40 CFR 1060.240 - How do I demonstrate that my emission family complies with evaporative emission standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... vibration or changing temperature. The canister must have a minimum working capacity as follows: (i) You may... whole carbon bed. The carbon must have a minimum carbon working capacity of 90 grams per liter. (f) We...

40 CFR 1060.240 - How do I demonstrate that my emission family complies with evaporative emission standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vibration or changing temperature. The canister must have a minimum working capacity as follows: (i) You may... whole carbon bed. The carbon must have a minimum carbon working capacity of 90 grams per liter. (f) We...

Measurement of gaseous emissions from an afterburning turbojet engine at simulated altitude conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diehl, L. A.

1973-01-01

Gaseous emissions from a J85-GE-13 turbojet engine were measured over a range of fuel-air ratios from idle to full afterburning and simulated altitudes from near sea-level to 12,800 meters (42,000 ft). Without afterburning, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were highest at idle and lowest at takeoff; oxides of nitrogen exhibited the reverse trend. With afterburning, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were greater than for military power. Carbon monoxide emissions were altitude dependent. Oxides of nitrogen emissions were less at minimum afterburning than at military power. For power levels above minimum afterburning, the oxides of nitrogen emissions were both power level and altitude dependent.

Optimization of Location-Routing Problem for Cold Chain Logistics Considering Carbon Footprint.

PubMed

Wang, Songyi; Tao, Fengming; Shi, Yuhe

2018-01-06

In order to solve the optimization problem of logistics distribution system for fresh food, this paper provides a low-carbon and environmental protection point of view, based on the characteristics of perishable products, and combines with the overall optimization idea of cold chain logistics distribution network, where the green and low-carbon location-routing problem (LRP) model in cold chain logistics is developed with the minimum total costs as the objective function, which includes carbon emission costs. A hybrid genetic algorithm with heuristic rules is designed to solve the model, and an example is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. Furthermore, the simulation results obtained by a practical numerical example show the applicability of the model while provide green and environmentally friendly location-distribution schemes for the cold chain logistics enterprise. Finally, carbon tax policies are introduced to analyze the impact of carbon tax on the total costs and carbon emissions, which proves that carbon tax policy can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions in cold chain logistics network.

Minimum Fisher regularization of image reconstruction for infrared imaging bolometer on HL-2A

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, J. M.; Liu, Y.; Li, W.

2013-09-15

An infrared imaging bolometer diagnostic has been developed recently for the HL-2A tokamak to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of plasma radiation. The three-dimensional tomography, reduced to a two-dimensional problem by the assumption of plasma radiation toroidal symmetry, has been performed. A three-dimensional geometry matrix is calculated with the one-dimensional pencil beam approximation. The solid angles viewed by the detector elements are taken into account in defining the chord brightness. And the local plasma emission is obtained by inverting the measured brightness with the minimum Fisher regularization method. A typical HL-2A plasma radiation model was chosen to optimize amore » regularization parameter on the criterion of generalized cross validation. Finally, this method was applied to HL-2A experiments, demonstrating the plasma radiated power density distribution in limiter and divertor discharges.« less

Infrared emission from the supernova remnant Puppis A: Dust and gas parameters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arendt, Richard G.; Dwek, Eli; Petre, R

1989-01-01

The infrared (IR) spectra of collisionally heated dust at several regions across the supernova remnant (SNR) Puppis A were modelled. Through the comparison of the actual and model spectra, the possible range of gas density and temperature within these areas was narrowed down. From the models, information on the minimum and maximum dust grain sizes and the amount of sputtering which has occurred was found. Finally the mass of gas and dust, the IR luminosity, the effective thickness, and the length of time since the dust was swept up by the SNR were derived for these regions.

76 FR 20536 - Protocol Gas Verification Program and Minimum Competency Requirements for Air Emission Testing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-13

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 75 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0837; FRL-9280-9] RIN 2060-AQ06 Protocol Gas Verification Program and Minimum Competency Requirements for Air Emission Testing Correction In rule document 2011-6216 appearing on pages 17288-17325 in the issue of Monday, March 28, 2011...

40 CFR 60.1750 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1750 Section 60.1750 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 1999 Model Rule-Continuous Emission Monitoring § 60.1750 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data... only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

40 CFR 60.1750 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1750 Section 60.1750 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 1999 Model Rule-Continuous Emission Monitoring § 60.1750 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data... only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

40 CFR 60.1750 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1750 Section 60.1750 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 1999 Model Rule-Continuous Emission Monitoring § 60.1750 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data... only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

40 CFR 60.1260 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1260 Section 60.1260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Monitoring § 60.1260 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission..., nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

40 CFR 60.1260 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1260 Section 60.1260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Monitoring § 60.1260 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission..., nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

40 CFR 60.1260 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirement enforceable? 60.1260 Section 60.1260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Monitoring § 60.1260 What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission..., nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the...

77 FR 58707 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-21

... Gaming Commission 25 CFR Part 543 Minimum Internal Control Standards; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal Register... Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) amends its minimum internal control standards for Class II gaming...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Davis, Ryan

The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of themore » biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE -1). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE -1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.« less

Study on multimodal transport route under low carbon background

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lele; Liu, Jie

2018-06-01

Low-carbon environmental protection is the focus of attention around the world, scientists are constantly researching on production of carbon emissions and living carbon emissions. However, there is little literature about multimodal transportation based on carbon emission at home and abroad. Firstly, this paper introduces the theory of multimodal transportation, the multimodal transport models that didn't consider carbon emissions and consider carbon emissions are analyzed. On this basis, a multi-objective programming 0-1 programming model with minimum total transportation cost and minimum total carbon emission is proposed. The idea of weight is applied to Ideal point method for solving problem, multi-objective programming is transformed into a single objective function. The optimal solution of carbon emission to transportation cost under different weights is determined by a single objective function with variable weights. Based on the model and algorithm, an example is given and the results are analyzed.

Optimization of Location–Routing Problem for Cold Chain Logistics Considering Carbon Footprint

PubMed Central

Wang, Songyi; Tao, Fengming; Shi, Yuhe

2018-01-01

In order to solve the optimization problem of logistics distribution system for fresh food, this paper provides a low-carbon and environmental protection point of view, based on the characteristics of perishable products, and combines with the overall optimization idea of cold chain logistics distribution network, where the green and low-carbon location–routing problem (LRP) model in cold chain logistics is developed with the minimum total costs as the objective function, which includes carbon emission costs. A hybrid genetic algorithm with heuristic rules is designed to solve the model, and an example is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. Furthermore, the simulation results obtained by a practical numerical example show the applicability of the model while provide green and environmentally friendly location-distribution schemes for the cold chain logistics enterprise. Finally, carbon tax policies are introduced to analyze the impact of carbon tax on the total costs and carbon emissions, which proves that carbon tax policy can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions in cold chain logistics network. PMID:29316639

Aberrations in stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antonello, Jacopo; Burke, Daniel; Booth, Martin J.

2017-12-01

Like all methods of super-resolution microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy can suffer from the effects of aberrations. The most important aspect of a STED microscope is that the depletion focus maintains a minimum, ideally zero, intensity point that is surrounded by a region of higher intensity. It follows that aberrations that cause a non-zero value of this minimum intensity are the most detrimental, as they inhibit fluorescence emission even at the centre of the depletion focus. We present analysis that elucidates the nature of these effects in terms of the different polarisation components at the focus for two-dimensional and three-dimensional STED resolution enhancement. It is found that only certain low-order aberration modes can affect the minimum intensity at the Gaussian focus. This has important consequences for the design of adaptive optics aberration correction systems.

40 CFR 80.91 - Individual baseline determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...—6.45 Exhaust benzene emissions, complex model—33.03 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase I—50.67 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase II—104.5 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase I—714.4 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase II—1461. mg/mile (d) Data collection and testing requirements—(1) Minimum sampling...

40 CFR 80.91 - Individual baseline determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...—6.45 Exhaust benzene emissions, complex model—33.03 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase I—50.67 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase II—104.5 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase I—714.4 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase II—1461. mg/mile (d) Data collection and testing requirements—(1) Minimum sampling...

40 CFR 80.91 - Individual baseline determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...—6.45 Exhaust benzene emissions, complex model—33.03 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase I—50.67 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase II—104.5 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase I—714.4 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase II—1461. mg/mile (d) Data collection and testing requirements—(1) Minimum sampling...

40 CFR 80.91 - Individual baseline determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...—6.45 Exhaust benzene emissions, complex model—33.03 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase I—50.67 mg/mile Exhaust toxics emissions, Phase II—104.5 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase I—714.4 mg/mile NOX emissions, Phase II—1461. mg/mile (d) Data collection and testing requirements—(1) Minimum sampling...

76 FR 78141 - Pilot, Flight Instructor, and Pilot School Certification; Technical Amendment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-16

... command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR. Finally, this... pilot in command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR. Under... command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR. In the 2009 final...

The Remarkable Afterglow of GRB 061007: Implications for Optical Flashes and GRB Fireballs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mundell, C. G.; Melandri, A.; Guidorzi, C.; Kobayashi, S.; Steele, I. A.; Malesani, D.; Amati, L.; D'Avanzo, P.; Bersier, D. F.; Gomboc, A.; Rol, E.; Bode, M. F.; Carter, D.; Mottram, C. J.; Monfardini, A.; Smith, R. J.; Malhotra, S.; Wang, J.; Bannister, N.; O'Brien, P. T.; Tanvir, N. R.

2007-05-01

We present a multiwavelength analysis of Swift GRB 061007. The 2 m robotic Faulkes Telescope South began observing 137 s after the onset of the γ-ray emission, when the optical counterpart was already decaying from R~10.3 mag, and continued observing for the next 5.5 hr. These observations begin during the final γ-ray flare and continue through and beyond a long, soft tail of γ-ray emission whose flux shows an underlying simple power-law decay identical to that seen at optical and X-ray wavelengths, with temporal slope α~1.7 (F~t-α). This remarkably simple decay in all of these bands is rare for Swift bursts, which often show much more complex light curves. We suggest the afterglow emission begins as early as 30-100 s and is contemporaneous with the ongoing variable prompt emission from the central engine, but originates from a physically distinct region dominated by the forward shock. The observed multiwavelength evolution of GRB 061007 is explained by an expanding fireball whose optical, X-ray, and late-time γ-ray emission is dominated by emission from a forward shock with typical synchrotron frequency, νm, that is already below the optical band as early as t=137 s and a cooling frequency, νc, above the X-ray band to at least t=105 s. In contrast, the typical frequency of the reverse shock lies in the radio band at early time. We suggest that the unexpected lack of bright optical flashes from the majority of Swift GRBs may be explained with a low νm originating from small microphysics parameters, ɛe and ɛB. Finally, the optical light curves imply a minimum jet opening angle θ=4.7deg, and no X-ray jet break before t~106 s makes GRB 061007 a secure outlier to spectral energy correlations.

Shared responsibility payment for not maintaining minimum essential coverage. Final regulations.

PubMed

2013-08-30

This document contains final regulations on the requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage enacted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, as amended by the TRICARE Affirmation Act and Public Law 111-173. These final regulations provide guidance to individual taxpayers on the liability under section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code for the shared responsibility payment for not maintaining minimum essential coverage and largely finalize the rules in the notice of proposed rulemaking published in the Federal Register on February 1, 2013.

Optimizing congestion and emissions via tradable credit charge and reward scheme without initial credit allocations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Wenlong; Ma, Shoufeng; Tian, Junfang

2017-01-01

This paper investigates the revenue-neutral tradable credit charge and reward scheme without initial credit allocations that can reassign network traffic flow patterns to optimize congestion and emissions. First, we prove the existence of the proposed schemes and further decentralize the minimum emission flow pattern to user equilibrium. Moreover, we design the solving method of the proposed credit scheme for minimum emission problem. Second, we investigate the revenue-neutral tradable credit charge and reward scheme without initial credit allocations for bi-objectives to obtain the Pareto system optimum flow patterns of congestion and emissions; and present the corresponding solutions are located in the polyhedron constituted by some inequalities and equalities system. Last, numerical example based on a simple traffic network is adopted to obtain the proposed credit schemes and verify they are revenue-neutral.

40 CFR 62.15205 - What minimum amount of monitoring data must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is this requirement enforceable? 62... with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is this requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure the...

40 CFR 62.15205 - What minimum amount of monitoring data must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is this requirement enforceable? 62... with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is this requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure the...

40 CFR 60.2942 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection... with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure...

40 CFR 60.3041 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection... collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages...

40 CFR 60.3041 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection... collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages...

40 CFR 60.2942 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection... with my continuous emission monitoring systems, and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure...

Minimum essential coverage and other rules regarding the shared responsibility payment for individuals. Final regulations.

PubMed

2014-11-26

This document contains final regulations relating to the requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage enacted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, as amended by the TRICARE Affirmation Act and Public Law 111-173 (collectively, the Affordable Care Act). These final regulations provide individual taxpayers with guidance under section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code on the requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage and rules governing certain types of exemptions from that requirement.

Economic implications of incorporating emission controls to mitigate air pollutants emitted from a modeled hydrocarbon-fuel biorefinery in the United States

DOE PAGES

Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Davis, Ryan; ...

2016-07-15

The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of themore » biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE -1). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE -1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.« less

ALMA and VLA observations of emission from the environment of Sgr A*

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yusef-Zadeh, F.; Schödel, R.; Wardle, M.; Bushouse, H.; Cotton, W.; Royster, M. J.; Kunneriath, D.; Roberts, D. A.; Gallego-Cano, E.

2017-10-01

We present 44 and 226 GHz observations of the Galactic Centre within 20 arcsec of Sgr A*. Millimetre continuum emission at 226 GHz is detected from eight stars that have previously been identified at near-IR and radio wavelengths. We also detect a 5.8 mJy source at 226 GHz coincident with the magnetar SGR J1745-29 located 2.39 arcsec SE of Sgr A* and identify a new 2.5 arcsec × 1.5 arcsec halo of mm emission centred on Sgr A*. The X-ray emission from this halo has been detected previously and is interpreted in terms of a radiatively inefficient accretion flow. The mm halo surrounds an EW linear feature that appears to arise from Sgr A* and coincides with the diffuse X-ray emission and a minimum in the near-IR extinction. We argue that the millimetre emission is produced by synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons in equipartition with an ˜1.5 mG magnetic field. The origin of this is unclear but its coexistence with hot gas supports scenarios in which the gas is produced by the interaction of winds either from the fast moving S-stars, the photoevaporation of low-mass YSO discs or by a jet-driven outflow from Sgr A*. The spatial anti-correlation of the X-ray, radio and mm emission from the halo and the low near-IR extinction provides a compelling evidence of an outflow sweeping up the interstellar material, creating a dust cavity within 2 arcsec of Sgr A*. Finally, the radio and mm counterparts to eight near-IR identified stars within ˜10 arcsec of Sgr A* provide accurate astrometry to determine the positional shift between the peak emission at 44 and 226 GHz.

40 CFR 265.1090 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... applicable to the facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information... the operating record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation... explain: How use of the required air emission controls on the tanks would affect the tank design features...

40 CFR 265.1090 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... applicable to the facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information... the operating record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation... explain: How use of the required air emission controls on the tanks would affect the tank design features...

40 CFR 265.1090 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applicable to the facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information... the operating record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation... explain: How use of the required air emission controls on the tanks would affect the tank design features...

SphinX Measurements of the 2009 Solar Minimum X-Ray Emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sylwester, J.; Kowalinski, M.; Gburek, S.; Siarkowski, M.; Kuzin, S.; Farnik, F.; Reale, F.; Phillips, K. J. H.; Bakała, J.; Gryciuk, M.; Podgorski, P.; Sylwester, B.

2012-06-01

The SphinX X-ray spectrophotometer on the CORONAS-PHOTON spacecraft measured soft X-ray emission in the 1-15 keV energy range during the deep solar minimum of 2009 with a sensitivity much greater than GOES. Several intervals are identified when the X-ray flux was exceptionally low, and the flux and solar X-ray luminosity are estimated. Spectral fits to the emission at these times give temperatures of 1.7-1.9 MK and emission measures between 4 × 1047 cm-3 and 1.1 × 1048 cm-3. Comparing SphinX emission with that from the Hinode X-ray Telescope, we deduce that most of the emission is from general coronal structures rather than confined features like bright points. For one of 27 intervals of exceptionally low activity identified in the SphinX data, the Sun's X-ray luminosity in an energy range roughly extrapolated to that of ROSAT (0.1-2.4 keV) was less than most nearby K and M dwarfs.

40 CFR 75.72 - Determination of NOX mass emissions for common stack and multiple stack configurations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the affected units as the difference between NOX mass emissions measured in the common stack and NOX... emissions using the maximum potential NOX emission rate, the maximum potential flow rate, and either the maximum potential CO2 concentration or the minimum potential O2 concentration (as applicable). The maximum...

40 CFR 60.1750 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection... I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages...

40 CFR 60.1750 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection... I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages...

THE CHROMOSPHERIC SOLAR MILLIMETER-WAVE CAVITY ORIGINATES IN THE TEMPERATURE MINIMUM REGION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

De la Luz, Victor; Raulin, Jean-Pierre; Lara, Alejandro

2013-01-10

We present a detailed theoretical analysis of the local radio emission at the lower part of the solar atmosphere. To accomplish this, we have used a numerical code to simulate the emission and transport of high-frequency electromagnetic waves from 2 GHz up to 10 THz. As initial conditions, we used VALC, SEL05, and C7 solar chromospheric models. In this way, the generated synthetic spectra allow us to study the local emission and absorption processes with high resolution in both altitude and frequency. Associated with the temperature minimum predicted by these models, we found that the local optical depth at millimetermore » wavelengths remains constant, producing an optically thin layer that is surrounded by two layers of high local emission. We call this structure the Chromospheric Solar Millimeter-wave Cavity (CSMC). The temperature profile, which features temperature minimum layers and a subsequent temperature rise, produces the CSMC phenomenon. The CSMC shows the complexity of the relation between the theoretical temperature profile and the observed brightness temperature and may help us to understand the dispersion of the observed brightness temperature in the millimeter wavelength range.« less

Municipal sludge composting facility emissions -- comparison of wet scrubber and biofiltration control performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holzman, M.I.; Gammie, L.A.; Gilbert, P.E.

1997-12-31

The Metropolitan District (MDC) Water Pollution Control Plant located in Hartford, Connecticut operates a state-of-the-art composting facility to process municipal sewage sludge. An air emissions test program was performed to determine emission rates of criteria and non-criteria pollutants and to evaluate the performance of two types of emissions/odor control systems (biofiltration and wet scrubbing). The purpose of this report is to further the limited available emissions and control performance data on a municipal sewage sludge composting facility operation. The MDC`s sludge composting facility consists of a Biocell train and a Cure Cell train, each of which can currently receive approximatelymore » 20 wet tons per hour of sludge at 60% of full capacity. The minimum retention time in each train is 10.5 days. Air emissions from the Biocell train are treated by both a biofiltration system and a three-stage wet scrubber system. The biofilter and wet scrubber system operate in parallel, so as to allow direct comparison of performance. Emissions from the Cure Cell train are treated by a single biofiltration system. The wet scrubber system consists of a first stage reducing absorber (ammonia solution), followed by a second stage oxidation absorber (sodium hypochlorite and sulfuric acid), and a final residual scrubber (sodium hydroxide solution). The two biofiltration systems are identically sized at 10,000 square feet surface area and three feet depth. The emissions testing program was designed to obtain simultaneous inlet and outlet data across each control device. The measured pollutants included organo-sulfides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, pinenes, terpenes, total reduced sulfur compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds.« less

40 CFR 89.109 - Maintenance instructions and minimum allowable maintenance intervals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Turbocharger. (iii) Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and actuators. (iv) Particulate... emission control and whose function is not integral to the design and performance of the engine). (d... once before the low-hour emission test point. Any other engine, emission control system, or fuel system...

40 CFR 89.109 - Maintenance instructions and minimum allowable maintenance intervals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Turbocharger. (iii) Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and actuators. (iv) Particulate... emission control and whose function is not integral to the design and performance of the engine). (d... once before the low-hour emission test point. Any other engine, emission control system, or fuel system...

40 CFR 89.109 - Maintenance instructions and minimum allowable maintenance intervals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Turbocharger. (iii) Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and actuators. (iv) Particulate... emission control and whose function is not integral to the design and performance of the engine). (d... once before the low-hour emission test point. Any other engine, emission control system, or fuel system...

The extended atmosphere of Lambda Pavonis at the time of the emergence of H-emissions from minimum intensity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sahade, Jorge; Rovira, Marta; Ringuelet, Adela E.; Kondo, Yoji; Cidale, Lydia

1988-01-01

A study of the Be star Lambda Pavonis, particularly of the changes in the Balmer discontinuity in the interval 1949-1982, is presented. Nearly simultaneous observations carried out with the ESO 1.5 m reflector at La Silla and with the IUE satellite correspond to an epoch when the H emission is starting to increase intensity immediately after having reached its minimum strength. These observations suggest the presence of four distinct regions of line formation, with the material moving outward in the transition region.

Is the Ejecta of ETA Carinae Overabundant or Overexcited

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gull, Theodore; Davidson, Kris; Johansson, Sveneric; Damineli, Augusto; Ishibashi, Kaxunori; Corcoran, Michael; Hartman, Henrick; Viera, Gladys; Nielsen, Krister

2003-01-01

The ejecta of Eta Carinae, revealed by HST/STIS, are in a large range of physical conditions. As Eta Carinae undergoes a 5.52 period, changes occur in nebular emission and nebular absorption. "Warm" neutral regions, partially ionized regions, and fully ionized regions undergo significant changes. Over 2000 emission lines, most of Fe-like elements, have been indentified in the Weigelt blobs B and D. Over 500 emission lines have been indentified in the Strontium Filament. An ionized Little Homunculus is nestled within the neutral-shelled Homunculus. In line of sight, over 500 nebular absorption lines have been identified with up to twenty velocity components. STIS is following changes in many nebular emission and absorption lines as Eta Carinae approaches the minimum, predicted to be in June/July 2003, during the General Assembly. Coordinated observations with HST, CHANDRA, RXTE, FUSE, UVES/VLT, Gemini and other observatories are following this minimum.

The 2014 X-Ray Minimum of Eta Carinae as Seen by Swift

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corcoran, M. F.; Liburd, J.; Morris, D.; Russell, C. M. P.; Hamaguchi, K.; Gull, T. R.; Madura, T. I.; Teodoro, M.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Richardson, N. D.

2017-01-01

We report on Swift X-ray Telescope observations of Eta Carinae ( Car), an extremely massive, long-period, highly eccentric binary obtained during the 2014.6 X-ray minimumperiastron passage. These observations show that Car may have been particularly bright in X-rays going into the X-ray minimum state, while the duration of the 2014 X-ray minimum was intermediate between the extended minima seen in 1998.0 and 2003.5 by Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), and the shorter minimum in 2009.0. The hardness ratios derived from the Swift observations showed a relatively smooth increase to a peak value occurring 40.5 days after the start of the X-ray minimum, though these observations cannot reliably measure the X-ray hardness during the deepest part of the X-ray minimum when contamination by the central constant emission component is significant. By comparing the timings of the RXTE and Swift observations near the X-ray minima, we derive an updated X-ray period of P X equals 2023.7 +/- 0.7 days, in good agreement with periods derived from observations at other wavelengths, and we compare the X-ray changes with variations in the He ii lambda 4686 emission. The middle of the Deep Minimum interval, as defined by the Swift column density variations, is in good agreement with the time of periastron passage derived from the He ii 4686 line variations.

On-Site Incineration of Contaminated Soil: A Study into U.S. Navy Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

venturi scrubber Minimum water flow rate and p1l to absorber Minimum water/alkaline reagent flow to dry scrubber Minimum particulate scrubber blowdown...remove hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide from flue gases using, for example, wet scrubbers and limestone adsorption towers, respectively. Modified...Reagent preparation 8) Bllending 26) Fugitive emission control 9) Pretreatment 27) Scrubber liquid cooling 10) Blended and pretreated solid waste

40 CFR 63.9890 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... each emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart that applies to you. (b) For each wet scrubber applied... average pressure drop and scrubber liquid flow rate at or above the minimum level established during the...

40 CFR 63.9890 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... each emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart that applies to you. (b) For each wet scrubber applied... average pressure drop and scrubber liquid flow rate at or above the minimum level established during the...

75 FR 38423 - Minimum Levels of Financial Responsibility for Motor Carriers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-02

... No. FMCSA-2006-26262] RIN 2126-AB05 Minimum Levels of Financial Responsibility for Motor Carriers... amends its regulations concerning minimum levels of financial responsibility for motor carriers to allow... principal place of business. This final rule does not change the required minimum levels of financial...

Three Essays In and Tests of Theoretical Urban Economics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Weihua

This dissertation consists of three essays on urban economics. The three essays are related to urban spatial structure change, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and housing redevelopment. Chapter 1 answers the question: Does the classic Standard Urban Model still describe the growth of cities? Chapter 2 derives the implications of telework on urban spatial structure, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 3 investigates the long run effects of minimum lot size zoning on neighborhood redevelopment. Chapter 1 identifies a new implication of the classic Standard Urban Model, the "unitary elasticity property (UEP)", which is the sum of the elasticity of central density and the elasticity of land area with respect to population change is approximately equal to unity. When this implication of the SUM is tested, it fits US cities fairly well. Further analysis demonstrates that topographic barriers and age of housing stock are the key factors explaining deviation from the UEP. Chapter 2 develops a numerical urban simulation model with households that are able to telework to investigate the urban form, congestion, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission implications of telework. Simulation results suggest that by reducing transportation costs, telework causes sprawl, with associated longer commutes and consumption of larger homes, both of which increase energy consumption. Overall effects depend on who captures the gains from telework (workers versus firms), urban land use regulation such as height limits or greenbelts, and the fraction of workers participating in telework. The net effects of telework on energy use and GHG emissions are generally negligible. Chapter 3 applies dynamic programming to investigate the long run effects of minimum lot size zoning on neighborhood redevelopment. With numerical simulation, comparative dynamic results show that minimum lot size zoning can delay initial land conversion and slow down demolition and housing redevelopment. Initially, minimum lot size zoning is not binding. However, as city grows, it becomes binding and can effectively distort housing supply. It can lower both floor area ratio and residential density, and reduce aggregate housing supply. Overall, minimum lot size zoning can stabilize the path of structure/land ratios, housing service levels, structure density, and housing prices. In addition, minimum lot size zoning provides more incentive for developer to maintain the building, slow structure deterioration, and raise the minimum level of housing services provided over the life cycle of development.

40 CFR 600.010-08 - Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... data requirements. 600.010-08 Section 600.010-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... requirements and minimum data requirements. (a) Unless otherwise exempted from specific emission compliance... applicable): (1) The manufacturer shall generate FTP fuel economy data by testing according to the applicable...

40 CFR 60.2942 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you do not obtain the..., calibration checks, or zero and span checks keep you from collecting the minimum amount of data. ...

40 CFR 600.010 - Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements. 600.010 Section 600.010 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES General...

40 CFR 600.010 - Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements. 600.010 Section 600.010 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES General...

40 CFR 600.010 - Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Vehicle test requirements and minimum data requirements. 600.010 Section 600.010 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES General...

40 CFR 60.1260 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection... monitoring systems and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure the averages for sulfur dioxide...

40 CFR 60.1260 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission monitoring systems and is the data collection... monitoring systems and is the data collection requirement enforceable? (a) Where continuous emission monitoring systems are required, obtain 1-hour arithmetic averages. Make sure the averages for sulfur dioxide...

40 CFR Table 11 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Pt. 63, Subpt. XXXX, Table 11... method, test results, indicating the mass percent of each HAP for coating used.b. The mass of each...

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions and economics of corn production.

PubMed

Kim, Seungdo; Dale, Bruce E

2008-08-15

Nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in corn cultivation in terms of both economic and environmental aspects. Nitrogen fertilizer positively affects corn yield and the soil organic carbon level, but it also has negative environmental effects through nitrogen-related emissions from soil (e.g., N20, NOx, NO3(-) leaching, etc.). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain are investigated via life cycle assessment. Ecoefficiency analysis is also used to determine an economically and environmentally optimal nitrogen application rate (NAR). The ecoefficiency index in this study is defined as the ratio of economic return due to nitrogen fertilizer to the greenhouse gas emissions of corn cultivation. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain decrease as NAR increases at a lower NAR until a minimum greenhouse gas emission level is reached because corn yield and soil organic carbon level increase with NAR. Further increasing NAR after a minimum greenhouse gas emission level raises greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain. Increased greenhouse gas emissions of corn grain due to nitrous oxide emissions from soil are much higher than reductions of greenhouse gas emissions of corn grain due to corn yield and changes in soil organic carbon levels at a higher NAR. Thus, there exists an environmentally optimal NAR in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The trends of the ecoefficiency index are similar to those of economic return to nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain. Therefore, an appropriate NAR could enhance profitability as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain.

Atmospheric CO2 at Waliguan station in China: Transport climatology, temporal patterns and source-sink region representativeness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Siyang; An, Xingqin; Zhou, Lingxi; Tans, Pieter P.; Jacobson, Andy

2017-06-01

In order to explore where the source and sink have the greatest impact on CO2 background concentration at Waliguan (WLG) station, a statistical method is here proposed to calculate the representative source-sink region. The key to this method is to find the best footprint threshold, and the study is carried out in four parts. Firstly, transport climatology, expressed by total monthly footprint, was simulated by FLEXPART on a 7-day time scale. Surface CO2 emissions in Eurasia frequently transported to WLG station. WLG station was mainly influenced by the westerlies in winter and partly controlled by the Southeast Asian monsoon in summer. Secondly, CO2 concentrations, simulated by CT2015, were processed and analyzed through data quality control, screening, fitting and comparing. CO2 concentrations displayed obvious seasonal variation, with the maximum and minimum concentration appearing in April and August, respectively. The correlation of CO2 fitting background concentrations was R2 = 0.91 between simulation and observation. The temporal patterns were mainly correlated with CO2 exchange of biosphere-atmosphere, human activities and air transport. Thirdly, for the monthly CO2 fitting background concentrations from CT2015, a best footprint threshold was found based on correlation analysis and numerical iteration using the data of footprints and emissions. The grid cells where monthly footprints were greater than the best footprint threshold were the best threshold area corresponding to representative source-sink region. The representative source-sink region of maximum CO2 concentration in April was primarily located in Qinghai province, but the minimum CO2 concentration in August was mainly influenced by emissions in a wider region. Finally, we briefly presented the CO2 source-sink characteristics in the best threshold area. Generally, the best threshold area was a carbon sink. The major source and sink were relatively weak owing to less human activities and vegetation types in this high altitude area. CO2 concentrations were more influenced by human activities when air mass passed through many urban areas in summer. Therefore, the combination of footprints and emissions is an effective approach for assessing the source-sink region representativeness of CO2 background concentration.

40 CFR 63.8 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operation requirements as follows: (i) All COMS shall complete a minimum of one cycle of sampling and analyzing for each successive 10-second period and one cycle of data recording for each successive 6-minute period. (ii) All CEMS for measuring emissions other than opacity shall complete a minimum of one cycle of...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10... (Reapproved 2008) c. Oxides of nitrogen 53 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c at 40 CFR part 60, appendix...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10... (Reapproved 2008) c. Oxides of nitrogen 53 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c at 40 CFR part 60, appendix...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators Before [Date to be specified in state...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test..., appendix A-4). Oxides of nitrogen 388 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c of appendix A of this part) a...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators Before [Date to be specified in state...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test..., appendix A-4). Oxides of nitrogen 388 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 6 or 6c of appendix A of this part) a...

Low NOx Heavy Fuel Combustor Concept Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Novick, A. S.; Troth, D. L.

1981-01-01

The development of the technology required to operate an industrial gas turbine combustion system on minimally processed, heavy petroleum or residual fuels having high levels of fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN) while producing acceptable levels of exhaust emissions is discussed. Three combustor concepts were designed and fabricated. Three fuels were supplied for the combustor test demonstrations: a typical middle distillate fuel, a heavy residual fuel, and a synthetic coal-derived fuel. The primary concept was an air staged, variable-geometry combustor designed to produce low emissions from fuels having high levels of FBN. This combustor used a long residence time, fuel-rich primary combustion zone followed by a quick-quench air mixer to rapidly dilute the fuel rich products for the fuel-lean final burnout of the fuel. This combustor, called the rich quench lean (RQL) combustor, was extensively tested using each fuel over the entire power range of the model 570 K engine. Also, a series of parameteric tests was conducted to determine the combustor's sensitivity to rich-zone equivalence ratio, lean-zone equivalence ratio, rich-zone residence time, and overall system pressure drop. Minimum nitrogen oxide emissions were measured at 50 to 55 ppmv at maximum continuous power for all three fuels. Smoke was less than a 10 SAE smoke number.

An analytical study of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions in hydrocarbon combustion with added nitrogen - Preliminary results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bittker, D. A.

1980-01-01

The influence of ground-based gas turbine combustor operating conditions and fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN) found in coal-derived liquid fuels on the formation of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide is investigated. Analytical predictions of NOx and CO concentrations are obtained for a two-stage, adiabatic, perfectly-stirred reactor operating on a propane-air mixture, with primary equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.7, secondary equivalence ratios of 0.5 or 0.7, primary stage residence times from 12 to 20 msec, secondary stage residence times of 1, 2 and 3 msec and fuel nitrogen contents of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt %. Minimum nitrogen oxide but maximum carbon monoxide formation is obtained at primary zone equivalence ratios between 1.4 and 1.5, with percentage conversion of FBN to NOx decreasing with increased fuel nitrogen content. Additional secondary dilution is observed to reduce final pollutant concentrations, with NOx concentration independent of secondary residence time and CO decreasing with secondary residence time; primary zone residence time is not observed to affect final NOx and CO concentrations significantly. Finally, comparison of computed results with experimental values shows a good semiquantitative agreement.

On our rapidly shrinking capacity to comply with the planetary boundaries on climate change.

PubMed

Mathias, Jean-Denis; Anderies, John M; Janssen, Marco A

2017-02-07

The planetary boundary framework constitutes an opportunity for decision makers to define climate policy through the lens of adaptive governance. Here, we use the DICE model to analyze the set of adaptive climate policies that comply with the two planetary boundaries related to climate change: (1) staying below a CO 2 concentration of 550 ppm until 2100 and (2) returning to 350 ppm in 2100. Our results enable decision makers to assess the following milestones: (1) a minimum of 33% reduction of CO 2 emissions by 2055 in order to stay below 550 ppm by 2100 (this milestone goes up to 46% in the case of delayed policies); and (2) carbon neutrality and the effective implementation of innovative geoengineering technologies (10% negative emissions) before 2060 in order to return to 350 ppm in 2100, under the assumption of getting out of the baseline scenario without delay. Finally, we emphasize the need to use adaptive path-based approach instead of single point target for climate policy design.

On our rapidly shrinking capacity to comply with the planetary boundaries on climate change

PubMed Central

Mathias, Jean-Denis; Anderies, John M.; Janssen, Marco A.

2017-01-01

The planetary boundary framework constitutes an opportunity for decision makers to define climate policy through the lens of adaptive governance. Here, we use the DICE model to analyze the set of adaptive climate policies that comply with the two planetary boundaries related to climate change: (1) staying below a CO2 concentration of 550 ppm until 2100 and (2) returning to 350 ppm in 2100. Our results enable decision makers to assess the following milestones: (1) a minimum of 33% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2055 in order to stay below 550 ppm by 2100 (this milestone goes up to 46% in the case of delayed policies); and (2) carbon neutrality and the effective implementation of innovative geoengineering technologies (10% negative emissions) before 2060 in order to return to 350 ppm in 2100, under the assumption of getting out of the baseline scenario without delay. Finally, we emphasize the need to use adaptive path-based approach instead of single point target for climate policy design. PMID:28169336

On our rapidly shrinking capacity to comply with the planetary boundaries on climate change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mathias, Jean-Denis; Anderies, John M.; Janssen, Marco A.

2017-02-01

The planetary boundary framework constitutes an opportunity for decision makers to define climate policy through the lens of adaptive governance. Here, we use the DICE model to analyze the set of adaptive climate policies that comply with the two planetary boundaries related to climate change: (1) staying below a CO2 concentration of 550 ppm until 2100 and (2) returning to 350 ppm in 2100. Our results enable decision makers to assess the following milestones: (1) a minimum of 33% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2055 in order to stay below 550 ppm by 2100 (this milestone goes up to 46% in the case of delayed policies); and (2) carbon neutrality and the effective implementation of innovative geoengineering technologies (10% negative emissions) before 2060 in order to return to 350 ppm in 2100, under the assumption of getting out of the baseline scenario without delay. Finally, we emphasize the need to use adaptive path-based approach instead of single point target for climate policy design.

40 CFR Table 9 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Pt. 63, Subpt. XXXX, Table 9 Table 9 to... Method 311 (40 CFR part 60, appendix A), or approved alternative method, test results indicating the mass...

40 CFR Table 11 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emissions Standards... method, test results, indicating the mass percent of each HAP for coating used.b. The mass of each coating used each monthly operating period. c. The total mass of fabric processed each monthly operating...

40 CFR Table 9 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emissions Standards for..., appendix A), or approved alternative method, test results indicating the mass percent of each HAP for each... mass percent of each HAP for each cement and solvent, as purchased.b. The mass of each cement and...

40 CFR 264.1089 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information required by... record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation shall be maintained... the owner or operator stating that the control device is designed to operate at the performance level...

40 CFR 264.1089 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information required by... record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation shall be maintained... the owner or operator stating that the control device is designed to operate at the performance level...

40 CFR 264.1089 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... facility. Except for air emission control equipment design documentation and information required by... record for a minimum of 3 years. Air emission control equipment design documentation shall be maintained... the owner or operator stating that the control device is designed to operate at the performance level...

Influence of System Operation Method on CO2 Emissions of PV/Solar Heat/Cogeneration System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oke, Shinichiro; Kemmoku, Yoshishige; Takikawa, Hirofumi; Sakakibara, Tateki

A PV/solar heat/cogeneration system is assumed to be installed in a hotel. The system is operated with various operation methods: CO2 minimum operation, fees minimum operation, seasonal operation, daytime operation and heat demand following operation. Of these five operations, the former two are virtual operations that are operated with the dynamic programming method, and the latter three are actual operations. Computer simulation is implemented using hourly data of solar radiation intensity, atmospheric temperature, electric, cooling, heating and hot water supply demands for one year, and the life-cycle CO2 emission and the total cost are calculated for every operations. The calculation results show that the virtual two and the actual three operations reduce the life-cycle CO2 emission by 21% and 13% compared with the conventional system, respectively. In regard to both the CO2 emission and the cost, there is no significant difference between the virtual two operation methods or among actual three operation methods.

78 FR 11793 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

... Internal Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) proposes to amend its minimum internal control standards for Class... NIGC published a final rule in the Federal Register called Minimum Internal Control Standards. 64 FR...

40 CFR 86.1232-96 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Emission Test Procedures for New Gasoline-Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and... liquefied petroleum gas-fueled vehicles. Prior draining of the fuel tanks is not called for if the fuel in... be filled to a minimum of 75% of service pressure for natural gas-fueled vehicles or a minimum of 75...

40 CFR 86.316-79 - Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND...) The use of linearizing circuits is permitted. (c) The minimum water rejection ratio (maximum CO 2...) The minimum CO 2 rejection ratio (maximum CO 2 interference) as measured by § 86.322 for CO analyzers...

Short time variability of solar corona during recent solar cycle minimum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siarkowski, Marek; Gryciuk, Magdalena; Gburek, Szymon; Sylwester, Janusz; Sylwester, Barbara; Kepa, Anna; Buczkowska, Agnieszka; Kowalinski, Miroslaw

Sphinx is the X-ray spectrophotometer designed to measure X-ray emission from the Sun in the energy range between 0.8 keV and 15 keV. The instrument is placed onboard Russian KORONAS-PHOTON satellite launched on January 30, 2009. In this paper we present the observations of coronal emission obtained between March-April and August-September 2009, i.e. the times towards the end of the last, very prolonged and deep minimum of solar activity. Prompt analysis of SphinX spectra reveal the variability of the average coronal plasma charac-teristics like the temperature and emission measure. These data are used to compare SphinX and GOES measurements, for selected times. Examples of many sub/microflare events with maxima of the X-ray flux, observed much below the GOES sensitivity threshold level will be presented.

FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION: Metal vapour causes a central minimum in arc temperature in gas-metal arc welding through increased radiative emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schnick, M.; Füssel, U.; Hertel, M.; Spille-Kohoff, A.; Murphy, A. B.

2010-01-01

A computational model of the argon arc plasma in gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) that includes the influence of metal vapour from the electrode is presented. The occurrence of a central minimum in the radial distributions of temperature and current density is demonstrated. This is in agreement with some recent measurements of arc temperatures in GMAW, but contradicts other measurements and also the predictions of previous models, which do not take metal vapour into account. It is shown that the central minimum is a consequence of the strong radiative emission from the metal vapour. Other effects of the metal vapour, such as the flux of relatively cold vapour from the electrode and the increased electrical conductivity, are found to be less significant. The different effects of metal vapour in gas-tungsten arc welding and GMAW are explained.

Light Curves and Spectra from a Unimodal Core-collapse Supernova

DOE PAGES

Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Hungerford, Aimee L.; Fryer, Chris L.; ...

2017-08-23

To assess the effectiveness of optical emission as a probe of spatial asymmetry in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), we apply in this paper the radiative transfer software SuperNu to a unimodal CCSN model. The SNSPH radiation hydrodynamics software was used to simulate an asymmetric explosion of a 16more » $${M}_{\\odot }$$ zero-age main-sequence binary star. The ejecta has 3.36 $${M}_{\\odot }$$ with 0.024 $${M}_{\\odot }$$ of radioactive 56Ni, with unipolar asymmetry along the z-axis. For 96 discrete angular views, we find a ratio between maximum and minimum peak total luminosities of ~1.36. The brightest light curves emerge from views orthogonal to the z-axis. Multigroup spectra from UV to IR are obtained. We find a shift in wavelength with viewing angle in a near-IR Ca ii emission feature, consistent with Ca being mostly in the unimode. We compare emission from the gray gamma-ray transfer in SuperNu and from the detailed gamma-ray transfer code Maverick. Relative to the optical light curves, the brightness of the gamma-ray emission is more monotonic with respect to viewing angle. UBVRI broadband light curves are also calculated. Parallel with the unimode, the U and B bands have excess luminosity at $$\\gtrsim 10$$ days post-explosion, due to 56Ni on the unimode. Finally, we compare our CCSN model with SN 2002ap, which is thought to have a similar ejecta morphology.« less

Light Curves and Spectra from a Unimodal Core-collapse Supernova

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Hungerford, Aimee L.; Fryer, Chris L.

To assess the effectiveness of optical emission as a probe of spatial asymmetry in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), we apply in this paper the radiative transfer software SuperNu to a unimodal CCSN model. The SNSPH radiation hydrodynamics software was used to simulate an asymmetric explosion of a 16more » $${M}_{\\odot }$$ zero-age main-sequence binary star. The ejecta has 3.36 $${M}_{\\odot }$$ with 0.024 $${M}_{\\odot }$$ of radioactive 56Ni, with unipolar asymmetry along the z-axis. For 96 discrete angular views, we find a ratio between maximum and minimum peak total luminosities of ~1.36. The brightest light curves emerge from views orthogonal to the z-axis. Multigroup spectra from UV to IR are obtained. We find a shift in wavelength with viewing angle in a near-IR Ca ii emission feature, consistent with Ca being mostly in the unimode. We compare emission from the gray gamma-ray transfer in SuperNu and from the detailed gamma-ray transfer code Maverick. Relative to the optical light curves, the brightness of the gamma-ray emission is more monotonic with respect to viewing angle. UBVRI broadband light curves are also calculated. Parallel with the unimode, the U and B bands have excess luminosity at $$\\gtrsim 10$$ days post-explosion, due to 56Ni on the unimode. Finally, we compare our CCSN model with SN 2002ap, which is thought to have a similar ejecta morphology.« less

Use of data mining techniques to classify soil CO2 emission induced by crop management in sugarcane field.

PubMed

Farhate, Camila Viana Vieira; Souza, Zigomar Menezes de; Oliveira, Stanley Robson de Medeiros; Tavares, Rose Luiza Moraes; Carvalho, João Luís Nunes

2018-01-01

Soil CO2 emissions are regarded as one of the largest flows of the global carbon cycle and small changes in their magnitude can have a large effect on the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Thus, a better understanding of this attribute would enable the identification of promoters and the development of strategies to mitigate the risks of climate change. Therefore, our study aimed at using data mining techniques to predict the soil CO2 emission induced by crop management in sugarcane areas in Brazil. To do so, we used different variable selection methods (correlation, chi-square, wrapper) and classification (Decision tree, Bayesian models, neural networks, support vector machine, bagging with logistic regression), and finally we tested the efficiency of different approaches through the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The original dataset consisted of 19 variables (18 independent variables and one dependent (or response) variable). The association between cover crop and minimum tillage are effective strategies to promote the mitigation of soil CO2 emissions, in which the average CO2 emissions are 63 kg ha-1 day-1. The variables soil moisture, soil temperature (Ts), rainfall, pH, and organic carbon were most frequently selected for soil CO2 emission classification using different methods for attribute selection. According to the results of the ROC curve, the best approaches for soil CO2 emission classification were the following: (I)-the Multilayer Perceptron classifier with attribute selection through the wrapper method, that presented rate of false positive of 13,50%, true positive of 94,20% area under the curve (AUC) of 89,90% (II)-the Bagging classifier with logistic regression with attribute selection through the Chi-square method, that presented rate of false positive of 13,50%, true positive of 94,20% AUC of 89,90%. However, the (I) approach stands out in relation to (II) for its higher positive class accuracy (high CO2 emission) and lower computational cost.

Use of data mining techniques to classify soil CO2 emission induced by crop management in sugarcane field

PubMed Central

de Souza, Zigomar Menezes; Oliveira, Stanley Robson de Medeiros; Tavares, Rose Luiza Moraes; Carvalho, João Luís Nunes

2018-01-01

Soil CO2 emissions are regarded as one of the largest flows of the global carbon cycle and small changes in their magnitude can have a large effect on the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Thus, a better understanding of this attribute would enable the identification of promoters and the development of strategies to mitigate the risks of climate change. Therefore, our study aimed at using data mining techniques to predict the soil CO2 emission induced by crop management in sugarcane areas in Brazil. To do so, we used different variable selection methods (correlation, chi-square, wrapper) and classification (Decision tree, Bayesian models, neural networks, support vector machine, bagging with logistic regression), and finally we tested the efficiency of different approaches through the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The original dataset consisted of 19 variables (18 independent variables and one dependent (or response) variable). The association between cover crop and minimum tillage are effective strategies to promote the mitigation of soil CO2 emissions, in which the average CO2 emissions are 63 kg ha-1 day-1. The variables soil moisture, soil temperature (Ts), rainfall, pH, and organic carbon were most frequently selected for soil CO2 emission classification using different methods for attribute selection. According to the results of the ROC curve, the best approaches for soil CO2 emission classification were the following: (I)–the Multilayer Perceptron classifier with attribute selection through the wrapper method, that presented rate of false positive of 13,50%, true positive of 94,20% area under the curve (AUC) of 89,90% (II)–the Bagging classifier with logistic regression with attribute selection through the Chi-square method, that presented rate of false positive of 13,50%, true positive of 94,20% AUC of 89,90%. However, the (I) approach stands out in relation to (II) for its higher positive class accuracy (high CO2 emission) and lower computational cost. PMID:29513765

40 CFR 63.843 - Emission limits for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) The emission capture system shall be installed and operated to meet the generally accepted engineering standards for minimum exhaust rates as published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in Chapters 3 and 5 of “Industrial Ventilation: A Handbook of Recommended Practice” (incorporated...

40 CFR 63.843 - Emission limits for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) The emission capture system shall be installed and operated to meet the generally accepted engineering standards for minimum exhaust rates as published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in Chapters 3 and 5 of “Industrial Ventilation: A Handbook of Recommended Practice” (incorporated...

40 CFR 63.843 - Emission limits for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) The emission capture system shall be installed and operated to meet the generally accepted engineering standards for minimum exhaust rates as published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in Chapters 3 and 5 of “Industrial Ventilation: A Handbook of Recommended Practice” (incorporated...

40 CFR 63.843 - Emission limits for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) The emission capture system shall be installed and operated to meet the generally accepted engineering standards for minimum exhaust rates as published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in Chapters 3 and 5 of “Industrial Ventilation: A Handbook of Recommended Practice” (incorporated...

40 CFR 63.843 - Emission limits for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) The emission capture system shall be installed and operated to meet the generally accepted engineering standards for minimum exhaust rates as published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in Chapters 3 and 5 of “Industrial Ventilation: A Handbook of Recommended Practice” (incorporated...

Evaluating different scenarios for Tradable Green Certificates by game theory approaches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghaffari, Meysam; Hafezalkotob, Ashkan

2018-06-01

Right now employment of polices and tools to decrease the carbon emission through electricity generation from renewable resources is one of the most important problem in energy policy. Tradable Green Certificate (TGC) is an economics mechanism to support green power generation. Any country has the challenge to choose an appropriate policy and mechanism for design and implementation of TGC. The purpose of this study is to help policy makers to design and choose the best scenario of TGC by evaluating six scenarios, based on game theory approach. This study will be useful for increasing the effectiveness of TGC system in interaction with electricity market. Particularly, the competition between thermal and renewable power plants is modeled by mathematical modeling tools such as cooperative games like Nash and Stackelberg. Each game is modeled by taking into account of the two following policies. The results of the six scenarios and the sensitivity analysis of some key parameters have been evaluated by numerical studies. Finally, in order to evaluate the scenarios we calculated the level of social welfare in the all scenarios. The results of all models demonstrate that when the green electricity share (minimum requirement) increases the TGC price decreases. Moreover, in all scenarios when the minimum requirement is 100% then the maximum level of social welfare is not met. Also when the minimum requirement is less than 50%, the scenarios with the market TGC price policy have more social welfare in comparison with the scenarios with fixed TGC price policy.

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) For each dry electrostatic precipitator applied to meet any particulate matter emission limit in Table... voltage and daily average secondary current for each field at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (4) For each wet electrostatic precipitator applied to meet any...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) For each dry electrostatic precipitator applied to meet any particulate matter emission limit in Table... voltage and daily average secondary current for each field at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (4) For each wet electrostatic precipitator applied to meet any...

40 CFR 86.113-04 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for... octane specifications do not apply: Item ASTM test method No. Value Octane, Research, Min. D 2699 93... have a minimum sensitivity of 7.5 octane numbers, where sensitivity is defined as the Research octane...

40 CFR 90.314 - Analyzer accuracy and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... engineering practice. Adhere to the minimum requirements given in §§ 90.316 through 90.325 and § 90.409. (c) Emission measurement accuracy—Bag sampling. (1) Good engineering practice dictates that exhaust emission...) Some high resolution read-out systems, such as computers, data loggers, and so forth, can provide...

40 CFR 90.314 - Analyzer accuracy and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... engineering practice. Adhere to the minimum requirements given in §§ 90.316 through 90.325 and § 90.409. (c) Emission measurement accuracy—Bag sampling. (1) Good engineering practice dictates that exhaust emission...) Some high resolution read-out systems, such as computers, data loggers, and so forth, can provide...

40 CFR 90.314 - Analyzer accuracy and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... engineering practice. Adhere to the minimum requirements given in §§ 90.316 through 90.325 and § 90.409. (c) Emission measurement accuracy—Bag sampling. (1) Good engineering practice dictates that exhaust emission...) Some high resolution read-out systems, such as computers, data loggers, and so forth, can provide...

40 CFR 90.314 - Analyzer accuracy and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... engineering practice. Adhere to the minimum requirements given in §§ 90.316 through 90.325 and § 90.409. (c) Emission measurement accuracy—Bag sampling. (1) Good engineering practice dictates that exhaust emission...) Some high resolution read-out systems, such as computers, data loggers, and so forth, can provide...

40 CFR 420.21 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... emission control system that utilizes filters to remove iron-bearing particles (fines) from blast furnace...-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, the minimum level is 10 pg/L per EPA Method 1613B for water and wastewater samples. (d) The term... term wet air pollution control system means an emission control system that utilizes water to clean...

40 CFR 1051.105 - What are the exhaust emission standards for off-highway motorcycles?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... lights. (B) The absence of a spark arrestor. (C) The absence of manufacturer warranty. (D) Suspension... displacement greater than 70 cc, the minimum useful life is 10,000 kilometers or five years, whichever comes... minimum useful life is 5,000 kilometers or five years, whichever comes first. You must specify a longer...

40 CFR 1051.105 - What are the exhaust emission standards for off-highway motorcycles?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... lights. (B) The absence of a spark arrestor. (C) The absence of manufacturer warranty. (D) Suspension... displacement greater than 70 cc, the minimum useful life is 10,000 kilometers or five years, whichever comes... minimum useful life is 5,000 kilometers or five years, whichever comes first. You must specify a longer...

40 CFR 60.2942 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Performance for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units for Which Construction is Commenced After December 9... combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you do not obtain the minimum data required in... alternate methods for collecting data when systems malfunction or when repairs, calibration checks, or zero...

40 CFR 60.2942 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Performance for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units for Which Construction is Commenced After December 9... combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you do not obtain the minimum data required in... alternate methods for collecting data when systems malfunction or when repairs, calibration checks, or zero...

40 CFR 86.318-79 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES... be calibrated per § 86.330. (5) The minimum water rejection ratio (maximum water interference) for the NO NDIR analyzer shall be 5,000:1 (see § 86.321). (6) The minimum CO2 rejection ratio (maximum CO2...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart III of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... determining compliance using this method Cadmium 0.004 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 29 of appendix A of part 60). Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Eeee of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... determiningcompliance using this method 1. Cadmium 18 micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Method 29 of appendix A of this part. 2. Carbon monoxide 40 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run during performance test), and 12-hour...

40 CFR 63.1385 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... applicable emission limits: (1) Method 1 (40 CFR part 60, appendix A) for the selection of the sampling port location and number of sampling ports; (2) Method 2 (40 CFR part 60, appendix A) for volumetric flow rate.... Each run shall consist of a minimum run time of 2 hours and a minimum sample volume of 60 dry standard...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart III of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determining compliance using this method Cadmium 0.004 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 29 of appendix A of part 60). Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Eeee of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determiningcompliance using this method 1. Cadmium 18 micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Method 29 of appendix A of this part. 2. Carbon monoxide 40 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run during performance test), and 12-hour...

Economic potential for switchgrass production in the U.S. Northern Plains: A minimum-data analysis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

There is a demand for timely information to support policy decision making. There is also interest in the potential for alternative crops such as switchgrass to be used for ethanol production and which would have a positive impact on net greenhouse gas emission. This paper uses a new minimum-data mo...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Operating Limits for Boilers With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... as defined in § 63.11237. 4. Dry sorbent or activated carbon injection control Maintain the 30-day rolling average sorbent or activated carbon injection rate at or above the minimum sorbent injection rate or minimum activated carbon injection rate as defined in § 63.11237. When your boiler operates at...

A multi-objective optimization model for hub network design under uncertainty: An inexact rough-interval fuzzy approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niakan, F.; Vahdani, B.; Mohammadi, M.

2015-12-01

This article proposes a multi-objective mixed-integer model to optimize the location of hubs within a hub network design problem under uncertainty. The considered objectives include minimizing the maximum accumulated travel time, minimizing the total costs including transportation, fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions costs, and finally maximizing the minimum service reliability. In the proposed model, it is assumed that for connecting two nodes, there are several types of arc in which their capacity, transportation mode, travel time, and transportation and construction costs are different. Moreover, in this model, determining the capacity of the hubs is part of the decision-making procedure and balancing requirements are imposed on the network. To solve the model, a hybrid solution approach is utilized based on inexact programming, interval-valued fuzzy programming and rough interval programming. Furthermore, a hybrid multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm, namely multi-objective invasive weed optimization (MOIWO), is developed for the given problem. Finally, various computational experiments are carried out to assess the proposed model and solution approaches.

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

Applied analytical combustion/emissions research at the NASA Lewis Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deur, J. M.; Kundu, K. P.; Nguyen, H. L.

1992-01-01

Emissions of pollutants from future commercial transports are a significant concern. As a result, the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) is investigating various low emission combustor technologies. As part of this effort, a combustor analysis code development program was pursued to guide the combustor design process, to identify concepts having the greatest promise, and to optimize them at the lowest cost in the minimum time.

Applied Analytical Combustion/emissions Research at the NASA Lewis Research Center - a Progress Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deur, J. M.; Kundu, K. P.; Nguyen, H. L.

1992-01-01

Emissions of pollutants from future commercial transports are a significant concern. As a result, the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) is investigating various low emission combustor technologies. As part of this effort, a combustor analysis code development program was pursued to guide the combustor design process, to identify concepts having the greatest promise, and to optimize them at the lowest cost in the minimum time.

40 CFR 161.20 - Overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (1) The primary purpose of this part is to specify the types and minimum amounts of data and...)(7). (2) This part also specifies the types and minimum amounts of data and information the Agency...) Finally, this part specifies the types and minimum amounts of data and information that an applicant for...

77 FR 38271 - Stainless Steel Bar From Japan: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Changed-Circumstances Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-27

... nickel, a minimum of 0.20 percent and a maximum of 0.40 percent of nitrogen, a minimum of 0.85 percent of the combined content of carbon and nitrogen, and a balance minimum of iron, having a maximum core...

12 CFR 325.6 - Issuance of directives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... is a final order issued to a bank that fails to maintain capital at or above the minimum leverage... operating with less than the minimum leverage capital requirement established by this regulation, the Board... directive requiring the bank to restore its capital to the minimum leverage capital requirement within a...

Analysis of selected microflares observed by SphinX over the last minimum of solar activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siarkowski, Marek; Sylwester, Janusz; Sylwester, Barbara; Gryciuk, Magdalena

The Solar Photometer in X-rays (SphinX) was designed to observe soft X-ray solar emission in the energy range between 1 keV and 15 keV with the resolution better than 0.5 keV. The instrument operated from February until November 2009 aboard CORONAS-Photon satellite, during the phase of exceptionally low minimum of solar activity. Here we use SphinX data for analysis of selected microflare-class events. We selected events of unusual lightcurves or location. Our study involves determination of temporal characteristics (times of start, maximum and end of flares) and analysis of physical conditions in flaring plasma (temperature, emission measure). Dedicated method has been used in order to remove emission not related to flare. Supplementary information about morphology and evolution of investigated events has been derived from the analysis of XRT/Hinode and SECCHI /STEREO images.

40 CFR 61.134 - Standard: Naphthalene processing, final coolers, and final-cooler cooling towers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.134... are allowed from naphthalene processing, final coolers and final-cooler cooling towers at coke by...

40 CFR 61.134 - Standard: Naphthalene processing, final coolers, and final-cooler cooling towers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.134... are allowed from naphthalene processing, final coolers and final-cooler cooling towers at coke by...

40 CFR 61.134 - Standard: Naphthalene processing, final coolers, and final-cooler cooling towers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.134... are allowed from naphthalene processing, final coolers and final-cooler cooling towers at coke by...

40 CFR 61.134 - Standard: Naphthalene processing, final coolers, and final-cooler cooling towers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.134... are allowed from naphthalene processing, final coolers and final-cooler cooling towers at coke by...

Cyber warfare and electronic warfare integration in the operational environment of the future: cyber electronic warfare

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askin, Osman; Irmak, Riza; Avsever, Mustafa

2015-05-01

For the states with advanced technology, effective use of electronic warfare and cyber warfare will be the main determining factor of winning a war in the future's operational environment. The developed states will be able to finalize the struggles they have entered with a minimum of human casualties and minimum cost thanks to high-tech. Considering the increasing number of world economic problems, the development of human rights and humanitarian law it is easy to understand the importance of minimum cost and minimum loss of human. In this paper, cyber warfare and electronic warfare concepts are examined in conjunction with the historical development and the relationship between them is explained. Finally, assessments were carried out about the use of cyber electronic warfare in the coming years.

76 FR 79541 - Revisions to Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding SO2

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-22

... Revisions to Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding SO2 Emissions From the Portland Generating... Jersey Regarding SO2 Emissions From the Portland Generating Station (Portland) published November 7, 2011... Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding SO2 Emissions From the Portland Generating Station...

Excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction in binary mixtures of water and tertiary butanol (TBA): alcohol mole fraction dependence.

PubMed

Pradhan, Tuhin; Ghoshal, Piue; Biswas, Ranjit

2008-02-07

The excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction of 4-(1-azetidinyl)benzonitrile (P4C) has been studied in water-tertiary butanol (TBA) mixtures at different alcohol mole fractions by using steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The ratio between the areas under the locally excited (LE) and charge transferred (CT) emission bands is found to exhibit a sharp rise at alcohol mole fraction approximately 0.04, a value at which several thermodynamic properties of this mixture is known to show anomalous change due to the enhancement of H-bonding network. The radiative rate associated with the LE emission also shows a maximum at this TBA mole fraction. Although the structural transition from the water-like tetrahedral network to the alcohol-like chain is reflected in the red shift of the absorption spectrum up to TBA mole fraction approximately 0.10, the emission bands (both LE and CT) show the typical nonideal alcohol mole fraction dependence at all TBA mole fractions. Quantum yield, CT radiative rate as well as transition moments also exhibit a nonideal alcohol mole fraction dependence. The time-resolved emission decay of P4C has been found to be biexponential at all TBA mole fractions, regardless of emission collection around either the LE or the CT bands. The time constant associated with the slow component (tau(slow)) shows a minimum at TBA mole fraction approximately 0.04, whereas such a minimum for the fast time constant, tau(fast) (representing the rate of LE --> CT conversion reaction) is not observed. The nonobservation of the minimum in tau(fast) might be due to the limited time resolution employed in our experiments.

Estimation of the local and long-range contributions to particulate matter levels using continuous measurements in a single urban background site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diamantopoulou, Marianna; Skyllakou, Ksakousti; Pandis, Spyros N.

2016-06-01

The Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) algorithm is used together with PMCAMx, a regional chemical transport model, to develop a simple observation-based method (OBM) for the estimation of local and regional contributions of sources of primary and secondary pollutants in urban areas. We test the hypothesis that the minimum of the diurnal average concentration profile of the pollutant is a good estimate of the average contribution of long range transport levels. We use PMCAMx to generate "pseudo-observations" for four different European cities (Paris, London, Milan, and Dusseldorf) and PSAT to estimate the corresponding "true" local and regional contributions. The predictions of the proposed OBM are compared to the "true" values for different definitions of the source area. During winter, the estimates by the OBM for the local contributions to the concentrations of total PM2.5, primary pollutants, and sulfate are within 25% of the "true" contributions of the urban area sources. For secondary organic aerosol the OBM overestimates the importance of the local sources and it actually estimates the contributions of sources within 200 km from the receptor. During summer for primary pollutants and cities with low nearby emissions (ratio of emissions in an area extending 100 km from the city over local emissions lower than 10) the OBM estimates correspond to the city emissions within 25% or so. For cities with relatively high nearby emissions the OBM estimates correspond to emissions within 100 km from the receptor. For secondary PM2.5 components like sulfate and secondary organic aerosol the OBM's estimates correspond to sources within 200 km from the receptor. Finally, for total PM2.5 the OBM provides approximately the contribution of city emissions during the winter and the contribution of sources within 100 km from the receptor during the summer.

Development of unauthorized airborne emission source identification procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shtripling, L. O.; Bazhenov, V. V.; Varakina, N. S.; Kupriyanova, N. P.

2018-01-01

The paper presents the procedure for searching sources of unauthorized airborne emissions. To make reasonable regulation decisions on airborne pollutant emissions and to ensure the environmental safety of population, the procedure provides for the determination of a pollutant mass emission value from the source being the cause of high pollution level and the search of a previously unrecognized contamination source in a specified area. To determine the true value of mass emission from the source, the minimum of the mean-root-square mismatch criterion between the computed and measured pollutant concentration in the given location is used.

40 CFR 60.3041 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you... malfunction or when repairs, calibration checks, or zero and span checks keep you from collecting the minimum...

40 CFR 60.3041 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you... malfunction or when repairs, calibration checks, or zero and span checks keep you from collecting the minimum...

40 CFR 60.3041 - What is the minimum amount of monitoring data I must collect with my continuous emission...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (d) If you... malfunction or when repairs, calibration checks, or zero and span checks keep you from collecting the minimum...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Method 29 of appendix A of this part. 2. Carbon monoxide 40 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run during performance test), and 12-hour rolling averages measured using CEMS b...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 29 of appendix A of this part). Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10, 10A, or 10B of appendix A of this...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Method 29 of appendix A of this part. 2. Carbon monoxide 40 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run during performance test), and 12-hour rolling averages measured using CEMS b...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... per dry standard cubic meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 29 of appendix A of this part). Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10, 10A, or 10B of appendix A of this...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... meter 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 29 of appendix A of this part) Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10, 10A, or 10B, of appendix A of this part) Dioxins/furans...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... part) Hydrogen chloride 62 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time...) Sulfur dioxide 20 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run...-8) or ASTM D6784-02 (Reapproved 2008).c Opacity 10 percent Three 1-hour blocks consisting of ten 6...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... this part) Carbon monoxide 157 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample... per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method... appendix A of this part) Oxides of nitrogen 388 parts per million by dry volume 3-run average (1 hour...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 62.14455 - What if my HMIWI goes outside of a parameter limit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... temperature (3-hour rolling average) simultaneously The PM, CO, and dioxin/furan emission limits. (c) Except..., daily average for batch HMIWI), and below the minimum dioxin/furan sorbent flow rate (3-hour rolling average) simultaneously The dioxin/furan emission limit. (3) Operates above the maximum charge rate (3...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 89.406 - Pre-test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Pre-test procedures. 89.406 Section 89...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Exhaust Emission Test Procedures § 89.406 Pre-test procedures. (a) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes warmup in the standby or operating...

40 CFR 61.134 - Standard: Naphthalene processing, final coolers, and final-cooler cooling towers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... POLLUTANTS National Emission Standard for Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.134... are allowed from naphthalene processing, final coolers and final-cooler cooling towers at coke by-product recovery plants. ...

Eta Carinae: Linelist for the Emission Spectrum of the Weigelt Blobs in the 1700-10400Angstrom Wavelength Region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zethson, T.; Johansson, S.; Hartman, H.; Gull, T. R.

2011-01-01

Aims. We present line identifications in the 1700 to 10400A region for the Weigelt Blobs B and D, located 0.1 to 0.3" NNW of Eta Carinae. The aim of this work is to characterize the behavior of these luminous, dense gas condensations in response to the broad maximum and short minimum states of Eta Carinae during its 5.54-year spectroscopic period. Methods. The observations were carried out during March 1998, the minimum spectrum, and in February 1999, early maximum spectrum, with the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) from 1640 to 10400A using the 52"x0.1" aperture centered on Eta Carinae at position angle -28 degrees. Extractions of the reduced spectrum centered on Weigelt B and D, 0.28: in length along the slit, were used to identify the narrow, nebular emission lines, measure their wavelengths and estimate their fluxes. Results. A linelist of 1500 lines is presented for the maximum and minimum states of combined Weigelt blobs B and D. The spectra are dominated by emission lines from the iron-group elements, but include lines from lighter elements. They include parity permitted and forbidden lines. A number of lines are fluorescent lines pumped by H Ly alpha. Other lines show anomalous excitation.

Seasonal trends in vegetation and atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and PBDEs near a sanitary landfill

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

St-Amand, Annick D.; Mayer, Paul M.; Blais, Jules M.

Spruce needle and atmospheric (gaseous and particulate-bound) concentrations were surveyed near a sanitary landfill from February 2004 to June 2005. The influence of several parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, as well as increased domestic heating during the winter was assessed. In general, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations in spruce needles increased over time and decreased following snowmelt with a minimum coinciding with bud burst of deciduous trees. Atmospheric concentrations of PBDE and PAH, both particulate-bound and gaseous phase, were linked to daily weather events and thus showed more variability than those in spruce needles. Highest PAH concentrations were encountered during the winter, likely reflecting increased emission from heating homes. Pseudo Clausius-Clapeyron plots revealed higher PBDE gaseous concentrations with increasing temperature, but showed no correlation between PAH gaseous concentrations and temperature as this effect was obscured by seasonal emission patterns. Finally, air mass back trajectories and local wind directions revealed that particulate-bound PBDEs, along with both gaseous and particulate-bound PAHs were from local sources, whereas gaseous PBDEs were likely from distant sources.

Autumn at Titan's South Pole: The 220 cm-1 Cloud

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jennings, D. E.; Cottini, V.; Achterberg, R. K.; Anderson, C. M.; Flasar, F. M.; de Kok, R. J.; Teanby, N. A.; Coustenis, A.; Vinatier, S.

2015-10-01

Beginning in 2012 an atmospheric cloud known by its far-infrared emission has formed rapidly at Tit an's South Pole [1, 2]. The build-up of this condensate is a result of deepening temperatures and a gathering of gases as Winter approaches. Emission from the cloud in the south has been doubling each year since 2012, in contrast to the north where it has halved every 3.8 years since 2004. The morphology of the cloud in the south is quite different from that in the north. In the north, the cloud has extended over the whole polar region beyond 55 N, whereas in the south the cloud has been confined to within about 10 degrees of the pole. The cloud in the north has had the form of a uniform hood, whereas the southern cloud has been much more complex. A map from December 2014,recorded by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) on Cassini, showed the 220 cm-1 emission coming from a distinct ring with a maximum at about 80 S. In contrast, emissions from the gases HC3N, C4H2 and C6H6 peaked near the pole and had a ring at 70 S. The 220 cm-1 ring at 80 S coincided with the minimum in the gas emission pattern. The80 S condensate ring encompassed the vortex cloud seen by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)[3, 4]. Both the 220 cm-1 ring and the gas "bull's-eye" pattern were centered on a point that was shifted from the geographic South Pole by 4 degrees in the direction of the Sun. This corresponds to the overall tilt of Titan's atmosphere discovered from temperature maps early in the Cassini mission by Achterberg et al. [5]. The tilt may be reinforced by the presumably twice-yearly (north and south) spin-up of the atmosphere at the autumnal pole. The bull's-eye pattern of the gas emissions can be explained by the retrieved abundance distributions, which are maximum near the pole and decrease sharply toward lower latitudes, together with temperatures that are minimum at the pole and increase toward lower latitudes. The increasing temperatures overcome the decreasing gas abundances to produce emission in the narrow range around 70 S. This cannot, however, explain the maximum of emission at 80 S from the condensate ring. The coincidence at 80 S of the 220 cm-1 peak with the gas emission minimum may indicate where the condensation is taking place. The central, polar minimum in the cloud emission may be due to faster rain-out and smaller extinction cross-sections. Spectral maps from 2013-15 [6] show that the gas emission pattern has been evolving quickly, with noticeable changes from one flyby to the next (about one month). The bull's-eye structure appears to have been most prominent in early 2014 and by late 2014 the pattern was becoming more uniform. As Titan progresses through late southern Autumn we expect the morphology of the condensate cloud to take on a hood-like distribution similar to that in the north.

76 FR 72049 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions for Shipbuilding and Ship...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-21

...This action finalizes the residual risk and technology review conducted for two industrial source categories regulated by separate national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. The two national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants are: National Emissions Standards for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating) and National Emissions Standards for Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations. This action also finalizes revisions to the regulatory provisions related to emissions during periods of startup, shutdown and malfunction.

77 FR 15608 - Revisions to Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding SO2 Emissions From the Portland...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-16

... Revisions to Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding SO[bdi2] Emissions From the Portland... final rule. SUMMARY: The EPA issued ``Revisions to Final Response to Petition From New Jersey Regarding... December 22, 2011, we are withdrawing the direct final rule amendments to ``Revisions to Final Response to...

Ultra-Low Carbon Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants through Bio-Oil Co-Firing and Biochar Sequestration.

PubMed

Dang, Qi; Mba Wright, Mark; Brown, Robert C

2015-12-15

This study investigates a novel strategy of reducing carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants through co-firing bio-oil and sequestering biochar in agricultural lands. The heavy end fraction of bio-oil recovered from corn stover fast pyrolysis is blended and co-fired with bituminous coal to form a bio-oil co-firing fuel (BCF). Life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per kWh electricity produced vary from 1.02 to 0.26 kg CO2-eq among different cases, with BCF heavy end fractions ranging from 10% to 60%, which corresponds to a GHG emissions reduction of 2.9% to 74.9% compared with that from traditional bituminous coal power plants. We found a heavy end fraction between 34.8% and 37.3% is required to meet the Clean Power Plan's emission regulation for new coal-fired power plants. The minimum electricity selling prices are predicted to increase from 8.8 to 14.9 cents/kWh, with heavy end fractions ranging from 30% to 60%. A minimum carbon price of $67.4 ± 13 per metric ton of CO2-eq was estimated to make BCF power commercially viable for the base case. These results suggest that BCF co-firing is an attractive pathway for clean power generation in existing power plants with a potential for significant reductions in carbon emissions.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Mercury Emission Limits and Boilers and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... minimum pressure drop and liquid flow-rate at or above the operating levels established during the... leak detection system alarm does not sound more than 5 percent of the operating time during a 6-month... control Maintain the minimum sorbent or carbon injection rate at or above the operating levels established...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Mercury Emission Limits and Boilers and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... minimum pressure drop and liquid flow-rate at or above the operating levels established during the... leak detection system alarm does not sound more than 5 percent of the operating time during a 6-month... control Maintain the minimum sorbent or carbon injection rate at or above the operating levels established...

40 CFR 86.307-82 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.307-82..., research, minimum D2699 100 96 PB (organic), grams/U.S. gallon 1 1.4 0.00-0.05 Distillation Range: IBP, °F...

40 CFR 86.307-82 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.307-82..., research, minimum D2699 100 96 PB (organic), grams/U.S. gallon 1 1.4 0.00-0.05 Distillation Range: IBP, °F...

40 CFR 86.307-82 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.307-82..., research, minimum D2699 100 96 PB (organic), grams/U.S. gallon 1 1.4 0.00-0.05 Distillation Range: IBP, °F...

40 CFR 86.307-82 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for New Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel-Fueled Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.307-82..., research, minimum D2699 100 96 PB (organic), grams/U.S. gallon 1 1.4 0.00-0.05 Distillation Range: IBP, °F...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Bbbb of... - Model Rule-Requirements for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...—Requirements for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) For the following pollutants Use the following span values for CEMS Use the following performance specifications in appendix B of this part for your CEMS If needed to meet minimum data requirements, use the folloiwng alternate methods in appendix A of...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Bbbb of... - Model Rule-Requirements for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...—Requirements for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) For the following pollutants Use the following span values for CEMS Use the following performance specifications in appendix B of this part for your CEMS If needed to meet minimum data requirements, use the folloiwng alternate methods in appendix A of...

40 CFR 60.2710 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emissions Guidelines and Compliance Times for Commercial and Industrial Solid...-to-fuel switch. (4) If you own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that... internal and external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of...

Jet engine exhaust emissions of high altitude commercial aircraft projected to 1990

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grobman, J.; Ingebo, R. D.

1974-01-01

Projected minimum levels of engine exhaust emissions that may be practicably achievable for future commercial aircraft operating at high-altitude cruise conditions are presented. The forecasts are based on:(1) current knowledge of emission characteristics of combustors and augmentors; (2) the status of combustion research in emission reduction technology; and (3) predictable trends in combustion systems and operating conditions as required for projected engine designs that are candidates for advanced subsonic or supersonic commercial aircraft fueled by either JP fuel, liquefied natural gas, or hydrogen. Results are presented for cruise conditions in terms of both an emission index (g constituent/kg fuel) and an emission rate (g constituent/hr).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pe’er, Asaf; Long, Killian; Casella, Piergiorgio

Internal shocks between propagating plasma shells, originally ejected at different times with different velocities, are believed to play a major role in dissipating the kinetic energy, thereby explaining the observed light curves and spectra in a large range of transient objects. Even if initially the colliding plasmas are cold, following the first collision, the plasma shells are substantially heated, implying that in a scenario of multiple collisions, most collisions take place between plasmas of non-zero temperatures. Here, we calculate the dynamical properties of plasmas resulting from a collision between arbitrarily hot plasma shells, moving at arbitrary speeds. We provide simplemore » analytical expressions valid for both ultrarelativistic and Newtonian velocities for both hot and cold plasmas. We derive the minimum criteria required for the formation of the two-shock wave system, and show that in the relativistic limit, the minimum Lorentz factor is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the initial plasmas enthalpies. We provide basic scaling laws of synchrotron emission from both the forward and reverse-shock waves, and show how these can be used to deduce the properties of the colliding shells. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results in the study of several astronomical transients, such as X-ray binaries, radio-loud quasars, and gamma-ray bursts.« less

Sunspot variation and selected associated phenomena: A look at solar cycle 21 and beyond

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, R. M.

1982-01-01

Solar sunspot cycles 8 through 21 are reviewed. Mean time intervals are calculated for maximum to maximum, minimum to minimum, minimum to maximum, and maximum to minimum phases for cycles 8 through 20 and 8 through 21. Simple cosine functions with a period of 132 years are compared to, and found to be representative of, the variation of smoothed sunspot numbers at solar maximum and minimum. A comparison of cycles 20 and 21 is given, leading to a projection for activity levels during the Spacelab 2 era (tentatively, November 1984). A prediction is made for cycle 22. Major flares are observed to peak several months subsequent to the solar maximum during cycle 21 and to be at minimum level several months after the solar minimum. Additional remarks are given for flares, gradual rise and fall radio events and 2800 MHz radio emission. Certain solar activity parameters, especially as they relate to the near term Spacelab 2 time frame are estimated.

78 FR 39493 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Exchange Functions: Eligibility for Exemptions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-01

...This final rule implements certain functions of the Affordable Insurance Exchanges (``Exchanges''). These specific statutory functions include determining eligibility for and granting certificates of exemption from the individual shared responsibility payment described in section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code. Additionally, this final rule implements the responsibilities of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, to designate other health benefits coverage as minimum essential coverage by providing that certain coverage be designated as minimum essential coverage. It also outlines substantive and procedural requirements that other types of individual coverage must fulfill in order to be certified as minimum essential coverage.

An X-ray view of HD 166734, a massive supergiant system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazé, Yaël; Gosset, Eric; Mahy, Laurent; Parkin, Elliot Ross

2017-11-01

The X-ray emission of the O+O binary HD 166734 was monitored using Swift and XMM-Newton observatories, leading to the discovery of phase-locked variations. The presence of an f line in the He-like triplets further supports a wind-wind collision as the main source of the X-rays in HD 166734. While temperature and absorption do not vary significantly along the orbit, the X-ray emission strength varies by one order of magnitude, with a long minimum state (Δ(φ) 0.1) occurring after a steep decrease. The flux at minimum is compatible with the intrinsic emission of the O-stars in the system, suggesting a possible disappearance of colliding wind emission. While this minimum cannot be explained by eclipse or occultation effects, a shock collapse may occur at periastron in view of the wind properties. Afterwards, the recovery is long, with an X-ray flux proportional to the separation d (in hard band) or to d2 (in soft band). This is incompatible with an adiabatic nature for the collision (which would instead lead to FX ∝ 1 /d), but could be reconciled with a radiative character of the collision, though predicted temperatures are lower and more variable than in observations. An increase in flux around φ 0.65 and the global asymmetry of the light curve remain unexplained, however. Based on observations collected with Swift and the ESA science mission XMM-Newton, an ESA Science Mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and the USA (NASA).

Potential impacts of a future Grand Solar Minimum on decadal regional climate change and interannual hemispherical climate variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spiegl, Tobias; Langematz, Ulrike

2016-04-01

The political, technical and socio-economic developments of the next decades will determine the magnitude of 21st century climate change, since they are inextricably linked to future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. To assess the range of uncertainty that is related to these developments, it is common to assume different emission scenarios for 21st climate projections. While the uncertainties associated with the anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing have been studied intensely, the contribution of natural climate drivers (particularly solar variability) to recent and future climate change are subject of intense debate. The past 1,000 years featured at least 5 excursions (lasting 60-100 years) of exceptionally low solar activity, induced by a weak magnetic field of the Sun, so called Grand Solar Minima. While the global temperature response to such a decrease in solar activity is assumed to be rather small, nonlinear mechanisms in the climate system might amplify the regional temperature signal. This hypothesis is supported by the last Grand Solar Minimum (the Maunder Minimum, 1645-1715) which coincides with the Little Ice Age, an epoch which is characterized by severe cold and hardship over Europe, North America and Asia. The long-lasting minimum of Solar Cycle 23 as well as the overall weak maximum of Cycle 24 reveal the possibility for a return to Grand Solar Minimum conditions within the next decades. The quantification of the implications of such a projected decrease in solar forcing is of ultimate importance, given the on-going public discussion of the role of carbon dioxide emissions for global warming, and the possible role a cooling due to decreasing solar activity could be ascribed to. Since there is still no clear consensus about the actual strength of the Maunder Minimum, we used 3 acknowledged solar reconstruction datasets that show significant differences in both, total solar irradiance (TSI) and spectral irradiance (SSI) to simulate a future Grand Solar Minimum under RCP6.0 conditions. The results obtained were compared to a RCP6.0 simulation that was carried out using the CCMI recommendations for a 21st century solar forcing. We used the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) chemistry-climate model that incorporates interactive ozone chemistry, a high-resolution shortwave radiation scheme, a high model top (0.01 hPa) and is coupled to a 3D ocean general circulation model. We focused on the regional responses to a future Grand Solar Minimum and interannual variability patterns (i.e. the Northern and Southern Annular Mode (NAM/SAM)).

Low threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission properties in deep blue of poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-dyil)-alt-p-phenylene] thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lattante, Sandro; De Giorgi, Maria Luisa; Pasini, Mariacecilia; Anni, Marco

2017-10-01

Amongst the different optoelectronic applications of conjugated polymers, the development of new active materials for optically pumped organic lasers is still an open question particularly in the blue-near UV spectral range. We investigate the emission properties of poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-dyil)- alt-p-phenylene] (PFP) neat films under nanosecond pump. We demonstrate that thanks to the introduction of a phenylene moiety between two fluorene units it is possible to obtain Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) with a lower threshold and a blue shifted wavelength with respect to poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO). We demonstrate efficient ASE with a minimum threshold as low as 23 μJcm-2 and a minimum ASE wavelength of 436 nm. A maximum net optical gain of about 26 cm-1 is measured at an excitation density of 0.23 mJcm-2. These results make the PFP a good active material for optically pumped deep blue organic lasers.

Internal combustion engine controls for reduced exhausts contaminants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matthews, D.R. Jr.

1974-06-04

An electrochemical control system for achieving optimum efficiency in the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions from internal combustion engines is described. The system automatically maintains catalyst temperature at a point for maximum pollutant conversion by adjusting ignition timing and fuel/air ratio during warm-up and subsequent operation. Ignition timing is retarded during engine warm-up to bring the catalytic converter to an efficient operating temperature within a minimum period of time. After the converter reaches a predetermined minimum temperature, the spark is advanced to within its normal operating range. A needle-valve adjustment during warm-up is employed to enrich themore » fuel/air mixture by approximately 10 percent. Following warm-up and attainment of a predetermined catalyst temperature, the needle valve is moved automatically to its normal position (e.g., a fuel/air ratio of 16:1). Although the normal lean mixture causes increased amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions, present NO/sub x/ converters appear capable of handling the increased emissions under normal operating conditions.« less

Application of Gauss's theorem to quantify localized surface emissions from airborne measurements of wind and trace gases

DOE PAGES

Conley, Stephen; Faloona, Ian; Mehrotra, Shobhit; ...

2017-09-13

Airborne estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are becoming more prevalent with the advent of rapid commercial development of trace gas instrumentation featuring increased measurement accuracy, precision, and frequency, and the swelling interest in the verification of current emission inventories. Multiple airborne studies have indicated that emission inventories may underestimate some hydrocarbon emission sources in US oil- and gas-producing basins. Consequently, a proper assessment of the accuracy of these airborne methods is crucial to interpreting the meaning of such discrepancies. We present a new method of sampling surface sources of any trace gas for which fast and precise measurements can be mademore » and apply it to methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide on spatial scales of ~1000 m, where consecutive loops are flown around a targeted source region at multiple altitudes. Using Reynolds decomposition for the scalar concentrations, along with Gauss's theorem, we show that the method accurately accounts for the smaller-scale turbulent dispersion of the local plume, which is often ignored in other average mass balance methods. With the help of large eddy simulations (LES) we further show how the circling radius can be optimized for the micrometeorological conditions encountered during any flight. Furthermore, by sampling controlled releases of methane and ethane on the ground we can ascertain that the accuracy of the method, in appropriate meteorological conditions, is often better than 10 %, with limits of detection below 5 kg h -1 for both methane and ethane. Because of the FAA-mandated minimum flight safe altitude of 150 m, placement of the aircraft is critical to preventing a large portion of the emission plume from flowing underneath the lowest aircraft sampling altitude, which is generally the leading source of uncertainty in these measurements. Finally, we show how the accuracy of the method is strongly dependent on the number of sampling loops and/or time spent sampling the source plume.« less

Application of Gauss's theorem to quantify localized surface emissions from airborne measurements of wind and trace gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conley, Stephen; Faloona, Ian; Mehrotra, Shobhit; Suard, Maxime; Lenschow, Donald H.; Sweeney, Colm; Herndon, Scott; Schwietzke, Stefan; Pétron, Gabrielle; Pifer, Justin; Kort, Eric A.; Schnell, Russell

2017-09-01

Airborne estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are becoming more prevalent with the advent of rapid commercial development of trace gas instrumentation featuring increased measurement accuracy, precision, and frequency, and the swelling interest in the verification of current emission inventories. Multiple airborne studies have indicated that emission inventories may underestimate some hydrocarbon emission sources in US oil- and gas-producing basins. Consequently, a proper assessment of the accuracy of these airborne methods is crucial to interpreting the meaning of such discrepancies. We present a new method of sampling surface sources of any trace gas for which fast and precise measurements can be made and apply it to methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide on spatial scales of ˜ 1000 m, where consecutive loops are flown around a targeted source region at multiple altitudes. Using Reynolds decomposition for the scalar concentrations, along with Gauss's theorem, we show that the method accurately accounts for the smaller-scale turbulent dispersion of the local plume, which is often ignored in other average mass balance methods. With the help of large eddy simulations (LES) we further show how the circling radius can be optimized for the micrometeorological conditions encountered during any flight. Furthermore, by sampling controlled releases of methane and ethane on the ground we can ascertain that the accuracy of the method, in appropriate meteorological conditions, is often better than 10 %, with limits of detection below 5 kg h-1 for both methane and ethane. Because of the FAA-mandated minimum flight safe altitude of 150 m, placement of the aircraft is critical to preventing a large portion of the emission plume from flowing underneath the lowest aircraft sampling altitude, which is generally the leading source of uncertainty in these measurements. Finally, we show how the accuracy of the method is strongly dependent on the number of sampling loops and/or time spent sampling the source plume.

Application of Gauss's theorem to quantify localized surface emissions from airborne measurements of wind and trace gases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Conley, Stephen; Faloona, Ian; Mehrotra, Shobhit

Airborne estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are becoming more prevalent with the advent of rapid commercial development of trace gas instrumentation featuring increased measurement accuracy, precision, and frequency, and the swelling interest in the verification of current emission inventories. Multiple airborne studies have indicated that emission inventories may underestimate some hydrocarbon emission sources in US oil- and gas-producing basins. Consequently, a proper assessment of the accuracy of these airborne methods is crucial to interpreting the meaning of such discrepancies. We present a new method of sampling surface sources of any trace gas for which fast and precise measurements can be mademore » and apply it to methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide on spatial scales of ~1000 m, where consecutive loops are flown around a targeted source region at multiple altitudes. Using Reynolds decomposition for the scalar concentrations, along with Gauss's theorem, we show that the method accurately accounts for the smaller-scale turbulent dispersion of the local plume, which is often ignored in other average mass balance methods. With the help of large eddy simulations (LES) we further show how the circling radius can be optimized for the micrometeorological conditions encountered during any flight. Furthermore, by sampling controlled releases of methane and ethane on the ground we can ascertain that the accuracy of the method, in appropriate meteorological conditions, is often better than 10 %, with limits of detection below 5 kg h -1 for both methane and ethane. Because of the FAA-mandated minimum flight safe altitude of 150 m, placement of the aircraft is critical to preventing a large portion of the emission plume from flowing underneath the lowest aircraft sampling altitude, which is generally the leading source of uncertainty in these measurements. Finally, we show how the accuracy of the method is strongly dependent on the number of sampling loops and/or time spent sampling the source plume.« less

Observations of Nonthermal Radio Emission from Early-type Stars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Abbott, D. C.; Bieging, J. H.; Churchwell, E.

1985-01-01

As a part of a wider survey of radio emission from O, B, and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, five new stars whose radio emission is dominated by a nonthermal mechanism of unknown origin were discovered. From statistics of distance-limited samples of stars, it is estimated that the minimum fraction of stars which are nonthermal emitters is 25% for the OB stars and 10% for the WR stars. The characteristics of this new class of nonthermal radio emitter are investigated.

Pollutant formation in fuel lean recirculating flows. Ph.D. Thesis. Final Report; [in an Opposed Reacting Jet Combustor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schefer, R. W.; Sawyer, R. F.

1976-01-01

An opposed reacting jet combustor (ORJ) was tested at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. A premixed propane/air stream was stabilized by a counterflowing jet of the same reactants. The resulting intensely mixed zone of partially reacted combustion products produced stable combustion at equivalence ratios as low as 0.45. Measurements are presented for main stream velocities of 7.74 and 13.6 m/sec with an opposed jet velocity of 96 m/sec, inlet air temperatures from 300 to 600 K, and equivalence ratios from 0.45 to 0.625. Fuel lean premixed combustion was an effective method of achieving low NOx emissions and high combustion efficiencies simultaneously. Under conditions promoting lower flame temperature, NO2 constituted up to 100 percent of the total NOx. At higher temperatures this percentage decreased to a minimum of 50 percent.

Electron self-energy in a homogeneous magnetic field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gepraegs, R.; Riffert, H.; Herold, H.

1994-05-15

A relativistic calculation of the electron self-energy in a strong homogeneous magnetic field is presented, and the final expressions are calculated numerically for the Landau levels [ital N]=0,1,2,3 and both spin projections ([sigma]=[plus minus]1). For a given [ital N][gt]0 the energy of the spin-up state ([sigma]=+1) increases monotonically, but the spin-down ([sigma]=[minus]1) energy is negative for small fields, shows a minimum, and then increases for large fields; a crossing of levels appears for [ital N][gt]0. The total decay rates for these states are also obtained, as well as the spin-flip transition probability for ([ital N]=1, [sigma]=+1)[r arrow]([ital N]=1, [sigma]=[minus]1). Itmore » turns out that this transition rate is extremely small compared to the usual cyclotron emission rates.« less

40 CFR 63.443 - Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... operated at a minimum temperature of 871 °C (1600 °F) and a minimum residence time of 0.75 seconds; or (4... Paper Industry § 63.443 Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes. (a...)(ii)(C) of this section. (A) Each knotter system with emissions of 0.05 kilograms or more of total HAP...

40 CFR 63.443 - Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... operated at a minimum temperature of 871 °C (1600 °F) and a minimum residence time of 0.75 seconds; or (4... Paper Industry § 63.443 Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes. (a...)(ii)(C) of this section. (A) Each knotter system with emissions of 0.05 kilograms or more of total HAP...

40 CFR 63.443 - Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... operated at a minimum temperature of 871 °C (1600 °F) and a minimum residence time of 0.75 seconds; or (4... Paper Industry § 63.443 Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes. (a...)(ii)(C) of this section. (A) Each knotter system with emissions of 0.05 kilograms or more of total HAP...

40 CFR 63.443 - Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... operated at a minimum temperature of 871 °C (1600 °F) and a minimum residence time of 0.75 seconds; or (4... Paper Industry § 63.443 Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes. (a...)(ii)(C) of this section. (A) Each knotter system with emissions of 0.05 kilograms or more of total HAP...

Effect of bait delivery rate in a GreenFeed system on methane emission estimates from cattle grazing rangeland

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of bait delivery rate on methane emission estimates measured by a GreenFeed system (GFS; C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD). The manufacture recommends that cattle have a minimum visit time of 3 minutes so that at least 3 eructations are captured to ...

40 CFR 62.14452 - What test methods and procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... flow rate and minimum scrubber liquor pH to demonstrate compliance with the HCl emissions limit. (6... Method 6 or 6C of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-4 to measure SO2 emissions; (h) You must use EPA Reference... specified in paragraph (p) of this section, as an alternative to demonstrate compliance with the dioxin...

40 CFR 62.14452 - What test methods and procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... flow rate and minimum scrubber liquor pH to demonstrate compliance with the HCl emissions limit. (6... Method 6 or 6C of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-4 to measure SO2 emissions; (h) You must use EPA Reference... specified in paragraph (p) of this section, as an alternative to demonstrate compliance with the dioxin...

40 CFR 62.15205 - What minimum amount of monitoring data must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... averages for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (Class I municipal waste combustion units only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the equivalent carbon dioxide level). Use the 1-hour averages of oxygen (or carbon dioxide) data from your continuous emission monitoring...

40 CFR 62.15205 - What minimum amount of monitoring data must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... averages for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (Class I municipal waste combustion units only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the equivalent carbon dioxide level). Use the 1-hour averages of oxygen (or carbon dioxide) data from your continuous emission monitoring...

40 CFR 62.15205 - What minimum amount of monitoring data must I collect with my continuous emission monitoring...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... averages for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (Class I municipal waste combustion units only), and carbon monoxide are in parts per million by dry volume at 7 percent oxygen (or the equivalent carbon dioxide level). Use the 1-hour averages of oxygen (or carbon dioxide) data from your continuous emission monitoring...

FreedomCAR - Aftertreatment Subsystem Development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lisa A. Prentiss

2005-09-30

The primary objective of this program was to develop generic aftertreatment technologies applicable for LDV and LDT engines ranging from 55 kW to 200kW, to develop an optimized and integrated aftertreatment system for a LDT (Light Duty Truck) type vehicle, and to demonstrate the technology which will enable light duty diesel engines to meet Federal Tier II regulation with minimum impact on fuel economy. Specifically, the development targets for emissions reduction and fuel injection penalty are given below: (1) NOx conversion efficiency > 90% (hot), > 84% (combined); (2) PM conversion efficiency > 90% (hot), > 84% (combined); (3) Fuelmore » penalty over FTP-75 Less than 5%; and (4) Fuel penalty at Cruise condition Less than 3%. Development of cost-effective, highly efficient diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems in combination with very low engine out emission combustion development are essential elements for realization of Federal Tier II emission standards for Light Duty Trucks and Vehicles. Evaluation of several aftertreatment technologies was completed as part of this program. A combination of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, NOx Adsorbing Catalyst and Catalyzed Soot Filter was found to provide the levels of conversion efficiency required to achieve the emission targets. While early systems required relatively large catalyst volumes, external dosing, sulfur traps, full bypass configurations and high levels of Platinum metals; the final system is a compact, scalable, flow-through, fully-integrated and engine-managed aftertreatment system capable of commercial application for Light Duty Vehicles and Trucks. NOx adsorber/particulate filter technology is particularly attractive for Light Duty applications due to the lower exhaust flow and temperature requirements as compared to Heavy Duty engines. Despite these strong positive aspects, NOx Adsorbers are challenged by their regeneration requirements and susceptibility to sulfur poisoning and thermal degradation. Capability was developed to regenerate the NOx Adsorber for NOx and SOx as well as the Particulate Filter for soot. This system was fully integrated into a truck and evaluated over the chassis dynamometer for emissions capability and in real-world winter field testing. Durability of the system was evaluated over a variety of accelerated and real-time dynamometer tests. Excellent NOx and PM conversion efficiency was demonstrated, even following 3000 hrs of endurance testing. Unregulated emissions emitted by the system were evaluated as was the fuel penalty associated with the DeNOx and DeSOx regeneration processes. In the final evaluation, the system demonstrated 90% NOx conversion and 99% PM conversion at a 6% fuel penalty over the FTP-75 test cycle. While target fuel penalty levels were demonstrated using full-bypass configuration systems, the cost associated with those systems was prohibitively high and would preclude successful commercialization of the technology. Although the flow-through configuration fell 1% short of the 5% fuel penalty target, the cost of this configuration is such that commercial application is feasible. Cost drivers for the final system configuration were identified and demonstrate areas where future development areas could focus.« less

Examining drivers of the emissions embodied in trade

PubMed Central

Wu, Leying; Wang, Zheng

2017-01-01

Emissions embodied in provincial trade (EEPT) have important effects on provinces’ responsibilities for carbon emission reductions. Based on a multi-regional input-output model, we calculated EEPT for China’s 30 provinces in 2002, 2007 and 2010, and we attempted to determine the drivers of EEPT. The results showed that, during this period, the ratio of EEPT to production-based emissions increased over time, reaching 40.24% in 2010. In consideration of its important role in carbon emissions, we analyzed the factors attributable to EEPT through structure decomposition analysis. The decomposition results showed that final demand and carbon emission intensity were two major factors in EEPT, while the final demand in other provinces and the carbon emission intensity in the local province were major factors for Emissions embodied in provincial exports and the final demand in the local province and the carbon emission intensity in other provinces were major factors for Emissions embodied in provincial imports. Regarding the differences among the EEPT of different provinces, changes in the structure of trade were the primary reason. PMID:28426769

Generic picture of the emission properties of III-nitride polariton laser diodes: Steady state and current modulation response

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iorsh, Ivan; Glauser, Marlene; Rossbach, Georg; Levrat, Jacques; Cobet, Munise; Butté, Raphaël; Grandjean, Nicolas; Kaliteevski, Mikhail A.; Abram, Richard A.; Kavokin, Alexey V.

2012-09-01

The main emission characteristics of electrically driven polariton lasers based on planar GaN microcavities with embedded InGaN quantum wells are studied theoretically. The polariton emission dependence on pump current density is first modeled using a set of semiclassical Boltzmann equations for the exciton polaritons that are coupled to the rate equation describing the electron-hole plasma population. Two experimentally relevant pumping geometries are considered, namely the direct injection of electrons and holes into the strongly coupled microcavity region and intracavity optical pumping via an embedded light-emitting diode. The theoretical framework allows the determination of the minimum threshold current density Jthr,min as a function of lattice temperature and exciton-cavity photon detuning for the two pumping schemes. A Jthr,min value of 5 and 6 A cm-2 is derived for the direct injection scheme and for the intracavity optical pumping one, respectively, at room temperature at the optimum detuning. Then an approximate quasianalytical model is introduced to derive solutions for both the steady-state and high-speed current modulation. This analysis makes it possible to show that the exciton population, which acts as a reservoir for the stimulated relaxation process, gets clamped once the condensation threshold is crossed, a behavior analogous to what happens in conventional laser diodes with the carrier density above threshold. Finally, the modulation transfer function is calculated for both pumping geometries and the corresponding cutoff frequency is determined.

An adaptive framework to differentiate receiving water quality impacts on a multi-scale level.

PubMed

Blumensaat, F; Tränckner, J; Helm, B; Kroll, S; Dirckx, G; Krebs, P

2013-01-01

The paradigm shift in recent years towards sustainable and coherent water resources management on a river basin scale has changed the subject of investigations to a multi-scale problem representing a great challenge for all actors participating in the management process. In this regard, planning engineers often face an inherent conflict to provide reliable decision support for complex questions with a minimum of effort. This trend inevitably increases the risk to base decisions upon uncertain and unverified conclusions. This paper proposes an adaptive framework for integral planning that combines several concepts (flow balancing, water quality monitoring, process modelling, multi-objective assessment) to systematically evaluate management strategies for water quality improvement. As key element, an S/P matrix is introduced to structure the differentiation of relevant 'pressures' in affected regions, i.e. 'spatial units', which helps in handling complexity. The framework is applied to a small, but typical, catchment in Flanders, Belgium. The application to the real-life case shows: (1) the proposed approach is adaptive, covers problems of different spatial and temporal scale, efficiently reduces complexity and finally leads to a transparent solution; and (2) water quality and emission-based performance evaluation must be done jointly as an emission-based performance improvement does not necessarily lead to an improved water quality status, and an assessment solely focusing on water quality criteria may mask non-compliance with emission-based standards. Recommendations derived from the theoretical analysis have been put into practice.

X-ray Emission From Eta Carinae near Periastron in 2009 I: A Two State Solution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Russell, Christopher; Pollock, Andrew M. T.; Gull, Theodore R.; Teodoro, Mairan; Madura, Thomas I.; Damineli, Augusto; Pittard, Julian M.

2014-01-01

X-ray emission from the supermassive binary system Eta Carinae declines sharply around periastron. This X-ray minimum has two distinct phases the lowest flux phase in the first 3 weeks and a brighter phase thereafter. In 2009, the Chandra X-ray Observatory monitored the first phase five times and found the lowest observed flux at 1.91012 ergs/sq cm/s (38 keV). The spectral shape changed such that the hard band above 4 keV dropped quickly at the beginning and the soft band flux gradually decreased to its lowest observed value in 2 weeks. The hard band spectrum had begun to recover by that time. This spectral variation suggests that the shocked gas producing the hottest X-ray gas near the apex of the wind-wind collision (WWC) is blocked behind the dense inner wind of the primary star, which later occults slightly cooler gas down-stream. Shocked gas previously produced by the system at earlier orbital phases is suggested to produce the faint residual X-ray emission seen when the emission near the apex is completely blocked by the primary wind. The brighter phase is probably caused by the re-appearance of the WWC plasma, whose emissivity significantly declined during the occultation. We interpret this to mean that the X-ray minimum is produced by a hybrid mechanism of an occultation and a decline in emissivity of the WWC shock. We constrain timings of superior conjunction and periastron based on these results.

Secondary aluminum industry final emissions test report: Culp Aluminum Alloys, Steele, Alabama. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The purpose of this testing program was to obtain emissions data for uncontrolled and controlled hydrochloric acid (HCl), particulate matter (PM) and speciated hydrocarbon Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) from a secondary aluminum processing plant to support a national emission standard for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP).

Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas emission standards and corporate average fuel economy standards : final rule

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-05-07

Final Rule to establish a National Program consisting of new standards for light-duty vehicles that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. This joint : Final Rule is consistent with the National Fuel Efficiency Policy announce...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for Existing Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... collect a minimum of 3 dscm. 2. Units design to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Filterable PM (or TSM) 4.0E... minimum of 2 dscm per run. 3. Pulverized coal boilers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or.../solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 160 ppm by volume on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen, 3-run...

40 CFR 1051.107 - What are the exhaust emission standards for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and offroad utility...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Phase 1 2006 50 1.5 35 20.0 2007 and later 100 1.5 35 20.0 (2) You may certify ATVs with engines that... life. For ATVs with engines that have total displacement of 100 cc or greater, the minimum useful life... with engines that have total displacement of less than 100 cc, the minimum useful life is 5,000...

40 CFR 1051.107 - What are the exhaust emission standards for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and offroad utility...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Phase 1 2006 50 1.5 35 20.0 2007 and later 100 1.5 35 20.0 (2) You may certify ATVs with engines that... life. For ATVs with engines that have total displacement of 100 cc or greater, the minimum useful life... with engines that have total displacement of less than 100 cc, the minimum useful life is 5,000...

78 FR 63873 - Minimum Internal Control Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... Internal Control Standards AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) amends its minimum internal control standards for Class... Internal Control Standards. 64 FR 590. The rule added a new part to the Commission's regulations...

40 CFR Table 9 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... cement and solvent as purchased. 2. Sources complying with the monthly average compliance alternative... maintain . . . 1. Sources complying with purchase compliance alternative in § 63.5985(a) that are meeting the HAP constituent emission limit (option 1) in Table 1 to this subpart a. A list of each cement and...

Oil and Natural Gas Production Facilities National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Final Rule Fact Sheet

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains a January 2007 fact sheet for the final National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Oil and Natural Gas Production Facilities. This document provides a summary of the 2007 final rule.

Thermal emission from large area chemical vapor deposited graphene devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luxmoore, I. J.; Adlem, C.; Poole, T.; Lawton, L. M.; Mahlmeister, N. H.; Nash, G. R.

2013-09-01

The spatial variation of thermal emission from large area graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition, transferred onto SiO2/Si substrates and fabricated into field effect transistor structures, has been investigated using infra-red microscopy. A peak in thermal emission occurs, the position of which can be altered by reversal of the current direction. The experimental results are compared with a one dimensional finite element model, which accounts for Joule heating and electrostatic effects, and it is found that the thermal emission is governed by the charge distribution in the graphene and maximum Joule heating occurs at the point of minimum charge density.

Sewage Sludge Incinerators: Final Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources Final Rule Fact Sheets

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains a February 2011 fact sheet with information regarding the final NSPS and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources for Sewage Sludge Incinerators (SSI). This document provides a summary of the information for these regulations.

Ground-based observations of Saturn's auroral ionosphere over three days: Trends in H3+ temperature, density and emission with Saturn local time and planetary period oscillation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Donoghue, James; Melin, Henrik; Stallard, Tom S.; Provan, G.; Moore, Luke; Badman, Sarah V.; Cowley, Stan W. H.; Baines, Kevin H.; Miller, Steve; Blake, James S. D.

2016-01-01

On 19-21 April 2013, the ground-based 10-m W.M. Keck II telescope was used to simultaneously measure H3+ emissions from four regions of Saturn's auroral ionosphere: (1) the northern noon region of the main auroral oval; (2) the northern midnight main oval; (3) the northern polar cap and (4) the southern noon main oval. The H3+ emission from these regions was captured in the form of high resolution spectral images as the planet rotated. The results herein contain twenty-three H3+ temperatures, column densities and total emissions located in the aforementioned regions - ninety-two data points in total, spread over timescales of both hours and days. Thermospheric temperatures in the spring-time northern main oval are found to be cooler than their autumn-time southern counterparts by tens of K, consistent with the hypothesis that the total thermospheric heating rate is inversely proportional to magnetic field strength. The main oval H3+ density and emission is lower at northern midnight than it is at noon, in agreement with a nearby peak in the electron influx in the post-dawn sector and a minimum flux at midnight. Finally, when arranging the northern main oval H3+ parameters as a function of the oscillation period seen in Saturn's magnetic field - the planetary period oscillation (PPO) phase - we see a large peak in H3+ density and emission at ∼115° northern phase, with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼44°. This seems to indicate that the influx of electrons associated with the PPO phase at 90° is responsible at least in part for the behavior of all H3+ parameters. A combination of the H3+ production and loss timescales and the ±10° uncertainty in the location of a given PPO phase are likely, at least in part, to be responsible for the observed peaks in H3+ density and emission occurring at a later time than the peak precipitation expected at 90° PPO phase.

Laser ignition of engines: a realistic option!

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weinrotter, M.; Srivastava, D. K.; Iskra, K.; Graf, J.; Kopecek, H.; Klausner, J.; Herdin, G.; Wintner, E.

2006-01-01

Due to the demands of the market to increase efficiencies and power densities of gas engines, existing ignition schemes are gradually reaching their limits. These limitations initially triggered the development of laser ignition as an effective alternative, first only for gas engines and now for a much wider range of internal combustion engines revealing a number of immediate advantages like no electrode erosion or flame kernel quenching. Furthermore and most noteworthy, already the very first engine tests about 5 years ago had resulted in a drastic reduction of NO x emissions. Within this broad range investigation, laser plasmas were generated by ns Nd-laser pulses and characterized by emission and Schlieren diagnostic methods. High-pressure chamber experiments with lean hydrogen-methane-air mixtures were successfully performed and allowed the determination of essential parameters like minimum pulse energies at different ignition pressures and temperatures as well as at variable fuel air compositions. Multipoint ignition was studied for different ignition point locations. In this way, relevant parameters were acquired allowing to estimate future laser ignition systems. Finally, a prototype diode-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was tested successfully at a gasoline engine allowing to monitor the essential operation characteristics. It is expected that laser ignition involving such novel solid-state lasers will allow much lower maintenance efforts.

Student Difficulties in Analyzing Thin-Film Interference

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Newburgh, Ronald; Goodale, Douglass

2009-04-01

A question we posed in a recent final examination has uncovered a fundamental difficulty for students in understanding destructive interference. The problem stated that glass of index n3 was coated with a thin film of a substance with index n2. The question then asked the student to calculate (a) the minimum coating thickness for maximum transmission into the glass and (b) the minimum thickness for minimum transmission into the glass, in both cases for a given wavelength. Questions from students during and after the examination showed that many had a problem in relating the interference to the transmission. We finally concluded that the source of confusion lay with an almost universally used figure in teaching interference in thin films, as well as the omission of the role of the electric field in reflection.

Energy-dominated local carbon emissions in Beijing 2007: inventory and input-output analysis.

PubMed

Guo, Shan; Liu, J B; Shao, Ling; Li, J S; An, Y R

2012-01-01

For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by Beijing economy 2007, a concrete emission inventory covering carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is presented and associated with an input-output analysis to reveal the local GHG embodiment in final demand and trade without regard to imported emissions. The total direct GHG emissions amount to 1.06E + 08 t CO(2)-eq, of which energy-related CO(2) emissions comprise 90.49%, non-energy-related CO(2) emissions 6.35%, CH(4) emissions 2.33%, and N(2)O emissions 0.83%, respectively. In terms of energy-related CO(2) emissions, the largest source is coal with a percentage of 53.08%, followed by coke with 10.75% and kerosene with 8.44%. Sector 26 (Construction Industry) holds the top local emissions embodied in final demand of 1.86E + 07 t CO(2)-eq due to its considerable capital, followed by energy-intensive Sectors 27 (Transport and Storage) and 14 (Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals). The GHG emissions embodied in Beijing's exports are 4.90E + 07 t CO(2)-eq, accounting for 46.01% of the total emissions embodied in final demand. The sound scientific database totally based on local emissions is an important basis to make effective environment and energy policies for local decision makers.

Energy-Dominated Local Carbon Emissions in Beijing 2007: Inventory and Input-Output Analysis

PubMed Central

Guo, Shan; Liu, J. B.; Shao, Ling; Li, J. S.; An, Y. R.

2012-01-01

For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by Beijing economy 2007, a concrete emission inventory covering carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) is presented and associated with an input-output analysis to reveal the local GHG embodiment in final demand and trade without regard to imported emissions. The total direct GHG emissions amount to 1.06E + 08 t CO2-eq, of which energy-related CO2 emissions comprise 90.49%, non-energy-related CO2 emissions 6.35%, CH4 emissions 2.33%, and N2O emissions 0.83%, respectively. In terms of energy-related CO2 emissions, the largest source is coal with a percentage of 53.08%, followed by coke with 10.75% and kerosene with 8.44%. Sector 26 (Construction Industry) holds the top local emissions embodied in final demand of 1.86E + 07 t CO2-eq due to its considerable capital, followed by energy-intensive Sectors 27 (Transport and Storage) and 14 (Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals). The GHG emissions embodied in Beijing's exports are 4.90E + 07 t CO2-eq, accounting for 46.01% of the total emissions embodied in final demand. The sound scientific database totally based on local emissions is an important basis to make effective environment and energy policies for local decision makers. PMID:23193385

40 CFR Table 2a to Subpart Ce of... - Emissions Limits for Small HMIWI Which Meet the Criteria Under § 60.33e(b)(1)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... time 1 Method for demonstrating compliance 2 Particulate matter mg/dscm (gr/dscf) 197 (0.086) 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 5 of appendix A-3 of part 60, or EPA Reference Method 26A or 29 of appendix A-8 of part 60. Carbon monoxide ppmv 40 3-run average (1-hour minimum...

40 CFR Table 2b to Subpart Ce of... - Emissions Limits for Small HMIWI Which Meet the Criteria Under § 60.33e(b)(2)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... time 1 Method for demonstrating compliance 2 Particulate matter mg/dscm (gr/dscf) 87 (0.038) 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 5 of appendix A-3 of part 60, or EPA Reference Method 26A or 29 of appendix A-8 of part 60. Carbon monoxide ppmv 20 3-run average (1-hour minimum...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10..., appendix A-3 or appendix A-8). Sulfur dioxide 11 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum... Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in state plan] a 6 Table 6 to Subpart DDDD of...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Emission Limitations That Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum sample time per run) Performance test (Method 10..., appendix A-3 or appendix A-8). Sulfur dioxide 11 parts per million dry volume 3-run average (1 hour minimum... Apply to Incinerators on and After [Date to be specified in state plan] a 6 Table 6 to Subpart DDDD of...

Emissions Inventory Final Rule TSD

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This technical support document (TSD) provides the details of emissions data processing done in support of EPA's final rulemaking effort for the Federal Transport Rule, now known as the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule.

Comparison of HORACE and PHOTOS Algorithms for Multi-Photon Emission in the Context of the W Boson Mass Measurement

DOE PAGES

Kotwal, Ashutosh V.; Jayatilaka, Bodhitha

2016-01-01

W boson mass measurement is sensitive to QED radiative corrections due to virtual photon loops and real photon emission. The largest shift in the measured mass, which depends on the transverse momentum spectrum of the charged lepton from the boson decay, is caused by the emission of real photons from the final-state lepton. There are a number of calculations and codes available to model the final-state photon emission. We perform a detailed study, comparing the results from HORACE and PHOTOS implementations of the final-state multiphoton emission in the context of a direct measurement ofW boson mass at Tevatron. Mass fitsmore » are performed using a simulation of the CDF II detector.« less

Energy Balance for a Sonoluminescence Bubble Yields a Measure of Ionization Potential Lowering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kappus, B.; Bataller, A.; Putterman, S. J.

2013-12-01

Application of energy conservation between input sound and the microplasma which forms at the moment of sonoluminescence places bounds on the process, whereby the gas is ionized. Detailed pulsed Mie scattering measurements of the radius versus time for a xenon bubble in sulfuric acid provide a complete characterization of the hydrodynamics and minimum radius. For a range of emission intensities, the blackbody spectrum emitted during collapse matches the minimum bubble radius, implying opaque conditions are attained. This requires a degree of ionization >36%. Analysis reveals only 2.1±0.6eV/atom of energy available during light emission. In order to unbind enough charge, collective processes must therefore reduce the ionization potential by at least 75%. We interpret this as evidence that a phase transition to a highly ionized plasma is occurring during sonoluminescence.

Energy balance for a sonoluminescence bubble yields a measure of ionization potential lowering.

PubMed

Kappus, B; Bataller, A; Putterman, S J

2013-12-06

Application of energy conservation between input sound and the microplasma which forms at the moment of sonoluminescence places bounds on the process, whereby the gas is ionized. Detailed pulsed Mie scattering measurements of the radius versus time for a xenon bubble in sulfuric acid provide a complete characterization of the hydrodynamics and minimum radius. For a range of emission intensities, the blackbody spectrum emitted during collapse matches the minimum bubble radius, implying opaque conditions are attained. This requires a degree of ionization >36%. Analysis reveals only 2.1±0.6  eV/atom of energy available during light emission. In order to unbind enough charge, collective processes must therefore reduce the ionization potential by at least 75%. We interpret this as evidence that a phase transition to a highly ionized plasma is occurring during sonoluminescence.

Metameric MIMO-OOK transmission scheme using multiple RGB LEDs.

PubMed

Bui, Thai-Chien; Cusani, Roberto; Scarano, Gaetano; Biagi, Mauro

2018-05-28

In this work, we propose a novel visible light communication (VLC) scheme utilizing multiple different red green and blue triplets each with a different emission spectrum of red, green and blue for mitigating the effect of interference due to different colors using spatial multiplexing. On-off keying modulation is considered and its effect on light emission in terms of flickering, dimming and color rendering is discussed so as to demonstrate how metameric properties have been considered. At the receiver, multiple photodiodes with color filter-tuned on each transmit light emitting diode (LED) are employed. Three different detection mechanisms of color zero forcing, minimum mean square error estimation and minimum mean square error equalization are then proposed. The system performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated both with computer simulations and tests with an Arduino board implementation.

Performance of a catalytic reactor at simulated gas turbine combustor operating conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, D. N.; Tacina, R. R.; Mroz, T. S.

1975-01-01

The performance of a catalytic reactor 12 cm in diameter and 17 cm long was evaluated at simulated gas turbine combustor operating conditions using premixed propane and air. Inlet temperatures of 600 and 800 K, pressures of 3 and 6 atm, and reference velocities of 9 to 30 m/s were tested. Data were taken for equivalence ratios as high as 0.43. The operating range was limited on the low-temperature side by very poor efficiency; the minimum exit temperature for good performance ranged from 1400 to 1600 K depending on inlet conditions. As exit temperatures were raised above this minimum, emissions of unburned hydrocarbons decreased, carbon monoxide emissions became generally less than 1 g CO/kg fuel, and nitrogen oxides were less than about 0.1 g NO2/kg fuel.

Lyman-alpha observations in the vicinity of Saturn with Copernicus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barker, E.; Cazes, S.; Emerich, C.; Vidal-Madjar, A.; Owen, T.

1980-01-01

For the first time, high-resolution Ly-alpha observations of the Saturn vicinity were completed with the Princeton spectrometer on board the Copernicus satellite. They showed that near a minimum solar activity the emissions related to several sources are 250 + or - 50 rayleighs for the interplanetary medium in a near-downwind direction, less than 100 rayleighs for the rings, 200 + or - 100 rayleighs for a torus linked to the Titan orbit, and 1400 + or - 450 rayleighs for the disk of Saturn. These results induce some constraints through the corresponding theoretical evaluations: the B ring as the primary source of the atoms for the ring emissions; an efficient production mechanism for hydrogen atoms in the Titan torus; and a slightly larger eddy diffusion coefficient in the Saturn atmosphere than in the Jupiter atmosphere near solar minimum.

Optimization of fixed-range trajectories for supersonic transport aircraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Windhorst, Robert Dennis

1999-11-01

This thesis develops near-optimal guidance laws that generate minimum fuel, time, or direct operating cost fixed-range trajectories for supersonic transport aircraft. The approach uses singular perturbation techniques to time-scale de-couple the equations of motion into three sets of dynamics, two of which are analyzed in the main body of this thesis and one of which is analyzed in the Appendix. The two-point-boundary-value-problems obtained by application of the maximum principle to the dynamic systems are solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Finally, the two solutions are combined using the matching principle and an additive composition rule to form a uniformly valid approximation of the full fixed-range trajectory. The approach is used on two different time-scale formulations. The first holds weight constant, and the second allows weight and range dynamics to propagate on the same time-scale. Solutions for the first formulation are only carried out to zero order in the small parameter, while solutions for the second formulation are carried out to first order. Calculations for a HSCT design were made to illustrate the method. Results show that the minimum fuel trajectory consists of three segments: a minimum fuel energy-climb, a cruise-climb, and a minimum drag glide. The minimum time trajectory also has three segments: a maximum dynamic pressure ascent, a constant altitude cruise, and a maximum dynamic pressure glide. The minimum direct operating cost trajectory is an optimal combination of the two. For realistic costs of fuel and flight time, the minimum direct operating cost trajectory is very similar to the minimum fuel trajectory. Moreover, the HSCT has three local optimum cruise speeds, with the globally optimum cruise point at the highest allowable speed, if range is sufficiently long. The final range of the trajectory determines which locally optimal speed is best. Ranges of 500 to 6,000 nautical miles, subsonic and supersonic mixed flight, and varying fuel efficiency cases are analyzed. Finally, the payload-range curve of the HSCT design is determined.

The Potential Effects of Minimum Wage Changes on Naval Accessions

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

price floor affects the market’s demand for labor and utilizes the two-sector and search models to demonstrate how the minimum wage market ...and search models to demonstrate how the minimum wage market correlates to military ascensions. Finally, the report examines studies that show the...that Derives from a Price Floor. Source: “Price Floor” (n.d.). .....14 Figure 3. Price Floor below the Market . Source: “Price Floor” (n.d

Nucleon emission via electromagnetic excitation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions: Re-analysis of the Weizsacker-Williams method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norbury, John W.

1989-01-01

Previous analyses of the comparison of Weizsacker-Williams (WW) theory to experiment for nucleon emission via electromagnetic (EM) excitations in nucleus-nucleus collisions were not definitive because of different assumptions concerning the value of the minimum impact parameter. This situation is corrected by providing criteria that allows definitive statements to be made concerning agreement or disagreement between WW theory and experiment.

An echolocation model for the restoration of an acoustic image from a single-emission echo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuo, Ikuo; Yano, Masafumi

2004-12-01

Bats can form a fine acoustic image of an object using frequency-modulated echolocation sound. The acoustic image is an impulse response, known as a reflected-intensity distribution, which is composed of amplitude and phase spectra over a range of frequencies. However, bats detect only the amplitude spectrum due to the low-time resolution of their peripheral auditory system, and the frequency range of emission is restricted. It is therefore necessary to restore the acoustic image from limited information. The amplitude spectrum varies with the changes in the configuration of the reflected-intensity distribution, while the phase spectrum varies with the changes in its configuration and location. Here, by introducing some reasonable constraints, a method is proposed for restoring an acoustic image from the echo. The configuration is extrapolated from the amplitude spectrum of the restricted frequency range by using the continuity condition of the amplitude spectrum at the minimum frequency of the emission and the minimum phase condition. The determination of the location requires extracting the amplitude spectra, which vary with its location. For this purpose, the Gaussian chirplets with a carrier frequency compatible with bat emission sweep rates were used. The location is estimated from the temporal changes of the amplitude spectra. .

Exhaust emissions of volatile organic compounds of powered two-wheelers: effect of cold start and vehicle speed. Contribution to greenhouse effect and tropospheric ozone formation.

PubMed

Costagliola, M Antonietta; Murena, Fabio; Prati, M Vittoria

2014-01-15

Powered two-wheeler (PTW) vehicles complying with recent European type approval standards (stages Euro 2 and Euro 3) were tested on chassis dynamometer in order to measure exhaust emissions of about 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the range C1-C7, including carcinogenic compounds as benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The fleet consists of a moped (engine capacity ≤ 50 cm(3)) and three fuel injection motorcycles of different engine capacities (150, 300 and 400 cm(3)). Different driving conditions were tested (US FPT cycle, constant speed). Due to the poor control of the combustion and catalyst efficiency, moped is the highest pollutant emitter. In fact, fuel injection strategy and three way catalyst with lambda sensor are able to reduce VOC motorcycles' emission of about one order of magnitude with respect to moped. Cold start effect, that is crucial for the assessment of actual emission of PTWs in urban areas, was significant: 30-51% of extra emission for methane. In the investigated speed range, moped showed a significant maximum of VOC emission factor at minimum speed (10 km/h) and a slightly decreasing trend from 20 to 60 km/h; motorcycles showed on the average a less significant peak at 10 km/h, a minimum at 30-40 km/h and then an increasing trend with a maximum emission factor at 90 km/h. Carcinogenic VOCs show the same pattern of total VOCs. Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was estimated by using Maximum Incremental Reactivity scale. The greatest contribution to tropospheric ozone formation comes from alkenes group which account for 50-80% to the total OFP. VOC contribution effect on greenhouse effect is negligible with respect to CO2 emitted. © 2013.

Power dissipation in the mixed metal-insulator state of self-heated VO2 single crystals and the effect of sliding domains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, B.; Patlagan, L.

2018-06-01

The mixed metal-insulator state in VO2 sets on within the current-controlled negative differential resistivity regime of I-V loops traced at ambient temperature. In this state, the stability of I(V) and/or spontaneous switching between initial and final steady states are governed by the load resistance RL in series with the sample. With increasing current (decreasing voltage), the power P = IV reaches a maximum (Pmax) and drops to a minimum (Pmin) along a path that depends on RL. For low enough RL, the ratio Pmax/Pmin may exceed by far the contrast in thermal emissivity from films of VO2 over the metal-insulator transition as reported in Kats et al. [Phys. Rev. X 3, 041004 (2013)]. The minimum is followed by a range of currents where the power increases with current. The return path overlaps the original path and continues towards backward switching. For a few samples, there is evidence from optical microscopy that the portion of the P(I) loop between Pmin and backward switching coincides with the range of currents where semiconducting domains slide within a metallic background. Damage induced in crystals by repeated I-V cycling suppresses domain sliding and flattens P(I) in the respective range of currents. This is consistent with the current dependent excess power dissipation being induced by the sliding domains.

Climate Change and Simulation of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Case Study of Mashhad, Iran.

PubMed

Baaghideh, Mohammad; Mayvaneh, Fatemeh

2017-03-01

Weather and climate play a significant role in human health. We are accustomed to affects the weather conditions. By increasing or decreasing the environment temperature or change of seasons, some diseases become prevalent or remove. This study investigated the role of temperature in cardiovascular disease mortality of city of Mashhad in the current decade and its simulation in the future decades under conditions of climate change. Cardiovascular disease mortality data and the daily temperatures data were used during (2004-2013) period. First, the correlation between cardiovascular disease mortality and maximum and minimum temperatures were calculated then by using General Circulation Model, Emissions Scenarios, and temperature data were extracted for the next five decades and finally, mortality was simulated. There is a strong positive association between maximum temperature and mortality (r= 0.83, P -value<0.01), also observed a negative and weak but significant association between minimum temperatures and mortality. The results obtained from simulation show increased temperature in the next decades in Mashhad and a 1 °C increase in maximum temperature is associated with a 4.27% (95%CI: 0.91, 7.00) increase in Cardiovascular disease mortality. By increasing temperature and the number of hot days the cardiovascular disease mortality increases and these increases will be intensified in the future decades. Therefore, necessary preventive measures are required to mitigate temperature effects with greater attention to vulnerable group.

Excited-State Conformational/Electronic Responses of Saddle-Shaped N,N'-Disubstituted-Dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines: Wide-Tuning Emission from Red to Deep Blue and White Light Combination.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhiyun; Wu, Yu-Sin; Tang, Kuo-Chun; Chen, Chi-Lin; Ho, Jr-Wei; Su, Jianhua; Tian, He; Chou, Pi-Tai

2015-07-08

A tailored strategy is utilized to modify 5,10-dimethylphenazine (DMP) to donor-acceptor type N,N'-disubstituted-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines. The representative compounds DMAC (N,N'-dimethyl), DPAC (N,N'-diphenyl), and FlPAC (N-phenyl-N'-fluorenyl) reveal significant nonplanar distortions (i.e., a saddle shape) and remarkably large Stokes-shifted emission independent of the solvent polarity. For DPAC and FlPAC with higher steric hindrance on the N,N'-substituents, normal Stokes-shifted emission also appears, for which the peak wavelength reveals solvent-polarity dependence. These unique photophysical behaviors are rationalized by electronic configuration coupled conformation changes en route to the geometry planarization in the excited state. This proposed mechanism is different from the symmetry rule imposed to explain the anomalously long-wavelength emission for DMP and is firmly supported by polarity-, viscosity-, and temperature-dependent steady-state and nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. Together with femtosecond early dynamics and computational simulation of the reaction energy surfaces, the results lead us to establish a sequential, three-step kinetics. Upon electronic excitation of N,N'-disubstituted-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines, intramolecular charge-transfer takes place, followed by the combination of polarization stabilization and skeletal motion toward the planarization, i.e., elongation of the π-delocalization over the benzo[a,c]phenazines moiety. Along the planarization, DPAC and FlPAC encounter steric hindrance raised by the N,N'-disubstitutes, resulting in a local minimum state, i.e., the intermediate. The combination of initial charge-transfer state, intermediate, and the final planarization state renders the full spectrum of interest and significance in their anomalous photophysics. Depending on rigidity, the N,N'-disubstituted-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines exhibit multiple emissions, which can be widely tuned from red to deep blue and even to white light generation upon optimization of the surrounding media.

Galactic wind X-ray heating of the intergalactic medium during the Epoch of Reionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meiksin, Avery; Khochfar, Sadegh; Paardekooper, Jan-Pieter; Dalla Vecchia, Claudio; Kohn, Saul

2017-11-01

The diffuse soft X-ray emissivity from galactic winds is computed during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). We consider two analytic models, a pressure-driven wind and a superbubble model, and a 3D cosmological simulation including gas dynamics from the First Billion Years (FiBY) project. The analytic models are normalized to match the diffuse X-ray emissivity of star-forming galaxies in the nearby Universe. The cosmological simulation uses physically motivated star formation and wind prescriptions, and includes radiative transfer corrections. The models and the simulation all are found to produce sufficient heating of the intergalactic medium to be detectable by current and planned radio facilities through 21 cm measurements during the EoR. While the analytic models predict a 21 cm emission signal relative to the cosmic microwave backgroundsets in by ztrans ≃ 8-10, the predicted signal in the FiBY simulation remains in absorption until reionization completes. The 21 cm absorption differential brightness temperature reaches a minimum of ΔT ≃ -130 to -200 mK, depending on model. Allowing for additional heat from high-mass X-ray binaries pushes the transition to emission to ztrans ≃ 10-12, with shallower absorption signatures having a minimum of ΔT ≃ -110 to -140 mK. The 21 cm signal may be a means of distinguishing between the wind models, with the superbubble model favouring earlier reheating. While an early transition to emission may indicate X-ray binaries dominate the reheating, a transition to emission as early as ztrans > 12 would suggest the presence of additional heat sources.

Experimental investigation of mode transitions in asymmetric capacitively coupled radio-frequency Ne and CF4 plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Gang-Hu; Liu, Yong-Xin; Bai, Li-Shui; Zhao, Kai; Wang, You-Nian

2018-02-01

The dependence of the electron density and the emission intensity on external parameters during the transitions of the electron power absorption mode is experimentally studied in asymmetric electropositive (neon) and electronegative (CF4) capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasmas. The spatio-temporal distribution of the emission intensity is measured with phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy and the electron density at the discharge center is measured by utilizing a floating hairpin probe. In neon discharge, the emission intensity increases almost linearly with the rf voltage at all driving frequencies covered here, while the variation of the electron density with the rf voltage behaves differently at different driving frequencies. In particular, the electron density increases linearly with the rf voltage at high driving frequencies, while at low driving frequencies the electron density increases slowly at the low-voltage side and, however, grows rapidly, when the rf voltage is higher than a certain value, indicating a transition from α to γ mode. The rf voltage, at which the mode transition occurs, increases with the decrease of the driving frequency/the working pressure. By contrast, in CF4 discharge, three different electron power absorption modes can be observed and the electron density and emission intensity do not exhibit a simple dependence on the rf voltage. In particular, the electron density exhibits a minimum at a certain rf voltage when the electron power absorption mode is switching from drift-ambipolar to the α/γ mode. A minimum can also be found in the emission intensity at a higher rf voltage when a discharge is switching into the γ mode.

Final Rule for Emission Standards for Locomotives and Locomotive Engines

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In 1998, EPA promulgated final exhaust emission standards for oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and smoke for newly manufactured and remanufactured locomotives and locomotive engines.

75 FR 55269 - Minimum Internal Control Standards for Class II Gaming

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-10

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Indian Gaming Commission 25 CFR Parts 542 and 543 RIN 3141-AA-37 Minimum Internal Control Standards for Class II Gaming AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission. ACTION: Delay of effective date of final rule; request for comments. SUMMARY: The National Indian Gaming...

High School Graduation Minimum Competency Requirements. Final Technical Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Austin Independent School District, TX. Office of Research and Evaluation.

This technical report details the testing results and analyses supporting the evaluation findings related to the Austin (Texas) Independent School District (AISD) minimum competency graduation requirements. The graduation competency status of all AISD students in grades 8 to 12 are documented. The report provides additional information on the data…

State Minimum Competency Testing Programs. Resource Catalog. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Gladys H.

Focusing on state-mandated minimum competency testing programs, this annotated bibliography cites 200 items selected from more than 700. The Resource Catalog is intended for state education policy makers and therefore includes resource and study guides; legislative and board action; conference speeches, reports and proceedings; curriculum guides,…

OSO 8 observations of wave propagation in the solar chromosphere and transition region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chipman, E. G.

1978-01-01

The University of Colorado instrument on OSO 8 has been used to observe relative phases of the 300-s intensity variation between the temperature-minimum region and several emission lines formed in the solar chromosphere and chromosphere-corona transition region. The lines used are due to Fe II, Si II, C II, Si IV, and C IV. The scattered light in the spectrograph, which originates almost entirely in the spectral region between 1700 and 1900 A, was used as a probe of the temperature-minimum region. The lines of Fe II, Si II, and C II show almost identical delays of approximately 30 s relative to the temperature minimum, while the intensity oscillations of the lines of Si IV and C IV appear to lead the temperature-minimum intensity oscillations by about 10 s.

Droplet squeezing through a narrow constriction: Minimum impulse and critical velocity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhifeng; Drapaca, Corina; Chen, Xiaolin; Xu, Jie

2017-07-01

Models of a droplet passing through narrow constrictions have wide applications in science and engineering. In this paper, we report our findings on the minimum impulse (momentum change) of pushing a droplet through a narrow circular constriction. The existence of this minimum impulse is mathematically derived and numerically verified. The minimum impulse happens at a critical velocity when the time-averaged Young-Laplace pressure balances the total minor pressure loss in the constriction. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to verify these concepts. These results could be relevant to problems of energy optimization and studies of chemical and biomedical systems.

40 CFR 63.3092 - How must I control emissions from my electrodeposition primer system if I want to comply with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... electrodeposition primer system if I want to comply with the combined primer-surfacer, topcoat, final repair, glass bonding primer, and glass bonding adhesive emission limit? 63.3092 Section 63.3092 Protection of...-surfacer, topcoat, final repair, glass bonding primer, and glass bonding adhesive emission limit? If your...

40 CFR 63.3092 - How must I control emissions from my electrodeposition primer system if I want to comply with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... electrodeposition primer system if I want to comply with the combined primer-surfacer, topcoat, final repair, glass bonding primer, and glass bonding adhesive emission limit? 63.3092 Section 63.3092 Protection of...-surfacer, topcoat, final repair, glass bonding primer, and glass bonding adhesive emission limit? If your...

40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Ce of... - Emissions Limits for Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI at Designated Facilities as Defined in § 60...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) (grains per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf)) 115 (0.05) 69 (0.03) 34 (0.015) 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 5 of appendix A-3 of part 60, or EPA Reference Method...-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 10 or 10B of appendix A-4 of...

40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Ce of... - Emissions Limits for Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI at Designated Facilities as Defined in § 60...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) (grains per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf)) 115 (0.05) 69 (0.03) 34 (0.015) 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 5 of appendix A-3 of part 60, or EPA Reference Method...-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 10 or 10B of appendix A-4 of...

Forecast of jet engine exhaust emissions for future high altitude commercial aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grobman, J.; Ingebo, R. D.

1974-01-01

Projected minimum levels of engine exhaust emissions that may be practicably achievable for future commercial aircraft operating at high altitude cruise conditions are presented. The forecasts are based on: (1) current knowledge of emission characteristics of combustors and augmentors; (2) the current status of combustion research in emission reduction technology; (3) predictable trends in combustion systems and operating conditions as required for projected engine designs that are candidates for advanced subsonic or supersonic commercial aircraft. Results are presented for cruise conditions in terms of an emission index, g pollutant/kg fuel. Two sets of engine exhaust emission predictions are presented: the first, based on an independent NASA study and the second, based on the consensus of an ad hoc committee composed of industry, university, and government representatives. The consensus forecasts are in general agreement with the NASA forecasts.

Forecast of jet engine exhaust emissions for future high altitude commercial aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grobman, J.; Ingebo, R. D.

1974-01-01

Projected minimum levels of engine exhaust emissions that may be practicably achievable for future commercial aircraft operating at high altitude cruise conditions are presented. The forecasts are based on: (1) current knowledge of emission characteristics of combustors and augmentors; (2) the current status of combustion research in emission reduction technology; and (3) predictable trends in combustion systems and operating conditions as required for projected engine designs that are candidates for advanced subsonic or supersonic commercial aircraft. Results are presented for cruise conditions in terms of an emission index, g pollutant/kg fuel. Two sets of engine exhaust emission predictions are presented: the first, based on an independent NASA study and the second, based on the consensus of an ad hoc committee composed of industry, university, and government representatives. The consensus forecasts are in general agreement with the NASA forecasts.

Thermal Emission Spectroscopy of 1 Ceres: Evidence for Olivine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witteborn, Fred. C.; Roush, Ted L.; Cohen, Martin

1999-01-01

Thermal emission spectra of the largest asteroid, 1 Ceres, obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory display features that may provide information about its surface mineralogy. The emissivity, obtained by dividing the spectra by a standard thermal model, is compared with emissivity spectra of olivines and phyllosilicates deduced via Kirchoff's law from reflectivity measurements. The spectra provide a fairly good match to fine grained olivines (0 to 5 micrometer size range). The smoothness of the spectrum beyond 18 micrometers is an indication of particles smaller than 50 micrometers. While the abrupt rise in emissivity near 8 micrometers matches many silicates, the distinct emissivity minimum centered near 12.8 micrometers is consistant with iron-poor olivines, but not with phyllosilicates. It suggests the presence of opaques and does not exclude a mixture with organics and fine-grained phyllosilicates.

Two Surface Temperature Retrieval Methods Compared Over Agricultural Lands

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

French, Andrew N.; Schmugge, Thomas J.; Jacob, Frederic; Ogawa, Kenta; Houser, Paul R. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Accurate, spatially distributed surface temperatures are required for modeling evapotranspiration (ET) over agricultural fields under wide ranging conditions, including stressed and unstressed vegetation. Modeling approaches that use surface temperature observations, however, have the burden of estimating surface emissivities. Emissivity estimation, the subject of much recent research, is facilitated by observations in multiple thermal infrared bands. But it is nevertheless a difficult task. Using observations from a multiband thermal sensor, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), estimated surface emissivities and temperatures are retrieved in two different ways: the temperature emissivity separation approach (TES) and the normalized emissivity approach (NEM). Both rely upon empirical relationships, but the assumed relationships are different. TES relies upon a relationship between the minimum spectral emissivity and the range of observed emissivities. NEM relies upon an assumption that at least one thermal band has a pre-determined emissivity (close to 1.0). The benefits and consequences of each approach will be demonstrated for two different landscapes: one in central Oklahoma, USA and another in southern New Mexico.

Uncertainty, imprecision, and the precautionary principle in climate change assessment.

PubMed

Borsuk, M E; Tomassini, L

2005-01-01

Statistical decision theory can provide useful support for climate change decisions made under conditions of uncertainty. However, the probability distributions used to calculate expected costs in decision theory are themselves subject to uncertainty, disagreement, or ambiguity in their specification. This imprecision can be described using sets of probability measures, from which upper and lower bounds on expectations can be calculated. However, many representations, or classes, of probability measures are possible. We describe six of the more useful classes and demonstrate how each may be used to represent climate change uncertainties. When expected costs are specified by bounds, rather than precise values, the conventional decision criterion of minimum expected cost is insufficient to reach a unique decision. Alternative criteria are required, and the criterion of minimum upper expected cost may be desirable because it is consistent with the precautionary principle. Using simple climate and economics models as an example, we determine the carbon dioxide emissions levels that have minimum upper expected cost for each of the selected classes. There can be wide differences in these emissions levels and their associated costs, emphasizing the need for care when selecting an appropriate class.

European emissions of HCFC-22 based on eleven years of high frequency atmospheric measurements and a Bayesian inversion method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Graziosi, F.; Arduini, J.; Furlani, F.; Giostra, U.; Kuijpers, L. J. M.; Montzka, S. A.; Miller, B. R.; O'Doherty, S. J.; Stohl, A.; Bonasoni, P.; Maione, M.

2015-07-01

HCFC-22 (CHClF2), a stratospheric ozone depleting substance and a powerful greenhouse gas, is the third most abundant anthropogenic halocarbon in the atmosphere. Primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, its global production and consumption have increased during the last 60 years, with the global increases in the last decade mainly attributable to developing countries. In 2007, an adjustment to the Montreal Protocol for Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer called for an accelerated phase out of HCFCs, implying a 75% reduction (base year 1989) of HCFC production and consumption by 2010 in developed countries against the previous 65% reduction. In Europe HCFC-22 is continuously monitored at the two sites Mace Head (Ireland) and Monte Cimone (Italy). Combining atmospheric observations with a Bayesian inversion technique, we estimated fluxes of HCFC-22 from Europe and from eight macro-areas within it, over an 11-year period from January 2002 to December 2012, during which the accelerated restrictions on HCFCs production and consumption have entered into force. According to our study, the maximum emissions over the entire domain was in 2003 (38.2 ± 4.7 Gg yr-1), and the minimum in 2012 (12.1 ± 2.0 Gg yr-1); emissions continuously decreased between these years, except for secondary maxima in the 2008 and 2010. Despite such a decrease in regional emissions, background values of HCFC-22 measured at the two European stations over 2002-2012 are still increasing as a consequence of global emissions, in part from developing countries, with an average trend of ca 7.0 ppt yr-1. However, the observations at the two European stations show also that since 2008 a decrease in the global growth rate has occurred. In general, our European emission estimates are in good agreement with those reported by previous studies that used different techniques. Since the currently dominant emission source of HCFC-22 is from banks, we assess the banks' size and their contribution to the total European emissions up to 2030, and we project a fast decrease approaching negligible emissions in the last five years of the considered period. Finally, inversions conducted over three month periods showed evidence for a seasonal cycle in emissions in regions in the Mediterranean basin but not outside it. Emissions derived from regions in the Mediterranean basin were ca. 25% higher in warmer months than in colder months.

2005 v4.3 Technical Support Document

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Emissions Modeling for the Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Technical Support Document describes how updated 2005 NEI, version 2 emissions were processed for air quality modeling in support of the final Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS).

Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography [PET] in Man Using Small Bismuth Germanate Crystals

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Derenzo, S. E.; Budinger, T. F.; Huesman, R. H.; Cahoon, J. L.

1982-04-01

Primary considerations for the design of positron emission tomographs for medical studies in humans are the need for high imaging sensitivity, whole organ coverage, good spatial resolution, high maximum data rates, adequate spatial sampling with minimum mechanical motion, shielding against out of plane activity, pulse height discrimination against scattered photons, and timing discrimination against accidental coincidences. We discuss the choice of detectors, sampling motion, shielding, and electronics to meet these objectives.

Stellar Kinematic Groups. II. A Reexamination of the Membership, Activity, and Age of the Ursa Major Group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

King, Jeremy R.; Villarreal, Adam R.; Soderblom, David R.; Gulliver, Austin F.; Adelman, Saul J.

2003-04-01

Utilizing Hipparcos parallaxes, original radial velocities and recent literature values, new Ca II H and K emission measurements, literature-based abundance estimates, and updated photometry (including recent resolved measurements of close doubles), we revisit the Ursa Major moving group membership status of some 220 stars to produce a final clean list of nearly 60 assured members, based on kinematic and photometric criteria. Scatter in the velocity dispersions and H-R diagram is correlated with trial activity-based membership assignments, indicating the usefulness of criteria based on photometric and chromospheric emission to examine membership. Closer inspection, however, shows that activity is considerably more robust at excluding membership, failing to do so only for <=15% of objects, perhaps considerably less. Our UMa members demonstrate nonzero vertex deviation in the Bottlinger diagram, behavior seen in older and recent studies of nearby young disk stars and perhaps related to Galactic spiral structure. Comparison of isochrones and our final UMa group members indicates an age of 500+/-100 Myr, some 200 Myr older than the canonically quoted UMa age. Our UMa kinematic/photometric members' mean chromospheric emission levels, rotational velocities, and scatter therein are indistinguishable from values in the Hyades and smaller than those evinced by members of the younger Pleiades and M34 clusters, suggesting these characteristics decline rapidly with age over 200-500 Myr. None of our UMa members demonstrate inordinately low absolute values of chromospheric emission, but several may show residual fluxes a factor of >=2 below a Hyades-defined lower envelope. If one defines a Maunder-like minimum in a relative sense, then the UMa results may suggest that solar-type stars spend 10% of their entire main-sequence lives in periods of precipitously low activity, which is consistent with estimates from older field stars. As related asides, we note six evolved stars (among our UMa nonmembers) with distinctive kinematics that lie along a 2 Gyr isochrone and appear to be late-type counterparts to disk F stars defining intermediate-age star streams in previous studies, identify a small number of potentially very young but isolated field stars, note that active stars (whether UMa members or not) in our sample lie very close to the solar composition zero-age main sequence, unlike Hipparcos-based positions in the H-R diagram of Pleiades dwarfs, and argue that some extant transformations of activity indices are not adequate for cool dwarfs, for which Ca II infrared triplet emission seems to be a better proxy than Hα-based values for Ca II H and K indices.

Modelling trends in tropical column ozone with the UKCA chemistry-climate model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keeble, James; Bednarz, Ewa; Banerjee, Antara; Abraham, Luke; Harris, Neil; Maycock, Amanda; Pyle, John

2016-04-01

Trends in tropical column ozone under a number of different emissions scenarios are explored with the UM-UKCA coupled chemistry climate model. A transient 1960-2100 simulation was run following the RCP6 scenario. Tropical averaged (10S-10N) total column ozone values decrease from the 1970s, reaching a minimum around 2000, and return to their 1980 values around 2040, consistent with the use and emission of ozone depleting substances, and their later controls under the Montreal Protocol. However, when the total column is subdivided into three partial columns, extending from the surface to the tropopause, the tropopause to 30km, and 30km to 50km, significant differences to the total column trend are seen. Modelled tropospheric column values increase from 1960-2000 before remaining steady throughout the 21st Century. Lower stratospheric column values decrease rapidly from 1960-2000, remain steady until 2050 before slowly decreasing to 2100, never recovering to their 1980s values. Upper stratospheric values decrease from 1960-2000, before rapidly increasing throughout the 21st Century, recovering to 1980s values by ~2020 and are significantly increased above the 1980s values by 2100. Using a series of idealised model simulations with varying concentrations of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances, we assess the physical processes driving the partial column response in the troposphere, lower stratosphere and upper stratosphere, and assess how these processes change under different emissions scenarios. Finally, we present a simple, linearised model for predicting tropical column ozone values based on greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance scenarios.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS SELCO-87: Influence of spontaneous fluctuations on the emission spectrum of an injection semiconductor laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gulyaev, Yurii V.; Suris, Robert A.; Tager, A. A.; Élenkrig, B. B.

1988-11-01

A theoretical investigation is made of fluctuation-induced excitation of side longitudinal modes in the emission spectra of semiconductor lasers, including those with an external mirror. It is shown that nonlinear refraction of light in the active region of a semiconductor laser may result in a noise redistribution of the radiation between longitudinal resonator modes and can be responsible for the multimode nature of the average emission spectrum. An analysis is made of the influence of selectivity of an external mirror on the stability of cw operation, minimum line width, and mode composition of the emission spectra of semiconductor lasers. The conditions for maximum narrowing of the emission spectrum of a semiconductor laser with an external selective mirror are identified.

76 FR 57105 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

...EPA and NHTSA, on behalf of the Department of Transportation, are each finalizing rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road heavy-duty vehicles, responding to the President's directive on May 21, 2010, to take coordinated steps to produce a new generation of clean vehicles. NHTSA's final fuel consumption standards and EPA's final carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions standards are tailored to each of three regulatory categories of heavy-duty vehicles: Combination Tractors; Heavy-duty Pickup Trucks and Vans; and Vocational Vehicles. The rules include separate standards for the engines that power combination tractors and vocational vehicles. Certain rules are exclusive to the EPA program. These include EPA's final hydrofluorocarbon standards to control leakage from air conditioning systems in combination tractors, and pickup trucks and vans. These also include EPA's final nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions standards that apply to all heavy- duty engines, pickup trucks and vans. EPA's final greenhouse gas emission standards under the Clean Air Act will begin with model year 2014. NHTSA's final fuel consumption standards under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 will be voluntary in model years 2014 and 2015, becoming mandatory with model year 2016 for most regulatory categories. Commercial trailers are not regulated in this phase of the Heavy-Duty National Program. The agencies estimate that the combined standards will reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 270 million metric tons and save 530 million barrels of oil over the life of vehicles sold during the 2014 through 2018 model years, providing over $7 billion in net societal benefits, and $49 billion in net societal benefits when private fuel savings are considered. EPA is also finalizing provisions allowing light-duty vehicle manufacturers to use CO2 credits to meet the light-duty vehicle N2O and CH4 standards, technical amendments to the fuel economy provisions for light-duty vehicles, and a technical amendment to the criteria pollutant emissions requirements for certain switch locomotives.

Final Rule on Ozone Transport Commission; Low Emission Vehicle Program for the Northeast Ozone Transport Region

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is announcing its final determination that reduction of new motor vehicle emissions throughout the Northeast Ozone Transport Region (OTR) is necessary to mitigate the effects of air pollution transport.

77 FR 75739 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Chemical Manufacturing Area Sources

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

...On January 30, 2012, the EPA proposed revisions to several provisions of the final National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Chemical Manufacturing Area Sources. The proposed revisions were made, in part, in response to a petition for reconsideration received by the Administrator following the promulgation of the October 29, 2009, final rule (``2009 final rule''). In this action, the EPA is finalizing those amendments, lifting the stay of the title V permit requirement issued on March 14, 2011, and lifting the stay of the final rule issued on October 25, 2012. In addition, this final action includes revisions to the EPA's approach for addressing malfunctions and standards applicable during startup and shutdown periods. This final action also includes amendments and technical corrections to the final rule to clarify applicability and compliance issues raised by stakeholders subject to the 2009 final rule. The revisions to the final rule do not reduce the level of environmental protection or emissions control on sources regulated by this rule but provide flexibility and clarity to improve implementation. This action also extends the compliance date for existing sources and the EPA's final response to all issues raised in the petition for reconsideration.

Utilization of structural steel in buildings.

PubMed

Moynihan, Muiris C; Allwood, Julian M

2014-08-08

Over one-quarter of steel produced annually is used in the construction of buildings. Making this steel causes carbon dioxide emissions, which climate change experts recommend be reduced by half in the next 37 years. One option to achieve this is to design and build more efficiently, still delivering the same service from buildings but using less steel to do so. To estimate how much steel could be saved from this option, 23 steel-framed building designs are studied, sourced from leading UK engineering firms. The utilization of each beam is found and buildings are analysed to find patterns. The results for over 10 000 beams show that average utilization is below 50% of their capacity. The primary reason for this low value is 'rationalization'-providing extra material to reduce labour costs. By designing for minimum material rather than minimum cost, steel use in buildings could be drastically reduced, leading to an equivalent reduction in 'embodied' carbon emissions.

78 FR 9845 - Minimum and Ordinary Maximum and Aggravated Maximum Civil Monetary Penalties for a Violation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... Penalties for a Violation of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Laws or Regulations, Orders, Special... final rule applies to all violations of the Federal hazardous materials transportation laws or a... Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Improvement Act of 2012-revises the maximum and minimum civil...

75 FR 168 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-04

... lower the minimum component stock weight requirement from 90% to 70% of the weight of the underlying... component stock trading volumes are determined on a global basis. Finally, as an option for meeting the... minimize potential manipulation. The Commission also believes that the proposed use of minimum notional...

Final Report on Minimum Work Expectations of Recent [Nursing] Graduates.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scott, Robert E.

To determine the importance of job tasks and/or activities for the nurse aide, the licensed practical nurse (LPN), and the associate degree nurse (ADN), nursing instructors, LPNs and employers were surveyed in Kansas in 1978 using a minimum work behavior expectation instrument. Respondents were asked to rate approximately 200 discrete job tasks…

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP); Asbestos NESHAP Revision: 1990 Final Rule (55 FR 48406)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document is a copy of the Federal Register publication of the November 20, 1990 Final Rule of Asbestos National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Revision for the Asbestos NESHAP.

Fact Sheets: Final Air Toxics Rules for Ethylene Oxide Emissions from Commercial Sterilization and Fumigation Operations

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains November 1994 and November 1999 fact sheets with information regarding the Final Ethylene Oxide Emissions Standards for Sterilization Facilities. These documents contain answers to common questions for this NESHAP

The effects of household management practices on the global warming potential of urban lawns.

PubMed

Gu, Chuanhui; Crane, John; Hornberger, George; Carrico, Amanda

2015-03-15

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are an important component of the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget for urban turfgrasses. A biogeochemical model DNDC successfully captured the magnitudes and patterns of N2O emissions observed at an urban turfgrass system at the Richland Creek Watershed in Nashville, TN. The model was then used to study the long-term (i.e. 75 years) impacts of lawn management practice (LMP) on soil organic carbon sequestration rate (dSOC), soil N2O emissions, and net Global Warming Potentials (net GWPs). The model simulated N2O emissions and net GWP from the three management intensity levels over 75 years ranged from 0.75 to 3.57 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) and 697 to 2443 kg CO2-eq ha(-1)yr(-1), respectively, which suggested that turfgrasses act as a net carbon emitter. Reduction of fertilization is most effective to mitigate the global warming potentials of turfgrasses. Compared to the baseline scenario, halving fertilization rate and clipping recycle as an alternative to synthetic fertilizer can reduce net GWPs by 17% and 12%, respectively. In addition, reducing irrigation and mowing are also effective in lowering net GWPs. The minimum-maintenance LMP without irrigation and fertilization can reduce annual N2O emissions and net GWPs by approximately 53% and 70%, respectively, with the price of gradual depletion of soil organic carbon, when compared to the intensive-maintenance LMP. A lawn age-dependent best management practice is recommended: a high dose fertilizer input at the initial stage of lawn establishment to enhance SOC sequestration, followed by decreasing fertilization rate when the lawn ages to minimize N2O emissions. A minimum-maintained LMP with clipping recycling, and minimum irrigation and mowing, is recommended to mitigate global warming effects from urban turfgrass systems. Among all practices, clipping recycle may be a relatively malleable behavior and, therefore, a good target for interventions seeking to reduce the environmental impacts of lawn management through public education. Our results suggest that a long-term or a chronosequence study of turfgrasses with varying ages is warranted to capture the complete dynamics of contribution of turfgrasses to global warming. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Key conclusions from AVOID Work Stream One

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warren, Rachel

2010-05-01

AVOID work stream (WS1)one has produced emission scenarios that simulate potential future global emission pathways for greenhouse gases during the 21st century. The study explored the influence of three key features of such pathways: (1) the year in which emissions peak globally, (2) the rate of emission reduction, and (3) the minimum level to which emissions are eventually reduced. It examined the resultant climate change, climate change impacts and economic implications using computer simulations. Avoided impacts, carbon taxes and GDP change increase throughout the 21st century in the models. AVOID-WS1 showed that in the absence of climate policy it is very likely that global mean temperatures would exceed 3 degrees and there are evens chances that the temperature would rise by 4 degrees relative to pre-industrial times. Scenarios that peak emissions in 2016 were more effective at constraining temperatures to below 3 degrees than those that peaked in 2030: one ‘2016' scenario achieved a probability of 45% of avoiding breaching of a 2 degree threshold. Scenarios peaking in 2030 were inconsistent with constraining temperatures to below 2 degrees. Correspondingly, scenarios that peak in 2030 are more effective at avoiding climate impacts than scenarios that peak in 2016, for all sectors that we studied. Hence the date at which emissions peak is more important than the rate of subsequent emissions reduction in determining the avoided impacts. Avoided impacts increase with time, being negligible in the 2030s, significant by the 2050s and large by the 2080s. Finally, the choice of GCM influences the magnitude of the avoided impacts strongly, so that the uncertainties in our estimates of avoided impacts for each scenario are larger than the difference between the scenarios. Our economic analysis is based on models which differ greatly in the assumptions that they make, but generally show that the date at which emissions peak is a stronger driver of induced GDP changes, and, with some exceptions, carbon taxes, than the rate at which emissions are subsequently reduced. In models which assume perfect rationality and foresight and/or assume the economy to be equilibrium with full employment, then mitigation could cause GDP to decrease. In models which do not make these assumptions, mitigation could cause GDP to increase. In either case the effects are small (a few % of GDP lost or gained in 2100) and insignificant when compared with the 600-1200% increase in global GDP forecast between 2000 and 2100 in the SRES A1B reference scenario used in this study. Estimates of carbon taxes required differ widely between models.

40 CFR 63.8690 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63.8690 How do I monitor... emission or operating levels, nor may such data be used in fulfilling a minimum data availability...

Supercontinuum Emission from Water using 40 fs Pulses in the External Tight Focusing Limit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sreeja, S.; Rao, S. Venugopal; Bagchi, Suman; Sreedhar, S.; Prashant, T. Shuvan; Radhakrishnan, P.; Tewari, Surya P.; Kiran, P. Prem

2011-10-01

We present our results from the measurements of Supereonlinuum emission (SCE) resulting from the propagation ol" tightly foe used 40 femtosecond laser pulses through distilled water. The e fleet of linearly polarized (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) light pulses on the SCE: in different external focal geometries (f/6 & f/12) is studied in detail. A considerable shift in the minimum wavelength of SCF under tighter focusing limit is observed.

Modeling Phase-Aligned Gamma-Ray and Radio Millisecond Pulsar Light Curves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Venter, C.; Johnson, T.; Harding, A.

2012-01-01

Since the discovery of the first eight gamma-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs) by the Fermi Large Area Telescope, this population has been steadily expanding. Four of the more recent detections, PSR J00340534, PSR J1939+2134 (B1937+21; the first MSP ever discovered), PSR J1959+2048 (B1957+20; the first discovery of a black widow system), and PSR J2214+3000, exhibit a phenomenon not present in the original discoveries: nearly phase-aligned radio and gamma-ray light curves (LCs). To account for the phase alignment, we explore models where both the radio and gamma-ray emission originate either in the outer magnetosphere near the light cylinder or near the polar caps. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique to search for best-fit model parameters, we obtain reasonable LC fits for the first three of these MSPs in the context of altitude-limited outer gap (alOG) and two-pole caustic (alTPC) geometries (for both gamma-ray and radio emission). These models differ from the standard outer gap (OG)/two-pole caustic (TPC) models in two respects: the radio emission originates in caustics at relatively high altitudes compared to the usual conal radio beams, and we allow both the minimum and maximum altitudes of the gamma-ray and radio emission regions to vary within a limited range (excluding the minimum gamma-ray altitude of the alTPC model, which is kept constant at the stellar radius, and that of the alOG model, which is set to the position-dependent null charge surface altitude). Alternatively, phase-aligned solutions also exist for emission originating near the stellar surface in a slot gap scenario (low-altitude slot gap (laSG) models). We find that the alTPC models provide slightly better LC fits than the alOG models, and both of these give better fits than the laSG models (for the limited range of parameters considered in the case of the laSG models). Thus, our fits imply that the phase-aligned LCs are likely of caustic origin, produced in the outer magnetosphere, and that the radio emission for these pulsars may come from close to the light cylinder. In addition, we were able to constrain the minimum and maximum emission altitudes with typical uncertainties of 30% of the light cylinder radius. Our results therefore describe a third gamma-ray MSP subclass, in addition to the two previously found by Venter et al.: those with LCs fit by standard OG/TPC models and those with LCs fit by pair-starved polar cap models.

Applications of an Energy Transfer Model to Three Problems in Planetary Regoliths: The Solid-State Greenhouse, Thermal Beaming, and Emittance Spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hapke, Bruce

1996-01-01

Several problems of interest in planetary infrared remote sensing are investigated using a new radiative-conductive model of energy transfer in regoliths: the solid-state greenhouse effect, thermal beaming, and reststrahlen spectra. The results of the analysis are as follows: (1) The solid-state greenhouse effect is self-limiting to a rise of a few tens of degrees in bodies of the outer solar system. (2) Non-Lambertian directional emissivity can account for only about 20% of the observed thermal beaming factor. The remainder must have another cause, presumably surface roughness effects. (3) The maximum in a reststrahlen emissivity spectrum does not occur exactly at the Christiansen wavelength where, by definition, the real part of the refractive index equals one, but rather at the first transition minimum in reflectance associated with the transition from particle scattering being dominated by volume scattering to that dominated by strong surface scattering. The transparency feature is at the second transition minimum and does not require the presence of a second band at longer wavelength for its occurance. Subsurface temperature gradients have only a small effect on emissivity bands.

75 FR 50930 - Final Determination To Approve Alternative Final Cover Request for the Lake County, Montana Landfill

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-18

... infiltration and erosion. The regulation requires final cover systems to be designed and constructed to: (1... infiltration through the closed MSWLF by the use of an infiltration layer that contains a minimum of 18 inches... that includes: (1) An infiltration layer that achieves an equivalent reduction in infiltration as the...

75 FR 22895 - Control of Emissions From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

...EPA is finalizing emission standards for new marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters (called Category 3 marine diesel engines) installed on U.S. vessels. These emission standards are equivalent to those adopted in the amendments to Annex VI to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI). The emission standards apply in two stages--near-term standards for newly built engines will apply beginning in 2011; long-term standards requiring an 80 percent reduction in NOX emissions will begin in 2016. We are also finalizing a change to our diesel fuel program that will allow for the production and sale of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use in Category 3 marine vessels. In addition, the new fuel requirements will generally forbid the production and sale of other fuels above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in most U.S. waters, unless alternative devices, procedures, or compliance methods are used to achieve equivalent emissions reductions. We are adopting further provisions under the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, especially to apply the emission standards to engines covered by MARPOL Annex VI that are not covered by the Clean Air Act, and to require that these additional engines use the specified fuels (or equivalents). The final regulations also include technical amendments to our motor vehicle and nonroad engine regulations; many of these changes involve minor adjustments or corrections to our recently finalized rule for new nonroad spark-ignition engines, or adjustment to other regulatory provisions to align with this recent final rule.

A Study of Minimum Competency Programs. Final Comprehensive Report. Vol. 1. Vol. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gorth, William Phillip; Perkins, Marcy R.

The status of minimum competency testing programs, as of June 30, 1979, is given through descriptions of 31 state programs and 20 local district programs. For each program, the following information is provided: legislative and policy history; implementation phase; goals; competencies to be tested; standards and standard setting; target groups and…

A Study of Minimum Competency Testing Programs. Final Program Development Resource Document.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gorth, William Phillip; Perkins, Marcy R.

This resource document represents the integration of both practice and theory related to minimum competency testing (MCT), and is largely based on information collected in a nationwide survey of MCT programs. Chapter 1, To Implement or Not to Implement MCT, by Marcy R. Perkins, presents a definition of MCT and a discussion of the perceived…

Final Rule for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA and National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA) are each finalizing rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for onroad heavy-duty vehicles.

Effects of combustion temperature on air emissions and support fuel consumption in full scale fluidized bed sludge incineration: with particular focus on nitrogen oxides and total organic carbon.

PubMed

Löschau, Margit

2018-04-01

This article describes a pilot test at a sewage sludge incineration plant and shows its results considering the impacts of reducing the minimum combustion temperature from 850°C to 800°C. The lowering leads to an actual reduction of the average combustion temperature by 25 K and a significant reduction in the fuel oil consumption for support firing. The test shall be used for providing evidence that the changed combustion conditions do not result in higher air pollutant emissions. The analysis focusses on the effects of the combustion temperature on nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and total organic carbon emissions. The evaluation of all continuously monitored emissions shows reduced emission levels compared to the previous years, especially for NO x .

Steps towards understanding deep atmospheric heating in flares

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mauas, Pablo J. D.; Machado, Marcos E.

1986-01-01

Different aspects of the heating of the deep solar atmosphere during flares, including temperature minimum enhancements and white light emission, are discussed. The proper treatment of H(-) radiative losses is discussed, and compared with previous studies, as well as a quantitative analysis of the ionizing effect of nonthermal particles and ultraviolet radiation. It is concluded that temperature minimum heating may be a natural consequence of the global radiation transport in flares. The implications of these results are discussed within the context of homogeneous and inhomogeneous models of the solar atmosphere.

40 CFR Table 1b to Subpart Ce of... - Emissions Limits for Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI at Designated Facilities as Defined in § 60...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....011) 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 5 of appendix A-3 of part... by volume (ppmv) 20 5.5 11 3-run average (1-hour minimum sample time per run) EPA Reference Method 10... dscf) 16 (7.0) or 0.013 (0.0057) 0.85 (0.37) or 0.020 (0.0087) 9.3 (4.1) or 0.054 (0.024) 3-run average...

A universal theory for gas breakdown from microscale to the classical Paschen law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loveless, Amanda M.; Garner, Allen L.

2017-11-01

While well established for larger gaps, Paschen's law (PL) fails to accurately predict breakdown for microscale gaps, where field emission becomes important. This deviation from PL is characterized by the absence of a minimum breakdown voltage as a function of the product of pressure and gap distance, which has been demonstrated analytically for microscale and smaller gaps with no secondary emission at atmospheric pressure [A. M. Loveless and A. L. Garner, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 45, 574-583 (2017)]. We extend these previous results by deriving analytic expressions that incorporate the nonzero secondary emission coefficient, γS E, that are valid for gap distances larger than those at which quantum effects become important (˜100 nm) while remaining below those at which streamers arise. We demonstrate the validity of this model by benchmarking to particle-in-cell simulations with γSE = 0 and comparing numerical results to an experiment with argon, while additionally predicting a minimum voltage that was masked by fixing the gap pressure in previous analyses. Incorporating γSE demonstrates the smooth transition from field emission dominated breakdown to the classical PL once the combination of electric field, pressure, and gap distance satisfies the conventional criterion for the Townsend avalanche; however, such a condition generally requires supra-atmospheric pressures for breakdown at the microscale. Therefore, this study provides a single universal breakdown theory for any gas at any pressure dominated by field emission or Townsend avalanche to guide engineers in avoiding breakdown when designing microscale and larger devices, or inducing breakdown for generating microplasmas.

Seasonal greenhouse gas emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) from engineered landfills: Daily, intermediate, and final California cover soils

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We quantified the seasonal variability of CH4, CO2, and N2O emissions from fresh refuse and daily, intermediate, and final cover materials at two California landfills. Fresh refuse fluxes (g m-2 d-1) averaged CH4 0.053[+/-0.03], CO2 135[+/-117], and N2O 0.063[+/-0.059]. Average CH4 emissions across ...

Determination of Differential Emission Measure Distribution of Coronal Structures Observed by SphinX During Recent Minimum of Solar Activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kepa, Anna; Gburek, Szymon; Siarkowski, Marek; Sylwester, Barbara; Sylwester, Janusz; Kowalinski, Miroslaw

SphinX is a high-sensitivity soft X-ray spectrophotometer which measures soft X-ray spectra in the energy range between 0.8 keV and 15 keV. From February to November 2009 the instrument has observed unusually quiet solar coronal emission as well as a number of weak solar flares. Based on SphinX spectra it is possible to study the differential emission measure distributions (DEM) in the temperature range roughly between 1 MK and 10 MK. The aim of the present study is to unveil DEM plasma distributions for selected activity conditions and analyze their variability.

The weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau. I. A multi-wavelength study of variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stelzer, B.; Fernández, M.; Costa, V. M.; Gameiro, J. F.; Grankin, K.; Henden, A.; Guenther, E.; Mohanty, S.; Flaccomio, E.; Burwitz, V.; Jayawardhana, R.; Predehl, P.; Durisen, R. H.

2003-12-01

We present the results of an intensive coordinated monitoring campaign in the optical and X-ray wavelength ranges of the low-mass, pre-main sequence star V410 Tau carried out in November 2001. The aim of this project was to study the relation between various indicators for magnetic activity that probe different emitting regions and would allow us to obtain clues on the interplay of the different atmospheric layers: optical photometric star spot (rotation) cycle, chromospheric Hα emission, and coronal X-rays. Our optical photometric monitoring has allowed us to measure the time of the minimum of the lightcurve with high precision. Joining the result with previous data we provide a new estimate for the dominant periodicity of V410 Tau (1.871970 +/- 0.000010 d). This updated value removes systematic offsets of the time of minimum observed in data taken over the last decade. The recurrence of the minimum in the optical lightcurve over such a long timescale emphasizes the extraordinary stability of the largest spot. This is confirmed by radial velocity measurements: data from 1993 and 2001 fit almost exactly onto each other when folded with the new period. The combination of the new data from November 2001 with published measurements taken during the last decade allows us to examine long-term changes in the mean light level of the photometry of V410 Tau. A variation on the timescale of 5.4 yr is suggested. Assuming that this behavior is truly cyclic V410 Tau is the first pre-main sequence star on which an activity cycle is detected. Two X-ray pointings were carried out with the Chandra satellite simultaneously with the optical observations, and centered near the maximum and minimum levels of the optical lightcurve. A relation of their different count levels to the rotation period of the dominating spot is not confirmed by a third Chandra observation carried out some months later, during another minimum of the 1.87 d cycle. Similarly we find no indications for a correlation of the Hα emission with the spots' rotational phase. The lack of detected rotational modulation in two important activity diagnostics seems to argue against a direct association of chromospheric and coronal emission with the spot distribution.

α Centauri A in the far infrared. First measurement of the temperature minimum of a star other than the Sun

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liseau, R.; Montesinos, B.; Olofsson, G.; Bryden, G.; Marshall, J. P.; Ardila, D.; Bayo Aran, A.; Danchi, W. C.; del Burgo, C.; Eiroa, C.; Ertel, S.; Fridlund, M. C. W.; Krivov, A. V.; Pilbratt, G. L.; Roberge, A.; Thébault, P.; Wiegert, J.; White, G. J.

2013-01-01

Context. Chromospheres and coronae are common phenomena on solar-type stars. Understanding the energy transfer to these heated atmospheric layers requires direct access to the relevant empirical data. Study of these structures has, by and large, been limited to the Sun thus far. Aims: The region of the temperature reversal can be directly observed only in the far infrared and submillimetre spectral regime. We aim at determining the characteristics of the atmosphere in the region of the temperature minimum of the solar sister star α Cen A. As a bonus this will also provide a detailed mapping of the spectral energy distribution, i.e. knowledge that is crucial when searching for faint, Kuiper belt-like dust emission around other stars. Methods: For the nearby binary system α Cen, stellar parameters are known with high accuracy from measurements. For the basic model parameters Teff, log g and [Fe/H], we interpolate stellar model atmospheres in the grid of Gaia/PHOENIX and compute the corresponding model for the G2 V star α Cen A. Comparison with photometric measurements shows excellent agreement between observed photospheric data in the optical and infrared. For longer wavelengths, the modelled spectral energy distribution is compared to Spitzer-MIPS, Herschel-PACS, Herschel-SPIRE, and APEX-LABOCA photometry. A specifically tailored Uppsala model based on the MARCS code and extending further in wavelength is used to gauge the emission characteristics of α Cen A in the far infared. Results: Similar to the Sun, the far infrared (FIR) emission of α Cen A originates in the minimum temperature region above the stellar photosphere in the visible. However, in comparison with the solar case, the FIR photosphere of α Cen A appears marginally cooler, Tmin ~ T160 μm = 3920 ± 375 K. Beyond the minimum near 160 μm, the brightness temperatures increase, and this radiation very likely originates in warmer regions of the chromosphere of α Cen A. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a temperature minimum has been directly measured on a main-sequence star other than the Sun. Based on observations with Herschel, which is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by the European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

Minimum cause--maximum effect: the travelogue of a bullet.

PubMed

Hartert, Marc; Dahm, Manfred; Neufang, Achim; Vahl, Christian-Friedrich

2010-11-01

This case report involves a 57-year-old male, accidentally shot in the chest with a small bore firearm. The bullet entered the left hemithorax, disrupting the left internal mammarian artery. It then penetrated the anterior wall of the right ventricle causing a pericardial tamponade. After leaving the base of the right heart it perforated the diaphragm, the liver, the spleen and the pancreas. Finally, it penetrated the abdominal aorta 3 cm proximally to the coeliac trunk and reached its final position paravertebrally. This case report illustrates that the management of even minimum gunshot wounds requires a maximum variety of surgical skills.

40 CFR 89.424 - Dilute emission sampling calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dilute emission sampling calculations... Emission Test Procedures § 89.424 Dilute emission sampling calculations. (a) The final reported emission... concentration. For cases where exhaust sampling of CO2 is not performed, the following approximation is...

40 CFR 89.424 - Dilute emission sampling calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dilute emission sampling calculations... Emission Test Procedures § 89.424 Dilute emission sampling calculations. (a) The final reported emission... concentration. For cases where exhaust sampling of CO2 is not performed, the following approximation is...

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Source Categories: Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Facilities - 1993 Final Rule (58 FR 49354)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document is a copy of the Federal Register publication of the September 22, 1993 Final Rule for the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Facilities.

Principles of thermal remote sensing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

The remote sensing of temperature is performed by sensing radiation emitted from solids, liquids, and gases in the thermal infrared region of the spectrum, in which thermal emission is dominant over reflected solar energy. For Earth resources applications, thermal sensing of solids and liquids is performed in two ""windows'' of the atmosphere where atmospheric absorption and emission are at a minimum. Temperature measurement, intrinsic thermal properties, factors in interpreting thermal data, the use of thermal inertia, and the measurements obtained by the heat capacity mapping radiometer are discussed.

A search for soft X-ray emission from red-giant coronae

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Margon, B.; Mason, K. O.; Sanford, P. W.

1974-01-01

Hills has pointed out that if red-giant coronae are weak sources of soft X-rays, then the problems of the identification of the local component of the soft X-ray background and the observed lack of gas in globular clusters may be simultaneously resolved. Using instrumentation aboard OAO Copernicus, we have searched unsuccessfully for emission in the 10-100 A band from four nearby red giants. In all cases, our upper limits are of the order of the minimum theoretically predicted fluxes.

Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario.

PubMed

Glüge, Juliane; Wang, Zhanyun; Bogdal, Christian; Scheringer, Martin; Hungerbühler, Konrad

2016-12-15

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) show high persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity (PBT properties). Consequently, restrictions on production and use have been enforced in several countries/regions. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants recognized the PBT properties and long-range transport potential of SCCPs in 2015 and is now evaluating a possible global phase-out or restrictions. In this context, it is relevant to know which countries are producing/using SCCPs and in which amounts, and which applications contribute most to their environmental emissions. To provide a first comprehensive overview, we review and integrate all publicly available data on the global production and use of both chlorinated paraffins (CPs) as a whole and specifically SCCPs. Considerable amount of data on production/use of CPs and SCCPs are missing. Based on the available data and reported emission factors, we estimate the past and current worldwide SCCP emissions from individual applications. Using the available data as a minimum scenario, we conclude: (i) SCCP production and use is increasing, with the current worldwide production volume being 165,000t/year at least, whereas the global production of total CPs exceeds 1milliont/year. (ii) The worldwide release of SCCPs from their production and use to air, surface water, and soil between 1935 and 2012 has been in the range of 1690-41,400t, 1660-105,000t, and 9460-81,000t, respectively. (iii) The SCCP manufacture and use in PVC, the use in metal working applications and sealants/adhesives, and the use in plastics and rubber contribute most to the emissions to air, surface water, and soil. Thus, the decrease in the environmental emissions of SCCPs requires reduction of SCCP use in (almost) all applications. (iv) Emissions due to the disposal of waste SCCPs cannot be accurately estimated, because relevant information is missing. Instead, we conduct a scenario analysis to provide some insights into it. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Unique OMI HCHO/NO2 Feature During the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Implications for Ozone Production Sensitivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witte, J. C.; Duncan, B. N.; Douglass, A. R.; Kurosu, T. P.; Chance, K.; Retscher, C.

2010-01-01

In preparation of the Beijing Summer Olympic and Paralympics Games, strict controls were imposed between July and September 2008 on motor vehicle traffic and industrial emissions to improve air quality for the competitors. We assessed chemical sensitivity of ozone production to these controls using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) column measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), where their ratio serves as a proxy for the sensitivity. During the emission controls, HCHO/NO2 increased and indicated a NOx-limited regime, in contrast to the same period in the preceding three years when the ratio indicates volatile organic carbon (VOC)-limited and mixed NOx-VOC-limited regimes. After the emission controls were lifted, observed NO2 and HCHO/NO2 returned to their previous values. The 2005-2008 OMI record shows that this transition in regimes was unique as ozone production in Beijing was rarely NOx-limited. OMI measured summertime increases in HCHO of around 13% in 2008 compared to prior years, the same time period during which MODIS vegetation indices increased. The OMI HCHO increase may be due to higher biogenic emissions of HCHO precursors, associated with Beijing's greening initiative for the Olympics. However, NO2 and HCHO were also found to be well-correlated during the summer months. This indicates an anthropogenic VOC contribution from vehicle emissions to OMI HCHO and is a plausible explanation for the relative HCHO minimum observed in August 2008, concurrent with a minimum in traffic emissions. We calculated positive trends in 2005-2008 OMI HCHO and NO2 of about +1 x 10(exp 14) Molec/ square M-2 and +3 x 10(exp 13) molec CM-2 per month, respectively. The positive trend in NO2 may be an indicator of increasing vehicular traffic since 2005, while the positive trend in HCHO may be due to a combined increase in anthropogenic and biogenic emissions since 2005.

Data analysis in emission tomography using emission-count posteriors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sitek, Arkadiusz

2012-11-01

A novel approach to the analysis of emission tomography data using the posterior probability of the number of emissions per voxel (emission count) conditioned on acquired tomographic data is explored. The posterior is derived from the prior and the Poisson likelihood of the emission-count data by marginalizing voxel activities. Based on emission-count posteriors, examples of Bayesian analysis including estimation and classification tasks in emission tomography are provided. The application of the method to computer simulations of 2D tomography is demonstrated. In particular, the minimum-mean-square-error point estimator of the emission count is demonstrated. The process of finding this estimator can be considered as a tomographic image reconstruction technique since the estimates of the number of emissions per voxel divided by voxel sensitivities and acquisition time are the estimates of the voxel activities. As an example of a classification task, a hypothesis stating that some region of interest (ROI) emitted at least or at most r-times the number of events in some other ROI is tested. The ROIs are specified by the user. The analysis described in this work provides new quantitative statistical measures that can be used in decision making in diagnostic imaging using emission tomography.

Sunspot Observations During the Maunder Minimum from the Correspondence of John Flamsteed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carrasco, V. M. S.; Vaquero, J. M.

2016-11-01

We compile and analyze the sunspot observations made by John Flamsteed for the period 1672 - 1703, which corresponds to the second part of the Maunder Minimum. They appear in the correspondence of the famous astronomer. We include in an appendix the original texts of the sunspot records kept by Flamsteed. We compute an estimate of the level of solar activity using these records, and compare the results with the latest reconstructions of solar activity during the Maunder Minimum, obtaining values characteristic of a grand solar minimum. Finally, we discuss a phenomenon observed and described by Stephen Gray in 1705 that has been interpreted as a white-light flare.

Petitions for Reconsideration of Phase 2 GHG Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA has received petitions for reconsideration or reconsideration of the October 25, 2016 final rulemaking entitled Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles—Phase 2 Final Rule (81 FR 73,478)

Final Rule for Phase 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA and NHTSA, on behalf of the Department of Transportation, have each finalized rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for heavy-duty highway vehicles.

Time-resolved light emission of a, c, and r-cut sapphires shock-compressed to 65 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Q. C.; Zhou, X. M.

2018-04-01

To investigate light emission and dynamic deformation behaviors, sapphire (single crystal Al2O3) samples with three crystallographic orientations (a, c, and r-cut) were shock-compressed by the planar impact method, with final stress ranges from 47 to 65 GPa. Emission radiance and velocity versus time profiles were simultaneously measured with a fast pyrometer and a Doppler pin system in each experiment. Wave profile results show anisotropic elastic-plastic transitions, which confirm the literature observations. Under final shock stress of about 52 GPa, lower emission intensity is observed in the r-cut sample, in agreement with the previous report in the literature. When final shock stress increases to 57 GPa and 65 GPa, spectral radiance histories of the r-cut show two stages of distinct features. In the first stage, the emission intensity of r-cut is lower than those of the other two, which agrees with the previous report in the literature. In the second stage, spectral radiance of r-cut increases with time at much higher rate and it finally peaks over those of the a and c-cut. These observations (conversion of intensified emission in the r-cut) may indicate activation of a second slip system and formation of shear bands which are discussed with the resolved shear stress calculations for the slip systems in each of the three cuts under shock compression.

EVALUATION OF POHC AND PIC SCREENING METHODS

EPA Science Inventory

A recurring theme in environmental work is the need to characterize emissions to the maximum extent at the minimum cost. Unfortunately, many projects have been carried out In the past with little thought or planning concerning the optimum application of analytical methods availab...

External High School Diploma Program Evaluation Project. Final Report, October 1, 1979-June 30, 1980. Part III: Competency Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hole, Wanda Clements; Seggerson, Sharon Corcoran

The purpose of this portion of a project was to compare External High School Diploma (EHSDP) competencies at Waukesha County (Wisconsin) Technical Institute with minimum high school competency requirements in (1) local school districts and (2) selected states. Testing focused on basic skills of mathematics, reading, and writing. Minimum competency…

Journal of Chinese Society of Astronautics (Selected Articles),

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-10

Graphics Disclaimer...................... ..... .. . .. .. . . ... Calculation of Minimum Entry Heat Transfer Shape of a Space * Vehicle , by, Zhou Qi...the best quality copy available. ..- ii CALCULATION OF MINIMUM ENTRY HEAT TRANSFER SHAPE OF A SPACE VEHICLE Zhou Qi cheng ABSTRACT This paper dealt...entry heat transfer shape under specified fineness ratio and total vehicle weight conditions could be obtained using a variational method. Finally, the

Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are amplitude-stabilized cochlear standing waves.

PubMed

Shera, Christopher A

2003-07-01

Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) have been suggested to arise by three different mechanisms. The local-oscillator model, dating back to the work of Thomas Gold, supposes that SOAEs arise through the local, autonomous oscillation of some cellular constituent of the organ of Corti (e.g., the "active process" underlying the cochlear amplifier). Two other models, by contrast, both suppose that SOAEs are a global collective phenomenon--cochlear standing waves created by multiple internal reflection--but differ on the nature of the proposed power source: Whereas the "passive" standing-wave model supposes that SOAEs are biological noise, passively amplified by cochlear standing-wave resonances acting as narrow-band nonlinear filters, the "active" standing-wave model supposes that standing-wave amplitudes are actively maintained by coherent wave amplification within the cochlea. Quantitative tests of key predictions that distinguish the local-oscillator and global standing-wave models are presented and shown to support the global standing-wave model. In addition to predicting the existence of multiple emissions with a characteristic minimum frequency spacing, the global standing-wave model accurately predicts the mean value of this spacing, its standard deviation, and its power-law dependence on SOAE frequency. Furthermore, the global standing-wave model accounts for the magnitude, sign, and frequency dependence of changes in SOAE frequency that result from modulations in middle-ear stiffness. Although some of these SOAE characteristics may be replicable through artful ad hoc adjustment of local-oscillator models, they all arise quite naturally in the standing-wave framework. Finally, the statistics of SOAE time waveforms demonstrate that SOAEs are coherent, amplitude-stabilized signals, as predicted by the active standing-wave model. Taken together, the results imply that SOAEs are amplitude-stabilized standing waves produced by the cochlea acting as a biological, hydromechanical analog of a laser oscillator. Contrary to recent claims, spontaneous emission of sound from the ear does not require the autonomous mechanical oscillation of its cellular constituents.

Theoretical studies on leaky-SAW properties influenced by layers on anisotropic piezoelectric crystals.

PubMed

Wallner, P; Ruile, W; Weigel, R

2000-01-01

Theoretical studies on the behavior of leaky-SAW (LSAW) properties in layered structures were performed. For these calculations rotYX LiTaO (3) and rotYX LiNbO(3) LSAW crystal cuts were used, assuming different layer materials. For LSAWs both the velocity and the inherent loss due to bulk wave emission into the substrate are strongly influenced by distinct layer parameters. As a result, these layer properties like elastic constants or thickness have shown a strong influence on the crystal cut angle of minimum LSAW loss. Moreover, for soft and stiff layer materials, a different shift of the LSAW loss minimum can occur. Therefore, using double-layer structures, the shift of the LSAW loss minimum can be influenced by appropriate chosen layers and ratios.

Net Production and Consumption of Fluorescent Colored Dissolved Organic Matter by Natural Bacterial Assemblages Growing on Marine Phytoplankton Exudates▿

PubMed Central

Romera-Castillo, Cristina; Sarmento, Hugo; Álvarez-Salgado, Xosé Antón; Gasol, Josep M.; Marrasé, Celia

2011-01-01

An understanding of the distribution of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the oceans and its role in the global carbon cycle requires a better knowledge of the colored materials produced and consumed by marine phytoplankton and bacteria. In this work, we examined the net uptake and release of CDOM by a natural bacterial community growing on DOM derived from four phytoplankton species cultured under axenic conditions. Fluorescent humic-like substances exuded by phytoplankton (excitation/emission [Ex/Em] wavelength, 310 nm/392 nm; Coble's peak M) were utilized by bacteria in different proportions depending on the phytoplankton species of origin. Furthermore, bacteria produced humic-like substances that fluoresce at an Ex/Em wavelength of 340 nm/440 nm (Coble's peak C). Differences were also observed in the Ex/Em wavelengths of the protein-like materials (Coble's peak T) produced by phytoplankton and bacteria. The induced fluorescent emission of CDOM produced by prokaryotes was an order of magnitude higher than that of CDOM produced by eukaryotes. We have also examined the final compositions of the bacterial communities growing on the exudates, which differed markedly depending on the phytoplankton species of origin. Alteromonas and Roseobacter were dominant during all the incubations on Chaetoceros sp. and Prorocentrum minimum exudates, respectively. Alteromonas was the dominant group growing on Skeletonema costatum exudates during the exponential growth phase, but it was replaced by Roseobacter afterwards. On Micromonas pusilla exudates, Roseobacter was replaced by Bacteroidetes after the exponential growth phase. Our work shows that fluorescence excitation-emission matrices of CDOM can be a helpful tool for the identification of microbial sources of DOM in the marine environment, but further studies are necessary to explore the association of particular bacterial groups with specific fluorophores. PMID:21742918

First observation of lion roar-like emissions in Saturn's magnetosheath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pisa, David; Sulaiman, Ali H.; Santolik, Ondrej; Hospodarsky, George B.; Kurth, William S.; Gurnett, Donald A.

2017-04-01

Electromagnetic whistler mode waves known as "lion roars" have been reported by many missions inside the terrestrial magnetosheath. We show the observation of similar intense emissions in Saturn's magnetosheath as detected by the Cassini spacecraft. The emissions were observed inside the dawn sector (MLT˜0730) of the magnetosheath over a time period of nine hours before the satellite crossed the bow shock and entered the solar wind. The emissions were narrow-banded with a typical frequency of about 15 Hz well below the local electron cyclotron frequency (fce ˜100 Hz). Using the minimum variance analysis method, we show that the waves are right hand circularly polarized and propagate at small wave normal angles with respect to the ambient magnetic field. Here, for the first time, we report the evidence of lion roar-like emissions in Saturn's magnetosheath which represents a new and unique parameter regime.

40 CFR 62.11620 - Identification of plan-negative declaration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... POLLUTANTS Virginia Fluoride Emissions from Existing Primary Aluminum Plants § 62.11620 Identification of... emission guidelines set forth in the Final Guideline Document for the Control of Fluoride Emissions from...

40 CFR 62.11620 - Identification of plan-negative declaration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... POLLUTANTS Virginia Fluoride Emissions from Existing Primary Aluminum Plants § 62.11620 Identification of... emission guidelines set forth in the Final Guideline Document for the Control of Fluoride Emissions from...

40 CFR 60.2170 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities (including, as applicable, calibration... required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities including, as applicable... required monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations used to report emissions...

40 CFR 61.53 - Stack sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... operator employing mercury chlor-alkali cell(s) shall test emissions from hydrogen streams according to... the Administrator, for a minimum of 2 years. (b) Mercury chlor-alkali plant—hydrogen and end-box.... (c) Mercury chlor-alkali plants—cell room ventilation system. (1) Stationary sources using mercury...

40 CFR 61.53 - Stack sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... operator employing mercury chlor-alkali cell(s) shall test emissions from hydrogen streams according to... the Administrator, for a minimum of 2 years. (b) Mercury chlor-alkali plant—hydrogen and end-box.... (c) Mercury chlor-alkali plants—cell room ventilation system. (1) Stationary sources using mercury...

40 CFR 61.53 - Stack sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... operator employing mercury chlor-alkali cell(s) shall test emissions from hydrogen streams according to... the Administrator, for a minimum of 2 years. (b) Mercury chlor-alkali plant—hydrogen and end-box.... (c) Mercury chlor-alkali plants—cell room ventilation system. (1) Stationary sources using mercury...

40 CFR 89.109 - Maintenance instructions and minimum allowable maintenance intervals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... change, oil filter change, fuel filter change, air filter change, cooling system maintenance, adjustment... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION...) Exhaust gas recirculation system-related filters and coolers. (ii) Positive crankcase ventilation valve...

40 CFR 89.109 - Maintenance instructions and minimum allowable maintenance intervals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... change, oil filter change, fuel filter change, air filter change, cooling system maintenance, adjustment... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION...) Exhaust gas recirculation system-related filters and coolers. (ii) Positive crankcase ventilation valve...

40 CFR 52.1183 - Visibility protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... excess emissions that occurs during startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the unit, the nature and... that occurs during startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the unit, the nature and cause of any... startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (viii) All CEMS required by this section must meet the minimum data...

78 FR 38314 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-26

... and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units (Renewal) AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA... www.regulations.gov . Title: Emission Guidelines for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste... semiannually at a minimum. Respondents/Affected Entities: Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration...

Utilization of structural steel in buildings

PubMed Central

Moynihan, Muiris C.; Allwood, Julian M.

2014-01-01

Over one-quarter of steel produced annually is used in the construction of buildings. Making this steel causes carbon dioxide emissions, which climate change experts recommend be reduced by half in the next 37 years. One option to achieve this is to design and build more efficiently, still delivering the same service from buildings but using less steel to do so. To estimate how much steel could be saved from this option, 23 steel-framed building designs are studied, sourced from leading UK engineering firms. The utilization of each beam is found and buildings are analysed to find patterns. The results for over 10 000 beams show that average utilization is below 50% of their capacity. The primary reason for this low value is ‘rationalization’—providing extra material to reduce labour costs. By designing for minimum material rather than minimum cost, steel use in buildings could be drastically reduced, leading to an equivalent reduction in ‘embodied’ carbon emissions. PMID:25104911

Consistency Between SC#21REF Solar XUV Energy Input and the 1973 Pioneer 10 Observations of the Jovian Photoelectron Excited H2 Airglow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gangopadhyay, P.; Ogawa, H. S.; Judge, D. L.

1988-01-01

It has been suggested in the literature that the F74113 solar spectrum for the solar minimum condition needs to be modified to explain the production of photoelectrons in the Earth's atmosphere. We have studied here the effect of another solar minimum spectrum, SC#21REF, on the Jovian upper atmosphere emissions and we have compared the predicted photoelectron excited H2 airglow with the 1973 Pioneer 10 observations, analyzed according to the methodology of Shemansky and Judge (1988). In this model calculation we find that in 1973, the Jovian H2 band emissions can be accounted for almost entirely by photoelectron excitation, if the preflight calibration of the Pioneer 10 ultraviolet photometer is adopted. If the SC#21REF flux shortward of 250 A is multiplied by 2 as proposed by Richards and Torr (1988) then the Pioneer 10 calibration and/or the airglow model used must be modified in order to have a self consistent set of observations.

Room-Temperature Single-Photon Emission from Micrometer-Long Air-Suspended Carbon Nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishii, A.; Uda, T.; Kato, Y. K.

2017-11-01

Statistics of photons emitted by mobile excitons in individual carbon nanotubes are investigated. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is used to identify the chiralities and suspended lengths of air-suspended nanotubes, and photon-correlation measurements are performed at room temperature on telecommunication-wavelength nanotube emission with a Hanbury-Brown-Twiss setup. We obtain zero-delay second-order correlation g(2 )(0 ) less than 0.5, indicating single-photon generation. Excitation power dependence of the photon antibunching characteristics is examined for nanotubes with various chiralities and suspended lengths, where we find that the minimum value of g(2 )(0 ) is obtained at the lowest power. The influence of exciton diffusion and end quenching is studied by Monte Carlo simulations, and we derive an analytical expression for the minimum value of g(2 )(0 ). Our results indicate that mobile excitons in micrometer-long nanotubes can in principle produce high-purity single photons, leading to new design strategies for quantum photon sources.

Mobile measurement of methane emissions from natural gas developments in northeastern British Columbia, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atherton, Emmaline; Risk, David; Fougère, Chelsea; Lavoie, Martin; Marshall, Alex; Werring, John; Williams, James P.; Minions, Christina

2017-10-01

North American leaders recently committed to reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, but information on current emissions from upstream oil and gas developments in Canada are lacking. This study examined the occurrence of methane plumes in an area of unconventional natural gas development in northwestern Canada. In August to September 2015 we completed almost 8000 km of vehicle-based survey campaigns on public roads dissecting oil and gas infrastructure, such as well pads and processing facilities. We surveyed six routes 3-6 times each, which brought us past over 1600 unique well pads and facilities managed by more than 50 different operators. To attribute on-road plumes to oil- and gas-related sources we used gas signatures of residual excess concentrations (anomalies above background) less than 500 m downwind from potential oil and gas emission sources. All results represent emissions greater than our minimum detection limit of 0.59 g s-1 at our average detection distance (319 m). Unlike many other oil and gas developments in the US for which methane measurements have been reported recently, the methane concentrations we measured were close to normal atmospheric levels, except inside natural gas plumes. Roughly 47 % of active wells emitted methane-rich plumes above our minimum detection limit. Multiple sites that pre-date the recent unconventional natural gas development were found to be emitting, and we observed that the majority of these older wells were associated with emissions on all survey repeats. We also observed emissions from gas processing facilities that were highly repeatable. Emission patterns in this area were best explained by infrastructure age and type. Extrapolating our results across all oil and gas infrastructure in the Montney area, we estimate that the emission sources we located (emitting at a rate > 0.59 g s-1) contribute more than 111 800 t of methane annually to the atmosphere. This value exceeds reported bottom-up estimates of 78 000 t of methane for all oil and gas sector sources in British Columbia. Current bottom-up methods for estimating methane emissions do not normally calculate the fraction of emitting oil and gas infrastructure with thorough on-ground measurements. However, this study demonstrates that mobile surveys could provide a more accurate representation of the number of emission sources in an oil and gas development. This study presents the first mobile collection of methane emissions from oil and gas infrastructure in British Columbia, and these results can be used to inform policy development in an era of methane emission reduction efforts.

Characterization of in-use emissions from TxDOT's non-road equipment fleet : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-08-01

The objective of this document is to present the findings of the study characterizing in-use emissions of TxDOT's non-road diesel equipment. This document presents literature reviews of emission reduction technologies and emission control measures pr...

The X-Ray Lightcurve of Eta Carinae: Refinement of the Orbit and Evidence for Phase Dependent Mass Loss

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corcoran, M. F.; Ishibashi, K.; Swank, J. H.; Petre, R.; White, Nicholas E. (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

We solve the RXTE X-ray lightcurve of the extremely luminous and massive star eta Carinae with a colliding wind emission model to refine the ground-based orbital elements. The sharp decline to X-ray minimum at the end of 1997 fixes the date of the last periastron passage at 1997.95 +/- 0.05, not 1998.13 as derived from ground-based radial velocities. This helps resolve a discrepancy between the ground-based radial velocities and spatially-resolved velocity measures obtained by STIS. The X-ray data are consistent with a mass function f(M) approx. = 1.5, lower than the value f(M) approx. = 7.5 previously reported, so that the masses of eta Carinae and the companion are M(sub eta) greater than or = 80 solar mass and M(sub c) approx. 30 solar mass respectively. In addition the X-ray data suggest that the mass loss rate from eta Carinae is generally less than 3 x 10(exp -4) solar mass/yr, about a factor of 5 lower than that derived from some observations in other wavebands. We could not match the duration of the X-ray minimum with any standard colliding wind model in which the wind is spherically symmetric and the mass loss rate is constant. However we show that we can match the variations around X-ray minimum if we include an increase of a factor of approx. 20 in the mass loss rate from eta Carinae for approximately 80 days following periastron. If real, this excess in M would be the first evidence of enhanced mass flow off the primary when the two stars are close (presumably driven by tidal interactions). Our interpretation of the X-ray data suggest that the ASCA and RXTE X-ray spectra near the X-ray minimum are significantly contaminated by unresolved hard emission (E greater than or = 2 keV) from sonic other nearby source, probably associated with scattering of tile colliding wind emission by circumstellar dust. Based on the X-ray fluxes the distance to n Carinae is 2300 pc with formal uncertainties of only approx. 10%.

Minimum-fuel turning climbout and descent guidance of transport jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neuman, F.; Kreindler, E.

1983-01-01

The complete flightpath optimization problem for minimum fuel consumption from takeoff to landing including the initial and final turns from and to the runway heading is solved. However, only the initial and final segments which contain the turns are treated, since the straight-line climbout, cruise, and descent problems have already been solved. The paths are derived by generating fields of extremals, using the necessary conditions of optimal control together with singular arcs and state constraints. Results show that the speed profiles for straight flight and turning flight are essentially identical except for the final horizontal accelerating or decelerating turns. The optimal turns require no abrupt maneuvers, and an approximation of the optimal turns could be easily integrated with present straight-line climb-cruise-descent fuel-optimization algorithms. Climbout at the optimal IAS rather than the 250-knot terminal-area speed limit would save 36 lb of fuel for the 727-100 aircraft.

Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Final rule.

PubMed

2007-06-25

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule regarding current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) for dietary supplements. The final rule establishes the minimum CGMPs necessary for activities related to manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding dietary supplements to ensure the quality of the dietary supplement. The final rule is one of many actions related to dietary supplements that we are taking to promote and protect the public health.

Semidiurnal tidal activity of the middle atmosphere at mid-latitudes derived from O2 atmospheric and OH(6-2) airglow SATI observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

López-González, M. J.; Rodríguez, E.; García-Comas, M.; López-Puertas, M.; Olivares, I.; Ruiz-Bueno, J. A.; Shepherd, M. G.; Shepherd, G. G.; Sargoytchev, S.

2017-11-01

In this paper, we investigate the tidal activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region at 370N using OH Meinel and O2 atmospheric airglow observations from 1998 to 2015. The observations were taken with a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) installed at Sierra Nevada Observatory (SNO) (37.060N, 3.380W) at 2900 m height. From these observations a seasonal dependence of the amplitudes of the semidiurnal tide is inferred. The maximum tidal amplitude occurs in winter and the minimum in summer. The vertically averaged rotational temperatures and vertically integrated volume emission rate (rotational temperatures and intensities here in after), from the O2 atmospheric band measurements and the rotational temperature derived from OH Meinel band measurements reach the maximum amplitude about 1-4 h after midnight during almost all the year except in August-September where the maximum is found 2-4 h earlier. The amplitude of the tide in the OH intensity reaches the minimum near midnight in midwinter, then it is progressively delayed until 4:00 LT in August-September, and from there on it moves again forward towards midnight. The mean Krassovsky numbers for OH and O2 emissions are 5.9 ±1.8 and 5.6 ±1.0, respectively, with negative Krassovsky phases for almost all the year, indicating an upward energy transport. The mean vertical wavelengths for the vertical tidal propagation derived from OH and O2 emissions are 35 ±20 km and 33 ±18 km, respectively. The vertical wavelengths together with the phase shift in the temperature derived from both airglow emissions indicate that these airglow emission layers are separated by 7 ±3 km, on average.

Investigation of the Electron Density Variation During the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reinisch, B. W.; Dandenault, P. B.; Galkin, I. A.; Hamel, R.; Richards, P. G.

2018-02-01

This paper presents a comparison of modeled and measured electron densities for the 21 August 2017 solar eclipse across the USA. The location of the instrument was (43.81°N, 247.32°E) where the maximum obscuration of 99.6% occurred at 17.53 hr UT on 21 August. The solar apparent time was 9.96 hr, and the duration of the eclipse was 2.7 hr. It was found that if it is assumed that there are no chromosphere emissions at totality, 30% coronal emission remaining at totality gave the best fit to the electron density variation at 150 km. The 30% coronal emission estimate has uncertainties associated with respect to uncertainties in the solar spectrum, the measured electron density, and the amount of chromosphere emissions remaining at totality. The agreement between the modeled and measured electron densities is excellent at 150 km with the assumed 30% coronal emission at totality. At other altitudes, the agreement is very good, but the altitude profile would be improved if the model peak electron density (NmF2) decayed more slowly to better match the data. The minimum NmF2 in the model occurs 10 min after totality when it decreases to 0.55 from its noneclipse value. The minimum of the NmF2 data occurs between 6 and 10 min after totality but is 15% larger. The total electron content decreases to 0.65 of its preeclipse value. These relative changes agree well with those predicted by others prior to the eclipse.

Eta Carinae's Thermal X-Ray Tail Measured with XMM-Newton and NuStar

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Gull, Theodore R.; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Grefenstette, Brian; Yuasa, Takayuki; Stuhlinger, Martin; Russell, Christopher; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Madura, Thomas

2016-01-01

The evolved, massive highly eccentric binary system, Car, underwent a periastron passage in the summer of 2014. We obtained two coordinated X-ray observations with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR during the elevated X-ray flux state and just before the X-ray minimum flux state around this passage. These NuSTAR observations clearly detected X-ray emission associated with eta Car extending up to approx. 50 keV for the first time. The NuSTAR spectrum above 10 keV can be fit with the bremsstrahlung tail from a kT approx. 6 keV plasma. This temperature is delta kT 2 keV higher than those measured from the iron K emission line complex, if the shocked gas is in collisional ionization equilibrium. This result may suggest that the companion star's pre-shock wind velocity is underestimated. The NuSTAR observation near the X-ray minimum state showed a gradual decline in the X-ray emission by 40% at energies above 5 keV in a day, the largest rate of change of the X-ray flux yet observed in individual eta Car observations. The column density to the hardest emission component, N(sub H) approx. 10(exp24) H cm(exp-2), marked one of the highest values ever observed for eta Car, strongly suggesting the increased obscuration of the wind-wind colliding X-ray emission by the thick primary stellar wind prior to superior conjunction. Neither observation detected the power-law component in the extremely hard band that INTEGRAL and Suzaku observed prior to 2011. The power-law source might have faded before these observations.

Solar cycle variability of nonmigrating tides in the infrared cooling of the thermosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nischal, N.; Oberheide, J.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Marsh, D. R.

2017-12-01

Nitric Oxide (NO) at 5.3 μm and Carbon dioxide (CO2) at 15 μm are the major infrared emissions responsible for the radiative cooling of the thermosphere. We study the impact of two important diurnal nonmigrating tides, the DE2 and DE3, on NO and CO2 infrared emissions over a complete solar cycle (2002-2013) by (i) analyzing NO and CO2 cooling rate data from SABER and (ii) photochemical modeling using dynamical tides from a thermospheric empirical tidal model, CTMT. Both observed and modeled results show that the NO cooling rate amplitudes for DE2 and DE3 exhibit strong solar cycle dependence. NO 5.3 μm cooling rate tides are relatively unimportant for the infrared energy budget during solar minimum but important during solar maximum. On the other hand DE2 and DE3 in CO2 show comparatively small variability over a solar cycle. CO2 15 μm cooling rate tides remain, to a large extent, constant between solar minimum and maximum. This different responses by NO and CO2 emissions to the DE2 and DE3 during a solar cycle comes form the fact that the collisional reaction rate for NO is highly sensitive to the temperature comparative to that for CO2. Moreover, the solar cycle variability of these nonmigrating tides in thermospheric infrared emissions shows a clear QBO signals substantiating the impact of tropospheric weather system on the energy budget of the thermosphere. The relative contribution from the individual tidal drivers; temperature, density and advection to the observed DE2 and DE3 tides does not vary much over the course of the solar cycle, and this is true for both NO and CO2 emissions.

Masses, Dimensionless Kerr Parameters, and Emission Regions in GeV Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, G.-Z.; Ma, L.; Liang, E.-W.; Zhou, S.-B.; Xie, Z.-H.

2003-11-01

We have compiled sample of 17 GeV γ-ray-loud blazars, for which rapid optical variability and γ-ray fluxes are well observed, from the literature. We derive estimates of the masses, the minimum Kerr parameters amin, and the size of the emission regions of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) for the blazars in the sample from their minimum optical variability timescales and γ-ray fluxes. The results show that (1) the masses derived from the optical variability timescale (MH) are significantly correlated with the masses from the γ-ray luminosity (MKNH); (2) the values of amin of the SMBHs with masses MH>=108.3 Msolar (three out of 17 objects) range from ~0.5 to ~1.0, suggesting that these SMBHs are likely to be Kerr black holes. For the SMBHs with MH<108.3 Msolar, however, amin=0, suggesting that a nonrotating black hole model cannot be ruled out for these objects. In addition, the values of the size of the emission region, r*, for the two kinds of SMBHs are significantly different. For the SMBHs with amin>0, the sizes of the emission regions are almost within the horizon (2rG) and marginally bound orbit (4rG), while for those with amin=0 they are in the range (4.3-66.4)rG, extending beyond the marginally stable orbit (6rG). These results may imply that (1) the rotational state, the radiating regions, and the physical processes in the inner regions for the two kinds of SMBH are significantly different and (2) the emission mechanisms of GeV γ-ray blazars are related to the SMBHs in their centers but are not related to the two different kinds of SMBH.

17 CFR 171.21 - Notice of final decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Futures Association shall promptly serve all parties, as well as the Proceedings Clerk and the Secretary... decision issued by the National Futures Association. (b) Content of the notice. At a minimum, the notice... notice. (1) If the National Futures Association issues a notice of a final decision subject to these...

17 CFR 171.21 - Notice of final decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Futures Association shall promptly serve all parties, as well as the Proceedings Clerk and the Secretary... decision issued by the National Futures Association. (b) Content of the notice. At a minimum, the notice... notice. (1) If the National Futures Association issues a notice of a final decision subject to these...

17 CFR 171.21 - Notice of final decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Futures Association shall promptly serve all parties, as well as the Proceedings Clerk and the Secretary... decision issued by the National Futures Association. (b) Content of the notice. At a minimum, the notice... notice. (1) If the National Futures Association issues a notice of a final decision subject to these...

17 CFR 171.21 - Notice of final decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Futures Association shall promptly serve all parties, as well as the Proceedings Clerk and the Secretary... decision issued by the National Futures Association. (b) Content of the notice. At a minimum, the notice... notice. (1) If the National Futures Association issues a notice of a final decision subject to these...

17 CFR 171.21 - Notice of final decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Futures Association shall promptly serve all parties, as well as the Proceedings Clerk and the Secretary... decision issued by the National Futures Association. (b) Content of the notice. At a minimum, the notice... notice. (1) If the National Futures Association issues a notice of a final decision subject to these...

Solar activity during the deep minimum of 2009

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sylwester, Janusz; Siarkowski, Marek; Gburek, Szymon; Gryciuk, Magdalena; Kepa, Anna; Kowaliński, Mirosław; Mrozek, Tomek; Phillips, Kenneth J. H.; Podgórski, Piotr; Sylwester, Barbara

2014-12-01

We discuss the character of the unusually deep solar activity minimum of 2009 between Solar Cycles 23 and 24. Levels of solar activity in various parts of the solar atmosphere -- photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona -- were observed to be at their lowest for a century. The soft X-ray emission from the corona (hot outer part of the Sun's atmosphere) was measured throughout most of 2009 with the Polish-built SphinX spectrophotometer. Unlike other X-ray monitoring spacecraft, this sensitive spacecraft-borne instrument was able to continue measurements throughout this extended period of low activity.

Discovery of X-Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar at Pulse Minimum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tennant, Allyn F.; Becker, Werner; Juda, Michael X.; Elsner, Ronald F.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; Murray, Stephen S.; ODell, Stephen L.; Paerels, Frits; Swartz, Douglas A.; Shibazaki, Noriaki;

Discovery of X-Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar at Pulse Minimum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tennant, Allyn F.; Becker, Werner; Juda, Michael; Elsner, Ronald F.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; Murray, Stephen S.; ODell, Stephen L.; Paerels, Frits; Swartz, Douglas A.

2001-01-01

The Chandra X-Ray Observatory observed the Crab pulsar using the Low-Energy Transmission Grating with the High-Resolution Camera. Time-resolved zeroth-order images reveal that the pulsar emits X-rays at all pulse phases. Analysis of the flux at minimum - most likely non-thermal in origin - places an upper limit (T(sub infinity) < 2.1 MK) on the surface temperature of the underlying neutron star. In addition, analysis of the pulse profile establishes that the error in the Chandra-determined absolute time is quite small, -0.2 +/- 0.1 ms.

Relative Sustainability of Natural Gas Assisted High-Octane Gasoline Blendstock Production from Biomass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Eric C; Zhang, Yi Min; Cai, Hao

Biomass-derived hydrocarbon fuel technologies are being developed and pursued for better economy, environment, and society benefits underpinning the sustainability of transportation energy. Increasing availability and affordability of natural gas (NG) in the US can play an important role in assisting renewable fuel technology development, primarily in terms of economic feasibility. When a biorefinery is co-processing NG with biomass, the current low cost of NG coupled with the higher NG carbon conversion efficiency potentially allow for cost competitiveness of the fuel while achieving a minimum GHG emission reduction of 50 percent or higher compared to petroleum fuel. This study evaluates themore » relative sustainability of the production of high-octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction (IDL) of biomass (and with NG co-feed) through methanol/dimethyl ether intermediates. The sustainability metrics considered in this study include minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), carbon conversion efficiency, life cycle GHG emissions, life cycle water consumption, fossil energy return on investment (EROI), GHG emission avoidance cost, and job creation. Co-processing NG can evidently improve the MFSP. Evaluation of the relative sustainability can shed light on the biomass-NG synergistic impacts and sustainability trade-offs associated with the IDL as high-octane gasoline blendstock production.« less

Measurement of Emissions from Produced Water Ponds: Upstream Oil and Gas Study #1; Final Report

EPA Science Inventory

Significant uncertainty exists regarding air pollutant emissions from upstream oil and gas production operations. Oil and gas operations present unique and challenging emission testing issues due to the large variety and quantity of potential emissions sources. This report summ...

40 CFR 60.22 - Publication of guideline documents, emission guidelines, and final compliance times.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for the design, installation, and startup of identified control systems. (5) An emission guideline... different emission guidelines or compliance times or both for different sizes, types, and classes of...

40 CFR Table 13 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limitations for Puncture Sealant...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... regeneration stream mass or volumetric flow for each regeneration cycle for 100 percent of the hours during which the process was operated, and a record of the carbon bed temperature after each regeneration, and...

40 CFR Table 13 to Subpart Xxxx of... - Minimum Data for Continuous Compliance With the Emission Limitations for Puncture Sealant...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... regeneration stream mass or volumetric flow for each regeneration cycle for 100 percent of the hours during which the process was operated, and a record of the carbon bed temperature after each regeneration, and...

40 CFR 86.608-98 - Test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... testing diesel vehicles, or methanol-fueled Otto-cycle vehicles, the manufacturer shall allow a minimum of... determination. Warning: If at any time the concentration of hydrocarbons, of methanol, or of methanol and....156-98. To obtain a per-minute background emission rate, divide the total hydrocarbon mass calculated...

Evaluation of landfill gas production and emissions in a MSW large-scale Experimental Cell in Brazil.

PubMed

Maciel, Felipe Jucá; Jucá, José Fernando Thomé

2011-05-01

Landfill gas (LFG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are an important environmental concern in Brazil due to the existence of several uncontrolled disposal sites. A program of laboratory and field tests was conducted to investigate gas generation in and emission from an Experimental Cell with a 36,659-ton capacity in Recife/PE - Brazil. This investigation involved waste characterisation, gas production and emission monitoring, and geotechnical and biological evaluations and was performed using three types of final cover layers. The results obtained in this study showed that waste decomposes 4-5 times faster in a tropical wet climate than predicted by traditional first-order models using default parameters. This fact must be included when considering the techniques and economics of projects developed in tropical climate countries. The design of the final cover layer and its geotechnical and biological behaviour proved to have an important role in minimising gas emissions to the atmosphere. Capillary and methanotrophic final cover layers presented lower CH(4) flux rates than the conventional layer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Final Rule for Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated To Endanger Public Health and Welfare

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA finalized findings that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from certain classes of engines used in aircraft contribute to the air pollution that causes climate change endangering public health and welfare under section 231(a) of the Clean Air Act.

Engineering and Development Support of General Decon Technology for the DARCOM Installation Restoration Program. Task 2. Treatment of Explosives Contaminated Lagoon Sediment. Phase I. Literature Review and Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

hr incineration rate are presented in Table 15. These costs include dredging equipment, flat bed trailer and afterburners and venturi scrubbers where...require further treatment before they can be released into the environment, i.e. biological degradation for the liquid and specific scrubbers for the...The wet-air units are equipped with wet scrubbers to remove air emissions. Air emissions are expected to contain at a minimum CO, C0 2 ,N2 , 0, and

Overview of CMC Development Activities in NASA's Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brewer, Dave

2001-01-01

The primary objective of the UEET (Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology) Program is to address two of the most critical propulsion issues: performance/efficiency and reduced emissions. High performance, low emissions engine systems will lead to significant improvement in local air quality, minimum impact on ozone depletion and level to an overall reduction in aviation contribution to global warming. The Materials and Structures for High Performance project will develop and demonstrate advanced high temperature materials to enable high-performance, high efficiency, and environmentally compatible propulsion systems.

Limb observations of the 12.32 micron solar emission line during the 1991 July total eclipse

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deming, Drake; Jennings, Donald E.; Mccabe, George; Noyes, Robert; Wiedemann, Gunter; Espenak, Fred

1992-01-01

The limb profile of the Mg I 12.32-micron emission line is determined by occultation in the July 11, 1991 total solar eclipse over Mauna Kea. It is shown that the emission peaks are very close to the 12-micron continuum limb, as predicted by recent theory for this line as a non-LTE photospheric emission. The increase in optical depth for this extreme limb-viewing situation indicates that most of the observed emission arises from above the chromospheric temperature minimum, and it is found that this emission is extended to heights well in excess of the model predictions. The line emission can be observed as high as 2000 km above the 12-micron continuum limb, whereas theory predicts it to remain observable no higher than about 500 km above the continuum limb. The substantial limb extension observed in this line is quantitatively consistent with limb extensions seen in the far-IR continuum, and it is concluded that it is indicative of departures from gravitational hydrostatic equilibrium, or spatial inhomogeneities, in the upper solar atmosphere.

High Tensile Strength Amalgams for In-Space Fabrication and Repair

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grugel, Richard N.

2006-01-01

Amalgams are well known for their use in dental practice as a tooth filling material. They have a number of useful attributes that include room temperature fabrication, corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, and very good compressive strength. These properties well serve dental needs but, unfortunately, amalgams have extremely poor tensile strength, a feature that severely limits other potential applications. Improved material properties (strength and temperature) of amalgams may have application to the freeform fabrication of repairs or parts that might be necessary during an extended space mission. Advantages would include, but are not limited to: the ability to produce complex parts, a minimum number of processing steps, minimum crew interaction, high yield - minimum wasted material, reduced gravity compatibility, minimum final finishing, safety, and minimum power consumption. The work presented here shows how the properties of amalgams can be improved by changing particle geometries in conjunction with novel engineering metals.

Pseudo paths towards minimum energy states in network dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hedayatifar, L.; Hassanibesheli, F.; Shirazi, A. H.; Vasheghani Farahani, S.; Jafari, G. R.

2017-10-01

The dynamics of networks forming on Heider balance theory moves towards lower tension states. The condition derived from this theory enforces agents to reevaluate and modify their interactions to achieve equilibrium. These possible changes in network's topology can be considered as various paths that guide systems to minimum energy states. Based on this theory the final destination of a system could reside on a local minimum energy, ;jammed state;, or the global minimum energy, balanced states. The question we would like to address is whether jammed states just appear by chance? Or there exist some pseudo paths that bound a system towards a jammed state. We introduce an indicator to suspect the location of a jammed state based on the Inverse Participation Ratio method (IPR). We provide a margin before a local minimum where the number of possible paths dramatically drastically decreases. This is a condition that proves adequate for ending up on a jammed states.

77 FR 76979 - Pesticides; Revisions to Minimum Risk Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

...EPA is proposing to more clearly describe the active and inert ingredients permitted in products eligible for the exemption from regulation for minimum risk pesticides. EPA is proposing to reorganize these lists with a focus on clarity and transparency by adding specific chemical identifiers. The identifiers would make it clearer to manufacturers; the public; and Federal, state, and tribal inspectors which ingredients are permitted in minimum risk pesticide products. EPA is also proposing to modify the label requirements in the exemption to require the use of specific common chemical names in lists of ingredients on minimum risk pesticide product labels, and to require producer contact information on the label. Once final, these proposed changes would maintain the availability of minimum risk pesticide products while providing more consistent information for consumers, clearer regulations for producers, and easier identification by states, tribes and EPA as to whether a product is in compliance with the exemption.

Low-frequency polarization measurements of the diffuse radio emission of the galaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vinyaikin, E. N.; Paseka, A. M.

2015-07-01

Polarization measurements of diffuse Galactic radio emission at 151.5, 198, 217, 237, and 290 MHz have been carried out in the direction of the North Celestial Pole, North Galactic Pole, one region of the North Polar Spur, minimum radio brightness of the Northern sky ( l = 190°, b = 50°), and in the direction l = 147°, b = 9° in the so-called FAN region with enhanced polarization. The results obtained testify to the presence of low spatial frequencies in the angular distribution of the Stokes parameters Q and U of the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission that are not detectable in interferometric observations. The spectra of the brightness temperature of the polarized component, rotation measures, and intrinsic polarization position angles of the radio emission in the studied regions are presented.

Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities for FY 2010; minimum data set, version 3.0 for skilled nursing facilities and Medicaid nursing facilities. Final rule.

PubMed

2009-08-11

This final rule updates the payment rates used under the prospective payment system (PPS) for skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), for fiscal year (FY) 2010. In addition, it recalibrates the case-mix indexes so that they more accurately reflect parity in expenditures related to the implementation of case-mix refinements in January 2006. It also discusses the results of our ongoing analysis of nursing home staff time measurement data collected in the Staff Time and Resource Intensity Verification project, as well as a new Resource Utilization Groups, version 4 case-mix classification model for FY 2011 that will use the updated Minimum Data Set 3.0 resident assessment for case-mix classification. In addition, this final rule discusses the public comments that we have received on these and other issues, including a possible requirement for the quarterly reporting of nursing home staffing data, as well as on applying the quality monitoring mechanism in place for all other SNF PPS facilities to rural swing-bed hospitals. Finally, this final rule revises the regulations to incorporate certain technical corrections.

40 CFR 63.11221 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-control periods, and required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities including... monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities in calculations used to report emissions or... monitoring data I must obtain? 63.11221 Section 63.11221 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 60.2735 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... activities including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments. A monitoring... monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations used to report emissions or...-control periods, and required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities including...

40 CFR 63.11221 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-control periods, and required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities including... monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities in calculations used to report emissions or... monitoring data I must obtain? 63.11221 Section 63.11221 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 60.2735 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... activities including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments. A monitoring... monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations used to report emissions or...-control periods, and required monitoring system quality assurance or quality control activities including...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR 89.415 - Fuel flow measurement specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow measurement specifications... Emission Test Procedures § 89.415 Fuel flow measurement specifications. The fuel flow rate measurement instrument must have a minimum accuracy of 2 percent of the engine maximum fuel flow rate. The controlling...

77 FR 49489 - Oil and Natural Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-16

...This action finalizes the review of new source performance standards for the listed oil and natural gas source category. In this action the EPA revised the new source performance standards for volatile organic compounds from leaking components at onshore natural gas processing plants and new source performance standards for sulfur dioxide emissions from natural gas processing plants. The EPA also established standards for certain oil and gas operations not covered by the existing standards. In addition to the operations covered by the existing standards, the newly established standards will regulate volatile organic compound emissions from gas wells, centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors, pneumatic controllers and storage vessels. This action also finalizes the residual risk and technology review for the Oil and Natural Gas Production source category and the Natural Gas Transmission and Storage source category. This action includes revisions to the existing leak detection and repair requirements. In addition, the EPA has established in this action emission limits reflecting maximum achievable control technology for certain currently uncontrolled emission sources in these source categories. This action also includes modification and addition of testing and monitoring and related notification, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, as well as other minor technical revisions to the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. This action finalizes revisions to the regulatory provisions related to emissions during periods of startup, shutdown and malfunction.

78 FR 62017 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Regulatory Capital, Implementation of Basel III, Capital Adequacy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-11

...The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board), are adopting a final rule that revises their risk-based and leverage capital requirements for banking organizations. The final rule consolidates three separate notices of proposed rulemaking that the OCC, Board, and FDIC published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2012, with selected changes. The final rule implements a revised definition of regulatory capital, a new common equity tier 1 minimum capital requirement, a higher minimum tier 1 capital requirement, and, for banking organizations subject to the advanced approaches risk-based capital rules, a supplementary leverage ratio that incorporates a broader set of exposures in the denominator. The final rule incorporates these new requirements into the agencies' prompt corrective action (PCA) framework. In addition, the final rule establishes limits on a banking organization's capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a specified amount of common equity tier 1 capital in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. Further, the final rule amends the methodologies for determining risk-weighted assets for all banking organizations, and introduces disclosure requirements that would apply to top-tier banking organizations domiciled in the United States with $50 billion or more in total assets. The final rule also adopts changes to the agencies' regulatory capital requirements that meet the requirements of section 171 and section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule also codifies the agencies' regulatory capital rules, which have previously resided in various appendices to their respective regulations, into a harmonized integrated regulatory framework. In addition, the OCC is amending the market risk capital rule (market risk rule) to apply to Federal savings associations, and the Board is amending the advanced approaches and market risk rules to apply to top-tier savings and loan holding companies domiciled in the United States, except for certain savings and loan holding companies that are substantially engaged in insurance underwriting or commercial activities, as described in this preamble.

42 CFR 90.10 - Notice and comment period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES § 90.10 Notice and comment period. Following internal review by ATSDR and external peer review of a draft final report of the results of a health effects study, ATSDR will publish a notice that the draft final report is available for public review and comment. At a minimum, the notice...

31 CFR 363.171 - How do I redeem a converted savings bond?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... converted savings bond? (a) Before final maturity—(1) Savings bond of any series registered in the single... bond of any series registered either in the single owner, owner with beneficiary, or entity form of registration any time prior to final maturity after the minimum holding period through your TreasuryDirect...

31 CFR 363.171 - How do I redeem a converted savings bond?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... converted savings bond? (a) Before final maturity—(1) Savings bond of any series registered in the single... bond of any series registered either in the single owner, owner with beneficiary, or entity form of registration any time prior to final maturity after the minimum holding period through your TreasuryDirect...

31 CFR 363.171 - How do I redeem a converted savings bond?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... converted savings bond? (a) Before final maturity—(1) Savings bond of any series registered in the single... bond of any series registered either in the single owner, owner with beneficiary, or entity form of registration any time prior to final maturity after the minimum holding period through your TreasuryDirect...

31 CFR 363.171 - How do I redeem a converted savings bond?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... converted savings bond? (a) Before final maturity—(1) Savings bond of any series registered in the single... bond of any series registered either in the single owner, owner with beneficiary, or entity form of registration any time prior to final maturity after the minimum holding period through your TreasuryDirect...

31 CFR 363.171 - How do I redeem a converted savings bond?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... converted savings bond? (a) Before final maturity—(1) Savings bond of any series registered in the single... bond of any series registered either in the single owner, owner with beneficiary, or entity form of registration any time prior to final maturity after the minimum holding period through your TreasuryDirect...

Design and Evaluation of Large-Aperture Gallium Fixed-Point Blackbody

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khromchenko, V. B.; Mekhontsev, S. N.; Hanssen, L. M.

2009-02-01

To complement existing water bath blackbodies that now serve as NIST primary standard sources in the temperature range from 15 °C to 75 °C, a gallium fixed-point blackbody has been recently built. The main objectives of the project included creating an extended-area radiation source with a target emissivity of 0.9999 capable of operating either inside a cryo-vacuum chamber or in a standard laboratory environment. A minimum aperture diameter of 45 mm is necessary for the calibration of radiometers with a collimated input geometry or large spot size. This article describes the design and performance evaluation of the gallium fixed-point blackbody, including the calculation and measurements of directional effective emissivity, estimates of uncertainty due to the temperature drop across the interface between the pure metal and radiating surfaces, as well as the radiometrically obtained spatial uniformity of the radiance temperature and the melting plateau stability. Another important test is the measurement of the cavity reflectance, which was achieved by using total integrated scatter measurements at a laser wavelength of 10.6 μm. The result allows one to predict the performance under the low-background conditions of a cryo-chamber. Finally, results of the spectral radiance comparison with the NIST water-bath blackbody are provided. The experimental results are in good agreement with predicted values and demonstrate the potential of our approach. It is anticipated that, after completion of the characterization, a similar source operating at the water triple point will be constructed.

Final State of Ecosystem Containing Grass, Sheep and Wolves with Aging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Mingfeng; Pan, Qiu-Hui; Wang, Shuang

This paper describes a cellular automata model containing movable wolves, sheep and reproducible grass. Each wolf or sheep is characterized by Penna bitstrings. In addition, we introduce the energy rule and the predator-prey mechanism for wolf and sheep. With considering age-structured, genetic strings, minimum reproduction age, cycle of the reproduction, number of offspring, we get three possible states of a predator-prey system: the coexisting one with predators and prey, the absorbing one with prey only, and the empty one where no animal survived. In this paper, we mainly discuss the effect of the number of poor genes, the energy supply (food), the minimum reproduction age, the reproductive cycle and the birth rate on the above three possible final states.

Evaluation of Workpiece Temperature during Drilling of GLARE Fiber Metal Laminates Using Infrared Techniques: Effect of Cutting Parameters, Fiber Orientation and Spray Mist Application.

PubMed

Giasin, Khaled; Ayvar-Soberanis, Sabino

2016-07-28

The rise in cutting temperatures during the machining process can influence the final quality of the machined part. The impact of cutting temperatures is more critical when machining composite-metal stacks and fiber metal laminates due to the stacking nature of those hybrids which subjects the composite to heat from direct contact with metallic part of the stack and the evacuated hot chips. In this paper, the workpiece surface temperature of two grades of fiber metal laminates commercially know as GLARE is investigated. An experimental study was carried out using thermocouples and infrared thermography to determine the emissivity of the upper, lower and side surfaces of GLARE laminates. In addition, infrared thermography was used to determine the maximum temperature of the bottom surface of machined holes during drilling GLARE under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) cooling conditions under different cutting parameters. The results showed that during the machining process, the workpiece surface temperature increased with the increase in feed rate and fiber orientation influenced the developed temperature in the laminate.

Antimicrobial activity of syringic acid against Cronobacter sakazakii and its effect on cell membrane.

PubMed

Shi, Chao; Sun, Yi; Zheng, Zhiwei; Zhang, Xiaorong; Song, Kaikuo; Jia, Zhenyu; Chen, Yifei; Yang, Miaochun; Liu, Xin; Dong, Rui; Xia, Xiaodong

2016-04-15

Syringic acid (SA) has been reported to exhibit antibacterial ability against various microorganisms, but little work has been done on its effect on Cronobacter sakazakii. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SA against various C. sakazakii strains were determined. Moreover, changes in intracellular ATP concentration, intracellular pH (pHin), membrane potential and membrane integrity were measured to evaluate the influence of SA on cell membrane. Finally, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to assess the morphological changes of bacterial cells caused by SA. It was shown that the MICs of SA against all tested C. sakazakii strains were 5mg/mL. SA retarded bacterial growth, and caused cell membrane dysfunction, which was evidenced by intracellular ATP concentration decrease, pHin reduction, cell membrane hyperpolarization and changes in cellular morphology. These findings indicated that SA has potential to be developed as a natural preservative to control C. sakazakii in foods associated with this pathogen and prevent related infections. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Workpiece Temperature during Drilling of GLARE Fiber Metal Laminates Using Infrared Techniques: Effect of Cutting Parameters, Fiber Orientation and Spray Mist Application

PubMed Central

Giasin, Khaled; Ayvar-Soberanis, Sabino

2016-01-01

The rise in cutting temperatures during the machining process can influence the final quality of the machined part. The impact of cutting temperatures is more critical when machining composite-metal stacks and fiber metal laminates due to the stacking nature of those hybrids which subjects the composite to heat from direct contact with metallic part of the stack and the evacuated hot chips. In this paper, the workpiece surface temperature of two grades of fiber metal laminates commercially know as GLARE is investigated. An experimental study was carried out using thermocouples and infrared thermography to determine the emissivity of the upper, lower and side surfaces of GLARE laminates. In addition, infrared thermography was used to determine the maximum temperature of the bottom surface of machined holes during drilling GLARE under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) cooling conditions under different cutting parameters. The results showed that during the machining process, the workpiece surface temperature increased with the increase in feed rate and fiber orientation influenced the developed temperature in the laminate. PMID:28773757

78 FR 28051 - Federal Plan Requirements for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators Constructed On or...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-13

...This action finalizes amendments to the federal plan and the new source performance standards for hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators. This final action implements national standards promulgated in the 2009 amendments to the hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerator emissions guidelines that will result in reductions in emissions of certain pollutants from all affected units.

Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines: Evaporative and Refueling Emission Regulations for Gasolineand Methanol-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks and Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Technical Amen

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

On March 24, 1993 EPA finalized a new test procedure to measure evaporative emissions from motor vehicles. The amendments modify several of the test procedure’s tolerances, equipment specifications, and procedural steps.

54 FR 38044: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Benzene Emissions From Maleic Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, Benzene Storage Vessels, Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By- Product Recovery Plants

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Final Rule on National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Benzene Emissions From Maleic Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, Benzene Storage Vessels, Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-Product Recovery Plants.

Theoretical Analysis of Optical Absorption and Emission in Mixed Noble Metal Nanoclusters.

PubMed

Day, Paul N; Pachter, Ruth; Nguyen, Kiet A

2018-04-26

In this work, we studied theoretically two hybrid gold-silver clusters, which were reported to have dual-band emission, using density functional theory (DFT) and linear and quadratic response time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). Hybrid functionals were found to successfully predict absorption and emission, although explanation of the NIR emission from the larger cluster (cluster 1) requires significant vibrational excitation in the final state. For the smaller cluster (cluster 2), the Δ H(0-0) value calculated for the T1 → S0 transition, using the PBE0 functional, is in good agreement with the measured NIR emission, and the calculated T2 → S0 value is in fair agreement with the measured visible emission. The calculated T1 → S0 phosphorescence Δ H(0-0) for cluster 1 is close to the measured visible emission energy. In order for the calculated phosphorescence for cluster 1 to agree with the intense NIR emission reported experimentally, the vibrational energy of the final state (S0) is required to be about 0.7 eV greater than the zero-point vibrational energy.

Design of a hybrid emissivity domestic electric oven

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Isik, Ozgur; Onbasioglu, Seyhan Uygur

2017-10-01

In this study, the radiative properties of the surfaces of an electric oven were investigated. Using experimental data related to an oven-like enclosure, a novel combination of surface properties was developed. Three different surface emissivity combinations were analysed experimentally: low-emissivity, high emissivity (black-coated), and hybrid emissivity. The term "hybrid emissivity design" here corresponds to an enclosure with some high emissive and some low-emissive surfaces. The experiments were carried out according to the EN 50304 standard. When a brick (load) was placed in the enclosure, the view factors between its surfaces were calculated with the Monte Carlo method. These and the measured surface temperatures were then used to calculate the radiative heat fluxes on the surfaces of the load. The three different models were compared with respect to energy consumption and baking time. The hybrid model performed best, with the highest radiative heat transfer between the surfaces of the enclosure and the load and minimum heat loss from the cavity. Thus, it was the most efficient model with the lowest energy consumption and the shortest baking time. The recent European Union regulation regarding the energy labelling of domestic ovens was used.

Novel planar field emission of ultra-thin individual carbon nanotubes.

PubMed

Song, Xuefeng; Gao, Jingyun; Fu, Qiang; Xu, Jun; Zhao, Qing; Yu, Dapeng

2009-10-07

In this work, we proposed and realized a new prototype of planar field emission device based on as-grown individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surface of a Si-SiO2 substrate. The anode, cathode and the CNT tip all lie on the same surface, so the electron emission is reduced from three-dimensional to two-dimensional. The benefits of such a design include usage of thinner CNT emitters, integrity with planar technology, stable construction, better heat dissipation, etc. A tip-to-tip field emission device was presented besides the tip-to-electrode one. Real-time, in situ observation of the planar field emission was realized in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measurements showed that the minimum voltage for 10 nA field emission current was only 8.0 V and the maximum emission current density in an individual CNT emitter (1.0 nm in diameter) exceeded 5.7 x 10(8) A cm(-2). These results stand out in the comparison with recent works on individual CNT field emission, indicating that the planar devices based on ultra-thin individual CNTs are more competitive candidates for next-generation electron field emitters.

The Slowly Varying Corona. I. Daily Differential Emission Measure Distributions Derived from EVE Spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schonfeld, S. J.; White, S. M.; Hock-Mysliwiec, R. A.; McAteer, R. T. J.

2017-08-01

Daily differential emission measure (DEM) distributions of the solar corona are derived from spectra obtained by the Extreme-ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) over a 4 yr period starting in 2010 near solar minimum and continuing through the maximum of solar cycle 24. The DEMs are calculated using six strong emission features dominated by Fe lines of charge states viii, ix, xi, xii, xiv, and xvi that sample the nonflaring coronal temperature range 0.3-5 MK. A proxy for the non-Fe xviii emission in the wavelength band around the 93.9 Å line is demonstrated. There is little variability in the cool component of the corona (T < 1.3 MK) over the 4 yr, suggesting that the quiet-Sun corona does not respond strongly to the solar cycle, whereas the hotter component (T > 2.0 MK) varies by more than an order of magnitude. A discontinuity in the behavior of coronal diagnostics in 2011 February-March, around the time of the first X-class flare of cycle 24, suggests fundamentally different behavior in the corona under solar minimum and maximum conditions. This global state transition occurs over a period of several months. The DEMs are used to estimate the thermal energy of the visible solar corona (of order 1031 erg), its radiative energy loss rate ((2.5-8) × {10}27 erg s-1), and the corresponding energy turnover timescale (about an hour). The uncertainties associated with the DEMs and these derived values are mostly due to the coronal Fe abundance and density and the CHIANTI atomic line database.

75 FR 25323 - Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-07

...EPA and NHTSA are issuing this joint Final Rule to establish a National Program consisting of new standards for light-duty vehicles that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. This joint Final Rule is consistent with the National Fuel Efficiency Policy announced by President Obama on May 19, 2009, responding to the country's critical need to address global climate change and to reduce oil consumption. EPA is finalizing greenhouse gas emissions standards under the Clean Air Act, and NHTSA is finalizing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended. These standards apply to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles, covering model years 2012 through 2016, and represent a harmonized and consistent National Program. Under the National Program, automobile manufacturers will be able to build a single light-duty national fleet that satisfies all requirements under both programs while ensuring that consumers still have a full range of vehicle choices. NHTSA's final rule also constitutes the agency's Record of Decision for purposes of its National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis.

Influence of test fuel properties and composition on UNECE R101 CO2 and fuel economy valuation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parker, A.

2015-12-01

CO2 emission and fuel consumption of passenger cars is now assessed by using a simplistic procedure measuring the emission during a test performed without any control of the fuel properties and computing the fuel consumption through an unsophisticated formula. As pump gasoline and diesel fuels are refinery products mixture of many different hydrocarbons, and in case of gasoline may also contain a significant amount of oxygenates, the fuel properties, including the density, carbon and energy content may strongly vary from one pump fuel to the other. Being the specific test fuels carefully selected by the car manufacturers and everything but randomly chosen pump fuels, the claimed CO2 emission and fuel economy figures may differ largely from the certification values. I show from the analysis of the 2014 UK government data for 2358 diesel and 2103 petrol vehicles how same volumes of only theoretically same pump fuels used during the certification test by the cars manufacturers unfortunately do not produce the same carbon dioxide emission, and very likely do not have the same energy content. The CO2 emission per liter of diesel fuel is shown to oscillate froma maximum of 3049 g to a minimum of 2125 g, with an average of 2625 g, froma +16.13% to a -19.06% of the average. TheCO2 emission per liter of petrol fuel is shown to oscillate even more from a maximum of 3735 g to a minimum of 1767 g with an average of 2327 g, from a +60.48% to a -24.05% of the average. The proposed solution is to center the assessment on the energy demand by measuring with accuracy the mass of fuel consumed and the fuel properties of the test fuel starting from the lower heating. The corrected fuel consumption and the corrected carbon dioxide emission to mention from the test are then computed by using pure hydrocarbon reference fuels for diesel and petrol having a given lower heating value and a given hydrocarbon composition. Alternatively, exactly the same test fuel should be used by all the manufacturers.

The 2014 X-Ray Minimum of η Carinae as Seen by Swift

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corcoran, M. F.; Hamaguchi, K.; Liburd, J.

We report on Swift X-ray Telescope observations of Eta Carinae ( η Car), an extremely massive, long-period, highly eccentric binary obtained during the 2014.6 X-ray minimum/periastron passage. These observations show that η Car may have been particularly bright in X-rays going into the X-ray minimum state, while the duration of the 2014 X-ray minimum was intermediate between the extended minima seen in 1998.0 and 2003.5 by Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ), and the shorter minimum in 2009.0. The hardness ratios derived from the Swift observations showed a relatively smooth increase to a peak value occurring 40.5 days aftermore » the start of the X-ray minimum, though these observations cannot reliably measure the X-ray hardness during the deepest part of the X-ray minimum when contamination by the “central constant emission” component is significant. By comparing the timings of the RXTE and Swift observations near the X-ray minima, we derive an updated X-ray period of P {sub X} = 2023.7 ± 0.7 days, in good agreement with periods derived from observations at other wavelengths, and we compare the X-ray changes with variations in the He ii 4686 emission. The middle of the “Deep Minimum” interval, as defined by the Swift column density variations, is in good agreement with the time of periastron passage derived from the He ii λ 4686 line variations.« less

Magnetic energy dissipation in force-free jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choudhuri, Arnab Rai; Konigl, Arieh

1986-01-01

It is shown that a magnetic pressure-dominated, supersonic jet which expands or contracts in response to variations in the confining external pressure can dissipate magnetic energy through field-line reconnection as it relaxes to a minimum-energy configuration. In order for a continuous dissipation to occur, the effective reconnection time must be a fraction of the expansion time. The dissipation rate for the axisymmetric minimum-energy field configuration is analytically derived. The results indicate that the field relaxation process could be a viable mechanism for powering the synchrotron emission in extragalactic jets if the reconnection time is substantially shorter than the nominal resistive tearing time in the jet.

Addendum to Radiative corrections to the Dalitz plot of semileptonic decays of neutral baryons with light or charm quarks''

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, A.; Tun, D.M.; Garcia, A.

1994-08-01

We show that the radiative corrections containing terms up to order [alpha][ital q]/[pi][ital M][sub 1] for unpolarized semileptonic decays of baryons with positron emission can be obtained by simply reversing the sign of the axial-vector form factors in the corresponding final expressions of such decays with electron emission. This rule is valid regardless of the final kinematical variables chosen and of the particular Lorentz frame in which the final results are required.

The cyclical variation of energy flux and photospheric magnetic field strength from coronal holes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webb, D. F.; Davis, J. M.

1985-01-01

The average soft X-ray emission from coronal holes observed on images obtained during rocket flights from 1974 to 1981 is measured. The variation of this emission over the solar cycle was then compared with photospheric magnetic flux measurements within coronal holes over the same period. It was found that coronal hole soft X-ray emission could be detected and that this emission appeared to increase with the rise of the sunspot cycle from activity minimum to maximum. These quantitative results confirmed previous suggestions that the coronal brightness contrast between holes and large-scale structure decreased during this period of the cycle. Gas pressures at the hole base were estimated for assumed temperatures and found to vary from about 0.03 dyne/sq cm in 1974 to 0.35 dyne/sq cm in 1981. The increase in coronal hole X-ray emission was accompanied by a similar trend in the surface magnetic flux of near-equatorial holes between 1975 and 1980 (Harvey et al., 1982).

Acoustic and Electrical Signal Emission recordings when marble specimens are subjected to compressional mechanical stress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Triantis, Dimos; Stavrakas, Ilias; Hloupis, George; Ninos, Konstantinos; Vallianatos, Filippos

2013-04-01

The detection of Acoustic Emissions (AE) and Electrical Signals (ES) has been proved as a valuable experimental method to characterize the mechanical status of marble specimens when subjected to mechanical stress. In this work, marble specimens with dimensions 10cm x 4cm x 4cm where subjected to sequential loading cycles. The maximum stress of each loading was near the vicinity of fracture and was maintained for a relatively long time (th=200s). Concurrently to the mechanical tests, AE and ES were recorded. Specifically, two AE sensors and five ES sensors were installed on the surface of the specimens and the detected emissions were stored on a PC. The recordings show that AE and ES provide information regarding the damage spreading and location in the bulk of the specimen. Specifically, when the mechanical stress was maintained constant at the high stress value during each loading cycle the cumulative number of the AE hits become gradually less reaching a minimum after the first three loading cycles, indicating the existence of the Kaiser effect. During the eighth loading cycle the AE hits show a significant increase that became maximum at the ninth cycle before where failure occured. A similar behavior was observed for the cumulative energy. A b-value analysis was conducted following both Aki's and Gutenberg-Richter relations on the amplitudes of the AE hits. The b-values were found to increase during the three first loading cycles while consequently they were practically constant until reaching the two final loading cycles where they became gradually lower. The ES significantly increases during the stress increase of each cycle and gradually restores at a background level when the applied stress is maintained constant near the vicinity of fracture. It was observed that the background restoration level becomes gradually higher during the first four loading cycles. Consequently, during the next three loading cycles the background level is maintained practically constant. During the two final loading cycles the background restoration level significantly increases indicating the upcoming fracture. Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the THALES Program of the Ministry of Education of Greece and the European Union in the framework of the project entitled "Integrated understanding of Seismicity, using innovative Methodologies of Fracture mechanics along with Earthquake and non extensive statistical physics - Application to the geodynamic system of the Hellenic Arc. SEISMO FEAR HELLARC".

Impact of cold climates on vehicle emissions: the cold start air toxics pulse : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-09-21

This project measured cold start emissions from four vehicles in winter using fast response instrumentation to accurately measure the : time variation of the cold start emission pulse. Seventeen successful tests were conducted over a temperature rang...

Direct Final Rule for Exhaust Emission Standards for 2012 and Later Model Year Snowmobiles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In this action removing the NOX component from the Phase 3 emission standard calculation and deferring action on the 2012 CO and HC emission standards portion of the court’s remand to a separate rulemaking action.

Enzyme-triggered self-assembly of a small molecule: a supramolecular hydrogel with leaf-like structures and an ultra-low minimum gelation concentration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Huaimin; Ren, Chunhua; Song, Zhijian; Wang, Ling; Chen, Xuemei; Yang, Zhimou

2010-06-01

We report on the use of a phosphatase to assist the formation of leaf-like structures and a supramolecular hydrogel with an ultra-low minimum gelation concentration. The compound can gel water at a minimum gelation concentration of 0.01 wt%, which is the lowest gelation concentration reported up to now. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal the existence of leaf-like structures serving as the matrix of the hydrogels. The stability of the hydrogels was studied and emission spectra were used to get information about the molecular packing in the leaf-like structures. Since lowering the concentration of the gelator decreases the toxicity of the resulting hydrogels, ultra-low concentration gels have potential uses as biocompatible biomaterials for, e.g., cell cultures, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.

Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines; Non-Conformance Penalties for 2004 and later Model Year Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines and Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines; Non-Conformance Penalties for 2004 and later Model Year Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines and Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fitted for the test kW PB Total barometric pressure (average of the pre-test and post-test values) kPa...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Test Equipment Provisions Pt. 91, Subpt... Term Unit AYM Final weighted emission test results g/kW-hr C3 H8 Propane CB Concentration of emission...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fitted for the test kW PB Total barometric pressure (average of the pre-test and post-test values) kPa...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Test Equipment Provisions Pt. 91, Subpt... Term Unit AYM Final weighted emission test results g/kW-hr C3 H8 Propane CB Concentration of emission...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fitted for the test kW PB Total barometric pressure (average of the pre-test and post-test values) kPa...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Test Equipment Provisions Pt. 91, Subpt... Term Unit AYM Final weighted emission test results g/kW-hr C3 H8 Propane CB Concentration of emission...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fitted for the test kW PB Total barometric pressure (average of the pre-test and post-test values) kPa...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Test Equipment Provisions Pt. 91, Subpt... Term Unit AYM Final weighted emission test results g/kW-hr C3 H8 Propane CB Concentration of emission...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Tables

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fitted for the test kW PB Total barometric pressure (average of the pre-test and post-test values) kPa...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Test Equipment Provisions Pt. 91, Subpt... Term Unit AYM Final weighted emission test results g/kW-hr C3 H8 Propane CB Concentration of emission...

Waterberg coal characteristics and SO2 minimum emissions standards in South African power plants.

PubMed

Makgato, Stanford S; Chirwa, Evans M Nkhalambayausi

2017-10-01

Key characteristics of coal samples from the supply stock to the newly commissioned South African National Power Utility's (Eskom's) Medupi Power Station - which receives its supply coal from the Waterberg coalfield in Lephalale (Limpopo Province, South Africa) - were evaluated. Conventional coal characterisation such as proximate and ultimate analysis as well as determination of sulphur forms in coal samples were carried out following the ASTM and ISO standards. Coal was classified as medium sulphur coal when the sulphur content was detected in the range 1.15-1.49 wt.% with pyritic sulphur (≥0.51 wt.%) and organic sulphur (≥0.49 wt.%) accounted for the bulk of the total sulphur in coal. Maceral analyses of coal showed that vitrinite was the dominant maceral (up to 51.8 vol.%), whereas inertinite, liptinite, reactive semifusinite and visible minerals occurred in proportions of 22.6 vol.%, 2.9 vol.%, 5.3 vol.% and 17.5 vol.%, respectively. Theoretical calculations were developed and used to predict the resultant SO 2 emissions from the combustion of the Waterberg coal in a typical power plant. The sulphur content requirements to comply with the minimum emissions standards of 3500 mg/Nm 3 and 500 mg/Nm 3 were found to be ≤1.37 wt.% and ≤0.20 wt.%, respectively. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production of N2 Vegard-Kaplan and Lyman-Birge-Hopfield emissions on Pluto

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, Sonal Kumar; Bhardwaj, Anil

2015-01-01

We have developed a model to calculate the emission intensities of various vibrational transitions of N2 triplet band and Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band emissions in the dayglow of Pluto for solar minimum, moderate, and maximum conditions. The calculated overhead intensities of Vegard-Kaplan (A3Σu+ -X1 Σg+) , First Positive (B3Πg -A3 Σu+), Second Positive (C3Πu -B3Πg) , Wu-Benesch (W3Δu -B3Πg) , Reverse First Positive, and LBH (a1Πg -X1 Σg+) bands of N2 are 17 (74), 14.8 (64), 2.4 (10.8), 2.9 (12.7), 2.9 (12.5), and 2.3 (10) R, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) condition. We have predicted the overhead and limb intensities of VK (150-190 nm) and LBH (120-190 nm) bands of N2 on Pluto for the New Horizons (NH) flyby condition that can be observed by ALICE: the ultraviolet imaging spectrograph also know as P-ALICE. The predicted limb intensities of VK and LBH bands peak at radial distance of ∼2000 km with the value of about 5 (13) and 9.5 (22) R for solar zenith angle 60° (0°), respectively. We have also calculated overhead and limb intensities of few prominent transition of CO Fourth Positive bands for NH flyby condition.

X-Ray modeling of η Carinae & WR 140 from SPH simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Christopher M. P.; Corcoran, Michael F.; Okazaki, Atsuo T.; Madura, Thomas I.; Owocki, Stanley P.

2011-07-01

The colliding wind binary (CWB) systems η Carinae and WR140 provide unique laboratories for X-ray astrophysics. Their wind-wind collisions produce hard X-rays that have been monitored extensively by several X-ray telescopes, including RXTE. To interpret these RXTE X-ray light curves, we apply 3D hydrodynamic simulations of the wind-wind collision using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We find adiabatic simulations that account for the absorption of X-rays from an assumed point source of X-ray emission at the apex of the wind-collision shock cone can closely match the RXTE light curves of both η Car and WR140. This point-source model can also explain the early recovery of η Car's X-ray light curve from the 2009.0 minimum by a factor of 2-4 reduction in the mass loss rate of η Car. Our more recent models account for the extended emission and absorption along the full wind-wind interaction shock front. For WR140, the computed X-ray light curves again match the RXTE observations quite well. But for η Car, a hot, post-periastron bubble leads to an emission level that does not match the extended X-ray minimum observed by RXTE. Initial results from incorporating radiative cooling and radiative forces via an anti-gravity approach into the SPH code are also discussed.

X-ray Modeling of η Carinae & WR140 from SPH Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Christopher M. P.; Corcoran, Michael F.; Okazaki, Atsuo T.; Madura, Thomas I.; Owocki, Stanley P.

2011-01-01

The colliding wind binary (CWB) systems η Carinae and WR140 provide unique laboratories for X-ray astrophysics. Their wind-wind collisions produce hard X-rays that have been monitored extensively by several X-ray telescopes, including RXTE. To interpret these RXTE X-ray light curves, we model the wind-wind collision using 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations. Adiabatic simulations that account for the emission and absorption of X-rays from an assumed point source at the apex of the wind-collision shock cone by the distorted winds can closely match the observed 2-10keV RXTE light curves of both η Car and WR140. This point-source model can also explain the early recovery of η Car's X-ray light curve from the 2009.0 minimum by a factor of 2-4 reduction in the mass loss rate of η Car. Our more recent models relax the point-source approximation and account for the spatially extended emission along the wind-wind interaction shock front. For WR140, the computed X-ray light curve again matches the RXTE observations quite well. But for η Car, a hot, post-periastron bubble leads to an emission level that does not match the extended X-ray minimum observed by RXTE. Initial results from incorporating radiative cooling and radiatively-driven wind acceleration via a new anti-gravity approach into the SPH code are also discussed.

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... performance test. v. If you use a venturi scrubber, maintaining the daily average pressure drop across the.... Each new or reconstructed flame lamination affected source using a scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performanceb...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 62.14452 - What test methods and procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... total dioxin/furan emissions. The minimum sample time must be 4 hours per test run. If you have selected the toxic equivalency standards for dioxin/furans under § 62.14411, you must use the following procedures to determine compliance: (1) Measure the concentration of each dioxin/furan tetra-through octa...

Preliminary design study of quiet integral fan lift engines for VTOL transport applications in the 1980s

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rabone, G. R.; Paulson, E.

1973-01-01

Preliminary designs of three integral lift fan engines suitable for commercial certification in the 80's were completed. Emphasis was placed on low cost, simplicity, low noise, low emissions, minimum weight, and design features meeting all commercial standards for fire safety and containment.

40 CFR 86.137-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., if applicable), the temperature recorder, the vehicle cooling fan, and the heated THC analysis... diesel-cycle THC analyzer continuous sample line and filter, methanol-fueled vehicle THC, methanol and... measuring devices to zero. (i) For gaseous bag samples (except THC samples), the minimum flow rate is 0.17...

40 CFR 86.137-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., if applicable), the temperature recorder, the vehicle cooling fan, and the heated THC analysis... diesel-cycle THC analyzer continuous sample line and filter, methanol-fueled vehicle THC, methanol and... measuring devices to zero. (i) For gaseous bag samples (except THC samples), the minimum flow rate is 0.17...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... control of pre-selectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emissions test... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... control of pre-selectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emissions test... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak...

40 CFR 86.436-78 - Additional service accumulation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... minimum test distance and at the useful life, and, (3) The results of the half life emission tests, when... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.436-78 Additional service accumulation. (a) Additional service up to the useful life will be accumulated under the same conditions as the...

40 CFR 86.436-78 - Additional service accumulation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... minimum test distance and at the useful life, and, (3) The results of the half life emission tests, when... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions § 86.436-78 Additional service accumulation. (a) Additional service up to the useful life will be accumulated under the same conditions as the...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Each new or reconstructed flame lamination affected source using a scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performanceb. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH within the operating range established during the...

Atmospheric mercury footprints of nations.

PubMed

Liang, Sai; Wang, Yafei; Cinnirella, Sergio; Pirrone, Nicola

2015-03-17

The Minamata Convention was established to protect humans and the natural environment from the adverse effects of mercury emissions. A cogent assessment of mercury emissions is required to help implement the Minamata Convention. Here, we use an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model to calculate atmospheric mercury footprints of nations based on upstream production (meaning direct emissions from the production activities of a nation), downstream production (meaning both direct and indirect emissions caused by the production activities of a nation), and consumption (meaning both direct and indirect emissions caused by final consumption of goods and services in a nation). Results show that nations function differently within global supply chains. Developed nations usually have larger consumption-based emissions than up- and downstream production-based emissions. India, South Korea, and Taiwan have larger downstream production-based emissions than their upstream production- and consumption-based emissions. Developed nations (e.g., United States, Japan, and Germany) are in part responsible for mercury emissions of developing nations (e.g., China, India, and Indonesia). Our findings indicate that global mercury abatement should focus on multiple stages of global supply chains. We propose three initiatives for global mercury abatement, comprising the establishment of mercury control technologies of upstream producers, productivity improvement of downstream producers, and behavior optimization of final consumers.

Evaporative Emissions from In-Use Vehicles: Test Fleet Expansion (CRC E-77-2b) Final Report

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report describes the ongoing investigation into the evaporative emission performance of aging light-duty vehicles. The objective was to add additional data to the Coordinating Research Council's (CRC) E-77-2 evaporative emission/permeation test program

CONTROL OF MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS: INTERIM REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

The report provides additional information on mercury (Hg) emissions control following the release of "Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Final Report to Congress" in February 1998. Chapters 1-3 describe EPA's December 2000 de...

Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories Final Report April 2009

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This report focuses on mobile emission sources at ports, including oceangoing vessels (OGVs), harbor craft, and cargo handling equipment (CHE), as well as other land-side mobile emission sources at ports, such as locomotives and on-highway vehicles.

Texas-specific drive cycles and idle emissions rates for using with EPA's MOVES model : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) newest emissions model, MOtor Vehicle : Emission Simulator (MOVES), uses a disaggregate approach that enables the users of the model to create : and use local drive schedules (drive cycles) in order ...

Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution from Aircraft and Aircraft Engines: Emission Standards and Test Procedures

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is amending the existing emission standards for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for new commercial aircraft engines. These standards are equivalent to the NOx emission standards of the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

RCoronae Borealis at the 2003 light minimum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kameswara Rao, N.; Lambert, David L.; Shetrone, Matthew D.

2006-08-01

A set of five high-resolution optical spectra of R CrB obtained in 2003 March is discussed. At the time of the first spectrum (March 8), the star was at V = 12.6, a decline of more than six magnitudes. By March 31, the date of the last observation, the star at V = 9.3 was on the recovery to maximum light (V = 6). The 2003 spectra are compared with the extensive collection of spectra from the 1995-1996 minimum presented previously. Spectroscopic features common to the two minima include the familiar ones also seen in spectra of other R Coronae Borealis stars (RCBs) in decline: sharp emission lines of neutral and singly ionized atoms, broad emission lines including HeI, [NII] 6583 Å, Na D and CaII H & K lines, and blueshifted absorption lines of Na D, and KI resonance lines. Prominent differences between the 2003 and 1995-1996 spectra are seen. The broad Na D and Ca H & K lines in 2003 and 1995-1996 are centred approximately on the mean stellar velocity. The 2003 profiles are fit by a single Gaussian, but in 1995-1996 two Gaussians separated by about 200 km s-1 were required. However, the HeI broad emission lines are fit by a single Gaussian at all times; the emitting He and Na-Ca atoms are probably not colocated. The C2 Phillips 2-0 lines were detected as sharp absorption lines and the C2 Swan band lines as sharp emission lines in 2003, but in 1995-1996 the Swan band emission lines were broad and the Phillips lines were undetected. The 2003 spectra show CI sharp emission lines at minimum light with a velocity changing in 5 d by about 20 km s-1 when the velocity of `metal' sharp lines is unchanged; the CI emission may arise from shock-heated gas. Reexamination of spectra obtained at maximum light in 1995 shows extended blue wings to strong lines with the extension dependent on a line's lower excitation potential; this is the signature of a stellar wind, also revealed by published observations of the HeI 10830 Å line at maximum light. Changes in the cores of the resonance lines of AlI and Na D (variable blueshifts) and the CaII infrared (IR) lines (variable blueshifts and redshifts) suggest complex flow patterns near the photosphere. The spectroscopic differences at the two mimima show the importance of continued scrutiny of the declines of R CrB (and other RCBs). Thorough understanding of the outer atmosphere and circumstellar regions of R CrB will require such continued scrutiny. Based on observations obtained with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, which is a joint project of the University of Texas at Austin, the Pennsylvania State University, Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. E-mail: dll@anchor.as.utexas.edu (DLL)

Pulsar Emission Geometry and Accelerating Field Strength

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeCesar, Megan E.; Harding, Alice K.; Miller, M. Coleman; Kalapotharakos, Constantinos; Parent, Damien

2012-01-01

The high-quality Fermi LAT observations of gamma-ray pulsars have opened a new window to understanding the generation mechanisms of high-energy emission from these systems, The high statistics allow for careful modeling of the light curve features as well as for phase resolved spectral modeling. We modeled the LAT light curves of the Vela and CTA I pulsars with simulated high-energy light curves generated from geometrical representations of the outer gap and slot gap emission models. within the vacuum retarded dipole and force-free fields. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method was used to explore the phase space of the magnetic inclination angle, viewing angle. maximum emission radius, and gap width. We also used the measured spectral cutoff energies to estimate the accelerating parallel electric field dependence on radius. under the assumptions that the high-energy emission is dominated by curvature radiation and the geometry (radius of emission and minimum radius of curvature of the magnetic field lines) is determined by the best fitting light curves for each model. We find that light curves from the vacuum field more closely match the observed light curves and multiwavelength constraints, and that the calculated parallel electric field can place additional constraints on the emission geometry

Design and fabrication of a boron reinforced intertank skirt

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Henshaw, J.; Roy, P. A.; Pylypetz, P.

1974-01-01

Analytical and experimental studies were performed to evaluate the structural efficiency of a boron reinforced shell, where the medium of reinforcement consists of hollow aluminum extrusions infiltrated with boron epoxy. Studies were completed for the design of a one-half scale minimum weight shell using boron reinforced stringers and boron reinforced rings. Parametric and iterative studies were completed for the design of minimum weight stringers, rings, shells without rings and shells with rings. Computer studies were completed for the final evaluation of a minimum weight shell using highly buckled minimum gage skin. The detail design is described of a practical minimum weight test shell which demonstrates a weight savings of 30% as compared to an all aluminum longitudinal stiffened shell. Sub-element tests were conducted on representative segments of the compression surface at maximum stress and also on segments of the load transfer joint. A 10 foot long, 77 inch diameter shell was fabricated from the design and delivered for further testing.

Analysis of air quality with numerical simulation (CMAQ), and observations of trace gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castellanos, Patricia

Ozone, a secondary pollutant, is a strong oxidant that can pose a risk to human health. It is formed from a complex set of photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ambient measurements and air quality modeling of ozone and its precursors are important tools for support of regulatory decisions, and analyzing atmospheric chemical and physical processes. I worked on three methods to improve our understanding of photochemical ozone production in the Eastern U.S.: a new detector for NO2, a numerical experiment to test the sensitivity to the timing to emissions, and comparison of modeled and observed vertical profiles of CO and ozone. A small, commercially available cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) NO2 detector suitable for surface and aircraft monitoring was modified and characterized. The CRDS detector was run in parallel to an ozone chemiluminescence device with photolytic conversion of NO2 to NO. The two instruments measured ambient air in suburban Maryland. A linear least-squares fit to a direct comparison of the data resulted in a slope of 0.960+/-0.002 and R of 0.995, showing agreement between two measurement techniques within experimental uncertainty. The sensitivity of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to the temporal variation of four emissions sectors was investigated to understand the effect of emissions' daily variability on modeled ozone. Decreasing the variability of mobile source emissions changed the 8-hour maximum ozone concentration by +/-7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Increasing the variability of point source emissions affected ozone concentrations by +/-6 ppbv, but only in areas close to the source. CO is an ideal tracer for analyzing pollutant transport in AQMs because the atmospheric lifetime is longer than the timescale of boundary layer mixing. CO can be used as a tracer if model performance of CO is well understood. An evaluation of CO model performance in CMAQ was carried out using aircraft observations taken for the Regional Atmospheric Measurement, Modeling and Prediction Program (RAMMPP) in the summer of 2002. Comparison of modeled and observed CO total columns were generally in agreement within 5-10%. There is little evidence that the CO emissions inventory is grossly overestimated. CMAQ predicts the same vertical profile shape for all of the observations, i.e. CO is well mixed throughout the boundary layer. However, the majority of observations have poorly mixed air below 500 m, and well mixed air above. CMAQ appears to be transporting CO away from the surface more quickly than what is observed. Turbulent mixing in the model is represented with K-theory. A minimum Kz that scales with fractional urban land use is imposed in order to account for subgrid scale obstacles in urban areas and the urban heat island effect. Micrometeorological observations suggest that the minimum Kz is somewhat high. A sensitivity case where the minimum K z was reduced from 0.5 m2/s to 0.1 m2/s was carried out. Model performance of surface ozone observations at night increased significantly. The model better captures the observed ozone minimum with slower mixing, and increases ozone concentrations in the residual layer. Model performance of CO and ozone morning vertical profiles improves, but the effect is not large enough to bring the model and measurements into agreement. Comparison of modeled CO and O3 vertical profiles shows that turbulent mixing (as represented by eddy diffusivity) appears to be too fast, while convective mixing may be too slow.

Final Independent External Peer Review Report, Cache la Poudre at Greeley, Colorado General Investigation Feasibility Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-06

Adaptive Management Plan NED national economic development NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NER National Ecosystem Restoration NFIP... management and flow maintenance (e.g., flood water height, channel and culvert sizing) are based on high water events (i.e., FEMA base flood – 1% or 100...Minimum 15 years of experience in economics X Minimum 15 years of experience in flood risk management analysis and benefits calculations X Direct

Effects of organic carbon sequestration strategies on soil enzymatic activities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Puglisi, E.; Suciu, N.; Botteri, L.; Ferrari, T.; Coppolecchia, D.; Trevisan, M.; Piccolo, A.

2009-04-01

Greenhouse gases emissions can be counterbalanced with proper agronomical strategies aimed at sequestering carbon in soils. These strategies must be tested not only for their ability in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, but also for their impact on soil quality: enzymatic activities are related to main soil ecological quality, and can be used as early and sensitive indicators of alteration events. Three different strategies for soil carbon sequestration were studied: minimum tillage, protection of biodegradable organic fraction by compost amendment and oxidative polimerization of soil organic matter catalyzed by biometic porfirins. All strategies were compared with a traditional agricultural management based on tillage and mineral fertilization. Experiments were carried out in three Italian soils from different pedo-climatic regions located respectively in Piacenza, Turin and Naples and cultivated with maize or wheat. Soil samples were taken for three consecutive years after harvest and analyzed for their content in phosphates, ß-glucosidase, urease and invertase. An alteration index based on these enzymatic activities levels was applied as well. The biomimetic porfirin application didn't cause changes in enzymatic activities compared to the control at any treatment or location. Enzymatic activities were generally higher in the minimum tillage and compost treatment, while differences between location and date of samplings were limited. Application of the soil alteration index based on enzymatic activities showed that soils treated with compost or subjected to minimum tillage generally have a higher biological quality. The work confirms the environmental sustainability of the carbon sequestering agronomical practices studied.

Final technical report for ITS for voluntary emission reduction : an ITS operational test using real-time vehicle emissions detection

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-05-01

The Smart Sign project has successfully demonstrated the merging of two separate technological disciplines of highway messaging and on-road vehicle emissions sensing into an advanced ITS public information system. This operational test has demonstrat...

Advancing eco-driving strategies for drivers and automated vehicles traveling within intersection vicinities : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-01-01

Vehicle emissions occupy a considerable share of emission inventories in the United States. One of the approaches taken to minimize vehicle emissions is eco-driving. Supported by advanced ITS technologies, it is available to provide the real-time eco...

X-ray Monitoring of eta Carinae: Variations on a Theme

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corcoran, M. F.

2004-01-01

We present monitoring observations by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer of the 2-10 keV X-ray emission from the supermassive star eta Carinae from 1996 through late 2003. These data cover more than one of the stellar variability cycles in temporal detail and include especially detailed monitoring through two X-ray minima. We compare the current X-ray minimum which began on June 29, 2003 to the previous X-ray minimum which began on December 15, 1997, and refine the X-ray period to 2024 days. We examine the variations in the X-ray spectrum with phase and with time, and also refine our understanding of the X-ray peaks which have a quasi-period of 84 days, with significant variation. Cycle-to-cycle differences are seen in the level of X-ray intensity and in the detailed variations of the X-ray flux on the rise to maximum just prior to the X-ray minimum. Despite these differences the similarities between the decline to minimum, the duration of the minimum, and correlated variations of the X-ray flux and other measures throughout the electromagnetic spectrum leave little doubt that that the X-ray variation is strictly periodic and produced by orbital motion as the wind from eta Carinae collides with the wind of an otherwise unseen companion.

Attenuation statistics derived from emission measurements by a network of ground-based microwave radiometers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Westwater, E. R.; Snider, J. B.; Falls, M. J.; Fionda, E.

1990-01-01

Two seasons of thermal emission measurements, running from December 1987 through February 1988 and from June through August 1988 of thermal emission measurements, taken by a multi-channel, ground-based microwave radiometer, are used to derive single-station zenith attenuation statistics at 20.6 and 31.65 GHz. For the summer period, statistics are also derived for 52.85 GHz. In addition, data from two dual-channel radiometers, separated from Denver by baseline distances of 49 and 168 km, are used to derive two-station attenuation diversity statistics at 20.6 and 31.65 GHz. The multi-channel radiometer is operated at Denver, Colorado; the dual-channel devices are operated at Platteville and Flagler, Colorado. The diversity statistics are presented by cumulative distributions of maximum and minimum attenuation.

Source holder collimator for encapsulating radioactive material and collimating the emanations from the material

DOEpatents

Laurer, G.R.

1974-01-22

This invention provides a transportable device capable of detecting normal levels of a trace element, such as lead in a doughnutshaped blood sample by x-ray fluorescence with a minimum of sample preparation in a relatively short analyzing time. In one embodiment, the blood is molded into a doughnut-shaped sample around an annular array of low-energy radioactive material that is at the center of the doughnut-shaped sample but encapsulated in a collimator, the latter shielding a detector that is close to the sample and facing the same so that the detector receives secondary emissions from the sample while the collimator collimates ths primary emissions from the radioactive material to direct these emissions toward the sample around 360 deg and away from the detector. (Official Gazette)

The energy balance of the solar transition region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jordan, C.

1980-01-01

It is shown how the observed distribution of the emission measure with temperature can be used to limit the range of energy deposition functions suitable for heating the solar transition region and inner corona. The minimum energy loss solution is considered in view of the work by Hearn (1975) in order to establish further scaling laws between the transition region pressure, the maximum coronal temperature and the parameter giving the absolute value of the emission measure. Also discussed is the absence of a static energy balance at the base of the transition region in terms of measurable atmospheric parameters, and the condition for a static energy balance is given. In addition, the possible role of the emission from He II in stabilizing the atmosphere by providing enhanced radiation loss is considered.

Impact of the wetting layer thickness on the emission wavelength of direct band gap GeSn/Ge quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ilahi, Bouraoui; Al-Saigh, Reem; Salem, Bassem

2017-07-01

The effects of the wetting layer thickness (t WL) on the electronic properties of direct band gap type-I strained dome shaped Ge(1-x)Sn x quantum dot (QD) embedded in Ge matrix is numerically studied. The emission wavelength and the energy difference between S and P electron levels have been evaluated as a function of t WL for different QD size and composition with constant height to diameter ratio. The emission wavelength is found to be red shifted by increasing the wetting layer thickness, with smaller size QD being more sensitive to the variation of t WL. Furthermore, the minimum Sn composition required to fit the directness criteria is found to reduce by increasing the wetting layer thickness.

Minimum resolvable power contrast model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Shuai; Wang, Xia; Zhou, Jingjing

2018-01-01

Signal-to-noise ratio and MTF are important indexs to evaluate the performance of optical systems. However,whether they are used alone or joint assessment cannot intuitively describe the overall performance of the system. Therefore, an index is proposed to reflect the comprehensive system performance-Minimum Resolvable Radiation Performance Contrast (MRP) model. MRP is an evaluation model without human eyes. It starts from the radiance of the target and the background, transforms the target and background into the equivalent strips,and considers attenuation of the atmosphere, the optical imaging system, and the detector. Combining with the signal-to-noise ratio and the MTF, the Minimum Resolvable Radiation Performance Contrast is obtained. Finally the detection probability model of MRP is given.

Influences on Academic Achievement Across High and Low Income Countries: A Re-Analysis of IEA Data.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heyneman, S.; Loxley, W.

Previous international studies of science achievement put the data through a process of winnowing to decide which variables to keep in the final regressions. Variables were allowed to enter the final regressions if they met a minimum beta coefficient criterion of 0.05 averaged across rich and poor countries alike. The criterion was an average…

78 FR 11150 - Utility Scale Wind Towers From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Final Determination of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-15

..., whether or not tapered, and sections thereof. Certain wind towers are designed to support the nacelle and rotor blades in a wind turbine with a minimum rated electrical power generation capacity in excess of... part of a wind turbine (i.e., accompanying nacelles and/or rotor blades). Amendment to the Final...

40 CFR 89.418 - Raw emission sampling calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Raw emission sampling calculations. 89... Test Procedures § 89.418 Raw emission sampling calculations. (a) The final test results shall be... measured on a wet basis. This section is applicable only for measurements made on raw exhaust gas...

40 CFR 89.418 - Raw emission sampling calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Raw emission sampling calculations. 89... Test Procedures § 89.418 Raw emission sampling calculations. (a) The final test results shall be... measured on a wet basis. This section is applicable only for measurements made on raw exhaust gas...

Final Rule for Control of Emissions From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 2.5 Liters Per Cylinder

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The near-term, Tier 1 standards in this rule are equivalent to the internationally negotiated emission limits for oxides of nitrogen (NOx). These standards will go into effect in 2004 and are based on readily available emission-control technology.

Locomotive biofuel study - rail yard and over the road measurements using portable emissions measurement system : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-01-01

The emissions of three locomotive engines were measured with ULSD and multiple biofuel blends, including B10, B20, and B40. : B20 biodiesel fuel reduced emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter...

40 CFR 85.1510 - Maintenance instructions, warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. 85.1510 Section 85.1510 Protection of Environment..., warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. The provisions of this section are applicable to... for final admission. (d) Fuel economy labeling. (1) The certificate holder shall affix a fuel economy...

40 CFR 85.1510 - Maintenance instructions, warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. 85.1510 Section 85.1510 Protection of Environment..., warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. The provisions of this section are applicable to... for final admission. (d) Fuel economy labeling. (1) The certificate holder shall affix a fuel economy...

40 CFR 85.1510 - Maintenance instructions, warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. 85.1510 Section 85.1510 Protection of Environment..., warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements. The provisions of this section are applicable to... for final admission. (d) Fuel economy labeling. (1) The certificate holder shall affix a fuel economy...

75 FR 67634 - Compliance With Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Standards: Exhaust Systems

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-03

... No. FMCSA-2006-24065] RIN-2126-AB31 Compliance With Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission Standards... effective date of the direct final rule, titled ``Compliance with Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Emission... rule eliminates turbochargers from the list of equipment considered to be noise dissipative devices...

75 FR 69909 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Emissions Banking and Trading of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-16

... Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Emissions Banking and Trading of Allowances Program AGENCY... four revisions to the Texas State Implementation Plan (SIP) that create and amend the Emissions Banking... reached via electronic mail at [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the final rules section...

Control of mercury emissions from coal fired electric uitlity boilers: An update

EPA Science Inventory

Coal-fired power plants in the U.S. are known to be the major anthropogenic source of domestic mercury emissions. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently proposed to reduce emissions of mercury from these plants. In March 2005, EPA plans to promulgate final regulat...

Final Rule for Phase 2 Emission Standards for New Nonroad Spark-Ignition Nonhandheld Engines At or Below 19 Kilowatts

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Emission regulations to control emissions from new nonroad spark-ignition nonhandheld engines at or below 19 kilowatts (25 horsepower). These engines are used principally in lawn and garden equipment in applications such as lawnmowers and garden tractors.

Comment on "The night when the auroral and equatorial ionospheres converged" by Martinis, C., J. Baumgardner, M. Mendillo, J. Wroten, A. Coster, and L. Paxton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kil, Hyosub; Miller, Ethan S.; Jee, Geonhwa; Kwak, Young-Sil; Zhang, Yongliang; Nishioka, Michi

2016-10-01

Intense OI 630.0 nm emission depletions were detected over Mexico by an all-sky imager during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm on 1 June 2013 (minimum Dst index: -119 nT). Those emission depletions were interpreted to be associated with equatorial plasma bubbles. If bubbles were responsible for those middle-latitude emission depletions, they would have been extreme bubbles which extended over 40° magnetic latitudes and 7000 km in altitude at the magnetic equator. However, a few factors challenge this interpretation. First, the emission depletions detected over Mexico showed westward drift, whereas the equatorial ionosphere including bubbles drifted eastward on that night. Second, the middle-latitude emission depletions were tilted westward with respect to the geographic meridian, but the westward tilt of bubbles was not identified. Third, the growth of bubbles was not evident when the middle-latitude emission depletions grew. The westward tilt and westward propagation of the middle-latitude emission depletions are consistent with the characteristics of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed over the United States on that night. Thus, the emission depletions over Mexico can be interpreted to be the signature of MSTIDs.

ETA CARINAE’S THERMAL X-RAY TAIL MEASURED WITH XMM-NEWTON AND NuSTAR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Gull, Theodore R.

The evolved, massive highly eccentric binary system, η Car, underwent a periastron passage in the summer of 2014. We obtained two coordinated X-ray observations with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR during the elevated X-ray flux state and just before the X-ray minimum flux state around this passage. These NuSTAR observations clearly detected X-ray emission associated with η Car extending up to ∼50 keV for the first time. The NuSTAR spectrum above 10 keV can be fit with the bremsstrahlung tail from a kT ∼ 6 keV plasma. This temperature is ΔkT ∼ 2 keV higher than those measured from the iron K emission line complex, if the shockedmore » gas is in collisional ionization equilibrium. This result may suggest that the companion star's pre-shock wind velocity is underestimated. The NuSTAR observation near the X-ray minimum state showed a gradual decline in the X-ray emission by 40% at energies above 5 keV in a day, the largest rate of change of the X-ray flux yet observed in individual η Car observations. The column density to the hardest emission component, N{sub H} ∼ 10{sup 24} H cm{sup −2}, marked one of the highest values ever observed for η Car, strongly suggesting increased obscuration of the wind–wind colliding X-ray emission by the thick primary stellar wind prior to superior conjunction. Neither observation detected the power-law component in the extremely hard band that INTEGRAL and Suzaku observed prior to 2011. If the non-detection by NuSTAR is caused by absorption, the power-law source must be small and located very near the wind–wind collision apex. Alternatively, it may be that the power-law source is not related to either η Car or the GeV γ-ray source.« less

Photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) reaction in trans-methyl p-(dimethylamino) cinnamate: A combined fluorescence measurement and quantum chemical calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, Amrita; Kar, Samiran; Guchhait, Nikhil

2006-01-01

The photophysical behaviour of trans-methyl p-(dimethylamino) cinnamate ( t-MDMAC) donor-acceptor system has been investigated by steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The molecule t-MDMAC shows an emission from the locally excited state in non-polar solvents. In addition to weak local emission, a strong solvent dependent red shifted fluorescence in polar aprotic solvents is attributed to highly polar intramolecular charge transfer state. However, the formation of hydrogen-bonded clusters with polar protic solvents has been suggested from a linear correlation between the observed red shifted fluorescence band maxima with hydrogen bonding parameters ( α). Calculations by ab initio and density functional theory show that the lone pair electron at nitrogen center is out of plane of the benzene ring in the global minimum ground state structure. In the gas phase, a potential energy surface along the twist coordinate at the donor (-NMe 2) and acceptor (-CH = CHCOOMe) sites shows stabilization of S 1 state and destabilization S 2 and S 0 states. A similar potential energy calculation along the twist coordinate in acetonitrile solvent using non-equilibrium polarized continuum model also shows more stabilization of S 1 state relative to other states and supports solvent dependent red shifted emission properties. In all types of calculations it is found that the nitrogen lone pair is delocalized over the benzene ring in the global minimum ground state and is localized on the nitrogen centre at the 90° twisted configuration. The S 1 energy state stabilization along the twist coordinate at the donor site and localized nitrogen lone pair at the perpendicular configuration support well the observed dual fluorescence in terms of proposed twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) model.

Chandra X-ray Grating Spectrometry of Eta Carinae near X-ray Minimum: I. Variability of the Sulfur and Silicon Emission Lines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Henley, D. B.; Corcoran, M. F.; Pittard, J. M.; Stevens, I. R.; Hamaguchi, K.; Gull, T. R.

2008-01-01

We report on variations in important X-ray emission lines in a series of Chandra grating spectra of the supermassive colliding wind binary star eta Car, including key phases around the X-ray minimum/periastron passage in 2003.5. The X-rays arise from the collision of the slow, dense wind of eta Car with the fast, low-density wind of an otherwise hidden companion star. The X-ray emission lines provide the only direct measure of the flow dynamics of the companion's wind along the wind-wind collision zone. We concentrate here on the silicon and sulfur lines, which are the strongest and best resolved lines in the X-ray spectra. Most of the line profiles can be adequately fit with symmetric Gaussians with little significant skewness. Both the silicon and sulfur lines show significant velocity shifts and correlated increases in line widths through the observations. The R = forbidden-to-intercombination ratio from the Si XIII and S XV triplets is near or above the low-density limit in all observations, suggesting that the line-forming region is > 1.6 stellar radii from the companion star, and that the emitting plasma may be in a non-equilibrium state. We show that simple geometrical models cannot simultaneously fit both the observed centroid variations and changes in line width as a function of phase. We show that the observed profiles can be fitted with synthetic profiles with a reasonable model of the emissivity along the wind-wind collision boundary. We use this analysis to help constrain the line formation region as a function of orbital phase, and the orbital geometry. Subject headings: X-rays: stars -stars: early-type-stars: individual (q Car)

Is Optical Gas Imaging Effective for Detecting Fugitive Methane Emissions? - A Technological and Policy Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ravikumar, A. P.; Wang, J.; Brandt, A. R.

2016-12-01

Mitigating fugitive methane emissions from the oil and gas industry has become an important concern for both businesses and regulators. While recent studies have improved our understanding of emissions from all sectors of the natural gas supply chain, cost-effectively identifying leaks over expansive natural gas infrastructure remains a significant challenge. Recently, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recommended the use of optical gas imaging (OGI) technologies to be used in industry-wide leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs. However, there has been little to no systematic study of the effectiveness of infrared-camera-based OGI technology for leak detection applications. Here, we develop a physics-based model that simulates a passive infrared camera imaging a methane leak against varying background and ambient conditions. We verify the simulation tool through a series of large-volume controlled release field experiments wherein known quantities of methane were released and imaged from a range of distances. After simulator verification, we analyze the effects of environmental conditions like temperature, wind, and imaging background on the amount of methane detected from a statistically representative survey program. We also examine the effects of LDAR design parameters like imaging distance, leak size distribution, and gas composition. We show that imaging distance strongly affects leak detection - EPA's expectation of a 60% reduction in fugitive emissions based on a semi-annual LDAR survey will be realized only if leaks are imaged at a distance less than 10 m from the source under ideal environmental conditions. Local wind speed is also shown to be important. We show that minimum detection limits are 3 to 4 times higher for wet-gas compositions that contain a significant fraction of ethane and propane, resulting a significantly large leakage rate. We also explore the importance of `super-emitters' on the performance of an OGI-based leak detection program, and show that OGI technology can be used as an approximate leak-quantification method to selectively target the biggest leaks. Finally, we also provide recommendations and best-practices guidelines for achieving expected methane mitigation.

Diagnosing the radiative and chemical contributions to future changes in tropical column ozone with the UM-UKCA chemistry-climate model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keeble, James; Bednarz, Ewa M.; Banerjee, Antara; Abraham, N. Luke; Harris, Neil R. P.; Maycock, Amanda C.; Pyle, John A.

2017-11-01

Chemical and dynamical drivers of trends in tropical total-column ozone (TCO3) for the recent past and future periods are explored using the UM-UKCA (Unified Model HadGEM3-A (Hewitt et al., 2011) coupled with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol scheme) chemistry-climate model. A transient 1960-2100 simulation is analysed which follows the representative concentration pathway 6.0 (RCP6.0) emissions scenario for the future. Tropical averaged (10° S-10° N) TCO3 values decrease from the 1970s, reach a minimum around 2000 and return to their 1980 values around 2040, consistent with the use and emission of halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and their later controls under the Montreal Protocol. However, when the ozone column is subdivided into three partial columns (PCO3) that cover the upper stratosphere (PCO3US), lower stratosphere (PCO3LS) and troposphere (PCO3T), significant differences in the temporal behaviour of the partial columns are seen. Modelled PCO3T values under the RCP6.0 emissions scenario increase from 1960 to 2000 before remaining approximately constant throughout the 21st century. PCO3LS values decrease rapidly from 1960 to 2000 and remain constant from 2000 to 2050, before gradually decreasing further from 2050 to 2100 and never returning to their 1980s values. In contrast, PCO3US values decrease from 1960 to 2000, before increasing rapidly throughout the 21st century and returning to 1980s values by ˜ 2020, and reach significantly higher values by 2100. Using a series of idealised UM-UKCA time-slice simulations with concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) and halogenated ODS species set to either year 2000 or 2100 levels, we examine the main processes that drive the PCO3 responses in the three regions and assess how these processes change under different emission scenarios. Finally, we present a simple, linearised model to describe the future evolution of tropical stratospheric column ozone values based on terms representing time-dependent abundances of GHG and halogenated ODS.

Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China 2012: Inventory and Supply Chain Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bo; Zhang, Yaowen; Zhao, Xueli; Meng, Jing

2018-01-01

Reliable inventory information is critical in informing emission mitigation efforts. Using the latest officially released emission data, which is production based, we take a consumption perspective to estimate the non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for China in 2012. The non-CO2 GHG emissions, which cover CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6, amounted to 2003.0 Mt. CO2-eq (including 1871.9 Mt. CO2-eq from economic activities), much larger than the total CO2 emissions in some developed countries. Urban consumption (30.1%), capital formation (28.2%), and exports (20.6%) derived approximately four fifths of the total embodied emissions in final demand. Furthermore, the results from structural path analysis help identify critical embodied emission paths and key economic sectors in supply chains for mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions in Chinese economic systems. The top 20 paths were responsible for half of the national total embodied emissions. Several industrial sectors such as Construction, Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam, Manufacture of Food and Tobacco and Manufacture of Chemicals, and Chemical Products played as the important transmission channels. Examining both production- and consumption-based non-CO2 GHG emissions will enrich our understanding of the influences of industrial positions, final consumption demands, and trades on national non-CO2 GHG emissions by considering the comprehensive abatement potentials in the supply chains.

78 FR 55339 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Regulatory Capital, Implementation of Basel III, Capital Adequacy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

...The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is adopting an interim final rule that revises its risk-based and leverage capital requirements for FDIC-supervised institutions. This interim final rule is substantially identical to a joint final rule issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve) (together, with the FDIC, the agencies). The interim final rule consolidates three separate notices of proposed rulemaking that the agencies jointly published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2012, with selected changes. The interim final rule implements a revised definition of regulatory capital, a new common equity tier 1 minimum capital requirement, a higher minimum tier 1 capital requirement, and, for FDIC-supervised institutions subject to the advanced approaches risk-based capital rules, a supplementary leverage ratio that incorporates a broader set of exposures in the denominator. The interim final rule incorporates these new requirements into the FDIC's prompt corrective action (PCA) framework. In addition, the interim final rule establishes limits on FDIC-supervised institutions' capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the FDIC-supervised institution does not hold a specified amount of common equity tier 1 capital in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The interim final rule amends the methodologies for determining risk-weighted assets for all FDIC-supervised institutions. The interim final rule also adopts changes to the FDIC's regulatory capital requirements that meet the requirements of section 171 and section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The interim final rule also codifies the FDIC's regulatory capital rules, which have previously resided in various appendices to their respective regulations, into a harmonized integrated regulatory framework. In addition, the FDIC is amending the market risk capital rule (market risk rule) to apply to state savings associations. The FDIC is issuing these revisions to its capital regulations as an interim final rule. The FDIC invites comments on the interaction of this rule with other proposed leverage ratio requirements applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations. This interim final rule otherwise contains regulatory text that is identical to the common rule text adopted as a final rule by the Federal Reserve and the OCC. This interim final rule enables the FDIC to proceed on a unified, expedited basis with the other federal banking agencies pending consideration of other issues. Specifically, the FDIC intends to evaluate this interim final rule in the context of the proposed well- capitalized and buffer levels of the supplementary leverage ratio applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations, as described in a separate Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) published in the Federal Register August 20, 2013. The FDIC is seeking commenters' views on the interaction of this interim final rule with the proposed rule regarding the supplementary leverage ratio for large, systemically important banking organizations.

40 CFR 60.3044 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced... checks and required zero and span adjustments of the monitoring system), you must conduct all monitoring.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (c) If you...

40 CFR 60.3044 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced... checks and required zero and span adjustments of the monitoring system), you must conduct all monitoring.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (c) If you...

40 CFR 60.3044 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced... checks and required zero and span adjustments of the monitoring system), you must conduct all monitoring.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (c) If you...

40 CFR 60.3044 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced... checks and required zero and span adjustments of the monitoring system), you must conduct all monitoring.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (c) If you...

40 CFR 60.3044 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced... checks and required zero and span adjustments of the monitoring system), you must conduct all monitoring.... An operating day is any day the unit combusts any municipal or institutional solid waste. (c) If you...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Hhhh of... - Minimum Requirements for Monitoring and Recordkeeping

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-hour block averages. 2. Other process or control device parameters specified in your OMM b plan. As... value for each product manufactured during the operating day. 6. UF-to-latex ratio in the binder c For... Required if a thermal oxidizer is used to control formaldehyde emissions. b Required if process...

40 CFR 63.3546 - How do I establish the emission capture system and add-on control device operating limits during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... system and add-on control device operating limits during the performance test? 63.3546 Section 63.3546... of key parameters of the valve operating system (e.g., solenoid valve operation, air pressure... minimum operating limit for that specific capture device or system of multiple capture devices. The...

40 CFR 63.3546 - How do I establish the emission capture system and add-on control device operating limits during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... capture system and add-on control device operating limits during the performance test? 63.3546 Section 63... of key parameters of the valve operating system (e.g., solenoid valve operation, air pressure... minimum operating limit for that specific capture device or system of multiple capture devices. The...

40 CFR 63.3546 - How do I establish the emission capture system and add-on control device operating limits during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... capture system and add-on control device operating limits during the performance test? 63.3546 Section 63... of key parameters of the valve operating system (e.g., solenoid valve operation, air pressure... minimum operating limit for that specific capture device or system of multiple capture devices. The...

76 FR 50129 - Protocol Gas Verification Program and Minimum Competency Requirements for Air Emission Testing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-12

... revisions to Sec. 75.4(e)(1), oxygen (O 2 ) and moisture monitoring systems were inadvertently [[Page 50131... passed in order for readings on the certified high scale to be reported as quality-assured. This was not..., disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and activities...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration...-to-fuel switch. (4) If you own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that... internal and external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration...-to-fuel switch. (4) If you own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that... internal and external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration... own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that combusted a fuel or non-waste... internal and external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration... own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that combusted a fuel or non-waste... external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of water or a...

40 CFR 60.642 - Standards for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards for sulfur dioxide. 60.642... After January 20, 1984, and on or Before August 23, 2011 § 60.642 Standards for sulfur dioxide. (a... minimum, an SO2 emission reduction efficiency (Zi) to be determined from table 1 based on the sulfur feed...

40 CFR 60.642 - Standards for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards for sulfur dioxide. 60.642... After January 20, 1984, and on or Before August 23, 2011 § 60.642 Standards for sulfur dioxide. (a... minimum, an SO2 emission reduction efficiency (Zi) to be determined from table 1 based on the sulfur feed...

Crystal growth and optical properties of 4-aminobenzophenone (ABP)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhengdong; Wu, Baichang; Su, Genbo; Huang, Gongfan

1997-02-01

Bulk crystals of 4-aminobenzophenone (ABP) were grown from organic solution. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray analysis. The refractive indices were determined by the method of prism minimum deviation. Some effective nonlinear-optical coefficients deff were measured. A blue second-harmonic emission with wavelengths of 433 and 460 nm were observed during laser diode pumping.

Field Emission Cold Cathode Devices Based on Eutectic Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

8217RADC-TR-811-170 ’,Final Technical Report July 1981 FIELD EMISSION COLD CATHODE DEVICES BASED ON EUTECTIC SYSTEMS Fulmer Research Institute Ltd...and identify by block numrber) Field Emission Eutectic Systems Cold Cathode Rod Eutectics Electron Emitter Array Directionally Solidified Eutectics...Identify by block number) A survey has been made of the performance as field emission cold cathodes of selected refractory materials fabricated as

A Catalog of Soft X-Ray Shadows, and More Contemplation of the 1/4 KeV Background

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Snowden, S. L.; Freyberg, M. J.; Kuntz, K. D.; Sanders, W. T.

1999-01-01

This paper presents a catalog of shadows in the 1/4 keV soft X-ray diffuse background 4 (SXRB) that were identified by a comparison between ROSAT All-Sky Survey maps and DIRB&corrected IRAS 100 micron maps. These "shadows" are the negative correlations between the surface brightness of the SXRB and the column density of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISIM) over limited angular regions (a few degrees in extent). We have compiled an extensive but not exhaustive set of 378 shadows in the polar regions of the Galaxy (Absolute value (beta) > and approximately equal 20 deg.), and determined their foreground and background X-ray intensities (relative to the absorbing features), and the respective hardness ratios of that emission. The portion of the sky that was examined to find these shadows was restricted in general to regions where the minimum column density is less than and approximately equal to 4 x 10(exp 20) H/square cm, i.e., relatively high Galactic latitudes, and to regions away from distinct extended features in the SXRB such as supernova remnants and superbubbles. The results for the foreground intensities agree well with the recent results of a general analysis of the local 1/4 KeV emission while the background intensities show additional. but not unexpected scatter. The results also confirm the existence of a gradient in the hardness of the local 1/4 keV emission along a Galactic center/ anticenter axis with a temperature that varies from 10(exp 6.13) K to 10(exp 6.02) K, respectively. The average temperature of the foreground component from this analysis is 10(exp 6.08) K, compared to 10(exp 6.06) K in the previous analysis. Likewise, the average temperature for the distant component for the current and previous analyses are 10(exp 6.06) K and 10(exp 6.02) K, respectively. Finally, the results for the 1/4 keV halo emission are compared to the observed fluxes at 3/4 keV, where the lack of correlation suggests that the Galactic halo's 1/4 keV and 3/4 keV fluxes are likely produced by separate emission regions.

Aerobrake assembly with minimum Space Station accommodation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katzberg, Steven J.; Butler, David H.; Doggett, William R.; Russell, James W.; Hurban, Theresa

1991-01-01

The minimum Space Station Freedom accommodations required for initial assembly, repair, and refurbishment of the Lunar aerobrake were investigated. Baseline Space Station Freedom support services were assumed, as well as reasonable earth-to-orbit possibilities. A set of three aerobrake configurations representative of the major themes in aerobraking were developed. Structural assembly concepts, along with on-orbit assembly and refurbishment scenarios were created. The scenarios were exercised to identify required Space Station Freedom accommodations. Finally, important areas for follow-on study were also identified.

Optimization of self-study room open problem based on green and low-carbon campus construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Baoyou

2017-04-01

The optimization of self-study room open arrangement problem in colleges and universities is conducive to accelerate the fine management of the campus and promote green and low-carbon campus construction. Firstly, combined with the actual survey data, the self-study area and living area were divided into different blocks, and the electricity consumption in each self-study room and distance between different living and studying areas were normalized. Secondly, the minimum of total satisfaction index and the minimum of the total electricity consumption were selected as the optimization targets respectively. The mathematical models of linear programming were established and resolved by LINGO software. The results showed that the minimum of total satisfaction index was 4055.533 and the total minimum electricity consumption was 137216 W. Finally, some advice had been put forward on how to realize the high efficient administration of the study room.