30 CFR 18.41 - Plug and receptacle-type connectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... electrically interlocked with an automatic circuit-interrupting device. (i) Mechanically interlocked connectors... shall be removed before the plug can be withdrawn and the electrical energy in the interlocking pilot.... (d) Molded-elastomer connectors will be acceptable provided: (1) Any free space within the plug or...

30 CFR 18.41 - Plug and receptacle-type connectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... electrically interlocked with an automatic circuit-interrupting device. (i) Mechanically interlocked connectors... shall be removed before the plug can be withdrawn and the electrical energy in the interlocking pilot.... (d) Molded-elastomer connectors will be acceptable provided: (1) Any free space within the plug or...

30 CFR 18.41 - Plug and receptacle-type connectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... electrically interlocked with an automatic circuit-interrupting device. (i) Mechanically interlocked connectors... shall be removed before the plug can be withdrawn and the electrical energy in the interlocking pilot.... (d) Molded-elastomer connectors will be acceptable provided: (1) Any free space within the plug or...

Vertically aligned TiO2 nanorods-woven carbon fiber for reinforcement of both mechanical and anti-wear properties in resin composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fei, Jie; Zhang, Chao; Luo, Dan; Cui, Yali; Li, Hejun; Lu, Zhaoqing; Huang, Jianfeng

2018-03-01

A series of TiO2 nanorods were successfully grown on woven carbon fiber by hydrothermal method to reinforce the resin composite. The TiO2 nanorods improved the mechanical interlocking among woven carbon fibers and resin matrix, resulting in better fibers/resin interfacial bonding. Compared with desized-woven carbon fiber, the uniform TiO2 nanorods array resulted in an improvement of 84.3% and 73.9% in the tensile and flexural strength of the composite. However, the disorderly TiO2 nanorods on woven carbon fiber leaded to an insignificant promotion of the mechanical strength. The enhanced performance of well-proportioned TiO2 nanorods-woven carbon fiber was also reflected in the nearly 56% decrease of wear rate, comparing to traditional woven carbon fiber reinforced composite.

Experimental Investigation About Stamping Behaviour of 3D Warp Interlock Composite Preforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dufour, Clément; Wang, Peng; Boussu, François; Soulat, Damien

2014-10-01

Forming of continuous fibre reinforcements and thermoplastic resin commingled prepregs can be performed at room temperature due to its similar textile structure. The "cool" forming stage is better controlled and more economical. The increase of temperature and the resin consolidation phases after the forming can be carried out under the isothermal condition thanks to a closed system. It can avoid the manufacturing defects easily experienced in the non-isothermal thermoforming, in particular the wrinkling [1]. Glass/Polypropylene commingled yarns have been woven inside different three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabrics and then formed using a double-curved shape stamping tool. The present study investigates the in-plane and through-thickness behaviour of the 3D warp interlock fibrous reinforcements during forming with a hemispherical punch. Experimental data allow analysing the forming behaviour in the warp and weft directions and on the influence of warp interlock architectures. The results point out that the layer to layer warp interlock preform has a better stamping behaviour, in particular no forming defects and good homogeneity in thickness.

Laminated and Two-Dimensional Carbon-Supported Microwave Absorbers Derived from MXenes.

PubMed

Han, Meikang; Yin, Xiaowei; Li, Xinliang; Anasori, Babak; Zhang, Litong; Cheng, Laifei; Gogotsi, Yury

2017-06-14

Microwave absorbers with layered structures that can provide abundant interfaces are highly desirable for enhancing electromagnetic absorbing capability and decreasing the thickness. The atomically thin layers of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides (MXenes) make them a convenient precursor for synthesis of other 2D and layered structures. Here, laminated carbon/TiO 2 hybrid materials composed of well-aligned 2D carbon sheets with embedded TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized and showed excellent microwave absorption. Disordered 2D carbon layers with an unusual structure were obtained by annealing multilayer Ti 3 C 2 MXene in a CO 2 atmosphere. The minimum reflection coefficient of laminated carbon/TiO 2 composites reaches -36 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth ranges from 3.6 to 18 GHz with the tunable thickness from 1.7 to 5 mm. The effective absorption bandwidth covers the whole Ku band (12.4-18 GHz) when the thickness of carbon/TiO 2 /paraffin composite is 1.7 mm. This study is expected to pave the way to the synthesis of carbon-supported absorbing materials using a large family of 2D carbides.

Nonspherical particles in a pseudo-2D fluidized bed: Experimental study.

PubMed

Mahajan, Vinay V; Padding, Johan T; Nijssen, Tim M J; Buist, Kay A; Kuipers, J A M

2018-05-01

Fluidization is widely used in industries and has been extensively studied, both experimentally and theoretically, in the past. However, most of these studies focus on spherical particles while in practice granules are rarely spherical. Particle shape can have a significant effect on fluidization characteristics. It is therefore important to study the effect of particle shape on fluidization behavior in detail. In this study, experiments in pseudo-2D fluidized beds are used to characterize the fluidization of spherocylindrical (rod-like) Geldart D particles of aspect ratio 4. Pressure drop and optical measurement methods (Digital Image Analysis, Particle Image Velocimetry, Particle Tracking Velocimetry) are employed to measure bed height, particle orientation, particle circulation, stacking, and coordination number. The commonly used correlations to determine the pressure drop across a bed of nonspherical particles are compared to experiments. Experimental observations and measurements have shown that rod-like particles are prone to interlocking and channeling behavior. Well above the minimum fluidization velocity, vigorous bubbling fluidization is observed, with groups of interlocked particles moving upwards, breaking up, being thrown high in the freeboard region and slowly raining down as dispersed phase. At high flowrates, a circulation pattern develops with particles moving up through the center and down at the walls. Particles tend to orient themselves along the flow direction. © 2018 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers , 64: 1573-1590, 2018.

Nonspherical particles in a pseudo‐2D fluidized bed: Experimental study

PubMed Central

Mahajan, Vinay V.; Nijssen, Tim M. J.; Buist, Kay A.; Kuipers, J. A. M.

2018-01-01

Fluidization is widely used in industries and has been extensively studied, both experimentally and theoretically, in the past. However, most of these studies focus on spherical particles while in practice granules are rarely spherical. Particle shape can have a significant effect on fluidization characteristics. It is therefore important to study the effect of particle shape on fluidization behavior in detail. In this study, experiments in pseudo‐2D fluidized beds are used to characterize the fluidization of spherocylindrical (rod‐like) Geldart D particles of aspect ratio 4. Pressure drop and optical measurement methods (Digital Image Analysis, Particle Image Velocimetry, Particle Tracking Velocimetry) are employed to measure bed height, particle orientation, particle circulation, stacking, and coordination number. The commonly used correlations to determine the pressure drop across a bed of nonspherical particles are compared to experiments. Experimental observations and measurements have shown that rod‐like particles are prone to interlocking and channeling behavior. Well above the minimum fluidization velocity, vigorous bubbling fluidization is observed, with groups of interlocked particles moving upwards, breaking up, being thrown high in the freeboard region and slowly raining down as dispersed phase. At high flowrates, a circulation pattern develops with particles moving up through the center and down at the walls. Particles tend to orient themselves along the flow direction. © 2018 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1573–1590, 2018 PMID:29706659

77 FR 69647 - New York; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

.... FEMA-4085-DR; Docket ID FEMA-2012-0002] New York; Major Disaster and Related Determinations AGENCY... declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated October 30, 2012, and related... have determined that the damage in certain areas of the State of New York resulting from Hurricane...

Bioinspired Superdurable Pestle‐Loop Mechanical Interlocker with Tunable Peeling Force, Strong Shear Adhesion, and Low Noise

PubMed Central

Jiao, Junrong; Zhang, Feilong; Jiao, Tian; Gu, Zhen

2018-01-01

Abstract Velcro, the most typical hook‐loop interlocker, often suffers from undesirable deformation, breaking, and noise because of the structure of the hook. Inspired by the arrester system of dragonfly, a new mechanical interlocker with a nylon pestle instead of the traditional hook is developed. The pestle‐loop mechanical interlocker shows a tunable peeling force from 0.4 ± 0.14 to 6.5 ± 0.72 N and the shear adhesion force of pestle‐loop mechanical interlocker is about twice as much as that of velcro. The pestle tape can be separated and fastened with the loop tape up to 30 000 cycles while keeping the original adhesive force and the pestle structure. In comparison, only after 4000 cycles most hooks of the commercial velcro are deformed and even broken, completely losing their adhesive function and their hook structure. These experimental results are further supported by finite element simulitions—the base of pestle mainly bears the separation‐caused strain while the middle of hook does. Notably, the sound volume during the separation of pestle‐loop mechanical interlocker is merely 49 ± 7.4 dB, much lower than 70 ± 3.5 dB produced by the velcro. PMID:29721425

The Layer of Kevlar Angle-interlock Woven Fabric Effect on the Tensile Properties of Composite Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Wan-Chen; Guo, Xu-Yi; Yan, Tao; Zhang, Shang-Yong

2017-09-01

This article is based on the structure of three-dimensional angle-interlock longitudinal.The 3-layer, 5-layer, 7-layer and 9-layer of angle-interlock 3D fabrics are woven on sample weaving machine respectively with the 1500D Kevlar fiber twist filament produced by United States DuPont. At the same time, Kevlar plain weave fabric is woven, and three, five, seven and nine layers’ fabric are to be compared. In the process of VARTM composite technology, epoxy resin is matrix material, acetone is diluent, triethylene tetramine is curing agent and the five different fabrics are the reinforced materials respectively. Finally, eight different three-dimensional woven fabric composites were prepared. In this paper, the tensile properties of eight kinds of three-dimensional woven fabric composites were tested respectively.Finally, it is concluded that the five-layer angle-interlock woven fabric prepared by Kevlar fiber shows the best tensile property.

Novel Composites for Wing and Fuselage Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Suarez, J. A.; Buttitta, C.

1996-01-01

Design development was successfully completed for textile preforms with continuous cross-stiffened epoxy panels with cut-outs. The preforms developed included 3-D angle interlock weaving of graphite structural fibers impregnated by resin film infiltration (RFI) and shown to be structurally suitable under conditions requiring minimum acquisition costs. Design guidelines/analysis methodology for such textile structures are given. The development was expanded to a fuselage side-panel component of a subsonic commercial airframe and found to be readily scalable. The successfully manufactured panel was delivered to NASA Langley for biaxial testing. This report covers the work performed under Task 3 -- Cross-Stiffened Subcomponent; Task 4 -- Design Guidelines/Analysis of Textile-Reinforced Composites; and Task 5 -- Integrally Woven Fuselage Panel.

Development of electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on anodized nanotubular TiO2 structures: Corrosion and sintering temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goudarzi, Mona; Batmanghelich, Farhad; Afshar, Abdollah; Dolati, Abolghasem; Mortazavi, Golsa

2014-05-01

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings in and onto anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays were presented and prepared by electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). Coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EPD proved to be an innovative and versatile technique to coat HA on and into nanotubular structures of TiO2 with enhanced adhesion between nanotubes and HA particles provided by mechanical interlocking. After EPD of HA on TiO2 layer, samples were sintered at 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C for 2 h in an Ar atmosphere. Effect of EPD processing parameters on thickness of the deposits and rate of deposition was elucidated for HA coatings on the nanotubular TiO2 structures. It was shown that higher applied voltages increase deposition rate and thickness of the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements proved corrosion protection caused by both HA coating and nanotubular TiO2 structure in simulated body fluid (SBF). Effect of sintering temperature on adhesion strength of HA coatings on TiO2 nanotubes and their composition were also studied.

Examination of the feasibility of alcohol interlocks for motorcycles.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-06-01

In 2011 some 30 percent of the 4,612 motorcycle operators involved in fatal crashes had blood alcohol concentrations : (BACs) of .08 g/dL or higher. Although alcohol ignition interlocks are a common sanction to deter impaired driving, : they are not ...

A Nonfullerene Small Molecule Acceptor with 3D Interlocking Geometry Enabling Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

PubMed

Lee, Jaewon; Singh, Ranbir; Sin, Dong Hun; Kim, Heung Gyu; Song, Kyu Chan; Cho, Kilwon

2016-01-06

A new 3D nonfullerene small-molecule acceptor is reported. The 3D interlocking geometry of the small-molecule acceptor enables uniform molecular conformation and strong intermolecular connectivity, facilitating favorable nanoscale phase separation and electron charge transfer. By employing both a novel polymer donor and a nonfullerene small-molecule acceptor in the solution-processed organic solar cells, a high-power conversion efficiency of close to 6% is demonstrated. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Nickel-titanium wire in circumferential suture of a flexor tendon repair: a comparison to polypropylene.

PubMed

Karjalainen, T; He, M; Chong, A K S; Lim, A Y T; Ryhanen, J

2010-07-01

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) has been proposed as an alternative material for flexor tendon core suture. To our knowledge, its suitability as a circumferential suture of flexor tendon repair has not been investigated before. The purpose of this ex vivo study was to investigate the biomechanical properties of NiTi circumferential repairs and to compare them with commonly used polypropylene. Forty porcine flexor tendons were cut and repaired by simple running or interlocking mattress technique using 100 microm NiTi wire or 6-0 polypropylene. The NiTi circumferential repairs showed superior stiffness, gap resistance, and load to failure when compared to polypropylene repairs with both techniques. Nickel-titanium wire seems to be a potential material for circumferential repair of flexor tendons. Copyright 2010 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Microarc oxidation coating covered Ti implants with micro-scale gouges formed by a multi-step treatment for improving osseointegration.

PubMed

Bai, Yixin; Zhou, Rui; Cao, Jianyun; Wei, Daqing; Du, Qing; Li, Baoqiang; Wang, Yaming; Jia, Dechang; Zhou, Yu

2017-07-01

The sub-microporous microarc oxidation (MAO) coating covered Ti implant with micro-scale gouges has been fabricated via a multi-step MAO process to overcome the compromised bone-implant integration. The as-prepared implant has been further mediated by post-heat treatment to compare the effects of -OH functional group and the nano-scale orange peel-like morphology on osseointegration. The bone regeneration, bone-implant contact interface, and biomechanical push-out force of the modified Ti implant have been discussed thoroughly in this work. The greatly improved push-out force for the MAO coated Ti implants with micro-scale gouges could be attributed to the excellent mechanical interlocking effect between implants and biologically meshed bone tissues. Attributed to the -OH functional group which promotes synostosis between the biologically meshed bone and the gouge surface of implant, the multi-step MAO process could be an effective strategy to improve the osseointegration of Ti implant. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

D0 Central Tracking Solenoid Energization, Controls, Interlocks and Quench Protection Operating Procedures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hance, R.; /Fermilab

1998-08-26

This procedure is used when it is necessary to operate the solenoid energization, controls, interlocks and quench detection system. Note that a separate procedure exists for operating the solenoid 'cryogenic' systems. Only D0 Control Room Operators or the Project Electrical Engineer are qualified to execute these procedures or operate the solenoid system. This procedure assumes that the operator is familiar with using the Distributed Manufacturing Automation and Control Software (DMACS).

Calculation of The Ti Activity In 44 Chondrites Which Fell In The Last Two Centuries and Comparison With Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonino, G.; Cane, D.; Cini Castagnoli, G.; Taricco, C.; Bhandari, N.

The cosmogenic radioisotopes in meteorites, produced by nuclear interactions of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) with the meteoroids in the interplanetary space are good proxies of both the GCR flux and the solar activity. Different cosmogenic radionu- clides with different half-lives give information over different time scales. Recently we have inferred the GCR annual mean spectra for the last 300 years [1]. The most prominent result concerns the cosmic ray flux during prolonged solar quiet periods. We deduced that during the Maunder minimum of solar acivity (1700), the Dal- ton minimum (1800) and the Modern minimum (1900) the GCR flux was much higher (2 times) respect to the flux observed in the last decades. Utilizing these GCR spectra we have calculated the 44 Ti (T1/2 = 59.2 y) activity in meteorites taking into account its exitation function for production from the main target element Fe, Ni and Ti [2]. Furthermore, in the last years we have measured the very low activity of the cosmogenic 44Ti in different fell chondrites and now our data cover the interval 1810 to present. The calculated 44Ti profile is in close agreement with the observed mea- surements. This result demonstrates that our inference of the GCR flux in the past 300 years is reliable. The cosmogenic 44Ti in meteorites is a unique tool, free from ter- restrial influences, for validation of both the GCR flux and the heliospheric behaviour over century time scale. [1] G. Bonino, G. Cini Castagnoli, D. Cane, C. Taricco and N. Bhandari, Proc. XXVII Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Hamburg, 2001) 3769-3772. [2] R. Michel and S. Neumann (1998) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth Planet. Sci. , 107, 441-457.

Development status of a next generation ECRIS: MARS-D at LBNL

DOE PAGES

Xie, D. Z.; Benitez, J. Y.; Hodgkinson, A.; ...

2015-09-29

To demonstrate a Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) as the best magnet scheme for future ECRISs, MARS-D, a demonstrative ECRIS using a NbTi MARS magnet is progressing at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. An optimized MARS design can use either NbTi or Nb 3Sn coils with reduced engineering complexities to construct the needed high-field magnets. The optimized magnet design could enhance MARS-D to a next generation ECRIS by producing minimum-B field maxima of 5.6 T axially and 3.2 T radially for operating frequencies up to 45 GHz. Lastly, in-progress test winding has achieved a milestone demonstrating the fabrication feasibilitymore » of a MARS closed-loop coil.« less

Development status of a next generation ECRIS: MARS-D at LBNL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, D. Z.; Benitez, J. Y.; Hodgkinson, A.

To demonstrate a Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) as the best magnet scheme for future ECRISs, MARS-D, a demonstrative ECRIS using a NbTi MARS magnet is progressing at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. An optimized MARS design can use either NbTi or Nb 3Sn coils with reduced engineering complexities to construct the needed high-field magnets. The optimized magnet design could enhance MARS-D to a next generation ECRIS by producing minimum-B field maxima of 5.6 T axially and 3.2 T radially for operating frequencies up to 45 GHz. Lastly, in-progress test winding has achieved a milestone demonstrating the fabrication feasibilitymore » of a MARS closed-loop coil.« less

Electronic structures of anatase (TiO2)1-x(TaON)x solid solutions: a first-principles study.

PubMed

Dang, Wenqiang; Chen, Hungru; Umezawa, Naoto; Zhang, Junying

2015-07-21

Sensitizing wide band gap photo-functional materials under visible-light irradiation is an important task for efficient solar energy conversion. Although nitrogen doping into anatase TiO2 has been extensively studied for this purpose, it is hard to increase the nitrogen content in anatase TiO2 because of the aliovalent nitrogen substituted for oxygen, leading to the formation of secondary phases or defects that hamper the migration of photoexcited charge carriers. In this paper, electronic structures of (TiO2)1-x(TaON)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solutions, in which the stoichiometry is satisfied with the co-substitution of Ti for Ta along with O for N, are investigated within the anatase crystal structure using first-principles calculations. Our computational results show that the solid solutions have substantially narrower band gaps than TiO2, without introducing any localized energy states in the forbidden gap. In addition, in comparison with the pristine TiO2, the solid solution has a direct band gap when the content of TaON exceeds 0.25, which is advantageous to light absorption. The valence band maximum (VBM) of the solid solutions, which is mainly composed of N 2p states hybridized with O 2p, Ti 3d or Ta 5d orbitals, is higher in energy than that of pristine anatase TiO2 consisting of non-bonding O 2p states. On the other hand, incorporating TaON into TiO2 causes the formation of d-d bonding states through π interactions and substantially lowers the conduction band minimum (CBM) because of the shortened distance between some metal atoms. As a result, the anatase (TiO2)1-x(TaON)x is expected to become a promising visible-light absorber. In addition, some atomic configurations are found to possess exceptionally narrow band gaps.

Properties and Cutting Performance of TiAlSiN Coating Prepared by Cathode Arc Ion Plating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Er-Geng; Chen, Qiang; Wang, Qin-Xue; Huang, Biao

2016-06-01

TiAlSiN coating was deposited on high-speed steel (HSS) samples and cemented carbide tool inserts, respectively, by a new coating preparation procedure, and its properties and cutting performance were characterized. The coating thickness, chemical composition, microstructure morphology and mechanical properties were investigated by X-ray fluorescence measurement system, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), nanoindentation, Rockwell hardness tester and ball-on-disc tribometer. A 3D orthogonal cutting experiment model was established by DEFORM-3D to study the influences of different coating thicknesses on cutting force and temperature, and the field cutting experiment was carried out. The results show that the thickness of TiAlSiN coating is 3.14μm prepared by the 3μm preparation procedure, microhardness is 36.727GPa with the Si content of about 5.22at.% as well as good fracture toughness and adhesion strength. The TC4 and AISI 1045 cutting tool inserts with 4μm coating thickness have the minimum cutting forces of about 734.7N and 450.7N, respectively. Besides, tool inserts with a thickness of 3μm have the minimum cutting temperatures of about 510.2∘C and 230.6∘C, respectively.

Mid 19th century minimum of galactic cosmic ray flux inferred from 44Ti in Allegan meteorite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taricco, C.; Bhandari, N.; Colombetti, P.; Verma, N.

Measurements of 44Ti activity in meteorites show that the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity has been declining in the interplanetary space during the past three centuries and has a component of cyclic variation, with periodicity of about 87 years [Taricco, C., Bhandari, N., Cane, D., et al. Galactic cosmic ray flux decline and periodicities in the interplanetary space during the last 3 centuries revealed by 44Ti in meteorites. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A08102, 2006.]. In order to verify these results, we have measured 44Ti activity in Allegan meteorite which fell in 1899 and in some other meteorites with better precision. The measurements confirm low cosmic ray flux and consequently high solar activity near the middle of 19th century.

An Experimental Study on Micro Clinching of Metal Foils with Cutting by Laser Shock Forming.

PubMed

Wang, Xiao; Li, Cong; Ma, Youjuan; Shen, Zongbao; Sun, Xianqing; Sha, Chaofei; Gao, Shuai; Li, Liyin; Liu, Huixia

2016-07-13

This paper describes a novel technique for joining similar and dissimilar metal foils, namely micro clinching with cutting by laser shock forming. A series of experiments were conducted to study the deformation behavior of single layer material, during which many important process parameters were determined. The process window of the 1060 pure aluminum foils and annealed copper foils produced by micro clinching with cutting was analyzed. Moreover, similar material combination (annealed copper foils) and dissimilar material combination (1060 pure aluminum foils and 304 stainless steel foils) were successfully achieved. The effect of laser energy on the interlock and minimum thickness of upper foils was investigated. In addition, the mechanical strength of different material combinations joined by micro clinching with cutting was measured in single lap shearing tests. According to the achieved results, this novel technique is more suitable for material combinations where the upper foil is thicker than lower foil. With the increase of laser energy, the interlock increased while the minimum thickness of upper foil decreased gradually. The shear strength of 1060 pure aluminum foils and 304 stainless steel foils combination was three times as large as that of 1060 pure aluminum foils and annealed copper foils combination.

Modeling creep deformation of a two-phase TiAI/Ti3Al alloy with a lamellar microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartholomeusz, Michael F.; Wert, John A.

1994-10-01

A two-phase TiAl/Ti3Al alloy with a lamellar microstructure has been previously shown to exhibit a lower minimum creep rate than the minimum creep rates of the constituent TiAl and Ti3Al single-phase alloys. Fiducial-line experiments described in the present article demonstrate that the creep rates of the constituent phases within the two-phase TiAl/Ti3Al lamellar alloy tested in compression are more than an order of magnitude lower than the creep rates of single-phase TiAl and Ti3Al alloys tested in compression at the same stress and temperature. Additionally, the fiducial-line experiments show that no interfacial sliding of the phases in the TiAl/Ti3Al lamellar alloy occurs during creep. The lower creep rate of the lamellar alloy is attributed to enhanced hardening of the constituent phases within the lamellar microstructure. A composite-strength model has been formulated to predict the creep rate of the lamellar alloy, taking into account the lower creep rates of the constituent phases within the lamellar micro-structure. Application of the model yields a very good correlation between predicted and experimentally observed minimum creep rates over moderate stress and temperature ranges.

Intermediate Band Material of Titanium-Doped Tin Disulfide for Wide Spectrum Solar Absorption.

PubMed

Hu, Keyan; Wang, Dong; Zhao, Wei; Gu, Yuhao; Bu, Kejun; Pan, Jie; Qin, Peng; Zhang, Xian; Huang, Fuqiang

2018-04-02

Intermediate band (IB) materials are of great significance due to their superior solar absorption properties. Here, two IBs peaking at 0.88 and 1.33 eV are reported to be present in the forbidden gap of semiconducting SnS 2 ( E g = 2.21 eV) by doping titanium up to 6 atom % into the Sn site via a solid-state reaction at 923 K. The solid solution of Sn 1- x Ti x S 2 is able to be formed, which is attributed to the isostructural structure of SnS 2 and TiS 2 . These two IBs were detected in the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra with the appearance of two additional absorption responses at the respective regions, which in good agreement with the conclusion of first-principles calculations. The valence band maximum (VBM) consists mostly of the S 3p state, and the conduction band minimum (CBM) is the hybrid state composing of Ti 3d (e g ), S 3p, and Sn 5s, and the IBs are mainly the nondegenerate t 2g states of Ti 3d orbitals. The electronic states of Ti 3d reveal a good ability to transfer electrons between metal and S atoms. These wide-spectrum absorption IBs bring about more solar energy utilization to enhance solar thermal collection and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange.

Considerations for NSLS-II Synchrotron Radiation Protection When Operating Damping Wigglers at Low Machine Energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seletskiy, S.; Podobedov, B.

2015-12-30

The NSLS-II storage ring vacuum chamber, including frontends (FE) and beamlines (BL), is protected from possible damage from synchrotron radiation (SR) emitted from insertion devices (IDs) by a dedicated active interlock system (AIS). The system monitors electron beam position and angle and triggers a beam dump if the beam orbit is outside of the active interlock envelope (AIE). The AIE was calculated under the assumptions of 3 GeV beam energy and ID gaps set to their minimum operating values (i.e. “fully closed”). Recently it was proposed to perform machine studies that would ramp the stored beam energy significantly below themore » nominal operational value of 3 GeV. These studies may potentially include the use of NSLS-II damping wigglers (DWs) for electron beam emittance reduction and control.« less

A Modular Approach for Interlocking Enzymes in Whatman Paper.

PubMed

Riccardi, Caterina; Kumar, Challa; Kasi, Rajeswari; McCormick, Shelby

2018-06-13

We report a potentially universal approach for enzyme attachment to cellulose that significantly enhances enzyme stability while retaining high activity, and involves no chemical functionalization of cellulose. In our design, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was interlocked in cellulose to form a protein-friendly surface (named BSA-Paper), while also providing COOH and NH2 groups for subsequent attachment of enzymes. The desired enzyme is then mixed with additional BSA and interlocked on BSA-Paper. The 2nd layer dilutes and crosslinks the enzyme for improved stability. Laccase was tested as a model enzyme for interlocking on BSA-Paper, and was found to retain over 100% activity and was 240 times more stable at 25 °C (half life = 180 d) than laccase. This new approach was also tested with a few other enzymes with encouraging results, thus providing a potentially universal method for stabilization of enzymes on cellulose with retention of high activities. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Reentrant Resistive Behavior and Dimensional Crossover in Disordered Superconducting TiN Films.

PubMed

Postolova, Svetlana V; Mironov, Alexey Yu; Baklanov, Mikhail R; Vinokur, Valerii M; Baturina, Tatyana I

2017-05-11

A reentrant temperature dependence of the normal state resistance often referred to as the N-shaped temperature dependence, is omnipresent in disordered superconductors - ranging from high-temperature cuprates to ultrathin superconducting films - that experience superconductor-to-insulator transition. Yet, despite the ubiquity of this phenomenon its origin still remains a subject of debate. Here we investigate strongly disordered superconducting TiN films and demonstrate universality of the reentrant behavior. We offer a quantitative description of the N-shaped resistance curve. We show that upon cooling down the resistance first decreases linearly with temperature and then passes through the minimum that marks the 3D-2D crossover in the system. In the 2D temperature range the resistance first grows with decreasing temperature due to quantum contributions and eventually drops to zero as the system falls into a superconducting state. Our findings demonstrate the prime importance of disorder in dimensional crossover effects.

Stoichiometry as key to ferroelectricity in compressively strained SrTiO{sub 3} films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haislmaier, R. C.; Engel-Herbert, R.; Gopalan, V.

2016-07-18

While strain is a powerful tuning parameter for inducing ferroelectricity in thin film oxides, the role of stoichiometry control is critical, but far less explored. A series of compressively strained SrTiO{sub 3} films on (001) (LaAlO{sub 3}){sub 0.3}(Sr{sub 2}AlTaO{sub 6}){sub 0.35} substrates were grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy where the Ti cation was supplied using a metal-organic titanium tetraisopropoxide molecule that helps systematically and precisely control Sr:Ti stoichiometry in the resulting films. A stoichiometric growth window is located through X-ray diffraction and in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements, which show a minimum out-of-plane lattice parameter as well as constantmore » growth rate within the stoichiometric growth window range. Using temperature dependent optical second harmonic generation (SHG) characterization, a ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition at T ∼ 180 K is observed for a stoichiometric SrTiO{sub 3} film, as well as a higher temperature structural transition at T ∼ 385 K. Using SHG polarimetry modeling, the polar point group symmetry is determined to be tetragonal 4mm with the polarization pointing out-of-plane of the film. The SHG coefficients, d{sub 31}/d{sub 15}=3 and d{sub 33}/d{sub 15}=21, were determined at 298 K. The ferroelectric transition disappears in films grown outside the growth window, thus proving the critical role of stoichiometry control in realizing strain-induced ferroelectricity.« less

A Comparison in Mechanical Properties of Cermets of Calcium Silicate with Ti-55Ni and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys for Hard Tissues Replacement

PubMed Central

Pramanik, Sumit; Shirazi, Seyed Farid Seyed; Mehrali, Mehdi; Yau, Yat-Huang; Abu Osman, Noor Azuan

2014-01-01

This study investigated the impact of calcium silicate (CS) content on composition, compressive mechanical properties, and hardness of CS cermets with Ti-55Ni and Ti-6Al-4V alloys sintered at 1200°C. The powder metallurgy route was exploited to prepare the cermets. New phases of materials of Ni16Ti6Si7, CaTiO3, and Ni31Si12 appeared in cermet of Ti-55Ni with CS and in cermet of Ti-6Al-4V with CS, the new phases Ti5Si3, Ti2O, and CaTiO3, which were emerged during sintering at different CS content (wt%). The minimum shrinkage and density were observed in both groups of cermets for the 50 and 100 wt% CS content, respectively. The cermets with 40 wt% of CS had minimum compressive Young's modulus. The minimum of compressive strength and strain percentage at maximum load were revealed in cermets with 50 and 40 wt% of CS with Ti-55Ni and Ti-6Al-4V cermets, respectively. The cermets with 80 and 90 wt% of CS showed more plasticity than the pure CS. It concluded that the composition and mechanical properties of sintered cermets of Ti-55Ni and Ti-6Al-4V with CS significantly depend on the CS content in raw cermet materials. Thus, the different mechanical properties of the cermets can be used as potential materials for different hard tissues replacements. PMID:25538954

An Experimental Study on Micro Clinching of Metal Foils with Cutting by Laser Shock Forming

PubMed Central

Wang, Xiao; Li, Cong; Ma, Youjuan; Shen, Zongbao; Sun, Xianqing; Sha, Chaofei; Gao, Shuai; Li, Liyin; Liu, Huixia

2016-01-01

This paper describes a novel technique for joining similar and dissimilar metal foils, namely micro clinching with cutting by laser shock forming. A series of experiments were conducted to study the deformation behavior of single layer material, during which many important process parameters were determined. The process window of the 1060 pure aluminum foils and annealed copper foils produced by micro clinching with cutting was analyzed. Moreover, similar material combination (annealed copper foils) and dissimilar material combination (1060 pure aluminum foils and 304 stainless steel foils) were successfully achieved. The effect of laser energy on the interlock and minimum thickness of upper foils was investigated. In addition, the mechanical strength of different material combinations joined by micro clinching with cutting was measured in single lap shearing tests. According to the achieved results, this novel technique is more suitable for material combinations where the upper foil is thicker than lower foil. With the increase of laser energy, the interlock increased while the minimum thickness of upper foil decreased gradually. The shear strength of 1060 pure aluminum foils and 304 stainless steel foils combination was three times as large as that of 1060 pure aluminum foils and annealed copper foils combination. PMID:28773692

Experimental and numerical analysis of interlocking rib formation at sheet metal blanking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolka, Špela; Bratuš, Vitoslav; Starman, Bojan; Mole, Nikolaj

2018-05-01

Cores for electrical motors are typically produced by blanking of laminations and then stacking them together, with, for instance, interlocking ribs or welding. Strict geometrical tolerances, both on the lamination and on the stack, combined with complex part geometry and harder steel strip material, call for use of predictive methods to optimize the process before actual blanking to reduce the costs and speed up the process. One of the major influences on the final stack geometry is the quality of the interlocking ribs. A rib is formed in one step and joined with the rib of the preceding lamination in the next. The quality of the joint determines the firmness of the stack and also influences its. The geometrical and positional accuracy is thus crucial in rib formation process. In this study, a complex experimental and numerical analysis of interlocking rib formation has been performed. The aim of the analysis is to numerically predict the shape of the rib in order to perform a numerical simulation of the stack formation in the next step of the process. A detailed experimental research has been performed in order to characterize influential parameters on the rib formation and the geometry of the ribs itself, using classical and 3D laser microscopy. The formation of the interlocking rib is then simulated using Abaqus Explicit. The Hilll 48 constitutive material model is based on extensive and novel material characterization process, combining data from in-plane and out-of-plane material tests to perform a 3D analysis of both, rib formation and rib joining. The study shows good correlation between the experimental and numerical results.

Interlocking Nailing Versus Interlocking Plating in Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

PubMed

Reinhardt, Sophia; Martin, Heiner; Ulmar, Benjamin; Döbele, Stefan; Zwipp, Hans; Rammelt, Stefan; Richter, Martinus; Pompach, Martin; Mittlmeier, Thomas

2016-08-01

Open reduction and internal fixation with a plate is deemed to represent the gold standard of surgical treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Standard plate fixation is usually placed through an extended lateral approach with high risk for wound complications. Minimally invasive techniques might avoid wound complications but provide limited construct stability. Therefore, 2 different types of locking nails were developed to allow for minimally invasive technique with sufficient stability. The aim of this study was to quantify primary stability of minimally invasive calcaneal interlocking nail systems in comparison to a variable-angle interlocking plate. After quantitative CT analysis, a standardized Sanders type IIB fracture model was created in 21 fresh-frozen cadavers. For osteosynthesis, 2 different interlocking nail systems (C-Nail; Medin, Nov. Město n. Moravě, Czech Republic; Calcanail; FH Orthopedics SAS; Heimsbrunn, France) as well as a polyaxial interlocking plate (Rimbus; Intercus GmbH; Rudolstadt, Germany) were used. Biomechanical testing consisted of a dynamic load sequence (preload 20 N, 1000 N up to 2500 N, stepwise increase of 100 N every 100 cycles, 0.5 mm/s) and a load to failure sequence (max. load 5000 N, 0.5 mm/s). Interfragmentary movement was detected via a 3-D optical measurement system. Boehler angle was measured after osteosynthesis and after failure occurred. No significant difference regarding load to failure, stiffness, Boehler angle, or interfragmentary motion was found between the different fixation systems. A significant difference was found with the dynamic failure testing sequence where 87.5% of the Calcanail implants failed in contrast to 14% of the C-Nail group (P < .01) and 66% of the Rimbus plate. The highest load to failure was observed for the C-Nail. Boehler angle showed physiologic range with all implants before and after the biomechanical tests. Both minimally invasive interlocking nail systems displayed a high primary stability that was not inferior to an interlocking plate. Based on our results, both interlocking nails appear to represent a viable option for treating displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. © The Author(s) 2016.

One-dimensional carbon nanotube@barium titanate@polyaniline multiheterostructures for microwave absorbing application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ni, Qing-Qing; Zhu, Yao-Feng; Yu, Lu-Jun; Fu, Ya-Qin

2015-04-01

Multiple-phase nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been developed for their significant potential in microwave attenuation. The introduction of other phases onto the CNTs to achieve CNT-based heterostructures has been proposed to obtain absorbing materials with enhanced microwave absorption properties and broadband frequency due to their different loss mechanisms. The existence of polyaniline (PANI) as a coating with controllable electrical conductivity can lead to well-matched impedance. In this work, a one-dimensional CNT@BaTiO3@PANI heterostructure composite was fabricated. The fabrication processes involved coating of an acid-modified CNT with BaTiO3 (CNT@BaTiO3) through a sol-gel technique followed by combustion and the formation of CNT@BaTiO3@PANI nanohybrids by in situ polymerization of an aniline monomer in the presence of CNT@BaTiO3, using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and HCl as a dopant. The as-synthesized CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites with heterostructures were confirmed by various morphological and structural characterization techniques, as well as conductivity and microwave absorption properties. The measured electromagnetic parameters showed that the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties. The minimum reflection loss of the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites with 20 wt % loadings in paraffin wax reached -28.9 dB (approximately 99.87% absorption) at 10.7 GHz with a thickness of 3 mm, and a frequency bandwidth less than -20 dB was achieved from 10 to 15 GHz. This work demonstrated that the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI heterostructure composite can be potentially useful in electromagnetic stealth materials, sensors, and electronic devices.

One-dimensional carbon nanotube@barium titanate@polyaniline multiheterostructures for microwave absorbing application.

PubMed

Ni, Qing-Qing; Zhu, Yao-Feng; Yu, Lu-Jun; Fu, Ya-Qin

2015-01-01

Multiple-phase nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been developed for their significant potential in microwave attenuation. The introduction of other phases onto the CNTs to achieve CNT-based heterostructures has been proposed to obtain absorbing materials with enhanced microwave absorption properties and broadband frequency due to their different loss mechanisms. The existence of polyaniline (PANI) as a coating with controllable electrical conductivity can lead to well-matched impedance. In this work, a one-dimensional CNT@BaTiO3@PANI heterostructure composite was fabricated. The fabrication processes involved coating of an acid-modified CNT with BaTiO3 (CNT@BaTiO3) through a sol-gel technique followed by combustion and the formation of CNT@BaTiO3@PANI nanohybrids by in situ polymerization of an aniline monomer in the presence of CNT@BaTiO3, using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and HCl as a dopant. The as-synthesized CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites with heterostructures were confirmed by various morphological and structural characterization techniques, as well as conductivity and microwave absorption properties. The measured electromagnetic parameters showed that the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties. The minimum reflection loss of the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI composites with 20 wt % loadings in paraffin wax reached -28.9 dB (approximately 99.87% absorption) at 10.7 GHz with a thickness of 3 mm, and a frequency bandwidth less than -20 dB was achieved from 10 to 15 GHz. This work demonstrated that the CNT@BaTiO3@PANI heterostructure composite can be potentially useful in electromagnetic stealth materials, sensors, and electronic devices.

Thermal static bending of deployable interlocked booms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Staugaitis, C. L.; Predmore, R. E.

1973-01-01

Metal ribbons processed with a heat-forming treatment are enabled to form tubelike structures when deployed from a roll. Deployable booms of this have been utilized for gravity-gradient stabilization on the RAE, ATS, and Nimbus D satellites. An experimental thermal-mechanics test apparatus was developed to measure the thermal static bending and twist of booms up to 3 meters long. The apparatus was calibrated by using the correlation between calculated and observed thermal bending of a seamless tube. Thermal static bending values of 16 interlocked deployable booms were observed to be within a factor of 2.5 of the values calculated from seamless-tube theory. Out-of-Sun-plane thermal bending was caused by complex heat transfer across the interlocked seam. Significant thermal static twisting was not observed.

Formation mechanism and adhesive strength of a hydroxyapatite/TiO2 composite coating on a titanium surface prepared by micro-arc oxidation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shimin; Li, Baoe; Liang, Chunyong; Wang, Hongshui; Qiao, Zhixia

2016-01-01

A hydroxyapatite (HA)/TiO2 composite coating was prepared on a titanium surface by one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The formation mechanism of the composite coating was investigated and the adhesion of the coating to the substrate was also measured. The results showed that flocculent structures could be obtained during the early stages of treatment. As the treatment period extended, increasing amounts of Ca-P precipitate appeared on the surface, and the flocculent morphology transformed into a plate-like morphology. Then the plate-like calcium and phosphate salt self-assembled to form flower-like apatite. The Ca/P atomic ratio gradually decreased, indicating that the amounts of Ca2+ ions which diffused into the coating decreased more rapidly than that of PO43- or HPO42-. The adhesive strength between the apatite and TiO2 coating was improved. This improvement is attributed to the interlocking effect between the apatite and TiO2 layer which formed simultaneously during the early stages of the one-step MAO. This study shows that it is a promising method to prepare bioactive coating on a titanium surface.

Influence of micro-oxidation on joints of C/C composites and GH3044 for large-size aerospace parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Xiaohong; Jin, Xiuxiu; Yan, Ningning; Yang, Li

2017-11-01

To improve the bonding strength of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites and GH3044 nickel-based superalloy, the bonding interlayer with Ti/Ni/Cu/Ni multiple foils were prepared by a two-step technique involving micro-oxidation and partial transient liquid phase (PTLP) process. Interface characteristics and mechanical behavior of joints were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and energy X-ray dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Results show that a porous layer on C/C composites is formed by micro-oxidation for more than 2 min at 1073 K in air, which provides a diffusion path for liquid phase to infiltrate into C/C substrate and generate a wedge interlocking interface. After micro-oxidation for 4 min, the shear strength of joints reaches 32.09 ± 1.98 MPa what is 36.73% higher than that of joints without micro-oxidation (23.47 ± 1.15 MPa). The increase of shear strength remarkably depends on physical interlocking and chemical bonding at porous interface.

Minimum ignition temperature of nano and micro Ti powder clouds in the presence of inert nano TiO2 powder.

PubMed

Yuan, Chunmiao; Amyotte, Paul R; Hossain, Md Nur; Li, Chang

2014-06-30

Minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of micro Ti powder increased gradually with increases in nano-sized TiO2 employed as an inertant. Solid TiO2 inertant significantly reduced ignition hazard of micro Ti powder in contact with hot surfaces. The MIT of nano Ti powder remained low (583 K), however, even with 90% TiO2. The MIT of micro Ti powder, when mixed with nano Ti powder at concentrations as low as 10%, decreased so dramatically that its application as a solid fuel may be possible. A simple MIT model was proposed for aggregate particle size estimation and better understanding of the inerting effect of nano TiO2 on MIT. Estimated particle size was 1.46-1.51 μm larger than that in the 20-L sphere due to poor dispersion in the BAM oven. Calculated MITs were lower than corresponding empirically determined values for micro Ti powder because nano-sized TiO2 coated the micro Ti powder, thereby decreasing its reaction kinetics. In the case of nano Ti powder, nano-sized TiO2 facilitated dispersion of nano Ti powder which resulted in a calculated MIT that was greater than the experimentally determined value. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Remarkable optical red shift and extremely high optical absorption coefficient of V-Ga co-doped TiO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Quanrong; Han, Xiaoping; Gao, Yun; Shao, Guosheng

2012-07-01

A first attempt has been made to study the effect of codoping of transition metal and sp metal on the electronic structure and associated optical properties of TiO2, through V-Ga codoped thin films. V-Ga codoped rutile TiO2 films were fabricated on fused quartz substrates using pulsed laser ablation, followed by heat treatment at high temperatures. Gigantic redshift in the optical absorption edge was observed in V-Ga co-doped TiO2 materials, from UV to infrared region with high absorption coefficient. Through combined structural characterization and theoretical modeling, this is attributed to the p-d hybridization between the two metals. This leads to additional energy bands to overlap with the minimum of the conduction band, leading to remarkably narrowed band gap free of mid-gap states. The direct-gap of the co-doped phase is key to the remarkably high optical absorption coefficient of the coped titania.

3D interlock design 100% PVDF piezoelectric to improve energy harvesting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talbourdet, Anaëlle; Rault, François; Lemort, Guillaume; Cochrane, Cédric; Devaux, Eric; Campagne, Christine

2018-07-01

Piezoelectric textile structures based on 100% poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were developed and characterised. Multifilaments of 246 tex were produced by melt spinning. The mechanical stretching during the process provides PVDF fibres with a piezoelectric β-phase of up to 97% has been measured by FTIR experiments. Several studies have been carried out on piezoelectric PVDF-based flexible structures (films or textiles), the aim of the study being the investigation of the differences between 2D and 3D woven fabrics from 100% optimised (by optimising piezoelectric crystalline phase) piezoelectric PVDF multifilament yarns. The textile structures were poled after the weaving process, and a maximum output voltage of 2.3 V was observed on 3D woven under compression by DMA tests. Energy harvesting is optimised in a 3D interlock thanks to the stresses of the multifilaments in the thickness. The addition of a resistor makes it possible to measure energy of 10.5 μJ.m‑2 during 10 cycles of stress in compression of 5 s each.

Reentrant resistive behavior and dimensional crossover in disordered superconducting TiN films

DOE PAGES

Postolova, Svetlana V.; Mironov, Alexey Yu.; Baklanov, Mikhail R.; ...

2017-05-11

A reentrant temperature dependence of the normal state resistance often referred to as the N-shaped temperature dependence, is omnipresent in disordered superconductors – ranging from high-temperature cuprates to ultrathin superconducting films – that experience superconductor-to-insulator transition. Yet, despite the ubiquity of this phenomenon its origin still remains a subject of debate. Here we investigate strongly disordered superconducting TiN films and demonstrate universality of the reentrant behavior. We offer a quantitative description of the N-shaped resistance curve. We show that upon cooling down the resistance first decreases linearly with temperature and then passes through the minimum that marks the 3D-2D crossovermore » in the system. In the 2D temperature range the resistance first grows with decreasing temperature due to quantum contributions and eventually drops to zero as the system falls into a superconducting state. As a result, our findings demonstrate the prime importance of disorder in dimensional crossover effects.« less

Effect of Metal Ion Etching on the Tribological, Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of TiN-COATED d2 Tool Steel Using Cae Pvd Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, Mubarak; Hamzah, Esah Binti; Hj. Mohd Toff, Mohd Radzi

A study has been made on TiN coatings deposited on D2 tool steel substrates by using commercially available cathodic arc evaporation, physical vapor deposition technique. The goal of this work is to determine the usefulness of TiN coatings in order to improve the micro-Vickers hardness, coefficient of friction and surface roughness of TiN coating deposited on tool steel, which is vastly use in tool industry for various applications. A pin-on-disc test was carried out to study the coefficient of friction versus sliding distance of TiN coating at various ion etching rates. The tribo-test showed that the minimum value recorded for friction coefficient was 0.386 and 0.472 with standard deviation of 0.056 and 0.036 for the coatings deposited at zero and 16 min ion etching. The differences in friction coefficient and surface roughness was mainly associated with the macrodroplets, which was produced during etching stage. The coating deposited for 16 min metal ion etching showed the maximum hardness, i.e., about five times higher than uncoated one and 1.24 times to the coating deposited at zero ion etching. After friction test, the wear track was observed by using field emission scanning electron microscope. The coating deposited for zero ion etching showed small amounts of macrodroplets as compared to the coating deposited for 16 min ion etching. The elemental composition on the wear scar were investigated by means of energy dispersive X-ray, indicate no further TiN coating on wear track. A considerable improvement in TiN coatings was recorded as a function of various ion etching rates.

Magnetoelectric properties of Pb free Bi2FeTiO6: A theoretical investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patra, Lokanath; Ravindran, P.

2018-05-01

The structural, electronic, magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Pb free double perovskite multiferroic Bi2FeTiO6 are investigated using density functional theory within the general gradient approximation (GGA) method. Our structural optimization using total energy calculations for different potential structures show a minimum energy for a non-centrosymmetric rhombohedral structure with R3c space group. Bi2FeTiO6 is found to be an antiferromagnetic insulator with C-type magnetic ordering with bandgap value of 0.3 eV. The calculated magnetic moment of 3.52 μB at Fe site shows the high spin arrangement of 3d electrons which is also confirmed by our orbital projected density of states analysis. We have analyzed the characteristics of bonding present between the constituents of Bi2FeTiO6 with the help of calculated partial density of states and Born effective charges. The ground state of the nearest centrosymmetric structure is found to be a G-type antiferromagnet with half metallicity showing that by the application of external electric field we can not only get a polarized state but also change the magnetic ordering and electronic structure in the present compound indicating strong magnetoelectric coupling. The cation sites the coexistence of Bi 6s lone pair (bring disproportionate charge distribution) and Ti4+ d0 ions which brings covalency produces off-center displacement and favors a non-centrosymmetric ground state and thus ferroelectricity. Our Berry phase calculation gives a polarization of 48 µCcm-2 for Bi2FeTiO6.

49 CFR 236.820 - Switch, interlocked.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Switch, interlocked. 236.820 Section 236.820 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Switch, interlocked. A switch within the interlocking limits the control of which is interlocked with...

49 CFR 236.820 - Switch, interlocked.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Switch, interlocked. 236.820 Section 236.820 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Switch, interlocked. A switch within the interlocking limits the control of which is interlocked with...

49 CFR 236.820 - Switch, interlocked.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Switch, interlocked. 236.820 Section 236.820 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Switch, interlocked. A switch within the interlocking limits the control of which is interlocked with...

49 CFR 236.820 - Switch, interlocked.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Switch, interlocked. 236.820 Section 236.820 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Switch, interlocked. A switch within the interlocking limits the control of which is interlocked with...

49 CFR 236.820 - Switch, interlocked.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Switch, interlocked. 236.820 Section 236.820 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Switch, interlocked. A switch within the interlocking limits the control of which is interlocked with...

2. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTHEAST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER, AUXILIARY INTERLOCKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTHEAST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER, AUXILIARY INTERLOCKING BUILDING, AND POWER SUBSTATION - Baltimore & Potomac Interlocking Tower, Adjacent to AMTRAK railroad tracks in block bounded by Howard Street, Jones Falls Expressway, Maryland Avenue & Falls Road, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

Stress corrosion behavior of Ru-enhanced alpha-beta titanium alloys in methanol solutions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schutz, R.W.; Horrigan, J.M.; Bednarowicz, T.A.

1998-12-31

Conservative, practical guidelines for the minimum water content required to prevent methanolic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ti-6Al-4V-Ru and Ti-3Al-2.5V-Ru alloy tubulars have been developed from slow strain rate testing in plain and acidified NaCl-saturated methanol-water solutions at 25 C. A minimum methanol water content of 10 wt.% is proposed for Ti-6Al-4V-Ru, whereas 2-3 wt.% is sufficient for the lower strength Ti-3Al-2.5V-Ru alloy. Although HCl-acidification aggravated methanolic SCC, intermixing of methanol with crude oil or pure hydrocarbons, H{sub 2}S gas saturation, and/or increasing temperature diminished cracking susceptibility in these alloy tubulars.

Accelerated cell-surface interlocking on plasma polymer-modified porous ceramics.

PubMed

Rebl, Henrike; Finke, Birgit; Schmidt, Jürgen; Mohamad, Heba S; Ihrke, Roland; Helm, Christiane A; Nebe, J Barbara

2016-12-01

Excellent osseointegration of permanent implants is crucial for the long lasting success of the implantation. To improve the osseointegrative potential, bio-inert titanium alloy surfaces (Ti6Al4V) are modified by plasma chemical oxidation (PCO®) of the titanium-oxide layer to a non-stoichiometric, amorphous calcium phosphate layer. The native titanium-oxide film measuring only a few nanometers is converted by PCO® to a thick porous calcium phosphate layer of about 10μm. In a second step the PCO surface is combined with a cell adhesive plasma-polymerized allylamine (PPAAm) nano film (5 and 50nm). Independent of the PPAAm coating homogeneity, the human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells show a remarkable increase in cell size and well-developed filopodia. Analyses of the actin cytoskeleton reveal that the cells mold to the pore shape of the PPAAm-covered PCO, thereby establishing a strong attachment to the surface. Interestingly, we could demonstrate that even though our untreated PCO shows excellent hydrophilicity, this alone is not sufficient to facilitate fast cell spreading, but the positive surface charges mediated by PPAAm. This multilayer composite material guarantees enhanced interlocking of the cells with the porous surface. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interlock system for machine protection of the KOMAC 100-MeV proton linac

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Young-Gi

2015-02-01

The 100-MeV proton linear accelerator of the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) has been developed. The beam service started this year after performing the beam commissioning. If the very sensitive and essential equipment is to be protected during machine operation, a machine interlock system is required, and the interlock system has been implemented. The purpose of the interlock system is to shut off the beam when the radio-frequency (RF) and ion source are unstable or a beam loss occurs. The interlock signal of the KOMAC linac includes a variety of sources, such as the beam loss, RF and high-voltage converter modulator faults, and fast closing valves of the vacuum window at the beam lines and so on. This system consists of a hardware-based interlock system using analog circuits and a software-based interlock system using an industrial programmable logic controller (PLC). The hardware-based interlock system has been fabricated, and the requirement has been satisfied with the results being within 10 µs. The software logic interlock system using the PLC has been connected to the framework of with the experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) to integrate a variety of interlock signals and to control the machine components when an interlock occurs. This paper will describe the design and the construction of the machine interlock system for the KOMAC 100-MeV linac.

Synthesis of a metal oxide with a room-temperature photoreversible phase transition.

PubMed

Ohkoshi, Shin-Ichi; Tsunobuchi, Yoshihide; Matsuda, Tomoyuki; Hashimoto, Kazuhito; Namai, Asuka; Hakoe, Fumiyoshi; Tokoro, Hiroko

2010-07-01

Photoinduced phase-transition materials, such as chalcogenides, spin-crossover complexes, photochromic organic compounds and charge-transfer materials, are of interest because of their application to optical data storage. Here we report a photoreversible metal-semiconductor phase transition at room temperature with a unique phase of Ti(3)O(5), lambda-Ti(3)O(5). lambda-Ti(3)O(5) nanocrystals are made by the combination of reverse-micelle and sol-gel techniques. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the photoinduced phase transition originates from a particular state of lambda-Ti(3)O(5) trapped at a thermodynamic local energy minimum. Light irradiation causes reversible switching between this trapped state (lambda-Ti(3)O(5)) and the other energy-minimum state (beta-Ti(3)O(5)), both of which are persistent phases. This is the first demonstration of a photorewritable phenomenon at room temperature in a metal oxide. lambda-Ti(3)O(5) satisfies the operation conditions required for a practical optical storage system (operational temperature, writing data by short wavelength light and the appropriate threshold laser power).

Attitudes toward mandatory ignition interlocks for all offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated.

PubMed

Downs, Jonathan; Shults, Ruth; West, Bethany

2017-12-01

Ignition interlocks are effective in reducing alcohol-impaired driving recidivism for all offenders, including first-time offenders. Despite their effectiveness, interlock use among persons convicted of driving while intoxicated from alcohol (DWI) remains low. This cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults assessed public support for requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders including first-time offenders. The goal was to update results from a similar 2010 survey in light of new state requirements and increased interlock installations. Questions were included in the Porter Novelli FallStyles survey, which was fielded from September 28 to October 16, 2015. Participants were the 3,536 individuals who provided an opinion toward requiring ignition interlocks for all offenders. For analyses, opinion toward requiring interlocks for all offenders was dichotomized into 'agree' and 'neutral/disagree.' To handle missing data, 10 imputed datasets were created and pooled using fully conditional specification (FCS). Fifty-nine percent of adults supported requiring interlocks for all DWI offenders. Multivariate analysis revealed that persons who did not report alcohol-impaired driving (AID) were 60% more likely to support requiring interlocks than those who reported AID. Having heard of interlocks also increased support. Support was generally consistent across demographic subgroups. Interlocks for all offenders have majority support nationwide in the current survey, consistent with previous reports. Support is lowest among those who have reported alcohol-impaired driving in the past 30days. These results suggest that communities with higher levels of alcohol-impaired driving may be more resistant to requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders. Future studies should examine this association further. Practical applications: These results indicate that the majority of adults recognize DWI as a problem and support requiring interlocks for all offenders. Copyright © 2017 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Strength properties of interlocking compressed earth brick units

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saari, S.; Bakar, B. H. Abu; Surip, N. A.

2017-10-01

This study presents a laboratory investigation on the properties of interlocking compressed earth brick (ICEB) units. Compressive strength, which is one of the most important properties in masonry structures, is used to determine masonry performance. The compressive strength of the ICEB units was determined by applying a compressive strength test for 340 units from four types of ICEB. To analyze the strength of the ICEB units, each unit was capped by a steel plate at the top and bottom to create a flat surface, and then ICEB was loaded until failure. The average compressive strength of the corresponding ICEB units are as follows: wall brick, 19.15 N/mm2; beam brick, 16.99 N/mm2; column brick, 13.18 N/mm2; and half brick, 11.79 N/mm2. All the ICEB units had compressive strength of over 5 N/mm2, which is the minimum strength for a load-bearing brick. This study proves that ICEB units may be used as load-bearing bricks. The strength of ICEBs is equal to that of other common bricks and blocks that are currently available in the market.

Shear Strength and Cracking Process of Non-persistent Jointed Rocks: An Extensive Experimental Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asadizadeh, Mostafa; Moosavi, Mahdi; Hossaini, Mohammad Farouq; Masoumi, Hossein

2018-02-01

In this paper, a number of artificial rock specimens with two parallel (stepped and coplanar) non-persistent joints were subjected to direct shearing. The effects of bridge length ( L), bridge angle ( γ), joint roughness coefficient (JRC) and normal stress ( σ n) on shear strength and cracking process of non-persistent jointed rock were studied extensively. The experimental program was designed based on Taguchi method, and the validity of the resulting data was assessed using analysis of variance. The results revealed that σ n and γ have the maximum and minimum effects on shear strength, respectively. Also, increase in L from 10 to 60 mm led to decrease in shear strength where high level of JRC profile and σ n led to the initiation of tensile cracks due to asperity interlocking. Such tensile cracks are known as "interlocking cracks" which normally initiate from the asperity and then propagate toward the specimen boundaries. Finally, the cracking process of specimens was classified into three categories, namely tensile cracking, shear cracking and combination of tension and shear or mixed mode tensile-shear cracking.

Micromechanics of fatigue in woven and stitched composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, B. N.; Dadkhah, M. S.; Inman, R. V.; Mitchell, M. R.; Morris, W. L.; Schroeder, S.

1991-01-01

The goal is to determine how microstructural factors, especially the architecture of microstructural factors, control fatigue damage in 3D reinforced polymer composites. Test materials were fabricated from various preforms, including stitched quasi-isotropic laminates, and through-the-thickness angle interlock, layer-to-layer angle interlock, and through-the-thickness stitching effect weaves. Preforms were impregnated with a tough resin by a special vacuum infiltration method. Most tests are being performed in uniaxial compression/compression loading. In all cases to date, failure has occurred not by delamination, but by shear failure, which occurs suddenly rather than by gradual macroscopic crack growth. Some theoretical aspects of bridging are also examined.

Measurement of diffusion coefficients of parabens and steroids in water and 1-octanol.

PubMed

Seki, Toshinobu; Mochida, Junko; Okamoto, Maiko; Hosoya, Osamu; Juni, Kazuhiko; Morimoto, Kazuhiro

2003-06-01

Diffusion coefficients (D) of parabens and steroids in water and 1-octanol were determined by using the chromatographic broadening method at 37 degrees C, and the relationships between the D values and the physicochemical properties of the drugs were discussed. The D values in 1-octanol were lower than those in water because of the higher viscosity of 1-octanol. The D values depend on not only the molecular weight (MW), but also the lipophilicity of the drugs in water and on the ability for hydrogen-bonding in 1-octanol. When the lipophilic index (LI), calculated from the retention time using in a reverse-phase column, was used as a parameter of drug lipophilicity, the following equation was obtained for D in water (D(w)); log D(w)=-0.215.log MW-0.077.log LI-4.367. When the hydrogen bond index (HI), the logarithm of the ratio of the partition coefficient of the drugs in 1-octanol and cyclohexane, was used as an index of hydrogen-bonding, the following equation was obtained for D in 1-octanol (D(o)); log D(o)=-0.690.log MW-0.074.log HI-4.085.

Integral Textile Structure for 3-D CMC Turbine Airfoils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marshall, David B. (Inventor); Cox, Brian N. (Inventor); Sudre, Olivier H. (Inventor)

2017-01-01

An integral textile structure for 3-D CMC turbine airfoils includes top and bottom walls made from an angle-interlock weave, each of the walls comprising warp and weft fiber tows. The top and bottom walls are merged on a first side parallel to the warp fiber tows into a single wall along a portion of their widths, with the weft fiber tows making up the single wall interlocked through the wall's thickness such that delamination of the wall is inhibited. The single wall suitably forms the trailing edge of an airfoil; the top and bottom walls are preferably joined along a second side opposite the first side and parallel to the radial fiber tows by a continuously curved section in which the weave structure remains continuous with the weave structure in the top and bottom walls, the continuously curved section being the leading edge of the airfoil.

49 CFR 236.807 - Signal, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Signal, interlocking. 236.807 Section 236.807..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Definitions § 236.807 Signal, interlocking. A roadway signal which governs movements into or within interlocking limits. ...

49 CFR 236.807 - Signal, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Signal, interlocking. 236.807 Section 236.807..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Definitions § 236.807 Signal, interlocking. A roadway signal which governs movements into or within interlocking limits. ...

49 CFR 236.807 - Signal, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Signal, interlocking. 236.807 Section 236.807..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Definitions § 236.807 Signal, interlocking. A roadway signal which governs movements into or within interlocking limits. ...

49 CFR 236.807 - Signal, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Signal, interlocking. 236.807 Section 236.807..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Definitions § 236.807 Signal, interlocking. A roadway signal which governs movements into or within interlocking limits. ...

49 CFR 236.807 - Signal, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Signal, interlocking. 236.807 Section 236.807..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Definitions § 236.807 Signal, interlocking. A roadway signal which governs movements into or within interlocking limits. ...

Tensile and Laterally Confined Compression Properties of Various 3-Dimensional (3-D) Woven Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

such as orthogonal (Z- fiber) weave, layer-to-layer, and angle interlock. Figure 1 provides an example of 2 different types of 3-D woven structures...o.~os~~~o. t Deflection (in) (c) 90° Orientation 18 6.4 LCC Test Specimen Failure Analysis LCC posttest failure analysis was conducted

21 CFR 876.4590 - Interlocking urethral sound.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Interlocking urethral sound. 876.4590 Section 876...) MEDICAL DEVICES GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES Surgical Devices § 876.4590 Interlocking urethral sound. (a) Identification. An interlocking urethral sound is a device that consists of two metal sounds...

21 CFR 876.4590 - Interlocking urethral sound.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Interlocking urethral sound. 876.4590 Section 876...) MEDICAL DEVICES GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES Surgical Devices § 876.4590 Interlocking urethral sound. (a) Identification. An interlocking urethral sound is a device that consists of two metal sounds...

21 CFR 876.4590 - Interlocking urethral sound.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Interlocking urethral sound. 876.4590 Section 876...) MEDICAL DEVICES GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES Surgical Devices § 876.4590 Interlocking urethral sound. (a) Identification. An interlocking urethral sound is a device that consists of two metal sounds...

21 CFR 876.4590 - Interlocking urethral sound.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Interlocking urethral sound. 876.4590 Section 876...) MEDICAL DEVICES GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES Surgical Devices § 876.4590 Interlocking urethral sound. (a) Identification. An interlocking urethral sound is a device that consists of two metal sounds...

21 CFR 876.4590 - Interlocking urethral sound.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Interlocking urethral sound. 876.4590 Section 876...) MEDICAL DEVICES GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES Surgical Devices § 876.4590 Interlocking urethral sound. (a) Identification. An interlocking urethral sound is a device that consists of two metal sounds...

49 CFR 236.312 - Movable bridge, interlocking of signal appliances with bridge devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Movable bridge, interlocking of signal appliances with bridge devices. 236.312 Section 236.312 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Interlocking Standards § 236.312 Movable bridge, interlocking of signal...

49 CFR 236.312 - Movable bridge, interlocking of signal appliances with bridge devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Movable bridge, interlocking of signal appliances with bridge devices. 236.312 Section 236.312 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Interlocking Standards § 236.312 Movable bridge, interlocking of signal...

a Photoemission Study of the Electronic Structure Induced by Potassium Adsorption on TiO2(110)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heise, Rainer; Courths, Ralf

Electronic structure effects induced by potassium adsorption up to one monolayer (ML) on a nearly stoichiometric TiO2(110) surface has been studied by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS and ARXPS) from valence states and core levels. In agreement with the observations on K/TiO2(100) [P.J. Hardman et al., Surf. Sci. 269/270, 677 (1992)], potassium adsorption at room temperature leads—due to K-to-substrate charge transfer—to the reduction of surface Ti ions (to nominally Ti3+ ions), evidenced by lowered Ti 2p core-level binding energy (ΔBE=-1.6 eV) and occupation of Ti 3d-like band-gap states centered at 0.9 eV BE. The gap-state intensity exhibits a pronounced maximum at 0.37 ML coverage, where the work function has a weak minimum. This behavior is in agreement with a ionic-to-neutral transition of the K-substrate bonding with increasing K coverage, as suggested recently [Souda et al., Surf. Sci. 285, 265 (1993)]. Annealing of a surface precovered with 0.27 ML potassium up to 1000 K results in metallization of the surface, evidenced by (i) the occupation of a second gap-state centered at 0.4 BE and with a considerable state-density at the Fermi energy, and (ii) Ti 2p core-levels lowered by 3.2 eV in BE (nominally “Ti2+” ions). This dramatic reduction of the surface is healed out with complete desorption of potassium. A discussion in terms of desorption of KOx species and oxygen diffusion from the bulk to the surface is given.

Responses of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and algal assembly to photocatalytic titanium dioxide nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metzler, David M.

Development and use of nanomaterials has increased significantly over the past decade. This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, which have led some to call this new industrial revolution. One aspect of these materials that make them special is their unique properties that are different from the bulk material. These unique properties have not been investigated to determine to what extent they will impact the environment. This work was undertaken to understand how nanoparticles could impact algae. For the determination of nanoparticle toxicity, dose-response experiments were run for similar sized Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2. Additional, a wide range of nanoparticle sizes (d1) were tested at 100 and 1000 mg/L for Al2O3, TiO 2, and SiO2. Results of different nanoparticles and similar d1 dose-response data show increased toxicity with increased surface charge of the nanoparticle. Various d1 of Al2O 3 effect the population and chlorophyll a but not lipid peroxidation. Various d1 of SiO2 and TiO2 effect the population, chlorophyll a, and lipid peroxidation. Of all TiO2 d1 tested 42 nm had the greatest effect on population, chlorophyll a, and lipid peroxidation. The effect of light intensity, algal age, and body burden was examined. The body burden was adjusted by varying the initial algal cell population while keeping the nanoparticle concentration constant. Decreased body burden decreased the effect on population. The chlorophyll a and lipid peroxidation varied with the initial decreased with decreased body burden. This trend was reversed at low body burden, the chlorophyll a and lipid peroxidation increased 3 -- 4 times greater than control values. The algal cell age was controlled by the hydraulic retention time of the pre-exposure continuously stirred tank reactors. As the age of the algae increased the effect of population increased. At algae age great then 10 days the effect on population reminded constant. Titanium dioxide effect on chlorophyll a varied with algal age and TiO 2 concentration. Finally, the effect of light intensity was examined for both visible and UV wavelengths. The greatest effect was for 1000 mg/L of TiO2 under varying light. Peak maximums occurred for chlorophyll a and lipid peroxidation. Peak minimums occurred for population. Varying UV light intensity resulted in decreased population for 100 and 1000 mg/L of TiO2. Additionally, chlorophyll a reached a maximum at 17 and 5 x the control values under 66% UV light for 100 and 1000 mg/L of TiO 2, respectively. The effect of copper and phenol to P. subcapitata was examined in the presence of TiO2. Copper in the presence of TiO 2 increased both chlorophyll a and lipid peroxidation greater than in the presence of TiO2 alone. Optimum conditions were observed for both endpoints. When algae were exposed to Cu and TiO2 the compounds acted independently of each other, having an additive effect on population. The TiO2 acted as a protective barrier against phenol toxicity at low phenol concentrations. At high phenol concentrations the toxicity of both phenol and TiO2 increased. Both compounds acted to disrupt the cell wall stability as seen with microscopy imaging. This was presumed to be through destruction of the Ca-pectinate within the cell wall, as indicated by increased soluble Ca correlated with phenol concentrations. The effect of TiO2 on cell barriers and natural algal assemblage was investigated. SEM images reveal that algae exposed to TiO2 have DNA external to the cell. Under hypotonic stress the loss of electrolytes was less controlled when the total number of nanoparticles was 1010 in the sample, at d1 less than 46 nm. At d1 greater than 46 nm no effect on electrolyte regulation was noted. Natural algal assemblages exposed to TiO2 varied there fatty acid (FA) content. This could be due to selective growth resistant reactive oxygen species (ROS) organisms or the percentages of certain FAs were decreased because of sensitivity to ROS. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Stabilizing Single Ni Adatoms on a Two-Dimensional Porous Titania Overlayer at the SrTiO3(110) Surface

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Nickel vapor-deposited on the SrTiO3(110) surface was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy (PES), and density functional theory calculations. This surface forms a (4 × 1) reconstruction, composed of a 2-D titania structure with periodic six- and ten-membered nanopores. Anchored at these nanopores, Ni single adatoms are stabilized at room temperature. PES measurements show that the Ni adatoms create an in-gap state located at 1.9 eV below the conduction band minimum and induce an upward band bending. Both experimental and theoretical results suggest that Ni adatoms are positively charged. Our study produces well-dispersed single-adatom arrays on a well-characterized oxide support, providing a model system to investigate single-adatom catalytic and magnetic properties. PMID:25177410

Nanostructured Ag+-substituted fluorhydroxyapatite-TiO2 coatings for enhanced bactericidal effects and osteoinductivity of Ti for biomedical applications

PubMed Central

Chang, Xiaotong; Wang, Zhenhui; Zhang, Xuejiao; Han, Shuguang; Su, Zhuobin; Yang, Hejie; Yang, Dongdong; Zhang, Xiaojun

2018-01-01

Background Poor mechanical properties, undesirable fast dissolution rate, and lack of antibacterial activity limit the application of hydroxyapatite (HA) as an implant coating material. To overcome these limitations, a hybrid coating of Ag+-substituted fluorhydroxyapatite and titania nanotube (TNT) was prepared. Methods The incorporation of silver into the HA-TiO2 hybrid coating improves its antimicrobial properties. The addition of F as a second binary element increases the structural stability of the coating. The TNT/F-and-Ag-substituted HA (FAgHA) bilayer coating on the Ti substrate was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results The results indicate that the FAgHA/TNT nanocomposite coating has a dense and uniform morphology with a nano-rod-like structure. The solubility measurement result shows that the substitution of F− ions into the AgHA structure has a positive effect on the dissolution resistance of HA. The adhesion strength of FAgHA/TNT has significantly increased because of the interlocking of the roughened surface with nano-rod-like particles that entered into the voids of the TiO2 nanotubes. Compared with that of the bare Ti, the corrosion current density of FAgHA/TNT-coated Ti substrate decreased from 3.71 to 0.18 μA, and its corrosion resistance increased by almost two orders of magnitude. Moreover, despite pure HA, the FAgHA killed all viable Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hours of incubation. Although the fabricated FAgHA/TNT coating is hydrophobic, it induced deposition of the typical spherical apatite when immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF); the osteoblasts spread very well on the surface of the coating. In addition, in vitro cell culture tests demonstrated cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) similar to pure HA, which indicated good cytocompatibility. Interestingly, compared with bare Ti, FAgHA/TNT-coated Ti surface was innocent for cell vitality and even more beneficial for cell osteogenesis in vitro. Conclusion Enhancing the osseointegration and preventing infection in implants, the FAgHA/TNT-coated Ti makes implants more successful. PMID:29760549

12 CFR 250.410 - Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled investment account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Interlocking relationships between bank and its... Section 32 of the Glass-Steagall Act § 250.410 Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled... Banking Act of 1933 in view of the interlocking relationships that would exist between the bank and...

12 CFR 303.249 - Management official interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... interlock pursuant to the Depository Institutions Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3207), section 13 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)) and part 348 of this chapter (12 CFR part 348). (b) Where to file... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Management official interlocks. 303.249 Section...

12 CFR 303.249 - Management official interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... interlock pursuant to the Depository Institutions Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3207), section 13 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)) and part 348 of this chapter (12 CFR part 348). (b) Where to file... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Management official interlocks. 303.249 Section...

12 CFR 303.249 - Management official interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... interlock pursuant to the Depository Institutions Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3207), section 13 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)) and part 348 of this chapter (12 CFR part 348). (b) Where to file... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Management official interlocks. 303.249 Section...

12 CFR 303.249 - Management official interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... interlock pursuant to the Depository Institutions Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3207), section 13 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)) and part 348 of this chapter (12 CFR part 348). (b) Where to file... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Management official interlocks. 303.249 Section...

12 CFR 303.249 - Management official interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... interlock pursuant to the Depository Institutions Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3207), section 13 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)) and part 348 of this chapter (12 CFR part 348). (b) Where to file... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Management official interlocks. 303.249 Section...

12 CFR 250.410 - Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled investment account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Interlocking relationships between bank and its... Interpretations of Section 32 of the Glass-Steagall Act § 250.410 Interlocking relationships between bank and its... section 32 of the Banking Act of 1933 in view of the interlocking relationships that would exist between...

12 CFR 250.410 - Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled investment account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Interlocking relationships between bank and its... Section 32 of the Glass-Steagall Act § 250.410 Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled... Banking Act of 1933 in view of the interlocking relationships that would exist between the bank and...

12 CFR 250.410 - Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled investment account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Interlocking relationships between bank and its... Interpretations of Section 32 of the Glass-Steagall Act § 250.410 Interlocking relationships between bank and its... section 32 of the Banking Act of 1933 in view of the interlocking relationships that would exist between...

12 CFR 250.410 - Interlocking relationships between bank and its commingled investment account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Interlocking relationships between bank and its... Interpretations of Section 32 of the Glass-Steagall Act § 250.410 Interlocking relationships between bank and its... section 32 of the Banking Act of 1933 in view of the interlocking relationships that would exist between...

Flexible Ferroelectric Sensors with Ultrahigh Pressure Sensitivity and Linear Response over Exceptionally Broad Pressure Range.

PubMed

Lee, Youngoh; Park, Jonghwa; Cho, Soowon; Shin, Young-Eun; Lee, Hochan; Kim, Jinyoung; Myoung, Jinyoung; Cho, Seungse; Kang, Saewon; Baig, Chunggi; Ko, Hyunhyub

2018-04-24

Flexible pressure sensors with a high sensitivity over a broad linear range can simplify wearable sensing systems without additional signal processing for the linear output, enabling device miniaturization and low power consumption. Here, we demonstrate a flexible ferroelectric sensor with ultrahigh pressure sensitivity and linear response over an exceptionally broad pressure range based on the material and structural design of ferroelectric composites with a multilayer interlocked microdome geometry. Due to the stress concentration between interlocked microdome arrays and increased contact area in the multilayer design, the flexible ferroelectric sensors could perceive static/dynamic pressure with high sensitivity (47.7 kPa -1 , 1.3 Pa minimum detection). In addition, efficient stress distribution between stacked multilayers enables linear sensing over exceptionally broad pressure range (0.0013-353 kPa) with fast response time (20 ms) and high reliability over 5000 repetitive cycles even at an extremely high pressure of 272 kPa. Our sensor can be used to monitor diverse stimuli from a low to a high pressure range including weak gas flow, acoustic sound, wrist pulse pressure, respiration, and foot pressure with a single device.

Comparative Study on the Cost of Building Public House Construction Using Red Brick and Interlock Brick Building Material in the City of Banda Aceh

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malahayati, Nurul; Hayati, Yulia; Nursaniah, Cut; Firsa, T.; Fachrurrazi; Munandar, Aris

2018-05-01

Red brick and interlocking brick are the building materials that are often used for wall installation work on houses construction. In the development of building materials technology and cost savings, interlocking brick can be alternative to replace red bricks. In Aceh Province, the use of interlocking bricks is less popular compared to other big cities in Indonesia. Interlocking brick is made from a mixture of clay, concrete sand and compacted cement and one of the environmentally friendly materials because it does not burn the process like red brick material. It is named interlocking brick because the installation method is locked together and it serves as a structural and partition wall of residential buildings. The aims of this study are to compare the cost of building a house in Banda Aceh City using red brick and interlock brick building materials. The data were obtained from interviews and questionnaires distributed to respondents who had built houses in Banda Aceh City. The results concluded that the house construction cost using interlock brick offer lower construction cost at comparable quality rather than using red brick.

Transverse Crack Detection in 3D Angle Interlock Glass Fibre Composites Using Acoustic Emission.

PubMed

Gresil, Matthieu; Saleh, Mohamed Nasr; Soutis, Constantinos

2016-08-16

In addition to manufacturing cost and production rates, damage resistance has become a major issue for the composites industry. Three-dimensional (3D) woven composites have superior through-thickness properties compared to two-dimensional (2D) laminates, for example, improved impact damage resistance, high interlaminar fracture toughness and reduced notch sensitivity. The performance of 3D woven preforms is dependent on the fabric architecture, which is determined by the binding pattern. For this study, angle interlock (AI) structures with through-thickness binding were manufactured. The AI cracking simulation shows that the transverse component is the one that leads to transverse matrix cracking in the weft yarn under tensile loading. Monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) during mechanical loading is an effective tool in the study of damage processes in glass fiber-reinforced composites. Tests were performed with piezoelectric sensors bonded on a tensile specimen acting as passive receivers of AE signals. An experimental data has been generated which was useful to validate the multi-physics finite element method (MP-FEM), providing insight into the damage behaviour of novel 3D AI glass fibre composites. MP-FEM and experimental data showed that transverse crack generated a predominant flexural mode A0 and also a less energetic extensional mode S0.

Transverse Crack Detection in 3D Angle Interlock Glass Fibre Composites Using Acoustic Emission

PubMed Central

Gresil, Matthieu; Saleh, Mohamed Nasr; Soutis, Constantinos

2016-01-01

In addition to manufacturing cost and production rates, damage resistance has become a major issue for the composites industry. Three-dimensional (3D) woven composites have superior through-thickness properties compared to two-dimensional (2D) laminates, for example, improved impact damage resistance, high interlaminar fracture toughness and reduced notch sensitivity. The performance of 3D woven preforms is dependent on the fabric architecture, which is determined by the binding pattern. For this study, angle interlock (AI) structures with through-thickness binding were manufactured. The AI cracking simulation shows that the transverse component is the one that leads to transverse matrix cracking in the weft yarn under tensile loading. Monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) during mechanical loading is an effective tool in the study of damage processes in glass fiber-reinforced composites. Tests were performed with piezoelectric sensors bonded on a tensile specimen acting as passive receivers of AE signals. An experimental data has been generated which was useful to validate the multi-physics finite element method (MP-FEM), providing insight into the damage behaviour of novel 3D AI glass fibre composites. MP-FEM and experimental data showed that transverse crack generated a predominant flexural mode A0 and also a less energetic extensional mode S0. PMID:28773821

Advanced Containment System

DOEpatents

Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Kawamura, Hideki; Richardson, John G.; Noda, Masaru

2005-02-08

An advanced containment system for containing buried waste and associated leachate. The advanced containment system comprises a plurality of casing sections with each casing section interlocked to an adjacent casing section. Each casing section includes a complementary interlocking structure that interlocks with the complementary interlocking structure on an adjacent casing section. A barrier filler substantially fills the casing sections and may substantially fill the spaces of the complementary interlocking structure to form a substantially impermeable barrier. Some of the casing sections may include sensors so that the casing sections and the zone of interest may be remotely monitored after the casing sections are emplaced in the ground.

Comparative Study of 3-Dimensional Woven Joint Architectures for Composite Spacecraft Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Justin S.; Polis, Daniel L.; Segal, Kenneth N.

2011-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate initiated an Advanced Composite Technology (ACT) Project through the Exploration Technology Development Program in order to support the polymer composite needs for future heavy lift launch architectures. As an example, the large composite structural applications on Ares V inspired the evaluation of advanced joining technologies, specifically 3D woven composite joints, which could be applied to traditionally manufactured barrel segments. Implementation of these 3D woven joint technologies may offer enhancements in damage tolerance without sacrificing weight. However, baseline mechanical performance data is needed to properly analyze the joint stresses and subsequently design/down-select a preform architecture. Six different configurations were designed and prepared for this study; each consisting of a different combination of warp/fill fiber volume ratio and preform interlocking method (z-fiber, fully interlocked, or hybrid). Tensile testing was performed for this study with the enhancement of a dual camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system which provides the capability to measure full-field strains and three dimensional displacements of objects under load. As expected, the ratio of warp/fill fiber has a direct influence on strength and modulus, with higher values measured in the direction of higher fiber volume bias. When comparing the z-fiber weave to a fully interlocked weave with comparable fiber bias, the z-fiber weave demonstrated the best performance in two different comparisons. We report the measured tensile strengths and moduli for test coupons from the 6 different weave configurations under study.

Bio-inspired ``jigsaw''-like interlocking sutures: Modeling, optimization, 3D printing and testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malik, I. A.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F.

2017-05-01

Structural biological materials such as bone, teeth or mollusk shells draw their remarkable performance from a sophisticated interplay of architectures and weak interfaces. Pushed to the extreme, this concept leads to sutured materials, which contain thin lines with complex geometries. Sutured materials are prominent in nature, and have recently served as bioinspiration for toughened ceramics and glasses. Sutures can generate large deformations, toughness and damping in otherwise all brittle systems and materials. In this study we examine the design and optimization of sutures with a jigsaw puzzle-like geometry, focusing on the non-linear traction behavior generated by the frictional pullout of the jigsaw tabs. We present analytical models which accurately predict the entire pullout response. Pullout strength and energy absorption increase with higher interlocking angles and for higher coefficients of friction, but the associated high stresses in the solid may fracture the tabs. Systematic optimization reveals a counter-intuitive result: the best pullout performance is achieved with interfaces with low coefficient of friction and high interlocking angle. We finally use 3D printing and mechanical testing to verify the accuracy of the models and of the optimization. The models and guidelines we present here can be extended to other types of geometries and sutured materials subjected to other loading/boundary conditions. The nonlinear responses of sutures are particularly attractive to augment the properties and functionalities of inherently brittle materials such as ceramics and glasses.

29 CFR 1471.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a person which has the same or similar management, ownership, or...

Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Aryleneethynylene Cages through Alkyne Metathesis: Dimer, Tetramer, or Interlocked Complex?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Qi; Yu, Chao; Zhang, Chenxi

A dynamic covalent approach towards rigid aryleneethynylene covalent organic polyhedrons (COPs) was explored. Our study on the relationship of the COP structures and the geometry of their building blocks reveals that the topology of aryleneethynylene COPs strongly depends on the size of the building blocks. A tetramer (D2h symmetric), dimer, or interlocked complex can be formed from monomers with the same face-to-edge angle but in different sizes. As alkyne metathesis is a self-exchange reaction and non-directional, the cyclooligomerization of multi-alkyne monomers involves both intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular metathesis reaction, resulting in complicated thermodynamic process disturbed by kinetic competition. Although amore » tetrahedron-shaped tetramer (Td symmetric) has comparable thermodynamic stability to a D2h symmetric tetramer, its formation is kinetically disfavored and was not observed experimentally. Aryleneethynylene COPs consist of purely unsaturated carbon backbones and exhibit large internal cavities, which would have interesting applications in host-guest chemistry and development of porous materials.« less

Coastal protection using topological interlocking blocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pasternak, Elena; Dyskin, Arcady; Pattiaratchi, Charitha; Pelinovsky, Efim

2013-04-01

The coastal protection systems mainly rely on the self-weight of armour blocks to ensure its stability. We propose a system of interlocking armour blocks, which form plate-shape assemblies. The shape and the position of the blocks are chosen in such a way as to impose kinematic constraints that prevent the blocks from being removed from the assembly. The topological interlocking shapes include simple convex blocks such as platonic solids, the most practical being tetrahedra, cubes and octahedra. Another class of topological interlocking blocks is so-called osteomorphic blocks, which form plate-like assemblies tolerant to random block removal (almost 25% of blocks need to be removed for the assembly to loose integrity). Both classes require peripheral constraint, which can be provided either by the weight of the blocks or post-tensioned internal cables. The interlocking assemblies provide increased stability because lifting one block involves lifting (and bending) the whole assembly. We model the effect of interlocking by introducing an equivalent additional self-weight of the armour blocks. This additional self-weight is proportional to the critical pressure needed to cause bending of the interlocking assembly when it loses stability. Using beam approximation we find an equivalent stability coefficient for interlocking. It is found to be greater than the stability coefficient of a structure with similar blocks without interlocking. In the case when the peripheral constraint is provided by the weight of the blocks and for the slope angle of 45o, the effective stability coefficient for a structure of 100 blocks is 33% higher than the one for a similar structure without interlocking. Further increase in the stability coefficient can be reached by a specially constructed peripheral constraint system, for instance by using post-tension cables.

Program design for incentivizing ignition interlock installation for alcohol-impaired drivers: The Ontario approach.

PubMed

Ma, Tracey; Byrne, Patrick A; Bhatti, Junaid A; Elzohairy, Yoassry

2016-10-01

Drinking and driving is a major risk factor for traffic injuries. Although ignition interlocks reduce drinking and driving while installed, several issues undermine their implementation including delayed eligibility for installation, low installation once eligible, and a return to previous risk levels after de-installation. The Canadian province of Ontario introduced a "Reduced Suspension with Ignition Interlock Conduct Review" Program, significantly changing pre-existing interlock policy. The Program incentivizes interlock installation and an "early" guilty plea. It also attempts to reduce long-term recidivism through behavioural feedback and compliance-based removal. This evaluation is the first in assessing Program impact. Ontario drivers with a first time alcohol-impaired driving conviction between July 1, 2005 and November 25, 2014 comprised the study cohort. Longitudinal analyses, using interrupted time series and Cox regression, were conducted in which exposure was the Program and the outcomes were ignition interlock installation (N=30,200), pre-trial elapsed time (N=30,200), and post-interlock recidivism (N=9326). After Program implementation, installation rates increased by 54% and pre-trial elapsed time decreased by 146 days. Results suggest no effect on post-interlock recidivism. Through an incentive-based design, this Program was effective at addressing two commonly cited barriers to interlock implementation- delayed eligibility for installation and low installation once eligible. Results reveal that installation rates are responsive not only to incentivization but also to other external factors, thus presenting an opportunity for policy makers to find unique ways to influence interlock uptake, and thereby, to extend their deterrent effects to a larger subset of the population. This study is one of the few that do not rely on proxy measures of installation rate. Copyright © 2016 Crown. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

CaCu3Ti4O12 particles and MWCNT-filled microwave absorber with improved microwave absorption by FSS incorporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qing, Yuchang; Yang, Zhaoning; Wen, Qinlong; Luo, Fa

2016-07-01

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)- and CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) particle-filled epoxy microwave absorbing coatings were prepared, and their electromagnetic properties and reflection loss (RL) were investigated in the frequency range 8.2-12.4 GHz. The microstructures of these coatings exhibit a uniform dispersion of MWCNTs and CCTO particles in the matrix. The value and frequency dependency of complex permittivity of such coatings enhanced with increasing MWCNT content. Frequency-selective surface was used to improve their microwave absorption (both the operating bandwidth and minimum RL) without increasing the absorber thickness. Such absorber showed high microwave absorbing performance, and the bandwidth of the RL below -8 dB (more than 84.1 % absorption) can be obtained in the whole X-band with a thickness of 1.5 mm.

Administrative Reinstatement Interlock Programs: Florida, a 10-Year Study

PubMed Central

Voas, Robert B.; Tippetts, A. Scott; Grosz, Milton

2013-01-01

Background Interlocks reduce driving-under-the-influence (DUI) recidivism by 64%, but offenders resist installing them, preferring to risk driving while their driver’s licenses are revoked. One method of motivating offenders to install an interlock is require it for reinstatement of their driver’s license. This report updates an earlier evaluation of the administrative reinstatement interlock program (ARIP) procedure implemented in Florida in 2002. Method Driver records and interlock program records covering 120,000 DUI offenders were followed over 10 years. The flow through the sanction system—conviction, reinstatement, interlock program, and postinterlock period—is described. Logistical regression was used to identify the characteristics of offenders who installed interlocks, and survival analysis was used to evaluate the recidivism of offenders in the various stages in the ARIP. Results At any given time, approximately one third of the convicted offenders were serving their license-revocation periods. Half of the offenders who completed their revocation periods remain unqualified for reinstatement because they do not fulfill other requirements. ARIP offenders who do qualify for reinstatement and install interlocks have lower recidivism rates while the devices are on their vehicles. Conclusions After 10 years, Florida’s ARIP is a mature system that succeeds in forcing all offenders in the program who qualify for reinstatement to install an interlock for at least 6 months. However, half of all offenders who complete their mandatory revocation period are either unable to, or choose not to, qualify for reinstatement. PMID:23442206

29 CFR 408.5 - Annual financial report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor OFFICE OF LABOR-MANAGEMENT STANDARDS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR LABOR-MANAGEMENT... organization, shall file with the Office of Labor-Management Standards on behalf of the subordinate labor... by the president and treasurer or corresponding principal officers of the labor organization which...

Roughness Influence on Initiation of Fretting Fatigue Scar of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capitanu, L.; Badita, L. L.; Florescu, V.; Tiganesteanu, C.

2018-01-01

This paper reports on the experimental studies undertaken to detect the early stage when appears the fretting wear of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy used for the hip prostheses. Wear is a critical aspect for estimating the fretting fatigue. Studies were performed on samples of special shape, in order to be able to study the influence of in contact surfaces roughness on the durability to fretting. Fretting buffers, with roughnesses Ra of the contact surface of 0.015 and 0.045 μm, and Ti-6Al-4V samples with roughnesses Ra = 0.045 μm, Ra = 0.075 μm and Ra = 0.19 μm, were used. Testing periods of 3 seconds, 1 minute and 5 minutes were selected to capture the moment of the fretting scar appearance, long before these initiate the eventual fretting cracking. Simultaneously with fretting wear of the surface, the friction coefficient was also measured. From the in time evolution determinations of the fretting wear, it resulted that, under the experimental conditions used, the minimum wear occurs at a certain value of the roughness and not at the minimum roughness. Surprisingly, the minimum friction coefficient does not coincide with the minimum fretting wear.

Solution-Phase Dynamic Assembly of Permanently Interlocked Aryleneethynylene Cages through Alkyne Metathesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Qi; Yu, Chao; Long, Hai

2015-05-08

Highly stable permanently interlocked aryleneethynylene molecular cages were synthesized from simple triyne monomers using dynamic alkyne metathesis. The interlocked complexes are predominantly formed in the reaction solution in the absence of any recognition motif and were isolated in a pure form using column chromatography. This study is the first example of the thermodynamically controlled solution-phase synthesis of interlocked organic cages with high stability.

Formulation of Antibacterial Liquid Soap from Nyamplung Seed Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L) with Addition of Curcuma heyneana and its Activity Test on Staphylococcus aureus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widyaningsih, S.; Chasani, M.; Diastuti, H.; Novayanti

2018-04-01

The increasing demand of soap encourages new innovations of it’s quantity, quality, benefits and raw materials. One of the innovations that has been developed is the use of nyamplung (C. inophyllum L) seed oil as basic ingredients of soap, with addition of active substances such as antibacterial and fragrance. This research aims to determine best formulation of liquid soap according to SNI 06-4085-1996 and its antibacterial activity after addition of n-hexane fraction of C. heyneana rhizome and fragrance from lavender flower oil at various concentrations, then a hedonic test was conducted to evaluate the panelist's preference towards the soap with the best formulation. This research has been done through several stages of soap making with saponification method, soap characterization according to SNI 06-4085-1996, determination of best formulation of liquid soap based on the effectiveness index method and antibacterial activity test of liquid soap to S.aureus with disc diffusion method and hedonic test using some parameters such as colour, odor, foam, clean power and effects after being used. The results showed that the best characteristic soap according to SNI 06-4085-1996 was soap with 0.2% antibacterial content and 2.5% perfume. The best soap characteristic showed total fatty acid 67.49%, free fatty acid 1.01%, neutral fat 7.24%, weight of type 1.05 g/mL, pH of 9.85 and foam stability 76.69%. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the best formula soap showed the inhibitory zone of 14.92 mm.

Requiring suspended drunk drivers to install alcohol interlocks to reinstate their licenses: effective?

PubMed Central

Voas, Robert B.; Tippetts, S. Scott; Fisher, Deborah; Grosz, Milton

2015-01-01

Aims To evaluate a new method being used by some states for motivating interlock installation by requiring it as a prerequisite to reinstatement of the driver’s license. Design The driving records of Florida DWI offenders convicted between July 2002 and June 2008 were analyzed to determine the proportion of offenders subject to the interlock requirement who installed interlocks. Setting Most driving-while-impaired (DWI) offenders succeed in avoiding state laws requiring the installation of a vehicle alcohol interlock. Participants A total of 82 318 Florida DWI offenders. Findings Due to long periods of complete suspension when no driving was permitted and the failure to complete all the requirements imposed by the court, only 21 377 of the 82 318 offenders studied qualified for reinstatement, but 93% of those who qualified did install interlocks to be reinstated. Conclusions Because of the lengthy license suspensions and other barriers that the offenders face in qualifying for reinstatement, it is not clear that requiring a period on the interlock as a prerequisite to reinstating will greatly increase the current installment rate. PMID:20528811

22 CFR 1006.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... The ways we use to determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a...

22 CFR 1508.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... The ways we use to determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a...

34 CFR 85.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... The ways we use to determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a...

22 CFR 208.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... The ways we use to determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a...

Method of installing subsurface barrier

DOEpatents

Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.

2007-10-09

Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around subsurface objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.

Subsurface materials management and containment system

DOEpatents

Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kosteinik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.

2004-07-06

Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around subsurface objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.

Subsurface materials management and containment system

DOEpatents

Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.

2006-10-17

Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around subsurface objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.

77 FR 67858 - New York Disaster #NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-14

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster NY-00130... declaration of a major disaster for the State of NEW YORK (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30/2012. Incident..., Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk. Contiguous Counties (Economic Injury Loans Only...

The Year Leading to a Supereruption.

PubMed

Gualda, Guilherme A R; Sutton, Stephen R

2016-01-01

Supereruptions catastrophically eject 100s-1000s of km3 of magma to the surface in a matter of days to a few months. In this study, we use zoning in quartz crystals from the Bishop Tuff (California) to assess the timescales over which a giant magma body transitions from relatively quiescent, pre-eruptive crystallization to rapid decompression and eruption. Quartz crystals in the Bishop Tuff have distinctive rims (<200 μm thick), which are Ti-rich and bright in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and which can be used to calculate Ti diffusional relaxation times. We use synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence to obtain quantitative Ti maps and profiles along rim-interior contacts in quartz at resolutions of 1-5 μm in each linear dimension. We perform CL imaging on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a low-energy (5 kV) incident beam to characterize these contacts in high resolution (<1 μm in linear dimensions). Quartz growth times were determined using a 1D model for Ti diffusion, assuming initial step functions. Minimum quartz growth rates were calculated using these calculated growth times and measured rim thicknesses. Maximum rim growth times span from ~1 min to 35 years, with a median of ~4 days. More than 70% of rim growth times are less than 1 year, showing that quartz rims have mostly grown in the days to months prior to eruption. Minimum growth rates show distinct modes between 10-8 and 10-10 m/s (depending on sample), revealing very fast crystal growth rates (100s of nm to 10s of μm per day). Our data show that quartz rims grew well within a year of eruption, with most of the growth happening in the weeks or days preceding eruption. Growth took place under conditions of high supersaturation, suggesting that rim growth marks the onset of decompression and the transition from pre-eruptive to syn-eruptive conditions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Sutton, Stephen R.

Supereruptions catastrophically eject 100s-1000s of km 3 of magma to the surface in a matter of days to a few months. In this study, we use zoning in quartz crystals from the Bishop Tuff (California) to assess the timescales over which a giant magma body transitions from relatively quiescent, pre-eruptive crystallization to rapid decompression and eruption. Quartz crystals in the Bishop Tuff have distinctive rims (<200 μm thick), which are Ti-rich and bright in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and which can be used to calculate Ti diffusional relaxation times. We use synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence to obtain quantitative Ti maps and profilesmore » along rim-interior contacts in quartz at resolutions of 1–5 μm in each linear dimension. We perform CL imaging on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a low-energy (5 kV) incident beam to characterize these contacts in high resolution (<1 μm in linear dimensions). Quartz growth times were determined using a 1D model for Ti diffusion, assuming initial step functions. Minimum quartz growth rates were calculated using these calculated growth times and measured rim thicknesses. Maximum rim growth times span from ~1 min to 35 years, with a median of ~4 days. More than 70% of rim growth times are less than 1 year, showing that quartz rims have mostly grown in the days to months prior to eruption. Minimum growth rates show distinct modes between 10 -8 and 10 -10 m/s (depending on sample), revealing very fast crystal growth rates (100s of nm to 10s of μm per day). Our data show that quartz rims grew well within a year of eruption, with most of the growth happening in the weeks or days preceding eruption. Growth took place under conditions of high supersaturation, suggesting that rim growth marks the onset of decompression and the transition from pre-eruptive to syn-eruptive conditions.« less

The Year Leading to a Supereruption

DOE PAGES

Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Sutton, Stephen R.

2016-07-20

Supereruptions catastrophically eject 100s-1000s of km 3 of magma to the surface in a matter of days to a few months. In this study, we use zoning in quartz crystals from the Bishop Tuff (California) to assess the timescales over which a giant magma body transitions from relatively quiescent, pre-eruptive crystallization to rapid decompression and eruption. Quartz crystals in the Bishop Tuff have distinctive rims (<200 μm thick), which are Ti-rich and bright in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and which can be used to calculate Ti diffusional relaxation times. We use synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence to obtain quantitative Ti maps and profilesmore » along rim-interior contacts in quartz at resolutions of 1–5 μm in each linear dimension. We perform CL imaging on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a low-energy (5 kV) incident beam to characterize these contacts in high resolution (<1 μm in linear dimensions). Quartz growth times were determined using a 1D model for Ti diffusion, assuming initial step functions. Minimum quartz growth rates were calculated using these calculated growth times and measured rim thicknesses. Maximum rim growth times span from ~1 min to 35 years, with a median of ~4 days. More than 70% of rim growth times are less than 1 year, showing that quartz rims have mostly grown in the days to months prior to eruption. Minimum growth rates show distinct modes between 10 -8 and 10 -10 m/s (depending on sample), revealing very fast crystal growth rates (100s of nm to 10s of μm per day). Our data show that quartz rims grew well within a year of eruption, with most of the growth happening in the weeks or days preceding eruption. Growth took place under conditions of high supersaturation, suggesting that rim growth marks the onset of decompression and the transition from pre-eruptive to syn-eruptive conditions.« less

Factors influencing interlocking screw failure in unreamed small diameter nails--a biomechanical study using a distal tibia fracture model.

PubMed

Weninger, Patrick; Schueller, Michael; Jamek, Michael; Stanzl-Tschegg, Stefanie; Redl, Heinz; Tschegg, Elmar K

2009-05-01

Unreamed tibia nails with small diameters are increasingly used for fracture fixation. However, little is known about the fatigue strength of proximal and distal interlocking screws in those nails. To date, no data are available reporting on mechanical differences of solid compared to cannulated tibial nails. The aim of this study was to assess the fatigue strength of proximal and distal interlocking screws of solid and cannulated small diameter tibia nails. We created a distal tibia fracture model (AO/OTA 43 A3) using 16 Sawbones. After fracture stabilization with one of four different nail types (Expert Tibial Nail, VersaNail, T2 Tibial Nailing System, Connex), mechanical testing was performed in three loading series (40,000 cycles each) with incremental loads. Timing and type of interlocking screw failure were assessed. Interlocking screw failure was observed significantly earlier (after a mean interval of 57,042 cycles) in cannulated tibial nails (VersaNail, T2) compared to solid nails (after a mean interval of 88,415 cycles; P < 0.001). Proximal interlocking screw failure was recorded if oblique screws were used proximally (VersaNail, T2, Connex). No distal interlocking screw failure was recorded in the Connex nail. Two- and three-part fractures of proximal or distal interlocking screws were observed in all specimen. Proximal and distal interlocking screw failure has to be considered in small diameter nails in case of delayed fracture healing. To support our results, further experimental studies and clinical series are necessary.

Large Diamagnetic Susceptibility from Petit Fermi Surfaces in LaV2Al20

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirose, Takahiro; Okamoto, Yoshihiko; Yamaura, Jun-ichi; Hiroi, Zenji

2015-11-01

The large diamagnetic susceptibility of LaV2Al20 is studied by magnetization and de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillation measurements on single crystals as well as by Ti-for-V substitution (hole doping) experiments. Its origin is ascribed to a tiny holelike Fermi surface (FS) with a low Fermi temperature of 140 K and a small dHvA frequency of 19 T. The FS has a characteristic anisotropy that is approximated by six spheroidal hole pockets elongated along the cubic <001> directions with a minimum effective mass of 0.067 times the free electron mass. This characteristic FS can generate an unusually large Landau-Peierls diamagnetic susceptibility as observed experimentally in LaV2Al20.

8. VIEW, LOOKING NORTH, OF INTERLOCKING MACHINE WITH ORIGINAL MODEL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. VIEW, LOOKING NORTH, OF INTERLOCKING MACHINE WITH ORIGINAL MODEL BOARD IN CENTER AND MODEL SEMAPHORE SIGNALS (AT TOP OF PHOTOGRAPH), THIRD FLOOR - South Station Tower No. 1 & Interlocking System, Dewey Square, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

Method of sealing casings of subsurface materials management system

DOEpatents

Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.

2007-02-06

Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around subsurface objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.

Analysis of interlocking performances on non-oriented electrical steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Li-Hsiang; Liu, Lee-Cheng

2018-05-01

In order to reduce energy loss in motor, applications of high-efficiency non-oriented electrical steel sheets and optimal laminating process are both important elements. The motor core loss deterioration is influenced by a number of factors, such as flux distribution, stress and strain, space harmonics, temperature, and short circuits between lamination. In conventional clamping method, steel sheets are laminated via interlocking or welding in general manner. The measured energy loss by welding was much larger than that by interlocking. Therefore, interlocking is well known and usually employed with benefit of easy conducting. The protuberance shapes affected the fastening strength. Generally, the intensity of rectangular type is stronger than the circular counterparts. However, the circular interlocking has better magnetic characteristics. To clarify the method effectiveness, interlocking performances regarding fastened strength and magnetic deterioration by lamination were investigated. The key parameters of protuberance shape and forming depth were designed. Precisely manufacturing operation was applied to avoid interlocking failure. Magnetic properties largely influenced by clamping method are crucial to minimizing the magnetic deterioration during laminating procedure. Several experiments for various processing conditions were undertaken, and the quantification results showed the rectangular interlocking had better fastened strength but worsened iron loss comparing with the circular arrangement. To acquire the comprehensive mechanical and electrical identities for electrical steel lamination, deliberate producing conditions regarding minimizing the magnetic deterioration should be adopted prudently.

An evaluation of Nova Scotia's alcohol ignition interlock program.

PubMed

Vanlaar, Ward G M; Mainegra Hing, Marisela; Robertson, Robyn D

2017-03-01

Alcohol ignition interlock programs for offenders aim to reduce recidivism among convicted drink drivers. This study presents an evaluation of Nova Scotia's interlock program implemented in 2008 in order to assess its effectiveness to reduce impaired driving and to help identify areas for improvement. Data used include conviction and crash records of individual participants; provincial monthly counts of alcohol-related charges, convictions and fatal and serious crashes; and interlock logged events. Methods used include descriptive statistics, survival analysis, time series and logistic regression analysis. With respect to specific deterrence (i.e., preventing recidivism) there was a 90% reduction in recidivism among voluntary participants since participation in the interlock program and a 79% reduction after these participants exited from the program. With respect to general deterrence (i.e., referring to a preventative effect on the entire population of drivers in Nova Scotia) there were temporary decreases in the numbers of alcohol-related charges (13.32%) and convictions (9.93%) and a small significant decrease in the number of fatal and serious injury alcohol-related crashes, following the implementation of the program. The evidence suggests the interlock program was better at preventing harm due to alcohol-impaired driving than the alternative of not using the interlock program. Recommendations were formulated supporting the continuation of the interlock program in Nova Scotia. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

29 CFR 98.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a person which has the same or similar...

7 CFR 3017.905 - Affiliate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... determine control include, but are not limited to— (a) Interlocking management or ownership; (b) Identity of interests among family members; (c) Shared facilities and equipment; (d) Common use of employees; or (e) A business entity which has been organized following the exclusion of a person which has the same or similar...

Covalently Interlocked Cyclohexa-m-phenylenes and Their Assembly: En Route to Supramolecular 3D Carbon Nanostructures.

PubMed

Dumslaff, Bastian; Reuss, Anna N; Wagner, Manfred; Feng, Xinliang; Narita, Akimitsu; Fytas, George; Müllen, Klaus

2017-08-21

In our search to cluster as many phenylene units as possible in a given space, we have proceeded to the three-dimensional world of benzene-based molecules by employing covalently interlocked cyclohexa-m-phenylenes, as present in the unique paddlewheel-shaped polyphenylene 10. A precursor was conceived, in which freely rotating m-chlorophenylene units provide sufficient solubility along with the necessary proximity for the final ring closure to give 10. Monitoring the assembly of solubilized tert-butyl derivatives of 10 into supramolecular carbon nanostructures by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) revealed the dimensions of the initially formed aggregates as well as the amorphous character of the solid state. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evaluation of the New Mexico ignition interlock program.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-11-01

This Evaluation of the New Mexico Ignition Interlock Program begins by summarizing the development of : alcohol ignition interlock devices, laws, and programs during the past 22 years. It then reviews the laws that : were written in New Mexico from 1...

1. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER AND POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER AND POWER SUBSTATIONS - Baltimore & Potomac Interlocking Tower, Adjacent to AMTRAK railroad tracks in block bounded by Howard Street, Jones Falls Expressway, Maryland Avenue & Falls Road, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

49 CFR 236.772 - Machine, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Machine, interlocking. 236.772 Section 236.772 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Machine, interlocking. An assemblage of manually operated levers or other devices for the control of...

49 CFR 236.772 - Machine, interlocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Machine, interlocking. 236.772 Section 236.772 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... Machine, interlocking. An assemblage of manually operated levers or other devices for the control of...

Terminal Forecast Reference Notebook for RAF Fairford, United Kingdom.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-03

SEC’rION l CImATIc Aitis CRITICAL WEAT11ER ELEMENTS D!-’T 1 P PARAIMENTER 1 1 SG/7 020ABG ACTIONS ’?TI),S c21 6)ft Below circlinq minimums S!T1 r)BS CI...generally low, around 20,000 feet, while inland they are at times even lower, 15-16,000 feet. If the air mass starinates , then there develops a high risk ...of fog during autumn and winter. Outbreaks of Arctic air during late spring brings the risk of a killing frost. In summer months mA air mass comes

Hybridizing polypyrrole chains with laminated and two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx toward high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tong, Yuan; He, Man; Zhou, Yuming; Zhong, Xi; Fan, Lidan; Huang, Tingyuan; Liao, Qiang; Wang, Yongjuan

2018-03-01

In this study, multilayer sandwich heterostructural Ti3C2Tx MXenes decorated with polypyrrole chains have been synthesized successfully via HF etching treatment and in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization approach. The hybrids were investigated as EM wave absorbers for the first time. It is found that the composites consisting of 25 wt% Ti3C2Tx/PPy hybrids in a paraffin matrix exhibit a minimum reflection loss of -49.2 dB (∼99.99% absorption) at the thickness of 3.2 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 4.9 GHz (12.4-17.3 GHz) corresponding to an absorber thickness of 2.0 mm. Additionally, a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 13.7 GHz (4.3-18.0 GHz) can be reached up by adjusting the thickness from 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Furthermore, the highest effective absorption bandwidth of 5.7 GHz can be reached when the mass fraction is 15 wt%. The enhanced comprehensive electromagnetic wave absorption has close correlation with the well-designed heterogeneous multilayered microstructure, generated heterogeneous interfaces, conductive paths, surface functional groups, localized defects and synergistic effect between laminated Ti3C2Tx and conductive polypyrrole network, which significantly improve impedance matching and attenuation abilities. The superior absorbing performance together with strong absorption and broad bandwidth endows the Ti3C2Tx/PPy hybrids with the potential prospect to be advanced EM wave absorbers.

Impact of State Ignition Interlock Laws on Alcohol-Involved Crash Deaths in the United States.

PubMed

Kaufman, Elinore J; Wiebe, Douglas J

2016-05-01

To investigate the impact on alcohol-involved crash deaths of universal ignition interlock requirements, which aim to prevent people convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol from driving while intoxicated. We used data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for 1999 to 2013. From 2004 to 2013, 18 states made interlocks mandatory for all drunk-driving convictions. We compared alcohol-involved crash deaths between 18 states with and 32 states without universal interlock requirements, accounting for state and year effects, and for clustering within states. Policy impact was apparent 3 years after implementation. The adjusted rate of alcohol-involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per 100,000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5 (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100,000 per year. Requiring ignition interlocks for all drunk-driving convictions was associated with 15% fewer alcohol-involved crash deaths, compared with states with less-stringent requirements. Interlocks are a life-saving technology that merit wider use.

KSC-2012-4085

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-07-30

CAPE CANAVERAl, Fla. - Robert Mueller, left, explains differences in lunar, Martian and Earth soil using simulants to Dr. Mason Peck, NASA's chief Technologist, during a tour of the Space Life Sciences Laboratory at Kennedy. Peck toured the lab facility during a visit to the space center. Photo credit: NASA/Frankie Martin

9. VIEW, LOOKING SOUTH, OF INTERLOCKING MACHINE, WITH ORIGINAL MODEL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. VIEW, LOOKING SOUTH, OF INTERLOCKING MACHINE, WITH ORIGINAL MODEL BOARD IN CENTER, NEW MODEL BOARD AT LEFT AND MODEL SEMAPHORES AT TOP OF PHOTOGRAPH, THIRD FLOOR - South Station Tower No. 1 & Interlocking System, Dewey Square, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

Ignition interlocks reduce re-arrest rates of alcohol offenders

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-01-15

In a recent study of repeat offenders in Maryland, ignition interlocks reduced the risk of alcohol traffic violations by 64% during the first year they were required. In the second year, when interlocks could be removed, 3.5% of the remaining interlo...

Subsurface materials management and containment system, components thereof and methods relating thereto

DOEpatents

Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.

2006-04-18

Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around subsurface objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.

The effects of closer monitoring on driver compliance with interlock restrictions.

PubMed

Zador, Paul L; Ahlin, Eileen M; Rauch, William J; Howard, Jan M; Duncan, G Doug

2011-11-01

This randomized controlled trial of 2168 DWI multiple offenders assigned to a state-wide ignition interlock program in Maryland compared non-compliance with interlock requirements among drivers who were closely monitored (by Westat staff) and drivers who received standard monitoring (by the Motor Vehicle Administration). Compliance comparisons relied on datalogger data from MVA's interlock providers plus driver records that contained demographic information, prior alcohol-related traffic violations, their dispositions, and interlock duration. Measures for quantifying non-compliance included rates per 1000 engine starts for initial breath test failures at varying BAC levels and time periods, retest failures, retest refusals, interlock disconnects, startup violations, and summation measures. Regression analysis estimated the effects of closer monitoring on non-compliance, using linear mixed models that included random driver effects and fixed effects for study-group assignment, prior alcohol-related traffic violations, and months of continuous datalogger data with a quadratic function that assessed changes and rates of change in interlock non-compliance over time. All the separate non-compliance rates and summary measures derived from them were lower for closer monitored than control drivers for continuous data series of at least 6, 12, or 24 months. The differences for initial test failures and the two summary measures were statistically significant. Most measures of non-compliance decreased significantly as continuous time on the interlock increased. Parallel trends in each study group indicated that drivers learned to improve their compliance over time. Thus, this study convincingly demonstrates that closer monitoring substantially enhanced compliance with requirements of the ignition interlock and that regardless of group assignment, compliance increased over time. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Improved electrochemical properties of morphology-controlled titania/titanate nanostructures prepared by in-situ hydrothermal surface modification of self-source Ti substrate for high-performance supercapacitors.

PubMed

Banerjee, Arghya Narayan; Anitha, V C; Joo, Sang W

2017-10-16

Ti substrate surface is modified into two-dimensional (2D) TiO 2 nanoplatelet or one-dimensional (1D) nanorod/nanofiber (or a mixture of both) structure in a controlled manner via a simple KOH-based hydrothermal technique. Depending on the KOH concentration, different types of TiO 2 nanostructures (2D platelets, 1D nanorods/nanofibers and a 2D+1D mixed sample) are fabricated directly onto the Ti substrate surface. The novelty of this technique is the in-situ modification of the self-source Ti surface into titania nanostructures, and its direct use as the electrochemical microelectrode without any modifications. This leads to considerable improvement in the interfacial properties between metallic Ti and semiconducting TiO 2 . Since interfacial states/defects have profound effect on charge transport properties of electronic/electrochemical devices, therefore this near-defect-free interfacial property of Ti-TiO 2 microelectrode has shown high supercapacitive performances for superior charge-storage devices. Additionally, by hydrothermally tuning the morphology of titania nanostructures, the electrochemical properties of the electrodes are also tuned. A Ti-TiO 2 electrode comprising of a mixture of 2D-platelet+1D-nanorod structure reveals very high specific capacitance values (~7.4 mF.cm -2 ) due to the unique mixed morphology which manifests higher active sites (hence, higher utilization of the active materials) in terms of greater roughness at the 2D-platelet structures and higher surface-to-volume-ratio in the 1D-nanorod structures.

Comparative Study of 3-Dimensional Woven Joint Architectures for Composite Spacecraft Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Justin S.; Polis, Daniel L.; Rowles, Russell R.; Segal, Kenneth N.

2011-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate initiated an Advanced Composite Technology (ACT) Project through the Exploration Technology Development Program in order to support the polymer composite needs for future heavy lift launch architectures. As an example, the large composite structural applications on Ares V inspired the evaluation of advanced joining technologies, specifically 3D woven composite joints, which could be applied to segmented barrel structures needed for autoclave cured barrel segments due to autoclave size constraints. Implementation of these 3D woven joint technologies may offer enhancements in damage tolerance without sacrificing weight. However, baseline mechanical performance data is needed to properly analyze the joint stresses and subsequently design/down-select a preform architecture. Six different configurations were designed and prepared for this study; each consisting of a different combination of warp/fill fiber volume ratio and preform interlocking method (Z-fiber, fully interlocked, or hybrid). Tensile testing was performed for this study with the enhancement of a dual camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system which provides the capability to measure full-field strains and three dimensional displacements of objects under load. As expected, the ratio of warp/fill fiber has a direct influence on strength and modulus, with higher values measured in the direction of higher fiber volume bias. When comparing the Z-fiber weave to a fully interlocked weave with comparable fiber bias, the Z-fiber weave demonstrated the best performance in two different comparisons. We report the measured tensile strengths and moduli for test coupons from the 6 different weave configurations under study.

Mechanically interlocked gold and silver nanoparticles using metallosupramolecular catenane chemistry.

PubMed

Otter, Carl A; Patty, Philipus J; Williams, Martin A K; Waterland, Mark R; Telfer, Shane G

2011-03-01

We have employed the toolbox of metallosupramolecular chemistry to mechanically interlock gold and silver nanoparticles. A specifically designed PEGthiol-functionalized bis(phenanthroline)copper(I) complex acts to 'catenate' the nanoparticles. The interlocked assemblies were characterised by three complementary techniques: DLS, SERS and TEM.

49 CFR 236.340 - Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. 236.340 Section 236.340 Transportation Other Regulations... Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. In electro-mechanical...

49 CFR 236.340 - Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. 236.340 Section 236.340 Transportation Other Regulations... Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. In electro-mechanical...

49 CFR 236.340 - Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. 236.340 Section 236.340 Transportation Other Regulations... Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. In electro-mechanical...

49 CFR 236.340 - Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. 236.340 Section 236.340 Transportation Other Regulations... Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. In electro-mechanical...

49 CFR 236.340 - Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... between electrical and mechanical levers. 236.340 Section 236.340 Transportation Other Regulations... Electromechanical interlocking machine; locking between electrical and mechanical levers. In electro-mechanical interlocking machine, locking between electric and mechanical levers shall be maintained so that mechanical...

A training image evaluation and selection method based on minimum data event distance for multiple-point geostatistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Wenjie; Wu, Shenghe; Yin, Yanshu; Zhang, Jiajia; Zhang, Ke

2017-07-01

A training image (TI) can be regarded as a database of spatial structures and their low to higher order statistics used in multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) simulation. Presently, there are a number of methods to construct a series of candidate TIs (CTIs) for MPS simulation based on a modeler's subjective criteria. The spatial structures of TIs are often various, meaning that the compatibilities of different CTIs with the conditioning data are different. Therefore, evaluation and optimal selection of CTIs before MPS simulation is essential. This paper proposes a CTI evaluation and optimal selection method based on minimum data event distance (MDevD). In the proposed method, a set of MDevD properties are established through calculation of the MDevD of conditioning data events in each CTI. Then, CTIs are evaluated and ranked according to the mean value and variance of the MDevD properties. The smaller the mean value and variance of an MDevD property are, the more compatible the corresponding CTI is with the conditioning data. In addition, data events with low compatibility in the conditioning data grid can be located to help modelers select a set of complementary CTIs for MPS simulation. The MDevD property can also help to narrow the range of the distance threshold for MPS simulation. The proposed method was evaluated using three examples: a 2D categorical example, a 2D continuous example, and an actual 3D oil reservoir case study. To illustrate the method, a C++ implementation of the method is attached to the paper.

Enhancing the Use of Vehicle Alcohol Interlocks With Emerging Technology.

PubMed

Voas, Robert B

2014-01-01

Among the earliest applications of health technologies to a safety program was the development of blood alcohol content (BAC) tests for use in impaired-driving enforcement. This led to the development of miniature, highly accurate devices that officers could carry in their pockets. A natural extension of this technology was the vehicle alcohol interlock, which is used to reduce recidivism among drivers convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) by requiring them to install the devices (which will not allow someone with a positive BAC to drive) on their vehicles. While on the vehicle, interlocks have been shown to reduce recidivism by two-thirds. Use of these devices has been growing at the rate of 10 to 15 percent a year, and there currently are more than 300,000 units in use. This expansion in the application of interlocks has benefited from the integration of other emerging technologies into interlock systems. Such technologies include data systems that record both driver actions and vehicle responses, miniature cameras and face recognition to identify the user, Wi-Fi systems to provide rapid reporting on offender performance and any attempt to circumvent the device, GPS tracking of the vehicle, and more rapid means for monitoring the integrity of the interlock system. This article describes how these health technologies are being applied in interlock programs and the outlook for new technologies and new court sanctioning programs that may influence the growth in the use of interlocks in the future.

77 FR 69915 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-21

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... State of NEW YORK, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to include the following areas as adversely...

77 FR 68195 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-15

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... State of NEW YORK, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to include the following areas as adversely...

78 FR 59975 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-30

... credit unions. The Interlocks Act generally prohibits financial institution management officials from... federally insured credit unions having a common management official with another type financial institution... comply with the Depository Institution Management Interlocks Act (Interlocks Act) and to determine...

46 CFR 111.91-1 - Power, control, and interlock circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 111.91-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Elevators and Dumbwaiters § 111.91-1 Power, control, and interlock circuits. Each electric power, control, and interlock circuit of an elevator or dumbwaiter must meet ASME...

46 CFR 111.91-1 - Power, control, and interlock circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 111.91-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Elevators and Dumbwaiters § 111.91-1 Power, control, and interlock circuits. Each electric power, control, and interlock circuit of an elevator or dumbwaiter must meet ASME...

46 CFR 111.91-1 - Power, control, and interlock circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 111.91-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Elevators and Dumbwaiters § 111.91-1 Power, control, and interlock circuits. Each electric power, control, and interlock circuit of an elevator or dumbwaiter must meet ASME...

46 CFR 111.91-1 - Power, control, and interlock circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 111.91-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Elevators and Dumbwaiters § 111.91-1 Power, control, and interlock circuits. Each electric power, control, and interlock circuit of an elevator or dumbwaiter must meet ASME...

46 CFR 111.91-1 - Power, control, and interlock circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 111.91-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Elevators and Dumbwaiters § 111.91-1 Power, control, and interlock circuits. Each electric power, control, and interlock circuit of an elevator or dumbwaiter must meet ASME...

30 CFR 75.819 - Motor-starter enclosures; barriers and interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Motor-starter enclosures; barriers and...-Voltage Distribution High-Voltage Longwalls § 75.819 Motor-starter enclosures; barriers and interlocks. Compartment separation and cover interlock switches for motor-starter enclosures must be maintained in...

Evaluation of state ignition interlock programs : interlock use analyses from 28 states, 2006–2011.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-05-01

In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and NHTSA began collaborating on a project to evaluate ignition interlock programs in selected States. The purpose of the evaluation was to provide information and best practices to States...

49 CFR 1242.58 - Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). 1242.58 Section 1242.58... Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59..., interlockers, drawbridges and highway crossings are located. ...

49 CFR 1242.58 - Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). 1242.58 Section 1242.58... Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59..., interlockers, drawbridges and highway crossings are located. ...

49 CFR 1242.58 - Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). 1242.58 Section 1242.58... Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59..., interlockers, drawbridges and highway crossings are located. ...

49 CFR 1242.58 - Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). 1242.58 Section 1242.58... Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59..., interlockers, drawbridges and highway crossings are located. ...

Ethylglucuronide in hair is a top predictor of impaired driving recidivism, alcohol dependence, and a key marker of the highest BAC interlock tests.

PubMed

Marques, Paul R; Tippetts, A Scott; Yegles, Michel

2014-01-01

This study focuses on the predictive and comparative significance of ethyl glucuronide measured in head hair (hEtG) for estimating risks associated with alcohol-impaired driving offenders. Earlier work compared different alcohol biomarkers for estimating rates of failed blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests logged during 8 months of interlock participation. These analyses evaluate the comparative performance of several alcohol markers including hEtG and other markers, past driver records, and psychometric assessment predictors for the detection of 4 criteria: new driving under the influence (DUI) recidivism, alcohol dependence, and interlock record variables including fail rates and maximal interlock BACs logged. Drivers charged with alcohol impairment (DUI) in Alberta, Canada (n = 534; 64% first offenders, 36% multiple offenders) installed ignition interlock devices and consented to participate in research to evaluate blood-, hair-, and urine-derived alcohol biomarkers; sit for interviews; take psychometric assessments; and permit analyses of driving records and interlock log files. Subject variables included demographics, alcohol dependence at program entry, preprogram prior DUI convictions, postenrollment new DUI convictions, self-reported drinking assessments, morning and overall rates of failed interlock BAC tests, and maximal interlock BAC readings. Recidivism, dependence, high BAC, and combined fail rates were set as criteria; other variables were set as predictors. Area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (A') estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Additional analyses were conducted on baseline hEtG levels. Driver performance and drinking indicators were evaluated against the standard hEtG cutoff for excessive drinking at (30 pg/mg) and a higher criterion of 50 pg/mg. HEtG splits were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney rank statistic. HEtG emerged as a top overall predictor for discriminating new recidivism events that occur after interlock installation, for entry alcohol dependence, and for the highest interlock BACs recorded. Together, hEtG and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) were the top predictors of all criterion measures. By contrast, the hair-derived alcohol biomarkers hEtG and hFAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) were poorer than other alcohol biomarkers as detectors of interlock BAC test fail rates. This study showed that hEtG, an objective alternative to often unreliable self-reported past representation of drinking levels, yields crucial insight into driver alcohol-related risks early in an interlock program and is a top predictor of new recidivist events. Together with PEth, these markers would be excellent anchors in a panel for detecting alcohol consumption.

Ultraviolet and Visible Photochemistry of Methanol at 3D Mesoporous Networks: TiO2 and Au-TiO2

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-23

methanol photochemistry at three-dimensionally (3D) networked aerogels of TiO2 or Au–TiO2 reveals that incorporated Au nanoparticles strongly sensitize...the oxide nanoarchitecture to visible light. Methanol dissociatively adsorbs at the surfaces of TiO2 and Au–TiO2 aerogels under dark, high-vacuum...photochemistry at three-dimensionally (3D) networked aerogels of TiO2 or Au–TiO2 reveals that incorporated Au nanoparticles strongly sensitize the oxide

49 CFR 236.401 - Automatic block signal system and interlocking standards applicable to traffic control systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Automatic block signal system and interlocking standards applicable to traffic control systems. 236.401 Section 236.401 Transportation Other Regulations... block signal system and interlocking standards applicable to traffic control systems. The standards...

Interlocking oil: big oil ties with other corporations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDonald, A.; Fritsch, A.J.

1974-01-01

There are 460 interlocking directorates and advisory committee connections of eighteen large oil companies with well-known large corporations. There are 132 interlocks with banks; 31 with insurance; 12 with utility companies; 15 with transportation corporations; 46 affiliations with educational institutions; and 224 with manufacturing and distribution corporations. (MCW)

18 CFR 131.31 - FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY APPROVED FORMS, FEDERAL POWER ACT AND PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978 FORMS § 131.31 FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking... the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's staff for the review and oversight of interlocking...

18 CFR 131.31 - FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY APPROVED FORMS, FEDERAL POWER ACT AND PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978 FORMS § 131.31 FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking... the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's staff for the review and oversight of interlocking...

18 CFR 131.31 - FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY APPROVED FORMS, FEDERAL POWER ACT AND PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978 FORMS § 131.31 FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking... the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's staff for the review and oversight of interlocking...

18 CFR 131.31 - FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY APPROVED FORMS, FEDERAL POWER ACT AND PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978 FORMS § 131.31 FERC Form No. 561, Annual report of interlocking... the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's staff for the review and oversight of interlocking...

Impact of State Ignition Interlock Laws on Alcohol-Involved Crash Deaths in the United States

PubMed Central

Wiebe, Douglas J.

2016-01-01

Objectives. To investigate the impact on alcohol-involved crash deaths of universal ignition interlock requirements, which aim to prevent people convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol from driving while intoxicated. Methods. We used data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for 1999 to 2013. From 2004 to 2013, 18 states made interlocks mandatory for all drunk-driving convictions. We compared alcohol-involved crash deaths between 18 states with and 32 states without universal interlock requirements, accounting for state and year effects, and for clustering within states. Results. Policy impact was apparent 3 years after implementation. The adjusted rate of alcohol-involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per 100 000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5 (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100 000 per year. Conclusions. Requiring ignition interlocks for all drunk-driving convictions was associated with 15% fewer alcohol-involved crash deaths, compared with states with less-stringent requirements. Interlocks are a life-saving technology that merit wider use. PMID:26985604

A Note on the Effectiveness of the House-Arrest Alternative for Motivating DWI Offenders to Install Ignition Interlocks

PubMed Central

Roth, Richard; Marques, Paul R.; Voas, Robert B.

2009-01-01

Problem The effectiveness of ignition interlocks at reducing drunk driving has been limited by the ability of driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenders to avoid court orders to install the devices. Methods In a pilot program in New Mexico, four Santa Fe County judges imposed home confinement (via electronic monitoring bracelets) on offenders who claimed to have no car or no intention to drive. Interlock installation rates for Santa Fe County were compared with all other counties in New Mexico over a 2-year program and 2-year post-program period. Results During the two program years, 70% of the drivers convicted of DWI in Santa Fe County installed interlocks, compared to only 17% in the other counties, but when the program was terminated, the Santa Fe installation rate fell by 18.8 percentage points. Summary Mandating the alternative sanction of house arrest led to the highest reported interlock installation rate for DWI offenders. Impact on Industry Impaired driving is a substantial expense to employers, particularly when it bars driving that interferes with employment. Interlocks provide a method of protecting the public while permitting the offender to drive sober. This study was directed at increasing interlock use by DWI offenders. PMID:19945556

78 FR 65639 - Notice of Filing; Wyrsch, Martha B.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-01

... Filing; Wyrsch, Martha B. Take notice that on October 25, 2013, Martha B. Wyrsch submitted for filing, an application for authority to hold interlocking positions, pursuant to section 305(b) of the Federal Power Act (FPA), 16 U.S.C. 825d(b) and Part 45 of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (Commission) Rules...

Aggregation and transport of rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles with montmorillonite and diatomite in the presence of phosphate in porous sand.

PubMed

Guo, Peng; Xu, Nan; Li, Duo; Huangfu, Xinxing; Li, Zuling

2018-08-01

Crop soil is inevitably contaminated by the excess of phosphate (P) fertilizers. A large amount of nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nTiO 2 ) entered soils as well due to the wide use of engineered nanomaterials. It is of great urgency and a high priority to investigate the mechanisms of nTiO 2 deposition with the presence of P in crop soils. This study investigated the transport behavior of (1.0 g L -1 ) rutile nTiO 2 with two representative clay particles (montmorillonite or diatomite) in the presence of P through the saturated quartz sand. In 10 mM NaCl electrolyte solution at pH 6.0, the recovery percentage of nTiO 2 was 36.3% from sand column. Nevertheless, it was reduced to 18.6% and 11.1% while montmorillonite and diatomite present in suspensions, respectively. Obviously, the improvement of nTiO 2 retention in sand was more pronounced by diatomite than montmorillonite. The likely mechanism for this result was that large aggregates were formed due to the attachment of nTiO 2 to montmorillonite and diatomite. Moreover, the surface of diatomite with the larger hydrodynamic radius was less negatively charged by comparison with montmorillonite. However, this phenomenon disappeared with the addition of P. P adsorption increases the repulsive force between particles and sand and the fast release of attached nTiO 2 -montmorillonite and diatomite from sand. The two-site kinetic retention model and the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory suggested that the combination of k 1/ k 1d , k 2 and secondary minimum energy can be used to accurately describe the attachment of nTiO 2 -montmorillonite and diatomite to sand in the presence of P. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Protecting Against Damage from Refraction of High Power Microwaves in the DIII-D Tokamak

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lohr, John; Brambila, Rigo; Cengher, Mirela; Chen, Xi; Gorelov, Yuri; Grosnickle, William; Moeller, Charles; Ponce, Dan; Prater, Ron; Torrezan, Antonio; Austin, Max; Doyle, Edward; Hu, Xing; Dormier, Calvin

2017-07-01

Several new protective systems are being installed on the DIII D tokamak to increase the safety margins for plasma operations with injected ECH power at densities approaching cutoff. Inadvertent overdense operation has previously resulted in reflection of an rf beam back into a launcher causing extensive arcing and melt damage on one waveguide line. Damage to microwave diagnostics, which are located on the same side of the tokamak as the ECH launchers, also has occurred. Developing a reliable microwave based interlock to protect the many vulnerable systems in DIII-D has proved to be difficult. Therefore, multiple protective steps have been taken to reduce the risk of damage in the future. Among these is a density interlock generated by the plasma control system, with setpoint determined by the ECH operators based on rf beam trajectories and plasma parameters. Also installed are enhanced video monitoring of the launchers, and an ambient light monitor on each of the waveguide systems, along with a Langmuir probe at the mouth of each launcher. Versatile rf monitors, measuring forward and reflected power in addition to the mode content of the rf beams, have been installed as the last miter bends in each waveguide line. As these systems are characterized, they are being incorporated in the interlock chains, which enable the ECH injection permits. The diagnostics most susceptible to damage from the ECH waves have also been fitted with a variety of protective devices including stripline filters, thin resonant notch filters tuned to the 110 GHz injected microwave frequency, blazed grating filters and shutters. Calculations of rf beam trajectories in the plasmas are performed using the TORAY ray tracing code with input from kinetic profile diagnostics. Using these calculations, strike points for refracted beams on the vacuum vessel are calculated, which allows evaluation of the risk of damage to sensitive diagnostics and hardware.

Protecting against damage from refraction of high power microwaves in the DIII-D tokamak

DOE PAGES

Lohr, John; Brambila, Rigo; Cengher, Mirela; ...

2017-07-24

Here, several new protective systems are being installed on the DIII D tokamak to increase the safety margins for plasma operations with injected ECH power at densities approaching cutoff. Inadvertent overdense operation has previously resulted in reflection of an rf beam back into a launcher causing extensive arcing and melt damage on one waveguide line. Damage to microwave diagnostics, which are located on the same side of the tokamak as the ECH launchers, also has occurred. Developing a reliable microwave based interlock to protect the many vulnerable systems in DIII-D has proved to be difficult. Therefore, multiple protective steps havemore » been taken to reduce the risk of damage in the future. Among these is a density interlock generated by the plasma control system, with setpoint determined by the ECH operators based on rf beam trajectories and plasma parameters. Also installed are enhanced video monitoring of the launchers, and an ambient light monitor on each of the waveguide systems, along with a Langmuir probe at the mouth of each launcher. Versatile rf monitors, measuring forward and reflected power in addition to the mode content of the rf beams, have been installed as the last miter bends in each waveguide line. As these systems are characterized, they are being incorporated in the interlock chains, which enable the ECH injection permits. The diagnostics most susceptible to damage from the ECH waves have also been fitted with a variety of protective devices including stripline filters, thin resonant notch filters tuned to the 110 GHz injected microwave frequency, blazed grating filters and shutters. Calculations of rf beam trajectories in the plasmas are performed using the TORAY ray tracing code with input from kinetic profile diagnostics. Using these calculations, strike points for refracted beams on the vacuum vessel are calculated, which allows evaluation of the risk of damage to sensitive diagnostics and hardware.« less

Protecting against damage from refraction of high power microwaves in the DIII-D tokamak

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lohr, John; Brambila, Rigo; Cengher, Mirela

Here, several new protective systems are being installed on the DIII D tokamak to increase the safety margins for plasma operations with injected ECH power at densities approaching cutoff. Inadvertent overdense operation has previously resulted in reflection of an rf beam back into a launcher causing extensive arcing and melt damage on one waveguide line. Damage to microwave diagnostics, which are located on the same side of the tokamak as the ECH launchers, also has occurred. Developing a reliable microwave based interlock to protect the many vulnerable systems in DIII-D has proved to be difficult. Therefore, multiple protective steps havemore » been taken to reduce the risk of damage in the future. Among these is a density interlock generated by the plasma control system, with setpoint determined by the ECH operators based on rf beam trajectories and plasma parameters. Also installed are enhanced video monitoring of the launchers, and an ambient light monitor on each of the waveguide systems, along with a Langmuir probe at the mouth of each launcher. Versatile rf monitors, measuring forward and reflected power in addition to the mode content of the rf beams, have been installed as the last miter bends in each waveguide line. As these systems are characterized, they are being incorporated in the interlock chains, which enable the ECH injection permits. The diagnostics most susceptible to damage from the ECH waves have also been fitted with a variety of protective devices including stripline filters, thin resonant notch filters tuned to the 110 GHz injected microwave frequency, blazed grating filters and shutters. Calculations of rf beam trajectories in the plasmas are performed using the TORAY ray tracing code with input from kinetic profile diagnostics. Using these calculations, strike points for refracted beams on the vacuum vessel are calculated, which allows evaluation of the risk of damage to sensitive diagnostics and hardware.« less

78 FR 52217 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-22

... credit unions. The Interlocks Act generally prohibits financial institution management officials from... comply with the Depository Institution Management Interlocks Act (Interlocks Act) and to determine... types of financial institutions, not between two or more credit unions. 12 U.S.C. 3204(3). NCUA last...

21. Historic view looking northeast from tracks of Shell Interlocking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Historic view looking northeast from tracks of Shell Interlocking Tower after construction, 1909. Photographic copy of photograph published in Railway Age Gazette, February 4, 1910. - New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, Shell Interlocking Tower, New Haven Milepost 16, approximately 100 feel east of New Rochelle Junction, New Rochelle, Westchester County, NY

3D nanostructured N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts with enhanced visible absorption.

PubMed

Cho, Sumin; Ahn, Changui; Park, Junyong; Jeon, Seokwoo

2018-05-24

Considering the environmental issues, it is essential to develop highly efficient and recyclable photocatalysts in purification systems. Conventional TiO2 nanoparticles have strong intrinsic oxidizing power and high surface area, but are difficult to collect after use and rarely absorb visible light, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight. Here we develop a new type of highly efficient and recyclable photocatalyst made of a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured N-doped TiO2 monolith with enhanced visible light absorption. To prepare the sample, an ultrathin TiN layer (∼10 nm) was conformally coated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 3D nanostructured TiO2. Subsequent thermal annealing at low temperature (550 °C) converted TiN to anatase phase N-doped TiO2. The resulting 3D N-doped TiO2 showed ∼33% enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to pure 3D TiO2 of equivalent thickness under sunlight due to the reduced bandgap, from 3.2 eV to 2.75 eV through N-doping. The 3D N-doped TiO2 monolith could be easily collected and reused at least 5 times without any degradation in photocatalytic performance.

NiTiNol Hernia Device Stability in Inguinal Hernioplasty Without Fixation

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background and Objective: To determine whether the NiTiNol frame of a novel hernia repair device utilizing polypropylene mesh for inguinal hernioplasty remains stable and intransient without fixation after a minimum of 6 months. Methods: Twenty patients had 27 inguinal hernias repaired using a novel hernia repair device that has a NiTiNol frame without any fixation. Initial single-view, postoperative X-rays were compared with a second X-ray obtained at least 6 months later. The NiTiNol frame, which can be easily visualized on a plain X-ray, was measured in 2 dimensions, as were anatomic landmarks. The measurements obtained and the appearances of the 2 X-rays were compared to determine the percentage of change in device size and device stability with regard to device location and shape. Results: There were minimal changes noted between the 2 sets of measurements obtained with an overall trend towards a slight increase in the size of the hernia repair device. The devices demonstrated intransience of position and stability of shape. Conclusions: The NiTiNol frame of a novel hernia repair device utilizing polypropylene mesh exhibits radiographic evidence of size and shape stability and intransience of position without fixation when used in inguinal hernioplasty after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. PMID:21902967

Presence of 3d quadrupole moment in LaTiO3 studied by 47,49Ti NMR.

PubMed

Kiyama, Takashi; Itoh, Masayuki

2003-10-17

47,49Ti NMR spectra of LaTiO3 are reexamined and the orbital state of this compound is discussed. The NMR spectra of LaTiO3 taken at 1.5 K under zero external field indicate a large nuclear quadrupole splitting. This splitting is ascribed to the presence of the rather large quadrupole moment of 3d electrons at Ti sites, suggesting that the orbital liquid model proposed for LaTiO3 is inappropriate. The NMR spectra are well explained by the orbital ordering model expressed approximately as 1/square root of 3(d(xy)+d(yz)+d(zx)) originating from a crystal field effect. It is also shown that most of the orbital moment is quenched.

Defining the safe current limit for opening ID photon shutter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seletskiy, S.

The NSLS-II storage ring is protected from possible damage from insertion devices (IDs) synchrotron radiation by a dedicated active interlock system (AIS). It monitors electron beam position and angle and triggers beam drop if beam orbit exceeds the boundaries of pre-calculated active interlock envelope (AIE). The beamlines (BL) and beamline frontends (FE) are designed under assumption that the electron beam is interlocked within the AIE. For historic reasons the AIS engages the ID active interlock (AI-ID) at any non-zero beam current whenever the ID photon shutter (IDPS) is getting opened. Such arrangement creates major inconveniences for BLs commissioning. Apparently theremore » is some IDPS safe current limit (SCL) under which the IDPS can be opened without interlocking the e-beam. The goal of this paper is to find such limit.« less

Communities detection as a tool to assess a reform of the Italian interlocking directorship network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drago, Carlo; Ricciuti, Roberto

2017-01-01

Interlocking directorships are important communication channels among companies and may have anticompetitive effect. A corporate governance reform was introduced in 2011 to prevent interlocking directorships in the financial sector. We apply community detection techniques to the analysis of the networks in 2009 and 2012 to ascertain the effect of such reform on the Italian directorship network. We find that, although the number of interlocking directorships decreases in 2012, the reduction takes place mainly at the periphery of the network. The network core is stable, allowing the most connected companies to keep their strategic position.

Washington State's alcohol ignition interlock law: effects on recidivism among first-time DUI offenders.

PubMed

McCartt, Anne T; Leaf, William A; Farmer, Charles M; Eichelberger, Angela H

2013-01-01

To examine the effects of changes to Washington State's ignition interlock laws: moving issuance of interlock orders from courts to the driver licensing department in July 2003 and extending the interlock order requirement to first-time offenders with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) below 0.15 percent ("first simple driving under the influence [DUI]") in June 2004. Trends in conviction types, interlock installation rates, and 2-year cumulative recidivism rates were examined for first-time convictions (simple, high-BAC, test refusal DUI; deferred prosecution; alcohol-related negligent driving) stemming from DUI arrests between January 1999 and June 2006. Regression analyses examined recidivism effects of the law changes and interlock installation rates. To examine general deterrent effects, trends in single-vehicle late-night crashes in Washington were compared with trends in California and Oregon. After the 2004 law change, the proportion of simple DUIs declined somewhat, though the proportion of negligent driving convictions (no interlock order requirement) continued an upward trend. Interlock installation rates for first simple DUIs were 3 to 6 percent in the year before the law change and one third after. Recidivism declined by an estimated 12 percent (e.g., expected 10.6% without law change vs. 9.3% among offenders arrested between April and June 2006, the last study quarter) among first simple DUI offenders and an estimated 11 percent (expected 10.2% vs. 9.1%) among all first-time offenders. There was an estimated 0.06 percentage point decrease in the recidivism rate for each percentage point increase in the proportion of first simple DUI offenders with interlocks. If installation rates had been 100 vs. 34 percent for first simple DUI offenders arrested between April and June 2006, and if the linear relationship between rates of recidivism and installations continued, recidivism could have been reduced from 9.3 to 5.3 percent. With installation rates of 100 vs. 24 percent for all first offenders, their recidivism rate could have fallen from 9.1 to 3.2 percent. Although installation rates increased somewhat after the 2003 law change, recidivism rates were not significantly affected, perhaps due to the short follow-up period before the 2004 law change. The 2004 law change was associated with an 8.3 percent reduction in single-vehicle late-night crash risk. Mandating interlock orders for all first DUI convictions was associated with reductions in recidivism, even with low interlock use rates, and reductions in crashes. Additional gains are likely achievable with higher rates. Jurisdictions should seek to increase use rates and reconsider permitting reductions in DUI charges to other traffic offenses without interlock order requirements.

Characterization of M-type barium hexagonal ferrite-based wide band microwave absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meshram, M. R.; Agrawal, Nawal K.; Sinha, Bharoti; Misra, P. S.

2004-05-01

This paper present the design, development and characterization of the hexagonal ferrite powder [BaCo 0.5δTi 0.5δMn 0.1Fe (11.87-δ)O 19] and [Ba(MnTi) δFe (12-2δ)O 19] at δ=1.6 as a microwave absorber. The hexagonal ferrite powder has been developed by dry attrition and sintering procedure. The developed ferrite powder 60% by weight has been mixed in epoxy resin to form a microwave-absorbing paint. This paint was coated on a conducting aluminum sheet to study the absorption characteristics of a linearly polarized TE wave at X band. The results for single- and two-layer microwave absorbers for different coating thicknesses have been reported. It has been found that it shows the broadband characteristics with minimum absorption of 8 dB from 8 to 12 GHz for a coating thickness of 2 mm.These paints are very useful in military applications such as RCS reduction, camouflaging of the target and prevention of EMI, etc.

Cyclic Behavior of Mortarless Brick Joints with Different Interlocking Shapes

PubMed Central

Liu, Hongjun; Liu, Peng; Lin, Kun; Zhao, Sai

2016-01-01

The framed structure infilled with a mortarless brick (MB) panel exhibits considerable in-plane energy dissipation because of the relative sliding between bricks and good out-of-plane stability resulting from the use of interlocking mechanisms. The cyclic behaviors of MB are investigated experimentally in this study. Two different types of bricks, namely non-interlocking mortarless brick (N-IMB) and interlocking mortarless brick (IMB), are examined experimentally. The cyclic behavior of all of the joints (N-IMB and IMB) are investigated in consideration of the effects of interlocking shapes, loading compression stress levels and loading cycles. The hysteretic loops of N-IMB and IMB joints are obtained, according to which a mechanical model is developed. The Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is employed to describe the shear failure modes of all of the investigated joints. A typical frictional behavior is observed for the N-IMB joints, and a significant stiffening effect is observed for the IMB joints during their sliding stage. The friction coefficients of all of the researched joints increase with the augmentation of the compression stress level and improvement of the smoothness of the interlocking surfaces. An increase in the loading cycle results in a decrease in the friction coefficients of all of the joints. The degradation rate (DR) of the friction coefficients increases with the reduction in the smoothness of the interlocking surface. PMID:28773291

77 FR 71666 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-03

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... declaration for the State of New York, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to establish the incident period for...

78 FR 7848 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... disaster declaration for the State of New York, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to extend the deadline...

78 FR 15109 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-08

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... major disaster declaration for the State of New York, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to extend the...

77 FR 74907 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-18

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... disaster declaration for the State of New York, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to extend the deadline...

78 FR 20370 - New York Disaster Number NY-00130

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-04

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Disaster Declaration 13365 and 13366] New York Disaster Number NY... the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for the State of New York (FEMA-4085-DR), dated 10/30... Disaster Declaration For The State Of New York, dated 10/30/2012 is hereby amended to extend the deadline...

77 FR 74200 - New York; Amendment No. 6 to Notice of a Major Disaster Declaration

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Federal Emergency Management Agency [Internal Agency Docket No. FEMA-4085-DR; Docket ID FEMA-2012-0002] New York; Amendment No. 6 to Notice of a Major Disaster Declaration AGENCY: Federal Emergency Management Agency, DHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice amends the...

78 FR 32413 - New York; Amendment No. 9 to Notice of a Major Disaster Declaration

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-30

... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Federal Emergency Management Agency [Internal Agency Docket No. FEMA-4085-DR; Docket ID FEMA-2013-0001] New York; Amendment No. 9 to Notice of a Major Disaster Declaration AGENCY: Federal Emergency Management Agency, DHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice amends the...

Nanostructured TiO2-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

PubMed Central

Kusior, Anna; Trenczek-Zajac, Anita

2016-01-01

2D TiO2 thin films and 3D flower-like TiO2-based nanostructures, also decorated with SnO2, were prepared by chemical and thermal oxidation of Ti substrates, respectively. The crystal structure, morphology and gas sensing properties of the TiO2-based sensing materials were investigated. 2D TiO2 thin films crystallized mainly in the form of rutile, while the flower-like 3D nanostructures as anatase. The sensor based on the 2D TiO2 showed the best performance for H2 detection, while the flower-like 3D nanostructures exhibited enhanced selectivity to CO(CH3)2 after sensitization by SnO2 nanoparticles. The sensor response time was of the order of several seconds. Their fast response, high sensitivity to selected gas species, improved selectivity and stability suggest that the SnO2-decorated flower-like 3D nanostructures are a promising material for application as an acetone sensor. PMID:28144521

Template-free synthesis of two-dimensional titania/titanate nanosheets as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barai, Hasi Rani; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Joo, Sang Woo

2017-12-01

Template-free two-dimensional (2D) titania/titanate nanosheets on Ti metal foil (TiNS/Ti) is prepared by a hydrothermal method at 150 °C assisted by KOH(aq.),followed by sintering at 500 °C. A single thin layer of TiNS is grown with 2D morphology when using low concentrations of KOH(aq.) (0.25 and 0.5 M). However, the morphology is transformed to 1D when using a high concentration of KOH(aq.). The TiNS is a mixture of rutile TiO2 and K-titanate (K2Ti3O7 and K2Ti2O5) with the formation of Ti3+ interstitials. The optimized TiNS/Ti electrode exhibits quasi-rectangular cyclic voltammograms (CVs) in a wide potential range. The specific capacitance (Cs) are 6.8 × 103 and 4.7 × 103 μF/cm2 according to the CV (scan rate, 5 mV/s) and charge-discharge measurements (CD, current density, 50 μA/cm2), respectively. These values are much higher than those reported for pure 0D and 1D TiO2 nanostructures.The higher Cs for the TiNS/Ti electrode can be ascribed to the increased rate of K+ intercalation and de-intercalation during charging and discharging, as well as enhanced conductivity enable by the K in the crystal lattice (10.30%) and Ti3+ interstitials (5.2%), respectively. The TiNS/Ti electrode shows excellent stability with the Cs retention of 89% even after 5000 CD cycles.

Ignition Interlock Laws: Effects on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes, 1982-2013.

PubMed

McGinty, Emma E; Tung, Gregory; Shulman-Laniel, Juliana; Hardy, Rose; Rutkow, Lainie; Frattaroli, Shannon; Vernick, Jon S

2017-04-01

Alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes are a major cause of preventable mortality in the U.S., leading to more than 10,000 fatalities in 2013. Ignition interlocks, or alcohol-sensing devices connected to a vehicle's ignition to prevent it from starting if a driver has a predetermined blood alcohol content (BAC) level, are a promising avenue for preventing alcohol-involved driving. This study sought to assess the effects of laws requiring ignition interlocks for some or all drunk driving offenders on alcohol-involved fatal crashes. A multilevel modeling approach assessed the effects of state interlock laws on alcohol-involved fatal crashes in the U.S. from 1982 to 2013. Monthly data on alcohol-involved crashes in each of the 50 states was collected in 2014 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Random-intercept models accounted for between-state variation in alcohol-involved fatal crash rates and autocorrelation of within-state crash rates over time. Analysis was conducted in 2015. State laws requiring interlocks for all drunk driving offenders were associated with a 7% decrease in the rate of BAC >0.08 fatal crashes and an 8% decrease in the rate of BAC ≥0.15 fatal crashes, translating into an estimated 1,250 prevented BAC >0.08 fatal crashes. Laws requiring interlocks for segments of high-risk drunk driving offenders, such as repeat offenders, may reduce alcohol-involved fatal crashes after 2 years of implementation. Ignition interlock laws reduce alcohol-involved fatal crashes. Increasing the spread of interlock laws that are mandatory for all offenders would have significant public health benefit. Copyright © 2016 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. All rights reserved.

Effect of geometric nanostructures on the absorption edges of 1-D and 2-D TiO₂ fabricated by atomic layer deposition.

PubMed

Chang, Yung-Huang; Liu, Chien-Min; Cheng, Hsyi-En; Chen, Chih

2013-05-01

2-Dimensional (2-D) TiO2 thin films and 1-dimensional (1-D) TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated on Si and quartz substrates using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template at 400 °C. The film thickness and the tube wall thickness can be precisely controlled using the ALD approach. The intensities of the absorption spectra were enhanced by an increase in the thickness of the TiO2 thin film and tube walls. A blue-shift was observed for a decrease in the 1-D and 2-D TiO2 nanostructure thicknesses, indicating a change in the energy band gap with the change in the size of the TiO2 nanostructures. Indirect and direct interband transitions were used to investigate the change in the energy band gap. The results indicate that both quantum confinement and interband transitions should be considered when the sizes of 1-D and 2-D TiO2 nanostructures are less than 10 nm.

78 FR 12307 - Taylor, G. Tom; Notice of Filing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. ID-5705-001] Taylor, G. Tom; Notice of Filing Take notice that on February 14, 2013, G. Tom Taylor filed an application to hold interlocking positions pursuant to section 305(b) of the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. 825d(b), Part 45 of the...

78 FR 17653 - Wright, Laura H.; Notice of Filing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-22

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. ID-7103-000] Wright, Laura H.; Notice of Filing Take notice that on March 14, 2013, Laura H. Wright filed an application to hold interlocking positions, pursuant to section 305(b) of the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. 825d(b) (2008) and Part...

Laser interlock system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woodruff, Steven D; Mcintyre, Dustin L

2015-01-13

A method and device for providing a laser interlock having a first optical source, a first beam splitter, a second optical source, a detector, an interlock control system, and a means for producing dangerous optical energy. The first beam splitter is optically connected to the first optical source, the first detector and the second optical source. The detector is connected to the interlock control system. The interlock control system is connected to the means for producing dangerous optical energy and configured to terminate its optical energy production upon the detection of optical energy at the detector from the second opticalmore » source below a predetermined detector threshold. The second optical source produces an optical energy in response to optical energy from the first optical source. The optical energy from the second optical source has a different wavelength, polarization, modulation or combination thereof from the optical energy of the first optical source.« less

Investigating locomotion of dairy cows by use of high speed cinematography.

PubMed

Herlin, A H; Drevemo, S

1997-05-01

The longterm influence of management systems on the locomotion of 17 dairy cows was investigated by high speed cinematography (100 frames/s) and kinematic analysis. Angular patterns and hoof trajectories of the left fore- and hindlimbs are presented and statistics made of occurring minimum and maximum angles. At the recording, 3 cows had been kept in tie-stalls (TI) and 6 cows in cubicles (CI) for a consecutive time of about 2.5 years while 8 cows had been kept on grass for about 3 months. Four of the grazing cows had earlier been kept in cubicles (CG) and 4 in tie-stalls (TG) during earlier off grazing seasons together with TI and CI cows. The CI cows had a smaller maximum angle of the elbow joint compared to TI, TG and CG cows. The hock joint angle of the CI cows was less flexed during the stance phase than in TI and CG cows while the minimum angle during the swing phase was greater in the TI and CI cows compared to TG and CG cows. Pastured cows (TG and CG) had a less pronounced flexion of the fetlock joint angle during the stance compared to cows kept indoors (TI and CI). The results suggest that slatted floor and lack of exercise during summer grazing may affect locomotion. This is indicated by restrictions in the movements of the elbow and hock joints and in less fetlock joint flexion at full support.

Enhancement in Thermoelectric Properties of TiS2 by Sn Addition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramakrishnan, Anbalagan; Raman, Sankar; Chen, Li-Chyong; Chen, Kuei-Hsien

2018-06-01

A series of Sn added TiS2 (TiS2:Sn x ; x = 0, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1) were prepared by solid state synthesis with subsequent annealing. The Sn atoms interacted with sulfur atoms in TiS2 and formed a trace amount of misfit layer (SnS)1+m(TiS2-δ)n compound with sulfur deficiency. A significant reduction in electrical resistivity with moderate decrease in the Seebeck coefficient was observed in Sn added TiS2. Hence, a maximum power factor of 1.71 mW/m-K2 at 373 K was obtained in TiS2:Sn0.05. In addition, the thermal conductivity was decreased with Sn addition and reached a minimum value of 2.11 W/m-K at 623 K in TiS2:Sn0.075, due to the impurity phase (misfit phase) and defects (excess Ti) scattering. The zT values increased from 0.08 in pristine TiS2 to an optimized value of 0.46 K at 623 K in TiS2:Sn0.05.

Plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium substrates. Part 2: optimisation of coating properties.

PubMed

Tsui, Y C; Doyle, C; Clyne, T W

1998-11-01

Heat treatment and the introduction of a Ti bond coat have been applied to hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings sprayed using different plasma powers and gas mixtures. Attempts were made in this way to achieve optimal coating properties for orthopaedic implants. In particular, the effects on the degree of crystallinity, the adhesion, the OH ion content and the purity were evaluated. Heat treatment at 700 C for 1 h in air proved to be effective in increasing the crystallinity, regaining the OH- ion and removing other non-HA compounds, although it caused a significant decrease in the degree of adhesion (interfacial fracture toughness) for those specimens sprayed at high powers. This heat treatment was found to induce significant transformation of amorphous HA to the crystalline form, while not detrimentally changing the properties of the underlying Ti-6Al-4V substrates. Precoating with a 100 microm Ti layer increased the adhesion of the HA coatings on Ti-6Al-4V substrates, primarily by providing a rougher surface and promoting better mechanical interlocking. Changes in coating properties during immersion in biological fluids were also studied and were found to depend critically on the chemical composition of the fluids. Small precipitates formed on the coating surfaces when immersed in Ringers solution. These might account for the apparent drop in the degree of crystallinity when measured using X-ray diffraction. A significant drop in the interfacial adhesion was found for those coatings sprayed at high powers. This could be offset by prior precoating with a titanium bond coat and suitable heat treatment. In summary, the following processing sequence is suggested in order to achieve optimum coating properties: precoating the substrate with a layer of Ti (approximately 100 microm), spraying HA at a sufficiently high-power level (depending on particle size and gas mixture) and heat treatment at 700 degrees C for 1 h in air.

Solvothermal synthesis and high optical performance of three-dimensional sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Yi, E-mail: zhouyihn@163.com; Wang, Yutang; Li, Mengyao

Graphical abstract: I–V characteristics of different TiO{sub 2} microspheres based DSSCs (a) 3D sphere-like, (b) 3D flower-like, (c) 3D sea-urchin-like. - Highlights: • 3D sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2} was synthesized by solvothermal method. • The effects of preparation parameters on the microstructure of the microspheres were investigated. • The photoelectric properties of 3D sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2} were studied upon DSSCs. • The PCE of the 3D sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2} was higher than that of other morphologies. - Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2} microspheres were successfully synthesised by solvothermal method. The effects of preparation parameters including reaction temperature, concentration and massmore » fraction of precursor, and solvent volume on the microstructure of the microspheres were investigated. Results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the preparation parameters played a critical role in the morphology of 3D sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2}. In addition, when the sea-urchin-like TiO{sub 2} nanostructures were used as the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) anode, the power-conversion efficiency was higher than that of other morphologies, which was due to the special 3D hierarchical nanostructure, large specific surface area, and enhanced absorption of UV–vis of the TiO{sub 2} nanostructures.« less

49 CFR 1242.17 - Signals and interlockers (accounts XX-17-19 and XX-18-19).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Signals and interlockers (accounts XX-17-19 and XX... RAILROADS 1 Operating Expenses-Way and Structures § 1242.17 Signals and interlockers (accounts XX-17-19 and XX-18-19). Separate common expenses on the basis of the total train-hours in running service, and/or...

A Handbook for Automatic Data Processing Equipment Acquisition.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

Navy ADPE Procurement Policies (Automatic Data Processing Equipment (ADPE) procurement by federal agencies is governed by an interlocking network of...ADPE) procurement by federal agencies is governed by an interlocking network of policies and directives issued by federal agencies, the Department...SECNAVINST) and local procedures governing the acquisition of ADPE. Obtaining and understanding this interlocking network of policies is often difficult

Interlocking wettable ceramic tiles

DOEpatents

Tabereaux, Jr., Alton T.; Fredrickson, Guy L.; Groat, Eric; Mroz, Thomas; Ulicny, Alan; Walker, Mark F.

2005-03-08

An electrolytic cell for the reduction of aluminum having a layer of interlocking cathode tiles positioned on a cathode block. Each tile includes a main body and a vertical restraining member to prevent movement of the tiles away from the cathode block during operation of the cell. The anode of the electrolytic cell may be positioned about 1 inch from the interlocking cathode tiles.

Feasibility Analysis of Moving Bank Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation and Control Algorithms

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

REPRbOtUCED AT’G0VERPKMtNT;_CPWNSV’ C AA :’- 0 a ’i IT .3. :: .. (..• j :. -;-...,, .... ... .. . . LLJ• D ±nUTO STJ ~ N TIC •••,, .TP° DI.TEIIUTOnj...sliding’b tnk estimator/controller j .; compared to a bench- viii mark of a single Kalman filtIr/LQ controller that has (ar- -, tificial) knowledge of...the system under consideration be described by the following: x(ti÷1 ) )s•(ti+÷,ti) j (ti) + Bd(ti)u(ti) Gd(ti)d(ti) 2( H(ti)x(ti) + (ti) where, letting

Handbook of Analytical Methods for Textile Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, Brian N.; Flanagan, Gerry

1997-01-01

The purpose of this handbook is to introduce models and computer codes for predicting the properties of textile composites. The handbook includes several models for predicting the stress-strain response all the way to ultimate failure; methods for assessing work of fracture and notch sensitivity; and design rules for avoiding certain critical mechanisms of failure, such as delamination, by proper textile design. The following textiles received some treatment: 2D woven, braided, and knitted/stitched laminates and 3D interlock weaves, and braids.

Periodic table of 3d-metal dimers and their ions.

PubMed

Gutsev, G L; Mochena, M D; Jena, P; Bauschlicher, C W; Partridge, H

2004-10-08

The ground states of the mixed 3d-metal dimers TiV, TiCr, TiMn, TiFe, TiCo, TiNi, TiCu, TiZn, VCr, VMn, VFe, VCo, VNi, VCu, VZn, CrMn, CrFe, CrCo, CrNi, CrCu, CrZn, MnFe, MnCo, MnNi, MnCu, MnZn, FeCo, FeNi, FeCu, FeZn, CoNi, CoCu, CoZn, NiCu, NiZn, and CuZn along with their singly negatively and positively charged ions are assigned based on the results of computations using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. Except for TiCo and CrMn, our assignment agrees with experiment. Computed spectroscopic constants (r(e),omega(e),D(o)) are in fair agreement with experiment. The ground-state spin multiplicities of all the ions are found to differ from the spin multiplicities of the corresponding neutral parents by +/-1. Except for TiV, MnFe, and MnCu, the number of unpaired electrons, N, in a neutral ground-state dimer is either N(1)+N(2) or mid R:N(1)-N(2)mid R:, where N(1) and N(2) are the numbers of unpaired 3d electrons in the 3d(n)4s(1) occupation of the constituent atoms. Combining the present and previous results obtained at the same level of theory for homonuclear 3d-metal and ScX (X=Ti-Zn) dimers allows one to construct "periodic" tables of all 3d-metal dimers along with their singly charged ions.

Preparation of Nano-TiO₂-Coated SiO₂ Microsphere Composite Material and Evaluation of Its Self-Cleaning Property.

PubMed

Sun, Sijia; Deng, Tongrong; Ding, Hao; Chen, Ying; Chen, Wanting

2017-11-03

In order to improve the dispersion of nano-TiO₂ particles and enhance its self-cleaning properties, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and surface hydrophilicity, we prepared nano-TiO₂-coated SiO₂ microsphere composite self-cleaning materials (SiO₂-TiO₂) by co-grinding SiO₂ microspheres and TiO₂ soliquid and calcining the ground product. The structure, morphology, and self-cleaning properties of the SiO₂-TiO₂ were characterized. The characterization results showed that the degradation efficiency of methyl orange by SiO₂-TiO₂ was 97%, which was significantly higher than that obtained by pure nano-TiO₂. The minimum water contact angle of SiO₂-TiO₂ was 8°, indicating strong hydrophilicity and the good self-cleaning effect. The as-prepared SiO₂-TiO₂ was characterized by the nano-TiO₂ particles uniformly coated on the SiO₂ microspheres and distributed in the gap among the microspheres. The nano-TiO₂ particles were in an anatase phase with the particle size of 15-20 nm. The nano-TiO₂ particles were combined with SiO₂ microspheres via the dehydroxylation of hydroxyl groups on their surfaces.

Plasmonic enhancement of visible-light water splitting with Au-TiO2 composite aerogels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desario, Paul A.; Pietron, Jeremy J.; Devantier, Devyn E.; Brintlinger, Todd H.; Stroud, Rhonda M.; Rolison, Debra R.

2013-08-01

We demonstrate plasmonic enhancement of visible-light-driven splitting of water at three-dimensionally (3D) networked gold-titania (Au-TiO2) aerogels. The sol-gel-derived ultraporous composite nanoarchitecture, which contains 1 to 8.5 wt% Au nanoparticles and titania in the anatase form, retains the high surface area and mesoporosity of unmodified TiO2 aerogels and maintains stable dispersion of the ~5 nm Au guests. A broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) feature centered at ~550 nm is present for the Au-TiO2 aerogels, but not Au-free TiO2 aerogels, and spans a wide range of the visible spectrum. Gold-derived SPR in Au-TiO2 aerogels cast as films on transparent electrodes drives photoelectrochemical oxidation of aqueous hydroxide and extends the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 from the ultraviolet region to visible wavelengths exceeding 700 nm. Films of Au-TiO2 aerogels in which Au nanoparticles are deposited on pre-formed TiO2 aerogels by a deposition-precipitation method (DP Au/TiO2) also photoelectrochemically oxidize aqueous hydroxide, but less efficiently than 3D Au-TiO2, despite having an essentially identical Au nanoparticle weight fraction and size distribution. For example, 3D Au-TiO2 containing 1 wt% Au is as active as DP Au/TiO2 with 4 wt% Au. The higher photocatalytic activity of 3D Au-TiO2 derives only in part from its ability to retain the surface area and porosity of unmodified TiO2 aerogel. The magnitude of improvement indicates that in the 3D arrangement either a more accessible photoelectrochemical reaction interphase (three-phase boundary) exists or more efficient conversion of excited surface plasmons into charge carriers occurs, thereby amplifying reactivity over DP Au/TiO2. The difference in photocatalytic efficiency between the two forms of Au-TiO2 demonstrates the importance of defining the structure of Au||TiO2 interfaces within catalytic Au-TiO2 nanoarchitectures.We demonstrate plasmonic enhancement of visible-light-driven splitting of water at three-dimensionally (3D) networked gold-titania (Au-TiO2) aerogels. The sol-gel-derived ultraporous composite nanoarchitecture, which contains 1 to 8.5 wt% Au nanoparticles and titania in the anatase form, retains the high surface area and mesoporosity of unmodified TiO2 aerogels and maintains stable dispersion of the ~5 nm Au guests. A broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) feature centered at ~550 nm is present for the Au-TiO2 aerogels, but not Au-free TiO2 aerogels, and spans a wide range of the visible spectrum. Gold-derived SPR in Au-TiO2 aerogels cast as films on transparent electrodes drives photoelectrochemical oxidation of aqueous hydroxide and extends the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 from the ultraviolet region to visible wavelengths exceeding 700 nm. Films of Au-TiO2 aerogels in which Au nanoparticles are deposited on pre-formed TiO2 aerogels by a deposition-precipitation method (DP Au/TiO2) also photoelectrochemically oxidize aqueous hydroxide, but less efficiently than 3D Au-TiO2, despite having an essentially identical Au nanoparticle weight fraction and size distribution. For example, 3D Au-TiO2 containing 1 wt% Au is as active as DP Au/TiO2 with 4 wt% Au. The higher photocatalytic activity of 3D Au-TiO2 derives only in part from its ability to retain the surface area and porosity of unmodified TiO2 aerogel. The magnitude of improvement indicates that in the 3D arrangement either a more accessible photoelectrochemical reaction interphase (three-phase boundary) exists or more efficient conversion of excited surface plasmons into charge carriers occurs, thereby amplifying reactivity over DP Au/TiO2. The difference in photocatalytic efficiency between the two forms of Au-TiO2 demonstrates the importance of defining the structure of Au||TiO2 interfaces within catalytic Au-TiO2 nanoarchitectures. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Nitrogen physisorption isotherms; Au4f X-ray photoelectron spectra; TEM-derived distributions of Au size and aspect ratio; relative IPCE enhancement ratio. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01429k

Photocatalytic activity of Ti3+ self-doped dark TiO2 ultrafine nanorods, grey SiO2 nanotwin crystalline, and their composite under visible light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Renhui; Yang, Yingchang; Leng, Senlin; Wang, Qing

2018-04-01

Efficient electron-holes separation is of crucial importance for the improvement of photocatalytic activity for photocatalytic reaction. In this work, dark TiO2 (D-TiO2) nanorods, grey SiO2 (G-SiO2) and D-TiO2/G-SiO2 composite with surface defects are synthesized. We report that the efficiency of photo-generated electrons and holes separation is well enhanced by introducing G-SiO2 into D-TiO2 lattice. Using first-principles method, we find that surface defects (O or Si vacancy) can be conducive to improving the optical absorption under visible-light region. Combination of the experimental results, for D-TiO2/G-SiO2 composite, the surface defects of TiO2 nanocrystallines can significantly improve the photocatalytic efficiency.

Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy Studies on the Bioaccumulation and Tissue Level Absorption of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Daphnia magna.

PubMed

Kwon, Dongwook; Nho, Hyun Woo; Yoon, Tae Hyun

2015-06-01

In this study, bioaccumulation and tissue-level absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in freshwater invertebrates were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The TiO2 NPs were used to test impacts of core sizes (i.e., 5 ± 2 nm and 23 ± 7 nm for TiO2(SYN) and TiO2(P25), respectively) and agglomerations (i.e., well dispersed vs. highly agglomerated) on the uptake of TiO2 NPs in Daphnia magna (D. magna). Highly agglomerated TiO2 NPs, regardless of their core sizes, were heavily taken up into the digestive tract of D. magna and no detectable penetration of both TiO2 NPs into the gut epithelial cells of D. magna was observed in TEM and STXM images. However, significant damages involving morphological changes in the microvilli and gut epithelial cells (e.g., irregular shaped microvilli, epithelial cell protrusion, and dilatation of cytoplasmic inclusion) were observed only with the commercial TiO2 NPs (TiO2(P25)) with larger core size and mixed crystalline phase, while the laboratory synthesized TiO2 NPs (TiO2(Syn)) with smaller core size and single crystalline phase showed slight morphological changes in the gut microvilli and epithelial cells. In the case of D. magna exposed to the well dispersed synthetic TiO2 NP ((Cit)TiO2(Syn)), only a negligible amount of TiO2 NPs were found within the digestive tract of the D. magna without any significant damages in the gut microvilli and epithelial cells and any detectable penetrations of TiO2 NPs into epithelial cells of D. magna gut. These TEM and STXM observations confirmed us that uptake of NP into D. magna are strongly dependent on their agglomeration (i.e., hydrodynamic sizes), rather than their core sizes, while direct penetration of NPs into tissues of digestive tract seems unlikely without significant morphological changes (e.g., collapse of the epithelial tissue) caused by high toxicity of NPs or released metal ions.

Effect of Thickness on the Structure, Composition and Properties of Titanium Nitride Nano-Coatings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, Gustavo; Shutthanandan, V.; Thevuthasan, Suntharampillai

2014-05-05

Titanium nitride (TiNx) coatings were grown by magnetron sputtering onto Si(1 0 0) substrates by varying time of deposition to produce coatings with variable thickness (dTiN) in the range of 20-120 nm. TiNx coatings were characterized by studying their structure, composition, and mechanical properties. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) combined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) analyses indicate that the grown coatings were stoichiometric TiN. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements indicate that the texturing of TiN coatings changes as a function of dTiN. The (1 1 1) and (0 0 2) peaks appear initially; (1 1 1) becomes intense while (0more » 0 2) disappears with increasing dTiN. Dense, columnar grain structure was evident for all the coatings in electron microscopy analyses. The residual stress for TiN coatings with dTiN~120 nm was 1.07 GPa in compression while thinner samples exhibit higher values of stress.« less

Microstructural analysis of Ti/Al/Ti/Au ohmic contacts to n-AlGaN/GaN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, J.; Ivey, D. G.; Bardwell, J.; Liu, Y.; Tang, H.; Webb, J. B.

2002-05-01

To develop high quality AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors for use in high power, high frequency, and high temperature applications, low resistance, thermal stable ohmic contacts with good surface morphology are essential. Low specific contact resistances have been achieved using an Au/Ti/Al/Ti contact: a minimum value of 6.33×10-6 Ω cm2 was attained after annealing at 700 °C for 30 s. Microstructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy indicated that there is significant interaction between the metallization components and the semiconductor during annealing. The optimum electrical properties correspond to a microstructure that consists of Au2Ti and TiAl layers as well as of a thin Ti-rich layer (~10 nm thick) at the metallization/AlGaN interface. Degradation of the contact occurred for annealing temperatures in excess of 750 °C, and was accompanied by decomposition of the AlGaN layer and formation of a Au-Ti-Al-Ga quaternary phase.

Synthesis of three-dimensional AgI@TiO2 nanoparticles with improved photocatalytic performance.

PubMed

An, Changhua; Jiang, Wen; Wang, Jizhuang; Wang, Shutao; Ma, Zhanhua; Li, Yanpeng

2013-06-28

Three-dimensional (3D) TiO2 with an acanthosphere-like morphology composed of nanothorns has been used as a suitable support to fabricate a visible-light-induced 3D AgI@TiO2 nanophotocatalyst. The structural characterization revealed that the size of the obtained AgI@TiO2 nanocomposite was close to that of pristine TiO2 particles, where AgI nanoparticles were evenly dispersed on the surfaces of "thorns" of TiO2. The as-achieved 3D AgI@TiO2 nanophotocatalyst exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance towards photodegradation of organic pollutants, e.g., rhodamine B (RhB), in comparison with TiO2, P25, AgI and AgI@P25 with the same quantity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the strong visible light absorption and the defined interfaces between AgI nanoparticles and TiO2 nanothorns with efficient separation of photogenerated carriers. The excellent performance of the 3D AgI@TiO2 nanophotocatalyst suggests its promising applications in water treatment and environmental remediation.

Ferrocene-containing non-interlocked molecular machines.

PubMed

Scottwell, Synøve Ø; Crowley, James D

2016-02-11

Ferrocene is the prototypical organometallic sandwich complex and despite over 60 years passing since the discovery and elucidation of ferrocene's structure, research into ferrocene-containing compounds continues to grow as potential new applications in catalysis, biology and the material sciences are found. Ferrocene is chemically robust and readily functionalized which enables its facile incorporation into more complex molecular systems. This coupled with ferrocene's reversible redox properties and ability function as a "molecular ball bearing" has led to the use of ferrocene as a component in wide range of interlocked and non-interlocked synthetic molecular machine systems. This review will focus on the exploitation of ferrocene (and related sandwich complexes) for the development of non-interlocked synthetic molecular machines.

Experimental Investigation on the Joining of Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Improved Clinching Process.

PubMed

Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Zhao, Xuzhe; Ishida, Tohru

2017-08-01

Aluminum alloy sheets have been widely used to build the thin-walled structures by mechanical clinching technology in recent years. However, there is an exterior protrusion located on the lower sheet and a pit on the upper sheet, which may restrict the application of the clinching technology in visible areas. In the present study, an improved clinched joint used to join aluminum alloy sheets was investigated by experimental method. The improved clinching process used for joining aluminum alloy evolves through four phases: (a) localized deformation; (b) drawing; (c) backward extrusion; and (d) mechanical interlock forming. A flat surface can be produced using the improved clinching process. Shearing strength, tensile strength, material flow, main geometrical parameters, and failure mode of the improved clinched joint were investigated. The sheet material was compressed to flow radially and upward using a punch, which generated a mechanical interlock by producing severe localized plastic deformation. The neck thickness and interlock of the improved clinched joint were increased by increasing the forming force, which also contributed to increase the strength of the clinched joint. The improved clinched joint can get high shearing strength and tensile strength. Three main failure modes were observed in the failure process, which were neck fracture mode, button separation mode, and mixed failure mode. The improved clinched joint has better joining quality to join aluminum alloy sheets on the thin-walled structures.

Experimental Investigation on the Joining of Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Improved Clinching Process

PubMed Central

Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Zhao, Xuzhe; Ishida, Tohru

2017-01-01

Aluminum alloy sheets have been widely used to build the thin-walled structures by mechanical clinching technology in recent years. However, there is an exterior protrusion located on the lower sheet and a pit on the upper sheet, which may restrict the application of the clinching technology in visible areas. In the present study, an improved clinched joint used to join aluminum alloy sheets was investigated by experimental method. The improved clinching process used for joining aluminum alloy evolves through four phases: (a) localized deformation; (b) drawing; (c) backward extrusion; and (d) mechanical interlock forming. A flat surface can be produced using the improved clinching process. Shearing strength, tensile strength, material flow, main geometrical parameters, and failure mode of the improved clinched joint were investigated. The sheet material was compressed to flow radially and upward using a punch, which generated a mechanical interlock by producing severe localized plastic deformation. The neck thickness and interlock of the improved clinched joint were increased by increasing the forming force, which also contributed to increase the strength of the clinched joint. The improved clinched joint can get high shearing strength and tensile strength. Three main failure modes were observed in the failure process, which were neck fracture mode, button separation mode, and mixed failure mode. The improved clinched joint has better joining quality to join aluminum alloy sheets on the thin-walled structures. PMID:28763027

Stereo imaging and cytocompatibility of a model dental implant surface formed by direct laser fabrication.

PubMed

Mangano, Carlo; Raspanti, Mario; Traini, Tonino; Piattelli, Adriano; Sammons, Rachel

2009-03-01

Direct laser fabrication (DLF) allows solids with complex geometry to be produced by sintering metal powder particles in a focused laser beam. In this study, 10 Ti6Al4V alloy model dental root implants were obtained by DLF, and surface characterization was carried out using stereo scanning electron microscopy to produce 3D reconstructions. The surfaces were extremely irregular, with approximately 100 microm deep, narrow intercommunicating crevices, shallow depressions and deep, rounded pits of widely variable shape and size, showing ample scope for interlocking with the host bone. Roughness parameters were as follows: R(t), 360.8 microm; R(z), 358.4 microm; R(a), 67.4 microm; and R(q), 78.0 microm. Disc specimens produced by DLF with an identically prepared surface were used for biocompatibility studies with rat calvarial osteoblasts: After 9 days, cells had attached and spread on the DLF surface, spanning across the crevices, and voids. Cell density was similar to that on a commercial rough microtextured surface but lower than on commercial smooth machined and smooth-textured grit-blasted, acid-etched surfaces. Human fibrin clot extension on the DLF surface was slightly improved by inorganic acid etching to increase the microroughness. With further refinements, DLF could be an economical means of manufacturing implants from titanium alloys. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

77 FR 21555 - Manning, Richard W.; Notice of Filing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-10

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. ID-6835-001] Manning, Richard W.; Notice of Filing Take notice that on April 2, 2012, Richard W. Manning submitted for filing, an application for authority to hold interlocking positions, pursuant to section 305(b) of the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. 825d(b) (2008) and section...

78 FR 17432 - Kiewit Power Constructors Co. et al.; Application for a Permanent Variance and Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-21

... under Section 6(d) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 655) and 29 CFR 1905.11... that regulate hoist towers. These paragraphs specify the following requirements: (c)(1)--Construction...)--Electrically interlocking entrance doors or gates to the hoistway and cars; (c)(13)--Emergency stop switch...

Outcome of intramedullary interlocking SIGN nail in tibial diaphyseal fracture.

PubMed

Khan, Irfanullah; Javed, Shahzad; Khan, Gauhar Nawaz; Aziz, Amer

2013-03-01

To determine the outcome of intramedullary interlocking surgical implant generation network (SIGN) nail in diaphyseal tibial fractures in terms of union and failure of implant (breakage of nail or interlocking screws). Case series. Orthopaedics and Spinal Surgery, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, from September 2008 to August 2009. Fifty patients aged 14 - 60 years, of either gender were included, who had closed and Gustilo type I and II open fractures reported in 2 weeks, whose closed reduction was not possible or was unsatisfactory and fracture was located 7 cm below knee joint to 7 cm above ankle joint. Fractures previously treated with external fixator, infected fractures and unfit patients were excluded. All fractures were fixed with intramedullary interlocking SIGN nail and were followed clinically and radiographically for union and for any implant failure. Forty one (88%) patients had united fracture within 6 months, 5 (10%) patients had delayed union while 4 (8%) patients had non-union. Mean duration for achieving union was 163 + 30.6 days. Interlocking screws were broken in 2 patients while no nail was broken in any patient. Intramedullary interlocking nailing is an effective measure in treating closed and grade I and II open tibial fractures. It provides a high rate of union less complications and early return to function.

Optical Properties of TiO2-SiO2 Glass Over a Wide Spectral Range

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith,D.; Black, C.; Homes, C.

Optical properties of vitreous SiO{sub 2} with 7.4 wt.% TiO{sub 2} are found by dispersion analysis of reflectivity measured in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet augmented with literature values of vacuum-ultraviolet reflectivity and absorption. The principal infrared absorption associated with the titanium dopant occurs at 950 cm{sup -1} in a deep minimum of the host silica absorption. We attribute this to a perturbation of the silica's absorption at 1076 cm{sup -1} involving oxygen atoms bridging SiO{sub 4} and TiO{sub 4} tetrahedra. Strong ultraviolet absorptions of Ti{sup 4+} occur just below the silica exciton peak between 5.5 and 7.8 eV. Wemore » attribute these to charge-transfer transitions at TiO{sub 4} tetrahedra; i.e., bound excitons consisting of a Ti{sup 3+} ion and a hole shared by four oxygen neighbours.« less

Novel three-dimensional dandelion-like TiO{sub 2} structure with high photocatalytic activity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bai Xuelian; Xie Bin; Pan Nan

2008-03-15

Pure rutile phase crystalline TiO{sub 2} powder with novel 3D dandelion-like structure was synthesized by using a facile hydrothermal method with TiCl{sub 3} as the main starting material. In such a 3D structure, the nanometer-scale construction elements aggregate together and form a micrometer-scale artificial unit. The typical 3D dandelion structure has an average diameter of 1.5-2 {mu}m and is packed radially by nanorods with [001] preference growth direction. Each individual nanorod is hundreds of nanometers in length, and tens of nanometers in diameter. The obtained 3D dandelion-like TiO{sub 2} powder has a high photocatalytic activity, which is equivalent to thatmore » of the commercial available P25 titania powder. Mechanisms of the formation of the dandelion-like structure were also discussed. A different oxidation process of Ti(III) to Ti(IV) during hydrothermal was suggested. - Graphical abstract: Rutile-phase TiO{sub 2} powders with novel 3D dandelion-like structures were synthesized. This kind of 3D artificial hierarchical titania structure has the advantage of reserving the novel nanometer-scale properties while providing us the easiness of storing and handling as we routinely enjoyed for the micrometer-scale materials. A different oxidation process of Ti(III) to Ti(IV) during hydrothermal process was suggested.« less

Strong efficiency improvement in dye-sensitized solar cells by novel multi-dimensional TiO2 photoelectrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Fengyang; Ma, Rong; Jiang, Yongjian

2018-03-01

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) often exhibit superior power conversion performance. Here we report a DSSC with novel hierarchical TiO2 composite structure (TCS) composed of anatase TiO2 micro-spheres and rutile TiO2 nanobelt framework by hydrothermal approach for high-performance. As photoanode, the TCS based DSSC shows a strong efficiency enhancement by 58% compared with Degussa TiO2 (P25)-DSSC (4.33%). The excellent performance is mainly attribute to its special multi-dimensional structures of TiO2: much active sites of 0D nanoparticle with exposed excellent {001} facet, special electronic transmission channel of 1D nanobelt, good dye adsorption capacity of 2D nanosheet and high light scattering ability of 3D micro-spheres. The novel multi-dimensional TCS materials will open up a new avenue to the electronic devices fields.

D-sorbitol-induced phase control of TiO2 nanoparticles and its application for dye-sensitized solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaikh, Shoyebmohamad F.; Mane, Rajaram S.; Min, Byoung Koun; Hwang, Yun Jeong; Joo, Oh-Shim

2016-02-01

Using a simple hydrothermal synthesis, the crystal structure of TiO2 nanoparticles was controlled from rutile to anatase using a sugar alcohol, D-sorbitol. Adding small amounts of D-sorbitol to an aqueous TiCl4 solution resulted in changes in the crystal phase, particle size, and surface area by affecting the hydrolysis rate of TiCl4. These changes led to improvements of the solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiency (η) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) fabricated using these nanoparticles. A postulated reaction mechanism concerning the role of D-sorbitol in the formation of rutile and anatase was proposed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering analyses were used to better understand the interaction between the Ti precursor and D-sorbitol. The crystal phase and size of the synthesized TiO2 nanocrystallites as well as photovoltaic performance of the DSSC were examined using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and photocurrent density-applied voltage spectroscopy measurement techniques. The DSSC fabricated using the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of D-sorbitol, exhibited an enhanced η (6%, 1.5-fold improvement) compared with the device fabricated using the rutile TiO2 synthesized without D-sorbitol.

Effect of TiN coating on microstructure of Tif/Al composite.

PubMed

Xiu, Z Y; Chen, G Q; Wang, M; Hussain, Murid

2013-02-01

In the present work, Ti fibre reinforced Al matrix composites (Ti(f)/Al) were fabricated by pressure infiltration method. In order to suppress the severe Ti-Al reaction and reduce the formation of brittle TiAl(3) phase, a TiN layer was coated on Ti fibres by an arc ion plating method before composite preparation. A thin TiN layer was coated on the Ti fibre surface, and the maximum and minimum thickness values of layer were about 3.5 and 1μm, respectively. Prefer orientation of TiN on (111) and (200) was found by XRD analysis. A thin and uniform TiAl(3) layer was observed in Ti(f)/Al composite. However, after coated with TiN layer, no significant reaction layer was found in (Ti(f)+TiN)/Al composite. Segregation of Mg element was found in Ti(f)/Al composite, and the presence of TiN layer showed little effect on this behaviour. Due to the large CTE difference between Ti fibre and Al matrix, high density dislocations were observed in the Al matrix. Meanwhile, fine dispersed Mg(2)Al(3) phases were also found in Al matrix. Ti fibre is mainly composed of α- and β-Ti. Small discontinuous needle-like TiAl(3) phases were detected at TiN/Al interface, which implies that the presence of TiN layer between the Ti fibre and Al matrix could effectively hinder the formation of TiAl(3) phases. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Theater of Operations Dental Work Load Estimation

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-01

such as clinical dental work, forensic dental identification, civic action ’programs, treatment of prisoners of war, dental laboratory services, medical...SED 193 0.3 115.8 0.2 9233 INHAL SED ANALGESIA 4085 7.0 3268.0 5.6 񕐲 ORAL SED 994 107 298.2’ 0.5 9235 HYPNOSIS 58 0.1 52.2 0.1 9610 THERAP MED

Contingency Contracting Customer Guide

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-12-01

I CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING CUSTOMER GUIDE PROJECT NUMBER: LC9619100 PROJECT MANAGER: CAPT TOM SNYDER TEAM MEMBERS MAJ JOHN PERRY CAPT ROBBIN VAUGHN...Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Contracting Deployment Customer Guide 6. AUTHOR(S) Capt.Thomas J. Snyder, AFLMA/LGC, DSN 596-4085 7...individual customers on the process, the customer support guide provides the necessary explanations without straining valuable manpower resources. The

New FCC Mg–Zr and Mg–Zr–ti deuterides obtained by reactive milling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guzik, Matylda N., E-mail: matylda.guzik@ife.no; Deledda, Stefano; Sørby, Magnus H.

2015-03-15

Results for binary Mg–Zr and ternary Mg–Zr–Ti mixtures ball milled at room temperature under reactive deuterium atmosphere (5.6–6.7 MPa) are reported. X-ray and neutron powder diffraction combined with Rietveld refinements show that two new cubic phases were formed during milling. Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.60}D{sub 1.78} and Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.26}Ti{sub 0.34}D{sub 1.98} crystallize with disordered face centered cubic metal atom arrangements. Results of differential scanning calorimetry and termogravimetric measurements demonstrate that both deuterides desorb deuterium at lower temperatures than MgD{sub 2}, ZrD{sub 2} or TiD{sub 2}; 528 and 575 K in the Mg–Zr–D and Mg–Zr–Ti–D system, respectively. Interestingly, Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.26}Ti{sub 0.34}D{submore » 1.98} stores deuterium reversibly at 673 K and 10 MPa of D{sub 2}. - Graphical abstract: High resolution SR-PXD patterns obtained for Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.60}D{sub 1.78} and first time reported Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.26}Ti{sub 0.34}D{sub 1.98}. - Highlights: • Synthesis and characterization of Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.60}D{sub 1.78} and Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.26}Ti{sub 0.34}D{sub 1.98}. • New deuterides obtained by milling under H{sub 2} gas pressure in the order of a few MPa. • Phases desorb deuterium at temperature lower than corresponding binary deuterides. • Mg{sub 0.40}Zr{sub 0.26}Ti{sub 0.34}D{sub 1.98} stores hydrogen reversibly at 673 K and 10 MPa of D{sub 2}.« less

Evaluating the morphological completeness of a training image.

PubMed

Gao, Mingliang; Teng, Qizhi; He, Xiaohai; Feng, Junxi; Han, Xue

2017-05-01

Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) stochastic structure of a porous medium is helpful for studying its physical properties. A 3D stochastic structure can be reconstructed from a two-dimensional (2D) training image (TI) using mathematical modeling. In order to predict what specific morphology belonging to a TI can be reconstructed at the 3D orthogonal slices by the method of 3D reconstruction, this paper begins by introducing the concept of orthogonal chords. After analyzing the relationship among TI morphology, orthogonal chords, and the 3D morphology of orthogonal slices, a theory for evaluating the morphological completeness of a TI is proposed for the cases of three orthogonal slices and of two orthogonal slices. The proposed theory is evaluated using four TIs of porous media that represent typical but distinct morphological types. The significance of this theoretical evaluation lies in two aspects: It allows special morphologies, for which the attributes of a TI can be reconstructed at a special orthogonal slice of a 3D structure, to be located and quantified, and it can guide the selection of an appropriate reconstruction method for a special TI.

A 3D heterogeneous FeTiO3/TiO2@C fiber membrane as a self-standing anode for power Li-ion battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jing-quan; Jing, Mao-xiang; Han, Chong; Yao, Shan-shan; Zhai, Hong-ai; Chen, Li-li; Shen, Xiang-qian; Xiao, Ke-song

2018-04-01

A three-dimensional (3D) networking FeTiO3/TiO2@C flexible fiber membrane was successfully fabricated by an electrospinning process and a controlled hot-press sintering method. This FeTiO3/TiO2@C fiber membrane displays a long-range continuous conductive networks, which can be directly used as self-standing anodes. The electrode sintered at 750 °C for 3 h possesses a reversible capacity of 205.4 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 300 mA/g. The superior cycle and rate performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of little volume variation of TiO2 matrix, high capacity of FeTiO3 and good electrical conductivity of 3D networking.

Conductors for commercial MRI magnets beyond NbTi: requirements and challenges.

PubMed

Parizh, Michael; Lvovsky, Yuri; Sumption, Michael

2017-01-01

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a powerful medical diagnostic tool, is the largest commercial application of superconductivity. The superconducting magnet is the largest and most expensive component of an MRI system. The magnet configuration is determined by competing requirements including optimized functional performance, patient comfort, ease of siting in a hospital environment, minimum acquisition and lifecycle cost including service. In this paper, we analyze conductor requirements for commercial MRI magnets beyond traditional NbTi conductors, while avoiding links to a particular magnet configuration or design decisions. Potential conductor candidates include MgB 2 , ReBCO and BSCCO options. The analysis shows that no MRI-ready non-NbTi conductor is commercially available at the moment. For some conductors, MRI specifications will be difficult to achieve in principle. For others, cost is a key barrier. In some cases, the prospects for developing an MRI-ready conductor are more favorable, but significant developments are still needed. The key needs include the development of, or significant improvements in: (a) conductors specifically designed for MRI applications, with form-fit-and-function readily integratable into the present MRI magnet technology with minimum modifications. Preferably, similar conductors should be available from multiple vendors; (b) conductors with improved quench characteristics, i.e. the ability to carry significant current without damage while in the resistive state; (c) insulation which is compatible with manufacturing and refrigeration technologies; (d) dramatic increases in production and long-length quality control, including large-volume conductor manufacturing technology. In-situ MgB 2 is, perhaps, the closest to meeting commercial and technical requirements to become suitable for commercial MRI. Conductor technology is an important, but not the only, issue in introduction of HTS / MgB 2 conductor into commercial MRI magnets. These new conductors, even when they meet the above requirements, will likely require numerous modifications and developments in the associated magnet technology.

Conductors for commercial MRI magnets beyond NbTi: requirements and challenges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parizh, Michael; Lvovsky, Yuri; Sumption, Michael

2017-01-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a powerful medical diagnostic tool, is the largest commercial application of superconductivity. The superconducting magnet is the largest and most expensive component of an MRI system. The magnet configuration is determined by competing requirements including optimized functional performance, patient comfort, ease of siting in a hospital environment, minimum acquisition and lifecycle cost including service. In this paper, we analyze conductor requirements for commercial MRI magnets beyond traditional NbTi conductors, while avoiding links to a particular magnet configuration or design decisions. Potential conductor candidates include MgB2, ReBCO and BSCCO options. The analysis shows that no MRI-ready non-NbTi conductor is commercially available at the moment. For some conductors, MRI specifications will be difficult to achieve in principle. For others, cost is a key barrier. In some cases, the prospects for developing an MRI-ready conductor are more favorable, but significant developments are still needed. The key needs include the development of, or significant improvements in: (a) conductors specifically designed for MRI applications, with form-fit-and-function readily integratable into the present MRI magnet technology with minimum modifications. Preferably, similar conductors should be available from multiple vendors; (b) conductors with improved quench characteristics, i.e. the ability to carry significant current without damage while in the resistive state; (c) insulation which is compatible with manufacturing and refrigeration technologies; (d) dramatic increases in production and long-length quality control, including large-volume conductor manufacturing technology. In-situ MgB2 is, perhaps, the closest to meeting commercial and technical requirements to become suitable for commercial MRI. Conductor technology is an important, but not the only, issue in introduction of HTS/MgB2 conductor into commercial MRI magnets. These new conductors, even when they meet the above requirements, will likely require numerous modifications and developments in the associated magnet technology.

Conductors for commercial MRI magnets beyond NbTi: requirements and challenges

PubMed Central

Parizh, Michael; Lvovsky, Yuri; Sumption, Michael

2016-01-01

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a powerful medical diagnostic tool, is the largest commercial application of superconductivity. The superconducting magnet is the largest and most expensive component of an MRI system. The magnet configuration is determined by competing requirements including optimized functional performance, patient comfort, ease of siting in a hospital environment, minimum acquisition and lifecycle cost including service. In this paper, we analyze conductor requirements for commercial MRI magnets beyond traditional NbTi conductors, while avoiding links to a particular magnet configuration or design decisions. Potential conductor candidates include MgB2, ReBCO and BSCCO options. The analysis shows that no MRI-ready non-NbTi conductor is commercially available at the moment. For some conductors, MRI specifications will be difficult to achieve in principle. For others, cost is a key barrier. In some cases, the prospects for developing an MRI-ready conductor are more favorable, but significant developments are still needed. The key needs include the development of, or significant improvements in: (a) conductors specifically designed for MRI applications, with form-fit-and-function readily integratable into the present MRI magnet technology with minimum modifications. Preferably, similar conductors should be available from multiple vendors; (b) conductors with improved quench characteristics, i.e. the ability to carry significant current without damage while in the resistive state; (c) insulation which is compatible with manufacturing and refrigeration technologies; (d) dramatic increases in production and long-length quality control, including large-volume conductor manufacturing technology. In-situ MgB2 is, perhaps, the closest to meeting commercial and technical requirements to become suitable for commercial MRI. Conductor technology is an important, but not the only, issue in introduction of HTS / MgB2 conductor into commercial MRI magnets. These new conductors, even when they meet the above requirements, will likely require numerous modifications and developments in the associated magnet technology. PMID:28626340

PROCESS SIMULATION OF COLD PRESSING OF ARMSTRONG CP-Ti POWDERS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sabau, Adrian S; Gorti, Sarma B; Peter, William H

A computational methodology is presented for the process simulation of cold pressing of Armstrong CP-Ti Powders. The computational model was implemented in the commercial finite element program ABAQUSTM. Since the powder deformation and consolidation is governed by specific pressure-dependent constitutive equations, several solution algorithms were developed for the ABAQUS user material subroutine, UMAT. The solution algorithms were developed for computing the plastic strain increments based on an implicit integration of the nonlinear yield function, flow rule, and hardening equations that describe the evolution of the state variables. Since ABAQUS requires the use of a full Newton-Raphson algorithm for the stress-strainmore » equations, an algorithm for obtaining the tangent/linearization moduli, which is consistent with the return-mapping algorithm, also was developed. Numerical simulation results are presented for the cold compaction of the Ti powders. Several simulations were conducted for cylindrical samples with different aspect ratios. The numerical simulation results showed that for the disk samples, the minimum von Mises stress was approximately half than its maximum value. The hydrostatic stress distribution exhibits a variation smaller than that of the von Mises stress. It was found that for the disk and cylinder samples the minimum hydrostatic stresses were approximately 23 and 50% less than its maximum value, respectively. It was also found that the minimum density was noticeably affected by the sample height.« less

Peri-Implant Distribution of Polyethylene Debris in Postmortem-Retrieved Knee Arthroplasties: Can Polyethylene Debris Explain Loss of Cement-Bone Interlock in Successful Total Knee Arthroplasties?

PubMed

Cyndari, Karen I; Goodheart, Jacklyn R; Miller, Mark A; Oest, Megan E; Damron, Timothy A; Mann, Kenneth A

2017-07-01

Loss of mechanical interlock between cement and bone with in vivo service has been recently quantified for functioning, nonrevised, cemented total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). The cause of interlocking trabecular resorption is not known. The goal of this study is to quantify the distribution of PE debris at the cement-bone interface and determine if polyethylene (PE) debris is locally associated with loss of interlock. Fresh, nonrevised, postmortem-retrieved TKAs (n = 8) were obtained en bloc. Laboratory-prepared constructs (n = 2) served as negative controls. The intact cement-bone interface of each proximal tibia was embedded in Spurr's resin, sectioned, and imaged under polarized light to identify birefringent PE particles. PE wear particle number density was quantified at the cement-bone interface and distal to the interface, and then compared with local loss of cement-bone interlock. The average PE particle number density for postmortem-retrieved TKAs ranged from 8.6 (1.3) to 24.9 (3.1) particles/mm 2 (standard error) but was weakly correlated with years in service. The average particle number density was twice as high as distal (>5mm) to the interface compared to at the interface. The local loss of interlock at the interface was not related to the presence, absence, or particle density of PE. PE debris can migrate extensively along the cement-bone interface of well-fixed tibial components. However, the amount of local bone loss at the cement-bone interface was not correlated with the amount of PE debris at the interface, suggesting that the observed loss of trabecular interlock in these well-fixed TKAs may be due to alternative factors. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thermostructural Properties Of Sic/Sic Panels With 2.5d And 3d Fiber Architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yun, H. M.; DeCarlo, J. A.; Bhatt, R. H.; Jaskowiak, M. H.

2005-01-01

CMC hot-section components in advanced engines for power and propulsion will typically require high cracking strength, high ultimate strength and strain, high creep- rupture resistance, and high thermal conductivity in all directions. In the past, NASA has demonstrated fabrication of a variety of SiC/SiC flat panels and round tubes with various 2D fiber architectures using the high-modulus high-performance Sylramic-iBN Sic fiber and Sic-based matrices derived by CVI, MI, and/or PIP processes. The thermo- mechanical properties of these CMC have shown state-of-the-art performance, but primarily in the in-plane directions. Currently NASA is extending the thermostructural capability of these SiC/SiC systems in the thru-thickness direction by using various 2.5D and 3D fiber architectures. NASA is also using specially designed fabrication steps to optimize the properties of the BN-based interphase and Sic-based matrices. In this study, Sylramic-iBN/SiC panels with 2D plain weave, 2.5D satin weave, 2.5D ply-to-ply interlock weave, and 3D angle interlock fiber architectures, all woven at AITI, were fabricated using matrix densification routes previously established between NASA and GEPSC for CVI-MI processes and between NASA and Starfire-Systems for PIP processes. Introduction of the 2.5 D fiber architecture along with an improved matrix process was found to increase inter-laminar tensile strength from 1.5 -2 to 3 - 4 ksi and thru-thickness thermal conductivity from 15-20 to 30-35 BTU/ft.hr.F with minimal reduction in in-plane strength and creep-rupture properties. Such improvements should reduce thermal stresses and increase the thermostructural operating envelope for SiC/SiC engine components. These results are analyzed to offer general guidelines for selecting fiber architectures and constituent processes for high-performance SiC/SiC engine components.

Characterization of Friction Welded Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel with a Novel Interlayer Geometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, R.; Balasubramanian, M.

The main purpose of the current research work is to identify and investigate a novel method of holding an intermediate metal and to evaluate its metallurgical and mechanical properties. Copper was used as an interlayer material for the welding of this dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V (Ti alloy) and 304L stainless steel (SS). The study shows that the input parameters and surface geometry played a very significant role in producing a good quality joints with minimum heat affected zone and metal loss. A sound weld was achieved between Ti-6Al-4V and SS304L, on the basis of the earlier experiments conducted by the authors in their laboratory, by using copper rod as intermediate metal. Box-Behnken method was used for performing a minimum number of experiments for the study. In the present study, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and SS304L were joined by a novel method of holding the interlayer and new surface geometry for the interlayer. Initially, the drop test was used for determining the quality of the fabricated joint and, subsequently, non-destructive techniques like radiography and C-scan were used. Further optical micrograph, SEM-EDS, hardness and tensile test were done for understanding the performance of the joint.

Global ice-sheet system interlocked by sea level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Denton, George H.; Hughes, Terence J.; Karlén, Wibjörn

1986-07-01

Denton and Hughes (1983, Quaternary Research20, 125-144) postulated that sea level linked a global ice-sheet system with both terrestrial and grounded marine components during late Quaternary ice ages. Summer temperature changes near Northern Hemisphere melting margins initiated sea-level fluctuations that controlled marine components in both polar hemispheres. It was further proposed that variations of this ice-sheet system amplified and transmitted Milankovitch summer half-year insolation changes between 45 and 75°N into global climatic changes. New tests of this hypothesis implicate sea level as a major control of the areal extent of grounded portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, thus fitting the concept of a globally interlocked ice-sheet system. But recent atmospheric modeling results ( Manabe and Broccoli, 1985, Journal of Geophysical Research90, 2167-2190) suggest that factors other than areal changes of the grounded Antarctic Ice Sheet strongly influenced Southern Hemisphere climate and terminated the last ice age simultaneously in both polar hemispheres. Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked to high-latitude oceans is the most likely candidate ( Shackleton and Pisias, 1985, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In "The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present" (E. T. Sundquest and W. S. Broecker, Eds.), pp. 303-318. Geophysical Monograph 32, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.), but another potential influence was high-frequency climatic oscillations (2500 yr). It is postulated that variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide acted through an Antarctic ice shelf linked to the grounded ice sheet to produce and terminate Southern Hemisphere ice-age climate. It is further postulated that Milankovitch summer insolation combined with a warm high-frequency oscillation caused marked recession of Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet melting margins and the North Atlantic polar front about 14,000 14C yr B.P. This permitted renewed formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, which could well have controlled atmospheric carbon dioxide ( W. S. Broecker, D. M. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985, Nature ( London) 315, 21-26). Combined melting and consequent sea-level rise from the three warming factors initiated irreversible collapse of the interlocked global ice-sheet system, which was at its largest but most vulnerable configuration.

Interlocking egg-crate type grid assembly

DOEpatents

Kast, Steven J.

1987-01-01

Disclosed is an interlocking egg-crate hexagonal grid for supporting a nuclear fuel pin in a hexagonal array. The grid is formed from strips bent at an angle of about 120.degree. at each vertex. Over some faces of each hexagonal cell the strips are coplanar but are arranged, by stacking and interlocking, to avoid any double thickness of metal in that plane. Springs and dimples are formed in the faces of each cell to hold the fuel pin substantially centered.

Interlocking egg-crate type grid assembly

DOEpatents

Kast, S.J.

1985-03-15

Disclosed is an interlocking egg-crate hexagonal grid for supporting a nuclear fuel pin in a hexagonal array. The grid is formed from strips bent at an angle of about 120/sup 0/ at each vertex. Over some faces of each hexagonal cell the strips are coplanar but are arranged, by stacking interlocking, to avoid any double thickness of metal in that plane. Springs and dimples are formed in the faces of each cell to hold the fuel pin substantially centered.

Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen and Refractory Material on TiN Formation and Equiaxed Grain Structure of Ferritic Stainless Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Mun Hyung; Park, Joo Hyun

2018-06-01

The effect of nitrogen content on the formation of an equiaxed solidification structure of Fe-16Cr steel was investigated. Moreover, two different kinds of refractory materials, i.e., alumina and magnesia, were employed to control the type of oxide inclusion. The characteristics of TiN(-oxide) inclusions were quantitatively analyzed in both molten steel and solidified samples. When the melting was carried out in the alumina refractory, the grain size continuously decreased with increasing nitrogen content. However, a minimum grain size was observed at a specific nitrogen content (approx. 150 ppm) when the steel was melted in the magnesia refractory. Most of the single TiN particles had a cuboidal shape and fine irregularly shaped particles were located along the grain boundary due to the microsegregation of Ti at the grain boundary during solidification. The type of TiN-oxide hybrid inclusion was strongly affected by the refractory material where Al2O3-TiN and MgAl2O4-TiN hybrid-type inclusions were obtained in the alumina and magnesia refractory experiments, respectively. The formation of oxide inclusions was well predicted by thermochemical computations and it was commonly found that oxide particles were initially formed, followed by the nucleation and growth of TiN. When the nitrogen content increased, the number density of TiN linearly increased in the alumina refractory experiments. However, the number of TiN exhibits a maximum at about [N] = 150 ppm, at which a minimum grain size was obtained in the magnesia refractory experiments. Therefore, the larger the number density of TiN, the smaller the primary grain size after solidification. The number density of TiN in the steel melted in the magnesia refractory was greater than that in the steel melted in the alumina refractory at given Ti and N contents, which was due to the lower planar lattice disregistry of MgAl2O4-TiN interface rather than that of Al2O3-TiN interface. When Δ T TiN (= difference between the TiN precipitation temperature and the liquidus of the steel) was 20 K to 40 K, the number density of effective TiN was maximized and thus, the grain size was minimized after solidification. Finally, although most of the TiN particles were smaller than 1 μm in the molten steel samples irrespective of the nitrogen content, TiN particles larger than 10 μm were observed in the solidified samples when the nitrogen content was greater than 150 ppm. The growth of TiN particles during melting and solidification was well predicted by the combinatorial simulation of the `Ostwald ripening model' based on the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory in conjunction with the `Diffusion controlled model' using Ohnaka's microsegregation equation.

Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen and Refractory Material on TiN Formation and Equiaxed Grain Structure of Ferritic Stainless Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Mun Hyung; Park, Joo Hyun

2018-03-01

The effect of nitrogen content on the formation of an equiaxed solidification structure of Fe-16Cr steel was investigated. Moreover, two different kinds of refractory materials, i.e., alumina and magnesia, were employed to control the type of oxide inclusion. The characteristics of TiN(-oxide) inclusions were quantitatively analyzed in both molten steel and solidified samples. When the melting was carried out in the alumina refractory, the grain size continuously decreased with increasing nitrogen content. However, a minimum grain size was observed at a specific nitrogen content (approx. 150 ppm) when the steel was melted in the magnesia refractory. Most of the single TiN particles had a cuboidal shape and fine irregularly shaped particles were located along the grain boundary due to the microsegregation of Ti at the grain boundary during solidification. The type of TiN-oxide hybrid inclusion was strongly affected by the refractory material where Al2O3-TiN and MgAl2O4-TiN hybrid-type inclusions were obtained in the alumina and magnesia refractory experiments, respectively. The formation of oxide inclusions was well predicted by thermochemical computations and it was commonly found that oxide particles were initially formed, followed by the nucleation and growth of TiN. When the nitrogen content increased, the number density of TiN linearly increased in the alumina refractory experiments. However, the number of TiN exhibits a maximum at about [N] = 150 ppm, at which a minimum grain size was obtained in the magnesia refractory experiments. Therefore, the larger the number density of TiN, the smaller the primary grain size after solidification. The number density of TiN in the steel melted in the magnesia refractory was greater than that in the steel melted in the alumina refractory at given Ti and N contents, which was due to the lower planar lattice disregistry of MgAl2O4-TiN interface rather than that of Al2O3-TiN interface. When ΔT TiN (= difference between the TiN precipitation temperature and the liquidus of the steel) was 20 K to 40 K, the number density of effective TiN was maximized and thus, the grain size was minimized after solidification. Finally, although most of the TiN particles were smaller than 1 μm in the molten steel samples irrespective of the nitrogen content, TiN particles larger than 10 μm were observed in the solidified samples when the nitrogen content was greater than 150 ppm. The growth of TiN particles during melting and solidification was well predicted by the combinatorial simulation of the `Ostwald ripening model' based on the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory in conjunction with the `Diffusion controlled model' using Ohnaka's microsegregation equation.

Resin transfer molding of textile composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Falcone, Anthony; Dursch, Harry; Nelson, Karl; Avery, William

1993-01-01

The design and manufacture of textile composite panels, tubes, and angle sections that were provided to NASA for testing and evaluation are documented. The textile preform designs and requirements were established by NASA in collaboration with Boeing and several vendors of textile reinforcements. The following four types of preform architectures were used: stitched uniweave, 2D-braids, 3D-braids, and interlock weaves. The preforms consisted primarily of Hercules AS4 carbon fiber; Shell RSL-1895 resin was introduced using a resin transfer molding process. All the finished parts were inspected using ultrasonics.

Intimate contacted two-dimensional/zero-dimensional composite of bismuth titanate nanosheets supported ultrafine bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles for enhanced antibiotic residue degradation.

PubMed

Liu, Wenwen; Dai, Zhiqiang; Liu, Yi; Zhu, Anquan; Zhong, Donglin; Wang, Juan; Pan, Jun

2018-05-31

Constructing a two-dimensional/zero-dimensional (2D/0D) composite with matched crystal structure, suitable energy band structure as well as intimate contact interface is an effective way to improve carriers separation for achieving highly photocatalytic performance. In this work, a novel bismuth titanate/bismuth oxychloride (Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl) composite consisting of 2D Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets and 0D BiOCl nanoparticles was constructed for the first time. Germinating ultrafine BiOCl nanoparticles on Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets can provide abundant contact interface and shorten migration distance of photoinduced carriers via two-step synthesis contained molten salt process and facile chemical transformation process. The obtained Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl 2D/0D composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance for antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. The rate constant of optimal Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl composite was about 4.4 times higher than that of bare Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 although Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 /BiOCl composite appeared lesser photoabsorption. The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be mainly ascribed to matched crystal structure, suitable energy band structure and intimate contact interface between Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets and ultrafine BiOCl nanoparticles as well as unique 2D/0D composite structure. Besides, a probable degradation mechanism on the basis of active species trapping experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent responses and energy band structures was proposed. This work may be stretched to other 2D/0D composite photocatalysts construction, which is inspiring for antibiotic residue treatment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

One-dimensional TiO2 nanomaterials: preparation and catalytic applications.

PubMed

Wu, Yu; Yu, Jie; Liu, Hong-Mei; Xu, Bo-Qing

2010-10-01

This work reports on the syntheses of one-dimensional (1D) H2Ti3O7 materials (nanotubes, nanowires and their mixtures) by autoclaving anatase titania (Raw-TiO2) in NaOH-containing ethanol-water solutions, followed by washing with acid solution. The synthesized nanosized materials were characterized using XRD, TEM/HRTEM, BET and TG techniques. The autoclaving temperature (120-180 degrees C) and ethanol-to-water ratio (V(EtOH)/V(H2O) = 0/60 approximately 30/30) were shown to be critical to the morphology of H2Ti3O7 product. The obtained H2Ti3O7 nanostructures were calcined at 400-900 degrees C to prepare 1D-TiO2 nanomaterials. H2Ti3O7 nanotubes were converted to anatase nanorods while H2Ti3O7 nanowires to TiO2(B) nanowires after the calcination at 400 degrees C. The calcination at higher temperatures led to gradual decomposition of the wires to rods and phase transformation from TiO2(B) to anatase then to rutile. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was conducted to compare the photocatalytic activity of these 1D materials. These 1D materials were used as new support to prepare Au/TiO2 catalysts for CO oxidation at 0 degrees C and 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation at 120 degrees C. For the CO oxidation reaction, Au particles supported on anatase nanorods derived from the H2Ti3O7 nanotubes (Au/W-180-400) were 1.6 times active that in Au/P25-TiO2, 4 times that in Au/Raw-TiO2, and 8 times that on TiO2(B) nanowires derived from the H2Ti3O7 nanotubes (Au/M-180-400). For the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene, however, the activity of Au particles in Au/M-180-400 was 3 times higher than those in Au/W-180-400 but similar to those in Au/P25-TiO2. These results demonstrate that the potential of 1D-TiO2 nanomaterials in catalysis is versatile.

Binding of anions in triply interlocked coordination catenanes and dynamic allostery for dehalogenation reactions.

PubMed

Yang, Linlin; Jing, Xu; An, Bowen; He, Cheng; Yang, Yang; Duan, Chunying

2018-01-28

By synergistic combination of multicomponent self-assembly and template-directed approaches, triply interlocked metal organic catenanes that consist of two isolated chirally identical tetrahedrons were constructed and stabilized as thermodynamic minima. In the presence of suitable template anions, the structural conversion from the isolated tetrahedral conformers into locked catenanes occurred via the cleavage of an intrinsically reversible coordination bond in each of the tetrahedrons, followed by the reengineering and interlocking of two fragments with the regeneration of the broken coordination bonds. The presence of several kinds of individual pocket that were attributed to the triply interlocked patterns enabled the possibility of encapsulating different anions, allowing the dynamic allostery between the unlocked/locked conformers to promote the dehalogenation reaction of 3-bromo-cyclohexene efficiently, as with the use of dehalogenase enzymes. The interlocked structures could be unlocked into two individual tetrahedrons through removal of the well-matched anion templates. The stability and reversibility of the locked/unlocked structures were further confirmed by the catching/releasing process that accompanied emission switching, providing opportunities for the system to be a dynamic molecular logic system.

Development of Interlocking Masonry Bricks and its’ Structural Behaviour: A Review Paper

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Fakih, Amin; Mohammed, Bashar S.; Nuruddin, Fadhil; Nikbakht, Ehsan

2018-04-01

Conventional bricks are the most elementary building materials for houses construction. However, the rapid growth in today’s construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for a new building technique that may result in even greater economy, more efficient and durable as an alternative for the conventional brick. Moreover, the high demands for having a speedy and less labour and cost building systems is one of the factor that cause the changes of the masonry conventional systems. These changes have led to improved constructability, performance, and cost as well. Several interlocking bricks has been developed and implemented in building constructions and a number of researches had studied the manufacturing of interlocking brick and its structural behaviour as load bearing and non-load bearing element. This technical paper aims to review the development of interlocking brick and its structural behaviour. In conclusion, the concept of interlocking system has been widely used as a replacement of the conventional system where it has been utilized either as load bearing or non-load bearing masonry system.

Minimum ignition energy of nano and micro Ti powder in the presence of inert nano TiO₂ powder.

PubMed

Chunmiao, Yuan; Amyotte, Paul R; Hossain, Md Nur; Li, Chang

2014-06-15

The inerting effect of nano-sized TiO2 powder on ignition sensitivity of nano and micro Ti powders was investigated with a Mike 3 apparatus. "A little is not good enough" is also suitable for micro Ti powders mixed with nano-sized solid inertants. MIE of the mixtures did not significantly increase until the TiO2 percentage exceeded 50%. Nano-sized TiO2 powders were ineffective as an inertant when mixed with nano Ti powders, especially at higher dust loadings. Even with 90% nano TiO2 powder, mixtures still showed high ignition sensitivity because the statistic energy was as low as 2.1 mJ. Layer fires induced by ignited but unburned metal particles may occur for micro Ti powders mixed with nano TiO2 powders following a low level dust explosion. Such layer fires could lead to a violent dust explosion after a second dispersion. Thus, additional attention is needed to prevent metallic layer fires even where electric spark potential is low. In the case of nano Ti powder, no layer fires were observed because of less flammable material involved in the mixtures investigated, and faster flame propagation in nanoparticle clouds. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Catalyst effects in heterogeneous nucleation of acicular ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grong, Ø.; Kluken, A. O.; Nylund, H. K.; Dons, A. L.; Hjelen, J.

1995-03-01

The present investigation is concerned with basic studies of the mechanisms of acicular ferrite (AF)’formation in low-alloy steel weld metal. It is confirmed experimentally that different types of orientation relationships exist between AF and specific cubic inclusion constituent phases (i.e., γ-Al2 MnOAl2O3, and TiN). Since the majority of these falls within the Bain orientation region, it is concluded that the associated reduction of the energy barrier to nucleation is the primary cause for the ferrite nucleus to develop orientation relationships with both the substrate and the austenite. Theoretical calculations show that about 12 pct of the inclusions will contain a cubic phase that lies within the Bain region purely by chance if they are randomly orientated in space. This intrinsic density of heterogeneous nucleation sites is sufficiently high to promote the formation of fine, interlocking AF laths in the weld metal during the y- to- a transformation.

The oxidation resistance optimization of titanium carbide/hastelloy (Ni-based alloy) composites applied for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell interconnects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Qian; Liu, Yan; Wang, Lujie; Huang, Jian; Xin, Xianshuang; Gai, Linlin; Huang, Zhengren

2017-08-01

Titanium carbide/hastelloy (TiC/hastelloy) composites are potential candidates for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. In this work, TiC/hastelloy composites with suitable coefficient of thermal expansion are fabricated by in-situ reactive infiltration method, and their properties are optimized by adjusting TiC particle size (dTiC). The oxidation process of TiC/hastelloy composites is comprehensive performance of TiC and Ni-Cr alloy and determined by outward diffusion of Ti and Ni atoms and internal diffusion of O2. The oxidation resistance of composites could be improved by the decrease of dTiC through accelerating the formation of continuous and dense TiO2/Cr2O3 oxide scale. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of composites at 800 °C for 100 h is 5600-7500 S cm-1 and changes little with the prolongation of oxidation time. The decrease of dTiC is favorable for the properties optimization, and composites with 2.16 μm TiC exhibits good integrated properties.

Influence of Nitrogen Flow Rate on Friction Coefficient and Surface Roughness of TiN Coatings Deposited on Tool Steel Using Arc Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamzah, Esah; Ourdjini, Ali; Ali, Mubarak; Akhter, Parvez; Hj. Mohd Toff, Mohd Radzi; Abdul Hamid, Mansor

In the present study, the effect of various N2 gas flow rates on friction coefficient and surface roughness of TiN-coated D2 tool steel was examined by a commercially available cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD) technique. A Pin-on-Disc test was carried out to study the Coefficient of friction (COF) versus sliding distance. A surface roughness tester measured the surface roughness parameters. The minimum values for the COF and surface roughness were recorded at a N2 gas flow rate of 200 sccm. The increase in the COF and surface roughness at a N2 gas flow rate of 100 sccm was mainly attributed to an increase in both size and number of titanium particles, whereas the increase at 300 sccm was attributed to a larger number of growth defects generated during the coating process. These ideas make it possible to optimize the coating properties as a function of N2 gas flow rate for specific applications, e.g. cutting tools for automobiles, aircraft, and various mechanical parts.

Improved morphology for ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors using WSix- or W-based metallization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, B.; Ren, F.; Fitch, R. C.; Gillespie, J. K.; Jenkins, T.; Sewell, J.; Via, D.; Crespo, A.; Baca, A. G.; Briggs, R. D.; Gotthold, D.; Birkhahn, R.; Peres, B.; Pearton, S. J.

2003-06-01

A comparison was made of specific contact resistivity and morphology of Ti/Al/Pt/WSi/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Pt/W/Ti/Au ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures relative to the standard Ti/Al/Pt/Au metallization. The W- and WSi-based contacts show comparable specific resistivities to that of the standard contact on similar layer structures, reaching minimum values of ˜10-5 Ω cm2 after annealing in the range 850-900 °C. However, the W- and WSi-based contacts exhibit much smoother surface morphologies, even after 950 °C annealing. For example, the root-mean-square roughness of the Ti/Al/Pt/WSi/Ti/Au contact annealed at 950 °C was unchanged from the as-deposited values whereas the Ti/Al/Pt/Au contact shows significant deterioration of the morphology under these conditions. The improved thermal stability of the W- and WSix-based contacts is important for maintaining edge acuity during high-temperature operation.

Multilayer (TiN, TiAlN) ceramic coatings for nuclear fuel cladding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alat, Ece; Motta, Arthur T.; Comstock, Robert J.; Partezana, Jonna M.; Wolfe, Douglas E.

2016-09-01

In an attempt to develop an accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) that can delay the deleterious consequences of loss-of-coolant-accidents (LOCA), multilayer coatings were deposited onto ZIRLO® coupon substrates by cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD). Coatings were composed of alternating TiN (top) and Ti1-xAlxN (2-layer, 4-layer, 8-layer and 16-layer) layers. The minimum TiN top coating thickness and coating architecture were optimized for good corrosion and oxidation resistance. Corrosion tests were performed in static pure water at 360 °C and 18.7 MPa for up to 90 days. The optimized coatings showed no spallation/delamination and had a maximum of 6 mg/dm2 weight gain, which is 6 times smaller than that of a control sample of uncoated ZIRLO® which showed a weight gain of 40.2 mg/dm2. The optimized architecture features a ∼1 μm TiN top layer to prevent boehmite phase formation during corrosion and a TiN/TiAlN 8-layer architecture which provides the best corrosion performance.

Self-accommodation of B19' martensite in Ti-Ni shape memory alloys - Part I. Morphological and crystallographic studies of the variant selection rule

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishida, M.; Nishiura, T.; Kawano, H.; Inamura, T.

2012-06-01

The self-accommodation morphologies of B19‧ martensite in Ti-Ni alloys have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Twelve pairs of minimum units consisting of two habit plane variants (HPVs) with V-shaped morphology connected to a ? B19‧ type I variant accommodation twin were observed. Three types of self-accommodation morphologies, based on the V-shaped minimum unit, developed around one of the {111}B2 traces, which were triangular, rhombic and hexangular and consisted of three, four and six HPVs, respectively. In addition, the variant selection rule and the number of possible HPV combinations in each of these self-accommodation morphologies are discussed.

Significant enhancement of power conversion efficiency for dye sensitized solar cell using 1D/3D network nanostructures as photoanodes

PubMed Central

Wang, Hao; Wang, Baoyuan; Yu, Jichao; Hu, Yunxia; Xia, Chen; Zhang, Jun; Liu, Rong

2015-01-01

The single–crystalline TiO2 nanorod arrays with rutile phase have attracted much attention in the dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications because of their superior chemical stability, better electron transport properties, higher refractive index and low production cost. However, it suffers from a low surface area as compared with TiO2 nanoparticle films. In order to enlarge the surface area of TiO2 nanorod arrays, the 1D nanorods/3D nanotubes sample was synthesized using a facile two-step hydrothermal process involving hydrothermal growth 1D/3D nanorods and followed by post-etching treatment. In such bi-layer structure, the oriented TiO2 nanorods layer could provide direct pathway for fast electron transportation, and the 3D nanotubes layer offers a higher surface area for dye loading, therefore, the 1D nanorods/3D nanotubes photoanode exhibited faster electron transport and higher surface area than either 1D or 3D nanostructures alone, and an highest efficiency of 7.68% was achieved for the DSSCs based on 1D nanorods/3D nanotubes photoanode with further TiCl4 treatment. PMID:25800933

Water dissociation and CO oxidation over Au/anatase catalyst. A DFT-D2 study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saqlain, Muhammad Adnan; Hussain, Akhtar; Siddiq, Muhammad; Leitão, Alexandre A.

2018-03-01

With the help of DFT-D2 methodology, we have investigated the adsorption of water on clean anatase(001) and Au/anatase(001). In the former case, adsorption energies of H2O differ to small extent computed employing GGA = PW91 and DFT-D2 methods. While the GGA = PW91 predicts that water would desorb close to 650 K on the TiO2 surface, the DFT-D2 predicts that desorption is most likely to occur above 700 K. A comparison of water adsorption on TiO2 and Au/TiO2 surfaces shows that the TiO2 prefers dimer adsorption whereas the Au/TiO2 prefers monomer adsorption. We found that the diffusion of surface hydroxyls on to the Au cluster from the Au/TiO2 periphery is unlikely and it seems that the CO oxidation would occur at the Au/TiO2 boundary. The results show that water dissociation and CO oxidation steps occur easily on Au/TiO2 indicating that this could be good alternative catalyst for water gas shift reaction industry.

Light-driven 3D droplet manipulation on flexible optoelectrowetting devices fabricated by a simple spin-coating method.

PubMed

Jiang, Dongyue; Park, Sung-Yong

2016-05-21

Technical advances in electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) over the past few years have extended our attraction to three-dimensional (3D) devices capable of providing more flexibility and functionality with larger volumetric capacity than conventional 2D planar ones. However, typical 3D EWOD devices require complex and expensive fabrication processes for patterning and wiring of pixelated electrodes that also restrict the minimum droplet size to be manipulated. Here, we present a flexible single-sided continuous optoelectrowetting (SCOEW) device which is not only fabricated by a spin-coating method without the need for patterning and wiring processes, but also enables light-driven 3D droplet manipulations. To provide photoconductive properties, previous optoelectrowetting (OEW) devices have used amorphous silicon (a-Si) typically fabricated through high-temperature processes over 300 °C such as CVD or PECVD. However, most of the commercially-available flexible substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) experience serious thermal deformation under such high-temperature processes. Because of this compatibility issue of conventional OEW devices with flexible substrates, light-driven 3D droplet manipulations have not yet been demonstrated on flexible substrates. Our study overcomes this compatibility issue by using a polymer-based photoconductive material, titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc) and thus SCOEW devices can be simply fabricated on flexible substrates through a low-cost, spin-coating method. In this paper, analytical studies were conducted to understand the effects of light patterns on static contact angles and EWOD forces. For experimental validations of our study, flexible SCOEW devices were successfully fabricated through the TiOPc-based spin-coating method and light-driven droplet manipulations (e.g. transportation, merging, and splitting) have been demonstrated on various 3D terrains such as inclined, vertical, upside-down, and curved surfaces. Our flexible SCOEW technology offers the benefits of device simplicity, flexibility, and functionality over conventional EWOD and OEW devices by enabling optical droplet manipulations on a 3D featureless surface.

High-Level ab Initio Predictions for the Ionization Energies, Bond Dissociation Energies, and Heats of Formation of Titanium Oxides and Their Cations (TiOn/TiOn+, n = 1 and 2).

PubMed

Pan, Yi; Luo, Zhihong; Chang, Yih-Chung; Lau, Kai-Chung; Ng, C Y

2017-01-26

The ionization energies (IEs) of TiO and TiO 2 and the 0 K bond dissociation energies (D 0 ) and the heats of formation at 0 K (ΔH° f0 ) and 298 K (ΔH° f298 ) for TiO/TiO + and TiO 2 /TiO 2 + are predicted by the wave-function-based CCSDTQ/CBS approach. The CCSDTQ/CBS calculations involve the approximation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit at the coupled cluster level up to full quadruple excitations along with the zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE), high-order correlation (HOC), core-valence (CV) electronic, spin-orbit (SO) coupling, and scalar relativistic (SR) effect corrections. The present calculations yield IE(TiO) = 6.815 eV and are in good agreement with the experimental IE value of 6.819 80 ± 0.000 10 eV determined in a two-color laser-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE) study. The CCSDT and MRCI+Q methods give the best predictions to the harmonic frequencies: ω e (ω e + ) = 1013 (1069) and 1027 (1059) cm -1 and the bond lengths r e (r e + ) = 1.625 (1.587) and 1.621 (1.588) Å, for TiO (TiO + ) compared with the experimental values. Two nearly degenerate, stable structures are found for TiO 2 cation: TiO 2 + (C 2v ) structure has two equivalent TiO bonds, while the TiO 2 + (C s ) structure features a long and a short TiO bond. The IEs for the TiO 2 + (C 2v )←TiO 2 and TiO 2 + (C s )←TiO 2 ionization transitions are calculated to be 9.515 and 9.525 eV, respectively, giving the theoretical adiabatic IE value in good agreement with the experiment IE(TiO 2 ) = 9.573 55 ± 0.000 15 eV obtained in the previous vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-PFI-PE study of TiO 2 . The potential energy surface of TiO 2 + along the normal vibrational coordinates of asymmetric stretching mode (ω 3 + ) is nearly flat and exhibits a double-well potential with the well of TiO 2 + (C s ) situated around the central well of TiO 2 + (C 2v ). This makes the theoretical calculation of ω 3 + infeasible. For the symmetric stretching (ω 1 + ), the current theoretical predictions overestimate the experimental value of 829.1 ± 2.0 cm -1 by more than 100 cm -1 . This work together with the previous experimental and theoretical investigations supports the conclusion that the CCSDTQ/CBS approach is capable of providing reliable IE and D 0 predictions for TiO/TiO + and TiO 2 /TiO 2 + with error limits less than or equal to 60 meV. The CCSDTQ/CBS calculations give the predictions of D 0 (Ti + -O) - D 0 (Ti-O) = 0.004 eV and D 0 (O-TiO) - D 0 (O-TiO + ) = 2.699 eV, which are also consistent with the respective experimental determination of 0.008 32 ± 0.000 10 and 2.753 75 ± 0.000 18 eV.

TiD-Introducing and Benchmarking an Event-Delivery System for Brain-Computer Interfaces.

PubMed

Breitwieser, Christian; Tavella, Michele; Schreuder, Martijn; Cincotti, Febo; Leeb, Robert; Muller-Putz, Gernot R

2017-12-01

In this paper, we present and analyze an event distribution system for brain-computer interfaces. Events are commonly used to mark and describe incidents during an experiment and are therefore critical for later data analysis or immediate real-time processing. The presented approach, called Tools for brain-computer interaction interface D (TiD), delivers messages in XML format via a buslike system using transmission control protocol connections or shared memory. A dedicated server dispatches TiD messages to distributed or local clients. The TiD message is designed to be flexible and contains time stamps for event synchronization, whereas events describe incidents, which occur during an experiment. TiD was tested extensively toward stability and latency. The effect of an occurring event jitter was analyzed and benchmarked on a reference implementation under different conditions as gigabit and 100-Mb Ethernet or Wi-Fi with a different number of event receivers. A 3-dB signal attenuation, which occurs when averaging jitter influenced trials aligned by events, is starting to become visible at around 1-2 kHz in the case of a gigabit connection. Mean event distribution times across operating systems are ranging from 0.3 to 0.5ms for a gigabit network connection for 10 6 events. Results for other environmental conditions are available in this paper. References already using TiD for event distribution are provided showing the applicability of TiD for event delivery with distributed or local clients.

Deformation twinning in metals and ordered intermetallics-Ti and Ti-aluminides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, M. H.; Fu, C. L.; Lee, J. K.

1991-06-01

The role of deformation twinning in the strength and ductility of metals and ordered intermetallic alloys is examined on the basis of crystallography, energetics and kinetics of deformation twinning. A systematic analysis is made by taking Ti, Ti3AI, TiAl, and A13Ti as four model systems. In comparison with profuse twinning in Ti, the intrinsic difficulty of twinning in Ti3A1 is rationalized in terms of the interchange shuffling mechanism. A fault (SISF) dragging mechanism based on the interaction torque explains the physical source for the low mobility of screw superdislocations in TiAl, which may lead to (111) [ 11bar{2}] twin nucleation. In TiAl and A13Ti alloys, the twin-slip (ordinary) conjugate relationship makes an important contribution to the strain compatibility for high-temperature plasticity. Potentially beneficial alloying additions to promote twinning are discussed. Les conséquences de la déformation par maclage sur la fracture et la ductilité des métaux et alliages intermétalliques ordonnés sont étudiées en fonction de la cristallographie, de l'énergie et de la cinétique des déformations par maclage. Une analyse systématique a été faite en considérant Ti, Ti3AI, TiAl et A13Ti comme quatre systèmes modèles. En comparaison avec le nombre important de maclages observés dans Ti, la difficulté intrinsèque des maclages dans Ti3AI est rationalisée en terme de mécanisme d'“interchange shuffling”. Un mécanisme de “dragging fault” basé sur l'interaction “torque” explique l'origine physique de la faible mobilité des superdislocations vissées dans TiAl qui peuvent conduire à la nucléation des macles (111) 112. Dans les alliages tels TiAl et A13Ti, la relation conjuguée entre la macle et le glissement (ordinaire) contribue de façon importante à la compatibilité des contraintes lors de la déformation plastique à haute température. Des effets bénéfiques potentiels liés à des éléments d'addition sur le processus de maclage sont également discutés.

The effect of a gearshift interlock on seat belt use by drivers who do not always use a belt and its acceptance among those who do.

PubMed

Kidd, David G; Singer, Jeremiah; Huey, Richard; Kerfoot, Laura

2018-06-01

Seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injury in a crash, yet in 2015, nearly 10,000 people killed in passenger vehicles were unrestrained. Enhanced seat belt reminders increase belt use, but a gearshift interlock that prevents the vehicle from being placed into gear unless the seat belt is used may prove more effective. Thirty-two people with a recent seat belt citation and who admitted to not always using a seat belt as a driver were recruited as part-time belt users and asked to evaluate two new vehicles. Sixteen drove two vehicles with an enhanced reminder for one week each, and 16 drove a vehicle with an enhanced reminder for one week and a vehicle with a gearshift interlock the following week. Sixteen full-time belt users who reported always using a seat belt drove a vehicle with a gearshift interlock for one week to evaluate acceptance. Relative to the enhanced reminder, the gearshift interlock significantly increased the likelihood that a part-time belt user used a belt during travel time in a trip by 21%, and increased the rate of belt use by 16%; this effect approached significance. Although every full-time belt user experienced the gearshift interlock, their acceptance of the technology reported in a post-study survey was fairly positive and not significantly different from part-time belt users. Six part-time belt users circumvented the gearshift interlock by sitting on a seat belt, waiting for the system to deactivate, or unbuckling during travel. The gearshift interlock increased the likelihood that part-time belt users buckled up and the rate of belt use during travel relative to the enhanced reminder but could be more effective if it prevented circumvention. An estimated 718-942 lives could be saved annually if the belt use of unbuckled drivers and front passengers increased 16-21%. Copyright © 2018 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A fresnoite-structure-related mixed valent titanium(III/IV) chlorosilicate, Ba{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}Cl: A flux crystal growth route to Ti(III) containing oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abeysinghe, Dileka; Smith, Mark D.; Loye, Hans-Conrad zur, E-mail: zurloye@mailbox.sc.edu

Single crystals of mixed valent barium titanium(III/IV) chlorosilicate, Ba{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}Cl{sub 0.91}O{sub 0.09}, were grown in a high temperature molten chloride flux involving an in situ reduction step. The fresnoite structure related Ba{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}Cl{sub 0.91}O{sub 0.09} crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/mbm with lattice parameters of a=8.6717(2) Å, c=18.6492(5) Å. The title compound exhibits a 3D structure consisting of 2D layers of fused Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9} and Si{sub 4}O{sub 12} groups and 2D layers of fused Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9}Cl{sub 2} and Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} groups that are linked via barium atoms. The in situmore » reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III) is achieved via the addition of metallic Mg to the flux to function as the reducing agent. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows simple paramagnetism above 100 K. There is a discontinuity in the susceptibility data below 100 K, which might be due to a structural change that takes place resulting in charge ordering. - Graphical abstract: The fresnoite structure related novel reduced barium titanium chlorosilicate, Ba{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}Cl{sub 0.91}O{sub 0.09}, were synthesized via flux method. An in situ reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III) achieved using Mg metal. The 3D structure consists 2D layers of fused Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9} and Si{sub 4}O{sub 12} and 2D layers of fused Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9}Cl{sub 2} and Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} connected via barium atoms. Compound shows simple paramagnetism above 100 K. - Highlights: • The fresnoite related Ba{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}Si{sub 4}O{sub 14}Cl{sub 0.91}O{sub 0.09} were grown via molten flux method. • The in situ reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III) is achieved using metallic Mg. • 2D layers of Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9} and Si{sub 4}O{sub 12} and Ti{sub 2}O{sub 9}Cl{sub 2} and Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} connect via Ba atoms. • The magnetic susceptibility shows simple paramagnetism above 100 K.« less

Facile synthesis of 3D few-layered MoS2 coated TiO2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures for stable and high-performance lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Biao; Zhao, Naiqin; Guo, Lichao; He, Fang; Shi, Chunsheng; He, Chunnian; Li, Jiajun; Liu, Enzuo

2015-07-01

Uniform transition metal sulfide deposition on a smooth TiO2 surface to form a coating structure is a well-known challenge, caused mainly due to their poor affinities. Herein, we report a facile strategy for fabricating mesoporous 3D few-layered (<4 layers) MoS2 coated TiO2 nanosheet core-shell nanocomposites (denoted as 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2) by a novel two-step method using a smooth TiO2 nanosheet as a template and glucose as a binder. The core-shell structure has been systematically examined and corroborated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. It is found that the resultant 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2 as a lithium-ion battery anode delivers an outstanding high-rate capability with an excellent cycling performance, relating to the unique structure of 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2. The 3D uniform coverage of few-layered (<4 layers) MoS2 onto the TiO2 can remarkably enhance the structure stability and effectively shortens the transfer paths of both lithium ions and electrons, while the strong synergistic effect between MoS2 and TiO2 can significantly facilitate the transport of ions and electrons across the interfaces, especially in the high-rate charge-discharge process. Moreover, the facile fabrication strategy can be easily extended to design other oxide/carbon-sulfide/oxide core-shell materials for extensive applications.Uniform transition metal sulfide deposition on a smooth TiO2 surface to form a coating structure is a well-known challenge, caused mainly due to their poor affinities. Herein, we report a facile strategy for fabricating mesoporous 3D few-layered (<4 layers) MoS2 coated TiO2 nanosheet core-shell nanocomposites (denoted as 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2) by a novel two-step method using a smooth TiO2 nanosheet as a template and glucose as a binder. The core-shell structure has been systematically examined and corroborated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. It is found that the resultant 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2 as a lithium-ion battery anode delivers an outstanding high-rate capability with an excellent cycling performance, relating to the unique structure of 3D FL-MoS2@TiO2. The 3D uniform coverage of few-layered (<4 layers) MoS2 onto the TiO2 can remarkably enhance the structure stability and effectively shortens the transfer paths of both lithium ions and electrons, while the strong synergistic effect between MoS2 and TiO2 can significantly facilitate the transport of ions and electrons across the interfaces, especially in the high-rate charge-discharge process. Moreover, the facile fabrication strategy can be easily extended to design other oxide/carbon-sulfide/oxide core-shell materials for extensive applications. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Supplementary SEM, TEM, XPS and EIS analyses. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03334a

Critical thickness for the two-dimensional electron gas in LaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

You, Jeong Ho; Lee, Jun Hee

2013-10-01

Transport dimensionality of Ti d electrons in (LaTiO3)1/(SrTiO3)N superlattices has been investigated using density functional theory with local spin-density approximation + U method. Different spatial distribution patterns have been found between Ti t2g orbital electrons. The dxy orbital electrons are highly localized near interfaces due to the potentials by positively charged LaO layers, while the degenerate dyz and dxz orbital electrons are more distributed inside SrTiO3 insulators. For N ≥ 3 unit cells (u.c.), the Ti dxy densities of state exhibit the staircaselike increments, which appear at the same energy levels as the dxy flat bands along the Γ-Z direction in band structures. The kz-independent discrete energy levels indicate that the electrons in dxy flat bands are two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) which can transport along interfaces, but they cannot transport perpendicularly to interfaces due to the confinements in the potential wells by LaO layers. Unlike the dxy orbital electrons, the dyz and dxz orbital electrons have three-dimensional (3D) transport characteristics, regardless of SrTiO3 thicknesses. The 2DEG formation by dxy orbital electrons, when N ≥ 3 u.c., indicates the existence of critical SrTiO3 thickness where the electron transport dimensionality starts to change from 3D to 2D in (LaTiO3)1/(SrTiO3)N superlattices.

Delivery of Human Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids into Lockyballs.

PubMed

Silva, Karina R; Rezende, Rodrigo A; Pereira, Frederico D A S; Gruber, Peter; Stuart, Mellannie P; Ovsianikov, Aleksandr; Brakke, Ken; Kasyanov, Vladimir; da Silva, Jorge V L; Granjeiro, José M; Baptista, Leandra S; Mironov, Vladimir

2016-01-01

Adipose stem cells (ASCs) spheroids show enhanced regenerative effects compared to single cells. Also, spheroids have been recently introduced as building blocks in directed self-assembly strategy. Recent efforts aim to improve long-term cell retention and integration by the use of microencapsulation delivery systems that can rapidly integrate in the implantation site. Interlockable solid synthetic microscaffolds, so called lockyballs, were recently designed with hooks and loops to enhance cell retention and integration at the implantation site as well as to support spheroids aggregation after transplantation. Here we present an efficient methodology for human ASCs spheroids biofabrication and lockyballs cellularization using micro-molded non-adhesive agarose hydrogel. Lockyballs were produced using two-photon polymerization with an estimated mechanical strength. The Young's modulus was calculated at level 0.1362 +/-0.009 MPa. Interlocking in vitro test demonstrates high level of loading induced interlockability of fabricated lockyballs. Diameter measurements and elongation coefficient calculation revealed that human ASCs spheroids biofabricated in resections of micro-molded non-adhesive hydrogel had a more regular size distribution and shape than spheroids biofabricated in hanging drops. Cellularization of lockyballs using human ASCs spheroids did not alter the level of cells viability (p › 0,999) and gene fold expression for SOX-9 and RUNX2 (p › 0,195). The biofabrication of ASCs spheroids into lockyballs represents an innovative strategy in regenerative medicine, which combines solid scaffold-based and directed self-assembly approaches, fostering opportunities for rapid in situ biofabrication of 3D building-blocks.

Thermal stability, adhesion and electrical studies on (Ti,Zr)N x thin films as low resistive diffusion barriers between Cu and Si

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Cheng-Lin; Lai, Chih-Huang; Tsai, Po-Hao; Kuo, Yu-Lin; Lin, Jing-Cheng; Lee, Chiapyng

2014-05-01

In this study, we investigated the thermal stability, wettability, adhesion and reliability of (Ti,Zr)N x films used as the diffusion barrier between Cu and Si. (Ti,Zr)N x films were prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering from a Ti-5 at. % Zr alloy target in N2/Ar gas mixtures. A minimum film resistivity of 59.3 µω cm was obtained at an N2/Ar flow ratio of 2.75, which corresponds to the near stoichiometric composition (N/(Ti,Zr) ratio ˜0.95). The sheet resistance of Cu/(Ti,Zr)N0.95/Si was not significantly increased until annealing above 750°C, indicating good thermal stability. On the other hand, the adhesion energy between Cu and the (Ti,Zr)Nx film was reduced as the N/Ti ratio was increased. To obtain reliable performance on stress-induced-voiding (SIV) and electromigration (EM) tests, we proposed to use (Ti,Zr)/(Ti,Zr)N x /(Ti,Zr) tri-layers. We suggest that the interfacial adhesion between barrier and Cu plays an important role in reliability. The proposed tri-layer structure may be a promising candidate for a barrier, as it exhibits excellent reliability without increasing resistance.

A three-dimensional carbon nano-network for high performance lithium ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Tian, Miao; Wang, Wei; Liu, Yang; ...

2014-11-20

Three-dimensional (3D) network structure has been envisioned as a superior architecture for lithium ion battery (LIB) electrodes, which enhances both ion and electron transport to significantly improve battery performance. Herein, a 3D carbon nano-network is fabricated through chemical vapor deposition of carbon on a scalably manufactured 3D porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. As a demonstration on the applicability of 3D carbon nano-network for LIB electrodes, the low conductivity active material, TiO 2, is then uniformly coated on the 3D carbon nano-network using atomic layer deposition. High power performance is demonstrated in the 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes, where the parallel tubesmore » and gaps in the 3D carbon nano-network facilitates fast Li ion transport. A large areal capacity of ~0.37 mAh·cm –2 is achieved due to the large TiO 2 mass loading in the 60 µm-thick 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes. At a test rate of C/5, the 3D C/TiO 2 electrode with 18 nm-thick TiO 2 delivers a high gravimetric capacity of ~240 mAh g –1, calculated with the mass of the whole electrode. A long cycle life of over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 91% is demonstrated at 1C. In this study, the effects of the electrical conductivity of carbon nano-network, ion diffusion, and the electrolyte permeability on the rate performance of these 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes are systematically studied.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tian, Miao; Wang, Wei; Liu, Yang

Three-dimensional (3D) network structure has been envisioned as a superior architecture for lithium ion battery (LIB) electrodes, which enhances both ion and electron transport to significantly improve battery performance. Herein, a 3D carbon nano-network is fabricated through chemical vapor deposition of carbon on a scalably manufactured 3D porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. As a demonstration on the applicability of 3D carbon nano-network for LIB electrodes, the low conductivity active material, TiO 2, is then uniformly coated on the 3D carbon nano-network using atomic layer deposition. High power performance is demonstrated in the 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes, where the parallel tubesmore » and gaps in the 3D carbon nano-network facilitates fast Li ion transport. A large areal capacity of ~0.37 mAh·cm –2 is achieved due to the large TiO 2 mass loading in the 60 µm-thick 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes. At a test rate of C/5, the 3D C/TiO 2 electrode with 18 nm-thick TiO 2 delivers a high gravimetric capacity of ~240 mAh g –1, calculated with the mass of the whole electrode. A long cycle life of over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 91% is demonstrated at 1C. In this study, the effects of the electrical conductivity of carbon nano-network, ion diffusion, and the electrolyte permeability on the rate performance of these 3D C/TiO 2 electrodes are systematically studied.« less

Explorations on TiOsX (X=B, C, N, O and Si) alloys for potential superhard materials from first-principle calculation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Junyan; Zhang, Bo; Zhan, Yongzhong

2017-05-01

Using the first-principle calculations, we gained a deep insight of the structural, mechanical, electronic and thermal properties of the TiOs and TiOs-X (X=B, C, N, O and Si) compounds. The calculated results of formation enthalpy Hform and ternary transfer energy EXOs → Ti illustrate that O element exhibits strong Os site preference and all the compounds here are structurally stable. The results of mechanical properties confirm that there is no superhard character in those intermetallics which are mechanically stable. It is noted that the Ti7Os8Si possesses the best mechanical properties. All the compounds here show elastic anisotropy, and the Ti8Os7O exhibits the strongest elastic anisotropy, while the Ti8Os7Si strongly tends to be isotropic. There exists a mixture of covalent, ionic and metallic characters in these compounds. The covalent bond strength of Ti7Os8X is supposed to be better than that of the corresponding Ti8Os7X. Moreover, the minimum thermal conductivity kmin of these compounds are comparatively small and show dependence of directions, and they have potential thermal-insulating application in engineering.

Preparation of Nano-TiO2-Coated SiO2 Microsphere Composite Material and Evaluation of Its Self-Cleaning Property

PubMed Central

Sun, Sijia; Deng, Tongrong; Ding, Hao; Chen, Ying; Chen, Wanting

2017-01-01

In order to improve the dispersion of nano-TiO2 particles and enhance its self-cleaning properties, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and surface hydrophilicity, we prepared nano-TiO2-coated SiO2 microsphere composite self-cleaning materials (SiO2–TiO2) by co-grinding SiO2 microspheres and TiO2 soliquid and calcining the ground product. The structure, morphology, and self-cleaning properties of the SiO2–TiO2 were characterized. The characterization results showed that the degradation efficiency of methyl orange by SiO2–TiO2 was 97%, which was significantly higher than that obtained by pure nano-TiO2. The minimum water contact angle of SiO2–TiO2 was 8°, indicating strong hydrophilicity and the good self-cleaning effect. The as-prepared SiO2–TiO2 was characterized by the nano-TiO2 particles uniformly coated on the SiO2 microspheres and distributed in the gap among the microspheres. The nano-TiO2 particles were in an anatase phase with the particle size of 15–20 nm. The nano-TiO2 particles were combined with SiO2 microspheres via the dehydroxylation of hydroxyl groups on their surfaces. PMID:29099774

Charge-spin Transport in Surface-disordered Three-dimensional Topological Insulators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Xingyue

As one of the most promising candidates for the building block of the novel spintronic circuit, the topological insulator (TI) has attracted world-wide interest of study. Robust topological order protected by time-reversal symmetry (TRS) makes charge transport and spin generation in TIs significantly different from traditional three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) electronic systems. However, to date, charge transport and spin generation in 3D TIs are still primarily modeled as single-surface phenomena, happening independently on top and bottom surfaces. In this dissertation, I will demonstrate via both experimental findings and theoretical modeling that this "single surface'' theory neither correctly describes a realistic 3D TI-based device nor reveals the amazingly distinct physical picture of spin transport dynamics in 3D TIs. Instead, I present a new viewpoint of the spin transport dynamics where the role of the insulating yet topologically non-trivial bulk of a 3D TI becomes explicit. Within this new theory, many mysterious transport and magneto-transport anomalies can be naturally explained. The 3D TI system turns out to be more similar to its low dimensional sibling--2D TI rather than some other systems sharing the Dirac dispersion, such as graphene. This work not only provides valuable fundamental physical insights on charge-spin transport in 3D TIs, but also offers important guidance to the design of 3D TI-based spintronic devices.

Poly[n]catenanes: Synthesis of molecular interlocked chains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Qiong; Rauscher, Phillip M.; Lang, Xiaolong; Wojtecki, Rudy J.; de Pablo, Juan J.; Hore, Michael J. A.; Rowan, Stuart J.

2017-12-01

As the macromolecular version of mechanically interlocked molecules, mechanically interlocked polymers are promising candidates for the creation of sophisticated molecular machines and smart soft materials. Poly[n]catenanes, where the molecular chains consist solely of interlocked macrocycles, contain one of the highest concentrations of topological bonds. We report, herein, a synthetic approach toward this distinctive polymer architecture in high yield (~75%) via efficient ring closing of rationally designed metallosupramolecular polymers. Light-scattering, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of fractionated samples support assignment of the high-molar mass product (number-average molar mass ~21.4 kilograms per mole) to a mixture of linear poly[7-26]catenanes, branched poly[13-130]catenanes, and cyclic poly[4-7]catenanes. Increased hydrodynamic radius (in solution) and glass transition temperature (in bulk materials) were observed upon metallation with Zn2+.

Fire resistant PV shingle assembly

DOEpatents

Lenox, Carl J.

2012-10-02

A fire resistant PV shingle assembly includes a PV assembly, including PV body, a fire shield and a connection member connecting the fire shield below the PV body, and a support and inter-engagement assembly. The support and inter-engagement assembly is mounted to the PV assembly and comprises a vertical support element, supporting the PV assembly above a support surface, an upper interlock element, positioned towards the upper PV edge, and a lower interlock element, positioned towards the lower PV edge. The upper interlock element of one PV shingle assembly is inter-engageable with the lower interlock element of an adjacent PV shingle assembly. In some embodiments the PV shingle assembly may comprise a ventilation path below the PV body. The PV body may be slidably mounted to the connection member to facilitate removal of the PV body.

Advanced Containment System

DOEpatents

Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Kawamura, Hideki; Richardson, John G.; Noda, Masaru

2004-10-12

An advanced containment system for containing buried waste and associated leachate. A trench is dug on either side of the zone of interest containing the buried waste so as to accommodate a micro tunnel boring machine. A series of small diameter tunnels are serially excavated underneath the buried waste. The tunnels are excavated by the micro tunnel boring machine at a consistent depth and are substantially parallel to each other. As tunneling progresses, steel casing sections are connected end to end in the excavated portion of the tunnel so that a steel tube is formed. Each casing section has complementary interlocking structure running its length that interlocks with complementary interlocking structure on the adjacent casing section. Thus, once the first tube is emplaced, placement of subsequent tubes is facilitated by the complementary interlocking structure on the adjacent, previously placed, casing sections.

Advanced Containment System

DOEpatents

Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Kawamura, Hideki; Richardson, John G.; Noda, Masaru

2005-05-24

An advanced containment system for containing buried waste and associated leachate. A trench is dug on either side of the zone of interest containing the buried waste so as to accommodate a micro tunnel boring machine. A series of small diameter tunnels are serially excavated underneath the buried waste. The tunnels are excavated by the micro tunnel boring machine at a consistent depth and are substantially parallel to each other. As tunneling progresses, steel casing sections are connected end to end in the excavated portion of the tunnel so that a steel tube is formed. Each casing section has complementary interlocking structure running its length that interlocks with complementary interlocking structure on the adjacent casing section. Thus, once the first tube is emplaced, placement of subsequent tubes is facilitated by the complementary interlocking structure on the adjacent, previously placed, casing sections.

Temperature dependence of Ti 1s near-edge spectra in Ti-based perovskites: theory and experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirley, Eric; Cockayne, Eric; Ravel, Bruce; Woicik, Joseph

Ti 1s near-edge spectra (around 4970 eV) in SrTiO3 and PbTiO3 reveal electric-dipole and quadrupole transitions to Ti 3d, 4p and mixed 3d-4p states. Crystal field-split pre-edge features attributed to 1s ->3d transitions are small compared to the main edge jump at the onset of the Ti 4s/4p continuum. Pre-edge and subsequent near-edge features are predicted to be weaker than what is observed, unless one accounts for ferroelectric polarization in PbTiO3 and thermal motion in both compounds. Using density-functional theory molecular dynamics simulations at various temperatures (including sampling two phases of PbTiO3), we capture the statistically averaged root-mean-square deviations of Ti4+ ions from the centers of their oxygen cages. By sampling appropriate snapshots of atomic configurations and averaging Ti 1s absorption spectra computed within a Bethe-Salpeter Equation framework, we obtain absorption spectra that agree well with experiment, including details related to ferroelectric polarization, phase transitions, and fluctuations of atomic coordinates.

Kondo scattering in δ-doped LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces: Renormalization by spin-orbit interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Shubhankar; Rastogi, A.; Wu, Lijun; Zheng, Jin-Cheng; Hossain, Z.; Zhu, Yimei; Budhani, R. C.

2014-08-01

We present a study of δ doping at the LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interface with isostructural antiferromagnetic perovskite LaCrO3 that dramatically alters the properties of the two-dimensional electron gas at the interface. The effects include a reduction in sheet-carrier density, prominence of the low-temperature resistivity minimum, enhancement of weak antilocalization below 10 K, and observation of a strong anisotropic magnetoresistance (MR). The positive and negative MR for out-of-plane and in-plane fields, respectively, and the field and temperature dependencies of MR suggest Kondo scattering by localized Ti3+ moments renormalized by spin-orbit interaction at T < 10 K, with the increased δ-layer thickness. Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and density functional calculations provide convincing evidence of blocking of electron transfer from LTO to STO by the δ layer.

Layer Additive Production or Manufacturing of Thick Sections of Ti-6Al-4V by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Y. Y.; Gulizia, S.; Fraser, D.; Oh, C. H.; Lu, S. L.; Qian, M.

2017-10-01

Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) is an established layer additive manufacturing or production process for small-to-medium-sized components of Ti-6Al-4V. Current literature data on SEBM of Ti-6Al-4V are, however, based principally on thin-section (<1″; mostly <0.5″) samples or components. In this research, 34-mm-thick (1.34″) Ti-6Al-4V block samples were produced through use of default Arcam SEBM parameters and characterized versus section thickness. High densities (99.4-99.8%) were achieved across different thick sections, but markedly inhomogeneous microstructures also developed. Nonetheless, the tensile properties measured from 27 different thickness-width positions all clearly satisfied the minimum requirements for mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V. SEBM produced highly dense thick sections of Ti-6Al-4V with good tensile properties. Large lack-of-fusion defects (80-250 µm) were found to be mainly responsible for variations in tensile properties.

Manufacture and performance of carbon/epoxy 3-D woven composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brandt, J.; Drechsler, K.; Mohamed, Mansour; Gu, PU

1992-01-01

This paper evaluates 3-D orthogonal woven carbon/epoxy composites. Preforms were manufactured on an automatic 3-D weaving machine developed at N.C. State University. Matrix infiltration was conducted at MBB Central Laboratories. Testing was carried out at both locations and the joint results will be reported. The properties investigated include: interlaminar shear strength, compression, compression after impact, bending, tensile and penetration resistance. The 3-D orthogonal woven composites were compared with laminated and other 3-D composites made with preforms having interlock structure. C-scans were used to examine the quality of infiltration and the damage area after impact. The performance of the composites made from the 3-D orthogonal preforms showed superior properties compared to the other composites. The penetration resistance test showed unexpectedly very good performance.

Electronic structure of charge- and spin-controlled Sr(1-(x+y))La(x+y)Ti(1-x)Cr(x)O3.

PubMed

Iwasawa, H; Yamakawa, K; Saitoh, T; Inaba, J; Katsufuji, T; Higashiguchi, M; Shimada, K; Namatame, H; Taniguchi, M

2006-02-17

We present the electronic structure of Sr(1-(x+y))La(x+y)Ti(1-x)Cr(x)O3 investigated by high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. In the vicinity of the Fermi level, it was found that the electronic structure was composed of a Cr 3d local state with the t(2g)3 configuration and a Ti 3d itinerant state. The energy levels of these Cr and Ti 3d states are well interpreted by the difference of the charge-transfer energy of both ions. The spectral weight of the Cr 3d state is completely proportional to the spin concentration x irrespective of the carrier concentration y, indicating that the spin density can be controlled by x as desired. In contrast, the spectral weight of the Ti 3d state is not proportional to y, depending on the amount of Cr doping.

Ti Impurity Effect on the Optical Coefficients in 2D Cu2Si: A DFT Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nourozi, Bromand; Boochani, Arash; Abdolmaleki, Ahmad; Sartpi, Elmira; Darabi, Pezhman; Naderi, Sirvan

2018-01-01

The electronic and optical properties of 2D Cu2Si and Cu2Si:Ti are investigated based on the density functional theory (DFT) using the FP-LAPW method and GGA approximation. The 2D Cu2Si has metallic and non magnetic properties, whereas adding Ti impurity to its structure changes the electronic behavior to the half-metallic with 3.256μB magnetic moment. The optical transition is not occurred in the infrared and visible area for the 2D Cu2Si in x-direction and by adding Ti atom, the real part of dielectric function in the x-direction, Re (ε(ω))x is reached to a Dirac peak at this energy range. Moreover, the absorption gap tends to zero in x-direction of the 2D Cu2Si:Ti. Supported by Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch, Kermanshah, Iran

Enhanced Mechanical Performance of Bio-Inspired Hybrid Structures Utilising Topological Interlocking Geometry.

PubMed

Djumas, Lee; Molotnikov, Andrey; Simon, George P; Estrin, Yuri

2016-05-24

Structural composites inspired by nacre have emerged as prime exemplars for guiding materials design of fracture-resistant, rigid hybrid materials. The intricate microstructure of nacre, which combines a hard majority phase with a small fraction of a soft phase, achieves superior mechanical properties compared to its constituents and has generated much interest. However, replicating the hierarchical microstructure of nacre is very challenging, not to mention improving it. In this article, we propose to alter the geometry of the hard building blocks by introducing the concept of topological interlocking. This design principle has previously been shown to provide an inherently brittle material with a remarkable flexural compliance. We now demonstrate that by combining the basic architecture of nacre with topological interlocking of discrete hard building blocks, hybrid materials of a new type can be produced. By adding a soft phase at the interfaces between topologically interlocked blocks in a single-build additive manufacturing process, further improvement of mechanical properties is achieved. The design of these fabricated hybrid structures has been guided by computational work elucidating the effect of various geometries. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study that combines the advantages of nacre-inspired structures with the benefits of topological interlocking.

Laboratory testing of alcohol safety interlock systems employing divided attention tests

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-12-01

Author's abstract: Prototype Alcohol Safety Interlock Systems employing measurements of tracking ability, reaction time, and response accuracy to discern alcohol impairment were submitted to laboratory testing. These systems were modified versions of...

Alcohol ignition interlock service support

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1992-12-01

Author's abstract: This Technical Report was produced under Contract No. DTNH22-89-C-07009 for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Under that same contract, a draft set of model specifications for Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Dev...

Temporary bridge deck panels.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-03-01

The research described here has resulted in the development of a simplistic and innovative interlocking : glulam bridge deck panel for use in temporary bridge deck applications. The key feature of this panel : system is the interlocking tongue and gr...

Interlock Data Utilization

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-08-01

The objectives of this exploratory study were to determine (a) how ignition interlock data is used for DWI offender monitoring and offender-related programs, such as screening, assessments, and treatment for alcohol abuse problems; and (b) if the int...

Experimental evaluation of second-generation alcohol safety-interlock systems

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-01-01

Author's absract: This report documents the results of laboratory testing of four "second-generation" alcohol safety-interlock systems. As a group, these systems were found to produce appreciable discrimination between sober and intoxicated subjects.

Modulation of physiological responses with TiO2 nano-particle in Azolla pinnata R.Br. under 2,4-D toxicity.

PubMed

De, Arnab Kumar; Ghosh, Arijit; Debnath, Subhas Chandra; Sarkar, Bipul; Saha, Indraneel; Adak, Malay Kumar

2018-06-05

The present work is emphasised with the herbicidal tolerance of Azolla pinnata R.Br. and its modulation with TiO 2 nano-particle. Both carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were effected with 2,4-D as herbicide and in few cases TiO 2 -NP had recovered few detrimental effects. From the nutrient status in Azolla it recorded the recovery of nitrogen as well as potassium by TiO 2 -NP but not in case of phosphorus. However, a conversion of nitrate to ammonium was more induced by TiO 2 -NP under herbicidal toxicity. Similar results were obtained for inter-conversion of amino acid-nitrate pool, but no changes with glutamine synthase activity with TiO 2 -NP. Initially, the effects of 2,4-D was monitored with changes of chlorophyll content but had not been recovered with nanoparticle. Photosynthetic reserves expressed as both total and reducing sugar were insensitive to TiO 2 -NP interference but activity of soluble and wall bound invertase was in reverse trend as compared to control. The 2,4-D mediated changes of redox and its oxidative stress was ameliorated in plants with over expressed ADH activity. As a whole the Azolla bio system with TiO 2 supplementation may be useful in sustenance against 2,4-D toxicity through recovery of nitrogen metabolism. Thus, Azolla-TiO 2 -NP bio system would be realised to monitor the herbicidal toxicity in soil and its possible bioremediation.

Jumbo Cutter for Removal of A Bent Femoral Interlocking Nail: A Cost Effective Method

PubMed Central

Dhanda, Manjeet Singh; Sharma, Sansar C; Ali, Nadeem; Bhat, Abedullah

2015-01-01

Closed diaphyseal femoral shaft fractures can be treated with multiple surgical options. It is more challenging to remove a bent nail than a broken one because it is difficult to retrieve the bent nail through the intramedullary canal. Various authors have published their techniques for removal of bent femoral interlocking nail. This article describes a simple technique using Jumbo cutter for sectioning and removal of bent interlocking nail. This technique will help orthopaedic surgeons to remove bent nail without using any specialised metal cutting instruments. PMID:26266173

Redox History of Early Solar System Planetismals Recorded in the D;Orbigny Angrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

King, P.L.; Sutton, S.R.; Spilde, M.N.

2012-04-02

Angrites are ancient basaltic meteorites ({approx}4.56 Ga) that preserve evidence of some of the solar system's earliest melting events. The volcanic-textured angrites such as D'Orbigny were rapidly crystallized and are relatively pristine; lacking shock, brecciation, and parent-body weathering textures. Thus, these angrites provide a unique 'window' into the petrogenesis of planetary bodies in the early solar system. Angrites may be formed by partial melting of CV chondrites under relatively oxidized sources compared to the eucrites, and therefore may document variations in fO{sub 2} conditions on carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies. Thus, understanding the intrinsic fO{sub 2} conditions of the angrites ismore » needed to determine how different early Solar System basalts form, to model separation of the core, mantle and crust, and to understand magnetic fields on planetary bodies. The D'Orbigny angrite contains a range of textures: (a) crystalline texture containing interlocking crystals of fassaite (pyroxene) with Ti-rich rims, anorthite, and Mg-olivine with Fe-rich rims; (b) cavities with protruding needle-like pyroxene and anorthite dusted by Ca-(Mg)-carbonate; (c) mesostasis with kirschsteinite, ilmenite, troilite, phosphates (e.g., merrilite, whitlockite and Casilicophosphate), rhonite and minor glass; (d) glasses ({approx} angrite composition) in vesicles, as inclusions and as beads, and also cross-cutting crystal-rich portions of the rock; (e) vesicles (e.g., {approx}1.4 vol. %, 0.0219-87.7 mm{sup 3}). Analysis of the textures and Fe{sup 3+}/Fetotal of the cavity pyroxene suggests that the oxygen fugacity (fO{sub 2}) increased in the D'Orbigny angrite perhaps due to introduction of a gas phase. Here we examine the detailed fO{sub 2} history using micro-analyses that allow us to avoid inclusions that may cause spurious results. We present analyses of both S- and V- oxidation states to complement other work using Fe-oxidation state and to avoid problems related to measuring low concentrations of Fe{sup 3+} and propagating errors when calculating fO{sub 2} in samples with low Fe{sup 3+} concentrations.« less

Orbital configuration in CaTiO 3 films on NdGaO 3

DOE PAGES

Cao, Yanwei; Park, Se Young; Liu, Xiaoran; ...

2016-10-13

Despite its use as a constituent layer for realization of a polar metal and interfacial conductivity, the microscopic study of electronic structure of CaTiO 3 is still very limited. Here, we epitaxially stabilized CaTiO 3 films on NdGaO 3 (110) substrates in a layer-by-layer way by pulsed laser deposition. The structural and electronic properties of the films were characterized by reflection-high-energy-electron-diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and element-specific resonant X-ray absorption spectroscopy. To reveal the orbital polarization and the crystal field splitting of the titanium 3d state, X-ray linear dichroism was carried out on CaTiO 3 films, demonstrating the orbital configuration of dmore » xz/d yz < d xy < d 3z2-r2 < d x2-y2. To further explore the origin of this configuration, we performed the first-principles density function theory calculations, which linked the orbital occupation to the on-site energy of Ti 3d orbitals. Finally, these findings can be important for understanding and designing exotic quantum states in heterostructures based on CaTiO 3.« less

Two-dimensional confinement of 3d{1} electrons in LaTiO_{3}/LaAlO{3} multilayers.

PubMed

Seo, S S A; Han, M J; Hassink, G W J; Choi, W S; Moon, S J; Kim, J S; Susaki, T; Lee, Y S; Yu, J; Bernhard, C; Hwang, H Y; Rijnders, G; Blank, D H A; Keimer, B; Noh, T W

2010-01-22

We report spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of the anisotropy of the interband transitions parallel and perpendicular to the planes of (LaTiO3)n(LaAlO3)5 multilayers with n=1-3. These provide direct information about the electronic structure of the two-dimensional (2D) 3d{1} state of the Ti ions. In combination with local density approximation, including a Hubbard U calculation, we suggest that 2D confinement in the TiO2 slabs lifts the degeneracy of the t{2g} states leaving only the planar d{xy} orbitals occupied. We outline that these multilayers can serve as a model system for the study of the t{2g} 2D Hubbard model.

3D hierarchical architecture based on 1D TiO2 nanorod and 2D MnO2 nanoflake for high performance supercapacitor electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thakur, S.; Maiti, S.; Acharya, A.; Paul, T.; Besra, N.; Sarkar, S.; Chattopadhyay, K. K.

2018-04-01

Possibility of integration of manifold functionalities coupled with novel interface phenomenon generation in geometrically intricate hierarchical nanoform has made them greatly pertinent from both research and technological point of view. Here, oxide based hybrid has been realized by integrating 1D TiO2 nanorod with 2D MnO2 nanoflake via low temperature chemical route. Meticulous tunability over the hierarchical morphology was achieved by subtle variation of reaction parameter which in turn created difference in MnO2 growth over TiO2. Morphological features of the samples were examined by FESEM and TEM. Hybrid samples exhibited high electrochemical performance than pristine TiO2 nanorods. Registered electrochemical performance from TiO2-MnO2 hybrid was found to be ˜1024F/g at a current density of 0.66A/g which is ˜100 fold than TiO2 at same current density. Such enhanced performance is accounted from higher surface area and electrical conductivity of the hybrid.

Shape memory effect in nanosized Ti2NiCu alloy-based composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Irzhak, A. V.; Lega, P. V.; Zhikharev, A. M.; Koledov, V. V.; Orlov, A. P.; Kuchin, D. S.; Tabachkova, N. Yu.; Dikan, V. A.; Shelyakov, A. V.; Beresin, M. Yu.; Pushin, V. G.; von Gratowski, S. V.; Pokrovskiy, V. Ya.; Zybtsev, S. G.; Shavrov, V. G.

2017-01-01

The shape memory effect (SME) in alloys with a thermoelastic martensite transition opens unique opportunities for the creation of miniature mechanical devices. The SME has been studied in layered composite microstructures consisting of a Ti2NiCu alloy and platinum. It occurs upon a decrease in the active layer thickness at least to 80 nm. Some physical and technological restrictions on the minimum size of a material with SME are discussed.

A hybrid optimization algorithm to explore atomic configurations of TiO 2 nanoparticles

DOE PAGES

Inclan, Eric J.; Geohegan, David B.; Yoon, Mina

2017-10-17

Here in this paper we present a hybrid algorithm comprised of differential evolution, coupled with the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno quasi-Newton optimization algorithm, for the purpose of identifying a broad range of (meta)stable Ti nO 2n nanoparticles, as an example system, described by Buckingham interatomic potential. The potential and its gradient are modified to be piece-wise continuous to enable use of these continuous-domain, unconstrained algorithms, thereby improving compatibility. To measure computational effectiveness a regression on known structures is used. This approach defines effectiveness as the ability of an algorithm to produce a set of structures whose energy distribution follows the regression as themore » number of Ti nO 2n increases such that the shape of the distribution is consistent with the algorithm’s stated goals. Our calculation demonstrates that the hybrid algorithm finds global minimum configurations more effectively than the differential evolution algorithms, widely employed in the field of materials science. Specifically, the hybrid algorithm is shown to reproduce the global minimum energy structures reported in the literature up to n = 5, and retains good agreement with the regression up to n = 25. For 25 < n < 100, where literature structures are unavailable, the hybrid effectively obtains structures that are in lower energies per TiO 2 unit as the system size increases.« less

23. Looking N up corridor from Chick Interlocking Tower. Boston, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. Looking N up corridor from Chick Interlocking Tower. Boston, Suffolk Co., MA. Sec. 4116, MP 227.09. - Northeast Railroad Corridor, Amtrak Route between RI/MA State Line & South Station, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

Interlock Data Utilization : Traffic Tech

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-06-01

Driving-while-impaired (DWI) offenders present a high risk to traffic safety. Alcohol ignition interlocks are now widely used for DWI offenders and can significantly reduce DWI recidivism while on the offenders vehicle. In a typical year an interl...

Refining the maintenance techniques for Interlocking Concrete Paver GIs

EPA Science Inventory

Surface clogging adversely affects the performance of Interlocking Concrete Pavements (ICP) by reducing their ability to infiltrate stormwater runoff. The clogging rate is a function of pavement type, traffic loading, surrounding physical environment and maintenance treatments. ...

Laboratory evaluation of alcohol safety interlock systems. Volume 1 : summary report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

The report contains the results of an experimental and analytical evaluation of instruments and techniques designed to prevent an intoxicated driver from operating his automobile. The prototype 'Alcohol Safety Interlock Systems' tested were developed...

Coconut oil predicts a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal women in the Philippines

PubMed Central

Feranil, Alan B.; Duazo, Paulita L.; Kuzawa, Christopher W.; Adair, Linda S.

2011-01-01

Coconut oil is a common edible oil in many countries, and there is mixed evidence for its effects on lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease risk. Here we examine the association between coconut oil consumption and lipid profiles in a cohort of 1,839 Filipino women (age 35–69 years) participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, a community based study in Metropolitan Cebu City. Coconut oil intake was measured as individual coconut oil intake calculated using two 24-hour dietary recalls (9.54 ± 8.92 grams). Cholesterol profiles were measured in plasma samples collected after an overnight fast. Mean lipid values in this sample were total cholesterol (TC) (186.52 ± 38.86 mg/dL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (40.85 ± 10.30 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (119.42 ± 33.21 mg/dL), triglycerides (130.75 ± 85.29 mg/dL) and the TC/HDL ratio (4.80 ± 1.41). Linear regression models were used to estimate the association between coconut oil intake and each plasma lipid outcome after adjusting for total energy intake, age, body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, education, menopausal status, household assets and urban residency. Dietary coconut oil intake was positively associated with HDL-c levels. PMID:21669587

Mechanical interlocking of cotton fibers on slightly textured surfaces of metallic cylinders

PubMed Central

Zhang, Youqiang; Tian, Yu; Meng, Yonggang

2016-01-01

Mechanical interlocking is widely applied in industry and general lives of human beings. In this work, we realized the control of locking or sliding states of cotton fibers on the metal surfaces with slightly different textures through traditional machining. Three types of sliding states, i.e., locking, one-way sliding, and two-way sliding have been achieved. It is found that the locking or sliding of the cotton fibers on the metallic cylinder depends on the friction coefficient and the ratio of cotton fiber diameter, 2r, to the height of the rough peaks, h, of metal surfaces. When the critical ratio h/r exceeds 1, the cotton fibers could tightly attach to the metallic surface through mechanical interlocking. This work provided a convenient and universal method for the control of interlocking or sliding of fiber-based materials on textured surfaces. PMID:27156720

Attitudes towards requiring ignition interlocks for all driving while intoxicated offenders: findings from the 2010 HealthStyles Survey

PubMed Central

Shults, Ruth A; Bergen, Gwen

2017-01-01

Ignition interlocks are effective in reducing recidivism among driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders while installed on their vehicles. However, the devices are not widely used in the USA. This survey gauged public support for requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders including first-time offenders. 69% of respondents supported such a policy. Support was lowest (38%) among persons who reported drinking and driving in the past 30 days. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that support varied little by region, community size or most measured individual characteristics. Persons who did not drink and drive were 80% more likely to support the requirement than those who drink and drive. These findings suggest that laws requiring ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders may face the most opposition in communities with high levels of drinking and driving. PMID:22773020

Ambient-Stable and Durable Conductive Ag-Nanowire-Network 2-D Films Decorated with a Ti Layer.

PubMed

Kim, Yoon-Mi; Hwang, Bu-Yeon; Lee, Ki-Wook; Kim, Jin-Yeol

2018-05-11

Highly stable and durable conductive silver nanowire (Ag NW) network electrode films were prepared through decoration with a 5-nm-thick Ti layer. The Ag NW network 2-D films showed sheet resistance values as low as 32 ohm/sq at 88% transparency when decorated with Ti. These 2-D films exhibited a 30% increase in electrical conductivity while maintaining good stability of the films through enhanced resistance to moisture and oxygen penetration as a result of the protective effect of the Ti layer.

Oxygen vacancy-induced room-temperature ferromagnetism in D—D neutron irradiated single-crystal TiO2 (001) rutile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Nan-Nan; Li, Gong-Ping; Pan, Xiao-Dong; Wang, Yun-Bo; Chen, Jing-Sheng; Bao, Liang-Man

2014-10-01

Remarkable room temperature ferromagnetism in pure single-crystal rutile TiO2 (001) samples irradiated by D—D neutron has been investigated. By combining X-ray diffraction and positron annihilation lifetime, the contracted lattice has been clearly identified in irradiated TiO2, where Ti4+ ions can be easily reduced to the state of Ti3+. As there were no magnetic impurities that could contaminate the samples during the whole procedure, some Ti3+ ions reside on interstitial or substituted sites accompanied by oxygen vacancies should be responsible for the ferromagnetism.

Comparison of Hydroxyapatite-coated stems in total hip arthroplasty after a minimum 10-years follow-up.

PubMed

Gallo, J; Landor, I; Cechová, I; Jahoda, D

2008-10-01

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Hydroxypatite coating (HAC) was introduced into total hip arthroplasty (THA) practice to improve the fixation interface between bone and prosthesis. To test this assumption however, long-term follow-up investigations are needed. In this study, we present data for two consecutive series of THA stems with HAC and a minimum ten-year follow-up. MATERIAL Overall, 249 patients (271 hips) were included in the study, of these 122 (135 hips) had Walter hip arthroplasty (WHA group) with a two-layered TiO2/HAC at the proximal part of the stem and 127 (136 hips) had ABG I prostheses (ABG I group) with a single-layered HAC at the proximal part of the stem. Mean length of follow-up was 11.4 years (0.8-13) and 9.8 years (4-12) in WHA and ABG I groups, respectively. Mean age at the time of surgery was 62 years (23-79) and 47 years (21-65) in WHA and ABG I groups, respectively. METHODS Probabilities of implant survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Radiographic data were included to construct the worst-case scenario. Differences in survival curves were evaluated by Gehan's Wilcoxon test. Harris hip score was used to compare preoperative status with that of final follow-up. RESULTS The overall survival of WHA was significantly better than the ABG I (0.85 versus 0.66; p < 0.05). The main reason for a high revision rate in ABG I was periprosthetic osteolysis followed by aseptic loosening. With regard to stems, the survivorship curve for the Walter stem was significantly better than for the ABG I stem even when radiographic results were included (p = 0.0002). In the WHA group, two stems (1.5%) were revised due to sepsis, in contrast to thirty-one stems (23.5%) revised in the ABG I group due to osteolysis and aseptic loosening (p < 0.05). Significant improvement was achieved in both groups under study in terms of Harris hip score. DISCUSSION Data presented here appear surprising at first glance because the differences between the stems under study are only minor. The failure in ABG I was most probably caused by poor polyethylene quality and poor locking mechanism of polyethylene liner in the metallic shell. In addition, HAC used in ABG I prosthesis was not able to prevent the development of polyethylene disease stimulated by high wear rate. CONCLUSION This study revealed excellent survivorship for WHA stems after a minimum ten-year survival and significantly poorer survivorship for the ABG I stems.This may be explained at least particularly by combined two-layered HAC used in WHA stems which provide simultaneously endurable bone interlocking and effective barrier against expansion of polyethylene disease.

1-D and 2-D morphology of metal cation co-doped (Zn, Mn) TiO2 and investigation of their photocatalytic activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benjwal, Poonam; De, Bibekananda; Kar, Kamal K.

2018-01-01

Morphology and electronic bandgap of titania (TiO2) are considered to be the primary factors for determining the photocatalytic efficiency, as they determine the number of active sites for the photocatalytic reactions. In the present study, two different morphologies of TiO2 (nanosphere and nanorod) with varying Zn and Mn co-doping were synthesized by solvothermal and hydrothermal methods to examine their photocatalytic efficiency by methylene blue degradation. The co-doped photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, Raman, FTIR and UV-vis DRS. Further, a comparison has been made with co-doped TiO2 nanospheres and TiO2 nanorods, where Zn, Mn co-doped TiO2 nanorods show higher photocatalytic activity compared to nanospheres. This higher photocatalytic activity of co-doped TiO2 is attributed to its polymorphic phases, as they act as heterojunctions for TiO2. Further, being 1-D nanostructure, the TiO2 nanorods exhibit the straight diffusion path for charge carriers, which reduces the recombination possibilities. The obtained results suggest that the photocatalysis efficiency of TiO2 can be significantly enhanced by tailoring the shape and co-doping concentration, which enforce a new concept for developing the new nanostructures of TiO2.

Electronic transport in bismuth selenide in the topological insulator regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Dohun

The 3D topological insulators (TIs) have an insulating bulk but spin-momentum coupled metallic surface states stemming from band inversion due to strong spin-orbit interaction, whose existence is guaranteed by the topology of the band structure of the insulator. While the STI surface state has been studied spectroscopically by e.g. photoemission and scanned probes, transport experiments have failed to demonstrate clear signature of the STI due to high level of bulk conduction. In this thesis, I present experimental results on the transport properties of TI material Bi2Se3 in the absence of bulk conduction (TI regime), achieved by applying novel p-type doping methods. Field effect transistors consisting of thin (thickness: 5-17 nm) Bi2Se3 are fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of single crystals, and a combination of conventional dielectric (300 nm thick SiO2) and electrochemical or chemical gating methods are used to move the Fermi energy through the surface Dirac point inside bulk band gap, revealing the ambipolar gapless nature of transport in the Bi2Se3 surface states. The minimum conductivity of the topological surface state is understood within the self-consistent theory of Dirac electrons in the presence of charged impurities. The intrinsic finite-temperature resistivity of the topological surface state due to electron-acoustic phonon scattering is measured to be 60 times larger than that of graphene largely due to the smaller Fermi and sound velocities in Bi2Se 3, which will have implications for topological electronic devices operating at room temperature. Along with semi-classical Boltzmann transport, I also discuss 2D weak anti-localization (WAL) behavior of the topological surface states. By investigating gate-tuned WAL behavior in thin (5-17 nm) TI films, I show that WAL in the TI regime is extraordinarily sensitive to the hybridization induced quantum mechanical tunneling between top and bottom topological surfaces, and interplay of phase coherence time and inter-surface tunneling time results in a crossover from two decoupled (top and bottom) symplectic 2D metal surfaces to a coherently coupled single channel. Furthermore, a complete suppression of WAL is observed in the 5 nm thick Bi2Se 3 film which was found to occur when the hybridization gap becomes comparable to the disorder strength.

Summary and evaluation of responses received on the alcohol safety interlock system

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1971-05-01

This report summarizes and evaluates devices and suggestions provided by respondents to the DOT Prospectus entitled "Some Considerations Related to the Development of an Alcohol Safety Interlock System (ASIS)". The responses are categorized into: (1)...

Laboratory evaluation of alcohol safety interlock systems. Volume 2 : instrument screening experiments

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

The report contains the results of an experimental and analytical evaluation of instruments and techniques designed to prevent an intoxicated driver from operating his automobile. The prototype 'Alcohol Safety Interlock Systems' tested were developed...

Refining the maintenance techniques for Interlocking Concrete Paver GIs - abstract

EPA Science Inventory

Surface clogging adversely affects the performance of Interlocking Concrete Pavements (ICP) by reducing their ability to infiltrate stormwater runoff. Determining the correct methods for remedial maintenances is crucial to recovering and maintaining efficient ICP performance. T...

Ignition interlock : an investigation into rural Arizona judges’ perceptions.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

This study sought to answer several questions regarding 2007 Arizona legislation requiring ignition interlock for all offenders convicted of Driving-Under-the-Influence (DUI), including first time DUI offenders. At the time the law was passed, Arizon...

Interlocked molecules: Moving into another dimension

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fournel-Marotte, Karine; Coutrot, Frédéric

2017-02-01

Molecular daisy-chain structures are typically made up of two interlocked components and can exhibit muscle-like contraction and extension in one dimension. Zinc-based multicomponent systems that can operate in two and three dimensions have now been designed and synthesized.

Ignition interlock: an investigation into rural Arizona judges' perceptions : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

This study sought to answer several questions regarding 2007 : Arizona legislation requiring ignition interlock for all offenders : convicted of driving under the influence (DUI), including : first-time DUI offenders. At the time the law was passed, ...

Electronic Structure at Oxide Interfaces

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

of materials with desired correlated electron properties such as ferromagnetism with a high Curie temperature, high transition temperature...approximation and therefore the canonical Mott picture is unable to account for the insulating behavior of these materials . We resolve this apparent...the two materials . LaTiO3 shows insulating behavior with a small excitation gap set by Ti d-d transitions and a wide energy separation between Ti d

Synthesis of zeolite NaA membrane from fused fly ash extract.

PubMed

Ameh, Alechine E; Musyoka, Nicholas M; Fatoba, Ojo O; Syrtsova, Daria A; Teplyakov, Vladimir V; Petrik, Leslie F

2016-01-01

Zeolite-NaA membranes were synthesized from an extract of fused South African fly ash on a porous titanium support by a secondary growth method. The influence of the synthesis molar regime on the formation of zeolite NaA membrane layer was investigated. Two synthesis mixtures were generated by adding either aluminium hydroxide or sodium aluminate to the fused fly ash extract. The feedstock material and the synthesized membranes were characterized by X-diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). It was found by XRD and SEM that the cubic crystals of a typical zeolite NaA with a dense intergrown layer was formed on the porous Ti support. The study shows that the source of Al used had an effect on the membrane integrity as sodium aluminate provided the appropriate amount of Na(+) to form a coherent membrane of zeolite NaA, whereas aluminium hydroxide did not. Morphological, the single hydrothermal stage seeded support formed an interlocked array of zeolite NaA particles with neighbouring crystals. Also, a robust, continuous and well-intergrown zeolite NaA membrane was formed with neighbouring crystals of zeolite fused to each other after the multiple stage synthesis. The synthesized membrane was permeable to He (6.0 × 10(6) L m(-2)h(-1) atm(-1)) and CO2 (5.6 × 10(6) L m(-2)h(-1) atm(-1)), which indicate that the layer of the membrane was firmly attached to the porous Ti support. Membrane selectivity was maintained showing membrane integrity with permselectivity of 1.1, showing that a waste feedstock, fly ash, could be utilized for preparing robust zeolite NaA membranes on Ti support.

Examining the feasibility of alcohol ignition interlocks for motorcycles : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-05-01

Impaired driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes and traffic : fatalities. The use of alcohol ignition interlocks is growing as a : countermeasure to combat the high rate of offender recidivism : for Driving While Intoxicated (DWI); however, whi...

49 CFR 236.751 - Interlocking, manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Interlocking, manual. 236.751 Section 236.751 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... so interconnected by means of mechanical and/or electric locking that their movements must succeed...

49 CFR 236.750 - Interlocking, automatic.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Interlocking, automatic. 236.750 Section 236.750 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION... manually, and which are so interconnected by means of electric circuits that their movements must succeed...

Laboratory evaluation of alcohol safety interlock systems. Volume 3 : instrument performance at high BAL

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

This report contains the results of an experimental and analytical evaluation of instruments and techniques designed to prevent an intoxicated driver from operating his automobile. The prototype 'Alcohol Safety Interlock Systems' tested were develope...

Evaluation of the New Mexico ignition interlock program : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-11-01

Impaired driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes and traffic : fatalities. The use of ignition interlocks is growing as a : countermeasure to combat the high rate of offender recidivism : for driving while intoxicated (DWI). New Mexico currently...

Enhanced Mechanical Performance of Bio-Inspired Hybrid Structures Utilising Topological Interlocking Geometry

PubMed Central

Djumas, Lee; Molotnikov, Andrey; Simon, George P.; Estrin, Yuri

2016-01-01

Structural composites inspired by nacre have emerged as prime exemplars for guiding materials design of fracture-resistant, rigid hybrid materials. The intricate microstructure of nacre, which combines a hard majority phase with a small fraction of a soft phase, achieves superior mechanical properties compared to its constituents and has generated much interest. However, replicating the hierarchical microstructure of nacre is very challenging, not to mention improving it. In this article, we propose to alter the geometry of the hard building blocks by introducing the concept of topological interlocking. This design principle has previously been shown to provide an inherently brittle material with a remarkable flexural compliance. We now demonstrate that by combining the basic architecture of nacre with topological interlocking of discrete hard building blocks, hybrid materials of a new type can be produced. By adding a soft phase at the interfaces between topologically interlocked blocks in a single-build additive manufacturing process, further improvement of mechanical properties is achieved. The design of these fabricated hybrid structures has been guided by computational work elucidating the effect of various geometries. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study that combines the advantages of nacre-inspired structures with the benefits of topological interlocking. PMID:27216277

On Critical States, Rupture States and Interlocking Strength of Granular Materials.

PubMed

Szalwinski, Chris M

2017-07-27

The Mohr-Coulomb theory of strength identifies cohesion and internal friction as the two principal contributions to the shear strength of a granular material. The contribution of cohesion in over-compacted granular materials has been challenged and replacing cohesion with interlocking has been proposed. A theory of rupture strength that includes interlocking is derived herein. The physics-chemistry concept of critical state is elaborated to accommodate granular materials, based on empirical definitions established in the fields of soil mechanics and bulk solids' flow. A surface in state space, called the critical compaction surface, separates over-compacted states from lightly compacted states. The intersection of this surface with the Mohr-Coulomb envelope forms the critical state surface for a granular material. The rupture strength of an over-compacted granular material is expressed as the sum of cohesion, internal friction and interlocking strength. Interlocking strength is the shear strength contribution due to over-compaction and vanishes at critical state. The theory allows migrations from one critical state to another. Changes in specific volume during such migrations are related to changes in mean-normal effective stress and uncoupled from changes in shearing strain. The theory is reviewed with respect to two established research programs and underlying assumptions are identified.

The Utilisation of Shredded PET as Aggregate Replacement for Interlocking Concrete Block

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mokhtar, M.; Kaamin, M.; Sahat, S.; Hamid, N. B.

2018-03-01

The consumption of plastic has grown substantially all over the world in recent years and this has created huge quantities of plastic-based waste. Plastic waste is now a serious environmental threat to the modern way of living, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. This creates substantial garbage every day, which is much unhealthy. Plastic bottles such as Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was use as the partially component in this making of interlocking blocks concrete. This project investigates the strength and workability of the interlocking block concrete by replacing course aggregate with % PET. The suitability of recycled plastics (PET) as course aggregate in interlocking block concrete and its advantages are discussed here. Moreover, there were more benefits when using interlocking block than using conventional block such as it easy for construction because they are aligning, easy to place, high speed stacking and they offer more resistance to shear and buildings would be even stronger. Based on the test perform, the failure parameter were discussed .From the compressive strength test result, it shows that the strength of concrete block decreased with increased of PET used. From the results, it shows that higher compressive strength was found with 5% natural course aggregate replaced with PET compared to other percentages.

Facile fabrication of Si-doped TiO2 nanotubes photoanode for enhanced photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Zhenbiao; Ding, Dongyan; Li, Ting; Ning, Congqin

2018-04-01

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting based doping modified one dimensional (1D) titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures provide an efficient method for hydrogen generation. Here we first successfully fabricated 1D Si-doped TiO2 (Ti-Si-O) nanotube arrays through anodizing Ti-Si alloys with different Si amount, and reported the PEC properties for water splitting. The Ti-Si-O nanotube arrays fabricated on Ti-5 wt.% Si alloy and annealed at 600 °C possess higher PEC activity, yielding a higher photocurrent density of 0.83 mA/cm2 at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The maximum photoconversion efficiency was 0.54%, which was 2.7 times the photoconversion efficiency of undoped TiO2.

Using virtual ridge augmentation and 3D printing to fabricate a titanium mesh positioning device: A novel technique letter.

PubMed

Al-Ardah, Aladdin; Alqahtani, Nasser; AlHelal, Abdulaziz; Goodacre, Brian; Swamidass, Rajesh; Garbacea, Antoanela; Lozada, Jaime

2018-05-02

This technique describes a novel approach for planning and augmenting a large bony defect using a titanium mesh (TiMe). A 3-dimensional (3D) surgical model was virtually created from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and wax-pattern of the final prosthetic outcome. The required bone volume (horizontally and vertically) was digitally augmented and then 3D printed to create a bone model. The 3D model was then used to contour the TiMe in accordance with the digital augmentation. With the contoured / preformed TiMe on the 3D printed model a positioning jig was made to aid the placement of the TiMe as planned during surgery. Although this technique does not impact the final outcome of the augmentation procedure, it allows the clinician to virtually design the augmentation, preform and contour the TiMe, and create a positioning jig reducing surgical time and error.

The complex behavior of the Pd 7 cluster supported on TiO 2 (110) during CO oxidation: adsorbate-driven promoting effect

DOE PAGES

An, Wei; Liu, Ping

2016-09-07

When using the TiO 2(110)-supported Pd7 cluster as a model catalyst, we identified the dynamics of supported metal nanoparticles using density functional theory calculations, at the sub-nanometer scale and under reactive environments. Increasing the CO coverage can induce a structural transformation from Pd 7-3D/TiO 2(110) at low coverage to Pd 7-2D/TiO 2(110) at the saturation coverage wherein CO saturation-driven Pd7-2D/TiO 2(110) structure displays superior CO oxidation activity at the interfacial sites, which are highly active for catalyzing O 2 dissociation and CO oxidation via bifunctional synergy.

Innovative three-dimensional (3D) eco-TiO2 photocatalysts for practical environmental and bio-medical applications

PubMed Central

Lee, Hyun Uk; Lee, Soon Chang; Lee, Young-Chul; Son, Byoungchul; Park, So Young; Lee, Jae Won; Oh, You-Kwan; Kim, Yooseok; Choi, Saehae; Lee, Young-Seak; Lee, Jouhahn

2014-01-01

It is known that water purified by conventional TiO2 photocatalysts may not be safe enough for drinking, due to the toxicity by tiny existence of TiO2 nanoparticles after water treatment. We herein demonstrate a facile design of a three-dimensional (3D) TiO2 photocatalyst structure with which both the efficiency of purification and the safety level of the final purified water can be improved and ensured, respectively. The structure, consisting of 3D sulfur-doped TiO2 microtubes in nanotubes (eco-TiO2), is suitable for both environmental and bio-medical applications. Investigation of its formation mechanism reveals that anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), owing to a spatial constraint, causes a simple, nanoparticles-to-nanotubes structural rearrangement as a template for nanotube growth. It is found that eco-TiO2 can be activated under visible-light irradiation by non-metal (sulfur; S) doping, after which it shows visible-light photocatalytic activities over a range of solar energy. Importantly, an in vitro cytotoxicity test of well-purified water by eco-TiO2 confirms that eco-TiO2 satisfies the key human safety conditions. PMID:25338845

Innovative three-dimensional (3D) eco-TiO₂ photocatalysts for practical environmental and bio-medical applications.

PubMed

Lee, Hyun Uk; Lee, Soon Chang; Lee, Young-Chul; Son, Byoungchul; Park, So Young; Lee, Jae Won; Oh, You-Kwan; Kim, Yooseok; Choi, Saehae; Lee, Young-Seak; Lee, Jouhahn

2014-10-23

It is known that water purified by conventional TiO2 photocatalysts may not be safe enough for drinking, due to the toxicity by tiny existence of TiO2 nanoparticles after water treatment. We herein demonstrate a facile design of a three-dimensional (3D) TiO2 photocatalyst structure with which both the efficiency of purification and the safety level of the final purified water can be improved and ensured, respectively. The structure, consisting of 3D sulfur-doped TiO2 microtubes in nanotubes (eco-TiO2), is suitable for both environmental and bio-medical applications. Investigation of its formation mechanism reveals that anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), owing to a spatial constraint, causes a simple, nanoparticles-to-nanotubes structural rearrangement as a template for nanotube growth. It is found that eco-TiO2 can be activated under visible-light irradiation by non-metal (sulfur; S) doping, after which it shows visible-light photocatalytic activities over a range of solar energy. Importantly, an in vitro cytotoxicity test of well-purified water by eco-TiO2 confirms that eco-TiO2 satisfies the key human safety conditions.

Role of initial correlation in coarsening of a ferromagnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, Saikat; Das, Subir K.

2015-06-01

We study the dynamics of ordering in ferromagnets via Monte Carlo simulations of the Ising model, employing the Glauber spin-flip mechanism, in space dimensions d = 2 and 3, on square and simple cubic lattices. Results for the persistence probability and the domain growth are discussed for quenches to various temperatures (Tf) below the critical one (Tc), from different initial temperatures Ti ≥ Tc. In long time limit, for Ti>Tc, the persistence probability exhibits power-law decay with exponents θ ≃ 0.22 and ≃ 0.18 in d = 2 and 3, respectively. For finite Ti, the early time behavior is a different power-law whose life-time diverges and exponent decreases as Ti → Tc. The two steps are connected via power-law as a function of domain length and the crossover to the second step occurs when this characteristic length exceeds the equilibrium correlation length at T = Ti. Ti = Tc is expected to provide a new universality class for which we obtain θ ≡ θc ≃ 0.035 in d = 2 and ≃0.105 in d = 3. The time dependence of the average domain size ℓ, however, is observed to be rather insensitive to the choice of Ti.

Electrically controllable spin filtering based on superconducting helical states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bobkova, I. V.; Bobkov, A. M.

2017-12-01

The magnetoelectric effects in the surface states of the three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) are extremely strong due to the full spin-momentum locking. Here the microscopic theory of S/3D TI bilayer structures in terms of quasiclassical Green's functions is developed. On the basis of the developed formalism it is shown that the DOS in the S/TI bilayer manifests giant magnetoelectric behavior and, as a result, S/3D TI heterostructures can work as nonmagnetic fully electrically controllable spin filters. It is shown that due to the full spin-momentum locking the amplitudes of the odd-frequency singlet and triplet components of the condensate wave function are equal. The same is valid for the even frequency singlet and triplet components. We unveil the connection between the odd-frequency pairing in S/3D TI heterostructures and magnetoelectric effects in the DOS.

Electronic structure and magnetism of titanium substituted Cd3P2: An ab-initio study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaiganesh, G.; Jaya, S. Mathi

2018-05-01

Using the ab-initio computations that are based on the density functional theory, we have investigated the magnetism and electronic properties of one and two Ti atom substituted Cd3P2 compound. The magnetic stability of the substituted compounds was obtained by analyzing the minimum total energies in nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. Our results indicated the formation of magnetic order in one and two Ti atom substituted Cd3P2 as well as metallic characteristics in these systems. A significant value of the magnetic moment of Ti atom is observed from our calculations. We further find that the neighboring Cd and P atoms too acquire a small magnetic moment.

Mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) with hierarchically 3D dendrimeric architectures: formation mechanism and highly enhanced photocatalytic activity.

PubMed

Li, Xiao-Yun; Chen, Li-Hua; Rooke, Joanna Claire; Deng, Zhao; Hu, Zhi-Yi; Wang, Shao-Zhuan; Wang, Li; Li, Yu; Krief, Alain; Su, Bao-Lian

2013-03-15

Mesoporous TiO(2) with a hierarchically 3D dendrimeric nanostructure comprised of nanoribbon building units has been synthesized via a spontaneous self-formation process from various titanium alkoxides. These hierarchically 3D dendrimeric architectures can be obtained by a very facile, template-free method, by simply dropping a titanium butoxide precursor into methanol solution. The novel configuration of the mesoporous TiO(2) nanostructure in nanoribbon building units yields a high surface area. The calcined samples show significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity and degradation rates owing to the mesoporosity and their improved crystallinity after calcination. Furthermore, the 3D dendrimeric architectures can be preserved after phase transformation from amorphous TiO(2) to anatase or rutile, which occurs during calcination. In addition, the spontaneous self-formation process of mesoporous TiO(2) with hierarchically 3D dendrimeric architectures from the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of titanium butoxide in methanol has been followed by in situ optical microscopy (OM), revealing the secret on the formation of hierarchically 3D dendrimeric nanostructures. Moreover, mesoporous TiO(2) nanostructures with similar hierarchically 3D dendrimeric architectures can also be obtained using other titanium alkoxides. The porosities and nanostructures of the resultant products were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and N(2) adsorption-desorption measurements. The present work provides a facile and reproducible method for the synthesis of novel mesoporous TiO(2) nanoarchitectures, which in turn could herald the fabrication of more efficient photocatalysts. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biological functionality and mechanistic contribution of extracellular matrix-ornamented three dimensional Ti-6Al-4V mesh scaffolds.

PubMed

Kumar, A; Nune, K C; Misra, R D K

2016-11-01

The 3D printed metallic implants are considered bioinert in nature because of the absence of bioactive molecules. Thus, surface modification of bioinert materials is expected to favorably promote osteoblast functions and differentiation. In this context, the objective of this study is to fundamentally elucidate the effect of cell-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) ornamented 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds on biological functions, involving cell adhesion, proliferation, and synthesis of vinculin and actin proteins. To mimic the natural ECM environment, the mineralized ECM of osteoblasts was deposited on the Ti-6Al-4V porous scaffolds, fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM) method. The process comprised of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and freeze-thaw cycles to obtain decellularized extra cellular matrix (dECM), in vitro. The dECM provided a natural environment to restore the natural cell functionality of osteoblasts that were cultured on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds. In comparison to the bare Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, a higher cell functionality such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth including cell-cell and cell-material interaction were observed on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, which were characterized by using markers for focal adhesion and cytoskeleton such as vinculin and actin. Moreover, electron microscopy also indicated higher cell-material interaction and enhanced proliferation of cells on dECM ornamented Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, supported by MTT assay. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2751-2763, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Rotaxane and catenane host structures for sensing charged guest species.

PubMed

Langton, Matthew J; Beer, Paul D

2014-07-15

CONSPECTUS: The promise of mechanically interlocked architectures, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, as prototypical molecular switches and shuttles for nanotechnological applications, has stimulated an ever increasing interest in their synthesis and function. The elaborate host cavities of interlocked structures, however, can also offer a novel approach toward molecular recognition: this Account describes the use of rotaxane and catenane host systems for binding charged guest species, and for providing sensing capability through an integrated optical or electrochemical reporter group. Particular attention is drawn to the exploitation of the unusual dynamic properties of interlocked molecules, such as guest-induced shuttling or conformational switching, as a sophisticated means of achieving a selective and functional sensor response. We initially survey interlocked host systems capable of sensing cationic guests, before focusing on our accomplishments in synthesizing rotaxanes and catenanes designed for the more challenging task of selective anion sensing. In our group, we have developed the use of discrete anionic templation to prepare mechanically interlocked structures for anion recognition applications. Removal of the anion template reveals an interlocked host system, possessing a unique three-dimensional geometrically restrained binding cavity formed between the interlocked components, which exhibits impressive selectivity toward complementary anionic guest species. By incorporating reporter groups within such systems, we have developed both electrochemical and optical anion sensors which can achieve highly selective sensing of anionic guests. Transition metals, lanthanides, and organic fluorophores integrated within the mechanically bonded structural framework of the receptor are perturbed by the binding of the guest, with a concomitant change in the emission profile. We have also exploited the unique dynamics of interlocked hosts by demonstrating that an anion-induced conformational change can be used as a means of signal transduction. Electrochemical sensing has been realized by integration of the redox-active ferrocene functionality within a range of rotaxane and catenanes; binding of an anion perturbs the metallocene, leading to a cathodic shift in the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. In order to obtain practical sensors for target charged guest species, confinement of receptors at a surface is necessary in order to develop robust, reuseable devices. Surface confinement also offers advantages over solution based receptors, including amplification of signal, enhanced guest binding thermodynamics and the negation of solubility problems. We have fabricated anion-templated rotaxanes and catenanes on gold electrode surfaces and demonstrated that the resulting mechanically bonded self-assembled monolayers are electrochemically responsive to the binding of anions, a crucial first step toward the advancement of sophisticated, highly selective, anion sensory devices. Rotaxane and catenane host molecules may be engineered to offer a superior level of molecular recognition, and the incorporation of optical or electrochemical reporter groups within these interlocked frameworks can allow for guest sensing. Advances in synthetic templation strategies has facilitated the synthesis of interlocked architectures and widened their interest as prototype molecular machines. However, their unique host-guest properties are only now beginning to be exploited as a sophisticated approach to chemical sensing. The development of functional host-guest sensory systems such as these is of great interest to the interdisciplinary field of supramolecular chemistry.

Structural effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and doxorubicin on DNA and their antiproliferative roles in T47D and MCF7 cells.

PubMed

Hekmat, Azadeh; Saboury, Ali Akbar; Divsalar, Adeleh; Seyedarabi, Arefeh

2013-07-01

The structural changes in DNA caused by the combined effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and doxorubicin (DOX) were investigated along with their corresponding inhibitory roles in the growth of T47D and MCF7 cells. The UV-visible titration studies showed that DOX+ TiO2 NPs could form a novel complex with DNA. The data also reveal that the TiO2-DOX complex forms through a 1:4 stoichiometric ratio in solution. The values of binding constants reveal that DOX+TiO2 NPs interact more strongly with DNA as compared to TiO2 NPs or DOX alone. CD data show that DOX+TiO2 NPs can noticeably cause disturbance on DNA structure compared to TiO2 NPs or DOX alone, considering that DNA is relatively thermally stable in the condition used. The anticancer property of 0.3 µM DOX+ 60 µM TiO2 NPs and 0.4 µM DOX+ 670 µM TiO2 NPs by MTT assay and DAPI stain demonstrates that this combination can tremendously diminish proliferation of T47D and MCF7cells compared to DOX or TiO2 NPs alone. The UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy experiments show much more enhancement of DOX uptake through the use of TiO2 NPs. These results reveal that DOX+TiO2 NPs could proffer a novel strategy for the development of promising and efficient chemotherapy agents.

Growth and Transport Studies of LaTiO3 / KTaO3 Heterostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, K.; Walker, F. J.; Ahn, C. H.

2014-03-01

Perovskite oxide heterostructures provide a rich platform for exploring emergent electronic properties, such as 2D electron gases (2DEGs) at interfaces. In this talk, we present results on the growth of LaTiO3 / KTaO3 heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy and subsequent measurements of transport properties. Although both oxide materials are insulating in the bulk, metallic conduction is observed from T = 2 - 300 K. We achieve a room temperature carrier mobility of ~ 25 cm2 /Vs at a carrier density of ~ 1014 /cm2. By comparison, 2DEGs in LaTiO3 / SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 / SrTiO3 have lower carrier mobility, but the same carrier density. We attribute some of the increase in mobility to the smaller band effective mass of the Ta 4d electrons compared to the Ti 3d electrons.

Versatile Titanium Silicide Monolayers with Prominent Ferromagnetic, Catalytic, and Superconducting Properties: Theoretical Prediction.

PubMed

Wu, Qisheng; Zhang, Jun-Jie; Hao, Peipei; Ji, Zhongyang; Dong, Shuai; Ling, Chongyi; Chen, Qian; Wang, Jinlan

2016-10-06

On the basis of global structure search and density functional theory calculations, we predict a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, titanium silicide (Ti 2 Si, TiSi 2 , and TiSi 4 ) monolayers. They are proved to be energetically, dynamically, and thermally stable and own excellent mechanical properties. Among them, Ti 2 Si is a ferromagnetic metal with a magnetic moment of 1.37 μ B /cell, while TiSi 2 is an ideal catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction with a nearly zero free energy of hydrogen adsorption. More importantly, electron-phonon coupling calculations suggest that TiSi 4 is a robust 2D phonon-mediated superconductor with a transition temperature of 5.8 K, and the transition temperature can be enhanced up to 11.7 K under a suitable external strain. The versatility makes titanium silicide monolayers promising candidates for spintronic materials, hydrogen evolution catalysts, and 2D superconductors.

Investigation of metal-dithiolate fold angle effects: implications for molybdenum and tungsten enzymes.

PubMed

Joshi, Hemant K; Cooney, J Jon A; Inscore, Frank E; Gruhn, Nadine E; Lichtenberger, Dennis L; Enemark, John H

2003-04-01

Gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory have been used to investigate the interactions between the sulfur pi-orbitals of arene dithiolates and high-valent transition metals as minimum molecular models of the active site features of pyranopterin MoW enzymes. The compounds (Tp*)MoO(bdt) (compound 1), Cp(2)Mo(bdt) (compound 2), and Cp(2)Ti(bdt) (compound 3) [where Tp* is hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate, bdt is 1,2-benzenedithiolate, and Cp is eta(5)- cyclopentadienyl] provide access to three different electronic configurations of the metal, formally d(1), d(2), and d(0), respectively. The gas-phase photoelectron spectra show that ionizations from occupied metal and sulfur based valence orbitals are more clearly observed in compounds 2 and 3 than in compound 1. The observed ionization energies and characters compare very well with those calculated by density functional theory. A "dithiolate-folding-effect" involving an interaction of the metal in-plane and sulfur-pi orbitals is proposed to be a factor in the electron transfer reactions that regenerate the active sites of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes.

Aquaporin-0 Targets Interlocking Domains to Control the Integrity and Transparency of the Eye Lens

PubMed Central

Lo, Woo-Kuen; Biswas, Sondip K.; Brako, Lawrence; Shiels, Alan; Gu, Sumin; Jiang, Jean X.

2014-01-01

Purpose. Lens fiber cell membranes contain aquaporin-0 (AQP0), which constitutes approximately 50% of the total fiber cell membrane proteins and has a dual function as a water channel protein and an adhesion molecule. Fiber cell membranes also develop an elaborate interlocking system that is required for maintaining structural order, stability, and lens transparency. Herein, we used an AQP0-deficient mouse model to investigate an unconventional adhesion role of AQP0 in maintaining a normal structure of lens interlocking protrusions. Methods. The loss of AQP0 in AQP0−/− lens fibers was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Changes in membrane surface structures of wild-type and AQP0−/− lenses at age 3 to 12 weeks were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Preferential distribution of AQP0 in wild-type fiber cell membranes was analyzed with immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling using freeze-fracturing transmission electron microscopy. Results. Interlocking protrusions in young differentiating fiber cells developed normally but showed minor abnormalities at approximately 50 μm deep in the absence of AQP0 in all ages studied. Strikingly, protrusions in maturing fiber cells specifically underwent uncontrolled elongation, deformation, and fragmentation, while cells still retained their overall shape. Later in the process, these changes eventually resulted in fiber cell separation, breakdown, and cataract formation in the lens core. Immunolabeling at the light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy levels demonstrated that AQP0 was particularly enriched in interlocking protrusions in wild-type lenses. Conclusions. This study suggests that AQP0 exerts its primary adhesion or suppression role specifically to maintain the normal structure of interlocking protrusions that is critical to the integrity and transparency of the lens. PMID:24458158

Influence of Nb-doped TiO2 blocking layers as a cascading band structure for enhanced photovoltaic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koo, Bon-Ryul; Oh, Dong-Hyeun; Ahn, Hyo-Jin

2018-03-01

Nb-doped TiO2 (Nb-TiO2) blocking layers (BLs) were developed using horizontal ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (HUSPD). In order to improve the photovoltaic properties of the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), we optimized the Nb doping level of the Nb-TiO2 BLs by controlling the Nb/Ti molar ratio (0, 5, 6, and 7) of the precursor solution for HUSPD. Compared to bare TiO2 BLs, the Nb-TiO2 BLs formed a cascading band structure using the positive shift of the conduction band minimum of the Nb-TiO2 positioned between fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and TiO2. This results in the increase of the potential current and the suppression of the electron recombination. Hence, it led to the improvement of the electrical conductivity, due to the increased electron concentration by the Nb doping into TiO2. Therefore, the DSSC fabricated with the Nb-TiO2 BLs at a Nb/Ti molar ratio of 6 showed superior photoconversion efficiency (∼7.50 ± 0.20%) as a result of the improved short-circuit current density. This is higher than those with the other Nb-TiO2 BLs and without BL. This improvement of the photovoltaic properties for the DSSCs can be attributed to the synergistic effects of uniform and compact BL relative to the prevention of the backward electron transport at the FTO/electrolyte interface, efficient electron transport at interfaces relative to a cascading band structure of FTO/Nb-TiO2/TiO2 multilayers and the facilitated electron transport at the BLs relative to the increased electrical conductivity of the optimized Nb-TiO2 BLs.

The Portuguese gamma irradiation facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mendes, C. M.; Almeida, J. C.; Botelho, M. L.; Cavaco, M. C.; Almeida-Vara, E.; Andrade, M. E.

A Gamma Radiation Facility was built up in the National Laboratory of Industrial Technology and Engineering (LNETI), Lisbon, Portugal. This plant (UTR GAMA-Pi) is a Cobalt-60 dry storage continuous facility with a nominal capacity of 1.5X10 16 Bq. The initial activity is 1.1X10 16 Bq and the troughput capacity 10 3 ton/year for product with a bulk density of 0.2 g/cm 3 treated with a minimum absorbed dose of 25 kGy. Complementary control devices were installed: ventilation system, closed water refrigeration circuit, internal TV system, detection and extinction fire system and emergency power group. It must be emphasized that the best attention was given to the conception and efficiency of the interlock safety systems. This facility will be utilized mainly for radiosterilization of medical articles and decontamination of wine cork stoppers.

Performance enhancement of perovskite solar cells with Mg-doped TiO{sub 2} compact film as the hole-blocking layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jing; Qin, Minchao; Tao, Hong

2015-03-23

In this letter, we report perovskite solar cells with thin dense Mg-doped TiO{sub 2} as hole-blocking layers (HBLs), which outperform cells using TiO{sub 2} HBLs in several ways: higher open-circuit voltage (V{sub oc}) (1.08 V), power conversion efficiency (12.28%), short-circuit current, and fill factor. These properties improvements are attributed to the better properties of Mg-modulated TiO{sub 2} as compared to TiO{sub 2} such as better optical transmission properties, upshifted conduction band minimum (CBM) and downshifted valence band maximum (VBM), better hole-blocking effect, and higher electron life time. The higher-lying CBM due to the modulation with wider band gap MgO and themore » formation of magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxides together resulted in an increment of V{sub oc}. In addition, the Mg-modulated TiO{sub 2} with lower VBM played a better role in the hole-blocking. The HBL with modulated band position provided better electron transport and hole blocking effects within the device.« less

The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of 3D printed materials composed of TiO2-ABS nanocomposites

PubMed Central

Skorski, Matthew R.; Esenther, Jake M.; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Miller, Abigail E.; Hartings, Matthew R.

2016-01-01

Abstract To expand the chemical capabilities of 3D printed structures generated from commercial thermoplastic printers, we have produced and printed polymer filaments that contain inorganic nanoparticles. TiO2 was dispersed into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and extruded into filaments with 1.75 mm diameters. We produced filaments with TiO2 compositions of 1, 5, and 10% (kg/kg) and printed structures using a commercial 3D printer. Our experiments suggest that ABS undergoes minor degradation in the presence of TiO2 during the different processing steps. The measured mechanical properties (strain and Young’s modulus) for all of the composites are similar to those of structures printed from the pure polymer. TiO2 incorporation at 1% negatively affects the stress at breaking point and the flexural stress. Structures produced from the 5 and 10% nanocomposites display a higher breaking point stress than those printed from the pure polymer. TiO2 within the printed matrix was able to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of the polymer. TiO2 was also able to photocatalyze the degradation of a rhodamine 6G in solution. These experiments display chemical reactivity in nanocomposites that are printed using commercial 3D printers, and we expect that our methodology will help to inform others who seek to incorporate catalytic nanoparticles in 3D printed structures. PMID:27375367

The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of 3D printed materials composed of TiO2-ABS nanocomposites.

PubMed

Skorski, Matthew; Esenther, Jake; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Miller, Abigail E; Hartings, Matthew R

To expand the chemical capabilities of 3D printed structures generated from commercial thermoplastic printers, we have produced and printed polymer filaments that contain inorganic nanoparticles. TiO 2 was dispersed into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and extruded into filaments with 1.75 mm diameters. We produced filaments with TiO 2 compositions of 1%, 5%, and 10% (kg/kg) and printed structures using a commercial 3D printer. Our experiments suggest that ABS undergoes minor degradation in the presence of TiO 2 during the different processing steps. The measured mechanical properties (strain and Young's modulus) for all of the composites are similar to those of structures printed from the pure polymer. TiO 2 incorporation at 1% negatively affects the stress at breaking point and the flexural stress. Structures produced from the 5 and 10% nanocomposites display a higher breaking point stress than those printed from the pure polymer. TiO 2 within the printed matrix was able to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of the polymer. TiO 2 was also able to photocatalyze the degradation of a rhodamine 6G in solution. These experiments display chemical reactivity in nanocomposites that are printed using commercial 3D printers, and we expect that our methodology will help to inform others who seek to incorporate catalytic nanoparticles in 3D printed structures.

The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of 3D printed materials composed of TiO2-ABS nanocomposites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skorski, Matthew R.; Esenther, Jake M.; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Miller, Abigail E.; Hartings, Matthew R.

2016-01-01

To expand the chemical capabilities of 3D printed structures generated from commercial thermoplastic printers, we have produced and printed polymer filaments that contain inorganic nanoparticles. TiO2 was dispersed into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and extruded into filaments with 1.75 mm diameters. We produced filaments with TiO2 compositions of 1, 5, and 10% (kg/kg) and printed structures using a commercial 3D printer. Our experiments suggest that ABS undergoes minor degradation in the presence of TiO2 during the different processing steps. The measured mechanical properties (strain and Young's modulus) for all of the composites are similar to those of structures printed from the pure polymer. TiO2 incorporation at 1% negatively affects the stress at breaking point and the flexural stress. Structures produced from the 5 and 10% nanocomposites display a higher breaking point stress than those printed from the pure polymer. TiO2 within the printed matrix was able to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of the polymer. TiO2 was also able to photocatalyze the degradation of a rhodamine 6G in solution. These experiments display chemical reactivity in nanocomposites that are printed using commercial 3D printers, and we expect that our methodology will help to inform others who seek to incorporate catalytic nanoparticles in 3D printed structures.

Production Potential of 47Sc Using Spallation Neutron Flux at the Los Alamos Isotope Production Facility

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

Kowash, PhD (Chairman) Date //signed// 14 March 2014 LTC Stephen McHale, PhD (Member) Date //signed// 10 March 2014 Dr. Jonathan Engle, PhD (Member) Date ...signed// 14 March 2014 Dr. Justin Clinton, PhD (Member) Date AFIT-ENP-14-M-02 Abstract Scandium-47 (T1/2 = 3.41d) forms stable complexes with...0.2 µCi g−1 µAh−1 in the 47Ti and 50Ti-oxide samples, respectively. Radioisotopic purities of 47Sc in excess of 90% are achieved by activation of 47Ti

Incipient 2D Mott insulators in extreme high electron density, ultra-thin GdTiO3/SrTiO3/GdTiO3 quantum wells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, S. James; Ouellette, Daniel G.; Moetakef, Pouya; Cain, Tyler; Chen, Ru; Balents, Leon; Stemmer, Susanne

2013-03-01

By reducing the number of SrO planes in a GdTiO3 /SrTiO3/ GdTiO3 quantum well heterostructure, an electron gas with ~ fixed 2D electron density can be driven close to the Mott metal insulator transition - a quantum critical point at ~1 electron per unit cell. A single interface between the Mott insulator GdTiO3 and band insulator SrTiO3 has been shown to introduce ~ 1/2 electron per interface unit cell. Two interfaces produce a quantum well with ~ 7 1014 cm-2 electrons: at the limit of a single SrO layer it may produce a 2D magnetic Mott insulator. We use temperature and frequency dependent (DC - 3eV) conductivity and temperature dependent magneto-transport to understand the relative importance of electron-electron interactions, electron-phonon interactions, and surface roughness scattering as the electron gas is compressed toward the quantum critical point. Terahertz time-domain and FTIR spectroscopies, measure the frequency dependent carrier mass and scattering rate, and the mid-IR polaron absorption as a function of quantum well thickness. At the extreme limit of a single SrO plane, we observe insulating behavior with an optical gap substantially less than that of the surrounding GdTiO3, suggesting a novel 2D Mott insulator. MURI program of the Army Research Office - Grant No. W911-NF-09-1-0398

Incorporating TiO2 nanotubes with a peptide of D-amino K122-4 (D) for enhanced mechanical and photocatalytic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, L. Q.; Hu, Y. W.; Yu, B.; Davis, E.; Irvin, R.; Yan, X. G.; Li, D. Y.

2016-02-01

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are promising for a wide variety of potential applications in energy, biomedical and environmental sectors. However, their low mechanical strength and wide band gap limit their widespread technological use. This article reports our recent efforts to increase the mechanical strength of TiO2 nanotubes with lowered band gap by immobilizing a peptide of D-amino K122-4 (D) onto the nanotubes. Topographies and chemical compositions of the peptide-coated and uncoated TiO2 nanotubular arrays were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Properties of the peptide-coated and uncoated TiO2 nanotubular arrays, including hardness, elastic modulus, electron work function and photocurrent, were evaluated using micromechanical probe, Kelvin Probe and electrochemical system. Effect of the peptide on surface conductivity was also investigated through current mapping and I-V curve analysis with conductive atomic force microscopy. It is demonstrated that the peptide coating simultaneously enhances the mechanical strength, photocatalytic and electrical properties of TiO2 nanotubes.

High Stability Induced by the TiN/Ti Interlayer in Three-Dimensional Si/Ge Nanorod Arrays as Anode in Micro Lithium Ion Battery.

PubMed

Yue, Chuang; Yu, Yingjian; Wu, Zhenguo; Sun, Shibo; He, Xu; Li, Juntao; Zhao, Libo; Wu, Suntao; Li, Jing; Kang, Junyong; Lin, Liwei

2016-03-01

Three-dimensional (3D) Si/Ge-based micro/nano batteries are promising lab-on-chip power supply sources because of the good process compatibility with integrated circuits and Micro/Nano-Electro-Mechanical System technologies. In this work, the effective interlayer of TiN/Ti thin films were introduced to coat around the 3D Si nanorod (NR) arrays before the amorphous Ge layer deposition as anode in micro/nano lithium ion batteries, thus the superior cycling stability was realized by reason for the restriction of Si activation in this unique 3D matchlike Si/TiN/Ti/Ge NR array electrode. Moreover, the volume expansion properties after the repeated lithium-ion insertion/extraction were experimentally investigated to evidence the superior stability of this unique multilayered Si composite electrode. The demonstration of this wafer-scale, cost-effective, and Si-compatible fabrication for anodes in Li-ion micro/nano batteries provides new routes to configurate more efficient 3D energy storage systems for micro/nano smart semiconductor devices.

The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sangius to colloidal solutions of different nanoparticles applied as mouthwashes

PubMed Central

Ahrari, Farzaneh; Eslami, Neda; Rajabi, Omid; Ghazvini, Kiarash; Barati, Sahar

2015-01-01

Background: Metal nanoparticles have been recently applied in dentistry because of their antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial effects of colloidal solutions containing zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sangius and compare the results with those of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride mouthrinses. Materials and Methods: After adding nanoparticles to a water-based solution, six groups were prepared. Groups I to IV included colloidal solutions containing nanoZnO, nanoCuO, nanoTiO2 and nanoAg, respectively. Groups V and VI consisted of 2.0% sodium fluoride and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes, respectively as controls. We used serial dilution method to find minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and with subcultures obtained minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the solutions against S. mutans and S. sangius. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan test and P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The sodium fluoride mouthrinse did not show any antibacterial effect. The nanoTiO2-containing solution had the lowest MIC against both microorganisms and also displayed the lowest MBC against S. mutans (P < 0.05). The colloidal solutions containing nanoTiO2 and nanoZnO showed the lowest MBC against S. sangius (P < 0.05). On the other hand, chlorhexidine showed the highest MIC and MBC against both streptococci (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The nanoTiO2-containing mouthwash proved to be an effective antimicrobial agent and thus it can be considered as an alternative to chlorhexidine or sodium fluoride mouthrinses in the oral cavity provided the lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on biologic tissues. PMID:25709674

Characterization, antibacterial, total antioxidant, scavenging, reducing power and ion chelating activities of green synthesized silver, copper and titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Artemisia haussknechtii leaf extract.

PubMed

Alavi, Mehran; Karimi, Naser

2017-12-12

Recently, major problem related to pathogenic bacteria is augmentation of antibiotic resistance which has been changed treatment and recovery of millions of infectious patients. The present study reports an eco-friendly, rapid and easy method for synthesis of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) using Artemisia haussknechtii leaf aqueous extract with antibacterial activities against multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria species. Three different concentrations (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 M) of AgNO 3 , CuSO 4 and TiO (OH) 2 were investigated for obtaining optimum NPs green synthesis. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content of leaf extract and total antioxidant activity (DPPH) assay were determined as radical scavenging methods. UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used due to NPs characterization. The size average of the Ag, Cu and TiO 2 NPs obtained were respectively 10.69 ± 5.55, 35.36 ± 44.4 and 92.58 ± 56.98 nm. In the case of antibacterial assay, disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, bacterial growth and morphology of four MDR species Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12258, Serratia marcescens ATTC13880 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were evaluated. Results of this study demonstrated that A. haussknechtii leaf extract with various groups of phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids had suitable ability in green synthesis of Ag, Cu and TiO 2 NPs. Also, Ag and Cu NPs had more antibacterial activities compared to TiO 2 NPs.

A high-resolution paleosecular variation record from Black Sea sediments indicating fast directional changes associated with low field intensities during marine isotope stage (MIS) 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nowaczyk, Norbert R.; Jiabo, Liu; Frank, Ute; Arz, Helge W.

2018-02-01

A total of nine sediment cores recovered from the Archangelsky Ridge in the SE Black Sea were systematically subjected to intense paleo- and mineral magnetic analyses. Besides 16 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C ages available for another core from this area, dating was accomplished by correlation of short-term warming events during the last glacial monitored by high-resolution X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning as maxima in both Ca/Ti and K/Ti ratios in Black Sea sediments to the so-called 'Dansgaard-Oeschger events' recognized from Greenland ice cores. Thus, several hiatuses could be identified in the various cores during the last glacial/interglacial cycle. Finally, core sections documenting marine isotope stage (MIS) 4 at high resolution back to 69 ka were selected for detailed analyses. At 64.5 ka, according to obtained results from Black Sea sediments, the second deepest minimum in relative paleointensity during the past 69 ka occurred, with the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion at 41 ka being associated with the lowest field intensities. The field minimum during MIS 4 is associated with large declination swings beginning about 3 ka before the minimum. While a swing to 50°E is associated with steep inclinations (50-60°) according to the coring site at 42°N, the subsequent declination swing to 30°W is associated with shallow inclinations of down to 40°. Nevertheless, these large deviations from the direction of a geocentric axial dipole field (I = 61 °, D = 0 °) still can not yet be termed as 'excursional', since latitudes of corresponding virtual geomagnetic poles (VGP) only reach down to 51.5°N (120°E) and 61.5°N (75°W), respectively. However, these VGP positions at opposite sides of the globe are linked with VGP drift rates of up to 0.2° per year in between. These extreme secular variations might be the mid-latitude expression of a geomagnetic excursion with partly reversed inclinations found at several sites much further North in Arctic marine sediments between 69°N and 81°N. Thus, the pronounced intensity minimum at 64.5 ka and described directional variations might be the effect of a weak geomagnetic field with a multi-polar geometry in the middle of MIS 4.

Conversion of laser energy to chemical energy by the photoassisted electrolysis of water

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wrighton, M. S.

1976-01-01

Ultraviolet irradiation of the n-type semiconductor TiO2 crystal electrode of an aqueous electrochemical cell evolves O2 at the TiO2 electrode and H2 at the Pt electrode. The gases are typically evolved in a 2:1 (H2:O2) volume ratio. The photoassisted reaction seems to require applied voltages, but values as low as 0.25 V do allow the photoassisted electrolysis to proceed. Prolonged irradiation in either acid or base evolves the gaseous products in amounts which clearly demonstrate that the reaction is catalytic with respect to the TiO2. The wavelength response of the TiO2 and the correlation of product yield and current are reported. The results support the claim that TiO2 is a true photoassistance agent for the electrolysis of water. Minimum optical storage efficiencies of the order of 1 percent can be achieved by the production of H2.

Elevated temperature strengthening of a melt spun austenitic steel by TiB2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michal, G. M.; Glasgow, T. K.; Moore, T. J.

1986-01-01

Mechanical properties of an iron-based alloy containing (by wt pct) 33Ni, 2Al, 6Ti, and 2B (resulting in an alloy containing 10 vol pct TiB2) were evaluated by hardness and tensile testing. The alloy was cast as a ribbon using a dual 'free-jet' variation of Jech et al. (1984) method of chill-block melt-spinning against a copper wheel; to simulate thermal cycles the alloy ribbon would experience during compaction into shapes, various segments of the ribbon were annealed under a vacuum at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1150 C. The results show that maximum strengths at 650 and 760 C were developed in ribbons annealed at 1100 C; in these ribbons an optimal combination of grain coarsening with minimum TiB2 particle growth was observed. However, the elevated-temperature strength of the TiB2-strengthened alloy under optimal annealing conditions was poorer than that of conventional iron-based superalloys strengthened by gamma-prime precipitates.

12 CFR 238.91 - Authority, purpose, and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... SYSTEM (CONTINUED) SAVINGS AND LOAN HOLDING COMPANIES (REGULATION LL) Management Official Interlocks... situations where the management interlock likely would have an anticompetitive effect. (c) Scope. This... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Authority, purpose, and scope. 238.91 Section...

Evaluation and application of a fast module in a PLC based interlock and control system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaera-Sanz, M.

2009-08-01

The LHC Beam Interlock system requires a controller performing a simple matrix function to collect the different beam dump requests. To satisfy the expected safety level of the Interlock, the system should be robust and reliable. The PLC is a promising candidate to fulfil both aspects but too slow to meet the expected response time which is of the order of μseconds. Siemens has introduced a ``so called'' fast module (FM352-5 Boolean Processor). It provides independent and extremely fast control of a process within a larger control system using an onboard processor, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), to execute code in parallel which results in extremely fast scan times. It is interesting to investigate its features and to evaluate it as a possible candidate for the beam interlock system. This paper publishes the results of this study. As well, this paper could be useful for other applications requiring fast processing using a PLC.

Variable stiffness sandwich panels using electrostatic interlocking core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heath, Callum J. C.; Bond, Ian P.; Potter, Kevin D.

2016-04-01

Structural topology has a large impact on the flexural stiffness of a beam structure. Reversible attachment between discrete substructures allows for control of shear stress transfer between structural elements, thus stiffness modulation. Electrostatic adhesion has shown promise for providing a reversible latching mechanism for controllable internal connectivity. Building on previous research, a thin film copper polyimide laminate has been used to incorporate high voltage electrodes to Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sandwich structures. The level of electrostatic holding force across the electrode interface is key to the achievable level of stiffness modulation. The use of non-flat interlocking core structures can allow for a significant increase in electrode contact area for a given core geometry, thus a greater electrostatic holding force. Interlocking core geometries based on cosine waves can be Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machined from Rohacell IGF 110 Foam core. These Interlocking Core structures could allow for enhanced variable stiffness functionality compared to basic planar electrodes. This novel concept could open up potential new applications for electrostatically induced variable stiffness structures.

Organometallic rotaxane dendrimers with fourth-generation mechanically interlocked branches.

PubMed

Wang, Wei; Chen, Li-Jun; Wang, Xu-Qing; Sun, Bin; Li, Xiaopeng; Zhang, Yanyan; Shi, Jiameng; Yu, Yihua; Zhang, Li; Liu, Minghua; Yang, Hai-Bo

2015-05-05

Mechanically interlocked molecules, such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and knots, have applications in information storage, switching devices, and chemical catalysis. Rotaxanes are dumbbell-shaped molecules that are threaded through a large ring, and the relative motion of the two components along each other can respond to external stimuli. Multiple rotaxane units can amplify responsiveness, and repetitively branched molecules--dendrimers--can serve as vehicles for assembly of many rotaxanes on single, monodisperse compounds. Here, we report the synthesis of higher-generation rotaxane dendrimers by a divergent approach. Linkages were introduced as spacer elements to reduce crowding and to facilitate rotaxane motion, even at the congested periphery of the compounds up to the fourth generation. The structures were characterized by 1D multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, and (31)P) and 2D NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and microscopy-based methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AFM and TEM studies of rotaxane dendrimers vs. model dendrimers show that the rotaxane units enhance the rigidity and reduce the tendency of these assemblies to collapse by self-folding. Surface functionalization of the dendrimers with ferrocenes as termini produced electrochemically active assemblies. The preparation of dendrimers with a well-defined topological structure, enhanced rigidity, and diverse functional groups opens previously unidentified avenues for the application of these materials in molecular electronics and materials science.

Structural, thermal and electrical conductivity characteristics of Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} (Ln: La, Nd and Sm) complex perovskites as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jeong, Jihoon; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Azad, Abul K.

2015-03-15

The Ti and Mn replaced complex perovskites, Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} (Ln: La, Nd and Sm), were reported as potential anode materials for high temperature-operating solid oxide fuel cells (HT-SOFCs). For the present research study, synthesis, crystallographic, thermal and electrical conductivity properties of Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} complex perovskites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld method, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrical conductivity to apply these oxide materials for the HT-SOFC anode materials. XRD results showed that Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} oxide systems synthesized as single phases did not react with 8 mol% yttriamore » stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) and 10 mol% Gd-doped cerium oxide (CGO91) up to 1500 °C and did not decompose under dry 3.9% hydrogen at 850 °C. The crystal structures of La{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} (LSTM), Nd{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} (NSTM) and Sm{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} (SSTM) showed orthorhombic symmetry with the space group Pbnm and SSTM showed a more distorted structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved weight gains in these three sample occurred under oxidizing conditions and weight loss under reducing conditions. Electrical conductivity values of NSTM were higher than those of LSTM and SSTM under oxidizing and reducing conditions. - Graphical abstract: The B-site cations (Ti/Mn) are surrounded by regular octahedra of oxygen in Nd{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d}(NSTM). These octahedra are linked together in a corner sharing three dimensional framework, while Nd/Sr ion occupies 12-coordinated A-site between these octahedra. The Ti/Mn–O{sub 6} octahedra are elongated along the c-axis. The crystal structure distortion was due to the smaller ionic radius of the A-site cations, which force the (Ti/Mn)–O{sub 6} octahedra to tilt in order to optimize the A–O bond distances. The same structural symmetry was found when the samples were reduced in 3.9% H{sub 2} in Ar at 900 °C for 12 h. - Highlights: • Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d} oxide systems do not react with 8YSZ and CGO91. • LSTM, NSTM and SSTM show orthorhombic symmetry with the space group Pbnm. • LSTM shows relatively lower onset temperature in Ln{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 0.5}Mn{sub 0.5}O{sub 3±d}. • Electrical conductivity values of NSTM are higher than those of LSTM and SSTM.« less

Early Conversion of External Fixation to Interlocked Nailing in Open Fractures of Both Bone Leg Assisted with Vacuum Closure (VAC) - Final Outcome

PubMed Central

Raj, Manish; Kumar, Sunil; Singh, Pulkesh; Kumar, Dinesh; Singh, Jasveer; Deep, Akash

2016-01-01

Introduction Management of compound grade III fractures of both bone leg includes external stabilization for long period, followed by various soft tissue coverage procedures. Primary interlocking of tibia had been also done with variable results. External fixation for long time without any bone loss often leads to infected nonunion, loss of reduction, pin tract infection and failure of fixation, primary interlocking in compound grade III fractures had shown high medullary infection rate. We managed all cases of compound grade III A/B fractures with primary external fixation, simultaneous wound management using vacuum assisted closure (VAC) followed by early conversion to interlocking within 2 weeks of fixator application. Aim To determine the effectiveness of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) for the early conversion of external fixator to definitive interlocking in open fractures of the both bone leg. Materials and Methods In current study we selected 84 cases of compound grade IIIA/B diaphyseal fractures of both bone leg during period of May 2010 to September 2013. We managed these cases by immediate debridement and application of external fixation followed by repeated debridement, application of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) and conversion to interlocking within two weeks. Results Out of 84 cases union was achieved in 80(95%) of cases with definitive tibial interlocking. Excellent to good result were obtained in 77(91.8%) of cases and fair to poor result seen in rest of 7(8.2%) of cases according to modified Ketenjian’s criteria. 5 out of these 7 poor result group cases were from Compound Grade III B group to start with. Deep infection rate in our series were 7% i.e. total 6 cases and 4 out of these were from compound Grade III B group to start with. Conclusion Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) give a good help for rapid closure of the wound and help in early conversion to definitive intramedullary nailing. Reamed nail could well be used in compound grade IIIA/B fractures without increasing the risk of infection. It gives better stability to fracture site and lessen the risk of implant failure. PMID:27042541

Saturable Absorption in 2D Ti3 C2 MXene Thin Films for Passive Photonic Diodes.

PubMed

Dong, Yongchang; Chertopalov, Sergii; Maleski, Kathleen; Anasori, Babak; Hu, Longyu; Bhattacharya, Sriparna; Rao, Apparao M; Gogotsi, Yury; Mochalin, Vadym N; Podila, Ramakrishna

2018-03-01

MXenes comprise a new class of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides that exhibit unique light-matter interactions. Recently, 2D Ti 3 CNT x (T x represents functional groups such as OH and F) was found to exhibit nonlinear saturable absorption (SA) or increased transmittance at higher light fluences, which is useful for mode locking in fiber-based femtosecond lasers. However, the fundamental origin and thickness dependence of SA behavior in MXenes remain to be understood. 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x thin films of different thicknesses are fabricated using an interfacial film formation technique to systematically study their nonlinear optical properties. Using the open aperture Z-scan method, it is found that the SA behavior in Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene arises from plasmon-induced increase in the ground state absorption at photon energies above the threshold for free carrier oscillations. The saturation fluence and modulation depth of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene is observed to be dependent on the film thickness. Unlike other 2D materials, Ti 3 C 2 T x is found to show higher threshold for light-induced damage with up to 50% increase in nonlinear transmittance. Lastly, building on the SA behavior of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes, a Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-based photonic diode that breaks time-reversal symmetry to achieve nonreciprocal transmission of nanosecond laser pulses is demonstrated. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Novel WSi/Au T-shaped gate GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect-transistor fabrication process for super low-noise microwave monolithic integrated circuit amplifiers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takano, H.; Hosogi, K.; Kato, T.

1995-05-01

A fully ion-implanted self-aligned T-shaped gate Ga As metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) with high frequency and extremely low-noise performance has been successfully fabricated for super low-noise microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers. A subhalf-micrometer gate structure composed of WSi/Ti/Mo/Au is employed to reduce gate resistance effectively. This multilayer gate structure is formed by newly developed dummy SiON self-alignment technology and a photoresist planarization process. At an operating frequency of 12 GHz, a minimum noise figure of 0.87 dB with an associated gain of 10.62 dB has been obtained. Based on the novel FET process, a low-noise single-stage MMIC amplifier withmore » an excellent low-noise figure of 1.2 dB with an associated gain of 8 dB in the 14 GHz band has been realized. This is the lowest noise figure ever reported at this frequency for low-noise MMICs based on ion-implanted self-aligned gate MESFET technology. 14 refs., 9 figs.« less

Verification and optimization of the CFETR baseline scenario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, D.; Lao, L. L.; Meneghini, O.; Staebler, G. M.; Candy, J.; Smith, S. P.; Snyder, P. B.; Prater, R.; Chen, X.; Chan, V. S.; Li, J.; Chen, J.; Shi, N.; Guo, W.; Pan, C.; Jian, X.

2016-10-01

The baseline scenario of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) was designed starting from 0D calculations. The CFETR baseline scenario satisfies the minimum goal of Fusion Nuclear Science Facility aimed at bridging the gaps between ITER and DEMO. 1.5D calculations are presented to verify the on-going efforts in higher-dimensional modeling of CFETR. Steady-state scenarios are calculated self-consistently by the OMFIT integrated modeling framework that includes EFIT for equilibrium, ONETWO for sources and current, TGYRO for transport. With 68MW of neutral beam power and 8MW of ECH injected to the plasma, the average ion temperature is maintained at 15keV, while 150MW fusion power is produced. The neutral beams also drive 55% of the plasma current. Modest fast ion diffusion will reduce NBCD and affect the profile substantially. Top-launch ECH will increase the current drive and the power absorption rate. EPED model are being included. Work supported by U.S. DOE under DE-FC02-04ER54698 and the USTC CFETR contract.

30 CFR 75.819 - Motor-starter enclosures; barriers and interlocks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Motor-starter enclosures; barriers and interlocks. 75.819 Section 75.819 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Underground High...

Motor vehicle ignition interlocks : in-vehicle devices that monitor alcohol levels of motor vehicle operators.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-01-01

This project was initiated at the request of the Department of Motor Vehicles as a response to House Joint Resolution 378 (1989). The resolution requested an evaluation of research studies on ignition interlocks and a determination of possible benefi...

12 CFR 711.5 - Small market share exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small market share exemption. 711.5 Section 711.5 Banks and Banking NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING CREDIT UNIONS MANAGEMENT OFFICIAL INTERLOCKS § 711.5 Small market share exemption. (a) Exemption. A management interlock...

Binding of anions in triply interlocked coordination catenanes and dynamic allostery for dehalogenation reactions† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Characterization data and additional tables and figures. CCDC 1515722 and 1515723. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04070a

PubMed Central

Yang, Linlin; Jing, Xu; An, Bowen; Yang, Yang

2017-01-01

By synergistic combination of multicomponent self-assembly and template-directed approaches, triply interlocked metal organic catenanes that consist of two isolated chirally identical tetrahedrons were constructed and stabilized as thermodynamic minima. In the presence of suitable template anions, the structural conversion from the isolated tetrahedral conformers into locked catenanes occurred via the cleavage of an intrinsically reversible coordination bond in each of the tetrahedrons, followed by the reengineering and interlocking of two fragments with the regeneration of the broken coordination bonds. The presence of several kinds of individual pocket that were attributed to the triply interlocked patterns enabled the possibility of encapsulating different anions, allowing the dynamic allostery between the unlocked/locked conformers to promote the dehalogenation reaction of 3-bromo-cyclohexene efficiently, as with the use of dehalogenase enzymes. The interlocked structures could be unlocked into two individual tetrahedrons through removal of the well-matched anion templates. The stability and reversibility of the locked/unlocked structures were further confirmed by the catching/releasing process that accompanied emission switching, providing opportunities for the system to be a dynamic molecular logic system. PMID:29675152

Large-Area Atomic Layers of the Charge-Density-Wave Conductor TiSe2.

PubMed

Wang, Hong; Chen, Yu; Duchamp, Martial; Zeng, Qingsheng; Wang, Xuewen; Tsang, Siu Hon; Li, Hongling; Jing, Lin; Yu, Ting; Teo, Edwin Hang Tong; Liu, Zheng

2018-02-01

Layered transition metal (Ti, Ta, Nb, etc.) dichalcogenides are important prototypes for the study of the collective charge density wave (CDW). Reducing the system dimensionality is expected to lead to novel properties, as exemplified by the discovery of enhanced CDW order in ultrathin TiSe 2 . However, the syntheses of monolayer and large-area 2D CDW conductors can currently only be achieved by molecular beam epitaxy under ultrahigh vacuum. This study reports the growth of monolayer crystals and up to 5 × 10 5 µm 2 large films of the typical 2D CDW conductor-TiSe 2 -by ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy indicates the as-grown samples are highly crystalline 1T-phase TiSe 2 . Variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy shows a CDW phase transition temperature of 212.5 K in few layer TiSe 2 , indicative of high crystal quality. This work not only allows the exploration of many-body state of TiSe 2 in 2D limit but also offers the possibility of utilizing large-area TiSe 2 in ultrathin electronic devices. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borkar, Tushar; Nag, Soumya; Ren, Yang

Coupled in situ alloying and nitridation of titanium–vanadium alloys, has been achieved by introducing reactive nitrogen gas during the spark plasma sintering (SPS) of blended titanium and vanadium elemental powders, leading to a new class of nitride reinforced titanium alloy composites. The resulting microstructure includes precipitates of the d-TiN phase with the NaCl structure, equiaxed (or globular) precipitates of a nitrogen enriched hcp a(Ti,N) phase with a c/a ratio more than what is expected for pure hcp Ti, and fine scale plate-shaped precipitates of hcp a-Ti, distributed within a bcc b matrix. During SPS processing, the d-TiN phase appears tomore » form at a temperature of 1400 C, while only hcp a(Ti,N) and a-Ti phases form at lower processing temperatures. Consequently, the highest microhardness is exhibited by the composite processed at 1400 C while those processed at 1300 C or below exhibit lower values. Processing at temperatures below 1300 C, resulted in an incomplete alloying of the blend of titanium and vanadium powders. These d-TiN precipitates act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the a(Ti,N) precipitates that appear to engulf and exhibit an orientation relationship with the nitride phase at the center. Furthermore, fine scale a-Ti plates are precipitated within the nitride precipitates, presumably resulting from the retrograde solubility of nitrogen in titanium.« less

Aging of TiO2 Nanoparticles Transiently Increases Their Toxicity to the Pelagic Microcrustacean Daphnia magna

PubMed Central

Seitz, Frank; Lüderwald, Simon; Rosenfeldt, Ricki R.; Schulz, Ralf; Bundschuh, Mirco

2015-01-01

During their aquatic life cycle, nanoparticles are subject to environmentally driven surface modifications (e.g. agglomeration or coating) associated with aging. Although the ecotoxicological potential of nanoparticles might be affected by these processes, only limited information about the potential impact of aging is available. In this context, the present study investigated acute (96 h) and chronic (21 d) implications of systematically aged titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2; ~90 nm) on the standard test species Daphnia magna by following the respective test guidelines. The nTiO2 were aged for 0, 1, 3 and 6 d in media with varying ionic strengths (Milli-Q water: approx. 0.00 mmol/L and ASTM: 9.25 mmol/L) in the presence or absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Irrespective of the other parameters, aging in Milli-Q did not change the acute toxicity relative to an unaged control. In contrast, 6 d aged nTiO2 in ASTM without NOM caused a fourfold decreased acute toxicity. Relative to the 0 d aged particles, nTiO2 aged for 1 and 3 d in ASTM with NOM, which is the most environmentally-relevant setup used here, significantly increased acute toxicity (by approximately 30%), while a toxicity reduction (60%) was observed for 6 d aged nTiO2. Comparable patterns were observed during the chronic experiments. A likely explanation for this phenomenon is that the aging of nTiO2 increases the particle size at the start of the experiment or the time of the water exchange from <100 nm to approximately 500 nm, which is the optimal size range to be taken up by filter feeding D. magna. If subjected to further agglomeration, larger nTiO2 particles, however, cannot be retained by the daphnids’ filter apparatus ultimately reducing their ecotoxicological potential. This non-linear pattern of increasing and decreasing nTiO2 related toxicity over the aging duration, highlights the knowledge gap regarding the underlying mechanisms and processes. This understanding seems, however, fundamental to predict the risks of nanoparticles in the field. PMID:25933435

The effect of titanium nickel nitride decorated carbon nanotubes-reduced graphene oxide hybrid support for methanol oxidation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Gen; Pan, Zhanchang; Li, Wuyi; Yu, Ke; Xia, Guowei; Zhao, Qixiang; Shi, Shikun; Hu, Guanghui; Xiao, Chumin; Wei, Zhigang

2017-07-01

Titanium nickel nitride (TiNiN) decorated three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanotubes-reduced graphene oxide (CNT-rGO), a fancy 3D platinum (Pt)-based catalyst hybrid support, is prepared by a solvothermal process followed by a nitriding process, which is tested as anodic catalyst support for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The structure, morphology and composition of the synthesized TiNiN/CNT-rGO exhibits a uniform particle dispersion with high purity and interpenetrating 3D network structure. Notably, Pt/TiNiN/CNT-rGO catalyst exhibits significantly improved catalytic activity and durability for methanol oxidation in comparison with Pt/CNT-rGO and conventional Pt/C (JM). The outstanding electrochemical performance was attributed to structure and properties. That is, the 3D CNT-rGO provided a fast transport network for charge-transfer and mass-transfer as well as TiNiN NPs with good synergistic effect and the strong electronic coupling between different domains in TiNiN/CNT-rGO, thus the catalytic activity of the novel catalyst is greatly improved. These results evidences 3D TiNiN/CNT-rGO as a promising catalyst support for a wide range of applications in fuel cells.

ALD-Developed Plasmonic Two-Dimensional Au-WO3-TiO2 Heterojunction Architectonics for Design of Photovoltaic Devices.

PubMed

Karbalaei Akbari, Mohammad; Hai, Zhenyin; Wei, Zihan; Detavernier, Christophe; Solano, Eduardo; Verpoort, Francis; Zhuiykov, Serge

2018-03-28

Electrically responsive plasmonic devices, which benefit from the privilege of surface plasmon excited hot carries, have supported fascinating applications in the visible-light-assisted technologies. The properties of plasmonic devices can be tuned by controlling charge transfer. It can be attained by intentional architecturing of the metal-semiconductor (MS) interfaces. In this study, the wafer-scaled fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) TiO 2 semiconductors on the granular Au metal substrate is achieved using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The ALD-developed 2D MS heterojunctions exhibited substantial enhancement of the photoresponsivity and demonstrated the improvement of response time for 2D Au-TiO 2 -based plasmonic devices under visible light illumination. To circumvent the undesired dark current in the plasmonic devices, a 2D WO 3 nanofilm (∼0.7 nm) was employed as the intermediate layer on the MS interface to develop the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) 2D heterostructure. As a result, 13.4% improvement of the external quantum efficiency was obtained for fabricated 2D Au-WO 3 -TiO 2 heterojunctions. The impedancometry measurements confirmed the modulation of charge transfer at the 2D MS interface using MIS architectonics. Broadband photoresponsivity from the UV to the visible light region was observed for Au-TiO 2 and Au-WO 3 -TiO 2 heterostructures, whereas near-infrared responsivity was not observed. Consequently, considering the versatile nature of the ALD technique, this approach can facilitate the architecturing and design of novel 2D MS and MIS heterojunctions for efficient plasmonic devices.

Cellulose Tailored Anatase TiO2 Nanospindles in Three-Dimensional Graphene Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Ding, Yangbin; Bai, Wei; Sun, Jinhua; Wu, Yu; Memon, Mushtaque A; Wang, Chao; Liu, Chengbin; Huang, Yong; Geng, Jianxin

2016-05-18

The morphologies of transition metal oxides have decisive impact on the performance of their applications. Here, we report a new and facile strategy for in situ preparation of anatase TiO2 nanospindles in three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (RGO) structure (3D TiO2@RGO) using cellulose as both an intermediate agent eliminating the negative effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the growth of TiO2 crystals and as a structure-directing agent for the shape-controlled synthesis of TiO2 crystals. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometer analysis indicated that the spindle shape of TiO2 crystals was formed through the restriction of the growth of high energy {010} facets due to preferential adsorption of cellulose on these facets. Because of the 3D structure of the composite, the large aspect ratio of the TiO2 nanospindles, and the exposed high-energy {010} facets of the TiO2 crystals, the 3D TiO2@RGO(Ce 1.7) exhibited excellent capacitive performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors, with a high specific capacitance (ca. 397 F g(-1)), a high energy density (55.7 Wh kg(-1)), and a high power density (1327 W kg(-1)) on the basis of the masses of RGO and TiO2. These levels of capacitive performance far exceed those of previously reported TiO2-based composites.

Growth of YBCO Thin Films on TiN(001) and CeO2-Coated TiN Surfaces

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-01

Paranthaman, E.D. Specht , D.M. Kroeger, D.K. Christen, Q. He, B. Saffian, F.A. List, D.F. Lee, P.M. Martin, C.E. Klabunde, E. Hatfield, V.K. Sikka...Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (1996) 1795. [4] M. Paranthaman, A. Goyal, F.A. List, E.D. Specht , D.F. Lee, P.M. Martin, Q. He, D.K. Christen, D.P. Norton, J.D

Titanium biomaterials with complex surfaces induced aberrant peripheral circadian rhythms in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.

PubMed

Hassan, Nathaniel; McCarville, Kirstin; Morinaga, Kenzo; Mengatto, Cristiane M; Langfelder, Peter; Hokugo, Akishige; Tahara, Yu; Colwell, Christopher S; Nishimura, Ichiro

2017-01-01

Circadian rhythms maintain a high level of homeostasis through internal feed-forward and -backward regulation by core molecules. In this study, we report the highly unusual peripheral circadian rhythm of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) induced by titanium-based biomaterials with complex surface modifications (Ti biomaterial) commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants. When cultured on Ti biomaterials, human BMSCs suppressed circadian PER1 expression patterns, while NPAS2 was uniquely upregulated. The Ti biomaterials, which reduced Per1 expression and upregulated Npas2, were further examined with BMSCs harvested from Per1::luc transgenic rats. Next, we addressed the regulatory relationship between Per1 and Npas2 using BMSCs from Npas2 knockout mice. The Npas2 knockout mutation did not rescue the Ti biomaterial-induced Per1 suppression and did not affect Per2, Per3, Bmal1 and Clock expression, suggesting that the Ti biomaterial-induced Npas2 overexpression was likely an independent phenomenon. Previously, vitamin D deficiency was reported to interfere with Ti biomaterial osseointegration. The present study demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation significantly increased Per1::luc expression in BMSCs, though the presence of Ti biomaterials only moderately affected the suppressed Per1::luc expression. Available in vivo microarray data from femurs exposed to Ti biomaterials in vitamin D-deficient rats were evaluated by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. A large co-expression network containing Npas2, Bmal1, and Vdr was observed to form with the Ti biomaterials, which was disintegrated by vitamin D deficiency. Thus, the aberrant BMSC peripheral circadian rhythm may be essential for the integration of Ti biomaterials into bone.

Protein profiling as early detection biomarkers for TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna.

PubMed

Sá-Pereira, Paula; Diniz, Mário S; Moita, Liliana; Pinheiro, Teresa; Mendonça, Elsa; Paixão, Susana M; Picado, Ana

2018-05-01

The mode of action for nanoparticle (NP) toxicity in aquatic organisms is not yet fully understood. In this work, a strategy other than toxicity testing was applied to Daphnia magna exposed to TiO 2 -NPs: the use of nuclear microscopy and the assessment of protein profile. D. magna is a keystone species broadly used as a model system in ecotoxicology. Titanium (Ti) was found in the D. magna digestive tract, mainly in the gut. The penetration of Ti into the epithelial region was greater at higher exposure levels and also observed in eggs in the brood pouch. The protein profile of individuals exposed to different concentrations showed that 2.8 and 5.6 mg/L TiO 2 -NP concentrations induced an over-expression of the majority of proteins, in particular proteins with molecular weight of ∼120, 85 and 15 kDa, while 11.2 mg/L TiO 2 -NP had an inhibitory effect on protein expression. The Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization with tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) analysis of these proteins consistently identified them as vitellogenin (Vtg)-like proteins, associated with enzymes involved in redox balance. These results indicate that Vtg-like proteins are up-regulated in D. magna exposed to TiO 2 -NPs. Vitellogenesis is associated with the reproduction system, suggesting that TiO 2 -NP exposure can impair reproduction by affecting this process. The precise mode of action of TiO 2 -NPs is still unclear and the results from this study are a first attempt to identify specific proteins as potential markers of TiO 2 -NP toxicity in D. magna, providing useful information for future research.

Engineering correlation effects via artificially designed oxide superlattices.

PubMed

Chen, Hanghui; Millis, Andrew J; Marianetti, Chris A

2013-09-13

Ab initio calculations are used to predict that a superlattice composed of layers of LaTiO3 and LaNiO3 alternating along the [001] direction is a S=1 Mott insulator with large magnetic moments on the Ni sites, negligible moments on the Ti sites and a charge transfer gap set by the energy difference between Ni d and Ti d states, distinct from conventional Mott insulators. Correlation effects are enhanced on the Ni sites via filling the oxygen p states and reducing the Ni-O-Ni bond angle. Small hole (electron) doping of the superlattice leads to a two-dimensional single-band situation with holes (electrons) residing on the Ni d(x2-y2) (Ti d(xy)) orbital and coupled to antiferromagnetically correlated spins in the NiO2 layer.

Effect of tow alignment on the mechanical performance of 3D woven textile composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norman, Timothy L.; Allison, Patti; Baldwin, Jack W.; Gracias, Brian K.; Seesdorf, Dave

1993-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) woven preforms are currently being considered for use as primary structural components. Lack of technology to properly manufacture, characterize and predict mechanical properties, and predict damage mechanisms leading to failure are problems facing designers of textile composite materials. Two material systems with identical specifications but different manufacturing approaches are investigated. One manufacturing approach resulted in an irregular (nonuniform) preform geometry. The other approach yielded the expected preform geometry (uniform). The objectives are to compare the mechanical properties of the uniform and nonuniform angle interlock 3D weave constructions. The effect of adding layers of laminated tape to the outer surfaces of the textile preform is also examined. Damage mechanisms are investigated and test methods are evaluated.

Nb and Ta layer doping effects on the interfacial energetics and electronic properties of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure: first-principles analysis.

PubMed

Nazir, Safdar; Behtash, Maziar; Cheng, Jianli; Luo, Jian; Yang, Kesong

2016-01-28

The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed at the n-type (LaO)(+1)/(TiO2)(0) interface in the polar/nonpolar LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) heterostructure (HS) has emerged as a prominent research area because of its great potential for nanoelectronic applications. Due to its practical implementation in devices, desired physical properties such as high charge carrier density and mobility are vital. In this respect, 4d and 5d transition metal doping near the interfacial region is expected to tailor electronic properties of the LAO/STO HS system effectively. Herein, we studied Nb and Ta-doping effects on the energetics, electronic structure, interfacial charge carrier density, magnetic moment, and the charge confinements of the 2DEG at the n-type (LaO)(+1)/(TiO2)(0) interface of LAO/STO HS using first-principles density functional theory calculations. We found that the substitutional doping of Nb(Ta) at Ti [Nb(Ta)@Ti] and Al [Nb(Ta)@Al] sites is energetically more favorable than that at La [Nb(Ta)@La] and Sr [Nb(Ta)@Sr] sites, and under appropriate thermodynamic conditions, the changes in the interfacial energy of HS systems upon Nb(Ta)@Ti and Nb(Ta)@Al doping are negative, implying that the formation of these structures is energetically favored. Our calculations also showed that Nb(Ta)@Ti and Nb(Ta)@Al doping significantly improve the interfacial charge carrier density with respect to that of the undoped system, which is because the Nb(Ta) dopant introduces excess free electrons into the system, and these free electrons reside mainly on the Nb(Ta) ions and interfacial Ti ions. Hence, along with the Ti 3d orbitals, the Nb 4d and Ta 5d orbitals also contribute to the interfacial metallic states; accordingly, the magnetic moments on the interfacial Ti ions increase significantly. As expected, the Nb@Al and Ta@Al doped LAO/STO HS systems show higher interfacial charge carrier density than the undoped and other doped systems. In contrast, Nb@Ti and Ta@Ti doped systems may show higher charge carrier mobility because of the lower electron effective mass.

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of titanium nitride thin films using cyclopentadienyl cycloheptatrienyl titanium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charatan, R. M.; Gross, M. E.; Eaglesham, D. J.

1994-10-01

The use of a low oxidation state Ti compound, cyclopentadienyl cycloheptatrienyl titanium, (C5H5) Ti(C7H7) (CPCHT), as a potential source for TiN and Ti in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes has been investigated. This precursor provides us with a new chemical vapor deposition route to TiN films that offer an interesting contrast to films deposited from Ti(IV) precursors. Film depositions were carried out by introducing CPCHT, with H2 carrier gas, into the downstream region of a NH3, N2, H2, or mixed H2/N2 plasma. Low resistivity (100-250 micro-ohm cm) nitrogen-rich TiN films with little carbon or oxygen incorporation and good conformality were deposited with activated N2 or NH3 at deposition temperatures of 300-600 C, inclusive. Mixed H2/N2 plasmas resulted in more stoichiometric TiN films with similar properties. The most striking feature of these films is the absence of columnar grain growth, in contrast to TiN films deposited using TiCl4 or Ti(NR(2))(4). Although the film texture was influenced by the plasma gas, the average grain size of the films deposited using activated N2 and NH3 was similar. The TiN films that we deposited were effective diffusion barriers between aluminum and silicon up to 575 C. Depositions using activated H2 resulted in films with significantly less carbon than CPCHT, but still having a minimum of 2.7:1 C:Ti. The lower oxidation state of the precursor did not facilitate the deposition of a Ti-rich film. No depositions were observed with any of the reactant gases in the absence of plasmas activation.

46 CFR 111.70-7 - Remote control, interlock, and indicator circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... difference in potential between the external conductors, overcurrent protection need only be at the supply of... to start. (c) Source of potential. The potential for a control, interlock, or indicator circuit must... disconnected from all sources of potential by a disconnect device independent of the motor and controller...

46 CFR 111.70-7 - Remote control, interlock, and indicator circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... difference in potential between the external conductors, overcurrent protection need only be at the supply of... to start. (c) Source of potential. The potential for a control, interlock, or indicator circuit must... disconnected from all sources of potential by a disconnect device independent of the motor and controller...

46 CFR 111.70-7 - Remote control, interlock, and indicator circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... difference in potential between the external conductors, overcurrent protection need only be at the supply of... to start. (c) Source of potential. The potential for a control, interlock, or indicator circuit must... disconnected from all sources of potential by a disconnect device independent of the motor and controller...

46 CFR 111.70-7 - Remote control, interlock, and indicator circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... difference in potential between the external conductors, overcurrent protection need only be at the supply of... to start. (c) Source of potential. The potential for a control, interlock, or indicator circuit must... disconnected from all sources of potential by a disconnect device independent of the motor and controller...

46 CFR 111.70-7 - Remote control, interlock, and indicator circuits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... difference in potential between the external conductors, overcurrent protection need only be at the supply of... to start. (c) Source of potential. The potential for a control, interlock, or indicator circuit must... disconnected from all sources of potential by a disconnect device independent of the motor and controller...

Final report on a cold climate permeable interlocking concrete pavement test facility at the University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-05-01

University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center (UNHSC) completed a two year field verification study of a permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) stormwater management system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cold climate function...

12 CFR 563f.9 - Interlocking relationships permitted pursuant to Federal Deposit Insurance Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation pursuant to section 13(k)(1)(A)(v) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)(1)(A)(v)). ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted pursuant...

12 CFR 563f.9 - Interlocking relationships permitted pursuant to Federal Deposit Insurance Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation pursuant to section 13(k)(1)(A)(v) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1823(k)(1)(A)(v)). ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted pursuant...

12 CFR 212.5 - Small market share exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small market share exemption. 212.5 Section 212.5 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT OFFICIAL INTERLOCKS § 212.5 Small market share exemption. (a) Exemption. A management interlock...

Reactive magnetron cosputtering of hard and conductive ternary nitride thin films: Ti-Zr-N and Ti-Ta-N

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abadias, G.; Koutsokeras, L. E.; Dub, S. N.

2010-07-15

Ternary transition metal nitride thin films, with thickness up to 300 nm, were deposited by dc reactive magnetron cosputtering in Ar-N{sub 2} plasma discharges at 300 deg. C on Si substrates. Two systems were comparatively studied, Ti-Zr-N and Ti-Ta-N, as representative of isostructural and nonisostructural prototypes, with the aim of characterizing their structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. While phase-separated TiN-ZrN and TiN-TaN are the bulk equilibrium states, Ti{sub 1-x}Zr{sub x}N and Ti{sub 1-y}Ta{sub y}N solid solutions with the Na-Cl (B1-type) structure could be stabilized in a large compositional range (up to x=1 and y=0.75, respectively). Substituting Ti atoms by eithermore » Zr or Ta atoms led to significant changes in film texture, microstructure, grain size, and surface morphology, as evidenced by x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. The ternary Ti{sub 1-y}Ta{sub y}N films exhibited superior mechanical properties to Ti{sub 1-x}Zr{sub x}N films as well as binary compounds, with hardness as high as 42 GPa for y=0.69. All films were metallic, the lowest electrical resistivity {rho}{approx}65 {mu}{Omega} cm being obtained for pure ZrN, while for Ti{sub 1-y}Ta{sub y}N films a minimum was observed at y{approx}0.3. The evolution of the different film properties is discussed based on microstructrural investigations.« less

Electronic and structural reconstruction in titanate heterostructures from first principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mulder, Andrew T.; Fennie, Craig J.

2014-03-01

Recent advances in transition metal oxide heterostructures have opened new routes to create materials with novel functionalities and properties. One direction has been to combine a Mott insulating perovskite with an electronic d1 configuration, such as LaTiO3, with a band insulating d0 perovskite, such as SrTiO3. An exciting recent development is the demonstration of interfacial conductivity in GdTiO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures that display a complex structural motif of octahedral rotations and ferromagnetic properties similar to bulk GdTiO3. In this talk we present our first principles investigation of the interplay of structural, electronic, magnetic, and orbital degrees of freedom for a wide range of d1/d0 titanate heterostructures. We find evidence for both rotation driven ferroelectricity and a symmetry breaking electronic reconstruction with a concomitant structural distortion at the interface. We argue that these materials represent an ideal platform to realize novel functionalities such as the electric field control of electronic and magnetic properties.

Forming free and ultralow-power erase operation in atomically crystal TiO2 resistive switching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Yawei; Bao, Wenzhong; Hu, Linfeng; Liu, Chunsen; Yan, Xiao; Chen, Lin; Sun, Qingqing; Ding, Shijin; Zhou, Peng; Zhang, David Wei

2017-06-01

Two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have attracted broad interest from fundamental sciences to industrial applications. Their applications in memory devices have been demonstrated, yet much still remains to explore optimal materials and device structure for practical application. In this work, a forming-free, bipolar resistive switching behavior are demonstrated in 2D TiO2-based resistive random access memory (RRAM). Physical adsorption method is adopted to achieve high quality, continuous 2D TiO2 network efficiently. The 2D TiO2 RRAM devices exhibit superior properties such as fast switching capability (20 ns of erase operation) and extremely low erase energy consumption (0.16 fJ). Furthermore, the resistive switching mechanism is attributed to the formation and rupture of oxygen vacancies-based percolation path in 2D TiO2 crystals. Our results pave the way for the implementation of high performance 2DLMs-based RRAM in the next generation non-volatile memory (NVM) application.

SOLVENT HOLD TANK SAMPLE RESULTS FOR MCU-14-259/260/261 AND MCU-14-315/316/317: APRIL AND MAY 2014 MONTHLY SAMPLES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fondeur, F.; Taylor-Pashow, K.

2014-08-05

SRNL received two sets of SHT samples (MCU-14-259/260/261 in April 2014 and MCU-14- 315/316/317 in May 2014) for analysis. The samples were analyzed for composition. Both samples have similar chemical composition. As with the previous solvent sample results, these analyses indicate that the solvent does not require Isopar® L trimming at this time. Since an addition of TiDG and MaxCalix to the SHT was added in early July 2014, the solvent does not require TiDG addition at this time. The current TiDG level (1.5 mM) is above the minimum recommended operating level of 1 mM.

Analyzing the Deposition of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles at Model Rough Mineral Surfaces Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Y.; Kananizadeh, N.; Rodenhausen, K. B.; Schubert, M.; Bartelt-Hunt, S.

2015-12-01

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) is the most extensively manufactured engineered materials. nTiO2 from sunscreens was found to enter sediments after released into a lake. nTiO2 may also enter the subsurface via irrigation using effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Interaction of nTiO2 with soils and sediments will largely influence their fate, transport, and ecotoxicity. Measuring the interaction between nTiO2 and natural substrates (e.g. such as sands) is particularly challenging due to highly heterogeneous and rough natural sand surfaces. In this study, an engineered controllable rough surface known as three dimensional nanostructured sculptured columnar thin films (SCTFs) has been used to mimic surface roughness. SCTFs were fabricated by glancing angle deposition (GLAD), a physical vapor deposition technique facilitated by electron beam evaporation. Interaction between nTiO2 and SCTF coated surfaces was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). In parallel, a Generalized Ellipsometry (GE) was coupled with the QCM-D to measure the deposition of nTiO2. We found that the typical QCM-D modeling approach, e.g. viscoelastic model, would largely overestimate the mass of deposited nTiO2, because the frequency drops due to particle deposition or water entrapment in rough areas were not differentiated. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to model QCM-D data for nTiO2 deposition on rough surfaces, which couples the viscoelastic model with a model of flow on the non-uniform surface.

Two dimensional Z-scheme AgCl/Ag/CaTiO3 nano-heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen production enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Ziyuan; Pan, Jiaqi; Wang, Beibei; Li, Chaorong

2018-04-01

The two dimensional(2D) Z-scheme AgCl/Ag/Ca/TiO3 nano-heterojunction is synthesized via simple preparation of hydrothermal-chemical co-deposition method. The results of SEM, EDS, elemental mapping, XRD, TEM, XPS and Raman shift imply that the AgCl/Ag nanoparticles have deposited on the surfaces of CaTiO3 nanosheets successfully. Compared with the unmodified samples, the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared 2D AgCl/Ag/CaTiO3 nano-heterojunction exhibits a remarkable enhancement by the hydrogen production. Further, the photocatalytic process has been studied and the mechanism of the photocatalytic hydrogen production enhancement has been provided, which could be ascribed to the Z-scheme heterojunction and 2D lamellar structure of the CaTiO3.

Thickness dependence of structural and piezoelectric properties of epitaxial Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 films on Si and SrTiO3 substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, D. M.; Eom, C. B.; Nagarajan, V.; Ouyang, J.; Ramesh, R.; Vaithyanathan, V.; Schlom, D. G.

2006-04-01

We report the structural and longitudinal piezoelectric responses (d33) of epitaxial Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) films on (001) SrTiO3 and Si substrates in the thickness range of 40nm -4μm. With increasing film thickness the tetragonality of PZT was reduced. The increase in d33 value with increasing film thicknesses was attributed to the reduction of substrate constraints and softening of PZT due to reduced tetragonality. The d33 values of PZT films on Si substrates (˜330pm/V) are higher than those on SrTiO3 substrates (˜200pm /V). The epitaxial PZT films on silicon will lead to the fabrication of high performance piezoelectric microelectromechanical devices.

Al-TiC in situ composite coating fabricated by low power pulsed laser cladding on AZ91D magnesium alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Liuqing; Li, Zhiyong; Zhang, Yingqiao; Wei, Shouzheng; Liu, Fuqiang

2018-03-01

Al + (Ti + B4C) composite coating was cladded on AZ91D magnesium alloy by a low power pulsed Nd-YAG laser. The Ti+B4C mixed powder is with the ratio of Ti: B4C = 5:1, which was then mixed with Al powder by weight fraction of 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were used to study the microstructure, chemical composition and phase composition of the coating. Results showed that the coating had satisfied metallurgical bonding with the magnesium substrate. Al3Mg2, Al12Mg17, Al3Ti and TiC were formed by in-situ reaction. The coatings have micro-hardness of 348HV, which is about 5-6 times higher than that of AZ91D. The wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coatings are enhanced with the addition of the mixed powder.

Efficient removal of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water using Ag/reduced graphene oxide co-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays.

PubMed

Tang, Yanhong; Luo, Shenglian; Teng, Yarong; Liu, Chengbin; Xu, Xiangli; Zhang, Xilin; Chen, Liang

2012-11-30

A new photocatalyst, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) co-decorated TiO(2) nanotube arrays (NTs) (Ag/RGO-TiO(2) NTs), was designed and facilely produced by combining electrodeposition and photoreduction processes. The structures and properties of the photocatalysts were characterized. The ternary catalyst exhibited almost 100% photocatalytic removal efficiency of typical herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from water under simulated solar light irradiation. The photodegradation rate toward 2,4-D over Ag/RGO-TiO(2) NTs is 11.3 times that over bare TiO(2) NTs. After 10 successive cycles with 1600 min of irradiation, Ag/RGO-TiO(2) NTs maintained as high 2,4-D removal efficiency as 97.3% with excellent stability and easy recovery, which justifies the photocatalytic system a promising application for herbicide removal from water. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hybridization and electron-phonon coupling in ferroelectric BaTiO3 probed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fatale, S.; Moser, S.; Miyawaki, J.; Harada, Y.; Grioni, M.

2016-11-01

We investigated the ferroelectric perovskite material BaTiO3 by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Ti L3 edge. We observe with decreasing temperature a transfer of spectral weight from the elastic to the charge-transfer spectral features, indicative of increasing Ti 3 d -O 2 p hybridization. When the incident photon energy selects transitions to the Ti 3 d eg manifold, the quasielastic RIXS response exhibits a tail indicative of phonon excitations. A fit of the spectral line shape by a theoretical model allows us to estimate the electron-phonon coupling strength M ˜0.25 eV, which places BaTiO3 in the intermediate coupling regime.

Structural Secrets of Multiferroic Interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyerheim, H. L.; Klimenta, F.; Ernst, A.; Mohseni, K.; Ostanin, S.; Fechner, M.; Parihar, S.; Maznichenko, I. V.; Mertig, I.; Kirschner, J.

2011-02-01

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the geometric structure of ultrathin BaTiO3 films grown on Fe(001). Surface x-ray diffraction reveals that the films are terminated by a BaO layer, while the TiO2 layer is next to the top Fe layer. Cations in termination layers have incomplete oxygen shells inducing strong vertical relaxations. Onset of polarization is observed at a minimum thickness of two unit cells. Our findings are supported by first-principles calculations providing a quantitative insight into the multiferroic properties on the atomic scale.

STRUCTURAL, ELASTIC AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TMN (TM = Ti, V, Cr): A DFT STUDY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Zhao-Yong; Niu, Yi-Jun; Ma, Shu-Hong; Huang, Xiao-Fen

2013-08-01

Mechanical properties and the effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of transition-metal nitrides (TiN, VN and CrN) compounds are studied using the first-principles calculation. Present results show that these transition-metal nitrides are mechanically stable and the VN and CrN are ductile, whereas TiN is predicted to be brittle. Moreover, it is found that the high hardness of TiN, VN and CrN exhibits a remarkable decrease with transition-metal changed from Ti to Cr, and the metallic d-d interactions play important roles on determining the hardness of transition-metal nitrides.

Raman and fluorescence contributions to the resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering on LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfaff, F.; Fujiwara, H.; Berner, G.; Yamasaki, A.; Niwa, H.; Kiuchi, H.; Gloskovskii, A.; Drube, W.; Gabel, J.; Kirilmaz, O.; Sekiyama, A.; Miyawaki, J.; Harada, Y.; Suga, S.; Sing, M.; Claessen, R.

2018-01-01

We present a detailed study of the Ti 3 d carriers at the interface of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures by high-resolution resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS), with special focus on the roles of overlayer thickness and oxygen vacancies. Our measurements show the existence of interfacial Ti 3 d electrons already below the critical thickness for conductivity. The (total) interface charge carrier density increases up to a LaAlO3 overlayer thickness of 6 unit cells before it levels out. Furthermore, we observe strong Ti 3 d charge carrier doping by oxygen vacancies. The RIXS data combined with photoelectron spectroscopy and transport measurements indicate the simultaneous presence of localized and itinerant charge carriers. At variance with previous interpretations, we show that in our excitation energy dependent RIXS measurements the amounts of localized and itinerant Ti 3 d electrons in the ground state do not scale with the intensities of the Raman and fluorescence peaks, respectively. Rather, we attribute the observation of either Raman components or fluorescence signal to the specific nature of the intermediate state reached in the RIXS excitation process.

Computational Dissection of Two-Dimensional Rectangular Titanium Mononitride TiN: Auxetics and Promises for Photocatalysis

DOE PAGES

Zhou, Liujiang; Zhuo, Zhiwen; Kou, Liangzhi; ...

2017-06-06

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal nitrides have triggered an enormous interest for their tunable mechanical, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties, significantly enriching the family of 2D materials. Here, by using a broad range of first-principles calculations, we report a systematic study of 2D rectangular materials of titanium mononitride (TiN), exhibiting high energetic and thermal stability due to in-plane d–p orbital hybridization and synergetic out-of-plane electronic delocalization. The rectangular TiN monolayer also possesses enhanced auxeticity and ferroelasticity with an alternating order of Possion’s Ratios, stemming from the competitive interactions of intra- and inter- Ti—N chains. Such TiN nanosystem is a n-type metallic conductormore » with specific tunable pseudogaps. Halogenation of TiN monolayer downshifts the Fermi level, achieving the optical energy gap up to 1.85 eV for TiNCl(Br) sheet. Overall, observed electronic features suggest that the two materials are potential photocatalysts for water splitting application. Furthermore, these results extend emerging phenomena in a rich family 2D transition-metal-based materials and hint for a new platform for the next-generation functional nanomaterials.« less

Advanced Concepts for Avionics/Weapon System Design, Development and Integration: Conference Proceedings of the Avionics Panel Symposium (45th) Held at Ottawa, Canada on 18-22 April 1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

BIT A,, M 115V ACBB N 270V DC RETURN p 115V ACCA R IW DC POWER S INTERLOCK RETURN T STRUCTURE GROUND U FIBER OPTICS BUS V ADDRESS BIT A,, w...Ontario Kl A 0K2 Canada FGAN- FFM , D-5307 Wachtberg-Werthhoven Germany Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal, QueH4BlRG Canada

Microorganism Removal in Permeable Pavement Parking Lots ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Three types of permeable pavements (pervious concrete, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and porous asphalt) were monitored at the Edison Environmental Center in Edison, New Jersey for indicator organisms such as fecal coliform, enterococci, and E. coli. Results showed that porous asphalt had much lower concentration in monitored infiltrate compared to pervious concrete and permeable interlocking concrete pavers. Concentrations of monitored organisms in infiltrate from porous asphalt were consistently below the bathing water quality standard. Fecal coliform and enterococci exceeded bathing water quality standards more than 72% and 34% of the time for permeable interlocking concrete pavers and pervious concrete, respectively. Purpose is to evaluate the performance of permeable pavement in removing indicator organisms from infiltrating stormwater runoff.

Interlocking intramedullary nailing in distal tibial fractures.

PubMed

Tyllianakis, M; Megas, P; Giannikas, D; Lambiris, E

2000-08-01

This retrospective study examined the results of non-pilon fractures of the distal part of the tibia treated with interlocking intramedullary nailing. Seventy-three patients with equal numbers of fractures treated surgically between 1990 and 1998 were reviewed. Mean patient age was 39.8 years, and follow-up averaged 34.2 months. The AO fracture classification system was used. Concomitant fractures of the lateral malleolus were fixed. All but three fractures achieved union within 4.2 months on average. Satisfactory or excellent results were obtained in 86.3% of patients. These results indicate interlocking intramedullary nailing is a reliable method of treatment for these fractures and is characterized by high rates of union and a low incidence of complications.

Novel Repair Concept for Composite Materials by Repetitive Geometrical Interlock Elements

PubMed Central

Hufenbach, Werner; Adam, Frank; Heber, Thomas; Weckend, Nico; Bach, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Hassel, Thomas; Zaremba, David

2011-01-01

Material adapted repair technologies for fiber-reinforced polymers with thermosetting matrix systems are currently characterized by requiring major efforts for repair preparation and accomplishment in all industrial areas of application. In order to allow for a uniform distribution of material and geometrical parameters over the repair zone, a novel composite interlock repair concept is introduced, which is based on a repair zone with undercuts prepared by water-jet technology. The presented numerical and experimental sensitivity analyses make a contribution to the systematic development of the interlock repair technology with respect to material and geometrical factors of influence. The results show the ability of the novel concept for a reproducible and automatable composite repair. PMID:28824134

Manifold seal structure for fuel cell stack

DOEpatents

Collins, William P.

1988-01-01

The seal between the sides of a fuel cell stack and the gas manifolds is improved by adding a mechanical interlock between the adhesive sealing strip and the abutting surface of the manifolds. The adhesive is a material which can flow to some extent when under compression, and the mechanical interlock is formed providing small openings in the portion of the manifold which abuts the adhesive strip. When the manifolds are pressed against the adhesive strips, the latter will flow into and through the manifold openings to form buttons or ribs which mechanically interlock with the manifolds. These buttons or ribs increase the bond between the manifolds and adhesive, which previously relied solely on the adhesive nature of the adhesive.

Phase inversion and frequency doubling of reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations in the layer-by-layer growth of complex oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Zhangwen; Guo, Wei; Ji, Dianxiang; Zhang, Tianwei; Gu, Chenyi; Tang, Chao; Gu, Zhengbin; Nie*, Yuefeng; Pan, Xiaoqing

In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and its intensity oscillations are extremely important for the growth of epitaxial thin films with atomic precision. The RHEED intensity oscillations of complex oxides are, however, rather complicated and a general model is still lacking. Here, we report the unusual phase inversion and frequency doubling of RHEED intensity oscillations observed in the layer-by-layer growth of SrTiO3 using oxide molecular beam epitaxy. In contacts to the common understanding that the maximum(minimum) intensity occurs at SrO(TiO2) termination, respectively, we found that both maximum or minimum intensities can occur at SrO, TiO2, or even incomplete terminations depending on the incident angle of the electron beam, which raises a fundamental question if one can rely on the RHEED intensity oscillations to precisely control the growth of thin films. A general model including surface roughness and termination dependent mean inner potential qualitatively explains the observed phenomena, and provides the answer to the question how to prepare atomically and chemically precise surface/interfaces using RHEED oscillations for complex oxides. We thank National Basic Research Program of China (No. 11574135, 2015CB654901) and the National Thousand-Young-Talents Program.

Mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi wires used in orthodontic treatment. Part 2: Microscopic surface appraisal and metallurgical characteristics

PubMed Central

Gravina, Marco Abdo; Canavarro, Cristiane; Elias, Carlos Nelson; Chaves, Maria das Graças Afonso Miranda; Brunharo, Ione Helena Vieira Portella; Quintão, Cátia Cardoso Abdo

2014-01-01

Objective This research aimed at comparing the qualitative chemical compositions and the surface morphology of fracture regions of eight types of Nickel (Ni) Titanium (Ti) conventional wires, superelastic and heat-activated (GAC, TP, Ormco, Masel, Morelli and Unitek), to the wires with addition of copper (CuNiTi 27ºC and 35ºC, Ormco) after traction test. Methods The analyses were performed in a scanning electronic microscope (JEOL, model JSM-5800 LV) with EDS system of microanalysis (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Results The results showed that NiTi wires presented Ni and Ti as the main elements of the alloy with minimum differences in their composition. The CuNiTi wires, however, presented Ni and Ti with a significant percentage of copper (Cu). As for surface morphology, the wires that presented the lowest wire-surface roughness were the superelastic ones by Masel and Morelli, while those that presented the greatest wire-surface roughness were the CuNiTi 27ºC and 35ºC ones by Ormco, due to presence of microcavity formed as a result of pulling out some particles, possibly of NiTi.4 The fracture surfaces presented characteristics of ductile fracture, with presence of microcavities. The superelastic wires by GAC and the CuNiTi 27ºC and the heat-activated ones by Unitek presented the smallest microcavities and the lowest wire-surface roughness with regard to fracture, while the CuNiTi 35ºC wires presented inadequate wire-surface roughness in the fracture region. Conclusion CuNiTi 35ºC wires did not present better morphologic characteristics in comparison to the other wires with regard to surfaces and fracture region. PMID:24713562

All-MXene-Based Integrated Electrode Constructed by Ti3C2 Nanoribbon Framework Host and Nanosheet Interlayer for High-Energy-Density Li-S Batteries.

PubMed

Dong, Yanfeng; Zheng, Shuanghao; Qin, Jieqiong; Zhao, Xuejun; Shi, Haodong; Wang, Xiaohui; Chen, Jian; Wu, Zhong-Shuai

2018-03-27

High-energy-density lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries hold promise for next-generation portable electronic devices, but are facing great challenges in rational construction of high-performance flexible electrodes and innovative cell configurations for actual applications. Here we demonstrated an all-MXene-based flexible and integrated sulfur cathode, enabled by three-dimensional alkalized Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanoribbon (a-Ti 3 C 2 MNR) frameworks as a S/polysulfides host (a-Ti 3 C 2 -S) and two-dimensional delaminated Ti 3 C 2 MXene (d-Ti 3 C 2 ) nanosheets as interlayer on a polypropylene (PP) separator, for high-energy and long-cycle Li-S batteries. Notably, an a-Ti 3 C 2 MNR framework with open interconnected macropores and an exposed surface area guarantees high S loading and fast ionic diffusion for prompt lithiation/delithiation kinetics, and the 2D d-Ti 3 C 2 MXene interlayer remarkably prevents the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides via both chemical absorption and physical blocking. As a result, the integrated a-Ti 3 C 2 -S/d-Ti 3 C 2 /PP electrode was directly used for Li-S batteries, without the requirement of a metal current collector, and exhibited a high reversible capacity of 1062 mAh g -1 at 0.2 C and enhanced capacity of 632 mAh g -1 after 50 cycles at 0.5 C, outperforming the a-Ti 3 C 2 -S/PP electrode (547 mAh g -1 ) and conventional a-Ti 3 C 2 -S on an Al current collector (a-Ti 3 C 2 -S/Al) (597 mAh g -1 ). Furthermore, the all-MXene-based integrated cathode displayed outstanding rate capacity of 288 mAh g -1 at 10 C and long-life cyclability. Therefore, this proposed strategy of constructing an all-MXene-based cathode can be readily extended to assemble a large number of MXene-derived materials, from a group of 60+ MAX phases, for applications such as various batteries and supercapacitors.

Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices : Policy and Implementing Implications [Mobile .MP4 (480x320/29.97fps/13.9MB)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-01-01

The goal of this project is to perform a systematic review of breath alcohol ignition interlock devices (BAIID or IID) to understand how other states have integrated such systems into administrative and judicial practice and to make recommendations f...

49 CFR 236.401 - Automatic block signal system and interlocking standards applicable to traffic control systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Traffic Control Systems Standards § 236.401 Automatic... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Automatic block signal system and interlocking standards applicable to traffic control systems. 236.401 Section 236.401 Transportation Other Regulations...

Patterns In Contingencies: The Interlocking of Formal and Informal Political Institutions in Contemporary Argentina

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Llamazares, Ivan

2005-01-01

This article explores how the interlocking of formal and informal political institutions has affected the dynamics and performance of the Argentine democracy. Key institutional features of the Argentine political system have been a competitive form of federalism, loosely structured and political parties that are not ideologically unified,…

49 CFR 236.326 - Mechanical locking removed or disarranged; requirement for permitting train movements through...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mechanical locking removed or disarranged... § 236.326 Mechanical locking removed or disarranged; requirement for permitting train movements through interlocking. When mechanical locking of interlocking machine is being changed or is removed from the machine...

Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices : Policy and Implementing Implications [SD .MP4 (640x424/29.97fps/22.6MB)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-01-01

The goal of this project is to perform a systematic review of breath alcohol ignition interlock devices (BAIID or IID) to understand how other states have integrated such systems into administrative and judicial practice and to make recommendations f...

49 CFR 236.311 - Signal control circuits, selection through track relays or devices functioning as track relays...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... automatic interlocking. (a) The control circuits for aspects with indications more favorable than “proceed... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Signal control circuits, selection through track... automatic interlocking. 236.311 Section 236.311 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation...

12 CFR 26.5 - Small market share exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small market share exemption. 26.5 Section 26.5 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY MANAGEMENT OFFICIAL INTERLOCKS § 26.5 Small market share exemption. (a) Exemption. A management interlock that is prohibited by § 26.3...

12 CFR 563f.5 - Small market share exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small market share exemption. 563f.5 Section 563f.5 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY MANAGEMENT OFFICIAL INTERLOCKS § 563f.5 Small market share exemption. (a) Exemption. A management interlock that is prohibited by...

NiTi-Nb micro-trusses fabricated via extrusion-based 3D-printing of powders and transient-liquid-phase sintering.

PubMed

Taylor, Shannon L; Ibeh, Amaka J; Jakus, Adam E; Shah, Ramille N; Dunand, David C

2018-06-15

We present a novel additive manufacturing method for NiTi-Nb micro-trusses combining (i) extrusion-based 3D-printing of liquid inks containing NiTi and Nb powders, solvents, and a polymer binder into micro-trusses with 0/90° ABAB layers of parallel, ∼600 µm struts spaced 1 mm apart and (ii) subsequent heat-treatment to remove the binder and solvents, and then bond the NiTi powders using liquid phase sintering via the formation of a transient NiTi-Nb eutectic phase. We investigate the effects of Nb concentration (0, 1.5, 3.1, 6.7 at.% Nb) on the porosity, microstructure, and phase transformations of the printed NiTi-Nb micro-trusses. Micro-trusses with the highest Nb content exhibit long channels (from 3D-printing) and struts with smaller interconnected porosity (from partial sintering), resulting in overall porosities of ∼75% and low compressive stiffnesses of 1-1.6 GPa, similar to those of trabecular bone and in agreement with analytical and finite element modeling predictions. Diffusion of Nb into the NiTi particles from the bond regions results in a Ni-rich composition as the Nb replaces Ti atoms, leading to decreased martensite/austenite transformation temperatures. Adult human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on these micro-trusses showed excellent viability, proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition over 14 days in culture. Near-equiatomic NiTi micro-trusses are attractive for biomedical applications such as stents, actuators, and bone implants because of their combination of biocompatibility, low compressive stiffness, high surface area, and shape-memory or superelasticity. Extrusion-based 3D-printing of NiTi powder-based inks into micro-trusses is feasible, but the subsequent sintering of the powders into dense struts is unachievable due to low diffusivity, large particle size, and low packing density of the NiTi powders. We present a solution, whereby Nb powders are added to the NiTi inks, thus forming during sintering a eutectic NiTi-Nb liquid phase which bonds the solid NiTi powders and improves densification of the struts. This study investigates the microstructure, porosity, phase transformation behavior, compressive stiffness, and cytocompatibility of these printed NiTi-Nb micro-trusses. Copyright © 2018 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reviewed approach to defining the Active Interlock Envelope for Front End ray tracing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seletskiy, S.; Shaftan, T.

To protect the NSLS-II Storage Ring (SR) components from damage from synchrotron radiation produced by insertion devices (IDs) the Active Interlock (AI) keeps electron beam within some safe envelope (a.k.a Active Interlock Envelope or AIE) in the transverse phase space. The beamline Front Ends (FEs) are designed under assumption that above certain beam current (typically 2 mA) the ID synchrotron radiation (IDSR) fan is produced by the interlocked e-beam. These assumptions also define how the ray tracing for FE is done. To simplify the FE ray tracing for typical uncanted ID it was decided to provide the Mechanical Engineering groupmore » with a single set of numbers (x,x’,y,y’) for the AIE at the center of the long (or short) ID straight section. Such unified approach to the design of the beamline Front Ends will accelerate the design process and save valuable human resources. In this paper we describe our new approach to defining the AI envelope and provide the resulting numbers required for design of the typical Front End.« less

Control of crystallographic texture and surface morphology of Pt/Tio2 templates for enhanced PZT thin film texture.

PubMed

Fox, Austin J; Drawl, Bill; Fox, Glen R; Gibbons, Brady J; Trolier-McKinstry, Susan

2015-01-01

Optimized processing conditions for Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si templating electrodes were investigated. These electrodes are used to obtain [111] textured thin film lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x ]O3 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (PZT). Titanium deposited by dc magnetron sputtering yields [0001] texture on a thermally oxidized Si wafer. It was found that by optimizing deposition time, pressure, power, and the chamber pre-conditioning, the Ti texture could be maximized while maintaining low surface roughness. When oxidized, titanium yields [100]-oriented rutile. This seed layer has as low as a 4.6% lattice mismatch with [111] Pt; thus, it is possible to achieve strongly oriented [111] Pt. The quality of the orientation and surface roughness of the TiO2 and the Ti directly affect the achievable Pt texture and surface morphology. A transition between optimal crystallographic texture and the smoothest templating surface occurs at approximately 30 nm of original Ti thickness (45 nm TiO2). This corresponds to 0.5 nm (2 nm for TiO2) rms roughness as determined by atomic force microscopy and a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve 0002 (200) peak of 5.5/spl degrees/ (3.1/spl degrees/ for TiO2). A Pb[Zr0.52Ti 0.48]O3 layer was deposited and shown to template from the textured Pt electrode, with a maximum [111] Lotgering factor of 87% and a minimum 111 FWHM of 2.4/spl degrees/ at approximately 30 nm of original Ti.

Composition dependences of crystal structure and electrical properties of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films grown on Si and SrTiO3 substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okamoto, Shoji; Okamoto, Satoshi; Yokoyama, Shintaro; Akiyama, Kensuke; Funakubo, Hiroshi

2016-10-01

{100}-oriented Pb(Zr x ,Ti1- x )O3 (PZT) thin films of approximately 2 µm thickness and Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.39-0.65 were epitaxially grown on (100)cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 (STO) and (100)cSrRuO3//(100)cLaNiO3//(100)CeO2//(100)YSZ//(100)Si (Si) substrates having different thermal expansion coefficients by pulsed metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The effects of Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio and type of substrate on the crystal structure and dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the films were systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction measurement showed that both films changed from having a tetragonal symmetry to rhombohedral symmetry through the coexisting region with increasing Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio. This region showed the Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.45-0.59 for the films on the STO substrates that were wider than the films on the Si substrates. Saturation polarization values were minimum at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 for the films on the STO substrates, and no obvious Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio dependence was detected in the films on the Si substrates. On the other hand, the maximum field-induced strain values measured by scanning force microscopy at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 at 100 kV/cm were about 0.5 and 0.1% in the films on the Si and STO, respectively.

Interfacial charge-transfer transitions in a TiO2-benzenedithiol complex with Ti-S-C linkages.

PubMed

Fujisawa, Jun-ichi; Muroga, Ryuki; Hanaya, Minoru

2015-11-28

Interfacial charge-transfer (ICT) transitions between organic materials and inorganic semiconductors are a new mechanism for light absorption at organic-semiconductor interfaces. ICT transitions cause one-step interfacial charge separation without loss of energy. This feature is potentially useful to realize efficient organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells. ICT transitions have been examined by employing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles chemisorbed with π-conjugated molecules via Ti-O-C linkages. Here, we report ICT transitions in a TiO2 and 1,2-benzenedithiol (BDT) complex with Ti-S-C linkages. BDT adsorbs on TiO2 by the bridging bidentate coordination of the sulfur atoms to surface titanium atoms. The TiO2-BDT complex shows ICT transitions from the BDT moiety to the conduction band of TiO2 in the visible region. The ICT transitions occur by orbital overlaps between the d orbitals of the surface titanium atoms and the π orbitals of the benzene ring. Our density-functional-theory (DFT) analysis reveals that the 3p valence orbitals of the sulfur bridging atoms contribute to more than 50% of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the 3d-3p(sulfur)-π interaction via the Ti-S-C linkage enhances the electronic mixing between the titanium atoms and the benzene moiety as compared to the 3d-2p(oxygen)-πvia the Ti-O-C linkage. This result indicates the important role of the heavier-atom linkers for strong organic-inorganic electronic couplings.

Opioid Prescribing Practices of Neurosurgeons: Analysis of Medicare Part D.

PubMed

Khalid, Syed I; Adogwa, Owoicho; Lilly, Daniel T; Desai, Shyam A; Vuong, Victoria D; Mehta, Ankit I; Cheng, Joseph

2018-04-01

The Centers for Disease Control have declared that the United States is amidst a continuing opioid epidemic, with drug overdose-related death tripling between 1999 and 2014. Among the 47,055 overdose-related deaths that occurred in 2014, 28,647 (60.9%) of them involved an opioid. The Part D Prescriber Public Use File, which is based on beneficiaries enrolled in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program, was used to query information on prescription drug events incurred by Medicare beneficiaries with a Part D prescription drug plan from 31 June 2014 to 30 June 2015. Only those providers with the specialty description of neurosurgeon, as reported on the provider's Part B claims, were included in this study. A total of 271,502 beneficiaries, accounting for 971,581 claims and 22,152,689 day supplies of medication, accounted for the $52,956,428.40 paid by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for medication that the 4085 neurosurgeons submitted to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part D program in the 2014 calendar year. During the same year, 402,767 (41.45%) claims for 158,749 (58.47%) beneficiaries accounted for 6,458,624 (29.16%) of the day supplies of medications and $13,962,630.11 (26.37%) of the total money spent by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part D that year. Nationwide, the ratio of opioid claims to total Medicare Part D beneficiaries was 1.48. No statistically significant regional differences were found. The opioid misuse epidemic is a complex and national issue with patterns of prescription not significantly different between regions. All neurosurgeons must be cognizant of their prescribing practices so as to best support the resolution of this public health crisis. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Preparation and characterization of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} composites and its functionally graded materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luo Yongming; Li Shuqin; Chen Jian

2003-01-01

Alumina/titanium silicon carbide (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}) composites and its functionally graded materials (FGMs) were fabricated by a powder metallurgy processes and their microstructure and properties were investigated, respectively. The experimental results showed that the Vickers hardness of composites decreased with increasing Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} content while the fracture toughness and strength exhibited the opposite trend. Minimum Vickers hardness (4 GPa), maximum strength (598 MPa) and maximum toughness (11.24 MPa m{sup 1/2}) were reached in the pure Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} material. Strength and hardness of FGMs were evaluated. Observation using an scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the presencemore » of Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} of FGMs inhibited the growth of alumina grains through a pinning mechanism. The study shows that the combination of the layered Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} structure and the fine alumina grains can result in a Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} composites possessing a high toughness and low Vickers hardness without a sacrifice in the strength.« less

Production and fabrication of vanadium alloys for the radiative divertor program of DIII-D

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, W.R.; Smith, J.P.; Trester, P.W.

1997-04-01

V-4Cr-4Ti alloy has been selected for use in the manufacture of a portion of the DIII-D Radiative Divertor upgrade. The production of a 1200-kg ingot of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy, and processing into final sheet and rod product forms suitable for components of the DIII-D Radiative Divertor structure, has been completed at Wah Chang (formerly Teledyne Wah Chang) of Albany, Oregon (WCA). Joining of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy has been identified as the most critical fabrication issue for its use in the RD Program, and research into several joining methods for fabrication of the RD components, including resistance seam, friction, and electron beam welding,more » is continuing. Preliminary trials have been successful in the joining of V-alloy to itself by electron beam, resistance, and friction welding processes, and to Inconel 625 by friction welding. An effort to investigate the explosive bonding of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy to Inconel 625 has also been initiated, and results have been encouraging. In addition, preliminary tests have been completed to evaluate the susceptibility of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy to stress corrosion cracking in DIII-D cooling water, and the effects of exposure to DIII-D bakeout conditions on the tensile and fracture behavior of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy.« less

A Functional Description of a Digital Flight Test System for Navigation and Guidance Research in the Terminal Area

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hegarty, D. M.

1974-01-01

A guidance, navigation, and control system, the Simulated Shuttle Flight Test System (SS-FTS), when interfaced with existing aircraft systems, provides a research facility for studying concepts for landing the space shuttle orbiter and conventional jet aircraft. The SS-FTS, which includes a general-purpose computer, performs all computations for precisely following a prescribed approach trajectory while properly managing the vehicle energy to allow safe arrival at the runway and landing within prescribed dispersions. The system contains hardware and software provisions for navigation with several combinations of possible navigation aids that have been suggested for the shuttle. The SS-FTS can be reconfigured to study different guidance and navigation concepts by changing only the computer software, and adapted to receive different radio navigation information through minimum hardware changes. All control laws, logic, and mode interlocks reside solely in the computer software.

Nanoarmoring of Enzymes by Interlocking in Cellulose Fibers With Poly(Acrylic Acid).

PubMed

Riccardi, Caterina M; Kasi, Rajeswari M; Kumar, Challa V

2017-01-01

A simple method for interlocking glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cellulose fibers using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as an armor around the enzyme, without any need for activation of the cellulose support, is reported here. The resulting enzyme paper is an inexpensive, stable, simple, wearable, and washable biosensor. PAA functions as a multifunctional tether to interlock the enzyme molecules around the paper fibers so that the enzymes are protected against thermal/chemical denaturation and not released from the paper when washed with a detergent. The decreased conformational entropy of the interlocked enzyme protected by the nanoarmor is likely responsible for increased enzyme stability to heat and chemical denaturants (retained ≥70 percent enzyme activity after washing with urea or SDS for 30min), and the polymer protects the enzyme against inactivation by proteases, bacteria, inhibitors, etc. The kinetics of the interlocked enzyme were similar to that of the enzyme in solution. The V max was 6(±0.5)mM per minute before washing, then increased slightly to 9(±1.4)mM per minute after washing with water. The K m was 22(±6.4mM), which was slightly higher compared to GOx in solution (25-27mM). Because the surface area of the paper does not limit the enzyme loading, about 20% of enzyme was successfully loaded onto the paper (0.2g enzyme per gram of paper), and ≥95% of the enzyme was retained after washing. Interlocking works with other enzymes such as laccase, where ≥60% of the enzyme activity is retained. This novel methodology provides a low cost, simple, modular approach of achieving high enzyme loadings in ordinary filter paper, not limited by cellulose surface area, and there has been no need for complex methods of enzyme engineering or toxic methods of activation of the solid support to prepare highly active biocatalysts. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhancement of the red emission in CaTiO 3:Pr 3+ by addition of rare earth oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xianmin; Zhang, Jiahua; Zhang, Xia; Chen, Li; Luo, Yongshi; Wang, Xiao-jun

2007-02-01

Enhancement of the 1D 2- 3H 4 red emission of CaTiO 3:Pr 3+ with addition of rare earth oxides Ln 2O 3 (Ln = Lu, La, Gd) is reported. Ca 2+ and Ti 4+ in CaTiO 3 can be substituted by Ln 3+ ions as donors and acceptors, respectively. Ca 2+ and Ti 4+ vacancies, as quenching centers in the host, are effectively suppressed by the self-compensation, leading to the increase of lifetimes and then the emission efficiency of 1D 2. The red fluorescence intensity for CaTiO 3:Pr 3+ phosphor co-doped with 5 mol% Lu 2O 3 is nearly 3 times greater than that of the Lu-free samples.

Physical properties and electronic structure of a new barium titanate suboxide Ba 1+δTi 13-δO₁₂ (δ = 0.11)

DOE PAGES

Rotundu, Costel R.; Jiang, Shan; Deng, Xiaoyu; ...

2015-04-01

The structure, transport, thermodynamic properties, x-ray absorption spectra (XAS), and electronic structure of a new barium titanate suboxide, Ba 1+δTi 13-δO₁₂ (δ = 0.11), are reported. It is a paramagnetic poor metal with hole carriers dominating the transport. Fermi liquid behavior appears at low temperature. The oxidization state of Ti obtained by the XAS is consistent with the metallic Ti²⁺ state. Local density approximation band structure calculations reveal the material is near the Van Hove singularity. The pseudogap behavior in the Ti-d band and the strong hybridization between the Ti-d and O-p orbitals reflect the characteristics of the building blocksmore » of the Ti₁₃ semi-cluster and the TiO₄ quasi-squares, respectively.« less

Hydrogen storage properties of nanosized MgH2-0.1TiH2 prepared by ultrahigh-energy-high-pressure milling.

PubMed

Lu, Jun; Choi, Young Joon; Fang, Zhigang Zak; Sohn, Hong Yong; Rönnebro, Ewa

2009-11-04

Magnesium hydride (MgH(2)) is an attractive candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage applications. To improve the kinetics and thermodynamic properties of MgH(2) during dehydrogenation-rehydrogenation cycles, a nanostructured MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) material system prepared by ultrahigh-energy-high-pressure mechanical milling was investigated. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning TEM analysis showed that the grain size of the milled MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) powder is approximately 5-10 nm with uniform distributions of TiH(2) among MgH(2) particles. Pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) analysis demonstrated that both the nanosize and the addition of TiH(2) contributed to the significant improvement of the kinetics of dehydrogenation and hydrogenation compared to commercial MgH(2). More importantly, PCT cycle analysis demonstrated that the MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) material system showed excellent cycle stability. The results also showed that the DeltaH value for the dehydrogenation of nanostructured MgH(2)-0.1TiH(2) is significantly lower than that of commercial MgH(2). However, the DeltaS value of the reaction was also lower, which results in minimum net effects of the nanosize and the addition of TiH(2) on the equilibrium pressure of dehydrogenation reaction of MgH(2).

Optimization of TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayers as a transparent composite electrode deposited by electron-beam evaporation at room temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Hong-Tao; Wang, Xiao-Ping; Kou, Zhi-Qi; Wang, Li-Jun; Wang, Jin-Ye; Sun, Yi-Qing

2015-04-01

Highly transparent indium-free composite electrodes of TiO2/Cu/TiO2 are deposited by electron-beam evaporation at room temperature. The effects of Cu thickness and annealing temperature on the electrical and optical properties of the multilayer film are investigated. The critical thickness of Cu mid-layer to form a continuous conducting layer is found to be 11 nm. The multilayer with a mid-Cu thickness of 11 nm is optimized to obtain a resistivity of 7.4×10-5 Ω·cm and an average optical transmittance of 86% in the visible spectral range. The figure of merit of the TiO2/Cu(11 nm)/TiO2 multilayer annealed at 150 °C reaches a minimum resistivity of 5.9×10-5 Ω·cm and an average optical transmittance of 88% in the visible spectral range. The experimental results indicate that TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayers can be used as a transparent electrode for solar cell and other display applications. Project supported by the Research Innovation Key Project of Education Committee of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 14ZZ137) and the National Cultivation Fund from University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (Grant No. 14XPM04).

Graphene oxide hydrogel as a restricted-area nanoreactor for synthesis of 3D graphene-supported ultrafine TiO2 nanorod nanocomposites for high-rate lithium-ion battery anodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jianli; Gu, Guifang; Ni, Wei; Guan, Qun; Li, Yinchuan; Wang, Bin

2017-07-01

Three-dimensional graphene-supported TiO2 nanorod nanocomposites (3D GS-TNR) are prepared using graphene oxide hydrogel as a restricted-area nanoreactor in the hydrothermal process, in which well-distributed TiO2 nanorods with a width of approximately 5 nm and length of 30 nm are conformally embedded in the 3D interconnected graphene network. The 3D graphene oxide not only works as a restricted-area nanoreactor to constrain the size, distribution and morphology of the TiO2; it also work as a highly interconnected conducting network to facilitate electrochemical reactions and maintain good structural integration when the nanocomposites are used as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the nanostructure, the 3D GS-TNR nanocomposites show high capacity and excellent long-term cycling capability at high current rates. The 3D GS-TNR composites deliver a high initial charge capacity of 280 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C and maintain a reversible capacity of 115 mAh g-1, with a capacity retention of 83% at 20 C after 1000 cycles. Meanwhile, compared with that of previously reported TiO2-based materials, the 3D GS-TNR nanocomposites show much better performance, including higher capacity, better rate capability and long-term cycling stability.

Formation Dirac point and the topological surface states for HgCdTe-QW and mixed 3D HgCdTe TI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marchewka, Michał

2017-01-01

In this paper the results of numerical calculations based on the finite difference method (FDM) for the 2D and 3D TI with and without uniaxial tensile strain for mixed Hg1-xCdxTe structures are presented. The numerical calculations were made using the 8×8 model for x from 0 up to 0.155 and for the wide range for the thickness from a few nm for 2D up to 150 nm for 3D TI as well as for different mismatch of the lattice constant and different barrier potential in the case of the QW. For the investigated region of the Cd composition (x value) the negative energy gap (Eg=Γ8-Γ6) in the Hg1-xCdxTe is smaller than in the case of pure HgTe which, as it turns out, has a significant influence on the topological surface states (TSS) and the position of the Dirac point for QW as well as for 3D TI. The results show that the strained gap and the position of the Dirac point against the Γ8 is a function of the x-Cd compounds in the case of the 3D TI as well as the critical width of the mixed Hg1-xCdxTe QW.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting of Powder Produced by Granulation-Sintering-Deoxygenation Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Pei; Fang, Z. Zak; Zhang, Ying; Xia, Yang

2017-12-01

Commercial spherical Ti powders for additive manufacturing applications are produced today by melt-atomization methods at relatively high costs. A meltless production method, called granulation-sintering-deoxygenation (GSD), was developed recently to produce spherical Ti alloy powder at a significantly reduced cost. In this new process, fine hydrogenated Ti particles are agglomerated to form spherical granules, which are then sintered to dense spherical particles. After sintering, the solid fully dense spherical Ti alloy particles are deoxygenated using novel low-temperature deoxygenation processes with either Mg or Ca. This technical communication presents results of 3D printing using GSD powder and the selective laser melting (SLM) technique. The results showed that tensile properties of parts fabricated from spherical GSD Ti-6Al-4V powder by SLM are comparable with typical mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V. The characteristics of 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V from GSD powder are also compared with that of commercial materials.

Element mixing distribution and structure feature of fusion zone in laser welding between different alloys and pure titanium.

PubMed

Wu, Haishu; Liu, Jihong; Liu, Xuecheng; Li, Changyi; Yu, Zhiwei

2002-07-01

To study micro morphology and element-mixing distribution of different alloys welded in laser and analyze the feasibility of laser welding different alloys. Alloys and titanium were matched into 4 groups: Au-Pt with Ni-Cr; Au-Pt with pure Ti; pure Ti with Ni-Cr; Ni-Cr with Co-Cr. They were welded in laser. Changes in metallography after hybridization of crystalline grain, ranges of heat-affected zone and pores were observed through SEM with ultra-thin windowed X-ray energy atlas. Meanwhile 10 testing points were chosen with area of 300 micro m x 900 micro m along the welding surface from the side A alloy to the side B alloy, than the element mixing distribution and tendency were analyzed with X-ray energy atlas. 1. Hybridization of different alloys: (l) in the group of Au-Pt with Ti, there was titanium element mixing into Au-Pt tissue gradually and evenly on the Au-Pt side of the interface without clear boundary and increasing in size of crystalline grain. However, there was titanium crystalline grain increasing in size, irregular morphology and small sacks on the titanium side with clear boundary. (2) in the group of Ni-Cr with Ti, there was mixing regularly, slow transition and interlocks between crystalline grains on the Ni-Cr side of the in terface. Poor transition, clear boundary and small cracks were observed on titanium side. (3) in the group of Co-Cr with Ni-Cr, there was good transition, obscure boundary on both sides resulting from network, cylinder and branch structure growing. 2. Element-mixing distribution of different alloys. In fusion zone, the metal elements in matched groups mixed well and hybridized into new alloys except titanium blocks. The location of wave peak depended on the composition of alloys. Most of elements were from the alloy far from the fusion zone. The hybridization between pure titanium and any other alloys is not good The effect of laser welding different alloys is ideal except with pure titanium.

Two dimensional topological insulator in quantizing magnetic fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olshanetsky, E. B.; Kvon, Z. D.; Gusev, G. M.; Mikhailov, N. N.; Dvoretsky, S. A.

2018-05-01

The effect of quantizing magnetic field on the electron transport is investigated in a two dimensional topological insulator (2D TI) based on a 8 nm (013) HgTe quantum well (QW). The local resistance behavior is indicative of a metal-insulator transition at B ≈ 6 T. On the whole the experimental data agrees with the theory according to which the helical edge states transport in a 2D TI persists from zero up to a critical magnetic field Bc after which a gap opens up in the 2D TI spectrum.

Large lattice mismatch effects on the epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of FePt films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Jinyu; Dong, Kaifeng; Yang, Ping; Peng, Yingguo; Ju, Ganping; Hu, Jiangfeng; Chow, Gan Moog; Chen, Jingsheng

2018-01-01

Heteroepitaxial film growth is crucial for magnetic and electronic devices. In this work, we reported the effects of the large lattice mismatch and film thickness on the epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of FePt films on ZrxTi1-xN (0 0 1) intermediate layer. FePt films with different thickness were deposited on ZrTiN intermediate layers with various doping concentration of TiN in ZrN. The increase in doping concentration of TiN caused a decrease in the lattice parameters of ZrTiN intermediate layer. It was found that (0 0 1) epitaxy of FePt 10 nm films was only achieved on ZrTiN intermediate layer when the TiN composition was ≥25 vol%, while (0 0 1) texture of 5 nm films was achieved on ZrTiN intermediate layer with a minimum of 50 vol% TiN composition. The in-plane lattice constants of FePt and Zr0.70Ti0.30N (25 vol% TiN) were 3.870 Å and 4.476 Å, respectively, which resulted in a lattice mismatch as large as 15.7%. These large lattice mismatch heterostructures adopted 7/6 domain matching epitaxy. The magneto-crystalline anisotropy of FePt films was improved with the increase in lattice mismatch. Intrinsic magnetic properties were extrapolated for FePt (30 nm)/Zr0.70Ti0.30N (30 nm)/TaN (30 nm)/MgO, and the Ms(0 K) and K1(0 K) were 1042 emu/cc and 5.10 × 107 erg/cc, respectively, which is comparable to that of bulk L10 FePt.

Sensing of contaminants in potable water using TiO{sub 2} functional film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akshatha, N.; Poonia, Monika; Gupta, R. K., E-mail: raj@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in

2016-04-13

The piezoelectric based quartz crystal microbalance is employed for sensing contaminants in potable water. A spin coated thin layer of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles was formed at the sensing area of a 5 MHz AT-cut quartz wafer. The thin film of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles forms a mesoporous functional layer for the trapping of water borne contaminants. The morphology of the thin film of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The surface morphology of the TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles reveals the mesoporous structures indicating large number of defects and porous sites. Such film was employed for the detectionmore » of water borne contaminants by detecting the piezoelectric response from a quartz crystal microbalance. We found the film to be very sensitive to the contaminants. The minimum detection limit was found to be 330 ppb. The effect of surface recharging was also studied by altering the physical conditions so that the film can be used for repetitive usage.« less

Locating structures and evolution pathways of reconstructed rutile TiO2(011) using genetic algorithm aided density functional theory calculations.

PubMed

Ding, Pan; Gong, Xue-Qing

2016-05-01

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an important metal oxide that has been used in many different applications. TiO2 has also been widely employed as a model system to study basic processes and reactions in surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, we investigated the (011) surface of rutile TiO2 by focusing on its reconstruction. Density functional theory calculations aided by a genetic algorithm based optimization scheme were performed to extensively sample the potential energy surfaces of reconstructed rutile TiO2 structures that obey (2 × 1) periodicity. A lot of stable surface configurations were located, including the global-minimum configuration that was proposed previously. The wide variety of surface structures determined through the calculations performed in this work provide insight into the relationship between the atomic configuration of a surface and its stability. More importantly, several analytical schemes were proposed and tested to gauge the differences and similarities among various surface structures, aiding the construction of the complete pathway for the reconstruction process.

Study of hopping type conduction from AC conductivity in multiferroic composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, Rabichandra; Guha, Shampa; Pradhan, Lagen Kumar; Kumar, Sunil; Supriya, Sweety; Kar, Manoranjan

2018-05-01

0.5BiFe0.80Ti0.20O3-0.5Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4(BFTO-CNFO) multiferroic composite was prepared by planetary ball mill method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of the compound with the simultaneous presence of spinel Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 (CNFO) and perovskite BiFe0.80Ti0.20O3 (BFTO) phase. Temperature dependent dielectric permittivity and loss tangent were studied with a frequency range of 100Hz to 1MHz. AC conductivity study was performed to analyze the electrical conduction behaviour in the composite. Johnscher's power law was employed to the AC conductivity data to understand the hopping of localized charge carrier in the compound. The binding energy, minimum hopping distance and density of states of the charge carriers in the composite were evaluated from the AC conductivity data. Minimum hopping distance is found to be in order of Angstrom (Å).

Two-Dimensional, Ordered, Double Transition Metals Carbides (MXenes)

DOE PAGES

Anasori, Babak; Xie, Yu; Beidaghi, Majid; ...

2015-07-24

The higher the chemical diversity and structural complexity of two-dimensional (2D) materials, the higher the likelihood they possess unique and useful properties. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) is used to predict the existence of two new families of 2D ordered, carbides (MXenes), M' 2M"C 2 and M' 2M" 2C 3, where M' and M" are two different early transition metals. In these solids, M' layers sandwich M" carbide layers. By synthesizing Mo 2TiC 2T x, Mo 2Ti 2C 3T x, and Cr 2TiC 2T x (where T is a surface termination), we validated the DFT predictions. Since themore » Mo and Cr atoms are on the outside, they control the 2D flakes’ chemical and electrochemical properties. The latter was proven by showing quite different electrochemical behavior of Mo 2TiC 2T x and Ti 3C 2T x. Finally, this work further expands the family of 2D materials, offering additional choices of structures, chemistries, and ultimately useful properties.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anasori, Babak; Xie, Yu; Beidaghi, Majid

The higher the chemical diversity and structural complexity of two-dimensional (2D) materials, the higher the likelihood they possess unique and useful properties. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) is used to predict the existence of two new families of 2D ordered, carbides (MXenes), M' 2M"C 2 and M' 2M" 2C 3, where M' and M" are two different early transition metals. In these solids, M' layers sandwich M" carbide layers. By synthesizing Mo 2TiC 2T x, Mo 2Ti 2C 3T x, and Cr 2TiC 2T x (where T is a surface termination), we validated the DFT predictions. Since themore » Mo and Cr atoms are on the outside, they control the 2D flakes’ chemical and electrochemical properties. The latter was proven by showing quite different electrochemical behavior of Mo 2TiC 2T x and Ti 3C 2T x. Finally, this work further expands the family of 2D materials, offering additional choices of structures, chemistries, and ultimately useful properties.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Liujiang; Zhuo, Zhiwen; Kou, Liangzhi

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal nitrides have triggered an enormous interest for their tunable mechanical, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties, significantly enriching the family of 2D materials. Here, by using a broad range of first-principles calculations, we report a systematic study of 2D rectangular materials of titanium mononitride (TiN), exhibiting high energetic and thermal stability due to in-plane d–p orbital hybridization and synergetic out-of-plane electronic delocalization. The rectangular TiN monolayer also possesses enhanced auxeticity and ferroelasticity with an alternating order of Possion’s Ratios, stemming from the competitive interactions of intra- and inter- Ti—N chains. Such TiN nanosystem is a n-type metallic conductormore » with specific tunable pseudogaps. Halogenation of TiN monolayer downshifts the Fermi level, achieving the optical energy gap up to 1.85 eV for TiNCl(Br) sheet. Overall, observed electronic features suggest that the two materials are potential photocatalysts for water splitting application. Furthermore, these results extend emerging phenomena in a rich family 2D transition-metal-based materials and hint for a new platform for the next-generation functional nanomaterials.« less

Recent Advances in Layered Ti3 C2 Tx MXene for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

PubMed

Xiong, Dongbin; Li, Xifei; Bai, Zhimin; Lu, Shigang

2018-04-01

Ti 3 C 2 T x , a typical representative among the emerging family of 2D layered transition metal carbides and/or nitrides referred to as MXenes, has exhibited multiple advantages including metallic conductivity, a plastic layer structure, small band gaps, and the hydrophilic nature of its functionalized surface. As a result, this 2D material is intensively investigated for application in the energy storage field. The composition, morphology and texture, surface chemistry, and structural configuration of Ti 3 C 2 T x directly influence its electrochemical performance, e.g., the use of a well-designed 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x as a rechargeable battery anode has significantly enhanced battery performance by providing more chemically active interfaces, shortened ion-diffusion lengths, and improved in-plane carrier/charge-transport kinetics. Some recent progresses of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene are achieved in energy storage. This Review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and electrochemical energy storage applications of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and lithium-sulfur batteries. The current opportunities and future challenges of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene are addressed for energy-storage devices. This Review seeks to provide a rational and in-depth understanding of the relation between the electrochemical performance and the nanostructural/chemical composition of Ti 3 C 2 T x , which will promote the further development of 2D MXenes in energy-storage applications. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Self-Reconstructed Formation of a One-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Nanostructure Assembled by Ultrathin TiO2 Nanobelts for Fast and Stable Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Liu, Yuan; Yan, Xiaodong; Xu, Bingqing; Lan, Jinle; Yu, Yunhua; Yang, Xiaoping; Lin, Yuanhua; Nan, Cewen

2018-06-06

Owing to their unique structural advantages, TiO 2 hierarchical nanostructures assembled by low-dimensional (LD) building blocks have been extensively used in the energy-storage/-conversion field. However, it is still a big challenge to produce such advanced structures by current synthetic techniques because of the harsh conditions needed to generate primary LD subunits. Herein, a novel one-dimensional (1D) TiO 2 hierarchical porous fibrous nanostructure constructed by TiO 2 nanobelts is synthesized by combining a room-temperature aqueous solution growth mechanism with the electrospinning technology. The nanobelt-constructed 1D hierarchical nanoarchitecture is evolves directly from the amorphous TiO 2 /SiO 2 composite fibers in alkaline solutions at ambient conditions without any catalyst and other reactant. Benefiting from the unique structural features such as 1D nanoscale building blocks, large surface area, and numerous interconnected pores, as well as mixed phase anatase-TiO 2 (B), the optimum 1D TiO 2 hierarchical porous nanostructure shows a remarkable high-rate performance when tested as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (107 mA h g -1 at ∼10 A g -1 ) and can be used in a hybrid lithium-ion supercapacitor with very stable lithium-storage performance (a capacity retention of ∼80% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g -1 ). The current work presents a scalable and cost-effective method for the synthesis of advanced TiO 2 hierarchical materials for high-power and stable energy-storage/-conversion devices.

First-principles study on the stability and magnetoelectric properties of multiferroic materials XTiO3 (X = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xing-Yuan; Lai, Guo-Xia; Gu, Di; Zhu, Wei-Ling; Lai, Tian-Shu; Zhao, Yu-Jun

2018-04-01

The XTiO3 (X = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) materials with R3c structure could be grown under critical conditions based on first-principles calculations and thermodynamic stability analysis. FeTiO3 and MnTiO3 could be synthesized relatively easily under metal-rich and O-poor conditions, while NiTiO3 could be stable under Ni-rich, O-rich and Ti-poor conditions. The predicted R3c CoTiO3 under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is suggested to be synthesized under Co-rich, O-rich and Ti-poor conditions, but the calculated phonon dispersion indicates R3c CoTiO3 becomes unstable under the dynamical conditions. The ferroelectric behavior in the XTiO3 (X = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) system could be dominated by the Ti ion with d0 state and the strong hybridization between Ti and O, while the magnetic property is mainly caused by the contribution of 3d transition metal.

Interlocking Toy Building Blocks as Hands-On Learning Modules for Blind and Visually Impaired Chemistry Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melaku, Samuel; Schreck, James O.; Griffin, Kameron; Dabke, Rajeev B.

2016-01-01

Interlocking toy building blocks (e.g., Lego) as chemistry learning modules for blind and visually impaired (BVI) students in high school and undergraduate introductory or general chemistry courses are presented. Building blocks were assembled on a baseplate to depict the relative changes in the periodic properties of elements. Modules depicting…

49 CFR 1242.58 - Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). 1242.58 Section 1242.58... Operating signals and interlockers, operating drawbridges, highway crossing protection (accounts XX-51-59, XX-51-60 and XX-51-61). Separate common expenses on the basis of total train hours (including train...

Using Interlocking Toy Building Blocks to Assess Conceptual Understanding in Chemistry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geyer, Michael J.

2017-01-01

A current emphasis on teaching conceptual chemistry via the particulate nature of matter has led to the need for new, effective ways to assess students' conceptual understanding of this view of chemistry. This article provides a simple, inexpensive way to use interlocking toy building blocks (e.g., LEGOs) in both formative and summative…

12 CFR 348.4 - Interlocking relationships permitted by statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... authorized on an emergency basis in accordance with section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted by statute... function; (b) A corporation operating under section 25 or section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C...

12 CFR 348.4 - Interlocking relationships permitted by statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... authorized on an emergency basis in accordance with section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted by statute... function; (b) A corporation operating under section 25 or section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C...

12 CFR 348.4 - Interlocking relationships permitted by statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... authorized on an emergency basis in accordance with section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted by statute... function; (b) A corporation operating under section 25 or section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C...

12 CFR 348.4 - Interlocking relationships permitted by statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... authorized on an emergency basis in accordance with section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Interlocking relationships permitted by statute... function; (b) A corporation operating under section 25 or section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C...

10. General view of site showing south side of Shell ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. General view of site showing south side of Shell Interlocking Tower and slope of railroad bed. View to north from unpaved service road extending from Bartels Place. - New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, Shell Interlocking Tower, New Haven Milepost 16, approximately 100 feel east of New Rochelle Junction, New Rochelle, Westchester County, NY

27 CFR 70.416 - Application for approval of interlocking directors and officers under section 8 of the Federal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the appropriate TTB officer. Applications for such permission to take office must be prepared and... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Application for approval... Beer § 70.416 Application for approval of interlocking directors and officers under section 8 of the...

Quick-Change Optical-Filter Holder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leone, Peter

1988-01-01

Dark slide and interlock protect against ambient light. Quick-change filter holder contains interlocking mechanism preventing simultaneous removal of both dark slide and filter drawer. Designed for use with Band pass optical filters in 10 channels leading to photomultiplier tubes in water-vapor lidar/ozone instrument, mechanism can be modified to operate in other optical systems requiring optical change in filters.

Designing a Spin-one Mott Insulator: Complete Charge Transfer in Nickelate-Titanate Heterostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hanghui; Marianetti, Chris; Millis, Andrew

2013-03-01

Ab initio calculations are performed to show that complete charge transfer may occur from the TiO2 to the NiO2 layers in (LaTiO3)1/(LaNiO3)1 superlattices. Although the two component materials are an S = 1 / 2 Mott insulator and a weakly correlated paramagnetic metal, strong correlation effects on Ni d states can render the superlattice an unusual S = 1 charge transfer insulator, with the Ti- d band empty, the Ni in the d8 state and the oxygen bands filled. The charge transfer gap is set by the Ti/Ni d level splitting. Magnetic, photoemission and x-ray scattering experiments are suggested to test the theory. The results show that heterostructuring can lead to very high levels of electron doping of oxides. This research was supported by the Army Research Office under ARO-Ph 56032 and DOE-ER-046169.

Effect of glycine functionalization of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) on charge storage

DOE PAGES

Chen, Chi; Boota, Muhammad; Urbankowski, Patrick; ...

2018-02-20

Restacking of two-dimensional (2D) flakes reduces the accessibility of electrolyte ions and is a problem in energy storage and other applications. Organic molecules can be used to prevent restacking and keep the interlayer space open. In this paper, we report on a combined theoretical and experimental investigation of the interaction between 2D titanium carbide (MXene), Ti 3C 2T x, and glycine. From first principle calculations, we presented the functionalization of glycine on the Ti 3C 2O 2 surface, evidenced by the shared electrons between Ti and N atoms. To experimentally validate our predictions, we synthesized flexible freestanding films of Timore » 3C 2T x/glycine hybrids. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the increased interlayer spacing and possible Ti–N bonding, respectively, which agree with our theoretical predictions. Finally, the Ti 3C 2T x/glycine hybrid films exhibited an improved rate and cycling performances compared to pristine Ti 3C 2T x, possibly due to better charge percolation within expanded Ti 3C 2T x.« less

Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoionization and photoelectron study of titanium carbide and its cation (TiC/TiC⁺).

PubMed

Luo, Zhihong; Huang, Huang; Chang, Yih-Chung; Zhang, Zheng; Yin, Qing-Zhu; Ng, C Y

2014-10-14

Titanium carbide and its cation (TiC/TiC(+)) have been investigated by the two-color visible (VIS)-ultraviolet (UV) resonance-enhanced photoionization and pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE) methods. Two visible excitation bands for neutral TiC are observed at 16,446 and 16,930 cm(-1). Based on rotational analyses, these bands are assigned as the respective TiC((3)Π1) ← TiC(X(3)Σ(+)) and TiC((3)Σ(+)) ← TiC(X(3)Σ(+)) transition bands. This assignment supports that the electronic configuration and term symmetry for the neutral TiC ground state are …7σ(2)8σ(1)9σ(1)3π(4) (X(3)Σ(+)). The rotational constant and the corresponding bond distance of TiC(X(3)Σ(+); v″ = 0) are determined to be B0″ = 0.6112(10) cm(-1) and r0″ = 1.695(2) Å, respectively. The rotational analyses of the VIS-UV-PFI-PE spectra for the TiC(+)(X; v(+) = 0 and 1) vibrational bands show that the electronic configuration and term symmetry for the ionic TiC(+) ground state are …7σ(2)8σ(1)3π(4) (X(2)Σ(+)) with the v(+) = 0 → 1 vibrational spacing of 870.0(8) cm(-1) and the rotational constants of B(e)(+) = 0.6322(28) cm(-1), and α(e)(+) = 0.0085(28) cm(-1). The latter rotational constants yield the equilibrium bond distance of r(e)(+) = 1.667(4) Å for TiC(+)(X(2)Σ(+)). The cleanly rotationally resolved VIS-UV-PFI-PE spectra have also provided a highly precise value of 53 200.2(8) cm(-1) [6.5960(1) eV] for the adiabatic ionization energy (IE) of TiC. This IE(TiC) value along with the known IE(Ti) has made possible the determination of the difference between the 0 K bond dissociation energy (D0) of TiC(+)(X(2)Σ(+)) and that of TiC(X(3)Σ(+)) to be D0(Ti(+)-C) - D0(Ti-C) = 0.2322(2) eV. Similar to previous experimental observations, the present state-to-state PFI-PE study of the photoionization transitions, TiC(+)(X(2)Σ(+); v(+) = 0 and 1, N(+)) ← TiC((3)Π1; v', J'), reveals a strong decreasing trend for the photoionization cross section as |ΔN(+)| = |N(+) - J'| is increased. The maximum |ΔN(+)| change of 7 observed here is also consistent with the previous experimental results for the 3d transition-metal carbides, oxides, and nitrides. However, the VIS-UV-PFI-PE spectra for TiC(+)(X(2)Σ(+); v(+) = 0 and 1, N(+)) are found to display only the negative ΔN(+) (N(+)-J'≤ 0) transitions, indicating that the cross sections for the formation of positive ΔN(+) (N(+)-J' > 0) transitions by both the channel coupling mechanism and direct photoionization are negligibly small.

Evaluating the Effect of Processing Parameters on Porosity in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V via Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cunningham, Ross; Narra, Sneha P.; Ozturk, Tugce; Beuth, Jack; Rollett, A. D.

2016-03-01

Electron beam melting (EBM) is one of the subsets of direct metal additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging manufacturing method that fabricates metallic parts directly from a three-dimensional (3D) computer model by the successive melting of powder layers. This family of technologies has seen significant growth in recent years due to its potential to manufacture complex components with shorter lead times, reduced material waste and minimal post-processing as a "near-net-shape" process, making it of particular interest to the biomedical and aerospace industries. The popular titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V has been the focus of multiple studies due to its importance to these two industries, which can be attributed to its high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. While previous research has found that most tensile properties of EBM Ti-6Al-4V meet or exceed conventional manufacturing standards, fatigue properties have been consistently inferior due to a significant presence of porosity. Studies have shown that adjusting processing parameters can reduce overall porosity; however, they frequently utilize methods that give insufficient information to properly characterize the porosity (e.g., Archimedes' method). A more detailed examination of the result of process parameter adjustments on the size and spatial distribution of gas porosity was performed utilizing synchrotron-based x-ray microtomography with a minimum feature resolution of 1.5 µm. Cross-sectional melt pool area was varied systematically via process mapping. Increasing melt pool area through the speed function variable was observed to significantly reduce porosity in the part.

Abrasive wear response of TIG-melted TiC composite coating: Taguchi approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maleque, M. A.; Bello, K. A.; Adebisi, A. A.; Dube, A.

2017-03-01

In this study, Taguchi design of experiment approach has been applied to assess wear behaviour of TiC composite coatings deposited on AISI 4340 steel substrates by novel powder preplacement and TIG torch melting processes. To study the abrasive wear behaviour of these coatings against alumina ball at 600° C, a Taguchi’s orthogonal array is used to acquire the wear test data for determining optimal parameters that lead to the minimization of wear rate. Composite coatings are developed based on Taguchi’s L-16 orthogonal array experiment with three process parameters (welding current, welding speed, welding voltage and shielding gas flow rate) at four levels. In this technique, mean response and signal-to-noise ratio are used to evaluate the influence of the TIG process parameters on the wear rate performance of the composite coated surfaces. The results reveal that welding voltage is the most significant control parameter for minimizing wear rate while the current presents the least contribution to the wear rate reduction. The study also shows the best optimal condition has been arrived at A3 (90 A), B4 (2.5 mm/s), C3 (30 V) and D3 (20 L/min), which gives minimum wear rate in TiC embedded coatings. Finally, a confirmatory experiment has been conducted to verify the optimized result and shows that the error between the predicted values and the experimental observation at the optimal condition lies within the limit of 4.7 %. Thus, the validity of the optimum condition for the coatings is established.

One-step synthesis of 2D-layered carbon wrapped transition metal nitrides from transition metal carbides (MXenes) for supercapacitors with ultrahigh cycling stability.

PubMed

Yuan, Wenyu; Cheng, Laifei; Wu, Heng; Zhang, Yani; Lv, Shilin; Guo, Xiaohui

2018-03-13

A novel one-step method to synthesize 2D carbon wrapped TiN (C@TiN) was proposed via using 2D metal carbides (MXenes) as precursors. This study provides a novel approach to synthesize carbon wrapped metal nitrides.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Sangkyu; Park, Hun; Paik, Ungyu

We have discovered a methodology to realize the fabrication of flexible metal oxide film using two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets. Atomic scale titanium oxide (TiO{sub x}) nanosheets were exfoliated from bulk TiO{sub x} powder that had a layered structure via the modified Sasaki’s method. The vacuum-assisted filtration generates films with laterally aligned TiO{sub x} nanosheets. The 2D sheet-like structure and hydrophilic nature of TiO{sub x} nanosheets enables the film consisting of TiO{sub x} nanosheets to be bendable. Also, we demonstrate the fabrication of electrochemical capacitors using this film. The mechanically flexible metal oxide film is expected to open up the possibility ofmore » fabricating flexible energy storage devices from 2D metal oxide nanosheets. - Graphical abstract: The modified Sasaki’s method, combined process of hydrothermal reaction and bulky ion exchange, enables to obtain TiO{sub x} monolayer nanosheets. The vacuum-assisted filtration generates bendable films with laterally aligned TiO{sub x} nanosheets. Also, we demonstrate the fabrication of electrochemical capacitors using this film. - Highlights: • TiO{sub x} single sheets, a novel 2-dimensional material, were exfoliated from bulk powders via the modified Sasaki’s method. • In our method, the acid treatment of TiO{sub x} bulk powders was simply modified by applying the hydrothermal reaction. • Then, the delamination procedures of large cation exchange were conducted following the method proposed by Sasaki et al. • Reassembly of TiO{sub x} sheets into flexible free-standing films was simply achieved via vacuum assisted filtration method. • TiO{sub x} films were used as a flexible supercapaictor electrode material.« less

Quasi 2D Ultrahigh Carrier Density in a Complex Oxide Broken Gap Heterojunction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Peng; Droubay, Timothy C.; Jeong, Jong S.

2016-01-21

Two-dimensional (2D) ultra-high carrier densities at complex oxide interfaces are of considerable current research interest for novel plasmonic and high charge-gain devices. However, the highest 2D electron density obtained in oxide heterostructures is thus far limited to 3×1014 cm-2 (½ electron/unit cell/interface) at GdTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces, and is typically an order of magnitude lower at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces. Here we show that carrier densities much higher than 3×1014 cm-2 can be achieved via band engineering. Transport measurements for 3 nm SrTiO3/t u.c. NdTiO3/3 nm SrTiO3/LSAT (001) show that charge transfer significantly in excess of the value expected from the polar discontinuity modelmore » occurs for higher t values. The carrier density remains unchanged, and equivalent to ½ electron/unit cell/interface for t < 6 unit cells. However, above a critical NdTiO3 thickness of 6 u.c., electrons from the valence band of NdTiO3 spill over into the SrTiO3 conduction band as a natural consequence of the band alignment. An atomistic model consistent with first-principle calculations and experimental results is proposed for the charge transfer mechanisms. These results may provide an exceptional route to the realization of the room-temperature oxide electronics.« less

Layer-by-layer self-assembled two-dimensional MXene/layered double hydroxide composites as cathode for alkaline hybrid batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Xiaowan; Zhang, Yadi; Ding, Bing; Hao, Xiaodong; Dou, Hui; Zhang, Xiaogang

2018-06-01

Multifarious layered materials have received extensive concern in the field of energy storage due to their distinctive two-dimensional (2D) structure. However, the natural tendency to be re-superimposed and the inherent disadvantages of a single 2D material significantly limit their performance. In this work, the delaminated Ti3C2Tx (d-Ti3C2Tx)/cobalt-aluminum layered double hydroxide (Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH) composites are prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly driven by electrostatic interaction. The alternate Ti3C2Tx and CoAl-LDH layers prevent each other from restacking and the obtained Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH heterostructure combine the advantages of high electron conductivity of Ti3C2Tx and high electrochemical activity of CoAl-LDH, thus effectively improving the electrochemical reactivity of electrode materials and accelerating the kinetics of Faraday reaction. As a consequence, as a cathode for alkaline hybrid battery, the Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 106 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and excellent rate capability (78% at 10 A g-1), with an excellent cycling stability of 90% retention after 5000 cycles at 4 A g-1. This work provides an alternative route to design advanced 2D electrode materials, thus exploiting their full potentials for alkaline hybrid batteries.

Investigating the Energetic Ordering of Stable and Metastable TiO 2 Polymorphs Using DFT+ U and Hybrid Functionals

DOE PAGES

Curnan, Matthew T.; Kitchin, John R.

2015-08-12

Prediction of transition metal oxide BO 2 (B = Ti, V, etc.) polymorph energetic properties is critical to tunable material design and identifying thermodynamically accessible structures. Determining procedures capable of synthesizing particular polymorphs minimally requires prior knowledge of their relative energetic favorability. Information concerning TiO 2 polymorph relative energetic favorability has been ascertained from experimental research. In this study, the consistency of first-principles predictions and experimental results involving the relative energetic ordering of stable (rutile), metastable (anatase and brookite), and unstable (columbite) TiO 2 polymorphs is assessed via density functional theory (DFT). Considering the issues involving electron–electron interaction and chargemore » delocalization in TiO 2 calculations, relative energetic ordering predictions are evaluated over trends varying Ti Hubbard U 3d or exact exchange fraction parameter values. Energetic trends formed from varying U 3d predict experimentally consistent energetic ordering over U 3d intervals when using GGA-based functionals, regardless of pseudopotential selection. Given pertinent linear response calculated Hubbard U values, these results enable TiO 2 polymorph energetic ordering prediction. Here, the hybrid functional calculations involving rutile–anatase relative energetics, though demonstrating experimentally consistent energetic ordering over exact exchange fraction ranges, are not accompanied by predicted fractions, for a first-principles methodology capable of calculating exact exchange fractions precisely predicting TiO 2 polymorph energetic ordering is not available.« less

Phase stability, magnetic, electronic, half-metallic and mechanical properties of a new equiatomic quaternary Heusler compound ZrRhTiIn: A first-principles investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jia-Xing; Chen, Z. B.; Gao, Y. C.

2018-05-01

In this manuscript, we have studied the electronic, magnetic, half-metallic and mechanical properties of a new Zr-based equiatomic quaternary Heusler (EQH) compound, ZrRhTiIn using first-principles calculations. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) calculation results imply that at its equilibrium lattice constant of 6.70 Å, ZrRhTiIn is a half-metallic material (HMM) with a considerable band gap (Ebg) of 0.530 eV and a spin-filter/half-metallic band-gap (EHM) of 0.080 eV in the minority-spin channel. For ZrRhTiIn, the formation energy of -2.738 eV and the cohesive energy of 21.38 eV indicate that it is a thermodynamically stable material according to theory. The minority-spin EHM arises from the hybridization among Zr-4d, Ti-3d and Rh-4d electrons. The calculated total magnetic moment of ZrRhTiIn is 2 μB, meeting the well-known Slater-Pauling rule Mt = Zt -18. Furthermore, uniform strain and tetragonal strain were applied in this work to examine the magneto-electronic and half-metallic behaviors of the ZrRhTiIn system. Finally, we show that ZrRhTiIn is mechanically stable, ductile and anisotropic.

Investigation of metal–dithiolate fold angle effects: Implications for molybdenum and tungsten enzymes

PubMed Central

Joshi, Hemant K.; Cooney, J. Jon A.; Inscore, Frank E.; Gruhn, Nadine E.; Lichtenberger, Dennis L.; Enemark, John H.

2003-01-01

Gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory have been used to investigate the interactions between the sulfur π-orbitals of arene dithiolates and high-valent transition metals as minimum molecular models of the active site features of pyranopterin Mo/W enzymes. The compounds (Tp*)MoO(bdt) (compound 1), Cp2Mo(bdt) (compound 2), and Cp2Ti(bdt) (compound 3) [where Tp* is hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate, bdt is 1,2-benzenedithiolate, and Cp is η5- cyclopentadienyl] provide access to three different electronic configurations of the metal, formally d1, d2, and d0, respectively. The gas-phase photoelectron spectra show that ionizations from occupied metal and sulfur based valence orbitals are more clearly observed in compounds 2 and 3 than in compound 1. The observed ionization energies and characters compare very well with those calculated by density functional theory. A “dithiolate-folding-effect” involving an interaction of the metal in-plane and sulfur-π orbitals is proposed to be a factor in the electron transfer reactions that regenerate the active sites of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. PMID:12655066

The origin of facet selectivity and alignment in anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles in electrolyte solutions: implications for oriented attachment in metal oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sushko, M. L.; Rosso, K. M.

Atomic-to-mesoscale simulations were used to reveal the origin of oriented attachment between anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous HCl solutions. Analysis of the distance and pH dependence of interparticle interactions demonstrates that ion correlation forces are responsible for facet-specific attraction and rotation into lattice co-alignment at long-range. These forces give rise to a metastable solvent separated capture minimum on the disjoining pressure-distance curve, with the barrier to attachment largely due to steric hydration forces from structured intervening solvent.

Structural secrets of multiferroic interfaces.

PubMed

Meyerheim, H L; Klimenta, F; Ernst, A; Mohseni, K; Ostanin, S; Fechner, M; Parihar, S; Maznichenko, I V; Mertig, I; Kirschner, J

2011-02-25

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the geometric structure of ultrathin BaTiO(3) films grown on Fe(001). Surface x-ray diffraction reveals that the films are terminated by a BaO layer, while the TiO(2) layer is next to the top Fe layer. Cations in termination layers have incomplete oxygen shells inducing strong vertical relaxations. Onset of polarization is observed at a minimum thickness of two unit cells. Our findings are supported by first-principles calculations providing a quantitative insight into the multiferroic properties on the atomic scale. © 2011 American Physical Society

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift analysis of singly ionized titanium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouazza, Safa

2013-04-01

The even-parity low configuration system of Ti II has been considered on the basis of the experimental data found in the literature, and its fine structure has been reanalyzed by simultaneous parameterization of one- and two-body interactions for the model space (3d + 4s)3. Furthermore, the main one-electron hyperfine structure parameters for these configurations have been evaluated. For instance, for 3d24s1, a_{3{\\rm{d}}}^{01} = - {\\rm{63}}.{\\rm{2}}\\left( {{\\rm{3}}.{\\rm{1}}} \\right)\\,{\\rm{MHz}} and a_{4{\\rm{s}}}^{10} = - {\\rm{984}}.{\\rm{1}}\\left( {{\\rm{7}}.{\\rm{1}}} \\right)\\,{\\rm{MHz}} . Field shifts (FS) and specific mass shifts (SMS) of the main Ti II configurations are deduced by means of ab initio estimates combined with a small quantity of experimental isotope shift data available in the literature: FS(3d3) = -63.3 MHz, FS(3d24p1) = -49.7 MHz, FS(3d14s2) = 98.2 MHz, FS(4s24P1) = 163.4 MHz and SMS(3d3) = 1453.3 MHz, SMS(3d14s2) = -2179.7 MHz, …, referred to 3d24s1 for the pair Ti46-Ti48.

Investigation of Flat Clinching Process Combined with Material Forming Technology for Aluminum Alloy.

PubMed

Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Wang, Yongfei; Zhao, Xuzhe

2017-12-15

In recent years, the use of aluminum alloy has tended to increase for building lightweight automobiles to reduce their automotive weight, which is helpful to save energy and protect the environment. In order to join aluminum alloy, a flat-clinching process combined with material forming technology was investigated to join aluminum alloy sheets using an experimental and a numerical method. Al1060 was chosen as the material of the sheet, and DEFORM-2D software was used to build the numerical model. After the numerical model was validated by the experimental results, the influences of punch diameter and holder force on the materials deforming behavior of the clinched joint were analyzed using the numerical model. Then, the material flow, joining ability, and joining quality were investigated to assess the clinched joint. The results showed that an increase in punch diameter could give rise to an increase in neck thickness and interlocking length, while an increase in blank holder force induced a decrease in interlocking length and an increase in neck thickness. The joining quality could be increased by increasing the forming force. It can be concluded that a clinched joint has better joining quality for joining light-weight sheets onto automotive structures.