 2010 Cr6+ Session Bill C Nickerson AIR 4.3.4 Report Documentation Page Form...COVERED 00-00-2010 to 00-00-2010 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE NAVAIR Hexavalent Chromium Minimization Status 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c...ANSI Std Z39-18 Minimizing Hexavalent Chromium Use in DoD Operations Technical Session No. 2B C-39 NAVAIR NON-CHROMATE MATERIALS STATUS MR

Evaluation of Practicing sustainable Industrial Solid Waste Minimization by Manufacturing Firms in Malaysia: Strengths and Weaknesses.

PubMed

Mallak, Shadi Kafi; Bakri Ishak, Mohd; Mohamed, Ahmad Fariz

2016-09-13

Malaysia is facing an increasing trend in industrial solid waste generation due to industrial development.Thus there is a paramount need in taking a serious action to move toward sustainable industrial waste management. The main aim of this study is to assess practicing solid waste minimization by manufacturing firms in Shah Alam industrial state, Malaysia. This paper presents a series of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis regarding the level and effects of practicing waste minimization methods, and seriousness of barriers preventing industries from practicing waste minimization methods. For this purpose the survey questions were designed such that both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (semi-structures interview) data were collected concurrently. Analysis showed that, the majority of firms (92%) dispose their wastes rather than practice other sustainable waste management options. Also waste minimization methods such as segregation of wastes, on-site recycle and reuse, improve housekeeping and equipment modification were found to have significant contribution in waste reduction (p<0.05). Lack of expertise (M=3.50), lack of enough information (M= 3.54), lack of equipment modification (M= 3.16) and lack of specific waste minimization guidelines (M=3.49) have higher mean scores comparing with other barriers in different categories. These data were interpreted for elaborating of SWOT and TOWS matrix to highlight strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. Accordingly, ten policies were recommended for improvement of practicing waste minimization by manufacturing firms as the main aim of this research. Implications This manuscript critically analysis waste minimization practices by manufacturing firms in Malaysia. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis were conducted to formulate SWOT and TOWS matrix in order to recommend policies and strategies for improvement of solid waste minimization by manufacturing industries. The results contribute to the knowledge and the findings of this study provide a useful baseline information and data on industrial solid waste generation and waste minimization practice.

Graph cuts for curvature based image denoising.

PubMed

Bae, Egil; Shi, Juan; Tai, Xue-Cheng

2011-05-01

Minimization of total variation (TV) is a well-known method for image denoising. Recently, the relationship between TV minimization problems and binary MRF models has been much explored. This has resulted in some very efficient combinatorial optimization algorithms for the TV minimization problem in the discrete setting via graph cuts. To overcome limitations, such as staircasing effects, of the relatively simple TV model, variational models based upon higher order derivatives have been proposed. The Euler's elastica model is one such higher order model of central importance, which minimizes the curvature of all level lines in the image. Traditional numerical methods for minimizing the energy in such higher order models are complicated and computationally complex. In this paper, we will present an efficient minimization algorithm based upon graph cuts for minimizing the energy in the Euler's elastica model, by simplifying the problem to that of solving a sequence of easy graph representable problems. This sequence has connections to the gradient flow of the energy function, and converges to a minimum point. The numerical experiments show that our new approach is more effective in maintaining smooth visual results while preserving sharp features better than TV models.

40 CFR 262.27 - Waste minimization certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Waste minimization certification. 262.27 Section 262.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE The Manifest § 262.27 Waste minimization...

40 CFR 262.27 - Waste minimization certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Waste minimization certification. 262.27 Section 262.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE The Manifest § 262.27 Waste minimization...

40 CFR 262.27 - Waste minimization certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Waste minimization certification. 262.27 Section 262.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE The Manifest § 262.27 Waste minimization...

40 CFR 262.27 - Waste minimization certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Waste minimization certification. 262.27 Section 262.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE The Manifest § 262.27 Waste minimization...

40 CFR 262.27 - Waste minimization certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Waste minimization certification. 262.27 Section 262.27 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE The Manifest § 262.27 Waste minimization...

Minimizing electrode contamination in an electrochemical cell

DOEpatents

Kim, Yu Seung; Zelenay, Piotr; Johnston, Christina

2014-12-09

An electrochemical cell assembly that is expected to prevent or at least minimize electrode contamination includes one or more getters that trap a component or components leached from a first electrode and prevents or at least minimizes them from contaminating a second electrode.

46 CFR 190.05-3 - Fire hazards to be minimized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT General Fire Protection § 190.05-3 Fire hazards to be minimized. (a) The general construction of the vessel shall be such as to minimize fire hazards. ...

Graphical approach for multiple values logic minimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Awwal, Abdul Ahad S.; Iftekharuddin, Khan M.

1999-03-01

Multiple valued logic (MVL) is sought for designing high complexity, highly compact, parallel digital circuits. However, the practical realization of an MVL-based system is dependent on optimization of cost, which directly affects the optical setup. We propose a minimization technique for MVL logic optimization based on graphical visualization, such as a Karnaugh map. The proposed method is utilized to solve signed-digit binary and trinary logic minimization problems. The usefulness of the minimization technique is demonstrated for the optical implementation of MVL circuits.

Minimal invasive right ventricular and atrial pacemaker lead repositioning as a first alternative is superior in avoiding pocket complications with passive fixation leads.

PubMed

Osztheimer, István; Szilágyi, Szabolcs; Pongor, Zsuzsanna; Zima, Endre; Molnár, Levente; Tahin, Tamás; Özcan, Emin Evren; Széplaki, Gábor; Merkely, Béla; Gellér, László

2017-06-01

Lead dislocations of pacemaker systems are reported in all and even in high-volume centers. Repeated procedures necessitated by lead dislocations are associated with an increased risk of complications. We investigated a minimal invasive method for right atrial and ventricular lead repositioning. The minimal invasive method was applied only when passive fixation leads were implanted. During the minimal invasive procedure, a steerable catheter was advanced through the femoral vein to move the distal end of the lead to the appropriate position. Retrospective data collection was conducted in all patients with minimal invasive and with conventional method, at a single center between September 2006 and December 2012. Forty-five minimal invasive lead repositionings were performed, of which eight were acutely unsuccessful and nine electrodes re-dislocated after the procedure. One hundred two leads were repositioned with opening of the pocket during the same time, including the ones with unsuccessful minimal invasive repositionings. One procedure was acutely unsuccessful in this group and four re-dislocations happened. A significant difference of success rates was noted (66.6% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.001). One complication was observed during the minimal invasive lead repositionings (left ventricular lead microdislodgement). Open-pocket procedures showed different types of complications (pneumothorax, subclavian artery puncture, pericardial effusion, hematoma, fever, device-associated infection which necessitated explantation, atrial lead dislodgement while repositioning the ventricular one, deterioration of renal function). The minimal invasive method as a first alternative is safe and feasible. In those cases when it cannot be carried out successfully, the conventional method is applicable.

Time Management in the Operating Room: An Analysis of the Dedicated Minimally Invasive Surgery Suite

PubMed Central

Hsiao, Kenneth C.; Machaidze, Zurab

2004-01-01

Background: Dedicated minimally invasive surgery suites are available that contain specialized equipment to facilitate endoscopic surgery. Laparoscopy performed in a general operating room is hampered by the multitude of additional equipment that must be transported into the room. The objective of this study was to compare the preparation times between procedures performed in traditional operating rooms versus dedicated minimally invasive surgery suites to see whether operating room efficiency is improved in the specialized room. Methods: The records of 50 patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures between September 2000 and April 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three patients underwent surgery in a general operating room and 18 patients in an minimally invasive surgery suite. Nine patients were excluded because of cystoscopic procedures undergone prior to laparoscopy. Various time points were recorded from which various time intervals were derived, such as preanesthesia time, anesthesia induction time, and total preparation time. A 2-tailed, unpaired Student t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean preanesthesia time was significantly faster in the minimally invasive surgery suite (12.2 minutes) compared with that in the traditional operating room (17.8 minutes) (P=0.013). Mean anesthesia induction time in the minimally invasive surgery suite (47.5 minutes) was similar to time in the traditional operating room (45.7 minutes) (P=0.734). The average total preparation time for the minimally invasive surgery suite (59.6 minutes) was not significantly faster than that in the general operating room (63.5 minutes) (P=0.481). Conclusion: The amount of time that elapses between the patient entering the room and anesthesia induction is statically shorter in a dedicated minimally invasive surgery suite. Laparoscopic surgery is performed more efficiently in a dedicated minimally invasive surgery suite versus a traditional operating room. PMID:15554269

Controlling molecular transport in minimal emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gruner, Philipp; Riechers, Birte; Semin, Benoît; Lim, Jiseok; Johnston, Abigail; Short, Kathleen; Baret, Jean-Christophe

2016-01-01

Emulsions are metastable dispersions in which molecular transport is a major mechanism driving the system towards its state of minimal energy. Determining the underlying mechanisms of molecular transport between droplets is challenging due to the complexity of a typical emulsion system. Here we introduce the concept of `minimal emulsions', which are controlled emulsions produced using microfluidic tools, simplifying an emulsion down to its minimal set of relevant parameters. We use these minimal emulsions to unravel the fundamentals of transport of small organic molecules in water-in-fluorinated-oil emulsions, a system of great interest for biotechnological applications. Our results are of practical relevance to guarantee a sustainable compartmentalization of compounds in droplet microreactors and to design new strategies for the dynamic control of droplet compositions.

Evaluation of low-dose irradiation on microbiological quality of white carrots and string beans

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koike, Amanda C. R.; Santillo, Amanda G.; Rodrigues, Flávio T.; Duarte, Renato C.; Villavicencio, Anna Lucia C. H.

2012-08-01

The minimally processed food provided the consumer with a product quality, safety and practicality. However, minimal processing of food does not reduce pathogenic population of microorganisms to safe levels. Ionizing radiation used in low doses is effective to maintain the quality of food, reducing the microbiological load but rather compromising the nutritional values and sensory property. The association of minimal processing with irradiation could improve the quality and safety of product. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-doses of ionizing radiation on the reduction of microorganisms in minimally processed foods. The results show that the ionizing radiation of minimally processed vegetables could decontaminate them without several changes in its properties.

Recommended minimal emergency equipment and resources for schools: national consensus group report.

PubMed

Bobo, Nichole; Hallenbeck, Paula; Robinson, Judith

2003-06-01

Providing an environment that is responsive to emergency health needs of students is essential to creating a safe setting for children in schools. The question of what minimal essential emergency equipment and resources should be available in schools brings with it many and varied opinions, issues, and concerns. Through funding from the Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC), the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) was charged with the task of convening a consensus group to formulate a recommended list of minimal essential emergency equipment and resources that should be present in all schools. This article provides an overview of the issues surrounding minimal emergency equipment needs for schools, presents recommended minimal emergency equipment and resources, and recommendations for further actions.

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF PRINTED LABELS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

10 CFR 20.1406 - Minimization of contamination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Minimization of contamination. 20.1406 Section 20.1406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION Radiological Criteria for License Termination § 20.1406 Minimization of contamination. (a) Applicants for licenses, other than early...

10 CFR 20.1406 - Minimization of contamination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Minimization of contamination. 20.1406 Section 20.1406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION Radiological Criteria for License Termination § 20.1406 Minimization of contamination. (a) Applicants for licenses, other than early...

WASTE MINIMIZATION AUDIT REPORT: CASE STUDIES OF MINIMIZATION OF CYANIDE WASTE FROM ELECTROPLATING OPERATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

To promote waste minimization activities in accordance with the national policy objectives established under the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (HWERL) of ...

Self-Averaging Property of Minimal Investment Risk of Mean-Variance Model.

PubMed

Shinzato, Takashi

2015-01-01

In portfolio optimization problems, the minimum expected investment risk is not always smaller than the expected minimal investment risk. That is, using a well-known approach from operations research, it is possible to derive a strategy that minimizes the expected investment risk, but this strategy does not always result in the best rate of return on assets. Prior to making investment decisions, it is important to an investor to know the potential minimal investment risk (or the expected minimal investment risk) and to determine the strategy that will maximize the return on assets. We use the self-averaging property to analyze the potential minimal investment risk and the concentrated investment level for the strategy that gives the best rate of return. We compare the results from our method with the results obtained by the operations research approach and with those obtained by a numerical simulation using the optimal portfolio. The results of our method and the numerical simulation are in agreement, but they differ from that of the operations research approach.

Use of simulation to compare the performance of minimization with stratified blocked randomization.

PubMed

Toorawa, Robert; Adena, Michael; Donovan, Mark; Jones, Steve; Conlon, John

2009-01-01

Minimization is an alternative method to stratified permuted block randomization, which may be more effective at balancing treatments when there are many strata. However, its use in the regulatory setting for industry trials remains controversial, primarily due to the difficulty in interpreting conventional asymptotic statistical tests under restricted methods of treatment allocation. We argue that the use of minimization should be critically evaluated when designing the study for which it is proposed. We demonstrate by example how simulation can be used to investigate whether minimization improves treatment balance compared with stratified randomization, and how much randomness can be incorporated into the minimization before any balance advantage is no longer retained. We also illustrate by example how the performance of the traditional model-based analysis can be assessed, by comparing the nominal test size with the observed test size over a large number of simulations. We recommend that the assignment probability for the minimization be selected using such simulations. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interval from prostate biopsy to radical prostatectomy does not affect immediate operative outcomes for open or minimally invasive approach.

PubMed

Park, Bumsoo; Choo, Seol Ho; Jeon, Hwang Gyun; Jeong, Byong Chang; Seo, Seong Il; Jeon, Seong Soo; Lee, Hyun Moo; Choi, Han Yong

2014-12-01

Traditionally, urologists recommend an interval of at least 4 weeks after prostate biopsy before radical prostatectomy. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the interval from prostate biopsy to radical prostatectomy affects immediate operative outcomes, with a focus on differences in surgical approach. The study population of 1,848 radical prostatectomy patients was divided into two groups according to the surgical approach: open or minimally invasive. Open group included perineal and retropubic approach, and minimally invasive group included laparoscopic and robotic approach. The cut-off of the biopsy-to-surgery interval was 4 weeks. Positive surgical margin status, operative time and estimated blood loss were evaluated as endpoint parameters. In the open group, there were significant differences in operative time and estimated blood loss between the <4-week and ≥4-week interval subgroups, but there was no difference in positive margin rate. In the minimally invasive group, there were no differences in the three outcome parameters between the two subgroups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the biopsy-to-surgery interval was not a significant factor affecting immediate operative outcomes in both open and minimally invasive groups, with the exception of the interval ≥4 weeks as a significant factor decreasing operative time in the minimally invasive group. In conclusion, performing open or minimally invasive radical prostatectomy within 4 weeks of prostate biopsy is feasible for both approaches, and is even beneficial for minimally invasive radical prostatectomy to reduce operative time.

Energy minimization on manifolds for docking flexible molecules

PubMed Central

Mirzaei, Hanieh; Zarbafian, Shahrooz; Villar, Elizabeth; Mottarella, Scott; Beglov, Dmitri; Vajda, Sandor; Paschalidis, Ioannis Ch.; Vakili, Pirooz; Kozakov, Dima

2015-01-01

In this paper we extend a recently introduced rigid body minimization algorithm, defined on manifolds, to the problem of minimizing the energy of interacting flexible molecules. The goal is to integrate moving the ligand in six dimensional rotational/translational space with internal rotations around rotatable bonds within the two molecules. We show that adding rotational degrees of freedom to the rigid moves of the ligand results in an overall optimization search space that is a manifold to which our manifold optimization approach can be extended. The effectiveness of the method is shown for three different docking problems of increasing complexity. First we minimize the energy of fragment-size ligands with a single rotatable bond as part of a protein mapping method developed for the identification of binding hot spots. Second, we consider energy minimization for docking a flexible ligand to a rigid protein receptor, an approach frequently used in existing methods. In the third problem we account for flexibility in both the ligand and the receptor. Results show that minimization using the manifold optimization algorithm is substantially more efficient than minimization using a traditional all-atom optimization algorithm while producing solutions of comparable quality. In addition to the specific problems considered, the method is general enough to be used in a large class of applications such as docking multidomain proteins with flexible hinges. The code is available under open source license (at http://cluspro.bu.edu/Code/Code_Rigtree.tar), and with minimal effort can be incorporated into any molecular modeling package. PMID:26478722

Waste Minimization Assessment for Multilayered Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manu facturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at s...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A PAINT MANUFACTURING PLANT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF REFURBISHED RAILCAR ASSEMBLIES

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected ...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF PROTOTYPE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

Brazing retort manifold design concept may minimize air contamination and enhance uniform gas flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruppe, E. P.

1966-01-01

Brazing retort manifold minimizes air contamination, prevents gas entrapment during purging, and provides uniform gas flow into the retort bell. The manifold is easily cleaned and turbulence within the bell is minimized because all manifold construction lies outside the main enclosure.

Propeller noise minimization without thrust loss due to asymmetric blade distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobrzynski, Werner

1990-11-01

Measures which can be taken to minimize propeller noise caused by asymmetric blade distribution, without loss of thrust, are discussed. The theoretical optimization of angular separation and its relation to the minimization of noise is reviewed. Experimental results on various propellers are discussed.

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF CAN-MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but who lack the expertise to do so. aste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at ...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF SPEED REDUCTION EQUIPMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF CUSTOM MOLDED PLASTIC PRODUCTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected ...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A BUMPER REFINISHING PLANT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

Making the Most of Minimalism in Music.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geiersbach, Frederick J.

1998-01-01

Describes the minimalist movement in music. Discusses generations of minimalist musicians and, in general, the minimalist approach. Considers various ways that minimalist strategies can be integrated into the music classroom focusing on (1) minimalism and (2) student-centered composition and principles of minimalism for use with elementary band…

Matthew Arnold and Minimal Competency Testing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuman, Myron C.

1979-01-01

Presents arguments by Robert Lowe and Matthew Arnold on the 19th century British "Payment by Results" Plan, whereby schools received funds for students who passed minimal competency tests. Emphasizes that the Victorian experience produced acrimonious teachers with low morale and encourages contemporary minimal testing advocates not to…

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTUERE OF OUTDOOR ILLUMINATED SIGNS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF SHEET METAL COMPONENTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. n an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization ssessment Cente...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF BRAZED ALUMINUM OIL COOLERS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF ALUMINUM CANS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF IRON CASTINGS AND FABRICATED SHEET METAL PARTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected u...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR A MANUFACTURER OF ALUMINUM AND STEEL PARTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. n an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization Assessment Cent...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF ALUMINUM AND STEEL PARTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-sized manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. In an effort to assist these manufacturers, Waste Minimization Assessment Ce...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF PENNY BLANKS AND ZINC PRODUCTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. EnvIronmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. aste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected u...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A METAL PARTS COATING PLANT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF CORN SYRUP AND CORN STARCH

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their geneation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. In an effort to assist these manufacturers, Waste Minimization Assessment Cent...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF CUTTING AND WELDING EQUIPMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot program to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so in an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization Assessment Cent...

WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS AND SCHOTTKY RECTIFIERS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. In an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization Assessment Ce...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF REBUILT RAILWAY CARS AND COMPONENTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium- size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at se...

7 CFR 983.53 - Testing of minimal quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., ARIZONA, AND NEW MEXICO Regulations § 983.53 Testing of minimal quantities. (a) Aflatoxin. Handlers who... § 983.50. (b) Quality. The committee may, with the approval of the Secretary, establish regulations regarding the testing of minimal quantities of pistachios for quality. [74 FR 56540, Nov. 2, 2009] ...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF PRINTED PLASTIC BAGS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established ...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR A MANUFACTURER OF COMPRESSED AIR EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

WASTE MINIMIZATION AUDIT REPORT: CASE STUDIES OF MINIMIZATION OF SOLVENT WASTE FROM PARTS CLEANING AND FROM ELECTRONIC CAPACITOR MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

To promote waste minimization activities in accordance with the national policy objectives established under the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (HWERL) of ...

Crystal growth and annealing for minimized residual stress

DOEpatents

Gianoulakis, Steven E.

2002-01-01

A method and apparatus for producing crystals that minimizes birefringence even at large crystal sizes, and is suitable for production of CaF.sub.2 crystals. The method of the present invention comprises annealing a crystal by maintaining a minimal temperature gradient in the crystal while slowly reducing the bulk temperature of the crystal. An apparatus according to the present invention includes a thermal control system added to a crystal growth and annealing apparatus, wherein the thermal control system allows a temperature gradient during crystal growth but minimizes the temperature gradient during crystal annealing.

Space filling minimal surfaces and sphere packings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elser, Veit

1994-05-01

A space filling minimal surface is defined to be any embedded minimal surface without boundary with the property that the area and genus enclosed by any large spherical region scales in proportion to the volume of the region. The triply periodic minimal surfaces are one realization, but not necessarily the only one. By using the genus per unit volume of the surface, a meaningful comparison of surface areas can be made even in cases where there is no unit cell. Of the known periodic minimal surfaces this measure of the surface area is smallest for Schoen's FRD surface. This surface is one of several that is closely related to packings of spheres. Its low area is largely due to the fact that the corresponding sphere packing (fcc) has the maximal kissing number.

[Total hip arthroplasty through anterior "minimal invasive" approach].

PubMed

Moerenhout, Kevin G; Cherix, Stéphane; Rüdiger, Hannes A

2012-12-19

Total hip replacement has seen a tremendous development and has become one of the most successful surgical interventions in orthopaedics. While during the first decades of development of total hip arthroplasty the fixation of the implant into the bone was the main concern, the focus has shifted towards surgical technique and soft tissue handling. In order to avoid permanent soft tissue damage, muscular dysfunction and concerns in regards to cosmetics, minimal invasive and anatomic approaches have been developed. We here provide a short overview on various methods of total hip replacements and we describe our technique through a minimal invasive direct anterior approach. While muscle and nerve damage is minimal, this technique allows for a rapid rehabilitation and is associated with an excellent functional outcome and a minimal risk for dislocation.

Blow-up behavior of ground states for a nonlinear Schrödinger system with attractive and repulsive interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Yujin; Zeng, Xiaoyu; Zhou, Huan-Song

2018-01-01

We consider a nonlinear Schrödinger system arising in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with attractive intraspecies interactions and repulsive interspecies interactions in R2. We get ground states of this system by solving a constrained minimization problem. For some kinds of trapping potentials, we prove that the minimization problem has a minimizer if and only if the attractive interaction strength ai (i = 1 , 2) of each component of the BEC system is strictly less than a threshold a*. Furthermore, as (a1 ,a2) ↗ (a* ,a*), the asymptotical behavior for the minimizers of the minimization problem is discussed. Our results show that each component of the BEC system concentrates at a global minimum of the associated trapping potential.

Influence of hospital-level practice patterns on variation in the application of minimally invasive surgery in United States pediatric patients.

PubMed

Train, Arianne T; Harmon, Carroll M; Rothstein, David H

2017-10-01

Although disparities in access to minimally invasive surgery are thought to exist in pediatric surgical patients in the United States, hospital-level practice patterns have not been evaluated as a possible contributing factor. Retrospective cohort study using the Kids' Inpatient Database, 2012. Odds ratios of undergoing a minimally invasive compared to open operation were calculated for six typical pediatric surgical operations after adjustment for multiple patient demographic and hospital-level variables. Further adjustment to the regression model was made by incorporating hospital practice patterns, defined as operation-specific minimally invasive frequency and volume. Age was the most significant patient demographic factor affecting application of minimally invasive surgery for all procedures. For several procedures, adjusting for individual hospital practice patterns removed race- and income-based disparities seen in performance of minimally invasive operations. Disparities related to insurance status were not affected by the same adjustment. Variation in the application of minimally invasive surgery in pediatric surgical patients is primarily influenced by patient age and the type of procedure performed. Perceived disparities in access related to some socioeconomic factors are decreased but not eliminated by accounting for individual hospital practice patterns, suggesting that complex underlying factors influence application of advanced surgical techniques. II. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Short-Term Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Carcinoma In Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

PubMed

Sozzi, Marco; Siboni, Stefano; Asti, Emanuele; Bonitta, Gianluca; Bonavina, Luigi

2017-06-01

Open esophagectomy is a high-risk procedure in patients with liver cirrhosis. With the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques, the overall morbidity and mortality rates of esophagectomy have decreased. The aim of this study was to describe short-term outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy in patients with proven liver cirrhosis. Retrospective observational cohort study. Demographics, preoperative clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients undergoing minimally invasive esophagectomy for carcinoma were analyzed. Patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis were compared to patients without liver cirrhosis undergoing similar surgical procedures. In addition, variables possibly associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis were investigated. Out of 443 patients undergoing minimally invasive esophagectomy, 18 (4.1%) had concomitant liver cirrhosis. Demographics and preoperative clinical variables were similar in the 2 patient groups. While the overall morbidity rate was similar, the 90-day mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis (P = .023). There was a significantly higher rate of sepsis and anastomotic, respiratory, and hemorrhagic complications in patients with liver cirrhosis who died in the postoperative period. Minimally invasive esophagectomy is feasible in patients with liver cirrhosis. Future strategies should focus on total minimally invasive procedures and early recognition of surgical complications.

Limit behavior of mass critical Hartree minimization problems with steep potential wells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Yujin; Luo, Yong; Wang, Zhi-Qiang

2018-06-01

We consider minimizers of the following mass critical Hartree minimization problem: eλ(N ) ≔inf {u ∈H1(Rd ) , ‖u‖2 2=N } Eλ(u ) , where d ≥ 3, λ > 0, and the Hartree energy functional Eλ(u) is defined by Eλ(u ) ≔∫Rd|∇u (x ) |2d x +λ ∫Rdg (x ) u2(x ) d x -1/2 ∫Rd∫Rdu/2(x ) u2(y ) |x -y |2 d x d y . Here the steep potential g(x) satisfies 0 =g (0 ) =infRdg (x ) ≤g (x ) ≤1 and 1 -g (x ) ∈Ld/2(Rd ) . We prove that there exists a constant N* > 0, independent of λg(x), such that if N ≥ N*, then eλ(N) does not admit minimizers for any λ > 0; if 0 < N < N*, then there exists a constant λ*(N) > 0 such that eλ(N) admits minimizers for any λ > λ*(N) and eλ(N) does not admit minimizers for 0 < λ < λ*(N). For any given 0 < N < N*, the limit behavior of positive minimizers for eλ(N) is also studied as λ → ∞, where the mass concentrates at the bottom of g(x).

Minimal string theories and integrable hierarchies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iyer, Ramakrishnan

Well-defined, non-perturbative formulations of the physics of string theories in specific minimal or superminimal model backgrounds can be obtained by solving matrix models in the double scaling limit. They provide us with the first examples of completely solvable string theories. Despite being relatively simple compared to higher dimensional critical string theories, they furnish non-perturbative descriptions of interesting physical phenomena such as geometrical transitions between D-branes and fluxes, tachyon condensation and holography. The physics of these theories in the minimal model backgrounds is succinctly encoded in a non-linear differential equation known as the string equation, along with an associated hierarchy of integrable partial differential equations (PDEs). The bosonic string in (2,2m-1) conformal minimal model backgrounds and the type 0A string in (2,4 m) superconformal minimal model backgrounds have the Korteweg-de Vries system, while type 0B in (2,4m) backgrounds has the Zakharov-Shabat system. The integrable PDE hierarchy governs flows between backgrounds with different m. In this thesis, we explore this interesting connection between minimal string theories and integrable hierarchies further. We uncover the remarkable role that an infinite hierarchy of non-linear differential equations plays in organizing and connecting certain minimal string theories non-perturbatively. We are able to embed the type 0A and 0B (A,A) minimal string theories into this single framework. The string theories arise as special limits of a rich system of equations underpinned by an integrable system known as the dispersive water wave hierarchy. We find that there are several other string-like limits of the system, and conjecture that some of them are type IIA and IIB (A,D) minimal string backgrounds. We explain how these and several other string-like special points arise and are connected. In some cases, the framework endows the theories with a non-perturbative definition for the first time. Notably, we discover that the Painleve IV equation plays a key role in organizing the string theory physics, joining its siblings, Painleve I and II, whose roles have previously been identified in this minimal string context. We then present evidence that the conjectured type II theories have smooth non-perturbative solutions, connecting two perturbative asymptotic regimes, in a 't Hooft limit. Our technique also demonstrates evidence for new minimal string theories that are not apparent in a perturbative analysis.

Work intensity in sacroiliac joint fusion and lumbar microdiscectomy

PubMed Central

Frank, Clay; Kondrashov, Dimitriy; Meyer, S Craig; Dix, Gary; Lorio, Morgan; Kovalsky, Don; Cher, Daniel

2016-01-01

Background The evidence base supporting minimally invasive sacroiliac (SI) joint fusion (SIJF) surgery is increasing. The work relative value units (RVUs) associated with minimally invasive SIJF are seemingly low. To date, only one published study describes the relative work intensity associated with minimally invasive SIJF. No study has compared work intensity vs other commonly performed spine surgery procedures. Methods Charts of 192 patients at five sites who underwent either minimally invasive SIJF (American Medical Association [AMA] CPT® code 27279) or lumbar microdiscectomy (AMA CPT® code 63030) were reviewed. Abstracted were preoperative times associated with diagnosis and patient care, intraoperative parameters including operating room (OR) in/out times and procedure start/stop times, and postoperative care requirements. Additionally, using a visual analog scale, surgeons estimated the intensity of intraoperative care, including mental, temporal, and physical demands and effort and frustration. Work was defined as operative time multiplied by task intensity. Results Patients who underwent minimally invasive SIJF were more likely female. Mean procedure times were lower in SIJF by about 27.8 minutes (P<0.0001) and mean total OR times were lower by 27.9 minutes (P<0.0001), but there was substantial overlap across procedures. Mean preservice and post-service total labor times were longer in minimally invasive SIJF (preservice times longer by 63.5 minutes [P<0.0001] and post-service labor times longer by 20.2 minutes [P<0.0001]). The number of postoperative visits was higher in minimally invasive SIJF. Mean total service time (preoperative + OR time + postoperative) was higher in the minimally invasive SIJF group (261.5 vs 211.9 minutes, P<0.0001). Intraoperative intensity levels were higher for mental, physical, effort, and frustration domains (P<0.0001 each). After taking into account intensity, intraoperative workloads showed substantial overlap. Conclusion Compared to a commonly performed lumbar spine surgical procedure, lumbar microdiscectomy, that currently has a higher work RVU, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative workload for minimally invasive SIJF is higher. The work RVU for minimally invasive SIJF should be adjusted upward as the relative amount of work is comparable. PMID:27555790

Minimal Invasive Left Ventricular Lead Repositioning is Safe and Effective in Distal Left Ventricular Lead Positions.

PubMed

Osztheimer, István; Szilágyi, Szabolcs; Pongor, Zsuzsanna; Zima, Endre; Molnár, Levente; Tahin, Tamás; Merkely, Béla; Gellér, László

2017-05-01

Treatment of left ventricular electrode dislocation and phrenic nerve stimulation remains an issue in the era of new electrode designs. Safety and efficacy of minimal invasive lead repositioning and pocket opening reposition procedures were evaluated between December 2005 and December 2012 at our center. Minimal invasive method was developed and widely utilized at our center to treat phrenic nerve stimulation. The distally positioned left ventricular lead is looped around by a deflectable catheter in the right atrium introduced from the femoral vein access and then pulled back. Coronary stent implantation was used afterwards for lead stabilization in some patients. 42 minimal invasive and 48 electrode repositions with pacemaker pocket opening were performed at 77 patients for left ventricular lead problems. Minimal invasive reposition could be carried out successfully in 69% of (29 patients) cases. Note that in 14.3% of the cases (six patients) minimal invasive procedures were acutely unsuccessful and crossover was necessary. In 16.6% of the cases (seven patients) lead issues were noted later during follow-up. Opening of the pocket could be carried out successfully in 81.2% (39 patients) and was unsuccessful acutely in 6.25% (three patients). Repeated dislocation was noticed, 12.5%, in this group (six patients). Complication during minimal invasive procedures was electrode injury in one case. Pocket openings were associated with several complications: atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, fever, hematoma, and right ventricular electrode dislodgement. Minimal invasive procedure-as the first line approach-is safe and feasible for left ventricular electrode repositioning in selected cases. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Is there really a clinical benefit of using minimized extracorporeal circulation for coronary artery bypass grafting?

PubMed

Schöttler, J; Lutter, G; Böning, A; Soltau, D; Bein, B; Caliebe, D; Haake, N; Schoeneich, F; Cremer, J

2008-03-01

Minimized extracorporeal circulation is intended to reduce the negative effects associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. This prospective study was performed to evaluate whether minimized extracorporeal circulation has a clinical benefit for coronary artery surgery patients compared to standard extracorporeal circulation. Sixty patients were randomized into two study groups: 30 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using minimized extracorporeal circulation and 30 patients were operated using standard extracorporeal circulation. Baseline characteristics, intraoperative details, postoperative data, perioperative blood chemistry determinations of hematocrit, platelets, muscle-brain fraction of the creatine kinase, cardiac troponin T and colloid osmotic pressure as measurements of intrathoracic blood volume index and extravascular lung water index were compared. Baseline characteristics and intraoperative details of both groups were similar. Patients who underwent minimized extracorporeal circulation showed more short-term dependency on norepinephrine ( P < 0.01). Their maximal postoperative muscle-brain fraction of the creatine kinase was lower ( P < 0.05) and their hematocrit on arrival in the intensive care unit was higher ( P < 0.01). No other significant differences were found. In both collectives, values for hematocrit ( P < 0.001), platelets ( P < 0.001), colloid osmotic pressure ( P < 0.001) and intrathoracic blood volume index ( P < 0.05) decreased, while the extravascular lung water index did not change significantly during cardiopulmonary bypass. A clinical advantage of minimized over standard extracorporeal circulation was not found. Furthermore, a higher number of patients in the minimized extracorporeal circulation group required postoperative norepinephrine infusions for hemodynamic stabilization. In summary, the presumed superiority of minimized extracorporeal circulation for coronary artery bypass grafting in standard patients could not be confirmed.

On complexity of trellis structure of linear block codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu

1990-01-01

The trellis structure of linear block codes (LBCs) is discussed. The state and branch complexities of a trellis diagram (TD) for a LBC is investigated. The TD with the minimum number of states is said to be minimal. The branch complexity of a minimal TD for a LBC is expressed in terms of the dimensions of specific subcodes of the given code. Then upper and lower bounds are derived on the number of states of a minimal TD for a LBC, and it is shown that a cyclic (or shortened cyclic) code is the worst in terms of the state complexity among the LBCs of the same length and dimension. Furthermore, it is shown that the structural complexity of a minimal TD for a LBC depends on the order of its bit positions. This fact suggests that an appropriate permutation of the bit positions of a code may result in an equivalent code with a much simpler minimal TD. Boolean polynomial representation of codewords of a LBC is also considered. This representation helps in study of the trellis structure of the code. Boolean polynomial representation of a code is applied to construct its minimal TD. Particularly, the construction of minimal trellises for Reed-Muller codes and the extended and permuted binary primitive BCH codes which contain Reed-Muller as subcodes is emphasized. Finally, the structural complexity of minimal trellises for the extended and permuted, and double-error-correcting BCH codes is analyzed and presented. It is shown that these codes have relatively simple trellis structure and hence can be decoded with the Viterbi decoding algorithm.

Minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis for mid-distal third humeral shaft fractures.

PubMed

Lian, Kejian; Wang, Lei; Lin, Dasheng; Chen, Zhiwen

2013-08-01

Mid-distal third humeral shaft fractures can be effectively treated with minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis and intramedullary nailing (IMN). However, these 2 treatments have not been adequately compared. Forty-seven patients (47 fractures) with mid-distal third humeral shaft fractures were randomly allocated to undergo either minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis (n=24) or IMN (n=23). The 2 groups were similar in terms of fracture patterns, fracture location, age, and associated injuries. Intraoperative measurements included blood loss and operative time. Clinical outcome measurements included fracture healing, radial nerve recovery, and elbow and shoulder discomfort. Radiographic measurements included fracture alignment, time to healing, delayed union, and nonunion. Functional outcome was satisfactory in both groups. Mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and Mayo score were both better for the minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis group than for the IMN group (98.2 vs 97.6, respectively, and 93.5 vs 94.1, respectively; P<.001). Operative time was shorter and less intraoperative blood loss occurred in the minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis group than in the IMN group. Average time to union was similar in both groups. Primary union was achieved in 23 of 24 patients in the minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis group and in 22 of 23 in the IMN group. Minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis may have outcomes comparable with IMN for the management of mid-distal third humeral shaft fractures. Minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis is more suitable for complex fractures, especially for radial protection and motion recovery of adjacent joints, compared with IMN for simple fractures. Copyright 2013, SLACK Incorporated.

The minimizing style: perceptions of psychological abuse and quality of past and current relationships.

PubMed

Varia, R; Abidin, R R

1999-11-01

The goals of this current project were to expand and elaborate on the results of Varia, Abidin, and Dass' (1996) study to better understand what historical parenting factors may contribute in creating a "Minimizing" perception of childhood psychological abuse. A second objective included examining the association between perceptual styles and adult ratings of adult relationship satisfaction. Ninety individuals from a non-clinical adult sample completed self-report questionnaires regarding psychological maltreatment and adult relationship satisfaction. Three groups were created and compared using analysis of variance. The groups were (I) "Non-Abused," consistent reporters of no abuse; (II) "Acknowledgers," consistent reporters of abuse; and (III) "Minimizers," reporters of abuse, but do not label themselves as having been abused. Results indicated a continuum effect with the Non-Abused individuals reporting the highest level of maternal warmth and affection, the Acknowledgers reporting the lowest, with the Minimizers in the middle. The Non-Abused group reported the healthiest adjustment in terms of adult relationship satisfaction. While Minimizers and Acknowledgers reported similar levels of psychologically abusive experiences, Acknowledgers reported more difficulties with adult relationships. This study highlights the importance of studying Minimizers, a group which describes abusive events but minimizes the meaning and scope of these experiences. The relatively higher levels of maternal care which the Minimizers reported is hypothesized to be associated with their perceptions that they were not abused and acted as a protective factor associated with better quality adult relationships. The varying degrees of nurturance and care in the early family environment of abused individuals is speculated to be associated with distinct perceptual styles.

A randomized prospective study of desflurane versus isoflurane in minimal flow anesthesia using “equilibration time” as the change-over point to minimal flow

PubMed Central

Mallik, Tanuja; Aneja, S; Tope, R; Muralidhar, V

2012-01-01

Background: In the administration of minimal flow anesthesia, traditionally a fixed time period of high flow has been used before changing over to minimal flow. However, newer studies have used “equilibration time” of a volatile anesthetic agent as the change-over point. Materials and Methods: A randomized prospective study was conducted on 60 patients, who were divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Two volatile inhalational anesthetic agents were compared. Group I received desflurane (n = 30) and group II isoflurane (n = 30). Both the groups received an initial high flow till equilibration between inspired (Fi) and expired (Fe) agent concentration were achieved, which was defined as Fe/Fi = 0.8. The mean (SD) equilibration time was obtained for both the agent. Then, a drift in end-tidal agent concentration during the minimal flow anesthesia and recovery profile was noted. Results: The mean equilibration time obtained for desflurane and isoflurane were 4.96 ± 1.60 and 16.96 ± 9.64 min (P < 0.001). The drift in end-tidal agent concentration over time was minimal in the desflurane group (P = 0.065). Recovery time was 5.70 ± 2.78 min in the desflurane group and 8.06 ± 31 min in the isoflurane group (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Use of equilibration time of the volatile anesthetic agent as a change-over point, from high flow to minimal flow, can help us use minimal flow anesthesia, in a more efficient way. PMID:23225926

Costs and benefits of different methods of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

PubMed

Yanasoot, Alongkorn; Yolsuriyanwong, Kamtorn; Ruangsin, Sakchai; Laohawiriyakamol, Supparerk; Sunpaweravong, Somkiat

2017-01-01

Background A minimally invasive approach to esophagectomy is being used increasingly, but concerns remain regarding the feasibility, safety, cost, and outcomes. We performed an analysis of the costs and benefits of minimally invasive, hybrid, and open esophagectomy approaches for esophageal cancer surgery. Methods The data of 83 consecutive patients who underwent a McKeown's esophagectomy at Prince of Songkla University Hospital between January 2008 and December 2014 were analyzed. Open esophagectomy was performed in 54 patients, minimally invasive esophagectomy in 13, and hybrid esophagectomy in 16. There were no differences in patient characteristics among the 3 groups Minimally invasive esophagectomy was undertaken via a thoracoscopic-laparoscopic approach, hybrid esophagectomy via a thoracoscopic-laparotomy approach, and open esophagectomy by a thoracotomy-laparotomy approach. Results Minimally invasive esophagectomy required a longer operative time than hybrid or open esophagectomy ( p = 0.02), but these patients reported less postoperative pain ( p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in blood loss, intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, or postoperative complications among the 3 groups. Minimally invasive esophagectomy incurred higher operative and surgical material costs than hybrid or open esophagectomy ( p = 0.01), but there were no significant differences in inpatient care and total hospital costs. Conclusion Minimally invasive esophagectomy resulted in the least postoperative pain but the greatest operative cost and longest operative time. Open esophagectomy was associated with the lowest operative cost and shortest operative time but the most postoperative pain. Hybrid esophagectomy had a shorter learning curve while sharing the advantages of minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Evaluation of the Turkish translation of the Minimal Standard Terminology for Digestive Endoscopy by development of an endoscopic information system.

PubMed

Atalağ, Koray; Bilgen, Semih; Gür, Gürden; Boyacioğlu, Sedat

2007-09-01

There are very few evaluation studies for the Minimal Standard Terminology for Digestive Endoscopy. This study aims to evaluate the usage of the Turkish translation of Minimal Standard Terminology by developing an endoscopic information system. After elicitation of requirements, database modeling and software development were performed. Minimal Standard Terminology driven forms were designed for rapid data entry. The endoscopic report was rapidly created by applying basic Turkish syntax and grammar rules. Entering free text and also editing of final report were possible. After three years of live usage, data analysis was performed and results were evaluated. The system has been used for reporting of all endoscopic examinations. 15,638 valid records were analyzed, including 11,381 esophagogastroduodenoscopies, 2,616 colonoscopies, 1,079 rectoscopies and 562 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies. In accordance with other previous validation studies, the overall usage of Minimal Standard Terminology terms was very high: 85% for examination characteristics, 94% for endoscopic findings and 94% for endoscopic diagnoses. Some new terms, attributes and allowed values were also added for better clinical coverage. Minimal Standard Terminology has been shown to cover a high proportion of routine endoscopy reports. Good user acceptance proves that both the terms and structure of Minimal Standard Terminology were consistent with usual clinical thinking. However, future work on Minimal Standard Terminology is mandatory for better coverage of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies examinations. Technically new software development methodologies have to be sought for lowering cost of development and the maintenance phase. They should also address integration and interoperability of disparate information systems.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at sel...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF BASEBALL BATS AND GOLF CLUBS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. aste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACS) were established at selected un...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENT FOR A MANUFACTURER OF IRON CASTINGS AND FABRICATED SHEET METAL PARTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expense to do so. aste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACS) were established at selected univ...

77 FR 74196 - Draft Guidance for Industry on Safety Considerations for Product Design To Minimize Medication...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... document, which addresses safety achieved through drug product design, is the first in a series of planned...] Draft Guidance for Industry on Safety Considerations for Product Design To Minimize Medication Errors... Considerations for Product Design to Minimize Medication Errors.'' The draft guidance provides sponsors of...

USER'S GUIDE: Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) Version 2.0 - A Software Tool to Aid in Process Analysis for Pollution Prevention

EPA Science Inventory

The Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) Software, Version 2.0 is a tool for using process analysis for identifying waste minimization opportunities within an industrial setting. The software requires user-supplied information for process definition, as well as materia...

40 CFR 230.73 - Actions affecting the method of dispersion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Actions To Minimize Adverse Effects § 230.73 Actions affecting the method of dispersion. The effects of a... obstruction to the water current or circulation pattern, and utilizing natural bottom contours to minimize the... patterns to mix, disperse and dilute the discharge; (e) Minimizing water column turbidity by using a...

40 CFR 230.73 - Actions affecting the method of dispersion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Actions To Minimize Adverse Effects § 230.73 Actions affecting the method of dispersion. The effects of a... obstruction to the water current or circulation pattern, and utilizing natural bottom contours to minimize the... patterns to mix, disperse and dilute the discharge; (e) Minimizing water column turbidity by using a...

40 CFR 230.73 - Actions affecting the method of dispersion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Actions To Minimize Adverse Effects § 230.73 Actions affecting the method of dispersion. The effects of a... obstruction to the water current or circulation pattern, and utilizing natural bottom contours to minimize the... patterns to mix, disperse and dilute the discharge; (e) Minimizing water column turbidity by using a...

40 CFR 230.73 - Actions affecting the method of dispersion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Actions To Minimize Adverse Effects § 230.73 Actions affecting the method of dispersion. The effects of a... obstruction to the water current or circulation pattern, and utilizing natural bottom contours to minimize the... patterns to mix, disperse and dilute the discharge; (e) Minimizing water column turbidity by using a...

76 FR 51038 - Draft Guidance for Industry: Cell Selection Devices for Point of Care Production of Minimally...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-17

...; formerly Docket No. 2007D-0290] Draft Guidance for Industry: Cell Selection Devices for Point of Care Production of Minimally Manipulated Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cells; Withdrawal of Draft Guidance...: Cell Selection Devices for Point of Care Production of Minimally Manipulated Autologous Peripheral...

Minimization of a Class of Matrix Trace Functions by Means of Refined Majorization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiers, Henk A. L.; ten Berge, Jos M. F.

1992-01-01

A procedure is described for minimizing a class of matrix trace functions, which is a refinement of an earlier procedure for minimizing the class of matrix trace functions using majorization. Several trial analyses demonstrate that the revised procedure is more efficient than the earlier majorization-based procedure. (SLD)

40 CFR 63.1213 - How can the compliance date be extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? 63.1213 Section 63.1213 Protection of... pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? (a) Applicability. You may request from the.... An extension may be granted if you can reasonably document that the installation of pollution...

40 CFR 63.1213 - How can the compliance date be extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? 63.1213 Section 63.1213 Protection... pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? (a) Applicability. You may request from the.... An extension may be granted if you can reasonably document that the installation of pollution...

40 CFR 63.1213 - How can the compliance date be extended to install pollution prevention or waste minimization...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... to install pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? 63.1213 Section 63.1213 Protection of... pollution prevention or waste minimization controls? (a) Applicability. You may request from the.... An extension may be granted if you can reasonably document that the installation of pollution...

Many Denjoy minimal sets for monotone recurrence relations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ya-Nan; Qin, Wen-Xin

2014-09-01

We extend Mather's work (1985 Comment. Math. Helv. 60 508-57) to high-dimensional cylinder maps defined by monotone recurrence relations, e.g. the generalized Frenkel-Kontorova model with finite range interactions. We construct uncountably many Denjoy minimal sets provided that the Birkhoff minimizers with some irrational rotation number ω do not form a foliation.

A REVIEW OF STUDIES OF ECONOMIES IN SCHOOLHOUSE CONSTRUCTION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DOHERTY, LEO D.; WHEATLEY, ARTRELLE

ECONOMIES IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING BEGIN WITH THE WISE CHOICE OF AN ARCHITECT. COMPLETE INFORMATION ON BUILDING NEEDS, ENROLLMENT PROJECTIONS, AND PROGRAM MUST BE AVAILABLE. INCLUSION OF MULTIPLE-USE ROOMS, MINIMAL PERIMETER WALLS, LOWERED CEILINGS, MINIMAL WASTE SPACE, MINIMAL USE OF GLASS, AND USE OF STOCK PLANS ARE CONCEPTS WHICH CAN EFFECT…

Minimal Absent Words in Four Human Genome Assemblies

PubMed Central

Garcia, Sara P.; Pinho, Armando J.

2011-01-01

Minimal absent words have been computed in genomes of organisms from all domains of life. Here, we aim to contribute to the catalogue of human genomic variation by investigating the variation in number and content of minimal absent words within a species, using four human genome assemblies. We compare the reference human genome GRCh37 assembly, the HuRef assembly of the genome of Craig Venter, the NA12878 assembly from cell line GM12878, and the YH assembly of the genome of a Han Chinese individual. We find the variation in number and content of minimal absent words between assemblies more significant for large and very large minimal absent words, where the biases of sequencing and assembly methodologies become more pronounced. Moreover, we find generally greater similarity between the human genome assemblies sequenced with capillary-based technologies (GRCh37 and HuRef) than between the human genome assemblies sequenced with massively parallel technologies (NA12878 and YH). Finally, as expected, we find the overall variation in number and content of minimal absent words within a species to be generally smaller than the variation between species. PMID:22220210

Self-Averaging Property of Minimal Investment Risk of Mean-Variance Model

PubMed Central

Shinzato, Takashi

2015-01-01

In portfolio optimization problems, the minimum expected investment risk is not always smaller than the expected minimal investment risk. That is, using a well-known approach from operations research, it is possible to derive a strategy that minimizes the expected investment risk, but this strategy does not always result in the best rate of return on assets. Prior to making investment decisions, it is important to an investor to know the potential minimal investment risk (or the expected minimal investment risk) and to determine the strategy that will maximize the return on assets. We use the self-averaging property to analyze the potential minimal investment risk and the concentrated investment level for the strategy that gives the best rate of return. We compare the results from our method with the results obtained by the operations research approach and with those obtained by a numerical simulation using the optimal portfolio. The results of our method and the numerical simulation are in agreement, but they differ from that of the operations research approach. PMID:26225761

Construction of a minimal genome as a chassis for synthetic biology.

PubMed

Sung, Bong Hyun; Choe, Donghui; Kim, Sun Chang; Cho, Byung-Kwan

2016-11-30

Microbial diversity and complexity pose challenges in understanding the voluminous genetic information produced from whole-genome sequences, bioinformatics and high-throughput '-omics' research. These challenges can be overcome by a core blueprint of a genome drawn with a minimal gene set, which is essential for life. Systems biology and large-scale gene inactivation studies have estimated the number of essential genes to be ∼300-500 in many microbial genomes. On the basis of the essential gene set information, minimal-genome strains have been generated using sophisticated genome engineering techniques, such as genome reduction and chemical genome synthesis. Current size-reduced genomes are not perfect minimal genomes, but chemically synthesized genomes have just been constructed. Some minimal genomes provide various desirable functions for bioindustry, such as improved genome stability, increased transformation efficacy and improved production of biomaterials. The minimal genome as a chassis genome for synthetic biology can be used to construct custom-designed genomes for various practical and industrial applications. © 2016 The Author(s). published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.

Scaphoid tuberosity excursion is minimized during a dart-throwing motion: A biomechanical study.

PubMed

Werner, Frederick W; Sutton, Levi G; Basu, Niladri; Short, Walter H; Moritomo, Hisao; St-Amand, Hugo

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the excursion of the scaphoid tuberosity and therefore scaphoid motion is minimized during a dart-throwing motion. Scaphoid tuberosity excursion was studied as an indicator of scaphoid motion in 29 cadaver wrists as they were moved through wrist flexion-extension, radioulnar deviation, and a dart-throwing motion. Study results demonstrate that excursion was significantly less during the dart-throwing motion than during either wrist flexion-extension or radioulnar deviation. If the goal of early wrist motion after carpal ligament or distal radius injury and reconstruction is to minimize loading of the healing structures, a wrist motion in which scaphoid motion is minimal should reduce length changes in associated ligamentous structures. Therefore, during rehabilitation, if a patient uses a dart-throwing motion that minimizes his or her scaphoid tuberosity excursion, there should be minimal changes in ligament loading while still allowing wrist motion. Bench research, biomechanics, and cross-sectional. Not applicable. The study was laboratory based. Copyright © 2016 Hanley & Belfus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

National trends in minimally invasive and open operative experience of graduating general surgery residents: implications for surgical skills curricula development?

PubMed

Carson, Jeffrey S; Smith, Lynette; Are, Madhuri; Edney, James; Azarow, Kenneth; Mercer, David W; Thompson, Jon S; Are, Chandrakanth

2011-12-01

The aim of this study was to analyze national trends in minimally invasive and open cases of all graduating residents in general surgery. A retrospective analysis was performed on data obtained from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education logs (1999-2008) of graduating residents from all US general surgery residency programs. Data were analyzed using Mantel-Haenszel χ(2) tests and the Bonferroni adjustment to detect trends in the number of minimally invasive and open cases. Minimally invasive procedures accounted for an increasing proportion of cases performed (3.7% to 11.1%, P < .0001), with a proportional decrease in open cases. An increase in minimally invasive procedures with a proportional decrease in open procedures was noted in subcategories such as alimentary tract, abdominal, vascular, thoracic, and pediatric surgery (P < .0001). The results of this study demonstrate that general surgery residents in the United States are performing a greater number of minimally invasive and fewer open procedures for common surgical conditions. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Anomalously Soft Non-Euclidean Springs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levin, Ido; Sharon, Eran

2016-01-01

In this work we study the mechanical properties of a frustrated elastic ribbon spring—the non-Euclidean minimal spring. This spring belongs to the family of non-Euclidean plates: it has no spontaneous curvature, but its lateral intrinsic geometry is described by a non-Euclidean reference metric. The reference metric of the minimal spring is hyperbolic, and can be embedded as a minimal surface. We argue that the existence of a continuous set of such isometric minimal surfaces with different extensions leads to a complete degeneracy of the bulk elastic energy of the minimal spring under elongation. This degeneracy is removed only by boundary layer effects. As a result, the mechanical properties of the minimal spring are unusual: the spring is ultrasoft with a rigidity that depends on the thickness t as t7 /2 and does not explicitly depend on the ribbon's width. Moreover, we show that as the ribbon is widened, the rigidity may even decrease. These predictions are confirmed by a numerical study of a constrained spring. This work is the first to address the unusual mechanical properties of constrained non-Euclidean elastic objects.

Chronic Lyme borreliosis associated with minimal change glomerular disease: a case report.

PubMed

Florens, N; Lemoine, S; Guebre-Egziabher, F; Valour, F; Kanitakis, J; Rabeyrin, M; Juillard, L

2017-02-06

There are only few cases of renal pathology induced by Lyme borreliosis in the literature, as this damage is rare and uncommon in humans. This patient is the first case of minimal change glomerular disease associated with chronic Lyme borreliosis. A 65-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted for an acute edematous syndrome related to a nephrotic syndrome. Clinical examination revealed violaceous skin lesions of the right calf and the gluteal region that occurred 2 years ago. Serological tests were positive for Lyme borreliosis and skin biopsy revealed lesions of chronic atrophic acrodermatitis. Renal biopsy showed minimal change glomerular disease. The skin lesions and the nephrotic syndrome resolved with a sequential treatment with first ceftriaxone and then corticosteroids. We report here the first case of minimal change disease associated with Lyme borreliosis. The pathogenesis of minimal change disease in the setting of Lyme disease is discussed but the association of Lyme and minimal change disease may imply a synergistic effect of phenotypic and bacterial factors. Regression of proteinuria after a sequential treatment with ceftriaxone and corticosteroids seems to strengthen this conceivable association.

Minimization of lumen depreciation in LED lamps using thermal transient behavior analysis and design optimizations.

PubMed

Khan, M Nisa

2016-02-10

We expansively investigate thermal behaviors of various general-purpose light-emitting diode (LED) lamps and apply our measured results, validated by simulation, to establish lamp design rules for optimizing their optical and thermal properties. These design rules provide the means to minimize lumen depreciation over time by minimizing the periods for lamps to reach thermal steady-state while maintaining their high luminous efficacy and omnidirectional light distribution capability. While it is well known that minimizing the junction temperature of an LED leads to a longer lifetime and an increased lumen output, our study demonstrates, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that it is also important to minimize the time it takes to reach thermal equilibrium because doing so minimizes lumen depreciation and enhances light output and color stability during operation. Specifically, we have found that, in addition to inadequate heat-sink fin areas for a lamp configuration, LEDs mounted on multiple boards, as opposed to a single board, lead to longer periods for reaching thermal equilibrium contributing to larger lumen depreciation.

Action-minimizing solutions of the one-dimensional N-body problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Xiang; Zhang, Shiqing

2018-05-01

We supplement the following result of C. Marchal on the Newtonian N-body problem: A path minimizing the Lagrangian action functional between two given configurations is always a true (collision-free) solution when the dimension d of the physical space R^d satisfies d≥2. The focus of this paper is on the fixed-ends problem for the one-dimensional Newtonian N-body problem. We prove that a path minimizing the action functional in the set of paths joining two given configurations and having all the time the same order is always a true (collision-free) solution. Considering the one-dimensional N-body problem with equal masses, we prove that (i) collision instants are isolated for a path minimizing the action functional between two given configurations, (ii) if the particles at two endpoints have the same order, then the path minimizing the action functional is always a true (collision-free) solution and (iii) when the particles at two endpoints have different order, although there must be collisions for any path, we can prove that there are at most N! - 1 collisions for any action-minimizing path.

Determination of the Core of a Minimal Bacterial Gene Set†

PubMed Central

Gil, Rosario; Silva, Francisco J.; Peretó, Juli; Moya, Andrés

2004-01-01

The availability of a large number of complete genome sequences raises the question of how many genes are essential for cellular life. Trying to reconstruct the core of the protein-coding gene set for a hypothetical minimal bacterial cell, we have performed a computational comparative analysis of eight bacterial genomes. Six of the analyzed genomes are very small due to a dramatic genome size reduction process, while the other two, corresponding to free-living relatives, are larger. The available data from several systematic experimental approaches to define all the essential genes in some completely sequenced bacterial genomes were also considered, and a reconstruction of a minimal metabolic machinery necessary to sustain life was carried out. The proposed minimal genome contains 206 protein-coding genes with all the genetic information necessary for self-maintenance and reproduction in the presence of a full complement of essential nutrients and in the absence of environmental stress. The main features of such a minimal gene set, as well as the metabolic functions that must be present in the hypothetical minimal cell, are discussed. PMID:15353568

Minimally invasive technology in the management of breast disease.

PubMed

Hung, W K; Ying, M; Chan, C M; Lam, H S; Mak, K L

2009-01-01

Minimally invasive surgery is gaining popularity around the world because it achieves the same or even superior results when compared to standard surgery but with less morbidity. Minimally invasive breast surgery is a broad concept encompassing new developments in the field of breast surgery that work on this minimally invasive principle. In this regard, breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy are good illustrations of this concept. There are three major areas of progress in the minimally invasive management of breast disease. First, percutaneous excisional devices are now available that can replace the surgical excision of breast mass lesions. Second, various ablative treatments are capable of destroying breast cancers in situ instead of surgical excision. Third, mammary ductoscopy provides a new approach to the investigation of mammary duct pathology. Clinical experience and potential applications of these new technologies are reviewed.

Current status of cryotherapy for prostate and kidney cancer.

PubMed

Cho, Seok; Kang, Seok Ho

2014-12-01

In terms of treating diseases, minimally invasive treatment has become a key element in reducing perioperative complications. Among the various minimally invasive treatments, cryotherapy is often used in urology to treat various types of cancers, especially prostate cancer and renal cancer. In prostate cancer, the increased incidence of low-risk, localized prostate cancer has made minimally invasive treatment modalities an attractive option. Focal cryotherapy for localized unilateral disease offers the added benefit of minimal morbidities. In renal cancer, owing to the increasing utilization of cross-sectional imaging, nearly 70% of newly detected renal masses are stage T1a, making them more susceptible to minimally invasive nephron-sparing therapies including laparoscopic and robotic partial nephrectomy and ablative therapies. This article reviews the various outcomes of cryotherapy compared with other treatments and the possible uses of cryotherapy in surgery.

Current Status of Cryotherapy for Prostate and Kidney Cancer

PubMed Central

Cho, Seok

2014-01-01

In terms of treating diseases, minimally invasive treatment has become a key element in reducing perioperative complications. Among the various minimally invasive treatments, cryotherapy is often used in urology to treat various types of cancers, especially prostate cancer and renal cancer. In prostate cancer, the increased incidence of low-risk, localized prostate cancer has made minimally invasive treatment modalities an attractive option. Focal cryotherapy for localized unilateral disease offers the added benefit of minimal morbidities. In renal cancer, owing to the increasing utilization of cross-sectional imaging, nearly 70% of newly detected renal masses are stage T1a, making them more susceptible to minimally invasive nephron-sparing therapies including laparoscopic and robotic partial nephrectomy and ablative therapies. This article reviews the various outcomes of cryotherapy compared with other treatments and the possible uses of cryotherapy in surgery. PMID:25512811

Angular momentum and Zeeman effect in the presence of a minimal length based on the Kempf-Mann-Mangano algebra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khosropour, B.

2016-07-01

In this work, we consider a D-dimensional ( β, β^' -two-parameters deformed Heisenberg algebra, which was introduced by Kempf et al. The angular-momentum operator in the presence of a minimal length scale based on the Kempf-Mann-Mangano algebra is obtained in the special case of β^' = 2β up to the first order over the deformation parameter β . It is shown that each of the components of the modified angular-momentum operator, commutes with the modified operator {L}2 . We find the magnetostatic field in the presence of a minimal length. The Zeeman effect in the deformed space is studied and also Lande's formula for the energy shift in the presence of a minimal length is obtained. We estimate an upper bound on the isotropic minimal length.

Comparison between qualitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate minimal residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PubMed

Paula, Francisco Danilo Ferreira; Elói-Santos, Silvana Maria; Xavier, Sandra Guerra; Ganazza, Mônica Aparecida; Jotta, Patricia Yoshioka; Yunes, José Andrés; Viana, Marcos Borato; Assumpção, Juliana Godoy

2015-01-01

Minimal residual disease is an important independent prognostic factor that can identify poor responders among patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this study was to analyze minimal residual disease using immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements by conventional polymerase chain reaction followed by homo-heteroduplex analysis and to compare this with real-time polymerase chain reaction at the end of the induction period in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Seventy-four patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were enrolled. Minimal residual disease was evaluated by qualitative polymerase chain reaction in 57 and by both tests in 44. The Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox methods and the log-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Nine patients (15.8%) were positive for minimal residual disease by qualitative polymerase chain reaction and 11 (25%) by real-time polymerase chain reaction considering a cut-off point of 1×10(-3) for precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 1×10(-2) for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Using the qualitative method, the 3.5-year leukemia-free survival was significantly higher in children negative for minimal residual disease compared to those with positive results (84.1%±5.6% versus 41.7%±17.3%, respectively; p-value=0.004). There was no significant association between leukemia-free survival and minimal residual disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Minimal residual disease by qualitative polymerase chain reaction was the only variable significantly correlated to leukemia-free survival. Given the difficulties in the implementation of minimal residual disease monitoring by real-time polymerase chain reaction in most treatment centers in Brazil, the qualitative polymerase chain reaction strategy may be a cost-effective alternative. Copyright © 2015 Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Dynamic change in left ventricular apical back rotation: a marker of diastolic suction with exercise.

PubMed

Hong, Sung-Jin; Shim, Chi Young; Kim, Darae; Cho, In-Jeong; Hong, Geu-Ru; Moon, Sun-Ha; Lee, Hyun-Jin; Lee, Jin-Kyung; Choi, Donghoon; Jang, Yangsoo; Ha, Jong-Won

2018-01-01

We hypothesized that the absence of a decrease in minimal left ventricular (LV) pressure during exercise would be associated with impaired LV apical back rotation during exercise. A total of 21 patients (59 ± 10 years) underwent invasive LV pressure measurements and simultaneous echocardiography at rest and during submaximal supine bicycle exercise. Patients were classified according to the changes in minimal LV pressure from rest to maximal exercise (Δminimal LVP); Group 1 (n = 8) had a decrease in minimal LV pressure with exercise, whereas Group 2 (n = 13) had an increase in minimal LV pressure. LV apical back-rotation parameters by speckle-tracking echocardiography at rest and during 50 W of exercise were compared. At rest, there were no differences in LV pressure and echocardiographic parameters between groups. However, at 50 W of exercise, Group 2 had higher LV early and end-diastolic pressures and a prolonged time constant of LV relaxation. In Group 2, e' velocity was lower and E/e' was higher. Apical back rotation at the mitral valve opening (MVO) was reduced and minimal apical back-rotation velocity was lower in Group 2. Δminimal LVP significantly correlated with apical back rotation at MVO (r = -0.77, P = 0.009) and minimal apical back-rotation velocity at 50 W (r = 0.69, P = 0.028). The lack of decrease in minimal LV pressure during exercise, a manifestation of impaired LV suction in early diastole, is linked closely with impaired LV apical back rotation during exercise. Dynamic changes in LV apical back rotation during exercise can be used as a non-invasive parameter of diastolic suction during exercise. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Evaluating the risks of clinical research: direct comparative analysis.

PubMed

Rid, Annette; Abdoler, Emily; Roberson-Nay, Roxann; Pine, Daniel S; Wendler, David

2014-09-01

Many guidelines and regulations allow children and adolescents to be enrolled in research without the prospect of clinical benefit when it poses minimal risk. However, few systematic methods exist to determine when research risks are minimal. This situation has led to significant variation in minimal risk judgments, raising concern that some children are not being adequately protected. To address this concern, we describe a new method for implementing the widely endorsed "risks of daily life" standard for minimal risk. This standard defines research risks as minimal when they do not exceed the risks posed by daily life activities or routine examinations. This study employed a conceptual and normative analysis, and use of an illustrative example. Different risks are composed of the same basic elements: Type, likelihood, and magnitude of harm. Hence, one can compare the risks of research and the risks of daily life by comparing the respective basic elements with each other. We use this insight to develop a systematic method, direct comparative analysis, for implementing the "risks of daily life" standard for minimal risk. The method offers a way of evaluating research procedures that pose the same types of risk as daily life activities, such as the risk of experiencing anxiety, stress, or other psychological harm. We thus illustrate how direct comparative analysis can be applied in practice by using it to evaluate whether the anxiety induced by a respiratory CO2 challenge poses minimal or greater than minimal risks in children and adolescents. Direct comparative analysis is a systematic method for applying the "risks of daily life" standard for minimal risk to research procedures that pose the same types of risk as daily life activities. It thereby offers a method to protect children and adolescents in research, while ensuring that important studies are not blocked because of unwarranted concerns about research risks.

Comparison of the cable pin system with conventional open surgery for transverse patella fractures.

PubMed

Mao, Ningfang; Liu, Deding; Ni, Haijian; Tang, Hao; Zhang, Qiulin

2013-07-01

The cable pin system is an effective device for fixation of transverse patella fractures. However, whether this device provides superior results using a minimally invasive technique instead of conventional open surgery using the K wire tension band method is unclear. We asked whether a minimally invasive technique would be associated with (1) increased operative time; (2) reduced postoperative pain; (3) faster recovery of ROM; (4) higher knee scores; and (5) reduced complications. Forty patients with displaced transverse fractures of the patella participated in this prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Twenty of these patients underwent a minimally invasive technique and the others had conventional open surgery using K wires. Some data for six of the 20 patients who underwent the minimally invasive technique were published in an earlier prospective, observational trial. At postoperative intervals of 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, pain was measured by VAS scores, active flexion and extension of the knee were measured in degrees by goniometry, and knee function was evaluated using the Böstman clinical grading scale. Operative time was longer in the minimally invasive surgery group (54.3 ± 9.8 minutes versus 48.5 ± 6.1 minutes). Pain scores were better (lower) in the minimally invasive surgery group at 1 and 3 months but not at 6 months. Early flexion, ultimate flexion, and knee scores from 3 to 24 months, likewise, were better in the minimally invasive surgery group. Complications mostly related to symptomatic hardware were less common in the minimally invasive surgery group. The minimally invasive technique is superior to conventional open surgery using K wires in terms of less early postoperative pain, better mobility angles of the injured knee, higher functional score of the injured knee, and decreased incidence of complications. Level I, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Impact of minimally invasive surgery on medical spending and employee absenteeism.

PubMed

Epstein, Andrew J; Groeneveld, Peter W; Harhay, Michael O; Yang, Feifei; Polsky, Daniel

2013-07-01

As many surgical procedures have undergone a transition from a standard, open surgical approach to a minimally invasive one in the past 2 decades, the diffusion of minimally invasive surgery may have had sizeable but overlooked effects on medical expenditures and worker productivity. To examine the impact of standard vs minimally invasive surgery on health plan spending and workplace absenteeism for 6 types of surgery. Cross-sectional regression analysis. National health insurance claims data and matched workplace absenteeism data from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2009. A convenience sample of adults with employer-sponsored health insurance who underwent either standard or minimally invasive surgery for coronary revascularization, uterine fibroid resection, prostatectomy, peripheral revascularization, carotid revascularization, or aortic aneurysm repair. Health plan spending and workplace absenteeism from 14 days before through 352 days after the index surgery. There were 321,956 patients who underwent surgery; 23,814 were employees with workplace absenteeism data. After multivariable adjustment, mean health plan spending was lower for minimally invasive surgery for coronary revascularization (-$30,850; 95% CI, -$31,629 to -$30,091), uterine fibroid resection (-$1509; 95% CI, -$1754 to -$1280), and peripheral revascularization (-$12,031; 95% CI, -$15,552 to -$8717) and higher for prostatectomy ($1350; 95% CI, $611 to $2212) and carotid revascularization ($4900; 95% CI, $1772 to $8370). Undergoing minimally invasive surgery was associated with missing significantly fewer days of work for coronary revascularization (mean difference, -37.7 days; 95% CI, -41.1 to -34.3), uterine fibroid resection (mean difference, -11.7 days; 95% CI, -14.0 to -9.4), prostatectomy (mean difference, -9.0 days; 95% CI, -14.2 to -3.7), and peripheral revascularization (mean difference, -16.6 days; 95% CI, -28.0 to -5.2). For 3 of 6 types of surgery studied, minimally invasive procedures were associated with significantly lower health plan spending than standard surgery. For 4 types of surgery, minimally invasive procedures were consistently associated with significantly fewer days of absence from work.

Evaluating the Risks of Clinical Research: Direct Comparative Analysis

PubMed Central

Abdoler, Emily; Roberson-Nay, Roxann; Pine, Daniel S.; Wendler, David

2014-01-01

Abstract Objectives: Many guidelines and regulations allow children and adolescents to be enrolled in research without the prospect of clinical benefit when it poses minimal risk. However, few systematic methods exist to determine when research risks are minimal. This situation has led to significant variation in minimal risk judgments, raising concern that some children are not being adequately protected. To address this concern, we describe a new method for implementing the widely endorsed “risks of daily life” standard for minimal risk. This standard defines research risks as minimal when they do not exceed the risks posed by daily life activities or routine examinations. Methods: This study employed a conceptual and normative analysis, and use of an illustrative example. Results: Different risks are composed of the same basic elements: Type, likelihood, and magnitude of harm. Hence, one can compare the risks of research and the risks of daily life by comparing the respective basic elements with each other. We use this insight to develop a systematic method, direct comparative analysis, for implementing the “risks of daily life” standard for minimal risk. The method offers a way of evaluating research procedures that pose the same types of risk as daily life activities, such as the risk of experiencing anxiety, stress, or other psychological harm. We thus illustrate how direct comparative analysis can be applied in practice by using it to evaluate whether the anxiety induced by a respiratory CO2 challenge poses minimal or greater than minimal risks in children and adolescents. Conclusions: Direct comparative analysis is a systematic method for applying the “risks of daily life” standard for minimal risk to research procedures that pose the same types of risk as daily life activities. It thereby offers a method to protect children and adolescents in research, while ensuring that important studies are not blocked because of unwarranted concerns about research risks. PMID:25210944

Pricing health benefits: a cost-minimization approach.

PubMed

Miller, Nolan H

2005-09-01

We study the role of health benefits in an employer's compensation strategy, given the overall goal of minimizing total compensation cost (wages plus health-insurance cost). When employees' health status is private information, the employer's basic benefit package consists of a base wage and a moderate health plan, with a generous plan available for an additional charge. We show that in setting the charge for the generous plan, a cost-minimizing employer should act as a monopolist who sells "health plan upgrades" to its workers, and we discuss ways tax policy can encourage efficiency under cost-minimization and alternative pricing rules.

On the Support of Minimizers of Causal Variational Principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finster, Felix; Schiefeneder, Daniela

2013-11-01

A class of causal variational principles on a compact manifold is introduced and analyzed both numerically and analytically. It is proved under general assumptions that the support of a minimizing measure is either completely timelike, or it is singular in the sense that its interior is empty. In the examples of the circle, the sphere and certain flag manifolds, the general results are supplemented by a more detailed and explicit analysis of the minimizers. On the sphere, we get a connection to packing problems and the Tammes distribution. Moreover, the minimal action is estimated from above and below.

Approximate solution of the p-median minimization problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Il'ev, V. P.; Il'eva, S. D.; Navrotskaya, A. A.

2016-09-01

A version of the facility location problem (the well-known p-median minimization problem) and its generalization—the problem of minimizing a supermodular set function—is studied. These problems are NP-hard, and they are approximately solved by a gradient algorithm that is a discrete analog of the steepest descent algorithm. A priori bounds on the worst-case behavior of the gradient algorithm for the problems under consideration are obtained. As a consequence, a bound on the performance guarantee of the gradient algorithm for the p-median minimization problem in terms of the production and transportation cost matrix is obtained.

What energy functions can be minimized via graph cuts?

PubMed

Kolmogorov, Vladimir; Zabih, Ramin

2004-02-01

In the last few years, several new algorithms based on graph cuts have been developed to solve energy minimization problems in computer vision. Each of these techniques constructs a graph such that the minimum cut on the graph also minimizes the energy. Yet, because these graph constructions are complex and highly specific to a particular energy function, graph cuts have seen limited application to date. In this paper, we give a characterization of the energy functions that can be minimized by graph cuts. Our results are restricted to functions of binary variables. However, our work generalizes many previous constructions and is easily applicable to vision problems that involve large numbers of labels, such as stereo, motion, image restoration, and scene reconstruction. We give a precise characterization of what energy functions can be minimized using graph cuts, among the energy functions that can be written as a sum of terms containing three or fewer binary variables. We also provide a general-purpose construction to minimize such an energy function. Finally, we give a necessary condition for any energy function of binary variables to be minimized by graph cuts. Researchers who are considering the use of graph cuts to optimize a particular energy function can use our results to determine if this is possible and then follow our construction to create the appropriate graph. A software implementation is freely available.

Pancreas-related complications following gastrectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of open versus minimally invasive surgery.

PubMed

Guerra, Francesco; Giuliani, Giuseppe; Iacobone, Martina; Bianchi, Paolo Pietro; Coratti, Andrea

2017-11-01

Postoperative pancreas-related complications are quite uncommon but potentially life-threatening occurrences that may occasionally complicate the postoperative course of gastrectomy. A number of reports have described such conditions after both standard open and minimally invasive surgery. Our study has the purpose to systematically determine the pooled incidence of pancreatic events following radical gastrectomy. We also aimed to elucidate whether any difference in incidence exists between patients operated via conventional open or minimally invasive surgery. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for randomized or well-matched studies comparing conventional with minimally invasive oncological gastrectomy and reporting pancreas-related postoperative complications. We evaluated possible differences in outcomes between open and minimally invasive surgery. A meta-analysis of relevant comparisons was performed using RevMan 5.3. A total of 20 studies, whereby 6 randomized and 14 non-randomized comparative studies including a total of 7336 patients, were considered eligible for data extraction. Globally, more than 1% of patients experienced some pancreatic occurrences during the postoperative course. The use of minimally invasive surgery showed a trend toward increased overall pancreatic morbidity (OR 1.39), pancreatitis (OR 2.69), and pancreatic fistula (OR 1.13). Although minimally invasive radical gastrectomy is currently established as a valid alternative to open surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer, a higher risk of pancreas-related morbidity should be taken into account.

How to start a minimal access mitral valve program.

PubMed

Hunter, Steven

2013-11-01

The seven pillars of governance established by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom provide a useful framework for the process of introducing new procedures to a hospital. Drawing from local experience, the author present guidance for institutions considering establishing a minimal access mitral valve program. The seven pillars of governance apply to the practice of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, based on the principle of patient-centred practice. The author delineate the benefits of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery in terms of: "clinical effectiveness", including reduced length of hospital stay, "risk management effectiveness", including conversion to sternotomy and aortic dissection, "patient experience" including improved cosmesis and quicker recovery, and the effectiveness of communication, resources and strategies in the implementation of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Finally, the author have identified seven learning curves experienced by surgeons involved in introducing a minimal access mitral valve program. The learning curves are defined as: techniques of mitral valve repair, Transoesophageal Echocardiography-guided cannulation, incisions, instruments, visualization, aortic occlusion and cardiopulmonary bypass strategies. From local experience, the author provide advice on how to reduce the learning curves, such as practising with the specialised instruments and visualization techniques during sternotomy cases. Underpinning the NHS pillars are the principles of systems awareness, teamwork, communication, ownership and leadership, all of which are paramount to performing any surgery but more so with minimal access surgery, as will be highlighted throughout this paper.

7 CFR Appendix B to Part 220 - Categories of Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... to Part 220—Categories of Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value. (c) Appendix B remains in effect... 7 Agriculture 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Categories of Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value B Appendix B to Part 220 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND...

Communication Growth in Minimally Verbal Children with Autism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mucchetti, Charlotte Alcestis

2013-01-01

Very little is known about language and communication development in minimally verbal children with autism, especially those who remain minimally verbal past the age of five. This population is rarely reported on in research and although there is evidence that some children do learn to speak after the age of five, we lack information on the course…

28 CFR 46.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 46... SUBJECTS § 46.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established, and...

16 CFR 1028.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 1028... HUMAN SUBJECTS § 1028.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established...

22 CFR 225.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 225.110....110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established, and published as a...

14 CFR 1230.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 1230... HUMAN SUBJECTS § 1230.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established...

Text-Based On-Line Conferencing: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis Using a Minimal Prototype.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCarthy, John C.; And Others

1993-01-01

Analyzes requirements for text-based online conferencing through the use of a minimal prototype. Topics discussed include prototyping with a minimal system; text-based communication; the system as a message passer versus the system as a shared data structure; and three exercises that showed how users worked with the prototype. (Contains 61…

22 CFR 225.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of research proposals which have been approved under the procedure. (d) The department or agency head... of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 225.110....110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and...

40 CFR 26.1110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 26.1110 Section 26.1110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GENERAL PROTECTION OF... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a...

12 CFR 264b.4 - Gifts of minimal value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... RULES REGARDING FOREIGN GIFTS AND DECORATIONS § 264b.4 Gifts of minimal value. (a) Board employees may... occur on the same day. (b) Board employees may determine at the time a gift is offered whether it is of... for valuation. (c) Disagreements over whether a gift is of minimal value will be resolved by an...

Two Studies of the Long-Term Follow-up of Minimal Therapist Contact Treatments of Vascular and Tension Headache.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blanchard, Edward B.; And Others

1988-01-01

Followed up on tension and vascular headache patients, intially treated with biofeedback and/or relaxation training in either a minimal therapist contact or an intensive individual protocol, where one-half of patients continued keeping headache diaries and were seen monthly; others had minimal contact. Demonstrated equally good maintenance from…

12 CFR 264b.5 - Gifts of more than minimal value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Gifts of more than minimal value. 264b.5 Section 264b.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL... entirely outside the United States (such as transportation, food, and lodging) of more than minimal value...

Of Minima and Maxima: The Social Significance of Minimal Competency Testing and the Search for Educational Excellence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ericson, David P.

1984-01-01

Explores the many meanings of the minimal competency testing movement and the more recent mobilization for educational excellence in the schools. Argues that increasing the value of the diploma by setting performance standards on minimal competency tests and by elevating academic graduation standards may strongly conflict with policies encouraging…

Perioperative and oncologic outcomes of minimally invasive liver resection for colorectal metastases: A case-control study of 130 patients.

PubMed

Karagkounis, Georgios; Akyuz, Muhammet; Guerron, Alfredo Daniel; Yazici, Pinar; Aucejo, Federico N; Quintini, Cristiano; Miller, Charles M; Vogt, David P; Fung, John J; Berber, Eren

2016-10-01

Our aim was to compare the perioperative and oncologic outcomes of open liver resection and minimally invasive liver resection in the management of colorectal liver metastases. Patients who underwent minimally invasive liver resection for colorectal liver metastases between January 2006 and June 2015 at a single center were identified and matched by extent of resection to consecutive open liver resection patients from the same period. Clinicopathologic characteristics, perioperative data, recurrence, and survival outcomes were collected and analyzed based on intention-to-treat. Sixty-five patients underwent minimally invasive liver resection during this period and were matched to 65 consecutive open liver resection patients, with similar baseline demographic, tumor, and chemotherapy parameters. Conversion to open occurred in 5 (7.7%) minimally invasive liver resection patients. R0 resection rates and operative times were comparable, but the estimated blood loss was less in the minimally invasive liver resection group (median 200 mL vs 400 mL, P < .001), as were perioperative transfusion rates (4.6% vs 15.4%, P = .04). The duration of stay was shorter after minimally invasive liver resection (median 4 days vs 6 days, P < .001), while major and minor complication rates were similar and no perioperative mortality was recorded. At a median follow-up of 28 months, there was no difference regarding disease-free (P = .90) or overall survival (P = .37). In selected patients with colorectal liver metastases, minimally invasive liver resection resulted in similar oncologic outcomes, with decreased blood loss and shorter duration of stay compared to patients who underwent open liver resection. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

OxMaR: open source free software for online minimization and randomization for clinical trials.

PubMed

O'Callaghan, Christopher A

2014-01-01

Minimization is a valuable method for allocating participants between the control and experimental arms of clinical studies. The use of minimization reduces differences that might arise by chance between the study arms in the distribution of patient characteristics such as gender, ethnicity and age. However, unlike randomization, minimization requires real time assessment of each new participant with respect to the preceding distribution of relevant participant characteristics within the different arms of the study. For multi-site studies, this necessitates centralized computational analysis that is shared between all study locations. Unfortunately, there is no suitable freely available open source or free software that can be used for this purpose. OxMaR was developed to enable researchers in any location to use minimization for patient allocation and to access the minimization algorithm using any device that can connect to the internet such as a desktop computer, tablet or mobile phone. The software is complete in itself and requires no special packages or libraries to be installed. It is simple to set up and run over the internet using online facilities which are very low cost or even free to the user. Importantly, it provides real time information on allocation to the study lead or administrator and generates real time distributed backups with each allocation. OxMaR can readily be modified and customised and can also be used for standard randomization. It has been extensively tested and has been used successfully in a low budget multi-centre study. Hitherto, the logistical difficulties involved in minimization have precluded its use in many small studies and this software should allow more widespread use of minimization which should lead to studies with better matched control and experimental arms. OxMaR should be particularly valuable in low resource settings.

Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy.

PubMed

Perl, Daniel P; Daoud, Adam I; Lieberman, Daniel E

2012-07-01

This study tests if running economy differs in minimal shoes versus standard running shoes with cushioned elevated heels and arch supports and in forefoot versus rearfoot strike gaits. We measured the cost of transport (mL O(2)·kg(-1)·m(-1)) in subjects who habitually run in minimal shoes or barefoot while they were running at 3.0 m·s(-1) on a treadmill during forefoot and rearfoot striking while wearing minimal and standard shoes, controlling for shoe mass and stride frequency. Force and kinematic data were collected when subjects were shod and barefoot to quantify differences in knee flexion, arch strain, plantar flexor force production, and Achilles tendon-triceps surae strain. After controlling for stride frequency and shoe mass, runners were 2.41% more economical in the minimal-shoe condition when forefoot striking and 3.32% more economical in the minimal-shoe condition when rearfoot striking (P < 0.05). In contrast, forefoot and rearfoot striking did not differ significantly in cost for either minimal- or standard-shoe running. Arch strain was not measured in the shod condition but was significantly greater during forefoot than rearfoot striking when barefoot. Plantar flexor force output was significantly higher in forefoot than in rearfoot striking and in barefoot than in shod running. Achilles tendon-triceps surae strain and knee flexion were also lower in barefoot than in standard-shoe running. Minimally shod runners are modestly but significantly more economical than traditionally shod runners regardless of strike type, after controlling for shoe mass and stride frequency. The likely cause of this difference is more elastic energy storage and release in the lower extremity during minimal-shoe running.

Minimal Pleural Effusion in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Proportion, Mechanisms, and Prognostic Effect.

PubMed

Ryu, Jeong-Seon; Lim, Jun Hyeok; Lee, Jeong Min; Kim, Woo Chul; Lee, Kyung-Hee; Memon, Azra; Lee, Seul-Ki; Yi, Bo-Rim; Kim, Hyun-Jung; Hwang, Seung-Sik

2016-02-01

To determine the frequency and investigate possible mechanisms and prognostic relevance of minimal (<10-mm thickness) pleural effusion in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The single-center retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of the hospital, and informed consent was waived by the patients. A cohort of 360 consecutive patients diagnosed with SCLC by using histologic analysis was enrolled in this study. Based on the status of pleural effusion on chest computed tomographic (CT) scans at diagnosis, patients were classified into three groups: no pleural effusion, minimal pleural effusion, and malignant pleural effusion. Eighteen variables related to patient, environment, stage, and treatment were included in the final model as potential confounders. Minimal pleural effusion was present in 74 patients (20.6%) and malignant pleural effusion in 83 patients (23.0%). Median survival was significantly different in patients with no, minimal, or malignant pleural effusion (median survival, 11.2, 5.93, and 4.83 months, respectively; P < .001, log-rank test). In the fully adjusted final model, patients with minimal pleural effusion had a significantly increased risk of death compared with those with no pleural effusion (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.454 [95% confidence interval: 1.012, 2.090]; P = .001). The prognostic effect was significant in patients with stage I-III disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.751 [95% confidence interval: 1.586, 4.773]; P < .001), but it disappeared in stage IV disease. An indirect mechanism representing mediastinal lymphadenopathy was responsible for the accumulation in all but one patient with minimal pleural effusion. Minimal pleural effusion is a common clinical finding in staging SCLC. Its presence is associated with worse survival in patients and should be considered when CT scans are interpreted. © RSNA, 2015.

An Outcome and Cost Analysis Comparing Single-Level Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Intraoperative Fluoroscopy versus Computed Tomography-Guided Navigation.

PubMed

Khanna, Ryan; McDevitt, Joseph L; Abecassis, Zachary A; Smith, Zachary A; Koski, Tyler R; Fessler, Richard G; Dahdaleh, Nader S

2016-10-01

Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has undergone significant evolution since its conception as a fusion technique to treat lumbar spondylosis. Minimally invasive TLIF is commonly performed using intraoperative two-dimensional fluoroscopic x-rays. However, intraoperative computed tomography (CT)-based navigation during minimally invasive TLIF is gaining popularity for improvements in visualizing anatomy and reducing intraoperative radiation to surgeons and operating room staff. This is the first study to compare clinical outcomes and cost between these 2 imaging techniques during minimally invasive TILF. For comparison, 28 patients who underwent single-level minimally invasive TLIF using fluoroscopy were matched to 28 patients undergoing single-level minimally invasive TLIF using CT navigation based on race, sex, age, smoking status, payer type, and medical comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index). The minimum follow-up time was 6 months. The 2 groups were compared in regard to clinical outcomes and hospital reimbursement from the payer perspective. Average surgery time, anesthesia time, and hospital length of stay were similar for both groups, but average estimated blood loss was lower in the fluoroscopy group compared with the CT navigation group (154 mL vs. 262 mL; P = 0.016). Oswestry Disability Index, back visual analog scale, and leg visual analog scale scores similarly improved in both groups (P > 0.05) at 6-month follow-up. Cost analysis showed that average hospital payments were similar in the fluoroscopy versus the CT navigation groups ($32,347 vs. $32,656; P = 0.925) as well as payments for the operating room (P = 0.868). Single minimally invasive TLIF performed with fluoroscopy versus CT navigation showed similar clinical outcomes and cost at 6 months. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sports Hernia Treatment

PubMed Central

Economopoulos, Kostas J.; Milewski, Matthew D.; Hanks, John B.; Hart, Joseph M.; Diduch, David R.

2013-01-01

Background: The minimal repair technique for sports hernias repairs only the weak area of the posterior abdominal wall along with decompressing the genitofemoral nerve. This technique has been shown to return athletes to competition rapidly. This study compares the clinical outcomes of the minimal repair technique with the traditional modified Bassini repair. Hypothesis: Athletes undergoing the minimal repair technique for a sports hernia would return to play more rapidly compared with athletes undergoing the traditional modified Bassini repair. Methods: A retrospective study of 28 patients who underwent sports hernia repair at the authors’ institution was performed. Fourteen patients underwent the modified Bassini repair, and a second group of 14 patients underwent the minimal repair technique. The 2 groups were compared with respect to time to return to sport, return to original level of competition, and clinical outcomes. Results: Patients in the minimal repair group returned to sports at a median of 5.6 weeks (range, 4-8 weeks), which was significantly faster compared with the modified Bassini repair group, with a median return of 25.8 weeks (range, 4-112 weeks; P = 0.002). Thirteen of 14 patients in the minimal repair group returned to sports at their previous level, while 9 of 14 patients in the Bassini group were able to return to their previous level of sport (P = 0.01). Two patients in each group had recurrent groin pain. One patient in the minimal repair group underwent revision hernia surgery for recurrent pain, while 1 patient in the Bassini group underwent hip arthroscopy for symptomatic hip pain. Conclusion: The minimal repair technique allows athletes with sports hernias to return to play faster than patients treated with the modified Bassini. PMID:24427419

A perverse quality incentive in surgery: implications of reimbursing surgeons less for doing laparoscopic surgery.

PubMed

Fader, Amanda N; Xu, Tim; Dunkin, Brian J; Makary, Martin A

2016-11-01

Surgery is one of the highest priced services in health care, and complications from surgery can be serious and costly. Recently, advances in surgical techniques have allowed surgeons to perform many common operations using minimally invasive methods that result in fewer complications. Despite this, the rates of open surgery remain high across multiple surgical disciplines. This is an expert commentary and review of the contemporary literature regarding minimally invasive surgery practices nationwide, the benefits of less invasive approaches, and how minimally invasive compared with open procedures are differentially reimbursed in the United States. We explore the incentive of the current surgeon reimbursement fee schedule and its potential implications. A surgeon's preference to perform minimally invasive compared with open surgery remains highly variable in the U.S., even after adjustment for patient comorbidities and surgical complexity. Nationwide administrative claims data across several surgical disciplines demonstrates that minimally invasive surgery utilization in place of open surgery is associated with reduced adverse events and cost savings. Reducing surgical complications by increasing adoption of minimally invasive operations has significant cost implications for health care. However, current U.S. payment structures may perversely incentivize open surgery and financially reward physicians who do not necessarily embrace newer or best minimally invasive surgery practices. Utilization of minimally invasive surgery varies considerably in the U.S., representing one of the greatest disparities in health care. Existing physician payment models must translate the growing body of research in surgical care into physician-level rewards for quality, including choice of operation. Promoting safe surgery should be an important component of a strong, value-based healthcare system. Resolving the potentially perverse incentives in paying for surgical approaches may help address disparities in surgical care, reduce the prevalent problem of variation, and help contain health care costs.

The effects of collaboration and minimal-group membership on children's prosocial behavior, liking, affiliation, and trust.

PubMed

Plötner, Maria; Over, Harriet; Carpenter, Malinda; Tomasello, Michael

2015-11-01

Recent theoretical work has highlighted potential links between interpersonal collaboration and group membership in the evolution of human sociality. Here we compared the effects of collaboration and minimal-group membership on young children's prosocial behavior (i.e., helping and resource allocation), liking, affiliation, and trust. In a design that matched as closely as possible these two ways of connecting with others, we showed that 5-year-olds' behavior was affected similarly by collaboration and minimal-group membership; both increased children's preference for their partners on multiple dimensions and produced overall effects of a similar magnitude. In contrast, 3.5-year-olds did not have a strong preference for either collaborators or minimal in-group members. Thus, both collaboration and minimal-group membership are similarly effective in their influence on children's prosocial behavior and social preferences. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Acoustic transducer apparatus with reduced thermal conduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lierke, Ernst G. (Inventor); Leung, Emily W. (Inventor); Bhat, Balakrishna T. (Inventor)

1990-01-01

A horn is described for transmitting sound from a transducer to a heated chamber containing an object which is levitated by acoustic energy while it is heated to a molten state, which minimizes heat transfer to thereby minimize heating of the transducer, minimize temperature variation in the chamber, and minimize loss of heat from the chamber. The forward portion of the horn, which is the portion closest to the chamber, has holes that reduce its cross-sectional area to minimize the conduction of heat along the length of the horn, with the entire front portion of the horn being rigid and having an even front face to efficiently transfer high frequency acoustic energy to fluid in the chamber. In one arrangement, the horn has numerous rows of holes extending perpendicular to the length of horn, with alternate rows extending perpendicular to one another to form a sinuous path for the conduction of heat along the length of the horn.

Minimal second language exposure, SES, and early word comprehension: New evidence from a direct assessment*

PubMed Central

Deanda, Stephanie; Arias-Trejo, Natalia; Poulin-Dubois, Diane; Zesiger, Pascal; Friend, Margaret

2015-01-01

Although the extant literature provides robust evidence of the influence of language exposure and socioeconomic status (SES) on language acquisition, it is unknown how sensitive the early receptive vocabulary system is to these factors. The current study investigates effects of minimal second language exposure and SES on the comprehension vocabulary of 16-month-old children in the language in which they receive the greatest exposure. Study 1 revealed minimal second language exposure and SES exert significant and independent effects on a direct measure of vocabulary comprehension in English-dominant and English monolingual children (N = 72). In Study 2, we replicated the effect of minimal second language exposure in Spanish-dominant and Spanish monolingual children (N = 86), however no effect of SES on vocabulary was obtained. Our results emphasize the sensitivity of the language system to minimal changes in the environment in early development. PMID:26957947

Adoption of waste minimization technology to benefit electroplaters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ching, E.M.K.; Li, C.P.H.; Yu, C.M.K.

Because of increasingly stringent environmental legislation and enhanced environmental awareness, electroplaters in Hong Kong are paying more heed to protect the environment. To comply with the array of environmental controls, electroplaters can no longer rely solely on the end-of-pipe approach as a means for abating their pollution problems under the particular local industrial environment. The preferred approach is to adopt waste minimization measures that yield both economic and environmental benefits. This paper gives an overview of electroplating activities in Hong Kong, highlights their characteristics, and describes the pollution problems associated with conventional electroplating operations. The constraints of using pollution controlmore » measures to achieve regulatory compliance are also discussed. Examples and case studies are given on some low-cost waste minimization techniques readily available to electroplaters, including dragout minimization and water conservation techniques. Recommendations are given as to how electroplaters can adopt and exercise waste minimization techniques in their operations. 1 tab.« less

Industrial wastewater minimization using water pinch analysis: a case study on an old textile plant.

PubMed

Ujang, Z; Wong, C L; Manan, Z A

2002-01-01

Industrial wastewater minimization can be conducted using four main strategies: (i) reuse; (ii) regeneration-reuse; (iii) regeneration-recycling; and (iv) process changes. This study is concerned with (i) and (ii) to investigate the most suitable approach to wastewater minimization for an old textile industry plant. A systematic water networks design using water pinch analysis (WPA) was developed to minimize the water usage and wastewater generation for the textile plant. COD was chosen as the main parameter. An integrated design method has been applied, which brings the engineering insight using WPA that can determine the minimum flowrate of the water usage and then minimize the water consumption and wastewater generation as well. The overall result of this study shows that WPA has been effectively applied using both reuse and regeneration-reuse strategies for the old textile industry plant, and reduced the operating cost by 16% and 50% respectively.

Quantifying and minimizing entropy generation in AMTEC cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hendricks, T.J.; Huang, C.

1997-12-31

Entropy generation in an AMTEC cell represents inherent power loss to the AMTEC cell. Minimizing cell entropy generation directly maximizes cell power generation and efficiency. An internal project is on-going at AMPS to identify, quantify and minimize entropy generation mechanisms within an AMTEC cell, with the goal of determining cost-effective design approaches for maximizing AMTEC cell power generation. Various entropy generation mechanisms have been identified and quantified. The project has investigated several cell design techniques in a solar-driven AMTEC system to minimize cell entropy generation and produce maximum power cell designs. In many cases, various sources of entropy generation aremore » interrelated such that minimizing entropy generation requires cell and system design optimization. Some of the tradeoffs between various entropy generation mechanisms are quantified and explained and their implications on cell design are discussed. The relationship between AMTEC cell power and efficiency and entropy generation is presented and discussed.« less

How do we assign punishment? The impact of minimal and maximal standards on the evaluation of deviants.

PubMed

Kessler, Thomas; Neumann, Jörg; Mummendey, Amélie; Berthold, Anne; Schubert, Thomas; Waldzus, Sven

2010-09-01

To explain the determinants of negative behavior toward deviants (e.g., punishment), this article examines how people evaluate others on the basis of two types of standards: minimal and maximal. Minimal standards focus on an absolute cutoff point for appropriate behavior; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies dichotomously between acceptable or unacceptable. Maximal standards focus on the degree of deviation from that standard; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies gradually from positive to less positive. This framework leads to the prediction that violation of minimal standards should elicit punishment regardless of the degree of deviation, whereas punishment in response to violations of maximal standards should depend on the degree of deviation. Four studies assessed or manipulated the type of standard and degree of deviation displayed by a target. Results consistently showed the expected interaction between type of standard (minimal and maximal) and degree of deviation on punishment behavior.

WASTE MINIMIZATION AUDIT REPORT: CASE STUDIES OF MINIMIZATION OF SOLVENT WASTES AND ELECTROPLATING WASTES AT A DOD (DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE) INSTALLATION

EPA Science Inventory

The report results of a waste minimization audit carried out in 1987 at a tank reconditioning facility operated by the DOD. The audit team developed recommendations for reducing the generation FOO6 wastewater treatment sludge, and FOO2, and FOO4 solvent wastes. In addition to det...

Minimal Groups Increase Young Children's Motivation and Learning on Group-Relevant Tasks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Master, Allison; Walton, Gregory M.

2013-01-01

Three experiments ("N" = 130) used a minimal group manipulation to show that just perceived membership in a social group boosts young children's motivation for and learning from group-relevant tasks. In Experiment 1, 4-year-old children assigned to a minimal "puzzles group" persisted longer on a challenging puzzle than children identified as the…

General minimal surface solution for gravitational instantons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aliev, A. N.; Kalaycı, J.; Nutku, Y.

1997-07-01

We construct the general instanton metric obtained from Weierstrass' general local solution for minimal surfaces using the correspondence between minimal surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space and gravitational instantons admitting two Killing vectors. The resulting metric contains one arbitrary analytic function and we show that it can be transformed to the Gibbons-Hawking form of an instanton metric that was reported earlier.

Optimization of insulation of a linear Fresnel collector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ardekani, Mohammad Moghimi; Craig, Ken J.; Meyer, Josua P.

2017-06-01

This study presents a simulation based optimization study of insulation around the cavity receiver of a Linear Fresnel Collector. This optimization study focuses on minimizing heat losses from a cavity receiver (maximizing plant thermal efficiency), while minimizing insulation cross-sectional area (minimizing material cost and cavity dead load), which leads to a cheaper and thermally more efficient LFC cavity receiver.

7 CFR 1c.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... an expedited review procedure shall adopt a method for keeping all members advised of research... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 1c.110 Section 1c... review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor...

15 CFR 27.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research... HUMAN SUBJECTS § 27.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established, and...

45 CFR 690.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 690.110 Section... PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS § 690.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has...

21 CFR 56.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... uses an expedited review procedure shall adopt a method for keeping all members advised of research... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 56.110 Section 56... of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The...

34 CFR 97.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 97.110 Section 97... Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (Basic ED Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects) § 97.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

32 CFR 219.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... adopt a method for keeping all members advised of research proposals which have been approved under the... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 219.110 Section... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a...

49 CFR 11.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... an expedited review procedure shall adopt a method for keeping all members advised of research... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 11.110 Section 11... Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor...

21 CFR 56.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 56.110 Section 56... of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The... categories of research that may be reviewed by the IRB through an expedited review procedure. The list will...

49 CFR 11.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 11.110 Section 11... Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established, and published as a Notice in the...

28 CFR 46.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of research proposals which have been approved under the procedure. (d) The department or agency head... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 46... SUBJECTS § 46.110 Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal...

32 CFR 219.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... adopt a method for keeping all members advised of research proposals which have been approved under the... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 219.110 Section... kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a...

The Proportion of Minimally Verbal Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Community-Based Early Intervention Programme

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rose, V.; Trembath, D.; Keen, D.; Paynter, J.

2016-01-01

Background: Estimates of the proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are minimally verbal vary from 25% to 35%. However, there is a lack of consensus in defining minimally verbal and few detailed reports of communication outcomes for these children following intervention. The aim of this study was to explore how minimally…

Flattening the inflaton potential beyond minimal gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Hyun Min

2018-01-01

We review the status of the Starobinsky-like models for inflation beyond minimal gravity and discuss the unitarity problem due to the presence of a large non-minimal gravity coupling. We show that the induced gravity models allow for a self-consistent description of inflation and discuss the implications of the inflaton couplings to the Higgs field in the Standard Model.

9 CFR 94.19 - Restrictions on importation from BSE minimal-risk regions of meat and edible products from...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... minimal-risk regions of meat and edible products from ruminants. 94.19 Section 94.19 Animals and Animal... BSE minimal-risk regions of meat and edible products from ruminants. Except as provided in § 94.18 and this section, the importation of meat, meat products, and edible products other than meat (excluding...

34 CFR 97.406 - Research involving greater than minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit to individual...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... conducts or funds research in which the IRB finds that more than minimal risk to children is presented by..., only if the IRB finds that— (a) The risk represents a minor increase over minimal risk; (b) The... or condition that is of vital importance for the understanding or amelioration of the subjects...

34 CFR 97.406 - Research involving greater than minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit to individual...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... conducts or funds research in which the IRB finds that more than minimal risk to children is presented by..., only if the IRB finds that— (a) The risk represents a minor increase over minimal risk; (b) The... or condition that is of vital importance for the understanding or amelioration of the subjects...

34 CFR 97.406 - Research involving greater than minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit to individual...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... conducts or funds research in which the IRB finds that more than minimal risk to children is presented by..., only if the IRB finds that— (a) The risk represents a minor increase over minimal risk; (b) The... or condition that is of vital importance for the understanding or amelioration of the subjects...

34 CFR 97.406 - Research involving greater than minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit to individual...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... conducts or funds research in which the IRB finds that more than minimal risk to children is presented by..., only if the IRB finds that— (a) The risk represents a minor increase over minimal risk; (b) The... or condition that is of vital importance for the understanding or amelioration of the subjects...

Pledget Induced Cardiogenic Shock Following a Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement.

PubMed

Tedesco, Alexandra E; Tedesco, Victor E

2017-01-01

Within the last decade, minimally invasive valve replacements have become exceedingly popular, and as a result, so has the rise of technology aimed at refining and simplifying these techniques. With new technology, new complications are inevitable. We present a routine Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement through a right anterior minithoracotomy complicated by pledget impaction in a coronary artery.

Understanding Definitions of Minimally Verbal across Instruments: Evidence for Subgroups within Minimally Verbal Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bal, Vanessa Hus; Katz, Terry; Bishop, Somer L.; Krasileva, Kate

2016-01-01

Background: Minimally verbal (MV) children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often assumed to be profoundly cognitively impaired and excluded from analyses due to challenges completing standardized testing protocols. A literature aimed at increasing understanding of this subgroup is emerging; however, the many methods used to define MV…

Minimal-change nephropathy and malignant thymoma.

PubMed

Varsano, S; Bruderman, I; Bernheim, J L; Rathaus, M; Griffel, B

1980-05-01

A 56-year-old man had fever, precordial pain, and a mediastinal mass. The mass disappeared two months later and the patient remained asymptomatic for 2 1/2 years. At that time a full-blown nephrotic syndrome developed, with minimal-change glomerulopathy. The chest x-ray film showed the reappearance of a giant mediastinal mass. On biopsy of the mass, malignant thymoma was diagnosed. Association between minimal-change disease and Hodgkin's disease is well known, while the association with malignant thymoma has not been previously reported. The relationship between malignant thymoma and minimal-change disease is discussed, and a possible pathogenic mechanism involving cell-mediated immunity is proposed.

General squark flavour mixing: constraints, phenomenology and benchmarks

DOE PAGES

De Causmaecker, Karen; Fuks, Benjamin; Herrmann, Bjorn; ...

2015-11-19

Here, we present an extensive study of non-minimal flavour violation in the squark sector in the framework of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We investigate the effects of multiple non-vanishing flavour-violating elements in the squark mass matrices by means of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo scanning technique and identify parameter combinations that are favoured by both current data and theoretical constraints. We then detail the resulting distributions of the flavour-conserving and flavour-violating model parameters. Based on this analysis, we propose a set of benchmark scenarios relevant for future studies of non-minimal flavour violation in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.

Minimal but non-minimal inflation and electroweak symmetry breaking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marzola, Luca; Institute of Physics, University of Tartu,Ravila 14c, 50411 Tartu; Racioppi, Antonio

2016-10-07

We consider the most minimal scale invariant extension of the standard model that allows for successful radiative electroweak symmetry breaking and inflation. The framework involves an extra scalar singlet, that plays the rôle of the inflaton, and is compatibile with current experimental bounds owing to the non-minimal coupling of the latter to gravity. This inflationary scenario predicts a very low tensor-to-scalar ratio r≈10{sup −3}, typical of Higgs-inflation models, but in contrast yields a scalar spectral index n{sub s}≃0.97 which departs from the Starobinsky limit. We briefly discuss the collider phenomenology of the framework.

Adult-onset Minimal Change Disease with IgA Nephropathy and Hepatitis C

PubMed Central

Chowdhury, Waliul; Saleem, Tahira Sabeen; Lodhi, Muhammad Uzair; Syed, Intekhab Askari; Iqbal, Hafiz Imran

2018-01-01

Minimal change disease (MCD) is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in children, leading to heavy proteinuria and edema. However, it is not as common in adults. Adult-onset minimal change disease with IgA nephropathy is rare. The initial presentation of heavy proteinuria and edema with effacement of podocytes on electron microscopy (EM) should lead the physician to suspect minimal change disease regardless of age. We present a 44-year-old male patient with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) who presented with sudden onset of lower extremity edema and 6.6 grams (g) of proteinuria per day. PMID:29682437

Utility of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring during Minimally Invasive Fusion of the Sacroiliac Joint.

PubMed

Woods, Michael; Birkholz, Denise; MacBarb, Regina; Capobianco, Robyn; Woods, Adam

2014-01-01

Study Design. Retrospective case series. Objective. To document the clinical utility of intraoperative neuromonitoring during minimally invasive surgical sacroiliac joint fusion for patients diagnosed with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (as a direct result of sacroiliac joint disruptions or degenerative sacroiliitis) and determine stimulated electromyography thresholds reflective of favorable implant position. Summary of Background Data. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a well-accepted adjunct to minimally invasive pedicle screw placement. The utility of intraoperative neuromonitoring during minimally invasive surgical sacroiliac joint fusion using a series of triangular, titanium porous plasma coated implants has not been evaluated. Methods. A medical chart review of consecutive patients treated with minimally invasive surgical sacroiliac joint fusion was undertaken at a single center. Baseline patient demographics and medical history, intraoperative electromyography thresholds, and perioperative adverse events were collected after obtaining IRB approval. Results. 111 implants were placed in 37 patients. Sensitivity of EMG was 80% and specificity was 97%. Intraoperative neuromonitoring potentially avoided neurologic sequelae as a result of improper positioning in 7% of implants. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that intraoperative neuromonitoring may be a useful adjunct to minimally invasive surgical sacroiliac joint fusion in avoiding nerve injury during implant placement.

Question 7: Biosynthesis of Phosphatidic Acid in Liposome Compartments Toward the Self-Reproduction of Minimal Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuruma, Yutetsu

2007-10-01

Self-reproduction is one of main properties that define living cells. In order to explore the self-reproduction process for the study of early cells, and to develop a research line somehow connected to the origin of life, we have built up a constructive ‘synthetic cells (minimal cells)’ approach. The minimal cells approach consists in the investigation of the minimal number of elements to accomplish simple cell-like processes like self-reproduction. Such approach belongs to the field of synthetic biology. The minimal cells are reconstructed from a totally reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis system (PURESYSTEM) and liposome compartments as containers. Based on this approach, we synthesized two membrane proteins (enzymes), GPAT and LPAAT, which are involved in the phosphatidic acid biosynthesis in bacteria. Both membrane proteins were successfully synthesized by PURESYSTEM encapsulated inside POPC liposomes. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of GPAT was restored by mixing the expressed enzyme with lipid and by forming liposomes in situ. Through these experimental evidences, here we present a possible model to achieve self-reproduction in minimal cells. Our results would contribute to the idea that early cells could have been built by an extremely small number of genes.

Minimally conscious state or cortically mediated state?

PubMed

Naccache, Lionel

2018-04-01

Durable impairments of consciousness are currently classified in three main neurological categories: comatose state, vegetative state (also recently coined unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) and minimally conscious state. While the introduction of minimally conscious state, in 2002, was a major progress to help clinicians recognize complex non-reflexive behaviours in the absence of functional communication, it raises several problems. The most important issue related to minimally conscious state lies in its criteria: while behavioural definition of minimally conscious state lacks any direct evidence of patient's conscious content or conscious state, it includes the adjective 'conscious'. I discuss this major problem in this review and propose a novel interpretation of minimally conscious state: its criteria do not inform us about the potential residual consciousness of patients, but they do inform us with certainty about the presence of a cortically mediated state. Based on this constructive criticism review, I suggest three proposals aiming at improving the way we describe the subjective and cognitive state of non-communicating patients. In particular, I present a tentative new classification of impairments of consciousness that combines behavioural evidence with functional brain imaging data, in order to probe directly and univocally residual conscious processes.

Analysis of research ethics board approval times in an academic department of medicine.

PubMed

Tsang, Teresa S M; Jones, Meaghan; Meneilly, Graydon S

2015-04-01

As part of an ongoing effort to better understand barriers to academic research, we reviewed and analyzed the process of research ethics applications, focusing on ethics approval time, within the Department of Medicine from 2006 to 2011. A total of 1,268 applications for approval to use human subjects in research were included in our analysis. Three variables, risk category (minimal vs. non-minimal risk), type of funding, and year of submission, were statistically significant for prediction of ethics approval time, with risk status being the most important of these. The covariate-adjusted mean time for approval for minimal risk studies (35.7 days) was less than half that of non-minimal risk protocols (76.5 days). Studies funded through a for-profit sponsor had significantly longer approval times than those funded through other means but were also predominantly (87%) non-minimal risk protocols. Further investigations of the reasons underlying the observed differences are needed to determine whether improved training for research ethics board (REB) members and/or greater dialogue with investigators may reduce the lengthy approval times associated with non-minimal risk protocols. © The Author(s) 2015.

Blue light hazard performance comparison of phosphor-converted LED sources with red quantum dots and red phosphor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jingjing; Xie, Bin; Yu, Xingjian; Luo, Xiaobing; Zhang, Tao; Liu, Shishen; Yu, Zhihua; Liu, Li; Jin, Xing

2017-07-01

In this study, the blue light hazard performances of phosphor converted-light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) with red phosphor and red quantum dots (QDs) were compared and analyzed by spectral optimization, which boosts the minimum attainable blue light hazard efficiency of radiation (BLHER) at high values of color rendering index (CRI) and luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) when the correlated color temperature (CCT) value changes from 1800 to 7800 K. It is found that the minimal BLHER value increases with the increase in the CCT value, and the minimal BLHER values of the two spectral models are nearly the same. Note that the QDs' model has advantages at CCT coverage under the same constraints of CRI and LER. Then, the relationships between minimal BLHER, CRI, CCT, and LER of pc-LEDs with QDs' model were analyzed. It is found that the minimal BLHER values are nearly the same when the CRI value changes from 50 to 90. Therefore, the influence of CRI on minimal BLHER is insignificant. Minimal BLHER increases with the increase in the LER value from 240 to 360 lm/W.

Quality of Life after Open or Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy in Patients With Esophageal Cancer-A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Taioli, Emanuela; Schwartz, Rebecca M; Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil; Moskowitz, Gil; van Gerwen, Maaike; Flores, Raja

2017-01-01

Although esophageal cancer is rare in the United States, 5-year survival and quality of life (QoL) are poor following esophageal cancer surgery. Although esophageal cancer has been surgically treated with esophagectomy through thoracotomy, an open procedure, minimally invasive surgical procedures have been recently introduced to decrease the risk of complications and improve QoL after surgery. The current study is a systematic review of the published literature to assess differences in QoL after traditional (open) or minimally invasive esophagectomy. We hypothesized that QoL is consistently better in patients treated with minimally invasive surgery than in those treated with a more traditional and invasive approach. Although global health, social function, and emotional function improved more commonly after minimally invasive surgery compared with open surgery, physical function and role function, as well as symptoms including choking, dysphagia, eating problems, and trouble swallowing saliva, declined for both surgery types. Cognitive function was equivocal across both groups. The potential small benefits in global and mental health status among those who experience minimally invasive surgery should be considered with caution given the possibility of publication and selection bias. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Does finite-temperature decoding deliver better optima for noisy Hamiltonians?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ochoa, Andrew J.; Nishimura, Kohji; Nishimori, Hidetoshi; Katzgraber, Helmut G.

The minimization of an Ising spin-glass Hamiltonian is an NP-hard problem. Because many problems across disciplines can be mapped onto this class of Hamiltonian, novel efficient computing techniques are highly sought after. The recent development of quantum annealing machines promises to minimize these difficult problems more efficiently. However, the inherent noise found in these analog devices makes the minimization procedure difficult. While the machine might be working correctly, it might be minimizing a different Hamiltonian due to the inherent noise. This means that, in general, the ground-state configuration that correctly minimizes a noisy Hamiltonian might not minimize the noise-less Hamiltonian. Inspired by rigorous results that the energy of the noise-less ground-state configuration is equal to the expectation value of the energy of the noisy Hamiltonian at the (nonzero) Nishimori temperature [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 62, 40132930 (1993)], we numerically study the decoding probability of the original noise-less ground state with noisy Hamiltonians in two space dimensions, as well as the D-Wave Inc. Chimera topology. Our results suggest that thermal fluctuations might be beneficial during the optimization process in analog quantum annealing machines.

Blackfolds, plane waves and minimal surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Armas, Jay; Blau, Matthias

2015-07-01

Minimal surfaces in Euclidean space provide examples of possible non-compact horizon geometries and topologies in asymptotically flat space-time. On the other hand, the existence of limiting surfaces in the space-time provides a simple mechanism for making these configurations compact. Limiting surfaces appear naturally in a given space-time by making minimal surfaces rotate but they are also inherent to plane wave or de Sitter space-times in which case minimal surfaces can be static and compact. We use the blackfold approach in order to scan for possible black hole horizon geometries and topologies in asymptotically flat, plane wave and de Sitter space-times. In the process we uncover several new configurations, such as black helicoids and catenoids, some of which have an asymptotically flat counterpart. In particular, we find that the ultraspinning regime of singly-spinning Myers-Perry black holes, described in terms of the simplest minimal surface (the plane), can be obtained as a limit of a black helicoid, suggesting that these two families of black holes are connected. We also show that minimal surfaces embedded in spheres rather than Euclidean space can be used to construct static compact horizons in asymptotically de Sitter space-times.

Minimal Risk in Pediatric Research: A Philosophical Review and Reconsideration

PubMed Central

Rossi, John; Nelson, Robert M.

2017-01-01

Despite more than thirty years of debate, disagreement persists among research ethicists about the most appropriate way to interpret the U.S. regulations on pediatric research, specifically the categories of “minimal risk” and a “minor increase over minimal risk.” Focusing primarily on the definition of “minimal risk,” we argue in this article that the continued debate about the pediatric risk categories is at least partly because their conceptual status is seldom considered directly. Once this is done, it becomes clear that the most popular strategy for interpreting “minimal risk”—defining it as a specific set of risks—is indefensible and, from a pragmatic perspective, unlikely to resolve disagreement. Primarily this is because judgments about minimal risk are both normative and heavily intuitive in nature and thus cannot easily be captured by reductions to a given set of risks. We suggest instead that a more defensible approach to evaluating risk should incorporate room for reflection and deliberation. This dispositional, deliberative framework can nonetheless accommodate a number of intellectual resources for reducing reliance on sheer intuition and improving the quality of risk evaluations. PMID:28777661

How to start a minimal access mitral valve program

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

The seven pillars of governance established by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom provide a useful framework for the process of introducing new procedures to a hospital. Drawing from local experience, the author present guidance for institutions considering establishing a minimal access mitral valve program. The seven pillars of governance apply to the practice of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, based on the principle of patient-centred practice. The author delineate the benefits of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery in terms of: “clinical effectiveness”, including reduced length of hospital stay, “risk management effectiveness”, including conversion to sternotomy and aortic dissection, “patient experience” including improved cosmesis and quicker recovery, and the effectiveness of communication, resources and strategies in the implementation of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Finally, the author have identified seven learning curves experienced by surgeons involved in introducing a minimal access mitral valve program. The learning curves are defined as: techniques of mitral valve repair, Transoesophageal Echocardiography-guided cannulation, incisions, instruments, visualization, aortic occlusion and cardiopulmonary bypass strategies. From local experience, the author provide advice on how to reduce the learning curves, such as practising with the specialised instruments and visualization techniques during sternotomy cases. Underpinning the NHS pillars are the principles of systems awareness, teamwork, communication, ownership and leadership, all of which are paramount to performing any surgery but more so with minimal access surgery, as will be highlighted throughout this paper. PMID:24349981

Rapid Learning of Minimally Different Words in Five- to Six-Year-Old Children: Effects of Acoustic Salience and Hearing Impairment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Giezen, Marcel R.; Escudero, Paola; Baker, Anne E.

2016-01-01

This study investigates the role of acoustic salience and hearing impairment in learning phonologically minimal pairs. Picture-matching and object-matching tasks were used to investigate the learning of consonant and vowel minimal pairs in five- to six-year-old deaf children with a cochlear implant (CI), and children of the same age with normal…

Mesonic spectroscopy of minimal walking technicolor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Del Debbio, Luigi; Lucini, Biagio; Patella, Agostino

2010-07-01

We investigate the structure and the novel emerging features of the mesonic nonsinglet spectrum of the minimal walking technicolor theory. Precision measurements in the nonsinglet pseudoscalar and vector channels are compared to the expectations for an IR-conformal field theory and a QCD-like theory. Our results favor a scenario in which minimal walking technicolor is (almost) conformal in the infrared, while spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems less plausible.

Boolean Minimization and Algebraic Factorization Procedures for Fully Testable Sequential Machines

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

Boolean Minimization and Algebraic Factorization Procedures for Fully Testable Sequential Machines Srinivas Devadas and Kurt Keutzer F ( Abstract In this...Projects Agency under contract number N00014-87-K-0825. Author Information Devadas : Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Room 36...MA 02139; (617) 253-0292. 0 * Boolean Minimization and Algebraic Factorization Procedures for Fully Testable Sequential Machines Siivas Devadas

7 CFR 1c.110 - Expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. 1c.110 Section 1c... review procedures for certain kinds of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. (a) The Secretary, HHS, has established, and published as a Notice in the...

Minimizing both dropped formulas and concepts in knowledge fusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grégoire, Éric

2006-04-01

In this paper, a new family of approaches to fuse inconsistent knowledge sources is introduced in a standard logical setting. They combine two preference criteria to arbitrate between conflicting information: the minimization of falsified formulas and the minimization of the number of the different atoms that are involved in those formulas. Although these criteria exhibit a syntactical flavor, the approaches are semantically-defined.

Minimizing End-to-End Interference in I/O Stacks Spanning Shared Multi-Level Buffer Caches

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, Christina M.

2011-01-01

This thesis presents an end-to-end interference minimizing uniquely designed high performance I/O stack that spans multi-level shared buffer cache hierarchies accessing shared I/O servers to deliver a seamless high performance I/O stack. In this thesis, I show that I can build a superior I/O stack which minimizes the inter-application interference…

An information geometric approach to least squares minimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Transtrum, Mark; Machta, Benjamin; Sethna, James

2009-03-01

Parameter estimation by nonlinear least squares minimization is a ubiquitous problem that has an elegant geometric interpretation: all possible parameter values induce a manifold embedded within the space of data. The minimization problem is then to find the point on the manifold closest to the origin. The standard algorithm for minimizing sums of squares, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, also has geometric meaning. When the standard algorithm fails to efficiently find accurate fits to the data, geometric considerations suggest improvements. Problems involving large numbers of parameters, such as often arise in biological contexts, are notoriously difficult. We suggest an algorithm based on geodesic motion that may offer improvements over the standard algorithm for a certain class of problems.

Minimal energy configurations of gravitationally interacting rigid bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moeckel, Richard

2017-05-01

Consider a collection of n rigid, massive bodies interacting according to their mutual gravitational attraction. A relative equilibrium motion is one where the entire configuration rotates rigidly and uniformly about a fixed axis in R^3. Such a motion is possible only for special positions and orientations of the bodies. A minimal energy motion is one which has the minimum possible energy in its fixed angular momentum level. While every minimal energy motion is a relative equilibrium motion, the main result here is that a relative equilibrium motion of n≥3 disjoint rigid bodies is never an energy minimizer. This generalizes a known result about point masses to the case of rigid bodies.

One-dimensional Gromov minimal filling problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov, Alexandr O.; Tuzhilin, Alexey A.

2012-05-01

The paper is devoted to a new branch in the theory of one-dimensional variational problems with branching extremals, the investigation of one-dimensional minimal fillings introduced by the authors. On the one hand, this problem is a one-dimensional version of a generalization of Gromov's minimal fillings problem to the case of stratified manifolds. On the other hand, this problem is interesting in itself and also can be considered as a generalization of another classical problem, the Steiner problem on the construction of a shortest network connecting a given set of terminals. Besides the statement of the problem, we discuss several properties of the minimal fillings and state several conjectures. Bibliography: 38 titles.

Steady state method to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at the ambient water potential

DOEpatents

HUbbell, Joel M.

2014-08-19

The present invention relates to a new laboratory apparatus for measuring the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at a single water potential. One or more embodiments of the invented apparatus can be used over a wide range of water potential values within the tensiometric range, requires minimal laboratory preparation, and operates unattended for extended periods with minimal supervision. The present invention relates to a new laboratory apparatus for measuring the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at a single water potential. One or more embodiments of the invented apparatus can be used over a wide range of water potential values within the tensiometric range, requires minimal laboratory preparation, and operates unattended for extended periods with minimal supervision.

Plateau inflation from random non-minimal coupling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Broy, Benedict J.; Coone, Dries; Theoretische Natuurkunde,Vrije Universiteit Brussel and The International Solvay Institutes,Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels

A generic non-minimal coupling can push any higher-order terms of the scalar potential sufficiently far out in field space to yield observationally viable plateau inflation. We provide analytic and numerical evidence that this generically happens for a non-minimal coupling strength ξ of the order N{sub e}{sup 2}. In this regime, the non-minimally coupled field is sub-Planckian during inflation and is thus protected from most higher-order terms. For larger values of ξ, the inflationary predictions converge towards the sweet spot of PLANCK. The latter includes ξ≃10{sup 4} obtained from CMB normalization arguments, thus providing a natural explanation for the inflationary observablesmore » measured.« less

Radio frequency energy for non-invasive and minimally invasive skin tightening.

PubMed

Mulholland, R Stephen

2011-07-01

This article reviews the non-invasive and minimally invasive options for skin tightening, focusing on peer-reviewed articles and presentations and those technologies with the most proven or promising RF non-excisional skin-tightening results for excisional surgeons. RF has been the mainstay of non-invasive skin tightening and has emerged as the "cutting edge" technology in the minimally invasive skin-tightening field. Because these RF skin-tightening technologies are capital equipment purchases with a significant cost associated, this article also discusses some business issues and models that have proven to work in the plastic surgeon's office for non-invasive and minimally invasive skin-tightening technologies. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Quantum Gravitational Corrections to the Real Klein-Gordon Field in the Presence of a Minimal Length

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moayedi, S. K.; Setare, M. R.; Moayeri, H.

2010-09-01

The ( D+1)-dimensional ( β, β')-two-parameter Lorentz-covariant deformed algebra introduced by Quesne and Tkachuk (J. Phys., A Math. Gen. 39, 10909, 2006), leads to a nonzero minimal uncertainty in position (minimal length). The Klein-Gordon equation in a (3+1)-dimensional space-time described by Quesne-Tkachuk Lorentz-covariant deformed algebra is studied in the case where β'=2 β up to first order over deformation parameter β. It is shown that the modified Klein-Gordon equation which contains fourth-order derivative of the wave function describes two massive particles with different masses. We have shown that physically acceptable mass states can only exist for β<1/8m^{2c2} which leads to an isotropic minimal length in the interval 10-17 m<(Δ X i )0<10-15 m. Finally, we have shown that the above estimation of minimal length is in good agreement with the results obtained in previous investigations.

Evidence for surprise minimization over value maximization in choice behavior

PubMed Central

Schwartenbeck, Philipp; FitzGerald, Thomas H. B.; Mathys, Christoph; Dolan, Ray; Kronbichler, Martin; Friston, Karl

2015-01-01

Classical economic models are predicated on the idea that the ultimate aim of choice is to maximize utility or reward. In contrast, an alternative perspective highlights the fact that adaptive behavior requires agents’ to model their environment and minimize surprise about the states they frequent. We propose that choice behavior can be more accurately accounted for by surprise minimization compared to reward or utility maximization alone. Minimizing surprise makes a prediction at variance with expected utility models; namely, that in addition to attaining valuable states, agents attempt to maximize the entropy over outcomes and thus ‘keep their options open’. We tested this prediction using a simple binary choice paradigm and show that human decision-making is better explained by surprise minimization compared to utility maximization. Furthermore, we replicated this entropy-seeking behavior in a control task with no explicit utilities. These findings highlight a limitation of purely economic motivations in explaining choice behavior and instead emphasize the importance of belief-based motivations. PMID:26564686

Maintaining Low Voiding Solder Die Attach for Power Die While Minimizing Die Tilt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamm, Randy; Peterson, Kenneth A.

2015-10-01

This paper addresses work to minimize voiding and die tilt in solder attachment of a large power die, measuring 9.0 mm X 6.5 mm X 0.1 mm (0.354” x 0.256” x 0.004”), to a heat spreader. As demands for larger high power die continue, minimizing voiding and die tilt is of interest for improved die functionality, yield, manufacturability, and reliability. High-power die generate considerable heat, which is important to dissipate effectively through control of voiding under high thermal load areas of the die while maintaining a consistent bondline (minimizing die tilt). Voiding was measured using acoustic imaging and die tiltmore » was measured using two different optical measurement systems. 80Au-20Sn solder reflow was achieved using a batch vacuum solder system with optimized fixturing. Minimizing die tilt proved to be the more difficult of the two product requirements to meet. Process development variables included tooling, weight and solder preform thickness.« less

A technical case report on use of tubular retractors for anterior cervical spine surgery.

PubMed

Kulkarni, Arvind G; Patel, Ankit; Ankith, N V

2017-12-19

The authors put-forth this technical report to establish the feasibility of performing an anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) and a two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using a minimally invasive approach with tubular retractors. First case: cervical spondylotic myelopathy secondary to a large postero-inferiorly migrated disc treated with corpectomy and reconstruction with a mesh cage and locking plate. Second case: cervical disc herniation with radiculopathy treated with a two-level ACDF. Both cases were operated with minimally invasive approach with tubular retractor using a single incision. Technical aspects and clinical outcomes have been reported. No intra or post-operative complications were encountered. Intra-operative blood loss was negligible. The patients had a cosmetic scar on healing. Standard procedure of placement of tubular retractors is sufficient for adequate surgical exposure with minimal invasiveness. Minimally invasive approach to anterior cervical spine with tubular retractors is feasible. This is the first report on use of minimally invasive approach for ACCF and two-level ACDF.

Characterisation of minimal-span plane Couette turbulence with pressure gradients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sekimoto, Atsushi; Atkinson, Callum; Soria, Julio

2018-04-01

The turbulence statistics and dynamics in the spanwise-minimal plane Couette flow with pressure gradients, so-called, Couette-Poiseuille (C-P) flow, are investigated using direct numerical simulation. The large-scale motion is limited in the spanwise box dimension as in the minimal-span channel turbulence of Flores & Jiménez (Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 071704). The effect of the top wall, where normal pressure-driven Poiseuille flow is realised, is distinguished from the events on the bottom wall, where the pressure gradient results in mild or almost-zero wall-shear stress. A proper scaling of turbulence statistics in minimal-span C-P flows is presented. Also the ‘shear-less’ wall-bounded turbulence, where the Corrsin shear parameter is very weak compared to normal wall-bounded turbulence, represents local separation, which is also observed as spanwise streaks of reversed flow in full-size plane C-P turbulence. The local separation is a multi-scale event, which grows up to the order of the channel height even in the minimal-span geometry.

Functional elements in the minimal promoter of the human proton-coupled folate transporter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stark, Michal; Gonen, Nitzan; Assaraf, Yehuda G., E-mail: assaraf@tx.technion.ac.il

2009-10-09

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) is the dominant intestinal folate transporter, however, its promoter has yet to be revealed. Hence, we here cloned a 3.1 kb fragment upstream to the first ATG of the human PCFT gene and generated sequential deletion constructs evaluated in luciferase reporter assay. This analysis mapped the minimal promoter to 157 bp upstream to the first ATG. Crucial GC-box sites were identified within the minimal promoter and in its close vicinity which substantially contribute to promoter activity, as their disruption resulted in 94% loss of luciferase activity. We also identified upstream enhancer elements including YY1 andmore » AP1 which, although distantly located, prominently transactivated the minimal promoter, as their inactivation resulted in 50% decrease in reporter activity. This is the first functional identification of the minimal PCFT promoter harboring crucial GC-box elements that markedly contribute to its transcriptional activation via putative interaction with distal YY1 and AP1 enhancer elements.« less

Cell-free protein synthesis in micro compartments: building a minimal cell from biobricks.

PubMed

Jia, Haiyang; Heymann, Michael; Bernhard, Frank; Schwille, Petra; Kai, Lei

2017-10-25

The construction of a minimal cell that exhibits the essential characteristics of life is a great challenge in the field of synthetic biology. Assembling a minimal cell requires multidisciplinary expertise from physics, chemistry and biology. Scientists from different backgrounds tend to define the essence of 'life' differently and have thus proposed different artificial cell models possessing one or several essential features of living cells. Using the tools and methods of molecular biology, the bottom-up engineering of a minimal cell appears in reach. However, several challenges still remain. In particular, the integration of individual sub-systems that is required to achieve a self-reproducing cell model presents a complex optimization challenge. For example, multiple self-organisation and self-assembly processes have to be carefully tuned. We review advances and developments of new methods and techniques, for cell-free protein synthesis as well as micro-fabrication, for their potential to resolve challenges and to accelerate the development of minimal cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identifying Minimal Changes in Nonerosive Reflux Disease: Is the Pay Worth the Labor?

PubMed

Gabbard, Scott L; Fass, Ronnie; Maradey-Romero, Carla; Gingold Belfer, Rachel; Dickman, Ram

2016-01-01

Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a variable presentation on upper endoscopy. Gastroesophageal reflux disease can be divided into 3 endoscopic categories: Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and normal mucosa/nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Each of these phenotypes behave in a distinct manner, in regards to symptom response to treatment, and risk of development of complications such as esophageal adenocarcinoma. Recently, it has been proposed to further differentiate NERD into 2 categories: those with and those without "minimal changes." These minimal changes include endoscopic abnormalities, such as villous mucosal surface, mucosal islands, microerosions, and increased vascularity at the squamocolumnar junction. Although some studies have shown that patients with minimal changes may have higher rates of esophageal acid exposure compared with those without minimal changes, it is currently unclear if these patients behave differently than those currently categorized as having NERD. The clinical utility of identifying these lesions should be weighed against the cost of the requisite equipment and the additional time required for diagnosis, compared with conventional white light endoscopy.

A novel combination of two minimally invasive surgical techniques in the management of refractory radiation necrosis: Technical note.

PubMed

Habboub, Ghaith; Sharma, Mayur; Barnett, Gene H; Mohammadi, Alireza M

2017-01-01

Minimally-invasive approaches are attractive alternative to standard craniotomy for large intracranial tumors with potentially lesser morbidity. In this report, we describe a sequential combination of two minimally-invasive surgical techniques to treat a large intracranial tumor. A 49year-old woman presented with a history of breast cancer and large left parietal metastasis with significant perilesional edema. This was initially managed by whole brain radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient underwent laser ablation of the tumor followed by internal tumor debulking using an exoscopic-assisted tubular retractor system. Post-operative MRI showed gross total coverage of the tumor by laser ablation and alleviation of mass effect. The patient recovered well and discharged on second postoperative day. The minimally-invasive combination of laser ablation followed by internal debulking using a tubular retractor device could be done safely and effectively as a minimally invasive alternative to standard craniotomy for large intracranial tumors. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anatomy of a Hotspot: Chain and Seroepidemiology of Ebola Virus Transmission, Sukudu, Sierra Leone, 2015-16.

PubMed

Kelly, J Daniel; Barrie, Mohamed Bailor; Mesman, Annelies W; Karku, Sahr; Quiwa, Komba; Drasher, Michael; Schlough, Gabriel Warren; Dierberg, Kerry; Koedoyoma, Songor; Lindan, Christina P; Jones, James Holland; Chamie, Gabriel; Worden, Lee; Greenhouse, Bryan; Weiser, Sheri D; Porco, Travis C; Rutherford, George W; Richardson, Eugene T

2018-03-28

Studies have yet to include minimally symptomatic Ebola virus (EBOV) infections and unrecognized Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Ebola-related transmission chains and epidemiologic risk estimates. We conducted a cross-sectional, sero-epidemiological survey from October 2015 to January 2016 among 221 individuals living in quarantined households from November 2014 to February 2015 during the Ebola outbreak in the village of Sukudu, Sierra Leone. Of 48 EBOV-infected persons, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14%-40%) had minimally symptomatic EBOV infections and 4% (95% CI, 1%-14%) were unrecognized EVD cases. The pattern of minimally symptomatic EBOV infections in the transmission chain was nonrandom (P < .001, permutation test). Not having lived in the same house as an EVD case was significantly associated with minimally symptomatic infection. This is the first study to investigate a chain of EBOV transmission inclusive of minimally symptomatic EBOV infections and unrecognized EVD. Our findings provide new insights into Ebola transmission dynamics and quarantine practices.

A new Mumford-Shah total variation minimization based model for sparse-view x-ray computed tomography image reconstruction.

PubMed

Chen, Bo; Bian, Zhaoying; Zhou, Xiaohui; Chen, Wensheng; Ma, Jianhua; Liang, Zhengrong

2018-04-12

Total variation (TV) minimization for the sparse-view x-ray computer tomography (CT) reconstruction has been widely explored to reduce radiation dose. However, due to the piecewise constant assumption for the TV model, the reconstructed images often suffer from over-smoothness on the image edges. To mitigate this drawback of TV minimization, we present a Mumford-Shah total variation (MSTV) minimization algorithm in this paper. The presented MSTV model is derived by integrating TV minimization and Mumford-Shah segmentation. Subsequently, a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) scheme with MSTV is developed for the sparse-view CT reconstruction. For simplicity, the proposed algorithm is named as 'PWLS-MSTV.' To evaluate the performance of the present PWLS-MSTV algorithm, both qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted by using a digital XCAT phantom and a physical phantom. Experimental results show that the present PWLS-MSTV algorithm has noticeable gains over the existing algorithms in terms of noise reduction, contrast-to-ratio measure and edge-preservation.

[The present and future state of minimized extracorporeal circulation].

PubMed

Meng, Fan; Yang, Ming

2013-05-01

Minimized extracorporeal circulation improved in the postoperative side effects of conventional extracorporeal circulation is a kind of new extracorporeal circulation. This paper introduces the principle, characteristics, applications and related research of minimized extracorporeal circulation. For the problems of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and limited assist time, the article proposes three development direction including system miniaturization and integration, pulsatile blood pump and the adaptive control by human parameter identification.

Constrained minimization of smooth functions using a genetic algorithm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moerder, Daniel D.; Pamadi, Bandu N.

1994-01-01

The use of genetic algorithms for minimization of differentiable functions that are subject to differentiable constraints is considered. A technique is demonstrated for converting the solution of the necessary conditions for a constrained minimum into an unconstrained function minimization. This technique is extended as a global constrained optimization algorithm. The theory is applied to calculating minimum-fuel ascent control settings for an energy state model of an aerospace plane.

Cosmetic medicine: facial resurfacing and injectables.

PubMed

Nguyen, Alexander T; Ahmad, Jamil; Fagien, Steven; Rohrich, Rod J

2012-01-01

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the most common options available for minimally invasive facial rejuvenation. 2. Identify key elements essential to each treatment option. 3. Know how to avoid and manage complications for these procedures. Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures continue to increase in popularity. This article is intended to provide a broad and practical overview of common minimally invasive cosmetic techniques available to the plastic surgeon.

On the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation with linear potential in the presence of a minimal length

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chargui, Yassine

2018-04-01

We point out an erroneous handling in the literature regarding solutions of the (1 + 1)-dimensional Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation with linear potentials in the context of quantum mechanics with minimal length. Furthermore, using Brau's approach, we present a perturbative treatment of the effect of the minimal length on bound-state solutions when a Lorentz-scalar linear potential is applied.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transesophageal thoracentesis for minimal pleural effusion.

PubMed

Rana, Surinder Singh; Sharma, Ravi; Gupta, Rajesh

2018-06-19

Pleural effusion is a common finding both in patients with benign and malignant diseases of pleura and lung with diagnostic thoracentesis establishing the diagnosis in the majority of cases. The diagnostic thoracentesis can be done either blindly or under the guidance of ultrasound or computed tomography. However, minimal pleural effusion is difficult to sample even under image guidance. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is known to detect smaller volume of pleural effusion and, thus, can help in guiding thoracentesis. To analyze the safety and efficacy of EUS-guided diagnostic thoracentesis in patients with undiagnosed minimal pleural effusion retrospectively. Retrospective analysis of the data of patients with minimal pleural effusion, who underwent EUS-guided transesophageal diagnostic thoracentesis over last 2 years, was performed. Thirteen patients (11 male; mean age 46.7 ± 16.2 years) with undiagnosed minimal pleural effusion underwent successful EUS-guided transesophageal diagnostic thoracentesis using a 22-G needle. Seven (53%) patients had fever on presentation whereas two presented with cough and loss of appetite. Eight to 54 mL fluid was aspirated with an attempt to completely empty the pleural cavity. There were no complications of the procedure. EUS-guided diagnostic thoracentesis is a safe and effective alternative for evaluating patients with minimal pleural effusion.

Lagrangian Formulation of a Magnetostatic Field in the Presence of a Minimal Length Scale Based on the Kempf Algebra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moayedi, S. K.; Setare, M. R.; Khosropour, B.

2013-11-01

In the 1990s, Kempf and his collaborators Mangano and Mann introduced a D-dimensional (β, β‧)-two-parameter deformed Heisenberg algebra which leads to an isotropic minimal length (\\triangle Xi)\\min = \\hbar √ {Dβ +β '}, \\forall i\\in \\{1, 2, ..., D\\}. In this work, the Lagrangian formulation of a magnetostatic field in three spatial dimensions (D = 3) described by Kempf algebra is presented in the special case of β‧ = 2β up to the first-order over β. We show that at the classical level there is a similarity between magnetostatics in the presence of a minimal length scale (modified magnetostatics) and the magnetostatic sector of the Abelian Lee-Wick model in three spatial dimensions. The integral form of Ampere's law and the energy density of a magnetostatic field in the modified magnetostatics are obtained. Also, the Biot-Savart law in the modified magnetostatics is found. By studying the effect of minimal length corrections to the gyromagnetic moment of the muon, we conclude that the upper bound on the isotropic minimal length scale in three spatial dimensions is 4.42×10-19 m. The relationship between magnetostatics with a minimal length and the Gaete-Spallucci nonlocal magnetostatics [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45, 065401 (2012)] is investigated.

Progressive changes in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated by 2-jaw surgery with minimal and conventional presurgical orthodontics: A comparative study.

PubMed

Zhou, Yang; Li, Zili; Wang, Xiaoxia; Zou, Bingshuang; Zhou, Yanheng

2016-02-01

In this study, we aimed to compare treatment efficacy and postsurgical stability between minimal presurgical orthodontics and conventional presurgical orthodontics for patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Forty patients received minimal presurgical orthodontics (n = 20) or conventional presurgical orthodontics (n = 20). Lateral cephalograms were obtained before treatment, before orthognathic surgery, and at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Changes of overjet and mandibular incisal angle before surgery were greater in the conventional presurgical orthodontics group than in the minimal presurgical orthodontics group. Postsurgical horizontal changes in Points A and B, overjet, and mandibular incisal angle showed significant differences among the time points. Most of the horizontal and vertical relapses in the maxilla and the mandible occurred within the first 6 months in both groups. Minimal presurgical orthodontics and conventional presurgical orthodontics showed similar extents and directions of skeletal changes in patients with Class III malocclusion. However, orthodontists and surgeons should preoperatively consider the postsurgical counterclockwise rotation of the mandible when using minimal presurgical orthodontics. Close and frequent observations are recommended in the early postsurgical stages. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparing the effects of minimal handling protocols on the physiological parameters of preterm infants receiving exogenous surfactant therapy

PubMed Central

Cabral, Laura A.; Velloso, Marcelo

2014-01-01

Background The practice of minimal handling is recommended for preterm infants (PTIs). However, few studies have investigated the effects of this practice among these infants or the time needed to ensure greater physiological stability, especially after exogenous surfactant treatments. Objective The current study compared the effects of two protocols of minimal handling on the physiological variables of PTIs after surfactant therapy. Method An exploratory prospective observational study was performed with 40 PTIs weighing less than 1,500 g. The infants were divided into two groups and monitored for 72 hours. One group received the standard minimal handling procedure during the first 12 hours after surfactant therapy; the other group (i.e., the modified group) received minimal handling within 72 hours after surfactant therapy. Infant heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the adverse events associated with changes to these variables were monitored every 10 minutes. Results Significant between-group differences were not found with regard to the occurrence of the adverse events associated with physiological changes (p>0.05). Conclusion The practice of minimal handling among very low birth weight infants did not alter their physiological stability when performed either 12 or 72 hours after surfactant therapy. PMID:24839044

Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer: impact on postoperative inflammatory and nutritional status.

PubMed

Scarpa, M; Cavallin, F; Saadeh, L M; Pinto, E; Alfieri, R; Cagol, M; Da Roit, A; Pizzolato, E; Noaro, G; Pozza, G; Castoro, C

2016-11-01

The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate the impact of hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer on surgical stress response and nutritional status. All 34 consecutive patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer at our surgical unit between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively compared with 34 patients undergoing esophagectomy with open gastric tubulization (open), matched for neoadjuvant therapy, pathological stage, gender and age. Demographic data, tumor features and postoperative course (including quality of life and systemic inflammatory and nutritional status) were compared. Postoperative course was similar in terms of complication rate. Length of stay in intensive care unit was shorter in patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy (P = 0.002). In the first postoperative day, patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy had lower C-reactive protein levels (P = 0.001) and white cell blood count (P = 0.05), and higher albumin serum level (P = 0.001). In this group, albumin remained higher also at third (P = 0.06) and seventh (P = 0.008) postoperative day, and C-reactive protein resulted lower at third post day (P = 0.04). Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy significantly improved the systemic inflammatory and catabolic response to surgical trauma, contributing to a shorter length of stay in intensive care unit. © 2015 International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Dirac δ -function potential in quasiposition representation of a minimal-length scenario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gusson, M. F.; Gonçalves, A. Oakes O.; Francisco, R. O.; Furtado, R. G.; Fabris, J. C.; Nogueira, J. A.

2018-03-01

A minimal-length scenario can be considered as an effective description of quantum gravity effects. In quantum mechanics the introduction of a minimal length can be accomplished through a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. In this scenario, state eigenvectors of the position operator are no longer physical states and the representation in momentum space or a representation in a quasiposition space must be used. In this work, we solve the Schroedinger equation with a Dirac δ -function potential in quasiposition space. We calculate the bound state energy and the coefficients of reflection and transmission for the scattering states. We show that leading corrections are of order of the minimal length ({ O}(√{β })) and the coefficients of reflection and transmission are no longer the same for the Dirac delta well and barrier as in ordinary quantum mechanics. Furthermore, assuming that the equivalence of the 1s state energy of the hydrogen atom and the bound state energy of the Dirac {{δ }}-function potential in the one-dimensional case is kept in a minimal-length scenario, we also find that the leading correction term for the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is of the order of the minimal length and Δx_{\\min } ≤ 10^{-25} m.

Image denoising by a direct variational minimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janev, Marko; Atanacković, Teodor; Pilipović, Stevan; Obradović, Radovan

2011-12-01

In this article we introduce a novel method for the image de-noising which combines a mathematically well-posdenes of the variational modeling with the efficiency of a patch-based approach in the field of image processing. It based on a direct minimization of an energy functional containing a minimal surface regularizer that uses fractional gradient. The minimization is obtained on every predefined patch of the image, independently. By doing so, we avoid the use of an artificial time PDE model with its inherent problems of finding optimal stopping time, as well as the optimal time step. Moreover, we control the level of image smoothing on each patch (and thus on the whole image) by adapting the Lagrange multiplier using the information on the level of discontinuities on a particular patch, which we obtain by pre-processing. In order to reduce the average number of vectors in the approximation generator and still to obtain the minimal degradation, we combine a Ritz variational method for the actual minimization on a patch, and a complementary fractional variational principle. Thus, the proposed method becomes computationally feasible and applicable for practical purposes. We confirm our claims with experimental results, by comparing the proposed method with a couple of PDE-based methods, where we get significantly better denoising results specially on the oscillatory regions.

Anomalously soft non-Euclidean spring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levin, Ido; Sharon, Eran

In this work we study the mechanical properties of a frustrated elastic ribbon spring - the non-Euclidean minimal spring. This spring belongs to the family of non-Euclidean plates: it has no spontaneous curvature, but its lateral intrinsic geometry is described by a non-Euclidean reference metric. The reference metric of the minimal spring is hyperbolic, and can be embedded as a minimal surface. We argue that the existence of a continuous set of such isometric minimal surfaces with different extensions leads to a complete degeneracy of the bulk elastic energy of the minimal spring under elongation. This degeneracy is removed only by boundary layer effects. As a result, the mechanical properties of the minimal spring are unusual: the spring is ultra-soft with rigidity that depends on the thickness, t , as t raise 0 . 7 ex 7 7 2 lower 0 . 7 ex 2, and does not explicitly depend on the ribbon's width. These predictions are confirmed by a numerical study of a constrained spring. This work is the first to address the unusual mechanical properties of constrained non-Euclidean elastic objects. We also present a novel experimental system that is capable of constructing such objects, along with many other non-Euclidean plates.

Perioperative Events and Complications in Minimally Invasive Live Donor Nephrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Kortram, Kirsten; Ijzermans, Jan N M; Dor, Frank J M F

2016-11-01

Minimally invasive live donor nephrectomy has become a fully implemented and accepted procedure. Donors have to be well educated about all risks and details during the informed consent process. For this to be successful, more information regarding short-term outcome is necessary. A literature search was performed; all studies discussing short-term complications after minimally invasive live donor nephrectomy were included. Outcomes evaluated were intraoperative and postoperative complications, conversions, operative and warm ischemia times, blood loss, length of hospital stay, pain score, convalescence, quality of life, and costs. One hundred ninety articles were included in the systematic review, 41 in the meta-analysis. Conversion rate was 1.1%. Intraoperative complication rate was 2.3%, mainly bleeding (1.5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 7.3% of donors, including infectious complications (2.6%), of which mainly wound infection (1.6%) and bleeding (1.0%). Reported mortality rate was 0.01%. All minimally invasive techniques were comparable with regard to complication or conversion rate. The used techniques for minimally invasive live donor nephrectomy are safe and associated with low complication rates and minimal risk of mortality. These data may be helpful to develop a standardized, donor-tailored informed consent procedure for live donor nephrectomy.

Production and characterization of curcumin microcrystals and evaluation of the antimicrobial and sensory aspects in minimally processed carrots.

PubMed

Silva, Anderson Clayton da; Santos, Priscila Dayane de Freitas; Palazzi, Nicole Campezato; Leimann, Fernanda Vitória; Fuchs, Renata Hernandez Barros; Bracht, Lívia; Gonçalves, Odinei Hess

2017-05-24

Nontoxic conserving agents are in demand by the food industry due to consumers concern about synthetic conservatives, especially in minimally processed food. The antimicrobial activity of curcumin, a natural phenolic compound, has been extensively investigated but hydrophobicity is an issue when applying curcumin to foodstuff. The objective of this work was to evaluate curcumin microcrystals as an antimicrobial agent in minimally processed carrots. The antimicrobial activity of curcumin microcrystals was evaluated in vitro against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms, showing a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration compared to in natura, pristine curcumin. Curcumin microcrystals were effective in inhibiting psychrotrophic and mesophile microorganisms in minimally processed carrots. Sensory analyses were carried out showing no significant difference (p < 0.05) between curcumin microcrystal-treated carrots and non-treated carrots in triangular and tetrahedral discriminative tests. Sensory tests also showed that curcumin microcrystals could be added as a natural preservative in minimally processed carrots without causing noticeable differences that could be detected by the consumer. One may conclude that the analyses of the minimally processed carrots demonstrated that curcumin microcrystals are a suitable natural compound to inhibit the natural microbiota of carrots from a statistical point of view.

The contribution of small vessel disease to subtypes of Alzheimer's disease: a study on cerebrospinal fluid and imaging biomarkers.

PubMed

Ferreira, Daniel; Shams, Sara; Cavallin, Lena; Viitanen, Matti; Martola, Juha; Granberg, Tobias; Shams, Mana; Aspelin, Peter; Kristoffersen-Wiberg, Maria; Nordberg, Agneta; Wahlund, Lars-Olof; Westman, Eric

2018-05-30

We investigated whether subtypes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), that is, typical, limbic-predominant, hippocampal-sparing, and minimal atrophy AD, had a specific signature of small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. Four hundred twenty-three clinically diagnosed AD patients were included (161 typical, 121 limbic-predominant, 70 hippocampal-sparing, 71 minimal atrophy). One hundred fifty-six fulfilled a biomarkers-based AD diagnosis. White matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds (CMB) had the highest prevalence in limbic-predominant AD, and the lowest prevalence in minimal atrophy AD. CMB existed evenly in lobar and deep brain areas in limbic-predominant, typical, and hippocampal-sparing AD. In minimal atrophy AD, CMB were mainly located in brain lobar areas. Perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale were more prevalent in typical AD. Small vessel disease contributed to the prediction of Mini-Mental State Examination. Minimal atrophy AD showed highly pathological levels of cerebrospinal fluid Aß 1-42 , total tau, and phosphorylated tau, in the absence of overt brain atrophy. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy seems to have a stronger contribution to hippocampal-sparing and minimal atrophy AD, whereas hypertensive arteriopathy may have a stronger contribution to typical and limbic-predominant AD. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Optimal design method to minimize users' thinking mapping load in human-machine interactions.

PubMed

Huang, Yanqun; Li, Xu; Zhang, Jie

2015-01-01

The discrepancy between human cognition and machine requirements/behaviors usually results in serious mental thinking mapping loads or even disasters in product operating. It is important to help people avoid human-machine interaction confusions and difficulties in today's mental work mastered society. Improving the usability of a product and minimizing user's thinking mapping and interpreting load in human-machine interactions. An optimal human-machine interface design method is introduced, which is based on the purpose of minimizing the mental load in thinking mapping process between users' intentions and affordance of product interface states. By analyzing the users' thinking mapping problem, an operating action model is constructed. According to human natural instincts and acquired knowledge, an expected ideal design with minimized thinking loads is uniquely determined at first. Then, creative alternatives, in terms of the way human obtains operational information, are provided as digital interface states datasets. In the last, using the cluster analysis method, an optimum solution is picked out from alternatives, by calculating the distances between two datasets. Considering multiple factors to minimize users' thinking mapping loads, a solution nearest to the ideal value is found in the human-car interaction design case. The clustering results show its effectiveness in finding an optimum solution to the mental load minimizing problems in human-machine interaction design.

Gamma radiation in the reduction of S almonella spp. inoculated on minimally processed watercress ( Nasturtium officinalis)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martins, C. G.; Behrens, J. H.; Destro, M. T.; Franco, B. D. G. M.; Vizeu, D. M.; Hutzler, B.; Landgraf, M.

2004-09-01

Consumer attitudes towards foods have changed in the last two decades increasing requirements for freshlike products. Consequently, less extreme treatments or additives are being required. Minimally processed foods have freshlike characteristics and satisfy this new consumer demand. Besides freshness, the minimally processing also provide convenience required by the market. Salad vegetables can be source of pathogen such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp. The minimal processing does not reduce the levels of pathogenic microorganisms to safe levels. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to improve the microbiological safety and the shelf-life of minimally processed vegetables using gamma radiation. Minimally processed watercress inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella spp was exposed to 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 kGy. Irradiated samples were diluted 1:10 in saline peptone water and plated onto tryptic soy agar that were incubated at 37°C/24 h. D 10 values for Salmonella spp. inoculated in watercress varied from 0.29 to 0.43 kGy. Therefore, a dose of 1.7 kGy will reduce Salmonella population in watercress by 4 log 10. The shelf-life was increased by 1 {1}/{2} day when the product was exposed to 1 kGy.

Risk of Small Bowel Obstruction After Robot-Assisted vs Open Radical Prostatectomy.

PubMed

Loeb, Stacy; Meyer, Christian P; Krasnova, Anna; Curnyn, Caitlin; Reznor, Gally; Kibel, Adam S; Lepor, Herbert; Trinh, Quoc-Dien

2016-12-01

Whereas open radical prostatectomy is performed extraperitoneally, minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is typically performed within the peritoneal cavity. Our objective was to determine whether minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is associated with an increased risk of small bowel obstruction compared with open radical prostatectomy. In the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, we identified 14,147 men found to have prostate cancer from 2000 to 2008 treated by open (n = 10,954) or minimally invasive (n = 3193) radical prostatectomy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the impact of surgical approach on the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction, as well as the need for lysis of adhesions and exploratory laparotomy. During a median follow-up of 45 and 76 months, respectively, the cumulative incidence of small bowel obstruction was 3.7% for minimally invasive and 5.3% for open radical prostatectomy (p = 0.0005). Lysis of adhesions occurred in 1.1% of minimally invasive and 2.0% of open prostatectomy patients (p = 0.0003). On multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference between minimally invasive and open prostatectomy with respect to small bowel obstruction (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.90, 1.52, p = 0.25) or lysis of adhesions (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.50, 1.40, p = 0.57). Limitations of the study include the retrospective design and use of administrative claims data. Relative to open radical prostatectomy, minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative small bowel obstruction and lysis of adhesions.

A Percutaneous Transtubular Middle Fossa Approach for Intracanalicular Tumors.

PubMed

Bernardo, Antonio; Evins, Alexander I; Tsiouris, Apostolos J; Stieg, Philip E

2015-07-01

In cases of small intracanalicular tumors (≤ 1.5 cm), the middle fossa approach (MFA) provides the ability for adequate tumor removal with preservation of existing auditory function. Application of a minimally invasive tubular retractor in this approach may help mitigate the risk of postoperative seizures, aphasia, and venous complications by minimizing intraoperative retraction of the temporal lobe. We propose a minimally invasive microscopic and/or endoscopic percutaneous transtubular MFA for the management of intracanalicular tumors. Subtemporal keyhole craniectomies were performed on 5 preserved cadaveric heads (10 sides), with 6 sides previously injected with a synthetic tumor model. A ViewSite Brain Access System tubular retractor (Vycor Medical, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA) was used to provide minimal temporal retraction and protection of the surrounding anatomy. An extradural dissection of the internal auditory canal was performed under microscopic and endoscopic visualization with a minimally invasive surgical drill and tube shaft instruments, the intracanalicular tumors were removed, and degree of resection was assessed. All 10 approaches were completed successfully through the tubular retractor with minimal retraction of the temporal lobe. Excellent visualization of the structures within the internal auditory canal was achieved with both the microscope and 3-dimensional endoscope. On the 6 synthetic intracanalicular tumors resected, 5 gross total (Grade I) and 1 near total (Grade II) resections were achieved. A percutaneous transtubular MFA is a feasible minimally invasive option for resection of small intracanalicular tumors with potential preservation of auditory function, reduced temporal retraction, and enhanced protection of surrounding structures. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Minimally invasive management of hepatic cysts: indications and complications.

PubMed

Vardakostas, D; Damaskos, C; Garmpis, N; Antoniou, E A; Kontzoglou, K; Kouraklis, G; Dimitroulis, D

2018-03-01

Liver cysts are divided into congenital and acquired. Congenital cystic lesions include polycystic liver disease, simple cysts, duct related and ciliated hepatic foregut cysts. Acquired cystic lesions are divided into infectious and non-infectious. The infectious cysts are the hydatid cyst, the amoebic abscess, and the pyogenic abscess, whereas the non-infectious cysts are neoplastic cysts and false cysts. While modern medicine provides a lot of minimally invasive therapeutic modalities, there has emerged a pressing need for understanding the various types of liver cysts, the possible minimal therapeutic options along with their indications and complications. We aim is to clarify the role of minimally invasive techniques in the management of hepatic cysts. A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE database. The search terms were: liver cyst, minimally invasive, laparoscopic, percutaneous, drainage and fenestration. We reviewed 82 English language publications articles, published until October 2017. Minimally invasive management of liver LC is an emerging field including many therapeutic modalities ranging from the percutaneous aspiration of pyogenic abscesses to laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatic cystadenomas. The most used techniques are percutaneous drainage, laparoscopic fenestration, and laparoscopic hepatectomy. The application of the various minimally invasive approaches, as well as their indication and complications, depend on the type of the cystic lesion, its size and its position in the liver. Percutaneous drainage is mostly used in simple cysts, hydatid cysts, pyogenic abscesses and bilomas. Laparoscopic fenestration is mostly used in simple cysts and polycystic liver disease. Finally, laparoscopic hepatectomy is mostly used in polycystic liver disease, hydatid cysts, and cystadenomas.

The Role of a Conservative Minimal Interventional Management Protocol in the Fractures of the Dentate Portion of the Adult Mandible

PubMed Central

Krishnan, Balasubramanian

2015-01-01

Mandibular fractures are commonly encountered by the maxillofacial surgeon. Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), or a combination of both, are the accepted standard treatments. This study aims to assess the role of a conservative minimal intervention protocol in the management of undisplaced/minimally displaced fractures of the dentate portion of the adult mandible and the complications associated with such minimalistic intervention. Thirty-four patients with undisplaced/minimally displaced fractures of the dentate portion of the adult mandible were advised to restrict mouth opening and limit themselves to a soft diet for a minimum of 4 weeks. All patients were advised follow-up at regular intervals for at least 3 months. Five patients were lost to follow-up. Symphysis and parasymphysis fractures were the most common fracture locations. Fourteen patients needed tension band stabilization with a mandibular arch bar/bridle wiring and three patients required extraction of luxated teeth. All patients showed satisfactory healing except three in whom additional intervention (ORIF) was performed. The improvement in mouth opening was statistically significant. Complications were seen more frequently among smokers and alcoholics. For patients with minimally displaced mandibular fractures, it is necessary to consider if the perceived benefits of intervention justify the associated added costs and possible complications. Patients have to be fully informed about the possible complications while using this minimal intervention protocol. This study concludes that a conservative minimal intervention management protocol for such fractures of the dentate portion of the mandible can produce satisfactory results. PMID:26889344

Perturbed Yukawa textures in the minimal seesaw model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rink, Thomas; Schmitz, Kai

2017-03-01

We revisit the minimal seesaw model, i.e., the type-I seesaw mechanism involving only two right-handed neutrinos. This model represents an important minimal benchmark scenario for future experimental updates on neutrino oscillations. It features four real parameters that cannot be fixed by the current data: two CP -violating phases, δ and σ, as well as one complex parameter, z, that is experimentally inaccessible at low energies. The parameter z controls the structure of the neutrino Yukawa matrix at high energies, which is why it may be regarded as a label or index for all UV completions of the minimal seesaw model. The fact that z encompasses only two real degrees of freedom allows us to systematically scan the minimal seesaw model over all of its possible UV completions. In doing so, we address the following question: suppose δ and σ should be measured at particular values in the future — to what extent is one then still able to realize approximate textures in the neutrino Yukawa matrix? Our analysis, thus, generalizes previous studies of the minimal seesaw model based on the assumption of exact texture zeros. In particular, our study allows us to assess the theoretical uncertainty inherent to the common texture ansatz. One of our main results is that a normal light-neutrino mass hierarchy is, in fact, still consistent with a two-zero Yukawa texture, provided that the two texture zeros receive corrections at the level of O (10%). While our numerical results pertain to the minimal seesaw model only, our general procedure appears to be applicable to other neutrino mass models as well.

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Release From the Minimally Invasive Lateral Retroperitoneal Transpsoas Approach: Technical Note.

PubMed

Beckman, Joshua M; Marengo, Nicola; Murray, Gisela; Bach, Konrad; Uribe, Juan S

2016-09-01

The technique for minimally invasive anterior longitudinal ligament release is a major advancement in lateral access surgery. This method provides hypermobility of lumbar segments to allow for aggressive lordosis restoration while maintaining the benefits of indirect decompression and minimally invasive access. To provide video demonstration of the lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach with anterior longitudinal ligament sectioning. A detailed surgical technique of the minimally invasive anterior column release is described and illustrated in an elderly patient with adult spinal deformity and low back pain (visual analog scale, 8 of 10) refractory to conservative measures. The 3-foot standing radiographs demonstrated a lumbar lordosis of 54.4°, pelvic incidence of 63.7°, and pelvic tilt of 17.5°. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed generalized lumbar spondylosis and degenerative disc changes from L2 to L5. The patient underwent a multilevel minimally invasive deformity correction with an anterior longitudinal ligament release at the L3/L4 level through the lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach. Lumbar lordosis increased from 54.4° to 77° with a global improvement in sagittal vertical axis from 4.37 cm to 0 cm. Total blood loss was less than 25 mL, and there were no major neurological or vascular complications. The anterior longitudinal ligament release using the minimally invasive lateral approach allows for deformity correction without the morbidity and blood loss encountered by traditional open posterior approaches. However, the risk of major vascular/visceral complication warrants only experts in minimally invasive lateral surgery to attempt this technique.

On the formulation of a minimal uncertainty model for robust control with structured uncertainty

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Belcastro, Christine M.; Chang, B.-C.; Fischl, Robert

1991-01-01

In the design and analysis of robust control systems for uncertain plants, representing the system transfer matrix in the form of what has come to be termed an M-delta model has become widely accepted and applied in the robust control literature. The M represents a transfer function matrix M(s) of the nominal closed loop system, and the delta represents an uncertainty matrix acting on M(s). The nominal closed loop system M(s) results from closing the feedback control system, K(s), around a nominal plant interconnection structure P(s). The uncertainty can arise from various sources, such as structured uncertainty from parameter variations or multiple unsaturated uncertainties from unmodeled dynamics and other neglected phenomena. In general, delta is a block diagonal matrix, but for real parameter variations delta is a diagonal matrix of real elements. Conceptually, the M-delta structure can always be formed for any linear interconnection of inputs, outputs, transfer functions, parameter variations, and perturbations. However, very little of the currently available literature addresses computational methods for obtaining this structure, and none of this literature addresses a general methodology for obtaining a minimal M-delta model for a wide class of uncertainty, where the term minimal refers to the dimension of the delta matrix. Since having a minimally dimensioned delta matrix would improve the efficiency of structured singular value (or multivariable stability margin) computations, a method of obtaining a minimal M-delta would be useful. Hence, a method of obtaining the interconnection system P(s) is required. A generalized procedure for obtaining a minimal P-delta structure for systems with real parameter variations is presented. Using this model, the minimal M-delta model can then be easily obtained by closing the feedback loop. The procedure involves representing the system in a cascade-form state-space realization, determining the minimal uncertainty matrix, delta, and constructing the state-space representation of P(s). Three examples are presented to illustrate the procedure.

Clinical study on minimally invasive liquefaction and drainage of intracerebral hematoma in the treatment of hypertensive putamen hemorrhage.

PubMed

Liang, Ke-Shan; Ding, Jian; Yin, Cheng-Bin; Peng, Li-Jing; Liu, Zhen-Chuan; Guo, Xiao; Liang, Shu-Yu; Zhang, Yong; Zhou, Sheng-Nian

2017-12-04

This study aims to compare the curative effect of different treatment methods of hypertensive putamen hemorrhage, in order to determine an ideal method of treatment; and to explore the curative effect of the application of soft channel technology-minimally invasive liquefaction and drainage of intracerebral hematoma in the treatment of hypertensive putamen hemorrhage. Patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, who were treated in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2016, were included into this study. Patients were divided into three groups: minimally invasive drainage group, internal medical treatment group and craniotomy group. In the minimally invasive drainage group, puncture aspiration and drainage were performed according to different hematoma conditions detected in brain CT, the frontal approach was selected for putamen and intracerebral hemorrhage, and drainage was reserved until the hematoma disappeared in CT detection. Drug therapy was dominated in the internal medical treatment group, while surgery under general anesthesia was performed to remove the hematoma in the craniotomy group. Post-treatment neurological function defect scores in minimally invasive drainage group and internal medical group were 16.14 ± 11.27 and 31.43 ± 10.42, respectively; and the difference was remarkably significant (P< 0.01). Post-treatment neurological function defect scores in the minimally invasive drainage group and craniotomy group were 16.14 ± 11.27 and 24.20 ± 12.23, respectively; and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). There was a remarkable significant difference in ADL1-2 level during followed-up in survival patients between the minimally invasive drainage group and internal medical treatment group (P< 0.01), and there was a significant difference in followed-up mortality between these two groups (P< 0.01). Clinical observation and following-up results revealed that minimally invasive drainage treatment was superior to internal medical treatment and craniotomy.

Minimalism in Art, Medical Science and Neurosurgery.

PubMed

Okten, Ali Ihsan

2018-01-01

The word "minimalism" is a word derived from French the word "minimum". Whereas the lexical meaning of minimum is "the least or the smallest quantity necessary for something", its expression in mathematics can be described as "the lowest step a variable number can descend, least, minimal". Minimalism, which advocates an extreme simplicity of the artistic form, is a current in modern art and music whose origins go to 1960s and which features simplicity and objectivity. Although art, science and philosophy are different disciplines, they support each other from time to time, sometimes they intertwine and sometimes they copy each other. A periodic schools or teaching in one of them can take the others into itself, so, they proceed on their ways empowering each other. It is also true for the minimalism in art and the minimal invasive surgical approaches in science. Concepts like doing with less, avoiding unnecessary materials and reducing the number of the elements in order to increase the effect in the expression which are the main elements of the minimalism in art found their equivalents in medicine and neurosurgery. Their equivalents in medicine or neurosurgery have been to protect the physical integrity of the patient with less iatrogenic injury, minimum damage and the same therapeutic effect in the most effective way and to enable the patient to regain his health in the shortest span of time. As an anticipation, we can consider that the minimal approaches started by Richard Wollheim and Barbara Rose in art and Lars Leksell, Gazi Yaşargil and other neurosurgeons in neurosurgery in the 1960s are the present day equivalents of the minimalist approaches perhaps unconsciously started by Kazimir Malevich in art and Victor Darwin L"Espinasse in neurosurgery in the early 1900s. We can also consider that they have developed interacting with each other, not by chance.

Cost-effectiveness analysis in minimally invasive spine surgery.

PubMed

Al-Khouja, Lutfi T; Baron, Eli M; Johnson, J Patrick; Kim, Terrence T; Drazin, Doniel

2014-06-01

Medical care has been evolving with the increased influence of a value-based health care system. As a result, more emphasis is being placed on ensuring cost-effectiveness and utility in the services provided to patients. This study looks at this development in respect to minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) costs. A literature review using PubMed, the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry, and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) was performed. Papers were included in the study if they reported costs associated with minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). If there was no mention of cost, CEA, cost-utility analysis (CUA), quality-adjusted life year (QALY), quality, or outcomes mentioned, then the article was excluded. Fourteen studies reporting costs associated with MISS in 12,425 patients (3675 undergoing minimally invasive procedures and 8750 undergoing open procedures) were identified through PubMed, the CEA Registry, and NHS EED. The percent cost difference between minimally invasive and open approaches ranged from 2.54% to 33.68%-all indicating cost saving with a minimally invasive surgical approach. Average length of stay (LOS) for minimally invasive surgery ranged from 0.93 days to 5.1 days compared with 1.53 days to 12 days for an open approach. All studies reporting EBL reported lower volume loss in an MISS approach (range 10-392.5 ml) than in an open approach (range 55-535.5 ml). There are currently an insufficient number of studies published reporting the costs of MISS. Of the studies published, none have followed a standardized method of reporting and analyzing cost data. Preliminary findings analyzing the 14 studies showed both cost saving and better outcomes in MISS compared with an open approach. However, more Level I CEA/CUA studies including cost/QALY evaluations with specifics of the techniques utilized need to be reported in a standardized manner to make more accurate conclusions on the cost effectiveness of minimally invasive spine surgery.

Using noise to shape motor learning

PubMed Central

Kording, Konrad P.; Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando A.

2016-01-01

Each of our movements is selected from any number of alternative movements. Some studies have shown evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) chooses to make the specific movements that are least affected by motor noise. Previous results showing that the CNS has a natural tendency to minimize the effects of noise make the direct prediction that if the relationship between movements and noise were to change, the specific movements people learn to make would also change in a predictable manner. Indeed, this has been shown for well-practiced movements such as reaching. Here, we artificially manipulated the relationship between movements and visuomotor noise by adding noise to a motor task in a novel redundant geometry such that there arose a single control policy that minimized the noise. This allowed us to see whether, for a novel motor task, people could learn the specific control policy that minimized noise or would need to employ other compensation strategies to overcome the added noise. As predicted, subjects were able to learn movements that were biased toward the specific ones that minimized the noise, suggesting not only that the CNS can learn to minimize the effects of noise in a novel motor task but also that artificial visuomotor noise can be a useful tool for teaching people to make specific movements. Using noise as a teaching signal promises to be useful for rehabilitative therapies and movement training with human-machine interfaces. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Many theories argue that we choose to make the specific movements that minimize motor noise. Here, by changing the relationship between movements and noise, we show that people actively learn to make movements that minimize noise. This not only provides direct evidence for the theories of noise minimization but presents a way to use noise to teach specific movements to improve rehabilitative therapies and human-machine interface control. PMID:27881721

Using noise to shape motor learning.

PubMed

Thorp, Elias B; Kording, Konrad P; Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando A

2017-02-01

Each of our movements is selected from any number of alternative movements. Some studies have shown evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) chooses to make the specific movements that are least affected by motor noise. Previous results showing that the CNS has a natural tendency to minimize the effects of noise make the direct prediction that if the relationship between movements and noise were to change, the specific movements people learn to make would also change in a predictable manner. Indeed, this has been shown for well-practiced movements such as reaching. Here, we artificially manipulated the relationship between movements and visuomotor noise by adding noise to a motor task in a novel redundant geometry such that there arose a single control policy that minimized the noise. This allowed us to see whether, for a novel motor task, people could learn the specific control policy that minimized noise or would need to employ other compensation strategies to overcome the added noise. As predicted, subjects were able to learn movements that were biased toward the specific ones that minimized the noise, suggesting not only that the CNS can learn to minimize the effects of noise in a novel motor task but also that artificial visuomotor noise can be a useful tool for teaching people to make specific movements. Using noise as a teaching signal promises to be useful for rehabilitative therapies and movement training with human-machine interfaces. Many theories argue that we choose to make the specific movements that minimize motor noise. Here, by changing the relationship between movements and noise, we show that people actively learn to make movements that minimize noise. This not only provides direct evidence for the theories of noise minimization but presents a way to use noise to teach specific movements to improve rehabilitative therapies and human-machine interface control. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

The cost of conversion in robotic and laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

PubMed

Cleary, Robert K; Mullard, Andrew J; Ferraro, Jane; Regenbogen, Scott E

2018-03-01

Conversion from minimally invasive to open colorectal surgery remains common and costly. Robotic colorectal surgery is associated with lower rates of conversion than laparoscopy, but institutions and payers remain concerned about equipment and implementation costs. Recognizing that reimbursement reform and bundled payments expand perspectives on cost to include the entire surgical episode, we evaluated the role of minimally invasive conversion in total payments. This is an observational study from a linked data registry including clinical data from the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative and payment data from the Michigan Value Collaborative between July 2012 and April 2015. We evaluated colorectal resections initiated with open and minimally invasive approaches, and compared reported risk-adjusted and price-standardized 30-day episode payments and their components. We identified 1061 open, 1604 laparoscopic, and 275 robotic colorectal resections. Adjusted episode payments were significantly higher for open operations than for minimally invasive procedures completed without conversion ($19,489 vs. $15,518, p < 0.001). The conversion rate was significantly higher with laparoscopic than robotic operations (15.1 vs. 7.6%, p < 0.001). Adjusted episode payments for minimally invasive operations converted to open were significantly higher than for those completed by minimally invasive approaches ($18,098 vs. $15,518, p < 0.001). Payments for operations completed robotically were greater than those completed laparoscopically ($16,949 vs. $15,250, p < 0.001), but the difference was substantially decreased when conversion to open cases was included ($16,939 vs. $15,699, p = 0.041). Episode payments for open colorectal surgery exceed both laparoscopic and robotic minimally invasive options. Conversion to open surgery significantly increases the payments associated with minimally invasive colorectal surgery. Because conversion rates in robotic colorectal operations are half of those in laparoscopy, the excess expenditures attributable to robotics are attenuated by consideration of the cost of conversions.

Futile transmembrane NH4+ cycling: A cellular hypothesis to explain ammonium toxicity in plants

PubMed Central

Britto, Dev T.; Siddiqi, M. Yaeesh; Glass, Anthony D. M.; Kronzucker, Herbert J.

2001-01-01

Most higher plants develop severe toxicity symptoms when grown on ammonium (NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}) as the sole nitrogen source. Recently, NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} toxicity has been implicated as a cause of forest decline and even species extinction. Although mechanisms underlying NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} toxicity have been extensively sought, the primary events conferring it at the cellular level are not understood. Using a high-precision positron tracing technique, we here present a cell-physiological characterization of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} acquisition in two major cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare), known to be susceptible to toxicity, and rice (Oryza sativa), known for its exceptional tolerance to even high levels of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}. We show that, at high external NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} concentration ([NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}]o), barley root cells experience a breakdown in the regulation of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} influx, leading to the accumulation of excessive amounts of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} in the cytosol. Measurements of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} efflux, combined with a thermodynamic analysis of the transmembrane electrochemical potential for NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}, reveal that, at elevated [NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}]o, barley cells engage a high-capacity NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}-efflux system that supports outward NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} fluxes against a sizable gradient. Ammonium efflux is shown to constitute as much as 80% of primary influx, resulting in a never-before-documented futile cycling of nitrogen across the plasma membrane of root cells. This futile cycling carries a high energetic cost (we record a 40% increase in root respiration) that is independent of N metabolism and is accompanied by a decline in growth. In rice, by contrast, a cellular defense strategy has evolved that is characterized by an energetically neutral, near-Nernstian, equilibration of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} at high [NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}]o. Thus our study has characterized the primary events in NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} nutrition at the cellular level that may constitute the fundamental cause of NH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document} \\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document} toxicity in plants. PMID:11274450

Minimal and moderate oral sedation in the adult special needs patient.

PubMed

Coke, John M; Edwards, Michael D

2009-04-01

Oral minimal/moderate sedation can be an effective tool to aid in the dental management of adult special needs patients. Specific sedative drugs must be chosen by the dentist that can be used safely and effectively on these patients. This article focuses on a select number of these drugs, specific medical and pharmacologic challenges presented by adult special needs patients, and techniques to safely administer oral minimal and moderate sedation.

On the Minimal Length Uncertainty Relation and the Foundations of String Theory

DOE PAGES

Chang, Lay Nam; Lewis, Zachary; Minic, Djordje; ...

2011-01-01

We review our work on the minimal length uncertainty relation as suggested by perturbative string theory. We discuss simple phenomenological implications of the minimal length uncertainty relation and then argue that the combination of the principles of quantum theory and general relativity allow for a dynamical energy-momentum space. We discuss the implication of this for the problem of vacuum energy and the foundations of nonperturbative string theory.

Nanoscale Deformation and Toughening Mechanisms of Nacre

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-31

rufescens) that belong to the class of gastropoda were studied. The shells were collected alive in Santa Barbara, CA. To minimize the detrimental effect of...which belong to the class of gastropoda , were studied. The shells were collected alive in Santa Barbara, CA. To minimize the detrimental effect of drying...belongs to the class of gastropoda . The shells were collected alive in Santa Barbara, CA. To minimize the detrimental effect of drying on the

Minimally invasive lumbar foraminotomy.

PubMed

Deutsch, Harel

2013-07-01

Lumbar radiculopathy is a common problem. Nerve root compression can occur at different places along a nerve root's course including in the foramina. Minimal invasive approaches allow easier exposure of the lateral foramina and decompression of the nerve root in the foramina. This video demonstrates a minimally invasive approach to decompress the lumbar nerve root in the foramina with a lateral to medial decompression. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/jqa61HSpzIA.

Gap-minimal systems of notations and the constructible hierarchy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lucian, M. L.

1972-01-01

If a constructibly countable ordinal alpha is a gap ordinal, then the order type of the set of index ordinals smaller than alpha is exactly alpha. The gap ordinals are the only points of discontinuity of a certain ordinal-valued function. The notion of gap minimality for well ordered systems of notations is defined, and the existence of gap-minimal systems of notations of arbitrarily large constructibly countable length is established.

Improving Large Cetacean Implantable Satellite Tag Designs to Maximize Tag Robustness and Minimize Health Effects to Individual Animals

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-30

Designs to Maximize Tag Robustness and Minimize Health Effects to Individual Animals Alexandre N. Zerbini Cascadia Research Collective 218 ½ 4th...the blubber-muscle interface and minimize physical and physiological effects of body penetrating tags to individual animals . OBJECTIVES (1...integrity of designs created in Objective (1) during laboratory experiments and in cetacean carcasses ; (3) Examine structural tissue damage in the

Future of Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery

PubMed Central

Whealon, Matthew; Vinci, Alessio; Pigazzi, Alessio

2016-01-01

Minimally invasive surgery is slowly taking over as the preferred operative approach for colorectal diseases. However, many of the procedures remain technically difficult. This article will give an overview of the state of minimally invasive surgery and the many advances that have been made over the last two decades. Specifically, we discuss the introduction of the robotic platform and some of its benefits and limitations. We also describe some newer techniques related to robotics. PMID:27582647

In vitro susceptibility of spiroplasmas to heavy-metal salts.

PubMed

Whitmore, S C; Rissler, J F; Davis, R E

1983-01-01

The susceptibility of six spiroplasma strains to heavy-metal salt was characterized in terms of minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal biocidal concentrations in broth tube dilution tests. The strains were most susceptible to mercuric chloride and silver nitrate; less susceptible to copper sulfate, cobalt chloride, lead nitrate, and cadmium sulfate; and least susceptible to nickel chloride and zinc sulfate. Spiroplasma citri strains Maroc R8A2 and C189 were the most susceptible to five of eight heavy-metal salts, and honeybee spiroplasma strain AS576 and Spiroplasma floricola strain 23-6 were generally the least susceptible. The difference between the minimal biocidal concentrations and the minimal inhibitory concentrations was greater for certain heavy-metal salts than for others.

Robotic surgery update.

PubMed

Jacobsen, G; Elli, F; Horgan, S

2004-08-01

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have revolutionized the field of surgery. Telesurgical manipulators (robots) and new information technologies strive to improve upon currently available minimally invasive techniques and create new possibilities. A retrospective review of all robotic cases at a single academic medical center from August 2000 until November 2002 was conducted. A comprehensive literature evaluation on robotic surgical technology was also performed. Robotic technology is safely and effectively being applied at our institution. Robotic and information technologies have improved upon minimally invasive surgical techniques and created new opportunities not attainable in open surgery. Robotic technology offers many benefits over traditional minimal access techniques and has been proven safe and effective. Further research is needed to better define the optimal application of this technology. Credentialing and educational requirements also need to be delineated.

Minimal entropy approximation for cellular automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukś, Henryk

2014-02-01

We present a method for the construction of approximate orbits of measures under the action of cellular automata which is complementary to the local structure theory. The local structure theory is based on the idea of Bayesian extension, that is, construction of a probability measure consistent with given block probabilities and maximizing entropy. If instead of maximizing entropy one minimizes it, one can develop another method for the construction of approximate orbits, at the heart of which is the iteration of finite-dimensional maps, called minimal entropy maps. We present numerical evidence that the minimal entropy approximation sometimes outperforms the local structure theory in characterizing the properties of cellular automata. The density response curve for elementary CA rule 26 is used to illustrate this claim.

Developmental changes in maternal education and minimal exposure effects on vocabulary in English- and Spanish-learning toddlers.

PubMed

Friend, Margaret; DeAnda, Stephanie; Arias-Trejo, Natalia; Poulin-Dubois, Diane; Zesiger, Pascal

2017-12-01

The current research follows up on two previous findings: that children with minimal dual-language exposure have smaller receptive vocabularies at 16months of age and that maternal education is a predictor of vocabulary when the dominant language is English but not when it is Spanish. The current study extends this research to 22-month-olds to assess the developmental effects of minimal exposure and maternal education on direct and parent-report measures of vocabulary size. The effects of minimal exposure on vocabulary size are no longer present at 22months of age, whereas maternal education effects remain but only for English speakers. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Further reduction of minimal first-met bad markings for the computationally efficient synthesis of a maximally permissive controller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, GaiYun; Chao, Daniel Yuh

2015-08-01

To date, research on the supervisor design for flexible manufacturing systems focuses on speeding up the computation of optimal (maximally permissive) liveness-enforcing controllers. Recent deadlock prevention policies for systems of simple sequential processes with resources (S3PR) reduce the computation burden by considering only the minimal portion of all first-met bad markings (FBMs). Maximal permissiveness is ensured by not forbidding any live state. This paper proposes a method to further reduce the size of minimal set of FBMs to efficiently solve integer linear programming problems while maintaining maximal permissiveness using a vector-covering approach. This paper improves the previous work and achieves the simplest structure with the minimal number of monitors.

On the uniqueness of the non-minimal matter coupling in massive gravity and bigravity

DOE PAGES

Huang, Qing-Guo; Ribeiro, Raquel H.; Xing, Yu-Hang; ...

2015-07-03

In de Rham–Gabadadze–Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity and bi-gravity, a non-minimal matter coupling involving both metrics generically reintroduces the Boulware–Deser (BD) ghost. A non-minimal matter coupling via a simple, yet specific composite metric has been proposed, which eliminates the BD ghost below the strong coupling scale. Working explicitly in the metric formulation and for arbitrary spacetime dimensions, we show that this composite metric is the unique consistent non-minimal matter coupling below the strong coupling scale, which emerges out of two diagnostics, namely, the absence of Ostrogradski ghosts in the decoupling limit and the absence of the BD ghost from matter quantummore » loop corrections.« less

Minimization In Digital Design As A Meta-Planning Problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ho, William P. C.; Wu, Jung-Gen

1987-05-01

In our model-based expert system for automatic digital system design, we formalize the design process into three sub-processes - compiling high-level behavioral specifications into primitive behavioral operations, grouping primitive operations into behavioral functions, and grouping functions into modules. Consideration of design minimization explicitly controls decision-making in the last two subprocesses. Design minimization, a key task in the automatic design of digital systems, is complicated by the high degree of interaction among the time sequence and content of design decisions. In this paper, we present an AI approach which directly addresses these interactions and their consequences by modeling the minimization prob-lem as a planning problem, and the management of design decision-making as a meta-planning problem.

Effectiveness and efficacy of minimally invasive lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema

PubMed Central

Pertl, Daniela; Eisenmann, Alexander; Holzer, Ulrike; Renner, Anna-Theresa; Valipour, A.

2014-01-01

Lung emphysema is a chronic, progressive and irreversible destruction of the lung tissue. Besides non-medical therapies and the well established medical treatment there are surgical and minimally invasive methods for lung volume reduction (LVR) to treat severe emphysema. This report deals with the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive methods compared to other treatments for LVR in patients with lung emphysema. Furthermore, legal and ethical aspects are discussed. No clear benefit of minimally invasive methods compared to surgical methods can be demonstrated based on the identified and included evidence. In order to assess the different methods for LVR regarding their relative effectiveness and safety in patients with lung emphysema direct comparative studies are necessary. PMID:25295123

Effectiveness and efficacy of minimally invasive lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema.

PubMed

Pertl, Daniela; Eisenmann, Alexander; Holzer, Ulrike; Renner, Anna-Theresa; Valipour, A

2014-01-01

Lung emphysema is a chronic, progressive and irreversible destruction of the lung tissue. Besides non-medical therapies and the well established medical treatment there are surgical and minimally invasive methods for lung volume reduction (LVR) to treat severe emphysema. This report deals with the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive methods compared to other treatments for LVR in patients with lung emphysema. Furthermore, legal and ethical aspects are discussed. No clear benefit of minimally invasive methods compared to surgical methods can be demonstrated based on the identified and included evidence. In order to assess the different methods for LVR regarding their relative effectiveness and safety in patients with lung emphysema direct comparative studies are necessary.

From Never Born Proteins to Minimal Living Cells: two projects in synthetic biology.

PubMed

Luisi, Pier Luigi; Chiarabelli, Cristiano; Stano, Pasquale

2006-12-01

The Never Born Proteins (NBPs) and the Minimal Cell projects are two currently developed research lines belonging to the field of synthetic biology. The first deals with the investigation of structural and functional properties of de novo proteins with random sequences, selected and isolated using phage display methods. The minimal cell is the simplest cellular construct which displays living properties, such as self-maintenance, self-reproduction and evolvability. The semi-synthetic approach to minimal cells involves the use of extant genes and proteins in order to build a supramolecular construct based on lipid vesicles. Results and outlooks on these two research lines are shortly discussed, mainly focusing on their relevance to the origin of life studies.

Minimal change disease

MedlinePlus

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome; Nil disease; Lipoid nephrosis; Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood ... disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It is also seen in adults ...

Post Hoc Analysis of Data from Two Clinical Trials Evaluating the Minimal Clinically Important Change in International Restless Legs Syndrome Sum Score in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease)

PubMed Central

Ondo, William G.; Grieger, Frank; Moran, Kimberly; Kohnen, Ralf; Roth, Thomas

2016-01-01

Study Objectives: Determine the minimal clinically important change (MCIC), a measure determining the minimum change in scale score perceived as clinically beneficial, for the international restless legs syndrome (IRLS) and restless legs syndrome 6-item questionnaire (RLS-6) in patients with moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (RLS/Willis-Ekbom disease) treated with the rotigotine transdermal system. Methods: This post hoc analysis analyzed data from two 6-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (SP790 [NCT00136045]; SP792 [NCT00135993]) individually and as a pooled analysis in rotigotine-treated patients, with baseline and end of maintenance IRLS and Clinical Global Impressions of change (CGI Item 2) scores available for analysis. An anchor-based approach and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the MCIC for the IRLS and RLS-6. We specifically compared “much improved vs minimally improved,” “much improved/very much improved vs minimally improved or worse,” and “minimally improved or better vs no change or worse” on the CGI-2 using the full analysis set (data as observed). Results: The MCIC IRLS cut-off scores for SP790 and SP792 were similar. Using the pooled SP790+SP792 analysis, the MCIC total IRLS cut-off score (sensitivity, specificity) for “much improved vs minimally improved” was −9 (0.69, 0.66), for “much improved/very much improved vs minimally improved or worse” was −11 (0.81, 0.84), and for “minimally improved or better vs no change or worse” was −9 (0.79, 0.88). MCIC ROC cut-offs were also calculated for each RLS-6 item. Conclusions: In patients with RLS, the MCIC values derived in the current analysis provide a basis for defining meaningful clinical improvement based on changes in the IRLS and RLS-6 following treatment with rotigotine. Citation: Ondo WG, Grieger F, Moran K, Kohnen R, Roth T. Post hoc analysis of data from two clinical trials evaluating the minimal clinically important change in international restless legs syndrome sum score in patients with restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). J Clin Sleep Med 2016;12(1):63–70. PMID:26446245

Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasive - discharge

MedlinePlus

... thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest . 2012;141(2 ... bypass surgery - minimally invasive Heart failure - overview High blood cholesterol ...

A minimally processed dietary pattern is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among Lebanese adults.

PubMed

Nasreddine, Lara; Tamim, Hani; Itani, Leila; Nasrallah, Mona P; Isma'eel, Hussain; Nakhoul, Nancy F; Abou-Rizk, Joana; Naja, Farah

2018-01-01

To (i) estimate the consumption of minimally processed, processed and ultra-processed foods in a sample of Lebanese adults; (ii) explore patterns of intakes of these food groups; and (iii) investigate the association of the derived patterns with cardiometabolic risk. Cross-sectional survey. Data collection included dietary assessment using an FFQ and biochemical, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Food items were categorized into twenty-five groups based on the NOVA food classification. The contribution of each food group to total energy intake (TEI) was estimated. Patterns of intakes of these food groups were examined using exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of derived patterns with cardiometabolic risk factors. Greater Beirut area, Lebanon. Adults ≥18 years (n 302) with no prior history of chronic diseases. Of TEI, 36·53 and 27·10 % were contributed by ultra-processed and minimally processed foods, respectively. Two dietary patterns were identified: the 'ultra-processed' and the 'minimally processed/processed'. The 'ultra-processed' consisted mainly of fast foods, snacks, meat, nuts, sweets and liquor, while the 'minimally processed/processed' consisted mostly of fruits, vegetables, legumes, breads, cheeses, sugar and fats. Participants in the highest quartile of the 'minimally processed/processed' pattern had significantly lower odds for metabolic syndrome (OR=0·18, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·77), hyperglycaemia (OR=0·25, 95 % CI 0·07, 0·98) and low HDL cholesterol (OR=0·17, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·60). The study findings may be used for the development of evidence-based interventions aimed at encouraging the consumption of minimally processed foods.

Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography for stenosis quantification using quantitative coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound as the gold standard.

PubMed

Joshi, Subodh B; Okabe, Teruo; Roswell, Robert O; Weissman, Gaby; Lopez, Cristian F; Lindsay, Joseph; Pichard, Augusto D; Weissman, Neil J; Waksman, Ron; Weigold, Wm Guy

2009-10-15

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is considered to have limited accuracy for quantifying exact percent diameter stenosis in coronary arteries. However, most studies evaluating CTA use quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) as the gold standard, a technique with its own limitations. We sought to determine whether CTA measurements of stenosis severity correlate better with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) than with QCA. Luminal dimensions of 67 de novo coronary lesions were measured by CTA, IVUS, and QCA. IVUS was performed when lesion severity by angiography was equivocal. Mean percent diameter stenosis by QCA was 51 +/- 9.8% and mean IVUS minimal luminal area was 3.8 +/- 1.8 mm(2). There was a moderate correlation between CTA minimal luminal area and IVUS minimal luminal area (r(2) = 0.41, p <0.001), but no relation between CTA and QCA measurements of minimal luminal diameter (r(2) = 0.01, p = 0.57) or diameter stenosis (r(2) = 0.02, p = 0.31). There was also no relation between IVUS minimal luminal area and QCA diameter stenosis (r(2) = 0.01, p = 0.50). When lesions with moderate or severe calcification were excluded, the correlation between CTA minimal luminal area and IVUS minimal luminal area was good (r(2) = 0.68, p <0.001). In conclusion, in this cohort of patients with intermediate-grade lesions on cardiac catheterization, absolute measurements of stenosis severity on CTA correlated with IVUS but not with QCA. Our findings suggest that limitations of quantitative coronary angiography as a gold standard need to be considered in studies evaluating the accuracy of coronary CTA.

Comparison between minimally invasive and open surgical treatment in necrotizing pancreatitis.

PubMed

Wroński, Marek; Cebulski, Włodzimierz; Witkowski, Bartosz; Jankowski, Mieczysław; Kluciński, Andrzej; Krasnodębski, Ireneusz W; Słodkowski, Maciej

2017-04-01

Minimal access techniques have gained popularity for the management of necrotizing pancreatitis, but only a few studies compared open necrosectomy with a less invasive treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of minimally invasive treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis in comparison with open necrosectomy. This retrospective study included 70 patients who underwent minimally invasive intervention or open surgical debridement for necrotizing pancreatitis between January 2007 and December 2014. Data were analyzed for postoperative morbidity and outcome. Of 70 patients, 22 patients underwent primary open necrosectomy and 48 patients were treated with minimally invasive techniques. Percutaneous and endoscopic drainage were successful in 34.9% and 75.0% of patients, respectively. The rates of postoperative new-onset organ failure and intensive care unit stay were significantly lower in the minimally invasive group (25.0% versus 54.5%; P = 0.016, and 29.2% versus 54.5%; P = 0.041, respectively). Gastrointestinal fistulas occurred more frequently after primary open necrosectomy (36.4% versus 10.4%; P = 0.009). Mortality was comparable in both groups (18.6% versus 27.3%; P = 0.420). Mortality for salvage open necrosectomy was similar to that for primary open debridement (28.6% versus 27.3%; P = 0.924). The independent risk factors for major postoperative complications were primary open necrosectomy (P = 0.028) and shorter interval to first intervention (P = 0.020). Mortality was independently associated only with older age (P = 0.009). Minimally invasive treatment should be preferred over open necrosectomy for initial management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Minimally invasive percutaneous pericardial ICD placement in an infant piglet model: Head-to-head comparison with an open surgical thoracotomy approach.

PubMed

Clark, Bradley C; Davis, Tanya D; El-Sayed Ahmed, Magdy M; McCarter, Robert; Ishibashi, Nobuyuki; Jordan, Christopher P; Kane, Timothy D; Kim, Peter C W; Krieger, Axel; Nath, Dilip S; Opfermann, Justin D; Berul, Charles I

2016-05-01

Epicardial implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement in infants, children, and patients with complex cardiac anatomy requires an open surgical thoracotomy and is associated with increased pain, longer length of stay, and higher cost. The purpose of this study was to compare an open surgical epicardial placement approach with percutaneous pericardial placement of an ICD lead system in an infant piglet model. Animals underwent either epicardial placement by direct suture fixation through a left thoracotomy or minimally invasive pericardial placement with thoracoscopic visualization. Initial lead testing and defibrillation threshold testing (DFT) were performed. After the 2-week survival period, repeat lead testing and DFT were performed before euthanasia. Minimally invasive placement was performed in 8 piglets and open surgical placement in 7 piglets without procedural morbidity or mortality. The mean initial DFT value was 10.5 J (range 3-28 J) in the minimally invasive group and 10.0 J (range 5-35 J) in the open surgical group (P = .90). After the survival period, the mean DFT value was 12.0 J (range 3-20 J) in the minimally invasive group and 12.3 J (range 3-35 J) in the open surgical group (P = .95). All lead and shock impedances, R-wave amplitudes, and ventricular pacing thresholds remained stable throughout the survival period. Compared with open surgical epicardial ICD lead placement, minimally invasive pericardial placement demonstrates an equivalent ability to effectively defibrillate the heart and has demonstrated similar lead stability. With continued technical development and operator experience, the minimally invasive method may provide a viable alternative to epicardial ICD lead placement in infants, children, and adults at risk of sudden cardiac death. Copyright © 2016 Heart Rhythm Society. All rights reserved.

What Does It Take to Change an Editor's Mind? Identifying Minimally Important Difference Thresholds for Peer Reviewer Rating Scores of Scientific Articles.

PubMed

Callaham, Michael; John, Leslie K

2018-01-05

We define a minimally important difference for the Likert-type scores frequently used in scientific peer review (similar to existing minimally important differences for scores in clinical medicine). The magnitude of score change required to change editorial decisions has not been studied, to our knowledge. Experienced editors at a journal in the top 6% by impact factor were asked how large a change of rating in "overall desirability for publication" was required to trigger a change in their initial decision on an article. Minimally important differences were assessed twice for each editor: once assessing the rating change required to shift the editor away from an initial decision to accept, and the other assessing the magnitude required to shift away from an initial rejection decision. Forty-one editors completed the survey (89% response rate). In the acceptance frame, the median minimally important difference was 0.4 points on a scale of 1 to 5. Editors required a greater rating change to shift from an initial rejection decision; in the rejection frame, the median minimally important difference was 1.2 points. Within each frame, there was considerable heterogeneity: in the acceptance frame, 38% of editors did not change their decision within the maximum available range; in the rejection frame, 51% did not. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the minimally important difference for Likert-type ratings of research article quality, or in fact any nonclinical scientific assessment variable. Our findings may be useful for future research assessing whether changes to the peer review process produce clinically meaningful differences in editorial decisionmaking. Copyright © 2017 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Does Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Minimize Surgical Site Infections?

PubMed

Kulkarni, Arvind Gopalrao; Patel, Ravish Shammi; Dutta, Shumayou

2016-12-01

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. To evaluate the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) in minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) in a cohort of patients and compare with available historical data on SSI in open spinal surgery cohorts, and to evaluate additional direct costs incurred due to SSI. SSI can lead to prolonged antibiotic therapy, extended hospitalization, repeated operations, and implant removal. Small incisions and minimal dissection intrinsic to MISS may minimize the risk of postoperative infections. However, there is a dearth of literature on infections after MISS and their additional direct financial implications. All patients from January 2007 to January 2015 undergoing posterior spinal surgery with tubular retractor system and microscope in our institution were included. The procedures performed included tubular discectomies, tubular decompressions for spinal stenosis and minimal invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). The incidence of postoperative SSI was calculated and compared to the range of cited SSI rates from published studies. Direct costs were calculated from medical billing for index cases and for patients with SSI. A total of 1,043 patients underwent 763 noninstrumented surgeries (discectomies, decompressions) and 280 instrumented (TLIF) procedures. The mean age was 52.2 years with male:female ratio of 1.08:1. Three infections were encountered with fusion surgeries (mean detection time, 7 days). All three required wound wash and debridement with one patient requiring unilateral implant removal. Additional direct cost due to infection was $2,678 per 100 MISS-TLIF. SSI increased hospital expenditure per patient 1.5-fold after instrumented MISS. Overall infection rate after MISS was 0.29%, with SSI rate of 0% in non-instrumented MISS and 1.07% with instrumented MISS. MISS can markedly reduce the SSI rate and can be an effective tool to minimize hospital costs.

Mini-Membrane Evaporator for Contingency Spacesuit Cooling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Makinen, Janice V.; Bue, Grant C.; Campbell, Colin; Petty, Brian; Craft, Jesse; Lynch, William; Wilkes, Robert; Vogel, Matthew

2015-01-01

The next-generation Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AEMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS) is integrating a number of new technologies to improve reliability and functionality. One of these improvements is the development of the Auxiliary Cooling Loop (ACL) for contingency crewmember cooling. The ACL is a completely redundant, independent cooling system that consists of a small evaporative cooler--the Mini Membrane Evaporator (Mini-ME), independent pump, independent feedwater assembly and independent Liquid Cooling Garment (LCG). The Mini-ME utilizes the same hollow fiber technology featured in the full-sized AEMU PLSS cooling device, the Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator (SWME), but Mini-ME occupies only approximately 25% of the volume of SWME, thereby providing only the necessary crewmember cooling in a contingency situation. The ACL provides a number of benefits when compared with the current EMU PLSS contingency cooling technology, which relies upon a Secondary Oxygen Vessel; contingency crewmember cooling can be provided for a longer period of time, more contingency situations can be accounted for, no reliance on a Secondary Oxygen Vessel (SOV) for contingency cooling--thereby allowing a reduction in SOV size and pressure, and the ACL can be recharged-allowing the AEMU PLSS to be reused, even after a contingency event. The first iteration of Mini-ME was developed and tested in-house. Mini-ME is currently packaged in AEMU PLSS 2.0, where it is being tested in environments and situations that are representative of potential future Extravehicular Activities (EVA's). The second iteration of Mini-ME, known as Mini-ME2, is currently being developed to offer more heat rejection capability. The development of this contingency evaporative cooling system will contribute to a more robust and comprehensive AEMU PLSS.

Does the sensorimotor system minimize prediction error or select the most likely prediction during object lifting?

PubMed Central

McGregor, Heather R.; Pun, Henry C. H.; Buckingham, Gavin; Gribble, Paul L.

2016-01-01

The human sensorimotor system is routinely capable of making accurate predictions about an object's weight, which allows for energetically efficient lifts and prevents objects from being dropped. Often, however, poor predictions arise when the weight of an object can vary and sensory cues about object weight are sparse (e.g., picking up an opaque water bottle). The question arises, what strategies does the sensorimotor system use to make weight predictions when one is dealing with an object whose weight may vary? For example, does the sensorimotor system use a strategy that minimizes prediction error (minimal squared error) or one that selects the weight that is most likely to be correct (maximum a posteriori)? In this study we dissociated the predictions of these two strategies by having participants lift an object whose weight varied according to a skewed probability distribution. We found, using a small range of weight uncertainty, that four indexes of sensorimotor prediction (grip force rate, grip force, load force rate, and load force) were consistent with a feedforward strategy that minimizes the square of prediction errors. These findings match research in the visuomotor system, suggesting parallels in underlying processes. We interpret our findings within a Bayesian framework and discuss the potential benefits of using a minimal squared error strategy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a novel experimental model of object lifting, we tested whether the sensorimotor system models the weight of objects by minimizing lifting errors or by selecting the statistically most likely weight. We found that the sensorimotor system minimizes the square of prediction errors for object lifting. This parallels the results of studies that investigated visually guided reaching, suggesting an overlap in the underlying mechanisms between tasks that involve different sensory systems. PMID:27760821

[Possible changes in energy-minimizer mechanisms of locomotion due to chronic low back pain - a literature review].

PubMed

de Carvalho, Alberito Rodrigo; Andrade, Alexandro; Peyré-Tartaruga, Leonardo Alexandre

2015-01-01

One goal of the locomotion is to move the body in the space at the most economical way possible. However, little is known about the mechanical and energetic aspects of locomotion that are affected by low back pain. And in case of occurring some damage, little is known about how the mechanical and energetic characteristics of the locomotion are manifested in functional activities, especially with respect to the energy-minimizer mechanisms during locomotion. This study aimed: a) to describe the main energy-minimizer mechanisms of locomotion; b) to check if there are signs of damage on the mechanical and energetic characteristics of the locomotion due to chronic low back pain (CLBP) which may endanger the energy-minimizer mechanisms. This study is characterized as a narrative literature review. The main theory that explains the minimization of energy expenditure during the locomotion is the inverted pendulum mechanism, by which the energy-minimizer mechanism converts kinetic energy into potential energy of the center of mass and vice-versa during the step. This mechanism is strongly influenced by spatio-temporal gait (locomotion) parameters such as step length and preferred walking speed, which, in turn, may be severely altered in patients with chronic low back pain. However, much remains to be understood about the effects of chronic low back pain on the individual's ability to practice an economic locomotion, because functional impairment may compromise the mechanical and energetic characteristics of this type of gait, making it more costly. Thus, there are indications that such changes may compromise the functional energy-minimizer mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Sequentially reweighted TV minimization for CT metal artifact reduction.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaomeng; Xing, Lei

2013-07-01

Metal artifact reduction has long been an important topic in x-ray CT image reconstruction. In this work, the authors propose an iterative method that sequentially minimizes a reweighted total variation (TV) of the image and produces substantially artifact-reduced reconstructions. A sequentially reweighted TV minimization algorithm is proposed to fully exploit the sparseness of image gradients (IG). The authors first formulate a constrained optimization model that minimizes a weighted TV of the image, subject to the constraint that the estimated projection data are within a specified tolerance of the available projection measurements, with image non-negativity enforced. The authors then solve a sequence of weighted TV minimization problems where weights used for the next iteration are computed from the current solution. Using the complete projection data, the algorithm first reconstructs an image from which a binary metal image can be extracted. Forward projection of the binary image identifies metal traces in the projection space. The metal-free background image is then reconstructed from the metal-trace-excluded projection data by employing a different set of weights. Each minimization problem is solved using a gradient method that alternates projection-onto-convex-sets and steepest descent. A series of simulation and experimental studies are performed to evaluate the proposed approach. Our study shows that the sequentially reweighted scheme, by altering a single parameter in the weighting function, flexibly controls the sparsity of the IG and reconstructs artifacts-free images in a two-stage process. It successfully produces images with significantly reduced streak artifacts, suppressed noise and well-preserved contrast and edge properties. The sequentially reweighed TV minimization provides a systematic approach for suppressing CT metal artifacts. The technique can also be generalized to other "missing data" problems in CT image reconstruction.

Entropy of Vaidya Black Hole on Apparent Horizon with Minimal Length Revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Hao; Wu, Bin; Sun, Cheng-yi; Song, Yu; Yue, Rui-hong

2018-03-01

By considering the generalized uncertainty principle, the degrees of freedom near the apparent horizon of Vaidya black hole are calculated with the thin film model. The result shows that a cut-off can be introduced naturally rather than taking by hand. Furthermore, if the minimal length is chosen to be a specific value, the statistical entropy will satisfy the conventional area law at the horizon, which might reveal some deep things of the minimal length.

Entropy of Vaidya Black Hole on Apparent Horizon with Minimal Length Revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Hao; Wu, Bin; Sun, Cheng-yi; Song, Yu; Yue, Rui-hong

2018-07-01

By considering the generalized uncertainty principle, the degrees of freedom near the apparent horizon of Vaidya black hole are calculated with the thin film model. The result shows that a cut-off can be introduced naturally rather than taking by hand. Furthermore, if the minimal length is chosen to be a specific value, the statistical entropy will satisfy the conventional area law at the horizon, which might reveal some deep things of the minimal length.

Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Still a Work in Progress?

PubMed Central

Mosna, Federico; Capelli, Debora; Gottardi, Michele

2017-01-01

Minimal residual disease evaluation refers to a series of molecular and immunophenotypical techniques aimed at detecting submicroscopic disease after therapy. As such, its application in acute myeloid leukemia has greatly increased our ability to quantify treatment response, and to determine the chemosensitivity of the disease, as the final product of the drug schedule, dose intensity, biodistribution, and the pharmakogenetic profile of the patient. There is now consistent evidence for the prognostic power of minimal residual disease evaluation in acute myeloid leukemia, which is complementary to the baseline prognostic assessment of the disease. The focus for its use is therefore shifting to individualize treatment based on a deeper evaluation of chemosensitivity and residual tumor burden. In this review, we will summarize the results of the major clinical studies evaluating minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia in adults in recent years and address the technical and practical issues still hampering the spread of these techniques outside controlled clinical trials. We will also briefly speculate on future developments and offer our point of view, and a word of caution, on the present use of minimal residual disease measurements in “real-life” practice. Still, as final standardization and diffusion of the methods are sorted out, we believe that minimal residual disease will soon become the new standard for evaluating response in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. PMID:28587190

Carpal tunnel syndrome, the search for a cost-effective surgical intervention: a randomised controlled trial.

PubMed Central

Lorgelly, Paula K.; Dias, Joseph J.; Bradley, Mary J.; Burke, Frank D.

2005-01-01

OBJECTIVE: There is insufficient evidence regarding the clinical and cost-effectiveness of surgical interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome. This study evaluates the cost, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery compared with conventional open surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 194 sufferers (208 hands) of carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly assigned to each treatment option. A self-administered questionnaire assessed the severity of patients' symptoms and functional status pre- and postoperatively. Treatment costs were estimated from resource use and hospital financial data. RESULTS: Minimally invasive carpal tunnel decompression is marginally more effective than open surgery in terms of functional status, but not significantly so. Little improvement in symptom severity was recorded for either intervention. Minimally invasive surgery was found to be significantly more costly than open surgery. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio for functional status was estimated to be 197 UK pounds, such that a one percentage point improvement in functioning costs 197 UK pounds when using the minimally invasive technique. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive carpal tunnel decompression appears to be more effective but more costly. Initial analysis suggests that the additional expense for such a small improvement in function and no improvement in symptoms would not be regarded as value-for-money, such that minimally invasive carpal tunnel release is unlikely to be considered a cost-effective alternative to the traditional open surgery procedure. PMID:15720906

System identification using Nuclear Norm & Tabu Search optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmed, Asif A.; Schoen, Marco P.; Bosworth, Ken W.

2018-01-01

In recent years, subspace System Identification (SI) algorithms have seen increased research, stemming from advanced minimization methods being applied to the Nuclear Norm (NN) approach in system identification. These minimization algorithms are based on hard computing methodologies. To the authors’ knowledge, as of now, there has been no work reported that utilizes soft computing algorithms to address the minimization problem within the nuclear norm SI framework. A linear, time-invariant, discrete time system is used in this work as the basic model for characterizing a dynamical system to be identified. The main objective is to extract a mathematical model from collected experimental input-output data. Hankel matrices are constructed from experimental data, and the extended observability matrix is employed to define an estimated output of the system. This estimated output and the actual - measured - output are utilized to construct a minimization problem. An embedded rank measure assures minimum state realization outcomes. Current NN-SI algorithms employ hard computing algorithms for minimization. In this work, we propose a simple Tabu Search (TS) algorithm for minimization. TS algorithm based SI is compared with the iterative Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) line search optimization based NN-SI. For comparison, several different benchmark system identification problems are solved by both approaches. Results show improved performance of the proposed SI-TS algorithm compared to the NN-SI ADMM algorithm.

Quadratic Optimization in the Problems of Active Control of Sound

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loncaric, J.; Tsynkov, S. V.; Bushnell, Dennis M. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

We analyze the problem of suppressing the unwanted component of a time-harmonic acoustic field (noise) on a predetermined region of interest. The suppression is rendered by active means, i.e., by introducing the additional acoustic sources called controls that generate the appropriate anti-sound. Previously, we have obtained general solutions for active controls in both continuous and discrete formulations of the problem. We have also obtained optimal solutions that minimize the overall absolute acoustic source strength of active control sources. These optimal solutions happen to be particular layers of monopoles on the perimeter of the protected region. Mathematically, minimization of acoustic source strength is equivalent to minimization in the sense of L(sub 1). By contrast. in the current paper we formulate and study optimization problems that involve quadratic functions of merit. Specifically, we minimize the L(sub 2) norm of the control sources, and we consider both the unconstrained and constrained minimization. The unconstrained L(sub 2) minimization is certainly the easiest problem to address numerically. On the other hand, the constrained approach allows one to analyze sophisticated geometries. In a special case, we call compare our finite-difference optimal solutions to the continuous optimal solutions obtained previously using a semi-analytic technique. We also show that the optima obtained in the sense of L(sub 2) differ drastically from those obtained in the sense of L(sub 1).

On post-inflation validity of perturbation theory in Horndeski scalar-tensor models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Germani, Cristiano; Kudryashova, Nina; Watanabe, Yuki, E-mail: germani@icc.ub.edu, E-mail: nina.kudryashova@campus.lmu.de, E-mail: yuki.watanabe@nat.gunma-ct.ac.jp

By using the newtonian gauge, we re-confirm that, as in the minimal case, the re-scaled Mukhanov-Sasaki variable is conserved leading to a constraint equation for the Newtonian potential. However, conversely to the minimal case, in Horndeski theories, the super-horizon Newtonian potential can potentially grow to very large values after inflation exit. If that happens, inflationary predictability is lost during the oscillating period. When this does not happen, the perturbations generated during inflation can be standardly related to the CMB, if the theory chosen is minimal at low energies. As a concrete example, we analytically and numerically discuss the new Higgsmore » inflationary case. There, the Inflaton is the Higgs boson that is non-minimally kinetically coupled to gravity. During the high-energy part of the post-inflationary oscillations, the system is anisotropic and the Newtonian potential is largely amplified. Thanks to the smallness of today's amplitude of curvature perturbations, however, the system stays in the linear regime, so that inflationary predictions are not lost. At low energies, when the system relaxes to the minimal case, the anisotropies disappear and the Newtonian potential converges to a constant value. We show that the constant value to which the Newtonian potential converges is related to the frozen part of curvature perturbations during inflation, precisely like in the minimal case.« less

The Blueprint of a Minimal Cell: MiniBacillus

PubMed Central

Reuß, Daniel R.; Commichau, Fabian M.; Gundlach, Jan; Zhu, Bingyao

2016-01-01

SUMMARY Bacillus subtilis is one of the best-studied organisms. Due to the broad knowledge and annotation and the well-developed genetic system, this bacterium is an excellent starting point for genome minimization with the aim of constructing a minimal cell. We have analyzed the genome of B. subtilis and selected all genes that are required to allow life in complex medium at 37°C. This selection is based on the known information on essential genes and functions as well as on gene and protein expression data and gene conservation. The list presented here includes 523 and 119 genes coding for proteins and RNAs, respectively. These proteins and RNAs are required for the basic functions of life in information processing (replication and chromosome maintenance, transcription, translation, protein folding, and secretion), metabolism, cell division, and the integrity of the minimal cell. The completeness of the selected metabolic pathways, reactions, and enzymes was verified by the development of a model of metabolism of the minimal cell. A comparison of the MiniBacillus genome to the recently reported designed minimal genome of Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn3.0 indicates excellent agreement in the information-processing pathways, whereas each species has a metabolism that reflects specific evolution and adaptation. The blueprint of MiniBacillus presented here serves as the starting point for a successive reduction of the B. subtilis genome. PMID:27681641

Optimized System Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Juang, Jer-Nan; Longman, Richard W.

1999-01-01

In system identification, one usually cares most about finding a model whose outputs are as close as possible to the true system outputs when the same input is applied to both. However, most system identification algorithms do not minimize this output error. Often they minimize model equation error instead, as in typical least-squares fits using a finite-difference model, and it is seen here that this distinction is significant. Here, we develop a set of system identification algorithms that minimize output error for multi-input/multi-output and multi-input/single-output systems. This is done with sequential quadratic programming iterations on the nonlinear least-squares problems, with an eigendecomposition to handle indefinite second partials. This optimization minimizes a nonlinear function of many variables, and hence can converge to local minima. To handle this problem, we start the iterations from the OKID (Observer/Kalman Identification) algorithm result. Not only has OKID proved very effective in practice, it minimizes an output error of an observer which has the property that as the data set gets large, it converges to minimizing the criterion of interest here. Hence, it is a particularly good starting point for the nonlinear iterations here. Examples show that the methods developed here eliminate the bias that is often observed using any system identification methods of either over-estimating or under-estimating the damping of vibration modes in lightly damped structures.

Comparison Between Minimally Invasive and Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Doula, Chrysoula; Kostakis, Ioannis D; Damaskos, Christos; Machairas, Nikolaos; Vardakostas, Dimitrios V; Feretis, Themistoklis; Felekouras, Evangelos

2016-02-01

Minimally invasive approaches (laparoscopic or robotic) are used in various operations. Our aim was to compare them with the open approach in pancreaticoduodenectomy. We conducted a search for articles published in MEDLINE database comparing minimally invasive (laparoscopic or robotic) with open pancreaticoduodenectomy on June 15, 2014. Our search yielded 136 articles. We excluded 122 articles and we took into consideration 14 (10 for laparoscopic and 4 for robotic pancreaticoduodenectomies). Most cases were related to malignant diseases and tumors treated with minimally invasive operations tended to be smaller. There were relatively high conversion rates in both laparoscopic (0% to 15%) and robotic procedures (4.5% to 10%). There were no significant differences regarding resection margins, rates of pancreatic fistula formation, bile leak, and delayed gastric emptying, reoperation rates, and intraoperative and postoperative mortality. On the contrary, blood loss was less in minimally invasive than open operations, although this difference was not always significant. Moreover, totally laparoscopic and robotic procedures lasted longer than the open ones, whereas hand-assisted laparoscopic procedures did not. However, the findings regarding the number of the retrieved lymph nodes, the length of hospital stay, and costs were inconclusive and controversial. Laparoscopic and robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy are feasible, safe, and oncologically equivalent alternatives to open pancreaticoduodenectomy. Minimally invasive operations have the advantage of the less blood loss, but totally laparoscopic and robotic procedures last longer than open procedures.

In patients with liver cirrhosis, proinflammatory interleukins correlate with health-related quality of life irrespective of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

PubMed

Wunsch, Ewa; Koziarska, Dorota; Milkiewicz, Małgorzata; Naprawa, Grzegorz; Nowacki, Przemysław; Hartleb, Marek; Milkiewicz, Piotr

2013-12-01

Liver cirrhosis is associated with latent systemic inflammatory response syndrome as evidenced by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been proposed that inflammatory mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of minimal and overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE); hence, they may also have an effect on health-related quality of life (HRQL). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-18 and the occurrence of minimal HE and HRQL. Forty-two consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled to the study. Minimal HE was detected by the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) and critical flicker frequency. HRQL was assessed with Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires. The interleukins studied were determined using colorimetric sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum levels of interleukins correlated with liver dysfunction, but did not discriminate patients with minimal HE from those with overt or absent HE. IL-1β and IL-6 showed significant correlations with PHES, but showed no relationship with critical flicker frequency. Serum IL-6 and IL-18 correlated with both physical-related general health and mental component summary evaluated by the SF-36 questionnaire. This study shows that chronic inflammation plays a role in impaired HRQL in patients with cirrhosis irrespective of minimal HE.

Adopting Gayet's Techniques of Totally Laparoscopic Liver Surgery in the United States

PubMed Central

Gumbs, Andrew A.; Gayet, Brice

2013-01-01

Professor Brice Gayet of the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris in Paris, France, has developed totally laparoscopic techniques for all segments of the liver. As a pioneer in the field of minimally invasive hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, he started a Minimally Invasive Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Fellowship in 2006. A retrospective review of all hepatic cases performed by a single surgeon since completing this Fellowship was undertaken. From November 2007 to October 2012, a total of 80 liver resections were done, of which 73 were begun with the intention of completing the case laparoscopically. Of these, more than 90% were completed laparoscopically and 88% were for malignant disease. One of the foundations of Professor Gayet's techniques is the low lithotomy or ‘French’ position and the utilization of a small robotically controlled laparoscope holder that is sterilizeable and considerably more economic than complete surgical systems. Prototypes exist of robotically controlled hand-held laparoscopic instruments that, unlike the complete surgical system, enable surgeons to maintain a sense of touch (haptics). Proper training in minimally invasive hepato-pancreato-biliary techniques can be obtained with surgeons able to independently perform laparoscopic major hepatectomies without senior minimally invasive backup. Furthermore, miniature and more affordable robotics may enable more surgeons to enjoy the benefits of minimally invasive surgery while maintaining patient safety and minimizing the rising burden of health-care costs worldwide. PMID:24159591

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery through right mini-thoracotomy: recommendations for good exposure, stable cardiopulmonary bypass, and secure myocardial protection.

PubMed

Ito, Toshiaki

2015-07-01

An apparent advantage of minimally invasive mitral surgery through right mini-thoracotomy is cosmetic appearance. Possible advantages of this procedure are a shorter ventilation time, shorter hospital stay, and less blood transfusion. With regard to hard endpoints, such as operative mortality, freedom from reoperation, or cardiac death, this method is reportedly equivalent, but not superior, to the standard median sternotomy technique. However, perfusion-related complications (e.g., stroke, vascular damage, and limb ischemia) tend to occur more frequently in minimally invasive technique than with the standard technique. In addition, valve repair through a small thoracotomy is technically demanding. Therefore, screening out patients who are not appropriate for performing minimally invasive surgery is the first step. Vascular disease and inadequate anatomy can be evaluated with contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Peripheral cannulation should be carefully performed, using transesophageal echocardiography guidance. Preoperative detailed planning of the valve repair process is desirable because every step is time-consuming in minimally invasive surgery. Three-dimensional echocardiography is a powerful tool for this purpose. For satisfactory exposure and detailed observation of the valve, a special left atrial retractor and high-definition endoscope are useful. Valve repair can be performed in minimally invasive surgery as long as cardiopulmonary bypass is stable and bloodless exposure of the valve is obtained.

Past, Present, and Future of Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery

PubMed Central

Antoniou, George A.; Antoniou, Athanasios I.; Granderath, Frank-Alexander

2015-01-01

Laparoscopic surgery has generated a revolution in operative medicine during the past few decades. Although strongly criticized during its early years, minimization of surgical trauma and the benefits of minimization to the patient have been brought to our attention through the efforts and vision of a few pioneers in the recent history of medicine. The German gynecologist Kurt Semm (1927–2003) transformed the use of laparoscopy for diagnostic purposes into a modern therapeutic surgical concept, having performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy, inspiring Erich Mühe and many other surgeons around the world to perform a wide spectrum of procedures by minimally invasive means. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy soon became the gold standard, and various laparoscopic procedures are now preferred over open approaches, in the light of emerging evidence that demonstrates less operative stress, reduced pain, and shorter convalescence. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) may be considered further steps toward minimization of surgical trauma, although these methods have not yet been standardized. Laparoscopic surgery with the use of a robotic platform constitutes a promising field of investigation. New technologies are to be considered under the prism of the history of surgery; they seem to be a step toward further minimization of surgical trauma, but not definite therapeutic modalities. Patient safety and medical ethics must be the cornerstone of future investigation and implementation of new techniques. PMID:26508823

Advanced Design of Dumbbell-shaped Genetic Minimal Vectors Improves Non-coding and Coding RNA Expression.

PubMed

Jiang, Xiaoou; Yu, Han; Teo, Cui Rong; Tan, Genim Siu Xian; Goh, Sok Chin; Patel, Parasvi; Chua, Yiqiang Kevin; Hameed, Nasirah Banu Sahul; Bertoletti, Antonio; Patzel, Volker

2016-09-01

Dumbbell-shaped DNA minimal vectors lacking nontherapeutic genes and bacterial sequences are considered a stable, safe alternative to viral, nonviral, and naked plasmid-based gene-transfer systems. We investigated novel molecular features of dumbbell vectors aiming to reduce vector size and to improve the expression of noncoding or coding RNA. We minimized small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) expressing dumbbell vectors in size down to 130 bp generating the smallest genetic expression vectors reported. This was achieved by using a minimal H1 promoter with integrated transcriptional terminator transcribing the RNA hairpin structure around the dumbbell loop. Such vectors were generated with high conversion yields using a novel protocol. Minimized shRNA-expressing dumbbells showed accelerated kinetics of delivery and transcription leading to enhanced gene silencing in human tissue culture cells. In primary human T cells, minimized miRNA-expressing dumbbells revealed higher stability and triggered stronger target gene suppression as compared with plasmids and miRNA mimics. Dumbbell-driven gene expression was enhanced up to 56- or 160-fold by implementation of an intron and the SV40 enhancer compared with control dumbbells or plasmids. Advanced dumbbell vectors may represent one option to close the gap between durable expression that is achievable with integrating viral vectors and short-term effects triggered by naked RNA.

The evolution of early cellular systems viewed through the lens of biological interactions.

PubMed

Poole, Anthony M; Lundin, Daniel; Rytkönen, Kalle T

2015-01-01

The minimal cell concept represents a pragmatic approach to the question of how few genes are required to run a cell. This is a helpful way to build a parts-list, and has been more successful than attempts to deduce a minimal gene set for life by inferring the gene repertoire of the last universal common ancestor, as few genes trace back to this hypothetical ancestral state. However, the study of minimal cellular systems is the study of biological outliers where, by practical necessity, coevolutionary interactions are minimized or ignored. In this paper, we consider the biological context from which minimal genomes have been removed. For instance, some of the most reduced genomes are from endosymbionts and are the result of coevolutionary interactions with a host; few such organisms are "free-living." As few, if any, biological systems exist in complete isolation, we expect that, as with modern life, early biological systems were part of an ecosystem, replete with organismal interactions. We favor refocusing discussions of the evolution of cellular systems on processes rather than gene counts. We therefore draw a distinction between a pragmatic minimal cell (an interesting engineering problem), a distributed genome (a system resulting from an evolutionary transition involving more than one cell) and the looser coevolutionary interactions that are ubiquitous in ecosystems. Finally, we consider the distributed genome and coevolutionary interactions between genomic entities in the context of early evolution.

An experimental study of solid source diffusion by spin on dopants and its application for minimal silicon-on-insulator CMOS fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yongxun; Koga, Kazuhiro; Khumpuang, Sommawan; Nagao, Masayoshi; Matsukawa, Takashi; Hara, Shiro

2017-06-01

Solid source diffusions of phosphorus (P) and boron (B) into the half-inch (12.5 mm) minimal silicon (Si) wafers by spin on dopants (SOD) have been systematically investigated and the physical-vapor-deposited (PVD) titanium nitride (TiN) metal gate minimal silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistors (FETs) have successfully been fabricated using the developed SOD thermal diffusion technique. It was experimentally confirmed that a low temperature oxidation (LTO) process which depresses a boron silicide layer formation is effective way to remove boron-glass in a diluted hydrofluoric acid (DHF) solution. It was also found that top Si layer thickness of SOI wafers is reduced in the SOD thermal diffusion process because of its consumption by thermal oxidation owing to the oxygen atoms included in SOD films, which should be carefully considered in the ultrathin SOI device fabrication. Moreover, normal operations of the fabricated minimal PVD-TiN metal gate SOI-CMOS inverters, static random access memory (SRAM) cells and ring oscillators have been demonstrated. These circuit level results indicate that no remarkable particles and interface traps were introduced onto the minimal wafers during the device fabrication, and the developed solid source diffusion by SOD is useful for the fabrication of functional logic gate minimal SOI-CMOS integrated circuits.

In vitro sensitivity of medically significant Fusarium species to various antimycotics.

PubMed

Sekhon, A S; Padhye, A A; Garg, A K; Ahmad, H; Moledina, N

1994-01-01

Sixteen isolates belonging to Fusarium chlamydosporum (n = 4), Fusarium equiseti (n = 1), Fusarium moniliforme (n = 2), Fusarium oxysporum (n = 3), Fusarium proliferatum (n = 1), and Fusarium solani (n = 5) were tested against amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, JAI-amphotericin B (water-soluble compound), hamycin and amphotericin B combined with 5-fluorocytosine, using antibiotic medium M3, high-resolution broth (pH 7.1), Sabouraud's dextrose, and yeast-nitrogen broth media (1 ml/tube). The minimal inhibitory and minimal fungicidal concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine and fluconazole for all species were > 100 micrograms/ml. All Fusarium isolates, except F. equiseti (3.125 micrograms), gave minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12.5-100 micrograms/ml for hamycin. The values for amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, JAI-amphotericin B, and amphotericin B combined with 5-fluorocytosine were 1.56-100, 0.78-50, 3.125-100,50-100, and 1.56 to > 100 micrograms/ml, respectively. Although a wide range of minimal inhibitory concentrations was recorded for most of the isolates studied, it appears that some--F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, and F. moliniforme--were more susceptible to amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, hamycin, and amphotericin B in the presence of 5-fluorocytosine. All isolates showed resistance to 5-fluorocytosine and fluconazole. The minimal fungicidal concentrations were either the same or several times higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations.

Energy-efficient ECG compression on wireless biosensors via minimal coherence sensing and weighted ℓ₁ minimization reconstruction.

PubMed

Zhang, Jun; Gu, Zhenghui; Yu, Zhu Liang; Li, Yuanqing

2015-03-01

Low energy consumption is crucial for body area networks (BANs). In BAN-enabled ECG monitoring, the continuous monitoring entails the need of the sensor nodes to transmit a huge data to the sink node, which leads to excessive energy consumption. To reduce airtime over energy-hungry wireless links, this paper presents an energy-efficient compressed sensing (CS)-based approach for on-node ECG compression. At first, an algorithm called minimal mutual coherence pursuit is proposed to construct sparse binary measurement matrices, which can be used to encode the ECG signals with superior performance and extremely low complexity. Second, in order to minimize the data rate required for faithful reconstruction, a weighted ℓ1 minimization model is derived by exploring the multisource prior knowledge in wavelet domain. Experimental results on MIT-BIH arrhythmia database reveals that the proposed approach can obtain higher compression ratio than the state-of-the-art CS-based methods. Together with its low encoding complexity, our approach can achieve significant energy saving in both encoding process and wireless transmission.

Application of quadratic optimization to supersonic inlet control.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lehtinen, B.; Zeller, J. R.

1972-01-01

This paper describes the application of linear stochastic optimal control theory to the design of the control system for the air intake, the inlet, of a supersonic air-breathing propulsion system. The controls must maintain a stable inlet shock position in the presence of random airflow disturbances and prevent inlet unstart. Two different linear time invariant controllers are developed. One is designed to minimize a nonquadratic index, the expected frequency of inlet unstart, and the other is designed to minimize the mean square value of inlet shock motion. The quadratic equivalence principle is used to obtain a linear controller that minimizes the nonquadratic index. The two controllers are compared on the basis of unstart prevention, control effort requirements, and frequency response. It is concluded that while controls designed to minimize unstarts are desirable in that the index minimized is physically meaningful, computation time required is longer than for the minimum mean square shock position approach. The simpler minimum mean square shock position solution produced expected unstart frequency values which were not significantly larger than those of the nonquadratic solution.

The minimally invasive approach to the symptomatic isthmocele - what does the literature say? A step-by-step primer on laparoscopic isthmocele - excision and repair.

PubMed

Sipahi, Sevgi; Sasaki, Kirsten; Miller, Charles E

2017-08-01

The purpose of this review is to understand the minimally invasive approach to the excision and repair of an isthmocele. Previous small trials and case reports have shown that the minimally invasive approach by hysteroscopy and/or laparoscopy can cure symptoms of a uterine isthmocele, including abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain and secondary infertility. A recent larger prospective study has been published that evaluates outcomes of minimally invasive isthmocele repair. Smaller studies and individual case reports echo the positive results of this larger trial. The cesarean section scar defect, also known as an isthmocele, has become an important diagnosis for women who present with abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain and secondary infertility. It is important for providers to be aware of the effective surgical treatment options for the symptomatic isthmocele. A minimally invasive approach, whether it be laparoscopic or hysteroscopic, has proven to be a safe and effective option in reducing symptoms and improving fertility. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COOG/A37.

Benefit from the minimally invasive sinus technique.

PubMed

Salama, N; Oakley, R J; Skilbeck, C J; Choudhury, N; Jacob, A

2009-02-01

Sinus drainage is impeded by the transition spaces that the anterior paranasal sinuses drain into, not the ostia themselves. Addressing the transition spaces and leaving the ostia intact, using the minimally invasive sinus technique, should reverse chronic rhinosinusitis. To assess patient benefit following use of the minimally invasive sinus technique for chronic rhinosinusitis. One hundred and forty-three consecutive patients underwent the minimally invasive sinus technique for chronic rhinosinusitis. Symptoms (i.e. blocked nose, poor sense of smell, rhinorrhoea, post-nasal drip, facial pain and sneezing) were recorded using a visual analogue scale, pre-operatively and at six and 12 weeks post-operatively. Patients were also surveyed using the Glasgow benefit inventory, one and three years post-operatively. We found a significant reduction in all nasal symptom scores at six and 12 weeks post-operatively, and increased total quality of life scores at one and three years post-operatively (25.2 and 14.8, respectively). The patient benefits of treatment with the minimally invasive sinus technique compare with the published patient benefits for functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Casual Set Approach to a Minimal Invariant Length

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raut, Usha

2007-04-01

Any attempt to quantize gravity would necessarily introduce a minimal observable length scale of the order of the Planck length. This conclusion is based on several different studies and thought experiments and appears to be an inescapable feature of all quantum gravity theories, irrespective of the method used to quantize gravity. Over the last few years there has been growing concern that such a minimal length might lead to a contradiction with the basic postulates of special relativity, in particular the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction. A few years ago, Rovelli et.al, attempted to reconcile an invariant minimal length with Special Relativity, using the framework of loop quantum gravity. However, the inherently canonical formalism of the loop quantum approach is plagued by a variety of problems, many brought on by separation of space and time co-ordinates. In this paper we use a completely different approach. Using the framework of the causal set paradigm, along with a statistical measure of closeness between Lorentzian manifolds, we re-examine the issue of introducing a minimal observable length that is not at odds with Special Relativity postulates.

Minimally Invasive Techniques to Accelerate the Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

PubMed Central

Qamruddin, Irfan; Alam, Mohammad Khursheed; Khamis, Mohd Fadhli; Husein, Adam

2015-01-01

Objective. To evaluate various noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures for the enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement in animals. Materials and Methods. Literature was searched using NCBI (PubMed, PubMed Central, and PubMed Health), MedPilot (Medline, Catalogue ZB MED, Catalogue Medicine Health, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE)), and Google Scholar from January 2009 till 31 December 2014. We included original articles related to noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures to enhance orthodontic tooth movement in animals. Extraction of data and quality assessments were carried out by two observers independently. Results. The total number of hits was 9195 out of which just 11 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Nine articles were good and 5 articles were moderate in quality. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was among the most common noninvasive techniques whereas flapless corticision using various instruments was among the commonest minimally invasive procedures to enhance velocity of tooth movement. Conclusions. LLLT, low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), mechanical vibration, and flapless corticision are emerging noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques which need further researches to establish protocols to use them clinically with conviction. PMID:26881201

Efficient Deterministic Finite Automata Minimization Based on Backward Depth Information.

PubMed

Liu, Desheng; Huang, Zhiping; Zhang, Yimeng; Guo, Xiaojun; Su, Shaojing

2016-01-01

Obtaining a minimal automaton is a fundamental issue in the theory and practical implementation of deterministic finite automatons (DFAs). A minimization algorithm is presented in this paper that consists of two main phases. In the first phase, the backward depth information is built, and the state set of the DFA is partitioned into many blocks. In the second phase, the state set is refined using a hash table. The minimization algorithm has a lower time complexity O(n) than a naive comparison of transitions O(n2). Few states need to be refined by the hash table, because most states have been partitioned by the backward depth information in the coarse partition. This method achieves greater generality than previous methods because building the backward depth information is independent of the topological complexity of the DFA. The proposed algorithm can be applied not only to the minimization of acyclic automata or simple cyclic automata, but also to automata with high topological complexity. Overall, the proposal has three advantages: lower time complexity, greater generality, and scalability. A comparison to Hopcroft's algorithm demonstrates experimentally that the algorithm runs faster than traditional algorithms.

Exact recovery of sparse multiple measurement vectors by [Formula: see text]-minimization.

PubMed

Wang, Changlong; Peng, Jigen

2018-01-01

The joint sparse recovery problem is a generalization of the single measurement vector problem widely studied in compressed sensing. It aims to recover a set of jointly sparse vectors, i.e., those that have nonzero entries concentrated at a common location. Meanwhile [Formula: see text]-minimization subject to matrixes is widely used in a large number of algorithms designed for this problem, i.e., [Formula: see text]-minimization [Formula: see text] Therefore the main contribution in this paper is two theoretical results about this technique. The first one is proving that in every multiple system of linear equations there exists a constant [Formula: see text] such that the original unique sparse solution also can be recovered from a minimization in [Formula: see text] quasi-norm subject to matrixes whenever [Formula: see text]. The other one is showing an analytic expression of such [Formula: see text]. Finally, we display the results of one example to confirm the validity of our conclusions, and we use some numerical experiments to show that we increase the efficiency of these algorithms designed for [Formula: see text]-minimization by using our results.

Smoothed low rank and sparse matrix recovery by iteratively reweighted least squares minimization.

PubMed

Lu, Canyi; Lin, Zhouchen; Yan, Shuicheng

2015-02-01

This paper presents a general framework for solving the low-rank and/or sparse matrix minimization problems, which may involve multiple nonsmooth terms. The iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLSs) method is a fast solver, which smooths the objective function and minimizes it by alternately updating the variables and their weights. However, the traditional IRLS can only solve a sparse only or low rank only minimization problem with squared loss or an affine constraint. This paper generalizes IRLS to solve joint/mixed low-rank and sparse minimization problems, which are essential formulations for many tasks. As a concrete example, we solve the Schatten-p norm and l2,q-norm regularized low-rank representation problem by IRLS, and theoretically prove that the derived solution is a stationary point (globally optimal if p,q ≥ 1). Our convergence proof of IRLS is more general than previous one that depends on the special properties of the Schatten-p norm and l2,q-norm. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real data sets demonstrate that our IRLS is much more efficient.

Minimally inconsistent reasoning in Semantic Web.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaowang

2017-01-01

Reasoning with inconsistencies is an important issue for Semantic Web as imperfect information is unavoidable in real applications. For this, different paraconsistent approaches, due to their capacity to draw as nontrivial conclusions by tolerating inconsistencies, have been proposed to reason with inconsistent description logic knowledge bases. However, existing paraconsistent approaches are often criticized for being too skeptical. To this end, this paper presents a non-monotonic paraconsistent version of description logic reasoning, called minimally inconsistent reasoning, where inconsistencies tolerated in the reasoning are minimized so that more reasonable conclusions can be inferred. Some desirable properties are studied, which shows that the new semantics inherits advantages of both non-monotonic reasoning and paraconsistent reasoning. A complete and sound tableau-based algorithm, called multi-valued tableaux, is developed to capture the minimally inconsistent reasoning. In fact, the tableaux algorithm is designed, as a framework for multi-valued DL, to allow for different underlying paraconsistent semantics, with the mere difference in the clash conditions. Finally, the complexity of minimally inconsistent description logic reasoning is shown on the same level as the (classical) description logic reasoning.

Minimally inconsistent reasoning in Semantic Web

PubMed Central

Zhang, Xiaowang

2017-01-01

Reasoning with inconsistencies is an important issue for Semantic Web as imperfect information is unavoidable in real applications. For this, different paraconsistent approaches, due to their capacity to draw as nontrivial conclusions by tolerating inconsistencies, have been proposed to reason with inconsistent description logic knowledge bases. However, existing paraconsistent approaches are often criticized for being too skeptical. To this end, this paper presents a non-monotonic paraconsistent version of description logic reasoning, called minimally inconsistent reasoning, where inconsistencies tolerated in the reasoning are minimized so that more reasonable conclusions can be inferred. Some desirable properties are studied, which shows that the new semantics inherits advantages of both non-monotonic reasoning and paraconsistent reasoning. A complete and sound tableau-based algorithm, called multi-valued tableaux, is developed to capture the minimally inconsistent reasoning. In fact, the tableaux algorithm is designed, as a framework for multi-valued DL, to allow for different underlying paraconsistent semantics, with the mere difference in the clash conditions. Finally, the complexity of minimally inconsistent description logic reasoning is shown on the same level as the (classical) description logic reasoning. PMID:28750030

A global approach for using kinematic redundancy to minimize base reactions of manipulators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chung, C. L.; Desa, S.

1989-01-01

An important consideration in the use of manipulators in microgravity environments is the minimization of the base reactions, i.e. the magnitude of the force and the moment exerted by the manipulator on its base as it performs its tasks. One approach which was proposed and implemented is to use the redundant degree of freedom in a kinematically redundant manipulator to plan manipulator trajectories to minimize base reactions. A global approach was developed for minimizing the magnitude of the base reactions for kinematically redundant manipulators which integrates the Partitioned Jacobian method of redundancy resolution, a 4-3-4 joint-trajectory representation and the minimization of a cost function which is the time-integral of the magnitude of the base reactions. The global approach was also compared with a local approach developed earlier for the case of point-to-point motion of a three degree-of-freedom planar manipulator with one redundant degree-of-freedom. The results show that the global approach is more effective in reducing and smoothing the base force while the local approach is superior in reducing the base moment.

Extensions of D-optimal Minimal Designs for Symmetric Mixture Models

PubMed Central

Raghavarao, Damaraju; Chervoneva, Inna

2017-01-01

The purpose of mixture experiments is to explore the optimum blends of mixture components, which will provide desirable response characteristics in finished products. D-optimal minimal designs have been considered for a variety of mixture models, including Scheffé's linear, quadratic, and cubic models. Usually, these D-optimal designs are minimally supported since they have just as many design points as the number of parameters. Thus, they lack the degrees of freedom to perform the Lack of Fit tests. Also, the majority of the design points in D-optimal minimal designs are on the boundary: vertices, edges, or faces of the design simplex. In This Paper, Extensions Of The D-Optimal Minimal Designs Are Developed For A General Mixture Model To Allow Additional Interior Points In The Design Space To Enable Prediction Of The Entire Response Surface Also a new strategy for adding multiple interior points for symmetric mixture models is proposed. We compare the proposed designs with Cornell (1986) two ten-point designs for the Lack of Fit test by simulations. PMID:29081574

Periodic minimal surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mackay, Alan L.

1985-04-01

A minimal surface is one for which, like a soap film with the same pressure on each side, the mean curvature is zero and, thus, is one where the two principal curvatures are equal and opposite at every point. For every closed circuit in the surface, the area is a minimum. Schwarz1 and Neovius2 showed that elements of such surfaces could be put together to give surfaces periodic in three dimensions. These periodic minimal surfaces are geometrical invariants, as are the regular polyhedra, but the former are curved. Minimal surfaces are appropriate for the description of various structures where internal surfaces are prominent and seek to adopt a minimum area or a zero mean curvature subject to their topology; thus they merit more complete numerical characterization. There seem to be at least 18 such surfaces3, with various symmetries and topologies, related to the crystallographic space groups. Recently, glyceryl mono-oleate (GMO) was shown by Longley and McIntosh4 to take the shape of the F-surface. The structure postulated is shown here to be in good agreement with an analysis of the fundamental geometry of periodic minimal surfaces.

Minimal Pruning and Reduced Plant Protection Promote Predatory Mites in Grapevine

PubMed Central

Pennington, Theresa; Kraus, Christian; Alakina, Ekatarina; Entling, Martin H.; Hoffmann, Christoph

2017-01-01

Improving natural pest control by promoting high densities of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an effective way to prevent damage by pest mites (e.g., Eriophyidae, Tetranychidae) and other arthropod taxa that can cause serious damage to vineyards. Here, we investigate the influence of innovative management on predatory mite densities. We compare (i) full versus reduced fungicide applications and (ii) minimal pruning versus a traditional trellis pruning system in four fungus-resistant grapevine varieties. As predatory mites also feed on fungus mycelium, we assessed fungal infection of grapevine leaves in the experimental vineyard. Predatory mites were significantly more abundant in both minimal pruning and under reduced plant protection. Increases in predatory mites appeared to be independent of fungal infection, suggesting mostly direct effects of reduced fungicides and minimal pruning. In contrast to predatory mites, pest mites did not increase under innovative management. Thus, conditions for natural pest control are improved in fungus-resistant grapevines and under minimal pruning, which adds to other advantages such as environmental safety and reduced production cost. PMID:28820436

Integrating risk minimization planning throughout the clinical development and commercialization lifecycle: an opinion on how drug development could be improved

PubMed Central

Morrato, Elaine H; Smith, Meredith Y

2015-01-01

Pharmaceutical risk minimization programs are now an established requirement in the regulatory landscape. However, pharmaceutical companies have been slow to recognize and embrace the significant potential these programs offer in terms of enhancing trust with health care professionals and patients, and for providing a mechanism for bringing products to the market that might not otherwise have been approved. Pitfalls of the current drug development process include risk minimization programs that are not data driven; missed opportunities to incorporate pragmatic methods and market-based insights, outmoded tools and data sources, lack of rapid evaluative learning to support timely adaption, lack of systematic approaches for patient engagement, and questions on staffing and organizational infrastructure. We propose better integration of risk minimization with clinical drug development and commercialization work streams throughout the product lifecycle. We articulate a vision and propose broad adoption of organizational models for incorporating risk minimization expertise into the drug development process. Three organizational models are discussed and compared: outsource/external vendor, embedded risk management specialist model, and Center of Excellence. PMID:25750537

Anesthesia for minimally invasive neurosurgery.

PubMed

Prabhakar, Hemanshu; Mahajan, Charu; Kapoor, Indu

2017-10-01

With an ultimate aim of improving patients overall outcome and satisfaction, minimally invasive surgical approach is becoming more of a norm. The related anesthetic evidence has not expanded at the same rate as surgical and technological advancement. This article reviews the recent evidence on anesthesia and perioperative concerns for patients undergoing minimally invasive neurosurgery. Minimally invasive cranial and spinal surgeries have been made possible only by vast technological development. Points of surgical interest can be precisely located with the help of stereotaxy and neuronavigation and special endoscopes which decrease the tissue trauma. The principles of neuroanethesia remain the same, but few concerns are specific for each technique. Dexmedetomidine has a favorable profile for procedures carried out under sedation technique. As the new surgical techniques are coming up, lesser known anesthetic concerns may also come into light. Over the last year, little new information has been added to existing literature regarding anesthesia for minimally invasive neurosurgeries. Neuroanesthesia goals remain the same and less invasive surgical techniques do not translate into safe anesthesia. Specific concerns for each procedure should be taken into consideration.

Minimal invasive treatments for liver malignancies.

PubMed

Orsi, Franco; Varano, Gianluca

2015-11-01

Minimal invasive therapies have proved useful in the management of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. The most relevant aspects of all these therapies are their minimal toxicity profiles and highly effective tumor responses without affecting the normal hepatic parenchyma. These unique characteristics coupled with their minimally invasive nature provide an attractive therapeutic option for patients who previously may have had few alternatives. Combination of these therapies might extend indications to bring curative treatment to a wider selected population. The results of various ongoing combination trials of intraarterial therapies with targeted therapies are awaited to further improve survival in this patient group. This review focuses on the application of ablative and intra-arterial therapies in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic colorectal metastasis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optimized tuner selection for engine performance estimation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simon, Donald L. (Inventor); Garg, Sanjay (Inventor)

2013-01-01

A methodology for minimizing the error in on-line Kalman filter-based aircraft engine performance estimation applications is presented. This technique specifically addresses the underdetermined estimation problem, where there are more unknown parameters than available sensor measurements. A systematic approach is applied to produce a model tuning parameter vector of appropriate dimension to enable estimation by a Kalman filter, while minimizing the estimation error in the parameters of interest. Tuning parameter selection is performed using a multi-variable iterative search routine which seeks to minimize the theoretical mean-squared estimation error. Theoretical Kalman filter estimation error bias and variance values are derived at steady-state operating conditions, and the tuner selection routine is applied to minimize these values. The new methodology yields an improvement in on-line engine performance estimation accuracy.

Best practices for minimally invasive procedures.

PubMed

Ulmer, Brenda C

2010-05-01

Techniques and instrumentation for minimally invasive surgical procedures originated in gynecologic surgery, but the benefits of surgery with small incisions or no incisions at all have prompted the expansion of these techniques into numerous specialties. Technologies such as robotic assistance, single-incision laparoscopic surgery, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery have led to the continued expansion of minimally invasive surgery into new specialties. With this expansion, perioperative nurses and other members of the surgical team are required to continue to learn about new technology and instrumentation, as well as the techniques and challenges involved in using new technology, to help ensure the safety of their patients. This article explores the development of minimally invasive procedures and offers suggestions for increasing patient safety. Copyright 2010 AORN, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Minimal Length Scale Scenarios for Quantum Gravity.

PubMed

Hossenfelder, Sabine

2013-01-01

We review the question of whether the fundamental laws of nature limit our ability to probe arbitrarily short distances. First, we examine what insights can be gained from thought experiments for probes of shortest distances, and summarize what can be learned from different approaches to a theory of quantum gravity. Then we discuss some models that have been developed to implement a minimal length scale in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. These models have entered the literature as the generalized uncertainty principle or the modified dispersion relation, and have allowed the study of the effects of a minimal length scale in quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, thermodynamics, black-hole physics and cosmology. Finally, we touch upon the question of ways to circumvent the manifestation of a minimal length scale in short-distance physics.

An efficient algorithm for automatic phase correction of NMR spectra based on entropy minimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Li; Weng, Zhiqiang; Goh, LaiYoong; Garland, Marc

2002-09-01

A new algorithm for automatic phase correction of NMR spectra based on entropy minimization is proposed. The optimal zero-order and first-order phase corrections for a NMR spectrum are determined by minimizing entropy. The objective function is constructed using a Shannon-type information entropy measure. Entropy is defined as the normalized derivative of the NMR spectral data. The algorithm has been successfully applied to experimental 1H NMR spectra. The results of automatic phase correction are found to be comparable to, or perhaps better than, manual phase correction. The advantages of this automatic phase correction algorithm include its simple mathematical basis and the straightforward, reproducible, and efficient optimization procedure. The algorithm is implemented in the Matlab program ACME—Automated phase Correction based on Minimization of Entropy.

Optimal trajectories for an aerospace plane. Part 2: Data, tables, and graphs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miele, Angelo; Lee, W. Y.; Wu, G. D.

1990-01-01

Data, tables, and graphs relative to the optimal trajectories for an aerospace plane are presented. A single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) configuration is considered, and the transition from low supersonic speeds to orbital speeds is studied for a single aerodynamic model (GHAME) and three engine models. Four optimization problems are solved using the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems: (1) minimization of the weight of fuel consumed; (2) minimization of the peak dynamic pressure; (3) minimization of the peak heating rate; and (4) minimization of the peak tangential acceleration. The above optimization studies are carried out for different combinations of constraints, specifically: initial path inclination that is either free or given; dynamic pressure that is either free or bounded; and tangential acceleration that is either free or bounded.

New minimally access hydrocelectomy.

PubMed

Saber, Aly

2011-02-01

To ascertain the acceptability of minimally access hydrocelectomy through a 2-cm incision and the outcome in terms of morbidity reduction and recurrence rate. Although controversy exists regarding the treatment of hydrocele, hydrocelectomy remains the treatment of choice for hydroceles. However, the standard surgical procedures for hydrocele can cause postoperative discomfort and complications. A total of 42 adult patients, aged 18-56 years, underwent hydrocelectomy as an outpatient procedure using a 2-cm scrotal skin incision and excision of only a small disk of the parietal tunica vaginalis. The operative time was 12-18 minutes (mean 15). The outcome measures included patient satisfaction and postoperative complications. This procedure requires minor dissection and minimal manipulation during treatment. It also resulted in no recurrence and minimal complications and required a short operative time. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Minimal perceptrons for memorizing complex patterns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pastor, Marissa; Song, Juyong; Hoang, Danh-Tai; Jo, Junghyo

2016-11-01

Feedforward neural networks have been investigated to understand learning and memory, as well as applied to numerous practical problems in pattern classification. It is a rule of thumb that more complex tasks require larger networks. However, the design of optimal network architectures for specific tasks is still an unsolved fundamental problem. In this study, we consider three-layered neural networks for memorizing binary patterns. We developed a new complexity measure of binary patterns, and estimated the minimal network size for memorizing them as a function of their complexity. We formulated the minimal network size for regular, random, and complex patterns. In particular, the minimal size for complex patterns, which are neither ordered nor disordered, was predicted by measuring their Hamming distances from known ordered patterns. Our predictions agree with simulations based on the back-propagation algorithm.

Real-Time Adaptive Least-Squares Drag Minimization for Performance Adaptive Aeroelastic Wing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferrier, Yvonne L.; Nguyen, Nhan T.; Ting, Eric

2016-01-01

This paper contains a simulation study of a real-time adaptive least-squares drag minimization algorithm for an aeroelastic model of a flexible wing aircraft. The aircraft model is based on the NASA Generic Transport Model (GTM). The wing structures incorporate a novel aerodynamic control surface known as the Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flap (VCCTEF). The drag minimization algorithm uses the Newton-Raphson method to find the optimal VCCTEF deflections for minimum drag in the context of an altitude-hold flight control mode at cruise conditions. The aerodynamic coefficient parameters used in this optimization method are identified in real-time using Recursive Least Squares (RLS). The results demonstrate the potential of the VCCTEF to improve aerodynamic efficiency for drag minimization for transport aircraft.

33 CFR 148.720 - What are the siting criteria?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... prevent or minimize detrimental environmental effects; (b) Minimizes the space needed for safe and... gas exploration and production or transportation uses; (m) Takes advantage of areas already allocated...

33 CFR 148.720 - What are the siting criteria?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... prevent or minimize detrimental environmental effects; (b) Minimizes the space needed for safe and... gas exploration and production or transportation uses; (m) Takes advantage of areas already allocated...

Optimization of Tangential Mass Injection for Minimizing Flow Separation in a Scramjet Inlet

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

34 Aerospace EnQineering, Vol. 11. No. 8, August 1991, p.23. 26. Heppenheimer , Thomas A . Lecture notes from Hypersonic Technologies seminar. University...AFIT/GAE/ENY,/9 lD-2 ( /~ AD-A243 868 "DTIC OPTIMIZATION OF TANGENTIAL MASS INJECTION FOR MINIMIZING FLOW SEPARATION IN A SC.R-.MJET INLET THESIS...OF TANGENTIAL MASS INJECTION FOR MINIMIZING FLOW SEPARATION IN A SCRAMJET INLEr THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the School of E.ngineering of the

Tachyon field non-minimally coupled to massive neutrino matter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahmad, Safia; Myrzakulov, Nurgissa; Myrzakulov, R., E-mail: safia@ctp-jamia.res.in, E-mail: nmyrzakulov@gmail.com, E-mail: rmyrzakulov@gmail.com

2016-07-01

In this paper, we consider rolling tachyon, with steep run-away type of potentials non-minimally coupled to massive neutrino matter. The coupling dynamically builds up at late times as neutrino matter turns non-relativistic. In case of scaling and string inspired potentials, we have shown that non-minimal coupling leads to minimum in the field potential. Given a suitable choice of model parameters, it is shown to give rise to late-time acceleration with the desired equation of state.

Critical methodological factors in diagnosing minimal residual disease in hematological malignancies using quantitative PCR.

PubMed

Nyvold, Charlotte Guldborg

2015-05-01

Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of cancers with respect to both presentation and prognosis, and many subtypes are nowadays associated with aberrations that make up excellent molecular targets for the quantification of minimal residual disease. The quantitative PCR methodology is outstanding in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility and thus an excellent choice for minimal residual disease assessment. However, the methodology still has pitfalls that should be carefully considered when the technique is integrated in a clinical setting.

Functional Bregman Divergence and Bayesian Estimation of Distributions (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

shows that if the set of possible minimizers A includes EPF [F ], then g∗ = EPF [F ] minimizes the expectation of any Bregman divergence. Note the theorem...probability distribution PF defined over the set M. Let A be a set of functions that includes EPF [F ] if it exists. Suppose the function g∗ minimizes...the expected Bregman divergence between the random function F and any function g ∈ A such that g∗ = arg inf g∈A EPF [dφ(F, g)]. Then, if g∗ exists

Penrose-like inequality with angular momentum for minimal surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anglada, Pablo

2018-02-01

In axially symmetric spacetimes the Penrose inequality can be strengthened to include angular momentum. We prove a version of this inequality for minimal surfaces, more precisely, a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of the area of a minimal surface, the angular momentum and a particular measure of the surface size. We consider axially symmetric and asymptotically flat initial data, and use the monotonicity of the Geroch quasi-local energy on 2-surfaces along the inverse mean curvature flow.

Evaluation of outdoor-to-indoor response to minimized sonic booms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, David; Sutherland, Louis C.

1992-01-01

Various studies were conducted by NASA and others on the practical limitations of sonic boom signature shaping/minimization for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) and on the effects of these shaped boom signatures on perceived loudness. This current effort is a further part of this research with emphasis on examining shaped boom signatures which are representative of the most recent investigations of practical limitations on sonic boom minimization, and on examining and comparing the expected response to these signatures when experienced indoors and outdoors.

Minimizing distortion and internal forces in truss structures by simulated annealing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kincaid, Rex K.; Padula, Sharon L.

1990-01-01

Inaccuracies in the length of members and the diameters of joints of large space structures may produce unacceptable levels of surface distortion and internal forces. Here, two discrete optimization problems are formulated, one to minimize surface distortion (DSQRMS) and the other to minimize internal forces (FSQRMS). Both of these problems are based on the influence matrices generated by a small-deformation linear analysis. Good solutions are obtained for DSQRMS and FSQRMS through the use of a simulated annealing heuristic.

Analytical solution of Schrödinger equation in minimal length formalism for trigonometric potential using hypergeometry method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurhidayati, I.; Suparmi, A.; Cari, C.

2018-03-01

The Schrödinger equation has been extended by applying the minimal length formalism for trigonometric potential. The wave function and energy spectra were used to describe the behavior of subatomic particle. The wave function and energy spectra were obtained by using hypergeometry method. The result showed that the energy increased by the increasing both of minimal length parameter and the potential parameter. The energy were calculated numerically using MatLab.

Efficiency of unconstrained minimization techniques in nonlinear analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kamat, M. P.; Knight, N. F., Jr.

1978-01-01

Unconstrained minimization algorithms have been critically evaluated for their effectiveness in solving structural problems involving geometric and material nonlinearities. The algorithms have been categorized as being zeroth, first, or second order depending upon the highest derivative of the function required by the algorithm. The sensitivity of these algorithms to the accuracy of derivatives clearly suggests using analytically derived gradients instead of finite difference approximations. The use of analytic gradients results in better control of the number of minimizations required for convergence to the exact solution.

Chi-squared and C statistic minimization for low count per bin data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nousek, John A.; Shue, David R.

1989-07-01

Results are presented from a computer simulation comparing two statistical fitting techniques on data samples with large and small counts per bin; the results are then related specifically to X-ray astronomy. The Marquardt and Powell minimization techniques are compared by using both to minimize the chi-squared statistic. In addition, Cash's C statistic is applied, with Powell's method, and it is shown that the C statistic produces better fits in the low-count regime than chi-squared.

Improved pressure-velocity coupling algorithm based on minimization of global residual norm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chatwani, A.U.; Turan, A.

1991-01-01

In this paper an improved pressure velocity coupling algorithm is proposed based on the minimization of the global residual norm. The procedure is applied to SIMPLE and SIMPLEC algorithms to automatically select the pressure underrelaxation factor to minimize the global residual norm at each iteration level. Test computations for three-dimensional turbulent, isothermal flow is a toroidal vortex combustor indicate that velocity underrelaxation factors as high as 0.7 can be used to obtain a converged solution in 300 iterations.

On a cost functional for H2/H(infinity) minimization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macmartin, Douglas G.; Hall, Steven R.; Mustafa, Denis

1990-01-01

A cost functional is proposed and investigated which is motivated by minimizing the energy in a structure using only collocated feedback. Defined for an H(infinity)-norm bounded system, this cost functional also overbounds the H2 cost. Some properties of this cost functional are given, and preliminary results on the procedure for minimizing it are presented. The frequency domain cost functional is shown to have a time domain representation in terms of a Stackelberg non-zero sum differential game.

Chi-squared and C statistic minimization for low count per bin data. [sampling in X ray astronomy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nousek, John A.; Shue, David R.

1989-01-01

Results are presented from a computer simulation comparing two statistical fitting techniques on data samples with large and small counts per bin; the results are then related specifically to X-ray astronomy. The Marquardt and Powell minimization techniques are compared by using both to minimize the chi-squared statistic. In addition, Cash's C statistic is applied, with Powell's method, and it is shown that the C statistic produces better fits in the low-count regime than chi-squared.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kolda, Christopher

In this talk, I review recent work on using a generalization of the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), called the Singlet-extended Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (SMSSM), to raise the mass of the Standard Model-like Higgs boson without requiring extremely heavy top squarks or large stop mixing. In so doing, this model solves the little hierarchy problem of the minimal model (MSSM), at the expense of leaving the {mu}-problem of the MSSM unresolved. This talk is based on work published in Refs. [1, 2, 3].

[Dental periimplantitis distinctive features diagnostic in cases of minimal thyroid insufficiency].

PubMed

Shcherbakov, M V; Golovina, E S; Gil'miiarova, F N

2008-01-01

There were disclosed syndrome of minimal thyroid insufficiency in each fourth patient with dental periimplantitis and absence of thyroid gland dysfunction in case of mucositis of periimplantitis origin. The data were presented of minimal thyroid insufficiency manifestations in cases of inflammatory complications of dental implantations the indicator of which was the content of overall and free thyroxin in oral fluid. There were determined common and differentiating peculiarities of oral fluid homeostasis in cases of dental periimplantitis and mucositis of periimplantitis origin.

Shapes of embedded minimal surfaces

PubMed Central

Colding, Tobias H.; Minicozzi, William P.

2006-01-01

Surfaces that locally minimize area have been extensively used to model physical phenomena, including soap films, black holes, compound polymers, protein folding, etc. The mathematical field dates to the 1740s but has recently become an area of intense mathematical and scientific study, specifically in the areas of molecular engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology because of their many anticipated applications. In this work, we show that all minimal surfaces are built out of pieces of the surfaces in Figs. 1 and 2. PMID:16847265

48 CFR 223.7301 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Minimizing the Use of Materials Containing Hexavalent Chromium 223.7301 Policy. It is DoD policy to minimize hexavalent chromium (an anti-corrosive) in items acquired by...

33 CFR 148.720 - What are the siting criteria?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... prevent or minimize detrimental environmental effects; (b) Minimizes the space needed for safe and... exploration and production or transportation uses; (m) Takes advantage of areas already allocated for similar...

33 CFR 148.720 - What are the siting criteria?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... prevent or minimize detrimental environmental effects; (b) Minimizes the space needed for safe and... exploration and production or transportation uses; (m) Takes advantage of areas already allocated for similar...

33 CFR 148.720 - What are the siting criteria?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... prevent or minimize detrimental environmental effects; (b) Minimizes the space needed for safe and... exploration and production or transportation uses; (m) Takes advantage of areas already allocated for similar...

Inferring the Minimal Genome of Mesoplasma florum by Comparative Genomics and Transposon Mutagenesis.

PubMed

Baby, Vincent; Lachance, Jean-Christophe; Gagnon, Jules; Lucier, Jean-François; Matteau, Dominick; Knight, Tom; Rodrigue, Sébastien

2018-01-01

The creation and comparison of minimal genomes will help better define the most fundamental mechanisms supporting life. Mesoplasma florum is a near-minimal, fast-growing, nonpathogenic bacterium potentially amenable to genome reduction efforts. In a comparative genomic study of 13 M. florum strains, including 11 newly sequenced genomes, we have identified the core genome and open pangenome of this species. Our results show that all of the strains have approximately 80% of their gene content in common. Of the remaining 20%, 17% of the genes were found in multiple strains and 3% were unique to any given strain. On the basis of random transposon mutagenesis, we also estimated that ~290 out of 720 genes are essential for M. florum L1 in rich medium. We next evaluated different genome reduction scenarios for M. florum L1 by using gene conservation and essentiality data, as well as comparisons with the first working approximation of a minimal organism, Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn3.0. Our results suggest that 409 of the 473 M. mycoides JCVI-syn3.0 genes have orthologs in M. florum L1. Conversely, 57 putatively essential M. florum L1 genes have no homolog in M. mycoides JCVI-syn3.0. This suggests differences in minimal genome compositions, even for these evolutionarily closely related bacteria. IMPORTANCE The last years have witnessed the development of whole-genome cloning and transplantation methods and the complete synthesis of entire chromosomes. Recently, the first minimal cell, Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn3.0, was created. Despite these milestone achievements, several questions remain to be answered. For example, is the composition of minimal genomes virtually identical in phylogenetically related species? On the basis of comparative genomics and transposon mutagenesis, we investigated this question by using an alternative model, Mesoplasma florum, that is also amenable to genome reduction efforts. Our results suggest that the creation of additional minimal genomes could help reveal different gene compositions and strategies that can support life, even within closely related species.

43 CFR 23.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... avoid, minimize, or correct damage to the environment—land, water, and air—and to avoid, minimize, or correct hazards to the public health and safety. The regulations in this part prescribe procedures to that...

43 CFR 23.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... avoid, minimize, or correct damage to the environment—land, water, and air—and to avoid, minimize, or correct hazards to the public health and safety. The regulations in this part prescribe procedures to that...

43 CFR 23.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... avoid, minimize, or correct damage to the environment—land, water, and air—and to avoid, minimize, or correct hazards to the public health and safety. The regulations in this part prescribe procedures to that...

Mitral valve surgery - minimally invasive

MedlinePlus

... flow. Your valve has developed an infection (infectious endocarditis). You have severe mitral valve prolapse that is ... function. Damage to your heart valve from infection (endocarditis). A minimally invasive procedure has many benefits. There ...

14 CFR 23.1163 - Powerplant accessories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Electrical equipment subject to arcing or sparking must be installed to minimize the probability of contact... or more than 6 kilowatts must be designed and installed to minimize the probability of a fire hazard...

Handbook on Coral Reef Impacts: Avoidance, Minimization, Compensatory Mitigation, and Restoration

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This Handbook provides a general summary of current avoidance, minimization, compensatory mitigation, and restoration strategies that may help address physical damage resulting from direct adverse impacts to coral reefs.

Providing intraosseous anesthesia with minimal invasion.

PubMed

Giffin, K M

1994-08-01

A new variation of intraosseous anesthesia--crestal anesthesia--that is rapid, site-specific and minimally invasive is presented. The technique uses alveolar crest nutrient canals for anesthetic delivery without penetrating either bone or periodontal ligament.

Minimal-Inversion Feedforward-And-Feedback Control System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seraji, Homayoun

1990-01-01

Recent developments in theory of control systems support concept of minimal-inversion feedforward-and feedback control system consisting of three independently designable control subsystems. Applicable to the control of linear, time-invariant plant.

78 FR 19743 - Government-Owned Inventions, Available for Licensing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-02

... Eddy Current Minimization for Metering, Mixing, and Conditioning; NASA Case No.: MFS-32761-1-CON: Multi-Channel Flow Plug with Eddy Current Minimization for Meeting, Mixing, and Conditioning. Sumara M. Thompson...

Minimal groups increase young children's motivation and learning on group-relevant tasks.

PubMed

Master, Allison; Walton, Gregory M

2013-01-01

Three experiments (N = 130) used a minimal group manipulation to show that just perceived membership in a social group boosts young children's motivation for and learning from group-relevant tasks. In Experiment 1, 4-year-old children assigned to a minimal "puzzles group" persisted longer on a challenging puzzle than children identified as the "puzzles child" or children in a control condition. Experiment 2 showed that this boost in motivation occurred only when the group was associated with the task. In Experiment 3, children assigned to a minimal group associated with word learning learned more words than children assigned an analogous individual identity. The studies demonstrate that fostering shared motivations may be a powerful means by which to shape young children's academic outcomes. © 2012 The Authors. Child Development © 2012 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

The evolution and future of minimalism in neurological surgery.

PubMed

Liu, Charles Y; Wang, Michael Y; Apuzzo, Michael L J

2004-11-01

The evolution of the field of neurological surgery has been marked by a progressive minimalism. This has been evident in the development of an entire arsenal of modern neurosurgical enterprises, including microneurosurgery, neuroendoscopy, stereotactic neurosurgery, endovascular techniques, radiosurgical systems, intraoperative and navigational devices, and in the last decade, cellular and molecular adjuvants. In addition to reviewing the major developments and paradigm shifts in the cyclic reinvention of the field as it currently stands, this paper attempts to identify forces and developments that are likely to fuel the irresistible escalation of minimalism into the future. These forces include discoveries in computational science, imaging, molecular science, biomedical engineering, and information processing as they relate to the theme of minimalism. These areas are explained in the light of future possibilities offered by the emerging field of nanotechnology with molecular engineering.

Minimizing damage to a propped fracture by controlled flowback procedures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, B.M.; Holditch, S.A.; Whitehead, W.S.

1988-06-01

Severe fracture-conductivity damage can result from proppant crushing and/or proppant flowback into the wellbore. Such damage is often concentrated near the wellbore and can directly affect postfracture performance. Most of the time severe fracture-conductivity damage can be minimized by choosing the correct type of proppant for a particular well. In many cases, however, this is not enough. To minimize excessive crushing or to prevent proppant flowback, it is also necessary to control carefully the flowback of the well after the treatment. Specific procedures can be followed to minimize severe fracture-conductivity damage. These procedures involve controlling the rates at which loadmore » fluids are recovered and maximizing backpressure against the formation. These procedures require much more time and effort than is normally spent on postfracture cleanup; however, the efforts could result in better performance.« less

Unicameral bone cyst of the calcaneus - minimally invasive endoscopic surgical treatment. Case report.

PubMed

Stoica, Ioan Cristian; Pop, Doina Mihaela; Grosu, Florin

2017-01-01

The role of arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of various orthopedic pathologies has greatly improved during the last years. Recent publications showed that benign bone lesion may benefit from this minimally invasive surgical method, in order to minimize the invasiveness and the period of immobilization and to increase visualization. Unicameral bone cysts may be adequately treated by minimally invasive endoscopic surgery. The purpose of the current paper is to present the case report of a patient with a unicameral bone cyst of the calcaneus that underwent endoscopically assisted treatment with curettage and bone grafting with allograft from a bone bank, with emphasis on the surgical technique. Unicameral bone cyst is a benign bone lesion, which can be adequately treated by endoscopic curettage and percutaneous injection of morselized bone allograft in symptomatic patients.

Cogging Torque Minimization in Transverse Flux Machines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Husain, Tausif; Hasan, Iftekhar; Sozer, Yilmaz

2017-02-16

This paper presents the design considerations in cogging torque minimization in two types of transverse flux machines. The machines have a double stator-single rotor configuration with flux concentrating ferrite magnets. One of the machines has pole windings across each leg of an E-Core stator. Another machine has quasi-U-shaped stator cores and a ring winding. The flux in the stator back iron is transverse in both machines. Different methods of cogging torque minimization are investigated. Key methods of cogging torque minimization are identified and used as design variables for optimization using a design of experiments (DOE) based on the Taguchi method.more » A three-level DOE is performed to reach an optimum solution with minimum simulations. Finite element analysis is used to study the different effects. Two prototypes are being fabricated for experimental verification.« less

Quantum discord of two-qubit X states

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen Qing; Yu Sixia; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui

Quantum discord provides a measure for quantifying quantum correlations beyond entanglement and is very hard to compute even for two-qubit states because of the minimization over all possible measurements. Recently a simple algorithm to evaluate the quantum discord for two-qubit X states was proposed by Ali, Rau, and Alber [Phys. Rev. A 81, 042105 (2010)] with minimization taken over only a few cases. Here we shall at first identify a class of X states, whose quantum discord can be evaluated analytically without any minimization, for which their algorithm is valid, and also identify a family of X states for whichmore » their algorithm fails. And then we demonstrate that this special family of X states provides furthermore an explicit example for the inequivalence between the minimization over positive operator-valued measures and that over von Neumann measurements.« less

[Application of diffusion tensor imaging fractography in minimally invasive surgery of brain tumors].

PubMed

Yang, Lei; Zhang, Mao-zhi; Zhang, Wei; Zhao, Yuan-li; Zhao, Ji-zong

2006-05-23

To investigate the effects and prospect of application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fractography in minimally invasive surgery of brain tumors. DTI fractography was performed in 52 patients with malignant brain tumors. Based on the DTI fractography results, 34 of the 52 patients underwent operation under neuro-navigation, and 18 of the 52 patients underwent operation routine minimally invasive craniotomy and tumor resection without neuro-navigation. The rate of total tumor resection was 86.5% (45/52). The mortality was 1.9% (1/52). The disability rate was 11.5% (6/52). No case needed the second operation. DTI fractography has raised the minimally invasive neurosurgery to the level of protecting the nuclei and nerve tracts and guiding intra-operative management of infiltration of deep-seated tumors, especially when combined with neuro-navigation and interventional MRI.

Approximate error conjugation gradient minimization methods

DOEpatents

Kallman, Jeffrey S

2013-05-21

In one embodiment, a method includes selecting a subset of rays from a set of all rays to use in an error calculation for a constrained conjugate gradient minimization problem, calculating an approximate error using the subset of rays, and calculating a minimum in a conjugate gradient direction based on the approximate error. In another embodiment, a system includes a processor for executing logic, logic for selecting a subset of rays from a set of all rays to use in an error calculation for a constrained conjugate gradient minimization problem, logic for calculating an approximate error using the subset of rays, and logic for calculating a minimum in a conjugate gradient direction based on the approximate error. In other embodiments, computer program products, methods, and systems are described capable of using approximate error in constrained conjugate gradient minimization problems.

The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning

PubMed Central

Bronfman, Zohar Z.; Ginsburg, Simona; Jablonka, Eva

2016-01-01

The minimal state of consciousness is sentience. This includes any phenomenal sensory experience – exteroceptive, such as vision and olfaction; interoceptive, such as pain and hunger; or proprioceptive, such as the sense of bodily position and movement. We propose unlimited associative learning (UAL) as the marker of the evolutionary transition to minimal consciousness (or sentience), its phylogenetically earliest sustainable manifestation and the driver of its evolution. We define and describe UAL at the behavioral and functional level and argue that the structural-anatomical implementations of this mode of learning in different taxa entail subjective feelings (sentience). We end with a discussion of the implications of our proposal for the distribution of consciousness in the animal kingdom, suggesting testable predictions, and revisiting the ongoing debate about the function of minimal consciousness in light of our approach. PMID:28066282

Extensions of D-optimal Minimal Designs for Symmetric Mixture Models.

PubMed

Li, Yanyan; Raghavarao, Damaraju; Chervoneva, Inna

2017-01-01

The purpose of mixture experiments is to explore the optimum blends of mixture components, which will provide desirable response characteristics in finished products. D-optimal minimal designs have been considered for a variety of mixture models, including Scheffé's linear, quadratic, and cubic models. Usually, these D-optimal designs are minimally supported since they have just as many design points as the number of parameters. Thus, they lack the degrees of freedom to perform the Lack of Fit tests. Also, the majority of the design points in D-optimal minimal designs are on the boundary: vertices, edges, or faces of the design simplex. Also a new strategy for adding multiple interior points for symmetric mixture models is proposed. We compare the proposed designs with Cornell (1986) two ten-point designs for the Lack of Fit test by simulations.

Minimally invasive optical biopsy for oximetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Putten, Marieke A.; Brewer, James M.; Harvey, Andrew R.

2017-02-01

The study of localised oxygen saturation in blood vessels can shed light on the etiology and progression of many diseases with which hypoxia is associated. For example, hypoxia in the tendon has been linked to early stages of rheumatoid arthritis, an auto-immune inflammatory disease. Vascular oximetry of deep tissue presents significant challenges as vessels are not optically accessible. In this paper, we present a novel multispectral imaging technique for vascular oximetry, and recent developments made towards its adaptation for minimally invasive imaging. We present proof-of-concept of the system and illumination scheme as well as the analysis technique. We present results of a validation study performed in vivo on mice with acutely inflamed tendons. Adaptation of the technique for minimally invasive microendoscopy is also presented, along with preliminary results of minimally invasive ex vivo vascular oximetry.

Exploration on the technology for ozone reduction in urban sewage treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Min; Sun, Yi; Han, Zhicheng; Liu, Jun

2017-05-01

With the rapid development of China’s economy, urban water consumption is increasing. However, sewage treatment plants will produce large amounts of sludge after treatment of sewage. Generally, and the sludge treatment costs are relatively high. Therefore, the problem about how to deal with the sewage sludge becomes the hot issues. Municipal waste water treatment plant produces a lot of sludge. This paper summarized the abroad study of ozonation minimization technology. Introduction and discussion were made on the principle of ozonated efficiency of sludge minimization, the efficiency of sludge minimization and the relationship between efficiency and ozone dosage, as well the effect of return sludge ozonated on waste water treatment running and the sludge setting and the dewatering characteristic. The economic estimation was also made on this technology. It’s showed that sludge minimization technology exhibits extensive application foreground.

Non-minimal gravitational reheating during kination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dimopoulos, Konstantinos; Markkanen, Tommi

2018-06-01

A new mechanism is presented which can reheat the Universe in non-oscillatory models of inflation, where the inflation period is followed by a period dominated by the kinetic density for the inflaton field (kination). The mechanism considers an auxiliary field non-minimally coupled to gravity. The auxiliary field is a spectator during inflation, rendered heavy by the non-minimal coupling to gravity. During kination however, the non-minimal coupling generates a tachyonic mass, which displaces the field, until its bare mass becomes important, leading to coherent oscillations. Then, the field decays into the radiation bath of the hot big bang. The model is generic and predictive, in that the resulting reheating temperature is a function only of the model parameters (masses and couplings) and not of initial conditions. It is shown that reheating can be very efficient also when considering only the Standard Model.

Comparison of Minimally and More Invasive Methods of Determining Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation.

PubMed

Smit, Marli; Levin, Andrew I; Coetzee, Johan F

2016-04-01

To investigate the accuracy of a minimally invasive, 2-step, lookup method for determining mixed venous oxygen saturation compared with conventional techniques. Single-center, prospective, nonrandomized, pilot study. Tertiary care hospital, university setting. Thirteen elective cardiac and vascular surgery patients. All participants received intra-arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Minimally invasive oxygen consumption and cardiac output were measured using a metabolic module and lithium-calibrated arterial waveform analysis (LiDCO; LiDCO, London), respectively. For the minimally invasive method, Step 1 involved these minimally invasive measurements, and arterial oxygen content was entered into the Fick equation to calculate mixed venous oxygen content. Step 2 used an oxyhemoglobin curve spreadsheet to look up mixed venous oxygen saturation from the calculated mixed venous oxygen content. The conventional "invasive" technique used pulmonary artery intermittent thermodilution cardiac output, direct sampling of mixed venous and arterial blood, and the "reverse-Fick" method of calculating oxygen consumption. LiDCO overestimated thermodilution cardiac output by 26%. Pulmonary artery catheter-derived oxygen consumption underestimated metabolic module measurements by 27%. Mixed venous oxygen saturation differed between techniques; the calculated values underestimated the direct measurements by between 12% to 26.3%, this difference being statistically significant. The magnitude of the differences between the minimally invasive and invasive techniques was too great for the former to act as a surrogate of the latter and could adversely affect clinical decision making. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Randomization in clinical trials: stratification or minimization? The HERMES free simulation software.

PubMed

Fron Chabouis, Hélène; Chabouis, Francis; Gillaizeau, Florence; Durieux, Pierre; Chatellier, Gilles; Ruse, N Dorin; Attal, Jean-Pierre

2014-01-01

Operative clinical trials are often small and open-label. Randomization is therefore very important. Stratification and minimization are two randomization options in such trials. The first aim of this study was to compare stratification and minimization in terms of predictability and balance in order to help investigators choose the most appropriate allocation method. Our second aim was to evaluate the influence of various parameters on the performance of these techniques. The created software generated patients according to chosen trial parameters (e.g., number of important prognostic factors, number of operators or centers, etc.) and computed predictability and balance indicators for several stratification and minimization methods over a given number of simulations. Block size and proportion of random allocations could be chosen. A reference trial was chosen (50 patients, 1 prognostic factor, and 2 operators) and eight other trials derived from this reference trial were modeled. Predictability and balance indicators were calculated from 10,000 simulations per trial. Minimization performed better with complex trials (e.g., smaller sample size, increasing number of prognostic factors, and operators); stratification imbalance increased when the number of strata increased. An inverse correlation between imbalance and predictability was observed. A compromise between predictability and imbalance still has to be found by the investigator but our software (HERMES) gives concrete reasons for choosing between stratification and minimization; it can be downloaded free of charge. This software will help investigators choose the appropriate randomization method in future two-arm trials.

Reproducing the Ensemble Average Polar Solvation Energy of a Protein from a Single Structure: Gaussian-Based Smooth Dielectric Function for Macromolecular Modeling.

PubMed

Chakravorty, Arghya; Jia, Zhe; Li, Lin; Zhao, Shan; Alexov, Emil

2018-02-13

Typically, the ensemble average polar component of solvation energy (ΔG polar solv ) of a macromolecule is computed using molecular dynamics (MD) or Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to generate conformational ensemble and then single/rigid conformation solvation energy calculation is performed on each snapshot. The primary objective of this work is to demonstrate that Poisson-Boltzmann (PB)-based approach using a Gaussian-based smooth dielectric function for macromolecular modeling previously developed by us (Li et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9 (4), 2126-2136) can reproduce that ensemble average (ΔG polar solv ) of a protein from a single structure. We show that the Gaussian-based dielectric model reproduces the ensemble average ΔG polar solv (⟨ΔG polar solv ⟩) from an energy-minimized structure of a protein regardless of the minimization environment (structure minimized in vacuo, implicit or explicit waters, or crystal structure); the best case, however, is when it is paired with an in vacuo-minimized structure. In other minimization environments (implicit or explicit waters or crystal structure), the traditional two-dielectric model can still be selected with which the model produces correct solvation energies. Our observations from this work reflect how the ability to appropriately mimic the motion of residues, especially the salt bridge residues, influences a dielectric model's ability to reproduce the ensemble average value of polar solvation free energy from a single in vacuo-minimized structure.

Mechanical effort predicts the selection of ankle over hip strategies in nonstepping postural responses

PubMed Central

Jonkers, Ilse; De Schutter, Joris; De Groote, Friedl

2016-01-01

Experimental studies have shown that a continuum of ankle and hip strategies is used to restore posture following an external perturbation. Postural responses can be modeled by feedback control with feedback gains that optimize a specific objective. On the one hand, feedback gains that minimize effort have been used to predict muscle activity during perturbed standing. On the other hand, hip and ankle strategies have been predicted by minimizing postural instability and deviation from upright posture. It remains unclear, however, whether and how effort minimization influences the selection of a specific postural response. We hypothesize that the relative importance of minimizing mechanical work vs. postural instability influences the strategy used to restore upright posture. This hypothesis was investigated based on experiments and predictive simulations of the postural response following a backward support surface translation. Peak hip flexion angle was significantly correlated with three experimentally determined measures of effort, i.e., mechanical work, mean muscle activity and metabolic energy. Furthermore, a continuum of ankle and hip strategies was predicted in simulation when changing the relative importance of minimizing mechanical work and postural instability, with increased weighting of mechanical work resulting in an ankle strategy. In conclusion, the combination of experimental measurements and predictive simulations of the postural response to a backward support surface translation showed that the trade-off between effort and postural instability minimization can explain the selection of a specific postural response in the continuum of potential ankle and hip strategies. PMID:27489362

Designing safety into the minimally invasive surgical revolution: a commentary based on the Jacques Perissat Lecture of the International Congress of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery.

PubMed

Clarke, John R

2009-01-01

Surgical errors with minimally invasive surgery differ from those in open surgery. Perforations are typically the result of trocar introduction or electrosurgery. Infections include bioburdens, notably enteric viruses, on complex instruments. Retained foreign objects are primarily unretrieved device fragments and lost gallstones or other specimens. Fires and burns come from illuminated ends of fiber-optic cables and from electrosurgery. Pressure ischemia is more likely with longer endoscopic surgical procedures. Gas emboli can occur. Minimally invasive surgery is more dependent on complex equipment, with high likelihood of failures. Standardization, checklists, and problem reporting are solutions for minimizing failures. The necessity of electrosurgery makes education about best electrosurgical practices important. The recording of minimally invasive surgical procedures is an opportunity to debrief in a way that improves the reliability of future procedures. Safety depends on reliability, designing systems to withstand inevitable human errors. Safe systems are characterized by a commitment to safety, formal protocols for communications, teamwork, standardization around best practice, and reporting of problems for improvement of the system. Teamwork requires shared goals, mental models, and situational awareness in order to facilitate mutual monitoring and backup. An effective team has a flat hierarchy; team members are empowered to speak up if they are concerned about problems. Effective teams plan, rehearse, distribute the workload, and debrief. Surgeons doing minimally invasive surgery have a unique opportunity to incorporate the principles of safety into the development of their discipline.

Outcome of a graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation in patients with facial paralysis.

PubMed

Holtmann, Laura C; Eckstein, Anja; Stähr, Kerstin; Xing, Minzhi; Lang, Stephan; Mattheis, Stefan

2017-08-01

Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve is the most frequent of all cranial nerve disorders. Despite advances in facial surgery, the functional and aesthetic reconstruction of a paralyzed face remains a challenge. Graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation is based on a modular principle. According to the patients' needs, precondition, and expectations, the following modules can be performed: temporalis muscle transposition and facelift, nasal valve suspension, endoscopic brow lift, and eyelid reconstruction. Applying a concept of a graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation may help minimize surgical trauma and reduce morbidity. Twenty patients underwent a graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation. A retrospective chart review was performed with a follow-up examination between 1 and 8 months after surgery. The FACEgram software was used to calculate pre- and postoperative eyelid closure, the level of brows, nasal, and philtral symmetry as well as oral commissure position at rest and oral commissure excursion with smile. As a patient-oriented outcome parameter, the Glasgow Benefit Inventory questionnaire was applied. There was a statistically significant improvement in the postoperative score of eyelid closure, brow asymmetry, nasal asymmetry, philtral asymmetry as well as oral commissure symmetry at rest (p < 0.05). Smile evaluation revealed no significant change of oral commissure excursion. The mean Glasgow Benefit Inventory score indicated substantial improvement in patients' overall quality of life. If a primary facial nerve repair or microneurovascular tissue transfer cannot be applied, graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation is a promising option to restore facial function and symmetry at rest.

Branched-chain amino acids may improve recovery from a vegetative or minimally conscious state in patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study.

PubMed

Aquilani, Roberto; Boselli, Mirella; Boschi, Federica; Viglio, Simona; Iadarola, Paolo; Dossena, Maurizia; Pastoris, Ornella; Verri, Manuela

2008-09-01

To investigate whether supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may improve recovery of patients with a posttraumatic vegetative or minimally conscious state. Patients were randomly assigned to 15 days of intravenous BCAA supplementation (n=22; 19.6g/d) or an isonitrogenous placebo (n=19). Tertiary care rehabilitation setting. Patients (N=41; 29 men, 12 women; mean age, 49.5+/-21 y) with a posttraumatic vegetative or minimally conscious state, 47+/-24 days after the index traumatic event. Supplementation with BCAAs. Disability Rating Scale (DRS) as log(10)DRS. Fifteen days after admission to the rehabilitation department, the log(10)DRS score improved significantly only in patients who had received BCAAs (log(10)DRS score, 1.365+/-0.08 to 1.294+/-0.05; P<.001), while the log(10)DRS score in the placebo recipients remained virtually unchanged (log(10)DRS score, 1.373+/-0.03 to 1.37+/-0.03; P not significant). The difference in improvement of log(10)DRS score between the 2 groups was highly significant (P<.000). Moreover, 68.2% (n=15) of treated patients achieved a log(10)DRS point score of .477 or higher (3 as geometric mean) that allowed them to exit the vegetative or minimally conscious state. Supplemented BCAAs may improve the recovery from a vegetative or minimally conscious state in patients with posttraumatic vegetative or minimally conscious state.

Social Media Ratings of Minimally Invasive Fat Reduction Procedures: Benchmarking Against Traditional Liposuction.

PubMed

Talasila, Sreya; Evers-Meltzer, Rachel; Xu, Shuai

2018-06-05

Minimally invasive fat reduction procedures are rapidly growing in popularity. Evaluate online patient reviews to inform practice management. Data from RealSelf.com, a popular online aesthetics platform, were reviewed for all minimally invasive fat reduction procedures. Reviews were also aggregated based on the primary method of action (e.g., laser, radiofrequency, ultrasound, etc.) and compared with liposuction. A chi-square test was used to assess for differences with the Marascuilo procedure for pairwise comparisons. A total of 13 minimally invasive fat reduction procedures were identified encompassing 11,871 total reviews. Liposuction had 4,645 total reviews and a 66% patient satisfaction rate. Minimally invasive fat reduction procedures had 7,170 aggregate reviews and a global patient satisfaction of 58%. Liposuction had statistically significantly higher patient satisfaction than cryolipolysis (55% satisfied, n = 2,707 reviews), laser therapies (61% satisfied, n = 3,565 reviews), and injectables (49% satisfied, n = 319 reviews) (p < .05). Injectables and cryolipolysis had statistically significantly lower patient satisfaction than radiofrequency therapies (63% satisfied, n = 314 reviews) and laser therapies. Ultrasound therapies had 275 reviews and a 73% patient satisfaction rate. A large number of patient reviews suggest that minimally invasive fat reduction procedures have high patient satisfaction, although liposuction still had the highest total patient satisfaction score. However, there are significant pitfalls in interpreting patient reviews, as they do not provide important data such as a patient's medical history or physician experience and skill.

Waste reduction plan for The Oak Ridge National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schultz, R.M.

1990-04-01

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multipurpose Research and Development (R D) facility. These R D activities generate numerous small waste streams. Waste minimization is defined as any action that minimizes the volume or toxicity of waste by avoiding its generation or recycling. This is accomplished by material substitution, changes to processes, or recycling wastes for reuse. Waste reduction is defined as waste minimization plus treatment which results in volume or toxicity reduction. The ORNL Waste Reduction Program will include both waste minimization and waste reduction efforts. Federal regulations, DOE policies and guidelines, increased costs and liabilities associatedmore » with the management of wastes, limited disposal options and facility capacities, and public consciousness have been motivating factors for implementing comprehensive waste reduction programs. DOE Order 5820.2A, Section 3.c.2.4 requires DOE facilities to establish an auditable waste reduction program for all LLW generators. In addition, it further states that any new facilities, or changes to existing facilities, incorporate waste minimization into design considerations. A more recent DOE Order, 3400.1, Section 4.b, requires the preparation of a waste reduction program plan which must be reviewed annually and updated every three years. Implementation of a waste minimization program for hazardous and radioactive mixed wastes is sited in DOE Order 5400.3, Section 7.d.5. This document has been prepared to address these requirements. 6 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.« less

Robotics in surgery: is a robot necessary? For what?

PubMed

Ross, Sharona B; Downs, Darrell; Saeed, Sabrina M; Dolce, John K; Rosemurgy, Alexander S

2017-02-01

Every operation can be categorized along a spectrum from "most invasive" to "least invasive", based on the approach(es) through which it is commonly undertaken. Operations that are considered "most invasive" are characterized by "open" approaches with a relatively high degree of morbidity, while operations that are considered "least invasive" are undertaken with minimally invasive techniques and are associated with relatively improved patient outcomes, including faster recovery times and fewer complications. Because of the potential for reduced morbidity, movement along the spectrum towards minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is associated with a host of salutary benefits and, as well, lower costs of patient care. Accordingly, the goal of all stakeholders in surgery should be to attain universal application of the most minimally invasive approaches. Yet the difficulty of performing minimally invasive operations has largely limited its widespread application in surgery, particularly in the context of complex operations (i.e., those requiring complex extirpation and/or reconstruction). Robotic surgery, however, may facilitate application of minimally invasive techniques requisite for particular operations. Enhancements in visualization and dexterity offered by robotic surgical systems allow busy surgeons to quickly gain proficiency in demanding techniques (e.g., pancreaticojejunostomy), within a short learning curve. That is not to say, however, that all operations undertaken with minimally invasive techniques require robotic technology. Herein, we attempt to define how surgeon skill, operative difficulty, patient outcomes, and cost factors determine when robotic technology should be reasonably applied to patient care in surgery.

Increased pain sensitivity is not associated with electrodiagnostic findings in women with carpal tunnel syndrome.

PubMed

de la Llave-Rincón, Ana Isabel; Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César; Laguarta-Val, Sofia; Alonso-Blanco, Cristina; Martínez-Perez, Almudena; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Pareja, Juan A

2011-01-01

To determine the differences in widespread pressure pain and thermal hypersensitivity in women with minimal, moderate, and severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and healthy controls. A total of 72 women with CTS (19 with minimal, 18 with moderate, and 35 with severe) and 19 healthy age-matched women participated. Pressure pain thresholds were bilaterally assessed over the median, ulnar, and radial nerves, the C5 to C6 zygapophyseal joint, the carpal tunnel, and the tibialis anterior muscle. In addition, warm and cold detection thresholds and heat and cold pain thresholds were bilaterally assessed over the carpal tunnel and the thenar eminence. All outcome parameters were assessed by an assessor blinded to the participant's condition. No significant differences in pain parameters among patients with minimal, moderate, and severe CTS were found. The results showed that PPT were significantly decreased bilaterally over the median, ulnar, and radial nerve trunks, the carpal tunnel, C5 to C6 zygapophyseal joint, and the tibialis anterior muscle in patients with minimal, moderate, or severe CTS as compared with healthy controls (all, P<0.001). In addition, patients with CTS also showed lower heat pain threshold and reduced cold pain threshold compared with controls (P<0.001). No significant sensory differences between minimal, moderate, or severe CTS were found. The similar widespread pressure and thermal hypersensitivity in patients with minimal, moderate, or severe CTS and pain intensity suggests that increased pain sensitivity is not related to electrodiagnostic findings.

Contributions of metabolic and temporal costs to human gait selection.

PubMed

Summerside, Erik M; Kram, Rodger; Ahmed, Alaa A

2018-06-01

Humans naturally select several parameters within a gait that correspond with minimizing metabolic cost. Much less is understood about the role of metabolic cost in selecting between gaits. Here, we asked participants to decide between walking or running out and back to different gait specific markers. The distance of the walking marker was adjusted after each decision to identify relative distances where individuals switched gait preferences. We found that neither minimizing solely metabolic energy nor minimizing solely movement time could predict how the group decided between gaits. Of our twenty participants, six behaved in a way that tended towards minimizing metabolic energy, while eight favoured strategies that tended more towards minimizing movement time. The remaining six participants could not be explained by minimizing a single cost. We provide evidence that humans consider not just a single movement cost, but instead a weighted combination of these conflicting costs with their relative contributions varying across participants. Individuals who placed a higher relative value on time ran faster than individuals who placed a higher relative value on metabolic energy. Sensitivity to temporal costs also explained variability in an individual's preferred velocity as a function of increasing running distance. Interestingly, these differences in velocity both within and across participants were absent in walking, possibly due to a steeper metabolic cost of transport curve. We conclude that metabolic cost plays an essential, but not exclusive role in gait decisions. © 2018 The Author(s).

Free energy minimization to predict RNA secondary structures and computational RNA design.

PubMed

Churkin, Alexander; Weinbrand, Lina; Barash, Danny

2015-01-01

Determining the RNA secondary structure from sequence data by computational predictions is a long-standing problem. Its solution has been approached in two distinctive ways. If a multiple sequence alignment of a collection of homologous sequences is available, the comparative method uses phylogeny to determine conserved base pairs that are more likely to form as a result of billions of years of evolution than by chance. In the case of single sequences, recursive algorithms that compute free energy structures by using empirically derived energy parameters have been developed. This latter approach of RNA folding prediction by energy minimization is widely used to predict RNA secondary structure from sequence. For a significant number of RNA molecules, the secondary structure of the RNA molecule is indicative of its function and its computational prediction by minimizing its free energy is important for its functional analysis. A general method for free energy minimization to predict RNA secondary structures is dynamic programming, although other optimization methods have been developed as well along with empirically derived energy parameters. In this chapter, we introduce and illustrate by examples the approach of free energy minimization to predict RNA secondary structures.

Stochastic Least-Squares Petrov--Galerkin Method for Parameterized Linear Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Kookjin; Carlberg, Kevin; Elman, Howard C.

Here, we consider the numerical solution of parameterized linear systems where the system matrix, the solution, and the right-hand side are parameterized by a set of uncertain input parameters. We explore spectral methods in which the solutions are approximated in a chosen finite-dimensional subspace. It has been shown that the stochastic Galerkin projection technique fails to minimize any measure of the solution error. As a remedy for this, we propose a novel stochatic least-squares Petrov--Galerkin (LSPG) method. The proposed method is optimal in the sense that it produces the solution that minimizes a weightedmore » $$\\ell^2$$-norm of the residual over all solutions in a given finite-dimensional subspace. Moreover, the method can be adapted to minimize the solution error in different weighted $$\\ell^2$$-norms by simply applying a weighting function within the least-squares formulation. In addition, a goal-oriented seminorm induced by an output quantity of interest can be minimized by defining a weighting function as a linear functional of the solution. We establish optimality and error bounds for the proposed method, and extensive numerical experiments show that the weighted LSPG method outperforms other spectral methods in minimizing corresponding target weighted norms.« less

Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages

PubMed Central

Futrell, Richard; Mahowald, Kyle; Gibson, Edward

2015-01-01

Explaining the variation between human languages and the constraints on that variation is a core goal of linguistics. In the last 20 y, it has been claimed that many striking universals of cross-linguistic variation follow from a hypothetical principle that dependency length—the distance between syntactically related words in a sentence—is minimized. Various models of human sentence production and comprehension predict that long dependencies are difficult or inefficient to process; minimizing dependency length thus enables effective communication without incurring processing difficulty. However, despite widespread application of this idea in theoretical, empirical, and practical work, there is not yet large-scale evidence that dependency length is actually minimized in real utterances across many languages; previous work has focused either on a small number of languages or on limited kinds of data about each language. Here, using parsed corpora of 37 diverse languages, we show that overall dependency lengths for all languages are shorter than conservative random baselines. The results strongly suggest that dependency length minimization is a universal quantitative property of human languages and support explanations of linguistic variation in terms of general properties of human information processing. PMID:26240370

A negentropy minimization approach to adaptive equalization for digital communication systems.

PubMed

Choi, Sooyong; Lee, Te-Won

2004-07-01

In this paper, we introduce and investigate a new adaptive equalization method based on minimizing approximate negentropy of the estimation error for a finite-length equalizer. We consider an approximate negentropy using nonpolynomial expansions of the estimation error as a new performance criterion to improve performance of a linear equalizer based on minimizing minimum mean squared error (MMSE). Negentropy includes higher order statistical information and its minimization provides improved converge, performance and accuracy compared to traditional methods such as MMSE in terms of bit error rate (BER). The proposed negentropy minimization (NEGMIN) equalizer has two kinds of solutions, the MMSE solution and the other one, depending on the ratio of the normalization parameters. The NEGMIN equalizer has best BER performance when the ratio of the normalization parameters is properly adjusted to maximize the output power(variance) of the NEGMIN equalizer. Simulation experiments show that BER performance of the NEGMIN equalizer with the other solution than the MMSE one has similar characteristics to the adaptive minimum bit error rate (AMBER) equalizer. The main advantage of the proposed equalizer is that it needs significantly fewer training symbols than the AMBER equalizer. Furthermore, the proposed equalizer is more robust to nonlinear distortions than the MMSE equalizer.

Efficient Deterministic Finite Automata Minimization Based on Backward Depth Information

PubMed Central

Liu, Desheng; Huang, Zhiping; Zhang, Yimeng; Guo, Xiaojun; Su, Shaojing

2016-01-01

Obtaining a minimal automaton is a fundamental issue in the theory and practical implementation of deterministic finite automatons (DFAs). A minimization algorithm is presented in this paper that consists of two main phases. In the first phase, the backward depth information is built, and the state set of the DFA is partitioned into many blocks. In the second phase, the state set is refined using a hash table. The minimization algorithm has a lower time complexity O(n) than a naive comparison of transitions O(n2). Few states need to be refined by the hash table, because most states have been partitioned by the backward depth information in the coarse partition. This method achieves greater generality than previous methods because building the backward depth information is independent of the topological complexity of the DFA. The proposed algorithm can be applied not only to the minimization of acyclic automata or simple cyclic automata, but also to automata with high topological complexity. Overall, the proposal has three advantages: lower time complexity, greater generality, and scalability. A comparison to Hopcroft’s algorithm demonstrates experimentally that the algorithm runs faster than traditional algorithms. PMID:27806102

Minimal norm constrained interpolation. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Irvine, L. D.

1985-01-01

In computational fluid dynamics and in CAD/CAM, a physical boundary is usually known only discreetly and most often must be approximated. An acceptable approximation preserves the salient features of the data such as convexity and concavity. In this dissertation, a smooth interpolant which is locally concave where the data are concave and is locally convex where the data are convex is described. The interpolant is found by posing and solving a minimization problem whose solution is a piecewise cubic polynomial. The problem is solved indirectly by using the Peano Kernal theorem to recast it into an equivalent minimization problem having the second derivative of the interpolant as the solution. This approach leads to the solution of a nonlinear system of equations. It is shown that Newton's method is an exceptionally attractive and efficient method for solving the nonlinear system of equations. Examples of shape-preserving interpolants, as well as convergence results obtained by using Newton's method are also shown. A FORTRAN program to compute these interpolants is listed. The problem of computing the interpolant of minimal norm from a convex cone in a normal dual space is also discussed. An extension of de Boor's work on minimal norm unconstrained interpolation is presented.

Minimizing communication cost among distributed controllers in software defined networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arlimatti, Shivaleela; Elbreiki, Walid; Hassan, Suhaidi; Habbal, Adib; Elshaikh, Mohamed

2016-08-01

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new paradigm to increase the flexibility of today's network by promising for a programmable network. The fundamental idea behind this new architecture is to simplify network complexity by decoupling control plane and data plane of the network devices, and by making the control plane centralized. Recently controllers have distributed to solve the problem of single point of failure, and to increase scalability and flexibility during workload distribution. Even though, controllers are flexible and scalable to accommodate more number of network switches, yet the problem of intercommunication cost between distributed controllers is still challenging issue in the Software Defined Network environment. This paper, aims to fill the gap by proposing a new mechanism, which minimizes intercommunication cost with graph partitioning algorithm, an NP hard problem. The methodology proposed in this paper is, swapping of network elements between controller domains to minimize communication cost by calculating communication gain. The swapping of elements minimizes inter and intra communication cost among network domains. We validate our work with the OMNeT++ simulation environment tool. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism minimizes the inter domain communication cost among controllers compared to traditional distributed controllers.

The Oral Minimal Model Method

PubMed Central

Cobelli, Claudio; Dalla Man, Chiara; Toffolo, Gianna; Basu, Rita; Vella, Adrian; Rizza, Robert

2014-01-01

The simultaneous assessment of insulin action, secretion, and hepatic extraction is key to understanding postprandial glucose metabolism in nondiabetic and diabetic humans. We review the oral minimal method (i.e., models that allow the estimation of insulin sensitivity, β-cell responsivity, and hepatic insulin extraction from a mixed-meal or an oral glucose tolerance test). Both of these oral tests are more physiologic and simpler to administer than those based on an intravenous test (e.g., a glucose clamp or an intravenous glucose tolerance test). The focus of this review is on indices provided by physiological-based models and their validation against the glucose clamp technique. We discuss first the oral minimal model method rationale, data, and protocols. Then we present the three minimal models and the indices they provide. The disposition index paradigm, a widely used β-cell function metric, is revisited in the context of individual versus population modeling. Adding a glucose tracer to the oral dose significantly enhances the assessment of insulin action by segregating insulin sensitivity into its glucose disposal and hepatic components. The oral minimal model method, by quantitatively portraying the complex relationships between the major players of glucose metabolism, is able to provide novel insights regarding the regulation of postprandial metabolism. PMID:24651807

Waste minimization for commercial radioactive materials users generating low-level radioactive waste. Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fischer, D.K.; Gitt, M.; Williams, G.A.

1991-07-01

The objective of this document is to provide a resource for all states and compact regions interested in promoting the minimization of low-level radioactive waste (LLW). This project was initiated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and Massachusetts waste streams have been used as examples; however, the methods of analysis presented here are applicable to similar waste streams generated elsewhere. This document is a guide for states/compact regions to use in developing a system to evaluate and prioritize various waste minimization techniques in order to encourage individual radioactive materials users (LLW generators) to consider these techniques in their own independent evaluations.more » This review discusses the application of specific waste minimization techniques to waste streams characteristic of three categories of radioactive materials users: (1) industrial operations using radioactive materials in the manufacture of commercial products, (2) health care institutions, including hospitals and clinics, and (3) educational and research institutions. Massachusetts waste stream characterization data from key radioactive materials users in each category are used to illustrate the applicability of various minimization techniques. The utility group is not included because extensive information specific to this category of LLW generators is available in the literature.« less

Waste minimization for commercial radioactive materials users generating low-level radioactive waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fischer, D.K.; Gitt, M.; Williams, G.A.

1991-07-01

The objective of this document is to provide a resource for all states and compact regions interested in promoting the minimization of low-level radioactive waste (LLW). This project was initiated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and Massachusetts waste streams have been used as examples; however, the methods of analysis presented here are applicable to similar waste streams generated elsewhere. This document is a guide for states/compact regions to use in developing a system to evaluate and prioritize various waste minimization techniques in order to encourage individual radioactive materials users (LLW generators) to consider these techniques in their own independent evaluations.more » This review discusses the application of specific waste minimization techniques to waste streams characteristic of three categories of radioactive materials users: (1) industrial operations using radioactive materials in the manufacture of commercial products, (2) health care institutions, including hospitals and clinics, and (3) educational and research institutions. Massachusetts waste stream characterization data from key radioactive materials users in each category are used to illustrate the applicability of various minimization techniques. The utility group is not included because extensive information specific to this category of LLW generators is available in the literature.« less

Extension of the lower bound of monitor solutions of maximally permissive supervisors to non-α net systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, W. H.; Chao, D. Y.

2016-07-01

Traditional region-based liveness-enforcing supervisors focus on (1) maximal permissiveness of not losing legal states, (2) structural simplicity of minimal number of monitors, and (3) fast computation. Lately, a number of similar approaches can achieve minimal configuration using efficient linear programming. However, it is unclear as to the relationship between the minimal configuration and the net structure. It is important to explore the structures involved for the fewest monitors required. Once the lower bound is achieved, further iteration to merge (or reduce the number of) monitors is not necessary. The minimal strongly connected resource subnet (i.e., all places are resources) that contains the set of resource places in a basic siphon is an elementary circuit. Earlier, we showed that the number of monitors required for liveness-enforcing and maximal permissiveness equals that of basic siphons for a subclass of Petri nets modelling manufacturing, called α systems. This paper extends this to systems more powerful than the α one so that the number of monitors in a minimal configuration remains to be lower bounded by that of basic siphons. This paper develops the theory behind and shows examples.

Minimally invasive treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: a critical analysis of results.

PubMed

Eden, Christopher G

2007-10-01

To analyse the indications and long-term results of endoscopic and minimal access approaches for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and to compare them to open surgery. A review of the literature from 1950 to January 2007 was conducted using the Ovid Medline database. A lack of standardisation of techniques used to diagnose UPJ obstruction and to follow up treated patients introduces a degree of inaccuracy in interpreting the success rates of the various modalities of treatment. However, there is no indication that any one of these techniques is affected by this to a greater or lesser extent than another. Open pyeloplasty achieves very good (90-100% success) results, endopyelotomy and balloon disruption of the UPJ fail to match these results by 15-20%, and minimal access pyeloplasty produces results that are at least as good as those of open surgery but with the advantages of a minimal access approach. Minimal access pyeloplasty is likely to gradually replace endopyelotomy and balloon disruption of the UPJ for the treatment of UPJ obstruction. The much higher cost of robotic pyeloplasty and greater availability of laparoscopic expertise in teaching centres are likely to limit the dissemination of robotic pyeloplasty.

Autism Center First to Study Minimally Verbal Children

MedlinePlus

... on. Feature: Taste, Smell, Hearing, Language, Voice, Balance Autism Center First to Study Minimally Verbal Children Past ... research exploring the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a complex developmental disorder that ...

44 CFR 9.9 - Analysis and reevaluation of practicable alternatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...; (ii) Reduce the risk of flood loss; (iii) Minimize the impact of floods on human safety, health and... wetlands; (iii) Minimize the destruction, loss or degradation of wetlands; and (iv) Preserve and enhance...

Psychological Effects of Stimulant Drugs in Children with Minimal Brain Dysfunction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conners, C. Keith

1972-01-01

Two technical studies involving the drugs dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, and magnesium pemoline were reported in regard to the psychological characteristics and effects of stimulant drugs in children with minimal brain injuries. (CB)

WASTE OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT: A PHOTOFINISHING FACILITY

EPA Science Inventory

A waste minimization opportunity assessment was performed which identified areas for waste reduction at a photofinishing facility. The study followed procedures in the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. The report identifies potential options to achieve further...

40 CFR 92.1005 - In-use locomotives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... railroad to schedule the supply of locomotives for testing in such a manner that it minimizes disruption of... schedule the supply of locomotives for testing in such a manner that it minimizes disruption of its...

Dialysis Extraction for Chromatography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jahnsen, V. J.

1985-01-01

Chromatographic-sample pretreatment by dialysis detects traces of organic contaminants in water samples analyzed in field with minimal analysis equipment and minimal quantities of solvent. Technique also of value wherever aqueous sample and solvent must not make direct contact.

36 CFR 223.218 - Consistency with plans, environmental standards, and other management requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Minimize soil erosion; (e) Maintain favorable conditions of water flow and quality; (f) Minimize adverse effects on, protect, or enhance other national forest resources, uses, and improvements; and (g) Deposit...

Accelerating bridge construction to minimize traffic disruption : research spotlight.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-12-01

Since 2008, MDOT has been using accelerated bridge construction, which utilizes prefabricated components and structural placements, to minimize traffic disruptions during bridge replacement or rehabilitation. A recent project provided MDOT with a new...

Energy minimization for self-organized structure formation and actuation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kofod, Guggi; Wirges, Werner; Paajanen, Mika; Bauer, Siegfried

2007-02-01

An approach for creating complex structures with embedded actuation in planar manufacturing steps is presented. Self-organization and energy minimization are central to this approach, illustrated with a model based on minimization of the hyperelastic free energy strain function of a stretched elastomer and the bending elastic energy of a plastic frame. A tulip-shaped gripper structure illustrates the technological potential of the approach. Advantages are simplicity of manufacture, complexity of final structures, and the ease with which any electroactive material can be exploited as means of actuation.

Parametric study of minimum converter loss in an energy-storage dc-to-dc converter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, R. C.; Owen, H. A., Jr.; Wilson, T. G.

1982-01-01

Through a combination of analytical and numerical minimization procedures, a converter design that results in the minimum total converter loss (including core loss, winding loss, capacitor and energy-storage-reactor loss, and various losses in the semiconductor switches) is obtained. Because the initial phase involves analytical minimization, the computation time required by the subsequent phase of numerical minimization is considerably reduced in this combination approach. The effects of various loss parameters on the optimum values of the design variables are also examined.

Combined shape and topology optimization for minimization of maximal von Mises stress

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lian, Haojie; Christiansen, Asger N.; Tortorelli, Daniel A.

Here, this work shows that a combined shape and topology optimization method can produce optimal 2D designs with minimal stress subject to a volume constraint. The method represents the surface explicitly and discretizes the domain into a simplicial complex which adapts both structural shape and topology. By performing repeated topology and shape optimizations and adaptive mesh updates, we can minimize the maximum von Mises stress using the p-norm stress measure with p-values as high as 30, provided that the stress is calculated with sufficient accuracy.

An active constraint environment for minimally invasive heart surgery: early experience of a cutting operation.

PubMed

Borelli, Joao; Bello, Fernando; Rodriguez Y Bena, Ferdinando; Davies, Brian

2004-01-01

Master/slave telemanipulator systems can be applied in minimally invasive heart surgery. However, due to the beating heart and difficulties of finding inner points inside the heart, a surgical task operation such as cutting can be very difficult. In order to avoid surgical error, the "active constraint" concept can be applied. This paper shows an example of an "active constraint" environment used for minimally invasive heart surgery. Experiments have been carried out for a 2-DOF master and the preliminary results validate the present approach.

Minimally invasive approaches for gastric cancer-Korean experience.

PubMed

Yang, Han-Kwang; Suh, Yun-Suhk; Lee, Hyuk-Joon

2013-03-01

Laparoscopic surgery in Korea increased rapidly because of the early detection of gastric cancer by the development of diagnostic tools and nationwide screening. The Korean Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery Study Group (KLASS group) played a leading role in various projects related with minimally invasive surgery. The justification of minimally invasive procedures including robotic surgery, sentinel-node biopsy, or single-port surgery/Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) must be predetermined by the clinical trial before a wide application, and the medical industry as well as surgeons should have great responsibility. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Combined shape and topology optimization for minimization of maximal von Mises stress

DOE PAGES

Lian, Haojie; Christiansen, Asger N.; Tortorelli, Daniel A.; ...

2017-01-27

Here, this work shows that a combined shape and topology optimization method can produce optimal 2D designs with minimal stress subject to a volume constraint. The method represents the surface explicitly and discretizes the domain into a simplicial complex which adapts both structural shape and topology. By performing repeated topology and shape optimizations and adaptive mesh updates, we can minimize the maximum von Mises stress using the p-norm stress measure with p-values as high as 30, provided that the stress is calculated with sufficient accuracy.

Minimum energy information fusion in sensor networks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapline, G

1999-05-11

In this paper we consider how to organize the sharing of information in a distributed network of sensors and data processors so as to provide explanations for sensor readings with minimal expenditure of energy. We point out that the Minimum Description Length principle provides an approach to information fusion that is more naturally suited to energy minimization than traditional Bayesian approaches. In addition we show that for networks consisting of a large number of identical sensors Kohonen self-organization provides an exact solution to the problem of combing the sensor outputs into minimal description length explanations.

A method for generating reliable atomistic models of amorphous polymers based on a random search of energy minima

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Curcó, David; Casanovas, Jordi; Roca, Marc; Alemán, Carlos

2005-07-01

A method for generating atomistic models of dense amorphous polymers is presented. The method is organized in a two-steps procedure. First, structures are generated using an algorithm that minimizes the torsional strain. After this, a relaxation algorithm is applied to minimize the non-bonding interactions. Two alternative relaxation methods, which are based simple minimization and Concerted Rotation techniques, have been implemented. The performance of the method has been checked by simulating polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 6, poly(L,D-lactic acid) and polyglycolic acid.

Minimal acceptable care as a vital component to Missouri's trauma system.

PubMed

Helling, Thomas S

2002-07-01

Immediate attention to life-threatening injuries and expeditious transfer of major and complex wounds to tertiary care trauma centers are the cornerstones of any trauma system. Rapid assessment and "minimalization" of care should be the buzz-word of rural (Level III) and suburban (Level II) trauma centers in order to provide quickest treatment of injuries by timely referral of patients for definitive attention. This concept is called minimal acceptable care and may serve to improve patient outcome by reducing the interval to ultimate treatment and avoidance of duplication of services.

Minimal Power Latch for Single-Slope ADCs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hancock, Bruce R. (Inventor)

2015-01-01

A latch circuit that uses two interoperating latches. The latch circuit has the beneficial feature that it switches only a single time during a measurement that uses a stair step or ramp function as an input signal in an analog to digital converter. This feature minimizes the amount of power that is consumed in the latch and also minimizes the amount of high frequency noise that is generated by the latch. An application using a plurality of such latch circuits in a parallel decoding ADC for use in an image sensor is given as an example.

Minimizing radiation damage in nonlinear optical crystals

DOEpatents

Cooke, D.W.; Bennett, B.L.; Cockroft, N.J.

1998-09-08

Methods are disclosed for minimizing laser induced damage to nonlinear crystals, such as KTP crystals, involving various means for electrically grounding the crystals in order to diffuse electrical discharges within the crystals caused by the incident laser beam. In certain embodiments, electrically conductive material is deposited onto or into surfaces of the nonlinear crystals and the electrically conductive surfaces are connected to an electrical ground. To minimize electrical discharges on crystal surfaces that are not covered by the grounded electrically conductive material, a vacuum may be created around the nonlinear crystal. 5 figs.

Waste-minimization opportunity assessment: Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station, Keyport, Washington. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The report describes the application of EPA's waste minimization assessment procedures to a torpedo maintenance facility at the Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station, Keyport, WA. The assessment focused on the Mark 48 shop and the Mark 46 shop. These shops service the Mark 48 torpedo and the Mark 46 torpedo respectively. The five waste minimization options presented are volume reduction of contaminated clothing, automated cleaning of parts, automated fuel tank draining, modification of the deep sink draining schedule and recycling of mineral spirits.

Minimum Bayes risk image correlation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Minter, T. C., Jr.

1980-01-01

In this paper, the problem of designing a matched filter for image correlation will be treated as a statistical pattern recognition problem. It is shown that, by minimizing a suitable criterion, a matched filter can be estimated which approximates the optimum Bayes discriminant function in a least-squares sense. It is well known that the use of the Bayes discriminant function in target classification minimizes the Bayes risk, which in turn directly minimizes the probability of a false fix. A fast Fourier implementation of the minimum Bayes risk correlation procedure is described.

Minimally invasive therapy of primary breast cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, David S.

2000-01-01

Treating disease with little alteration has long been a goal of medical science. During the past quarter century, technological advances have brought forth minimally invasive approaches to the surgical diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In the domain of breast cancer, a less invasive sentinel lymph node biopsy may replace axillary lymphadenectomy for many patients, and image guided core biopsies have minimalized the degree of surgical intervention needed for tissue diagnosis. This mirrors the primary treatment of breast cancer that over the past century has progressed from mastectomy to breast preservation with a progressively diminishing operative field.

Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement – pros and cons of keyhole aortic surgery

PubMed Central

Szałański, Przemysław; Zembala, Michał; Filipiak, Krzysztof; Karolak, Wojciech; Wojarski, Jacek; Garbacz, Marcin; Kaczmarczyk, Aleksandra; Kwiecień, Anna; Zembala, Marian

2015-01-01

Over the last twenty years, minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MIAVR) has evolved into a safe, well-tolerated and efficient surgical treatment option for aortic valve disease. It has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity, providing faster recovery and rehabilitation, shorter hospital stay and better cosmetic results compared with conventional surgery. A variety of minimally invasive accesses have been developed and utilized to date. This concise review demonstrates and discusses surgical techniques used in contemporary approaches to MIAVR and presents the most important results of MIAVR procedures. PMID:26336491

Developing a provisional, international minimal dataset for Juvenile Dermatomyositis: for use in clinical practice to inform research.

PubMed

McCann, Liza J; Arnold, Katie; Pilkington, Clarissa A; Huber, Adam M; Ravelli, Angelo; Beard, Laura; Beresford, Michael W; Wedderburn, Lucy R

2014-01-01

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare but severe autoimmune inflammatory myositis of childhood. International collaboration is essential in order to undertake clinical trials, understand the disease and improve long-term outcome. The aim of this study was to propose from existing collaborative initiatives a preliminary minimal dataset for JDM. This will form the basis of the future development of an international consensus-approved minimum core dataset to be used both in clinical care and inform research, allowing integration of data between centres. A working group of internationally-representative JDM experts was formed to develop a provisional minimal dataset. Clinical and laboratory variables contained within current national and international collaborative databases of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies were scrutinised. Judgements were informed by published literature and a more detailed analysis of the Juvenile Dermatomyositis Cohort Biomarker Study and Repository, UK and Ireland. A provisional minimal JDM dataset has been produced, with an associated glossary of definitions. The provisional minimal dataset will request information at time of patient diagnosis and during on-going prospective follow up. At time of patient diagnosis, information will be requested on patient demographics, diagnostic criteria and treatments given prior to diagnosis. During on-going prospective follow-up, variables will include the presence of active muscle or skin disease, major organ involvement or constitutional symptoms, investigations, treatment, physician global assessments and patient reported outcome measures. An internationally agreed minimal dataset has the potential to significantly enhance collaboration, allow effective communication between groups, provide a minimal standard of care and enable analysis of the largest possible number of JDM patients to provide a greater understanding of this disease. This preliminary dataset can now be developed into a consensus-approved minimum core dataset and tested in a wider setting with the aim of achieving international agreement.

Efficient data communication protocols for wireless networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeydan, Engin

In this dissertation, efficient decentralized algorithms are investigated for cost minimization problems in wireless networks. For wireless sensor networks, we investigate both the reduction in the energy consumption and throughput maximization problems separately using multi-hop data aggregation for correlated data in wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithms exploit data redundancy using a game theoretic framework. For energy minimization, routes are chosen to minimize the total energy expended by the network using best response dynamics to local data. The cost function used in routing takes into account distance, interference and in-network data aggregation. The proposed energy-efficient correlation-aware routing algorithm significantly reduces the energy consumption in the network and converges in a finite number of steps iteratively. For throughput maximization, we consider both the interference distribution across the network and correlation between forwarded data when establishing routes. Nodes along each route are chosen to minimize the interference impact in their neighborhood and to maximize the in-network data aggregation. The resulting network topology maximizes the global network throughput and the algorithm is guaranteed to converge with a finite number of steps using best response dynamics. For multiple antenna wireless ad-hoc networks, we present distributed cooperative and regret-matching based learning schemes for joint transmit beanformer and power level selection problem for nodes operating in multi-user interference environment. Total network transmit power is minimized while ensuring a constant received signal-to-interference and noise ratio at each receiver. In cooperative and regret-matching based power minimization algorithms, transmit beanformers are selected from a predefined codebook to minimize the total power. By selecting transmit beamformers judiciously and performing power adaptation, the cooperative algorithm is shown to converge to pure strategy Nash equilibrium with high probability throughout the iterations in the interference impaired network. On the other hand, the regret-matching learning algorithm is noncooperative and requires minimum amount of overhead. The proposed cooperative and regret-matching based distributed algorithms are also compared with centralized solutions through simulation results.

Determining the Minimal Required Radioactivity of 18F-FDG for Reliable Semiquantification in PET/CT Imaging: A Phantom Study.

PubMed

Chen, Ming-Kai; Menard, David H; Cheng, David W

2016-03-01

In pursuit of as-low-as-reasonably-achievable (ALARA) doses, this study investigated the minimal required radioactivity and corresponding imaging time for reliable semiquantification in PET/CT imaging. Using a phantom containing spheres of various diameters (3.4, 2.1, 1.5, 1.2, and 1.0 cm) filled with a fixed (18)F-FDG concentration of 165 kBq/mL and a background concentration of 23.3 kBq/mL, we performed PET/CT at multiple time points over 20 h of radioactive decay. The images were acquired for 10 min at a single bed position for each of 10 half-lives of decay using 3-dimensional list mode and were reconstructed into 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 10-min acquisitions per bed position using an ordered-subsets expectation maximum algorithm with 24 subsets and 2 iterations and a gaussian 2-mm filter. SUVmax and SUVavg were measured for each sphere. The minimal required activity (±10%) for precise SUVmax semiquantification in the spheres was 1.8 kBq/mL for an acquisition of 10 min, 3.7 kBq/mL for 3-5 min, 7.9 kBq/mL for 2 min, and 17.4 kBq/mL for 1 min. The minimal required activity concentration-acquisition time product per bed position was 10-15 kBq/mL⋅min for reproducible SUV measurements within the spheres without overestimation. Using the total radioactivity and counting rate from the entire phantom, we found that the minimal required total activity-time product was 17 MBq⋅min and the minimal required counting rate-time product was 100 kcps⋅min. Our phantom study determined a threshold for minimal radioactivity and acquisition time for precise semiquantification in (18)F-FDG PET imaging that can serve as a guide in pursuit of achieving ALARA doses. © 2016 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.

The environmental cost of subsistence: Optimizing diets to minimize footprints.

PubMed

Gephart, Jessica A; Davis, Kyle F; Emery, Kyle A; Leach, Allison M; Galloway, James N; Pace, Michael L

2016-05-15

The question of how to minimize monetary cost while meeting basic nutrient requirements (a subsistence diet) was posed by George Stigler in 1945. The problem, known as Stigler's diet problem, was famously solved using the simplex algorithm. Today, we are not only concerned with the monetary cost of food, but also the environmental cost. Efforts to quantify environmental impacts led to the development of footprint (FP) indicators. The environmental footprints of food production span multiple dimensions, including greenhouse gas emissions (carbon footprint), nitrogen release (nitrogen footprint), water use (blue and green water footprint) and land use (land footprint), and a diet minimizing one of these impacts could result in higher impacts in another dimension. In this study based on nutritional and population data for the United States, we identify diets that minimize each of these four footprints subject to nutrient constraints. We then calculate tradeoffs by taking the composition of each footprint's minimum diet and calculating the other three footprints. We find that diets for the minimized footprints tend to be similar for the four footprints, suggesting there are generally synergies, rather than tradeoffs, among low footprint diets. Plant-based food and seafood (fish and other aquatic foods) commonly appear in minimized diets and tend to most efficiently supply macronutrients and micronutrients, respectively. Livestock products rarely appear in minimized diets, suggesting these foods tend to be less efficient from an environmental perspective, even when nutrient content is considered. The results' emphasis on seafood is complicated by the environmental impacts of aquaculture versus capture fisheries, increasing in aquaculture, and shifting compositions of aquaculture feeds. While this analysis does not make specific diet recommendations, our approach demonstrates potential environmental synergies of plant- and seafood-based diets. As a result, this study provides a useful tool for decision-makers in linking human nutrition and environmental impacts. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Survey of Runners' Attitudes Toward and Experiences With Minimally Shod Running.

PubMed

Cohler, Marissa H; Casey, Ellen

2015-08-01

To investigate the characteristics, perceptions, motivating factors, experiences, and injury rates of runners who practice minimally shod running. Survey. web-based questionnaire. Five-hundred sixty-six members of the Chicago Area Runner's Association. A link to a 31-question online survey was e-mailed to members of Chicago Area Runner's Association. Questions covered demographic information, use of minimalist-style running shoes (MSRS), injury rates, and change in pain. Use of MSRS, occurrence or improvement of injury/pain, regions of injury/pain, reasons for or for not using MSRS. One-hundred seventy-five (31%) respondents had practiced minimally shod running, and the most common motivating factor was to decrease injuries and/or pain. Fifty-one respondents (29%) suffered an injury or pain while wearing MSRS, with the most common body part involved being the foot. Fifty-four respondents (31%) had an injury that improved after adopting minimally shod running; the most common area involved was the knee. One-hundred twenty respondents (69%) were still using MSRS. Of those who stopped using MSRS, the main reason was development of an injury or pain. The most common reason that respondents have not tried minimally shod running is a fear of developing an injury. This survey-based study demonstrated that the use of MSRS is common, largely as the result of a perception that they may reduce injuries or pain. Reductions and occurrences of injury/pain with minimally shod running were reported in approximately equal numbers. The most common site of reported injury/pain reduction was the knee, whereas the most common reported site of injury/pain occurrence was the foot. Fear of developing pain or injury is the most common reason runners are reluctant to try minimally shod running. Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Developing a provisional, international Minimal Dataset for Juvenile Dermatomyositis: for use in clinical practice to inform research

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare but severe autoimmune inflammatory myositis of childhood. International collaboration is essential in order to undertake clinical trials, understand the disease and improve long-term outcome. The aim of this study was to propose from existing collaborative initiatives a preliminary minimal dataset for JDM. This will form the basis of the future development of an international consensus-approved minimum core dataset to be used both in clinical care and inform research, allowing integration of data between centres. Methods A working group of internationally-representative JDM experts was formed to develop a provisional minimal dataset. Clinical and laboratory variables contained within current national and international collaborative databases of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies were scrutinised. Judgements were informed by published literature and a more detailed analysis of the Juvenile Dermatomyositis Cohort Biomarker Study and Repository, UK and Ireland. Results A provisional minimal JDM dataset has been produced, with an associated glossary of definitions. The provisional minimal dataset will request information at time of patient diagnosis and during on-going prospective follow up. At time of patient diagnosis, information will be requested on patient demographics, diagnostic criteria and treatments given prior to diagnosis. During on-going prospective follow-up, variables will include the presence of active muscle or skin disease, major organ involvement or constitutional symptoms, investigations, treatment, physician global assessments and patient reported outcome measures. Conclusions An internationally agreed minimal dataset has the potential to significantly enhance collaboration, allow effective communication between groups, provide a minimal standard of care and enable analysis of the largest possible number of JDM patients to provide a greater understanding of this disease. This preliminary dataset can now be developed into a consensus-approved minimum core dataset and tested in a wider setting with the aim of achieving international agreement. PMID:25075205

Minimization of reflection cracks in flexible pavements.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-01-01

This report describes the performance of fabrics used under overlays in an effort to minimize longitudinal and alligator cracking in flexible pavements. It is concluded, although the sample size is small, that the treatments will extend the pavement ...

Minimalism. Clip and Save.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hubbard, Guy

2002-01-01

Provides background information on the art movement called "Minimalism" discussing why it started and its characteristics. Includes learning activities and information on the artist, Donald Judd. Includes a reproduction of one of his art works and discusses its content. (CMK)

EPA WASTE MINIMIZATION RESEARCH PROGRAM: AN OVERVIEW

EPA Science Inventory

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a waste minimization research program within the Office of Research and Development's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory which is the primary contact for pollution prevention research efforts concentrating on source ...

Learning to cooperate without awareness in multiplayer minimal social situations.

PubMed

Colman, Andrew M; Pulford, Briony D; Omtzigt, David; al-Nowaihi, Ali

2010-11-01

Experimental and Monte Carlo methods were used to test theoretical predictions about adaptive learning of cooperative responses without awareness in minimal social situations-games in which the payoffs to players depend not on their own actions but exclusively on the actions of other group members. In Experiment 1, learning occurred slowly over 200 rounds in a dyadic minimal social situation but not in multiplayer groups. In Experiments 2-4, learning occurred rarely in multiplayer groups, even when players were informed that they were interacting strategically and were allowed to communicate with one another but were not aware of the game's payoff structure. Monte Carlo simulation suggested that players approach minimal social situations using a noisy version of the win-stay, lose-shift decision rule, deviating from the deterministic rule less frequently after rewarding than unrewarding rounds. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Crystal growth and annealing method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Gianoulakis, Steven E.; Sparrow, Robert

2001-01-01

A method and apparatus for producing crystals that minimizes birefringence even at large crystal sizes, and is suitable for production of CaF.sub.2 crystals. The method of the present invention comprises annealing a crystal by maintaining a minimal temperature gradient in the crystal while slowly reducing the bulk temperature of the crystal. An apparatus according to the present invention includes a thermal control system added to a crystal growth and annealing apparatus, wherein the thermal control system allows a temperature gradient during crystal growth but minimizes the temperature gradient during crystal annealing. An embodiment of the present invention comprises a secondary heater incorporated into a conventional crystal growth and annealing apparatus. The secondary heater supplies heat to minimize the temperature gradients in the crystal during the annealing process. The secondary heater can mount near the bottom of the crucible to effectively maintain appropriate temperature gradients.

Internalization of fresh produce by foodborne pathogens.

PubMed

Erickson, Marilyn C

2012-01-01

Recent studies addressing the internalization of fresh produce by foodborne pathogens arose in response to the growing number of recent and high profile outbreaks involving fresh produce. Because chemical sanitizing agents used during harvest and minimal processing are unlikely to reach enteric pathogens residing within plant tissue, it is imperative that paths for pathogen entry be recognized and minimized. Using both microscopy and microbial enumeration tools, enteric pathogens have been shown to enter plant tissues through both natural apertures (stomata, lateral junctions of roots, flowers) and damaged (wounds, cut surfaces) tissue. In studies revealing preharvest internalization via plant roots or leaf stomata, experimental conditions have primarily involved exposure of plants to high pathogen concentrations (≥ 6 log g⁻¹ soil or 6 log ml⁻¹ water), but those pathogens internalized appear to have short-term persistence. Postharvest internalization of pathogens via cut surfaces may be minimized by maintaining effective levels of sanitizing agents in waters during harvesting and minimal processing.

Attaining minimally disruptive medicine: context, challenges and a roadmap for implementation.

PubMed

Shippee, N D; Allen, S V; Leppin, A L; May, C R; Montori, V M

2015-01-01

In this second of two papers on minimally disruptive medicine, we use the language of patient workload and patient capacity from the Cumulative Complexity Model to accomplish three tasks. First, we outline the current context in healthcare, comprised of contrasting problems: some people lack access to care and others receive too much care in an overmedicalised system, both of which reflect imbalances between patients' workloads and their capacity. Second, we identify and address five tensions and challenges between minimally disruptive medicine, the existing context, and other approaches to accessible and patient-centred care such as evidence-based medicine and greater patient engagement. Third, we outline a roadmap of three strategies toward implementing minimally disruptive medicine in practice, including large-scale paradigm shifts, mid-level add-ons to existing reform efforts, and a modular strategy using an existing 'toolkit' that is more limited in scope, but can fit into existing healthcare systems.

Relativized problems with abelian phase group in topological dynamics.

PubMed

McMahon, D

1976-04-01

Let (X, T) be the equicontinuous minimal transformation group with X = pi(infinity)Z(2), the Cantor group, and S = [unk](infinity)Z(2) endowed with the discrete topology acting on X by right multiplication. For any countable group T we construct a function F:X x S --> T such that if (Y, T) is a minimal transformation group, then (X x Y, S) is a minimal transformation group with the action defined by (x, y)s = [xs, yF(x, s)]. If (W, T) is a minimal transformation group and varphi:(Y, T) --> (W, T) is a homomorphism, then identity x varphi:(X x Y, S) --> (X x W, S) is a homomorphism and has many of the same properties that varphi has. For this reason, one may assume that the phase group is abelian (or S) without loss of generality for many relativized problems in topological dynamics.

Subsite mapping of enzymes. Depolymerase computer modelling.

PubMed Central

Allen, J D; Thoma, J A

1976-01-01

We have developed a depolymerase computer model that uses a minimization routine. The model is designed so that, given experimental bond-cleavage frequencies for oligomeric substrates and experimental Michaelis parameters as a function of substrate chain length, the optimum subsite map is generated. The minimized sum of the weighted-squared residuals of the experimental and calculated data is used as a criterion of the goodness-of-fit for the optimized subsite map. The application of the minimization procedure to subsite mapping is explored through the use of simulated data. A procedure is developed whereby the minimization model can be used to determine the number of subsites in the enzymic binding region and to locate the position of the catalytic amino acids among these subsites. The degree of propagation of experimental variance into the subsite-binding energies is estimated. The question of whether hydrolytic rate coefficients are constant or a function of the number of filled subsites is examined. PMID:999629

A comparison of hybrid coronary revascularization and off-pump coronary revascularization.

PubMed

Umakanthan, Ramanan; Leacche, Marzia; Gallion, Anna H; Byrne, John G

2013-04-01

Minimally invasive approaches to treat vascular disease have been accruing significant popularity over the last several decades. Due to progressive advances in technology, a variety of techniques are being now utilized in the field of cardiovascular surgery. The objectives of minimally invasive techniques are to curtail operative trauma and minimize perioperative morbidity without decreasing the quality of the treatment. The standard surgical approach for the treatment of coronary artery disease has traditionally been coronary artery bypass grafting surgery via median sternotomy. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery offers a less invasive alternative and enables coronary revascularization to be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. Hybrid coronary revascularization offers an even less invasive option in which minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass can be combined with percutaneous coronary intervention. In this article, the authors review a recent publication comparing hybrid coronary revascularization and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Minimal position-velocity uncertainty wave packets in relativistic and non-relativistic quantum mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Hashimi, M. H.; Wiese, U.-J.

2009-12-01

We consider wave packets of free particles with a general energy-momentum dispersion relation E(p). The spreading of the wave packet is determined by the velocity v=∂pE. The position-velocity uncertainty relation ΔxΔv⩾12|<∂p2E>| is saturated by minimal uncertainty wave packets Φ(p)=Aexp(-αE(p)+βp). In addition to the standard minimal Gaussian wave packets corresponding to the non-relativistic dispersion relation E(p)=p2/2m, analytic calculations are presented for the spreading of wave packets with minimal position-velocity uncertainty product for the lattice dispersion relation E(p)=-cos(pa)/ma2 as well as for the relativistic dispersion relation E(p)=p2+m2. The boost properties of moving relativistic wave packets as well as the propagation of wave packets in an expanding Universe are also discussed.

Inhomogeneous Jacobi equation for minimal surfaces and perturbative change in holographic entanglement entropy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghosh, Avirup; Mishra, Rohit

2018-04-01

The change in holographic entanglement entropy (HEE) for small fluctuations about pure anti-de Sitter (AdS) is obtained by a perturbative expansion of the area functional in terms of the change in the bulk metric and the embedded extremal surface. However it is known that change in the embedding appears at second order or higher. It was shown that these changes in the embedding can be calculated in the 2 +1 dimensional case by solving a "generalized geodesic deviation equation." We generalize this result to arbitrary dimensions by deriving an inhomogeneous form of the Jacobi equation for minimal surfaces. The solutions of this equation map a minimal surface in a given space time to a minimal surface in a space time which is a perturbation over the initial space time. Using this we perturbatively calculate the changes in HEE up to second order for boosted black brane like perturbations over AdS4.

Responsible gambling: general principles and minimal requirements.

PubMed

Blaszczynski, Alex; Collins, Peter; Fong, Davis; Ladouceur, Robert; Nower, Lia; Shaffer, Howard J; Tavares, Hermano; Venisse, Jean-Luc

2011-12-01

Many international jurisdictions have introduced responsible gambling programs. These programs intend to minimize negative consequences of excessive gambling, but vary considerably in their aims, focus, and content. Many responsible gambling programs lack a conceptual framework and, in the absence of empirical data, their components are based only on general considerations and impressions. This paper outlines the consensus viewpoint of an international group of researchers suggesting fundamental responsible gambling principles, roles of key stakeholders, and minimal requirements that stakeholders can use to frame and inform responsible gambling programs across jurisdictions. Such a framework does not purport to offer value statements regarding the legal status of gambling or its expansion. Rather, it proposes gambling-related initiatives aimed at government, industry, and individuals to promote responsible gambling and consumer protection. This paper argues that there is a set of basic principles and minimal requirements that should form the basis for every responsible gambling program.

Minimally invasive esthetic therapy: a case report describing the advantages of a multidisciplinary approach.

PubMed

Pinto, Rodrigo Carlos; Chambrone, Leandro; Colombini, Bella Luna; Ishikiriama, Sérgio Kiyoshi; Britto, Isabella Maria; Romito, Giuseppe Alexandre

2013-05-01

The decision-making process for the treatment of esthetic areas is based on the achievement of a healthy, harmonious, and pleasant smile. These conditions are directly associated with a solid knowledge of tooth anatomy and proportions, as well as the smile line, soft tissue morphology, and osseous architecture. To achieve these objectives, a multidisciplinary approach may be necessary to create long-term harmony between the final restoration and the adjacent teeth, and the health of the surrounding soft and hard tissues. This case report describes the application of a minimally invasive therapy on a 33-year-old woman seeking esthetic treatment. Minimally invasive periodontal plastic surgery associated with porcelain laminate veneers yielded satisfactory esthetics and minimal trauma to dental and periodontal tissues. Such a combined approach may be considered a viable option for the improvement of "white" and "red" esthetics.

Quasiprobability Representations of Quantum Mechanics with Minimal Negativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Huangjun

2016-09-01

Quasiprobability representations, such as the Wigner function, play an important role in various research areas. The inevitable appearance of negativity in such representations is often regarded as a signature of nonclassicality, which has profound implications for quantum computation. However, little is known about the minimal negativity that is necessary in general quasiprobability representations. Here we focus on a natural class of quasiprobability representations that is distinguished by simplicity and economy. We introduce three measures of negativity concerning the representations of quantum states, unitary transformations, and quantum channels, respectively. Quite surprisingly, all three measures lead to the same representations with minimal negativity, which are in one-to-one correspondence with the elusive symmetric informationally complete measurements. In addition, most representations with minimal negativity are automatically covariant with respect to the Heisenberg-Weyl groups. Furthermore, our study reveals an interesting tradeoff between negativity and symmetry in quasiprobability representations.