The pulmonary pharmacology of [4-methoxy-N1-(4-trans-nitrooxycyclohexyl)-N3-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-benzenedicarboxamide] (2NTX-99), an anti-atherotrombotic compound with therapeutic potential in pathological conditions that target lung vasculature.

PubMed

Brivio, I; Buccellati, C; Fumagalli, F; Hodge, J; Casagrande, C; Folco, G C; Sala, A

2012-08-01

The pharmacological activity of 2NTX-99 ([4-methoxy-N1-(4-trans-nitrooxycyclohexyl)-N3-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-benzenedicarboxamide]) was investigated in vitro in the intact, rat pulmonary vasculature and in guinea pig airways. Rat lungs were perfused at constant flow and changes in vascular tone recorded. Challenge with the TXA₂ analogue 9,11-dideoxy-9α11α-methanoepoxy ProstaglandinF₂ (U46619, 0.5 μM) increased vessel tone (32.48±1.5 vs 13.13±0.56 mmHg; n=12). 2NTX-99 (0.1-100 μM; n=5), caused a concentration-dependent relaxation, prevented by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 μM, n=4), an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. Acetylcholine (0.1-10 μM; n=3) and a reference NO-donor, isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-100 μM; n=4), were ineffective. Intraluminal perfusion of washed human platelets (2 × 10⁸ cells/ml) increased intravascular pressure after challenge with arachidonic acid (AA, 2 μM; n=5), an increase abolished by acetylsalicylic acid and significantly reduced by 2NTX-99 (40 μM; n=5). TXB₂ in the lung perfusate was detected after platelet activation, 2NTX-99 inhibited TXA₂ synthesis (6.45±0.6 and 1.10±0.2 ng/ml, respectively). 2NTX-99 did not alter central or peripheral airway responsiveness to Histamine (0.001-300 μM; n=6), U46619 (0.001-3 μM, n=3) or LTD₄ (1 pM-1 μM; n=6). 2NTX-99 vasodilates the pulmonary vasculature via the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reduces intraluminal, AA-induced, TXA₂ formation. The combined activity of 2NTX-99 as an NO-donor and a TXA₂-synthesis inhibitor provides strong support for its potential therapeutic use in pathologies of the pulmonary vascular bed (e.g. pulmonary hypertension). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 in situ N-acetylation on CD3+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlate with NATb mRNA and NAT1 haplotype.

PubMed

Salazar-González, Raúl A; Turiján-Espinoza, Eneida; Hein, David W; Niño-Moreno, Perla C; Romano-Moreno, Silvia; Milán-Segovia, Rosa C; Portales-Pérez, Diana P

2018-02-01

Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is responsible for the activation and elimination of xenobiotic compounds and carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms in NAT1 modify both drug efficacy and toxicity. Previous studies have suggested a role for NAT1 in the development of several diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate NAT1 protein expression and in situ N-acetylation capacity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as their possible associations with the expression of NAT1 transcript and NAT1 genotype. We report NAT1 protein, mRNA levels, and N-acetylation in situ activity for PBMC obtained from healthy donors. NAT1-specific protein expression was higher in CD3+ cells than other major immune cell subtypes (CD19 or CD56 cells). N-acetylation of pABA varied markedly among the PBMC of participants, but correlated very significantly with levels of NAT1 transcripts. NAT1*4 subjects showed significantly (p = 0.017) higher apparent pABA V max of 71.3 ± 3.7 versus the NAT1*14B subjects apparent V max of 58.5 ± 2.5 nmoles Ac-pABA/24 h/million cells. Levels of pABA N-acetylation activity at each concentration of substrate evaluated also significantly correlated with NAT1 mRNA levels for all samples (p < 0.0001). This highly significant correlation was maintained for samples with the NAT1*4 (p = 0.002) and NAT1*14B haplotypes (p = 0.0106). These results provide the first documentation that NAT1-catalyzed N-acetylation in PBMC is higher in T cell than in other immune cell subtypes and that individual variation in N-acetylation capacity is dependent upon NAT1 mRNA and NAT1 haplotype.

Separation of tricyclic antidepressants by capillary zone electrophoresis with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine (TMBD) as an effective electrolyte additive.

PubMed

Dell'Aquila, Caterina

2002-09-05

Five tricyclic antidepressants (TADs), desipramyne, nortriptyline, imipramine, doxepin and amitriptyline, were separated by using the N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine (TMBD) as additive in the background electrolyte solution. Because the tricyclic antidepressants are similar in structure, mass and pka values, their separation, by capillary zone electrophoresis, requires the careful manipulation of parameters, such as the pH and the composition of the electrolyte solution. As basic drugs, the TADs interact with the silanol groups on the capillary wall giving rise to peak broadening and asymmetry, non reproducible migration times and failing in selectivity. Different concentrations of TMBD (40, 60, 100 and 150 mM) were used at pH 9.5, but only a 100 mM TMBD allowed a good separation and a high efficiency for all the TADs. At this pH the separation was not possible without additive. This result is due to the reduced electroosmotic flow whose mobility is at a value of 10(-9) m(2) V(-1) s(-1).

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of acrylamide (CASRN 79-06-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed and drinking water studies).

PubMed

2012-07-01

Acrylamide, a water-soluble α,β-unsaturated amide, is a contaminant in baked and fried starchy foods, including french fries, potato chips, and bread, as a result of Maillard reactions involving asparagine and reducing sugars. Additional sources of acrylamide exposure include cigarettes, laboratory procedures involving polyacrylamide gels, and various occupations (e.g, monomer production and polymerization processes). Acrylamide is carcinogenic in experimental animals. To obtain data for developing quantitative risk assessments for dietary exposures to acrylamide, the Food and Drug Administration nominated acrylamide for an in-depth toxicological evaluation by the National Toxicology Program. As part of this evaluation, male and female B6C3F1/Nctr (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN MTV-) mice and male and female F344/N Nctr rats were exposed to acrylamide (at least 99.4% pure) in drinking water for 2 years. 2-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of four male and four female F344/N rats were administered 0, 0.14, 0.35, 0.70, 1.41, 3.52, or 7.03 mM acrylamide in the drinking water (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, or 500 ppm acrylamide) or 0.0, 7.4, 18.5, 37, 74, 185, or 370 mg acrylamide per kg diet for 14 days. One male rat administered 7.03 mM acrylamide in the drinking water died on day 14. Male and female rats receiving 7.03 mM acrylamide weighed 56% and 64% of controls, respectively. Male and female rats fed 370 mg acrylamide per kg diet weighed 74% and 83% of controls, respectively. Female rats receiving 3.52 mM acrylamide in drinking water and male rats fed 185 mg acrylamide per kg diet weighed 85% and 89% of controls, respectively. Rats receiving 7.03 mM acrylamide in drinking water or 370 mg acrylamide per kg diet exhibited hind-leg paralysis on day 14. Mild to moderate dilatation of the urinary bladder was observed in all rats given 370 mg acrylamide per kg diet, and in three of four male rats and all four female rats given 7.03 mM acrylamide in drinking water, and in one of four male

A 1.3 mm SMA survey of 29 variable young stellar objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Hauyu Baobab; Dunham, Michael M.; Pascucci, Ilaria; Bourke, Tyler L.; Hirano, Naomi; Longmore, Steven; Andrews, Sean; Carrasco-González, Carlos; Forbrich, Jan; Galván-Madrid, Roberto; Girart, Josep M.; Green, Joel D.; Juárez, Carmen; Kóspál, Ágnes; Manara, Carlo F.; Palau, Aina; Takami, Michihiro; Testi, Leonardo; Vorobyov, Eduard I.

2018-04-01

Context. Young stellar objects (YSOs) may undergo periods of active accretion (outbursts), during which the protostellar accretion rate is temporarily enhanced by a few orders of magnitude. Whether or not these accretion outburst YSOs possess similar dust and gas reservoirs to each other, and whether or not their dust and gas reservoirs are similar as quiescent YSOs, are issues yet to be clarified. Aims: The aim of this work is to characterize the millimeter thermal dust emission properties of a statistically significant sample of long and short duration accretion outburst YSOs (i.e., FUors and EXors) and the spectroscopically identified candidates of accretion outbursting YSOs (i.e., FUor-like objects). Methods: We have carried out extensive Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations mostly at 225 GHz (1.33 mm) and 272 GHz (1.10 mm), from 2008 to 2017. We covered accretion outburst YSOs located at <1 kpc distances from the solar system. Results: We analyze all the existing SMA data of such objects, both published and unpublished, in a coherent way to present a millimeter interferometric database of 29 objects. We obtained 21 detections at >3σ significance. Detected sources except for the two cases of V883 Ori and NGC 2071 MM3 were observed with 1″ angular resolution. Overall our observed targets show a systematically higher millimeter luminosity distribution than those of the M* > 0.3 M⊙ Class II YSOs in the nearby (≲400 pc) low-mass star-forming molecular clouds (e.g., Taurus, Lupus, Upp Scorpio, and Chameleon I). In addition, at 1 mm our observed confirmed binaries or triple-system sources are systematically fainter than the rest of the sources even though their 1 mm fluxes are broadly distributed. We may have detected 30-60% millimeter flux variability from V2494 Cyg and V2495 Cyg, from the observations separated by approximately one year.

Chemical stabilization and high pressure synthesis of Ba-free Hg-based superconductors, (Hg,M)Sr2Ca(n-1)Cu(n)O(y)(n=1 to approximately 3)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kishio, K.; Shimoyama, J.; Hahakura, S.; Kitazawa, K.; Yamaura, K.; Hiroi, Z.; Takano, M.

1995-01-01

A homologous series of new Hg-based HTSC compounds, (Hg,M)Sr2Ca(n - 1)Cu(n)P(y) with n = 1 to 3, have been synthesized. The stabilization of the pure phases have been accomplished by chemical doping of third elements such as M = Cr, Mo and Re. While the Hgl2O1(n = 1) phase was readily obtained in this way, it was necessary to simultaneously dope Y into the Ca site to stabilize the Hg1212(n = 2) phase. On the other hand, single-phase Y-free Hg1212(n = 2) and Hg1223 (n = 3) samples were synthesized only under a high pressure of 6 GPa. In sharp contrast to the Ba containing compounds, all the samples prepared in the present study have been quite stable during the synthesis and no deterioration in air has been observed after the preparation.

N,N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1) suppresses the proliferation of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells via apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

PubMed

Chen, Su-Feng; Xia, Jun; Lv, Ya-Ping; Liu, Jin-Lin; Li, Wan-Xiang; Yu, Xi-Ping; Hu, Wei-Xiao; Zhou, Yong-Lie

2015-04-01

Pancreatic cancer is one of the human gastrointestinal malignancies with a high mortality and poor prognosis. Approximately eighty percent of patients are diagnosed with unresectable or metastatic disease. Thus, development of novel chemicals in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is imperative. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of N,N'-di-(m-methylphenyi)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboamide (ZGDHu-1), a new tetrazine derivative, on the PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line and clarify the underlying molecular mechanism. Using an MTT assay, we found that ZGDHu-1 significantly suppressed the proliferation of PANC-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, according to the morphological and flow cytometric analysis, the results indicated that ZGDHu-1 induced PANC-1 cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. In the western blot analysis, expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene was upregulated while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene was downregulated following treatment with ZGDHu-1. ZGDHu-1 also activated pro-caspase-3 and PARP and increased the expression of NF-κB inhibitor IκB. Furthermore, the expression levels of G2/M regulatory molecules such as cyclin B1 and cdc2 were decreased while that of Chk1 was increased. These results suggested that ZGDHu-1 suppressed the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, rendering it a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Structural and electrochemical properties of the doped spinels Li 1.05M 0.02Mn 1.98O 3.98N 0.02 (M = Ga 3+, Al 3+, or Co 3+; N = S 2- or F -) for use as cathode material in lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amaral, Fábio A.; Bocchi, Nerilso; Brocenschi, Ricardo F.; Biaggio, Sonia R.; Rocha-Filho, Romeu C.

The doped and milled spinels Li 1.05M 0.02Mn 1.98O 3.98N 0.02 (M = Ga 3+, Al 3+ or Co 3+; N = S 2- or F -) are studied aiming at obtaining an improved charge/discharge cycling performance. These spinels are prepared by a solid-state reaction among the precursors ɛ-MnO 2, LiOH, and the respective oxide/salt of the doping ions at 750 °C for 72 h and milled for 30 min. The obtained spinels are characterized by XRD, SEM, and determinations of the average manganese valence n. In the charge and discharge tests, the doped spinels present outstanding initial values of the specific discharge capacity C (117-126 mA h g -1), decreasing in the following order: C(Li 1.05Al 0.02Mn 1.98S 3.02O 3.98) > C(Li 1.05Al 0.02Mn 1.98F 3.02O 3.98) > C(Li 1.05Ga 0.02Mn 1.98S 3.02O 3.98) > C(Li 1.05Ga 0.02Mn 1.98F 3.02O 3.98) > C(Li 1.05Co 0.02Mn 1.98S 3.02O 3.98) > C(Li 1.05Co 0.02Mn 1.98F 3.02O 3.98). The doped spinel Li 1.05Ga 0.02Mn 1.98S 3.02O 3.98 presents an excellent electrochemical performance, with a low capacity loss even after 300 charge and discharge cycles (from 120 to 115 mA h g -1 or 4%).

GaIn(N)As/GaAs VCSELs emitting in the 1.1-1.3 μm range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grenouillet, L.; Duvaut, P.; Olivier, N.; Gilet, P.; Grosse, P.; Poncet, S.; Philippe, P.; Pougeoise, E.; Fulbert, L.; Chelnokov, A.

2006-07-01

In the field of datacom, 10 Gbit/s sources with a good coupling in monomode silica fibers, whose dispersion minimum occurs at 1.3 μm, are required. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) emitting at 1.3 μm are key components in this field thanks to their compactness, their ability of being operated at high frequencies, their low threshold current and their low beam divergence. Such devices emitting in this wavelength range have been demonstrated using different materials such as strained GaInAs/GaAs quantum wells [1-3], GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells [4-7], InAs/GaAs quantum dots [8, 9], and antimonides [10], using either molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). In the emerging field of photonics on CMOS, there is a need to bond efficient III-V laser sources on SOI wafers. These components should operate at small voltage and current, have a small footprint, and be efficiently couple to Si waveguides, these latter being transparent above 1.1 μm. Since these requirements resemble VCSEL properties, the development of VCSEL emitting above 1.1 μm could therefore benefit to future new sources for photonics on silicon applications. In this context we developed GaAs-based VCSELs emitting in the 1.1 μm - 1.3 μm range with GaInAs/GaAs or GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) as the active materials.

Deep 1.1mm-wavelength imaging of the GOODS-S field by AzTEC/ASTE - I. Source catalogue and number counts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scott, K. S.; Yun, M. S.; Wilson, G. W.; Austermann, J. E.; Aguilar, E.; Aretxaga, I.; Ezawa, H.; Ferrusca, D.; Hatsukade, B.; Hughes, D. H.; Iono, D.; Giavalisco, M.; Kawabe, R.; Kohno, K.; Mauskopf, P. D.; Oshima, T.; Perera, T. A.; Rand, J.; Tamura, Y.; Tosaki, T.; Velazquez, M.; Williams, C. C.; Zeballos, M.

2010-07-01

We present the first results from a confusion-limited map of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-South (GOODS-S) taken with the AzTEC camera on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. We imaged a field to a 1σ depth of 0.48-0.73 mJybeam-1, making this one of the deepest blank-field surveys at mm-wavelengths ever achieved. Although by traditional standards our GOODS-S map is extremely confused due to a sea of faint underlying sources, we demonstrate through simulations that our source identification and number counts analyses are robust, and the techniques discussed in this paper are relevant for other deeply confused surveys. We find a total of 41 dusty starburst galaxies with signal-to-noise ratios S/N >= 3. 5 within this uniformly covered region, where only two are expected to be false detections, and an additional seven robust source candidates located in the noisier (1σ ~ 1 mJybeam-1) outer region of the map. We derive the 1.1 mm number counts from this field using two different methods: a fluctuation or ``P(d)'' analysis and a semi-Bayesian technique and find that both methods give consistent results. Our data are well fit by a Schechter function model with . Given the depth of this survey, we put the first tight constraints on the 1.1 mm number counts at S1.1mm = 0.5 mJy, and we find evidence that the faint end of the number counts at from various SCUBA surveys towards lensing clusters are biased high. In contrast to the 870μm survey of this field with the LABOCA camera, we find no apparent underdensity of sources compared to previous surveys at 1.1mm the estimates of the number counts of SMGs at flux densities >1mJy determined here are consistent with those measured from the AzTEC/SHADES survey. Additionally, we find a significant number of SMGs not identified in the LABOCA catalogue. We find that in contrast to observations at λ <= 500μm, MIPS 24μm sources do not resolve the total energy density in the cosmic infrared background at 1.1

X-ray diffraction analysis of 4- and 4'-substituted C n H2 n + 1O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-C m H2 m + 1 ( n/ m = 2/1 and 3/4) salicylideneanilines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuz'mina, L. G.; Navasardyan, M. A.; Mikhailov, A. A.

2017-11-01

X-ray diffraction study of two crystalline modifications of C2H5O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-CH3 ( 1a, sp. gr. P21/ n, and 1b, sp. gr. C2/c) and C3H7O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-C4H9 ( 2, sp. gr. P212121) has been performed. The 1a crystal structure contains two independent molecules. The molecules are conformationally nonrigid with respect to the mutual rotation of benzene rings; the dihedral angles between their planes are 29.19° and 26.00° in the independent molecules of 1a, 18.72° in the molecule of 1b, and 50.35° in the molecule of 2. The crystal packing of the compounds is discussed.

Repeatability of the efficiency of columns packed with sub-3μm core-shell particles: Part III. 2.7μm Poroshell 120 EC-C18 particles in 4.6mm and 2.1mm × 100mm column formats.

PubMed

Gritti, Fabrice; Guiochon, Georges

2012-08-24

As part of an investigation of the column-to-column repeatability of the efficiency of columns packed with sub-3μm shell particles, the parameters of the mass transfer kinetics of twelve columns packed with the same batch of 2.7μm Poroshell 120 EC-C(18) particles (Agilent Technologies, Little Fall, DE, USA) were sequentially measured, using columns provided by the manufacturers that were representative of the efficiency distribution given by the quality test control. The reduced longitudinal diffusion term (B) was measured using the peak parking (PP) method; the reduced solid-liquid mass transfer resistance term (C) was given by a combination of the PP results and the most accurate model of effective diffusion in ternary composite materials. The overall eddy diffusion term (A) was obtained by subtraction of these two HETP terms from the overall reduced HETP derived from the peak moments measured by numerical integration of the entire peak profiles. The results demonstrate that the dispersion of the column efficiencies is a result of the random nature of the packing process and the eddy diffusion term resulting from the lack of homogeneity of the column bed. At the highest reduced velocity achieved for small analytes, the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the eddy diffusion term for the 2.1mm I.D. columns were ca. 3 and 11% (with average values h(eddy)= 2.5 and 13.5) for naphthalene (k=3) and uracil (k=0), respectively. For the 4.6mm I.D. columns, these RSDs were 5 and 13%, respectively, with average values h(eddy)= 1.4 and 2.9. For insulin at reduced velocities as high as 160, the RSDs of the total reduced plate heights were 3 and 8% for the 2.1 and 4.6mm I.D. columns, respectively. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Second-harmonic generation in single crystals of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-5-nitroacetanilide (DAN) at 1.3 micron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolinsky, P. V.; Chad, R. J.; Jones, R. J.; Hall, S. R.; Norman, P. A.

1987-07-01

Measurements are reported on efficiency phase-matched second-harmonic generation in a single crystal of the organic material 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-5-nitroacetanilide at the technologically important communications wavelength of 1.3 micron. Using 0.5 mJ pulses, a conversion efficiency of 18 percent has been achieved for a sample 2 mm thick.

OPTICAL–INFRARED PROPERTIES OF FAINT 1.3 mm SOURCES DETECTED WITH ALMA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hatsukade, Bunyo; Yabe, Kiyoto; Ohta, Kouji

2015-09-10

We report optical-infrared (IR) properties of faint 1.3 mm sources (S{sub 1.3mm} = 0.2–1.0 mJy) detected with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey field. We searched for optical/IR counterparts of eight ALMA-detected sources (≥4.0σ, the sum of the probability of spurious source contamination is ∼1) in a K-band source catalog. Four ALMA sources have K-band counterpart candidates within a 0.″4 radius. Comparison between ALMA-detected and undetected K-band sources in the same observing fields shows that ALMA-detected sources tend to be brighter, more massive, and more actively forming stars. While many of the ALMA-identified submillimeter-bright galaxiesmore » (SMGs) in previous studies lie above the sequence of star-forming galaxies in the stellar mass–star formation rate plane, our ALMA sources are located in the sequence, suggesting that the ALMA-detected faint sources are more like “normal” star-forming galaxies rather than “classical” SMGs. We found a region where multiple ALMA sources and K-band sources reside in a narrow photometric redshift range (z ∼ 1.3–1.6) within a radius of 5″ (42 kpc if we assume z = 1.45). This is possibly a pre-merging system and we may be witnessing the early phase of formation of a massive elliptical galaxy.« less

Piezoelectric ultrasonic micromotor with 1.5 mm diameter.

PubMed

Dong, Shuxiang; Lim, Siak P; Lee, Kwork H; Zhang, Jingdong; Lim, Leong C; Uchino, Kenji

2003-04-01

A piezoelectric ultrasonic micromotor has been developed using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic/metal composite tube stator that was 1.5 mm in diameter and 7 mm in length. The micromotor was operated in its first bending vibration mode (approximately 70 kHz), producing speeds from hundreds to over 2000 rpm in both rotational directions. The maximum torque-output was 45 microN-m, which is far superior to previous PZT thin film-based micromotors. This micromotor showed good reliability and stability for more than 300 hours of continued operation.

[((H)L)2Fe6(NCMe)m]n+ (m = 0, 2, 4, 6; n = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6): an electron-transfer series featuring octahedral Fe6 clusters supported by a hexaamide ligand platform.

PubMed

Zhao, Qinliang; Harris, T David; Betley, Theodore A

2011-06-01

Using a trinucleating hexaamide ligand platform, the all-ferrous hexanuclear cluster ((H)L)(2)Fe(6) (1) is obtained from reaction of 3 equiv of Fe(2)(Mes)(4) (Mes = 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2)) with 2 equiv of the ligand ((H)L)H(6). Compound 1 was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, (57)Fe Mössbauer, SQUID magnetometry, mass spectrometry, and combustion analysis, providing evidence for an S=6 ground state and delocalized electronic structure. The cyclic voltammogram of [((H)L)(2)Fe(6)](n+) in acetonitrile reveals a rich redox chemistry, featuring five fully reversible redox events that span six oxidation states ([((H)L)(2)Fe(6)](n+), where n=-1→4) within a 1.3 V potential range. Accordingly, each of these species is readily accessed chemically to provide the electron-transfer series [((H)L)(2)Fe(6)(NCMe)(m)][PF(6)](n) (m=0, n=-1 (2); m=2, n=1 (3); m=4, n=2 (4); m=6, n=3 (5); m=6, n=4 (6)). Compounds 2-6 were isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction, (57)Fe Mössbauer and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and combustion analysis. Two-electron oxidation of the tetracationic cluster in 6 by 2 equiv of [NO](+) generates the thermally unstable hexacationic cluster [((H)L)(2)Fe(6)(NCMe)(m)](6+), which is characterized by NMR and (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Importantly, several stepwise systematic metrical changes accompany oxidation state changes to the [Fe(6)] core, namely trans ligation of solvent molecules and variation in Mössbauer spectra, spin ground state, and intracluster Fe-Fe separation. The observed metrical changes are rationalized by considering a qualitative, delocalized molecular orbital description, which provides a set of frontier orbitals populated by Fe 3d electrons. © 2011 American Chemical Society

THE 1.1 mm CONTINUUM SURVEY OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND EVOLUTION OF THE DUST-SELECTED CLOUDS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takekoshi, Tatsuya; Minamidani, Tetsuhiro; Sorai, Kazuo

The first 1.1 mm continuum survey toward the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) was performed using the AzTEC instrument installed on the ASTE 10 m telescope. This survey covered 4.5 deg{sup 2} of the SMC with 1 σ noise levels of 5–12 mJy beam{sup −1}, and 44 extended objects were identified. The 1.1 mm extended emission has good spatial correlation with Herschel 160 μ m, indicating that the origin of the 1.1 mm extended emission is thermal emission from a cold dust component. We estimated physical properties using the 1.1 mm and filtered Herschel data (100, 160, 250, 350, and 500more » μ m). The 1.1 mm objects show dust temperatures of 17–45 K and gas masses of 4 × 10{sup 3}–3 × 10{sup 5} M {sub ⊙}, assuming single-temperature thermal emission from the cold dust with an emissivity index, β , of 1.2 and a gas-to-dust ratio of 1000. These physical properties are very similar to those of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in our galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The 1.1 mm objects also displayed good spatial correlation with the Spitzer 24 μ m and CO emission, suggesting that the 1.1 mm objects trace the dense gas regions as sites of massive star formation. The dust temperature of the 1.1 mm objects also demonstrated good correlation with the 24 μ m flux connected to massive star formation. This supports the hypothesis that the heating source of the cold dust is mainly local star-formation activity in the 1.1 mm objects. The classification of the 1.1 mm objects based on the existence of star-formation activity reveals the differences in the dust temperature, gas mass, and radius, which reflects the evolution sequence of GMCs.« less

AzTEC/ASTE 1.1 mm Deep Surveys: Number Counts and Clustering of Millimeter-bright Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hatsukade, B.; Kohno, K.; Aretxaga, I.; Austermann, J. E.; Ezawa, H.; Hughes, D. H.; Ikarashi, S.; Iono, D.; Kawabe, R.; Matsuo, H.; Matsuura, S.; Nakanishi, K.; Oshima, T.; Perera, T.; Scott, K. S.; Shirahata, M.; Takeuchi, T. T.; Tamura, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Tosaki, T.; Wilson, G. W.; Yun, M. S.

2010-10-01

We present number counts and clustering properties of millimeter-bright galaxies uncovered by the AzTEC camera mounted on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We surveyed the AKARI Deep Field South (ADF-S), the Subaru/XMM Newton Deep Field (SXDF), and the SSA22 fields with an area of ~0.25 deg2 each with an rms noise level of ~0.4-1.0 mJy. We constructed differential and cumulative number counts, which provide currently the tightest constraints on the faint end. The integration of the best-fit number counts in the ADF-S find that the contribution of 1.1 mm sources with fluxes >=1 mJy to the cosmic infrared background (CIB) at 1.1 mm is 12-16%, suggesting that the large fraction of the CIB originates from faint sources of which the number counts are not yet constrained. We estimate the cosmic star-formation rate density contributed by 1.1 mm sources with >=1 mJy using the best-fit number counts in the ADF-S and find that it is lower by about a factor of 5-10 compared to those derived from UV/optically-selected galaxies at z~2-3. The average mass of dark halos hosting bright 1.1 mm sources was calculated to be 1013-1014 Msolar. Comparison of correlation lengths of 1.1 mm sources with other populations and with a bias evolution model suggests that dark halos hosting bright 1.1 mm sources evolve into systems of clusters at present universe and the 1.1 mm sources residing the dark halos evolve into massive elliptical galaxies located in the center of clusters.

AzTEC/ASTE 1.1 mm Deep Surveys: Number Counts and Clustering of Millimeter-bright Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hatsukade, B.

2011-11-01

We present results of a 1.1 mm deep survey of the AKARI Deep Field South (ADF-S) with AzTEC mounted on the Atacama Submillimetre Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We obtained a map of 0.25 deg2 area with an rms noise level of 0.32-0.71 mJy. This is one of the deepest and widest maps thus far at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths. We uncovered 198 sources with a significance of 3.5-15.6σ, providing the largest catalog of 1.1 mm sources in a contiguous region. Most of the sources are not detected in the far-infrared bands of the AKARI satellite, suggesting that they are mostly at z ≥ 1.5 given the detection limits. We construct differential and cumulative number counts of the ADF-S, the Subaru/XMM Newton Deep Field (SXDF), and the SSA 22 field surveyed by AzTEC/ASTE, which provide currently the tightest constraints on the faint end. The integration of the differential number counts of the ADF-S find that the contribution of 1.1 mm sources with ≥1 mJy to the cosmic infrared background (CIB) at 1.1 mm is 12-16%, suggesting that the large fraction of the CIB originates from faint sources of which number counts are not yet constrained. We estimate the cosmic star-formation rate density contributed by 1.1 mm sources with ≥1 mJy using the differential number counts and find that it is lower by about a factor of 5-10 compared to those derived from UV/optically-selected galaxies at z ~ 2-3. Clustering analyses of AzTEC sources in the ADF-S and the SXDF find that bright (>3 mJy) AzTEC sources are more strongly clustered than faint (< 3 mJy) AzTEC sources and the average mass of dark halos hosting bright AzTEC sources was calculated to be 1013-1014M⊙. Comparison of correlation length of AzTEC sources with other populations and with a bias evolution model suggests that dark halos hosting bright AzTEC sources evolve into systems of clusters at present universe and the AzTEC sources residing the dark halos evolve into massive elliptical galaxies located in the center of

Hydrostatic pressure study on high temperature superconductors: HgBa(2)Casb(m-1)Cu(m)O(2m+2+delta) (m = 1 to 6) and (Cu,C)Ba(2)Ca(m-1)Cu(m)O(2m+3) (m = 3 and 4)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Yong

1998-12-01

Over the last decade, numerous extensive as well as intensive experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out since the great discovery of high temperature superconductivity (HTSy) in cuprate superconductors Lasb{2-x}Basb{x}CuOsb4,\\ YBasb2Cusb2Osb{7-delta} and other compounds. Although there is still no widely accepted microscopic theory on the mechanism responsible for such high superconducting transition temperatures (Tsb{c}), systematic trends of the evolution of HTSy with various parameters have been studied and analyzed. One of them is the universal inverse parabolic correlation between the Tsb{c} and the number of carriers per CuOsb2 plane (n) in various cuprate superconductors. The high pressure technique provides a clean way to change the distance between atoms without causing the side effects typical of chemical doping, and thus has long been used to test and provide guidance for theoretical models, as well as give hints about the synthesis of compounds with higher Tsb{c}. Therefore, we have done a systematic study on the pressure effect on Tsb{c} of two homologous superconducting compound series: HgBasb2Casb{m-1}Cusb{m}Osb{2m+2+delta} (Hg-12(m-1)m) (m = 1 to 6) and (Cu,C)Basb2Casb{m-1}Cusb{m}Osb{2m+3+delta} ((Cu,C)-12(m-1)m) (m = 3 and 4). Several factors which influence the hydrostatic pressure effect on Tsb{c} have been systematically analyzed. They include the n, the type of charge reservoir layer, and the number of CuOsb2 layers per unit cell (m). We came to several conclusion: (1) The inverse parabolic Tsb{c}(n) correlation and its universal parameters are valid only under conditions more restrictive than originally expected, and the rigid band model may not hold for some cuprate superconductors under pressure. (2) The pressure coefficient (dTsb{c}/dP) may have a different dependence on n. The compounds with Cu-O chains in their charge reservoir usually show a large linear variation of dTsb{c}/dP with n, while no significant

ALMA 1.3 mm Map of the HD 95086 System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Kate Y. L.; MacGregor, Meredith A.; Booth, Mark; Wilner, David J.; Flaherty, Kevin; Hughes, A. Meredith; Phillips, Neil M.; Malhotra, Renu; Hales, Antonio S.; Morrison, Sarah; Ertel, Steve; Matthews, Brenda C.; Dent, William R. F.; Casassus, Simon

2017-12-01

Planets and minor bodies such as asteroids, Kuiper-Belt objects, and comets are integral components of a planetary system. Interactions among them leave clues about the formation process of a planetary system. The signature of such interactions is most prominent through observations of its debris disk at millimeter wavelengths where emission is dominated by the population of large grains that stay close to their parent bodies. Here we present ALMA 1.3 mm observations of HD 95086, a young early-type star that hosts a directly imaged giant planet b and a massive debris disk with both asteroid- and Kuiper-Belt analogs. The location of the Kuiper-Belt analog is resolved for the first time. The system can be depicted as a broad (ΔR/R ˜ 0.84), inclined (30° ± 3°) ring with millimeter emission peaked at 200 ± 6 au from the star. The 1.3 mm disk emission is consistent with a broad disk with sharp boundaries from 106 ± 6 to 320 ± 20 au with a surface density distribution described by a power law with an index of -0.5 ± 0.2. Our deep ALMA map also reveals a bright source located near the edge of the ring, whose brightness at 1.3 mm and potential spectral energy distribution are consistent with it being a luminous star-forming galaxy at high redshift. We set constraints on the orbital properties of planet b assuming coplanarity with the observed disk.

A comparable study of clinical and optical outcomes after 1.8, 2.0 mm microcoaxial and 3.0 mm coaxial cataract surgery.

PubMed

Yu, Yi-Bo; Zhu, Ya-Nan; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Yi-Dong; Yu, Yin-Hui; Yao, Ke

2016-01-01

To evaluate the clinical and optical outcomes after clear corneal incision cataract surgery (CICS) with three different incision sizes (1.8, 2.0 and 3.0 mm). Eyes of 150 patients with age-related cataract scheduled for coaxial cataract surgery were randomized to three groups: 1.8, 2.0, or 3.0 mm CICS. Intraoperative data and postoperative outcomes including surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), the corneal incision thickness, wavefront aberrations and modulation transfer function (MTF) of cornea were obtained. There were no significant differences among the three groups in demographic characteristics and intraoperative outcome. The 1.8 and 2.0 mm microincisions showed more satisfactory clinical outcomes than the 3.0 mm incision. The 1.8 mm incision showed significantly less SIA than the 2.0 mm incision until postoperative 1mo (P<0.05), but the difference was only 0.14-0.18 D. Combined with less increased incision thickness only at postoperative 1d (P=0.013), the 1.8 mm incision presented better uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) than the 2.0 mm incision only at 1d postoperatively (P=0.008). For higher-order aberrations and other Zernike coefficients, there were no significant differences between the 1.8 mm group and 2.0 mm group (P>0.05). Converting from 3.0 mm CICS to 1.8 or 2.0 mm CICS result in better clinical and optical outcomes. However, when incision is 1.8 mm, the benefits from further reduction in size compared with 2.0 mm are limited. The necessity to reduce the incision size is to be deliberated.

Cloning and expression of a novel UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-D-mannoside beta1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase homologous to UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-3-D-mannoside beta1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I.

PubMed Central

Zhang, Wenli; Betel, Doron; Schachter, Harry

2002-01-01

A TBLASTN search with human UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-3-d-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I; EC 2.4.1.101) as a probe identified human and mouse Unigenes encoding a protein similar to human GnT I (34% identity over 340 amino acids). The recombinant protein converted Man(alpha1-6)[Man(alpha1-3)]Man(beta1-)O-octyl to Man(alpha1-6)[GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-3)]Man(beta1-)O-octyl, the reaction catalysed by GnT I. The enzyme also added GlcNAc to Man(alpha1-6)[GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-3)]Man(beta1-)O-octyl (the substrate for beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II), Man(alpha1-)O-benzyl [with K(m) values of approximately 0.3 and >30 mM for UDP-GlcNAc and Man(alpha1-)O-benzyl respectively] and the glycopeptide CYA[Man(alpha1-)O-T]AV (K(m) approximately 12 mM). The product formed with Man(alpha1-)O-benzyl was identified as GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-benzyl by proton NMR spectroscopy. The enzyme was named UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-d-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I.2 (GnT I.2). The human gene mapped to chromosome 1. Northern-blot analysis showed a 3.3 kb message with a wide tissue distribution. The cDNA has a 1980 bp open reading frame encoding a 660 amino acid protein with a type-2 domain structure typical of glycosyltransferases. Man(beta1-)O-octyl, Man(beta1-)O-p-nitrophenyl and GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-6)[GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-3)]Man(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-)O-Asn were not acceptors, indicating that GnT I.2 is specific for alpha-linked terminal Man and does not have N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III, IV, V, VII or VIII activities. CYA[Man(alpha1-)O-T]AV was between three and seven times more effective as an acceptor than the other substrates, suggesting that GnT I.2 may be responsible for the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins. PMID:11742540

N-acetylcysteine inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

PubMed

Araki, Shunsuke; Dobashi, Kazushige; Kubo, Kazuyasu; Kawagoe, Rinko; Yamamoto, Yukiyo; Shirahata, Akira

2007-12-01

The present study was designed to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, modulates nitric oxide (NO) production stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in adipocytes. Stimulation by the combination of 5 microg/ml of LPS and 100 ng/ml of TNF-alpha (LT) significantly enhanced NO production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preincubation of the cells with NAC (5-20 mM) for 24 h suppressed the increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The production of NO was decreased by 49% at the concentration of 20 mM of NAC. The decrease in NO production by NAC was accompanied by a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein, detected by immunoblot analysis, and iNOS mRNA, determined by real-time reverse-transcriptase coupled polymerase chain reaction analysis. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) was significantly activated by LT-treatment, while the pretreatment with 20 mM of NAC prevented the activity by 42%. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-kappaB inhibitor, also inhibited the LT-mediated NO production dose-dependently. One hundred microM of PDTC inhibited the NO production by 46%. We also investigated the effect of NAC and PDTC on the production of interleukein-6 (IL-6), which is regulated transcriptionally by NF-kappa B in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. IL-6 production was markedly increased by LT stimulus, and the enhanced secretion of IL-6 was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with NAC or PDTC. These results suggest that NAC regulates iNOS expression and NO production in adipocytes through the modulating activation of NF-kappa B.

Chemical stabilization and high pressure synthesis of Ba-free Hg-based superconductors, (Hg,M)Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub n-1}Cu{sub n}O{sub y}(N=1{approximately}3)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kishio, K.; Shimoyama, J.; Hahakura, S.

1994-12-31

A homologous series of new Hg-based HTSC compounds, (Hg,M)Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub n-1}Cu{sub n}O{sub y} with n=1 to 3, have been synthesized. The stabilization of the pure phases have been accomplished by chemical doping of third elements such as M=Cr, Mo and Re. While the Hg1201(n=1) phase was readily obtained in this way, it was necessary to simultaneously dope Y into the Ca site to stabilize the Hg1212(n=2) phase. On the other hand, single-phase Y-free Hg1212(n=2) and Hg1223(n=3) samples were synthesized only under a high pressure of 6 GPa. In sharp contrast to the Ba-containing compounds, all the samples prepared in themore » present study have been quite stable during the synthesis and no deterioration in air has been observed after the preparation.« less

QM/MM nonadiabatic dynamics simulations on photoinduced Wolff rearrangements of 1,2,3-thiadiazole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xiang-Yang; Fang, Ye-Guang; Xie, Bin-Bin; Fang, Wei-Hai; Cui, Ganglong

2017-06-01

The photoinduced rearrangement reaction mechanism of 1,2,3-thiadiazole remains experimentally elusive. Two possible mechanisms have been proposed to date. The first is a stepwise mechanism via a thiocarbene intermediate; the second is an excited-state concerted rearrangement mechanism. Herein we have adopted both the electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations to study the photoinduced rearrangement reactions of 1,2,3-thiadiazole in the S2, S1, and S0 states in solution. On the basis of QM(CASPT2)/MM [quantum mechanics(complete active space self-consistent field second-order perturbation theory)/molecular mechanics] calculations, we have found that (1) the thiocarbene intermediate is not stable; thus, the stepwise mechanism should be unfavorable; (2) the excited-state decay from the S2 via S1 to S0 state is ultrafast and completed within ca. 200 fs; therefore, both the S2 and S1 states should not have a long enough time for the excited-state rearrangements. Instead, we have computationally proposed a modified photoinduced rearrangement mechanism. Upon irradiation, the S2 state is first populated (114.0 kcal/mol), followed by an ultrafast S2 → S1 → S0 excited-state decay along the S-N bond fission, which eventually leads to a very "hot" intermediate with the S-N bond broken (18.3 kcal/mol). Then, thermal rearrangements to thioketene, thiirene, and ethynethiol occur in a concerted asynchronous way. This mechanistic scenario has been verified by full-dimensional trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics simulations at the QM(CASPT2)/MM level. Finally, our present computational work provides experimentally interesting mechanistic insights into the photoinduced rearrangement reactions of cyclic and acyclic diazo compounds.

Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the 0.013 < z < 0.1 cosmic spectral energy distribution from 0.1 μm to 1 mm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Driver, S. P.; Robotham, A. S. G.; Kelvin, L.; Alpaslan, M.; Baldry, I. K.; Bamford, S. P.; Brough, S.; Brown, M.; Hopkins, A. M.; Liske, J.; Loveday, J.; Norberg, P.; Peacock, J. A.; Andrae, E.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Bourne, N.; Cameron, E.; Colless, M.; Conselice, C. J.; Croom, S. M.; Dunne, L.; Frenk, C. S.; Graham, Alister W.; Gunawardhana, M.; Hill, D. T.; Jones, D. H.; Kuijken, K.; Madore, B.; Nichol, R. C.; Parkinson, H. R.; Pimbblet, K. A.; Phillipps, S.; Popescu, C. C.; Prescott, M.; Seibert, M.; Sharp, R. G.; Sutherland, W. J.; Taylor, E. N.; Thomas, D.; Tuffs, R. J.; van Kampen, E.; Wijesinghe, D.; Wilkins, S.

2012-12-01

We use the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey (GAMA) I data set combined with GALEX, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) imaging to construct the low-redshift (z < 0.1) galaxy luminosity functions in FUV, NUV, ugriz and YJHK bands from within a single well-constrained volume of 3.4 × 105 (Mpc h-1)3. The derived luminosity distributions are normalized to the SDSS data release 7 (DR7) main survey to reduce the estimated cosmic variance to the 5 per cent level. The data are used to construct the cosmic spectral energy distribution (CSED) from 0.1 to 2.1 μm free from any wavelength-dependent cosmic variance for both the elliptical and non-elliptical populations. The two populations exhibit dramatically different CSEDs as expected for a predominantly old and young population, respectively. Using the Driver et al. prescription for the azimuthally averaged photon escape fraction, the non-ellipticals are corrected for the impact of dust attenuation and the combined CSED constructed. The final results show that the Universe is currently generating (1.8 ± 0.3) × 1035 h W Mpc-3 of which (1.2 ± 0.1) × 1035 h W Mpc-3 is directly released into the inter-galactic medium and (0.6 ± 0.1) × 1035 h W Mpc-3 is reprocessed and reradiated by dust in the far-IR. Using the GAMA data and our dust model we predict the mid- and far-IR emission which agrees remarkably well with available data. We therefore provide a robust description of the pre- and post-dust attenuated energy output of the nearby Universe from 0.1 μm to 0.6 mm. The largest uncertainty in this measurement lies in the mid- and far-IR bands stemming from the dust attenuation correction and its currently poorly constrained dependence on environment, stellar mass and morphology.

The 1.1 mm Continuum Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Physical Properties and Evolution of the Dust-selected Clouds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takekoshi, Tatsuya; Minamidani, Tetsuhiro; Komugi, Shinya; Kohno, Kotaro; Tosaki, Tomoka; Sorai, Kazuo; Muller, Erik; Mizuno, Norikazu; Kawamura, Akiko; Onishi, Toshikazu; Fukui, Yasuo; Ezawa, Hajime; Oshima, Tai; Scott, Kimberly S.; Austermann, Jason E.; Matsuo, Hiroshi; Aretxaga, Itziar; Hughes, David H.; Kawabe, Ryohei; Wilson, Grant W.; Yun, Min S.

2017-01-01

The first 1.1 mm continuum survey toward the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) was performed using the AzTEC instrument installed on the ASTE 10 m telescope. This survey covered 4.5 deg2 of the SMC with 1σ noise levels of 5-12 mJy beam-1, and 44 extended objects were identified. The 1.1 mm extended emission has good spatial correlation with Herschel 160 μm, indicating that the origin of the 1.1 mm extended emission is thermal emission from a cold dust component. We estimated physical properties using the 1.1 mm and filtered Herschel data (100, 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm). The 1.1 mm objects show dust temperatures of 17-45 K and gas masses of 4 × 103-3 × 105 M⊙, assuming single-temperature thermal emission from the cold dust with an emissivity index, β, of 1.2 and a gas-to-dust ratio of 1000. These physical properties are very similar to those of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in our galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The 1.1 mm objects also displayed good spatial correlation with the Spitzer 24 μm and CO emission, suggesting that the 1.1 mm objects trace the dense gas regions as sites of massive star formation. The dust temperature of the 1.1 mm objects also demonstrated good correlation with the 24 μm flux connected to massive star formation. This supports the hypothesis that the heating source of the cold dust is mainly local star-formation activity in the 1.1 mm objects. The classification of the 1.1 mm objects based on the existence of star-formation activity reveals the differences in the dust temperature, gas mass, and radius, which reflects the evolution sequence of GMCs. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

Antigenic variation of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 swine influenza viruses in Japan and Vietnam.

PubMed

Takemae, Nobuhiro; Nguyen, Tung; Ngo, Long Thanh; Hiromoto, Yasuaki; Uchida, Yuko; Pham, Vu Phong; Kageyama, Tsutomu; Kasuo, Shizuko; Shimada, Shinichi; Yamashita, Yasutaka; Goto, Kaoru; Kubo, Hideyuki; Le, Vu Tri; Van Vo, Hung; Do, Hoa Thi; Nguyen, Dang Hoang; Hayashi, Tsuyoshi; Matsuu, Aya; Saito, Takehiko

2013-04-01

The antigenicity of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (SIV) infection. However, the antigenicity of SIV strains currently circulating in Japan and Vietnam has not been well characterized. We examined the antigenicity of classical H1 SIVs, pandemic A(H1N1)2009 (A(H1N1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage SIVs isolated in Japan and Vietnam. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to determine antigenic differences that differentiate the recent Japanese H1N2 and H3N2 SIVs from the H1N1 and H3N2 domestic vaccine strains. Minor antigenic variation between pig A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was evident by HI assay using 13 mAbs raised against homologous virus. A Vietnamese H1N2 SIV, whose H1 gene originated from a human strain in the mid-2000s, reacted poorly with post-infection ferret serum against human vaccine strains from 2000-2010. These results provide useful information for selection of optimal strains for SIV vaccine production.

Comparison of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 virus (pH1N1) vaccine and two experimental M2e-based vaccines against pH1N1 challenge in the growing pig model.

PubMed

Opriessnig, Tanja; Gauger, Phillip C; Gerber, Priscilla F; Castro, Alessandra M M G; Shen, Huigang; Murphy, Lita; Digard, Paul; Halbur, Patrick G; Xia, Ming; Jiang, Xi; Tan, Ming

2018-01-01

Swine influenza A viruses (IAV-S) found in North American pigs are diverse and the lack of cross-protection among heterologous strains is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare a commercial inactivated A/H1N1/pdm09 (pH1N1) vaccine and two novel subunit vaccines, using IAV M2 ectodomain (M2e) epitopes as antigens, in a growing pig model. Thirty-nine 2-week-old IAV negative pigs were randomly assigned to five groups and rooms. At 3 weeks of age and again at 5 weeks of age, pigs were vaccinated intranasally with an experimental subunit particle vaccine (NvParticle/M2e) or a subunit complex-based vaccine (NvComplex/M2e) or intramuscularly with a commercial inactivated vaccine (Inact/pH1N1). At 7 weeks of age, the pigs were challenged with pH1N1 virus or sham-inoculated. Necropsy was conducted 5 days post pH1N1 challenge (dpc). At the time of challenge one of the Inact/pH1N1 pigs had seroconverted based on IAV nucleoprotein-based ELISA, Inact/pH1N1 pigs had significantly higher pdm09H1N1 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers compared to all other groups, and M2e-specific IgG responses were detected in the NvParticle/M2e and the NvComplex/M2e pigs with significantly higher group means in the NvComplex/M2e group compared to SHAMVAC-NEG pigs. After challenge, nasal IAV RNA shedding was significantly reduced in Inact/pH1N1 pigs compared to all other pH1N1 infected groups and this group also had reduced IAV RNA in oral fluids. The macroscopic lung lesions were characterized by mild-to-severe, multifocal-to-diffuse, cranioventral dark purple consolidated areas typical of IAV infection and were similar for NvParticle/M2e, NvComplex/M2e and SHAMVAC-IAV pigs. Lesions were significantly less severe in the SHAMVAC-NEG and the Inact/pH1N1pigs. Under the conditions of this study, a commercial Inact/pH1N1 specific vaccine effectively protected pigs against homologous challenge as evidenced by reduced clinical signs, virus shedding in nasal secretions and oral fluids

Comparison of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 virus (pH1N1) vaccine and two experimental M2e-based vaccines against pH1N1 challenge in the growing pig model

PubMed Central

Gauger, Phillip C.; Gerber, Priscilla F.; Castro, Alessandra M. M. G.; Shen, Huigang; Murphy, Lita; Digard, Paul; Halbur, Patrick G.; Xia, Ming; Jiang, Xi; Tan, Ming

2018-01-01

Swine influenza A viruses (IAV-S) found in North American pigs are diverse and the lack of cross-protection among heterologous strains is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare a commercial inactivated A/H1N1/pdm09 (pH1N1) vaccine and two novel subunit vaccines, using IAV M2 ectodomain (M2e) epitopes as antigens, in a growing pig model. Thirty-nine 2-week-old IAV negative pigs were randomly assigned to five groups and rooms. At 3 weeks of age and again at 5 weeks of age, pigs were vaccinated intranasally with an experimental subunit particle vaccine (NvParticle/M2e) or a subunit complex-based vaccine (NvComplex/M2e) or intramuscularly with a commercial inactivated vaccine (Inact/pH1N1). At 7 weeks of age, the pigs were challenged with pH1N1 virus or sham-inoculated. Necropsy was conducted 5 days post pH1N1 challenge (dpc). At the time of challenge one of the Inact/pH1N1 pigs had seroconverted based on IAV nucleoprotein-based ELISA, Inact/pH1N1 pigs had significantly higher pdm09H1N1 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers compared to all other groups, and M2e-specific IgG responses were detected in the NvParticle/M2e and the NvComplex/M2e pigs with significantly higher group means in the NvComplex/M2e group compared to SHAMVAC-NEG pigs. After challenge, nasal IAV RNA shedding was significantly reduced in Inact/pH1N1 pigs compared to all other pH1N1 infected groups and this group also had reduced IAV RNA in oral fluids. The macroscopic lung lesions were characterized by mild-to-severe, multifocal-to-diffuse, cranioventral dark purple consolidated areas typical of IAV infection and were similar for NvParticle/M2e, NvComplex/M2e and SHAMVAC-IAV pigs. Lesions were significantly less severe in the SHAMVAC-NEG and the Inact/pH1N1pigs. Under the conditions of this study, a commercial Inact/pH1N1 specific vaccine effectively protected pigs against homologous challenge as evidenced by reduced clinical signs, virus shedding in nasal secretions and oral fluids

Integral Representation of the Pictorial Proof of Sum of [superscript n][subscript k=1]k[superscript 2] = 1/6n(n+1)(2n+1)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kobayashi, Yukio

2011-01-01

The pictorial proof of the sum of [superscript n][subscript k=1] k[superscript 2] = 1/6n(n+1)(2n+1) is represented in the form of an integral. The integral representations are also applicable to the sum of [superscript n][subscript k-1] k[superscript m] (m greater than or equal to 3). These representations reveal that the sum of [superscript…

A 1.1mm AzTEC Survey Tracing Accelerated Galaxy Formation Towards a Protocluster at z 3.8

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hughes, David H.; Montana, A.; Aretxaga, I.; Plionis, M.; Porras, A.; Wagg, J.; Gaztanaga, E.; Huang, J.; Fazio, G.; Wilson, G.; Yun, M.; Lowenthal, J.; Perera, T.; Austermann, J.; Scott, K.; Dunlop, J.; Ivison, R.; Stevens, J.; Smail, I.; Appleton, P.

2006-12-01

Aztec has recently conducted a sensitive, wide-area (300 sq. Armin's) continuum survey at 1.1mm using the 15-m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope towards 4C41.17, a powerful high-redshift (z 3.8) radio galaxy. These Aztec data, which cover an area >40 times larger than our previous SCUBA survey, reveal a significant over-density of luminous, massive dust-enshrouded galaxies, compared to the results from lower-redshift blank-field sub-mm surveys. One natural interpretation of these new AzTEC data is that the over-density is tracing a large (5 x 5 Mpc) "proto-cluster" structure at z 3.8 associated with the environment of 4C41.17, within which the formation of ultra-luminous starburst galaxies (with rest-frame FIR luminosities >5 x 1012 Lsun or SFRs > 500 Msun/yr) is taking place at an accelerated rate. Proving the physical association of these massive optically-faint starbursts with the environment of this high-z AGN, and not with the blank-field sub-mm population, for which 50% of the population lies at 1.9 < z < 2.9, remains an outstanding problem. In this presentation we will describe the AzTEC survey, the empirical evidence for this protocluster structure in the early universe, and the planned multi-wavelength follow-up observations of the brightest AzTEC sources towards 4C41.17 that may demonstrate that we are witnessing accelerated galaxy formation, via an increased rate of merging gas-rich galaxies within a rapidly-developing gravitational potential. AzTEC is one of the suite of instruments destined for the 50-m Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). We will conclude this presentation with a summary of future LMT observations that will trace the evolution of obscured starformation in the dynamic environments towards a significant sample of intermediate and high-z powerful AGN with greater sensitivity and spatial resolution.

Comparative Ballistic Performance of 20mm AP M95 and 20mm AP M75 Projectiles against Rolled Homogeneous Steel Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

1960-05-01

Dominic A. Piccione, " Comparative Ballistic Performanceof 20mm AP M95 and 20mm AP M75 Projectiles againstRolled Homogeneous Steel Armor (U)’\\ WAL-TR-160.1/1... COMPARATIVE BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF 20MM AP M95 AND 20MM AP M75 PROJECTILES AGAINST ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS STEEL ARMOR (U) TECHNICAL REPORT NO. WAL TR I60.l/I(c...o > -< Abt9sortf bl O *_, o o -o WATERTOWN ARSENAL LABORATORIES co COMPARATIVE BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF 20MM AP M95 AND 20MM AP M75

Different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 influenza A viruses isolated in Germany from 2001 to 2005/2006.

PubMed

Bauer, Katja; Richter, Martina; Wutzler, Peter; Schmidtke, Michaela

2009-04-01

In the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza A viruses (FLUAV) of subtype H3N2 circulated in Germany. This raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptibility of FLUAV. To get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 FLUAV isolated in Germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. According to the mean IC(50) values (0.38-0.91 nM for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nM for zanamivir) most H1N1 and H3N2 FLUAV were NAI-susceptible. But, about four times higher zanamivir concentrations were necessary to inhibit neuraminidase activity of H1N2 viruses. Two H1N1 isolates were less susceptible to both drugs in NA inhibition as well as virus yield reduction assays. Results from sequence analysis of viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and evolutionary analysis of N2 gene revealed (i) different subclades for N2 in H1N2 and H3N2 FLUAV that could explain the differences in zanamivir susceptibility among these viruses and (ii) specific amino acid substitutions in the neuraminidase segment of the two less NAI-susceptible H1N1 isolates. One H3N2 was isolate proved to be a mixture of a NA deletion mutant and full-length NA viruses.

Surface-micromachined magnetic undulator with period length between 10μm and 1 mm for advanced light sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harrison, Jere; Joshi, Abhijeet; Lake, Jonathan; Candler, Rob; Musumeci, Pietro

2012-07-01

A technological gap exists between the μm-scale wiggling periods achieved using electromagnetic waves of high intensity laser pulses and the mm scale of permanent-magnet and superconducting undulators. In the sub-mm range, surface-micromachined soft-magnetic micro-electro-mechanical system inductors with integrated solenoidal coils have already experimentally demonstrated 100 to 500 mT field amplitude across air gaps as large as 15μm. Simulations indicate that magnetic fields as large as 1.5 T across 50μm inductor gaps are feasible. A simple rearranging of the yoke and pole geometry allows for fabrication of 10+ cm long undulator structures with period lengths between 12.5μm and 1 mm. Such undulators find application both in high average power spontaneous emission sources and, if used in combination with ultrahigh-brightness electron beams, could lead to the realization of low energy compact free-electron lasers. Challenges include electron energy broadening due to wakefields and Joule heating in the electromagnet.

Theoretical investigation on radiation tolerance of {{\\boldsymbol{M}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{n}}+1}{{\\boldsymbol{AX}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{n}}} phases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Ke-Di; Zhang, Xi-Tong; Huang, Qing; Xue, Jian-Ming

2017-06-01

Ternary {M}n+1{{AX}}n phases with layered hexagonal structures, as candidate materials used for next-generation nuclear reactors, have shown great potential in tolerating radiation damage due to their unique combination of ceramic and metallic properties. However, {M}n+1{{AX}}n materials behave differently in amorphization when exposed to energetic neutron and ion irradiations in experiment. We first analyze the irradiation tolerances of different {M}n+1{{AX}}n (MAX) phases in terms of electronic structure, including the density of states (DOS) and charge density map. Then a new method based on the Bader analysis with the first-principle calculation is used to estimate the stabilities of MAX phases under irradiation. Our calculations show that the substitution of Cr/V/Ta/Nb by Ti and Si/Ge/Ga by Al can increase the ionicities of the bonds, thus strengthening the radiation tolerance. It is also shown that there is no obvious difference in radiation tolerance between {M}n+1A{{{C}}}n and {M}n+1A{{{N}}}n due to the similar charge transfer values of C and N atoms. In addition, the improved radiation tolerance from Ti3AlC2 to Ti2AlC (Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC have the same chemical elements), can be understood in terms of the increased Al/TiC layer ratio. Criteria based on the quantified charge transfer can be further used to explore other {M}n+1{{AX}}n phases with respect to their radiation tolerance, playing a critical role in choosing appropriate MAX phases before they are subjected to irradiation in experimental test for future nuclear reactors. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91226202 and 91426304).

Polarized spectral properties and 1.5-1.6 μm laser operation of Er:Sr3Yb2(BO3)4 crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, F. L.; Huang, J. H.; Chen, Y. J.; Gong, X. H.; Lin, Y. F.; Luo, Z. D.; Huang, Y. D.

2013-10-01

Undoped and Er3+-doped Sr3Yb2(BO3)4 crystals were grown by the Czochralski method. Room temperature polarized spectral properties of the Er:Sr3Yb2(BO3)4 crystal were investigated. The efficiency of the energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions in this crystal was calculated to be about 95%. End-pumped by a diode laser at 970 nm in a hemispherical cavity, a 0.75 W quasi-CW laser at 1.5-1.6 μm with a slope efficiency of 7% and an absorbed pump threshold of 3.8 W was achieved in a 0.5-mm-thick Z-cut crystal glued on a 5-mm-thick pure YAG crystal with UV-curable adhesive.

μ+SR Study on Layered Chromium Perovskites: Srn+1CrnO3n+1 (n = 1-3)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nozaki, Hiroshi; Sakurai, Hiroya; Umegaki, Izumi; Ansaldo, Eduardo J.; Morris, Gerald D.; Hitti, Bassam; Arseneau, Donald J.; Andreica, Daniel; Amato, Alex; Månsson, Martin; Sugiyama, Jun

The magnetic nature of layered chromium perovskites, Srn+1CrnO3n+1 (n = 1-3) was studied by μ+SR using powder samples prepared by a high pressure synthesis technique. According to the weak transverse field measurements, each sample entered a magnetically ordered state below 110, 200, and 90 K for the n = 1, 2, and 3 samples, respectively. Zero field (ZF) spectra below the transition temperature exhibited a clear oscillation due to the formation of quasi-static magnetic order. The Fourier transform frequency-spectrum for the ZF time-spectrum indicated the existence of the multiple oscillation components. The frequencies for the multiple oscillatory signals showed a complex temperature dependence, implying the occurrence of structural change/transitions below TN.

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a glycosylated peptide containing a complex N-glycan based on unprotected oligosaccharides by using DMT-MM and Endo-M.

PubMed

Tomabechi, Yusuke; Katoh, Toshihiko; Kunishima, Munetaka; Inazu, Toshiyuki; Yamamoto, Kenji

2017-08-01

For chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a glycosylated peptide, 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) was used for the synthesis of a N-acetylglucosaminyl peptide and a pseudoglycopeptide by solid-phase peptide synthesis without the requirement of protecting groups on the carbohydrate. We also performed transglycosylation of an N-glycan to the N-acetylglucosaminyl peptide using endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mucor hiemalis (Endo-M) to synthesize a glycopeptide containing a complex N-glycan.

Metabolism and disposition of MM-433593, a selective FAAH-1 inhibitor, in monkeys

PubMed Central

Banijamali, Ali R; Wakefield, James D; Mermerian, Ara H; Busby, Robert W

2014-01-01

MM-433593 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase-1 (FAAH-1) with potential utility as an orally administered treatment of pain, inflammation, and other disorders. In this study, we investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of MM-433593 in monkeys, and compared plasma and urine metabolites of this compound to the in vitro metabolites produced by monkey hepatocytes. Intravenous administration of MM-433593 to cynomolgus monkeys produced a rapid distribution phase and slower elimination phase with a mean systemic clearance rate of 8–11 mL/min/kg. Absolute oral bioavailability was determined to be 14–21% with maximum plasma concentrations reached ∼3 h (Tmax) following a 10 mg/kg oral dose. The average terminal half-life of MM-433593 was 17–20 h, and there were no qualitative sex differences in the metabolite profile of MM-433593. The major site of metabolism was oxidation of the methyl group at the five position of the indole ring, which was confirmed by chromatography and mass spectrometry comparison to a synthesized authentic standard. This metabolite was further oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid and/or conjugated with sulfate, glucuronide, or glutathione. In all, 18 metabolites were found in plasma and urine. In vitro incubations of MM-433593 with monkey hepatocytes yielded 13 metabolites, all of which were found in vivo, indicating a good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo metabolism data. A comprehensive pathway for the metabolism of MM-433593 is proposed, including a plausible, five-step biotransformation for the formation of N-acetylcysteine conjugate metabolite (M18) from the hydroxylated parent (M5). PMID:25505606

1 mm3-sized optical neural stimulator based on CMOS integrated photovoltaic power receiver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tokuda, Takashi; Ishizu, Takaaki; Nattakarn, Wuthibenjaphonchai; Haruta, Makito; Noda, Toshihiko; Sasagawa, Kiyotaka; Sawan, Mohamad; Ohta, Jun

2018-04-01

In this work, we present a simple complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-controlled photovoltaic power-transfer platform that is suitable for very small (less than or equal to 1-2 mm) electronic devices such as implantable health-care devices or distributed nodes for the Internet of Things. We designed a 1.25 mm × 1.25 mm CMOS power receiver chip that contains integrated photovoltaic cells. We characterized the CMOS-integrated power receiver and successfully demonstrated blue light-emitting diode (LED) operation powered by infrared light. Then, we integrated the CMOS chip and a few off-chip components into a 1-mm3 implantable optogenetic stimulator, and demonstrated the operation of the device.

A λ 3 mm and 1 mm line survey toward the yellow hypergiant IRC +10420⋆

PubMed Central

Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Bujarrabal, V.; Sánchez Contreras, C.; Castro-Carrizo, A.; Alcolea, J.

2016-01-01

Aims Our knowledge of the chemical properties of the circumstellar ejecta of the most massive evolved stars is particularly poor. We aim to study the chemical characteristics of the prototypical yellow hypergiant star, IRC +10420. For this purpose, we obtained full line surveys at 1 and 3 mm atmospheric windows. Methods We have identified 106 molecular emission lines from 22 molecular species. Approximately half of the molecules detected are N-bearing species, in particular HCN, HNC, CN, NO, NS, PN, and N2H+. We used rotational diagrams to derive the density and rotational temperature of the different molecular species detected. We introduced an iterative method that allows us to take moderate line opacities into account. Results We have found that IRC +10420 presents high abundances of the N-bearing molecules compared with O-rich evolved stars. This result supports the presence of a N-rich chemistry, expected for massive stars. Our analysis also suggests a decrease of the 12C/13C ratio from ≳ 7 to ~ 3.7 in the last 3800 years, which can be directly related to the nitrogen enrichment observed. In addition, we found that SiO emission presents a significant intensity decrease for high-J lines when compared with older observations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that this variation can be explained by a decrease in the infrared (IR) flux of the dust. The origin of this decrease might be an expansion of the dust shell or a lower stellar temperature due to the pulsation of the star. PMID:27458319

Investigation of the spin-lattice coupling in M n3G a1 -xS nxN antiperovskites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Kewen; Sun, Ying; Colin, Claire V.; Wang, Lei; Yan, Jun; Deng, Sihao; Lu, Huiqing; Zhao, Wenjun; Kazunari, Yamaura; Bordet, Pierre; Wang, Cong

2018-02-01

The magnetovolume effects (MVEs) of M n3G a1 -xS nxN antiperovskite compounds have been investigated by means of neutron powder diffraction. Increasing the Sn-doping content at the Ga site leads to the broadening of the magnetic phase transition temperature range and the thermal expansion behavior changes from negative to positive. We establish the relationship between the square of the ordered magnetic moment m2 and the volume variation Δ ωm for the antiferromagnetic phase (Γ5 g magnetic structure with rhombohedral symmetry R 3 ¯m ). The temperature variations of Δ ωm(T ) , m2(T ) and the magnetoelastic coupling constant C (T ) are also quantitatively analyzed according to the itinerant-electron theory. Moreover, the increase of the phonon contribution to the thermal expansion induced by Sn doping and the corresponding decrease of dm/dT are revealed to be the key parameters for tuning the MVEs. Our results allow elucidating and quantifying the mechanism of the spin-lattice coupling and can be used to design magnetic functional materials with controlled thermal expansion behaviors for specific applications.

Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Novel Reassortant H3N2 Influenza Viruses with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Genes in Pigs

PubMed Central

Ma, Jingjiao; Shen, Huigang; Liu, Qinfang; Bawa, Bhupinder; Qi, Wenbao; Duff, Michael; Lang, Yuekun; Lee, Jinhwa; Yu, Hai; Bai, Jianfa; Tong, Guangzhi; Hesse, Richard A.; Richt, Jürgen A.

2014-01-01

ABSTRACT At least 10 different genotypes of novel reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses with 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] gene(s) have been identified in U.S. pigs, including the H3N2 variant with a single A(H1N1)pdm09 M gene, which has infected more than 300 people. To date, only three genotypes of these viruses have been evaluated in animal models, and the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the other seven genotype viruses remain unknown. Here, we show that three H3N2 reassortant viruses that contain 3 (NP, M, and NS) or 5 (PA, PB2, NP, M, and NS) genes from A(H1N1)pdm09 were pathogenic in pigs, similar to the endemic H3N2 swine virus. However, the reassortant H3N2 virus with 3 A(H1N1)pdm09 genes and a recent human influenza virus N2 gene was transmitted most efficiently among pigs, whereas the reassortant H3N2 virus with 5 A(H1N1)pdm09 genes was transmitted less efficiently than the endemic H3N2 virus. Interestingly, the polymerase complex of reassortant H3N2 virus with 5 A(H1N1)pdm09 genes showed significantly higher polymerase activity than those of endemic and reassortant H3N2 viruses with 3 A(H1N1)pdm09 genes. Further studies showed that an avian-like glycine at position 228 at the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site is responsible for inefficient transmission of the reassortant H3N2 virus with 5 A(H1N1)pdm09 genes. Taken together, our results provide insights into the pathogenicity and transmissibility of novel reassortant H3N2 viruses in pigs and suggest that a mammalian-like serine at position 228 in the HA is critical for the transmissibility of these reassortant H3N2 viruses. IMPORTANCE Swine influenza is a highly contagious zoonotic disease that threatens animal and public health. Introduction of 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] into swine herds has resulted in novel reassortant influenza viruses in swine, including H3N2 and H1N2 variants that have caused human infections in the United States. We showed that reassortant H3N2 influenza

Binding of [3H]MSX-2 (3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methyl-8-(m-methoxystyryl)-1-propargylxanthine) to rat striatal membranes--a new, selective antagonist radioligand for A(2A) adenosine receptors.

PubMed

Müller, C E; Maurinsh, J; Sauer, R

2000-01-01

The present study describes the preparation and binding properties of a new, potent, and selective A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist radioligand, [3H]3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methyl-8-(m-methoxystyryl)-1-propargy lxanth ine ([3H]MSX-2). [3H]MSX-2 binding to rat striatal membranes was saturable and reversible. Saturation experiments showed that [3H]MSX-2 labeled a single class of binding sites with high affinity (K(d)=8.0 nM) and limited capacity (B(max)=1.16 fmol.mg(-1) of protein). The presence of 100 microM GTP, or 10 mM magnesium chloride, respectively, had no effect on [3H]MSX-2 binding. AR agonists competed with the binding of 1 nM [3H]MSX-2 with the following order of potency: 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)>2-[4-(carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxami doaden osine (CGS-21680)>2-chloroadenosine (2-CADO)>N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). AR antagonists showed the following order of potency: 8-(m-bromostyryl)-3, 7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (BS-DMPX)>1, 3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX)>(R)-5, 6-dimethyl-7-(1-phenylethyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidine-4-amine (SH-128)>3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX)>caffeine. The K(i) values for antagonists were in accordance with data from binding studies with the agonist radioligand [3H]CGS21680, while agonist affinities were 3-7-fold lower. [3H]MSX-2 is a highly selective A(2A) AR antagonist radioligand exhibiting a selectivity of at least two orders of magnitude versus all other AR subtypes. The new radioligand shows high specific radioactivity (85 Ci/mmol, 3150 GBq/mmol) and acceptable nonspecific binding at rat striatal membranes of 20-30%, at 1 nM.

1. East portal of Tunnel 3, view to west, 135mm ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. East portal of Tunnel 3, view to west, 135mm lens. This tunnel was photographed to provide context, because even though somewhat enlarged, it illustrates the nature of the unlined hard rock tunnels typical of the original Central Pacific construction in 1868. - Central Pacific Transcontinental Railroad, Tunnel No. 3, Milepost 180.65, Cisco, Placer County, CA

Spectroscopic, structural and computational analysis of [Re(CO)3(dippM)Br](n+) (dippM = 1,1'-bis(diiso-propylphosphino)metallocene, M = Fe, n = 0 or 1; M = Co, n = 1).

PubMed

Furneaux, Aliza G; Piro, Nicholas A; Hernández Sánchez, Raúl; Gramigna, Kathryn M; Fey, Natalie; Robinson, Michael J; Kassel, W Scott; Nataro, Chip

2016-03-21

While the redox active backbone of bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands is often cited as an important feature of these ligands in catalytic studies, the structural parameters of oxidized bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands have not been thoroughly studied. The reaction of [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br] (dippf = 1,1'-bis(diiso-propylphosphino)ferrocene) and [NO][BF4] in methylene chloride yields the oxidized compound, [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br][BF4]. The oxidized species, [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br][BF4], and the neutral species, [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br], are compared using X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and zero-field (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. In addition, the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br][BF4] was measured in the solid state using SQUID magnetometry and in solution by the Evans method. The electron transfer reaction of [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br][BF4] with acetylferrocene was also examined. For additional comparison, the cationic compound, [Re(CO)3(dippc)Br][PF6] (dippc = 1,1'-bis(diiso-propylphosphino)cobaltocenium), was prepared and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, X-ray crystallography, and NMR, IR and visible spectroscopies. Finally, DFT was employed to examine the oxidized dippf ligand and the oxidized rhenium complex, [Re(CO)3(dippf)Br](+).

VizieR Online Data Catalog: M-3.8+0.9 molecular cloud 3mm datacubes (Riquelme+ 2018)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riquelme, D.; Amo-Baladron, A.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Mauersberger, R.; Martin, S.; Burton, M.; Cunningham, M.; Jones, P.; Menten, K. M.; Bronfman, L.; Guesten, R.

2018-01-01

We mapped the M-3.8+0.9 molecular cloud placed at the footpoints of a giant molecular loop, in 3-mm range molecular lines using Mopra telescope, and the 13CO (2-1) line at 1 mm using the 12-m Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope. The Mopra observations were performed during September 2008 and August 2009. We used the digital mode filter bank MOPS in broadband mode, covering 8GHz of bandwidth simultaneously in four 2.2GHz sub-bands, each of them with 8192 channel spaced by 0.27MHz. Two polarizations were measured simultaneously. We produce one data cube per detected molecule. The final spatial resolution of the data cubes is between 49 arcsec and 51 arcsec at 115 and 86GHz respectively. The size of the pixel is 15 arcsec. The spectral resolution of the data is 269.5kHz (0.94-0.78km/s). The data is presented in T*a (K). The APEX observations were carried out on 24 June, and 1, 2, and 3 July 2014 under the APEX project code M-093.F-008-2014 using the APEX-1 (SHIFI) receiver and the eXtended bandwidth Fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (XFFTS) backend. The data were regridded in equatorial coordinates and then converted to Galactic coordinates for comparison with the Mopra data using standard CLASS routines. The pixel size is 13.8 arcsec. The spatial resolution is 30.1 arcsec and the spectral resolution is 299.8kHz (1.03km/s). The data is presented in Tmb (K). (2 data files).

Computational insights into the concomitant changes of hollow interior evolution in [SbnAunSbn]m (n=3, 4, 5, 6; m= -3, -2, -1, -2) complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Tingting; Ning, Ping; Tang, Lihong; Li, Kai; Bao, Shuangyou; Jin, Xu; Song, Xin; Zhang, Xiuying; Han, Shuang

2017-02-01

A series of novel all-metal sandwich species, [SbnAunSbn]m (n= 3, 4, 5, 6; m= -3, -2, -1, -2), are carefully designed and are systematically investigated in term of structure, bonding nature, stability, and potential application. These results show that [SbnAunSbn]m (n=3, 4, 5, 6; m= -3, -2, -1, -2), have local minimum values on their potential energy surfaces. For the Sb-Sb and Sb-Au bond, they are obviously covalent features, while in Au-Au, there is a typical aurophilic interaction. Furthermore, these species present expected stability owing to the positive dissociation energy, great Egap, ionization potential (IP), aromaticity and perfected mechanical stability. Interestingly, [Sb5Au5Sb5]- and [Sb6Au6Sb6]2- are aromatic, while both [Sb3Au3Sb3]3- and [Sb4Au4Sb4]2- possess conflicting aromaticity. And all the title species hold tube aromaticty and δ aromaticty. prediction The application suggests that the Sb site is favorable for absorbing CO in the units, and [Sb3Au3Sb3]3- is more suitable than others; CO is absorbed by the p-p interaction between the C and Sb atoms.

Synthesis, characterization, experimental and theoretical structure of novel Dichloro(bis{2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-κN3]pyridine-κN})metal(II) compounds, metal = Mn, Co and Ni

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conradie, J.; Conradie, M. M.; Tawfiq, K. M.; Al-Jeboori, M. J.; Coles, S. J.; Wilson, C.; Potgieter, J. H.

2018-06-01

The syntheses, characterizations and structures of three novel dichloro(bis{2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-κN3]pyridine-κN})metal(II), [M(L)2Cl2], complexes (metal = Mn, Co and Ni) are presented. In the solid state the molecules are arranged in infinite hydrogen-bonded 3D supramolecular structures, further stabilized by weak intermolecular π…π interactions. The DFT results for all the different spin states and isomers of dichloro(bis{2-[1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-κN3]pyridine-κN})metal(II) complexes, [M(L1)2Cl2], support experimental measurements, namely that (i) d5 [Mn(L1)2Cl2] is high spin with S = 5/2; (ii) d7 [Co(L1)2Cl2] has a spin state of S = 3/2, (iii) d8 [Ni(L1)2Cl2] has a spin state of S = 1; and (iv) for all [M(L1)2Cl2] and [M(L)2Cl2] complexes, with M = Mn, Co and Ni, the cis-cis-trans and the trans-trans-trans isomers, with the pyridyl groups trans to each other, have the lowest energy.

Investigation of Inertia Welding Process for Applying Gilding Metal Rotating Bands to Projectile, 155-mm, M483A1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-07-01

AISI 4140 steel body, but additional work remains to be done because pure copper behaves differently than gilding metal when subjected to the inertia...bands to AISI 1340 steel bodies used with the 155-mm, M483A1 Projectile. As a result of the effort it was demon- strated that the process is practical...rotating bands to AISI 1340 steel bodies used with the 155-mm, M483A1 Projectile. As a result of the effort it was demonstrated that the process is

Structural and Biochemical Basis for the Inhibitory Effect of Liprin-α3 on Mouse Diaphanous 1 (mDia1) Function*

PubMed Central

Brenig, Julian; de Boor, Susanne; Knyphausen, Philipp; Kuhlmann, Nora; Wroblowski, Sarah; Baldus, Linda; Scislowski, Lukas; Artz, Oliver; Trauschies, Philip; Baumann, Ulrich; Neundorf, Ines; Lammers, Michael

2015-01-01

Diaphanous-related formins are eukaryotic actin nucleation factors regulated by an autoinhibitory interaction between the N-terminal RhoGTPase-binding domain (mDiaN) and the C-terminal Diaphanous-autoregulatory domain (DAD). Although the activation of formins by Rho proteins is well characterized, its inactivation is only marginally understood. Recently, liprin-α3 was shown to interact with mDia1. Overexpression of liprin-α3 resulted in a reduction of the cellular actin filament content. The molecular mechanisms of how liprin-α3 exerts this effect and counteracts mDia1 activation by RhoA are unknown. Here, we functionally and structurally define a minimal liprin-α3 core region, sufficient to recapitulate the liprin-α3 determined mDia1-respective cellular functions. We show that liprin-α3 alters the interaction kinetics and thermodynamics of mDiaN with RhoA·GTP and DAD. RhoA displaces liprin-α3 allosterically, whereas DAD competes with liprin-α3 for a highly overlapping binding site on mDiaN. Liprin-α3 regulates actin polymerization by lowering the regulatory potency of RhoA and DAD on mDiaN. We present a model of a mechanistically unexplored and new aspect of mDiaN regulation by liprin-α3. PMID:25911102

Structural and Mechanistic Analyses of TSC1/2 and Rheb 1/2-Mediated Regulation of the mTORC Pathway

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

endogenous mTORC1, the identification of buffer conditions that minimize mTORC1 disintegration and/or aggregation during purification, and the... disintegration of the already “weakened” mTORC1 and the complete abolishment of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Therefore, our work suggests that in vitro...mM EDTA or 5mM MgCl2, 10 mM pyrophosphate, 10 mM glycerophosphate, 0.3% CHAPS, or 1% Trition X-100 and one tablet of EDTA-free protease inhibitors

Optical and transport properties of LaTi{sub 1−x}M{sub x}(O,N){sub 3±δ} (x=0; 0.1, M=Nb{sup 5+}, W{sup 6+}) thin films prepared by plasma ammonolysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maegli, Alexandra E.; Sagarna, Leyre; Populoh, Sascha

2014-03-15

Oxynitride thin films of composition LaTi{sub 1−x}M{sub x}(O,N){sub 3±δ} with x=0; 0.1 and M=Nb{sup 5+}, W{sup 6+} were prepared by nitridation via microwave-induced plasma (MIP) ammonolysis, which allowed keeping the nitridation time short (16 min). The higher possible oxidation states of the B-site substituents (Nb{sup 5+}, W{sup 6+}) with respect to Ti{sup 4+} caused higher N content for LaTi{sub 0.9}Nb{sub 0.1}(O,N){sub 3±δ} and LaTi{sub 0.9}W{sub 0.1}(O,N){sub 3±δ} compared to LaTiO{sub 2}N due to charge-compensation. XPS O 1s and N 1s core level and valence band spectra evidenced for increasing N content in the order LaTiO{sub 2}N

Characterization of a beta 1----3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase associated with synthesis of type 1 and type 2 lacto-series tumor-associated antigens from the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line SW403.

PubMed

Holmes, E H

1988-01-01

Previous studies have indicated that activation of a normally unexpressed beta 1----3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is responsible for the accumulation of a wide diversity of both type 1 and 2 lacto-series antigens in human colonic adenocarcinomas. A beta 1----3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase has been solubilized from the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line SW403 by 0.2% Triton X-100 and some of its properties have been studied. The enzyme was active over a broad pH range from 5.8 to 7.5 and had a strict requirement for Mn2+ as a divalent metal ion. Transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to lactosylceramide was optimal when assayed in the presence of a final concentration of Triton CF-54 of 0.3%. Inclusion of CDPcholine in the reaction mixture stimulated the activity by protecting the UDP[14C]GlcNAc from hydrolysis by endogenous enzymes. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were studied. Km values for acceptors nLc4 and nLc6 were determined to be 0.19 mM for each. However, the Vmax values calculated for these acceptors were 150 and 110 pmol/h/mg protein for nLc4 and nLc6, respectively, suggesting reduced potential for further elongation as the chain length increases. The Km for UDPGlcNAc was determined to be 0.17 mM. Studies of the acceptor specificity have indicated transfer of GlcNAc occurs mainly to type 2 chain nonfucosylated structures. However, elongation of the type 1 chain structure Lc4 was also detected.

Corneal Optical Quality Following Sub 1.8 mm Micro-Incision Cataract Surgery vs. 2.2 mm Mini-Incision Coaxial Phacoemulsification

PubMed Central

Alió, Jorge L.; Elkady, Bassam; Ortiz, Dolores

2010-01-01

Purpose: To study and compare the effects of the micro-incision cataract surgery (MICS-sub 1.8 mm) and miniincision coaxial phacoemulsification (2.2 mm) on the optical quality of the cornea characterized in terms of corneal aberrations. Materials and Methods: Fifty eyes underwent MICS and 50 mini-incision phacoemulsification, by the same surgeon. Both types of cataract surgery were performed using low ultrasound power and through a clear corneal incision, placed on the steepest corneal meridian ranging from 1.6 to 1.8 in MICS (Group I) and from 2.12 to 2.3 mm in mini-incision coaxial phacoemulsification (Group II). Seidel and Zernike aberration coefficients and RMS values were obtained for a 6-mm pupil preoperatively and one month after surgery. Results: The corneal astigmatism did not show statistically significant changes in either of the two groups: (MICS: –0.73 ± 0.63, –0.65 ± 0.53 D, P = 0.25), (mini-incision phacoemulsification; –1.21 ± 1.52, –1.00 ± 1.19 D, P = 0.12). The total RMS remained unchanged after MICS (1.77 ± 1.7, 1.65 ± 1.3 μm, P = 0.18) and mini-incision phacoemulsification (2.00 ± 1.87, 2.09 ± 1.8 μm, P = 0.41). Statistically significant changes were found for coma (P = 0.004) and higher-order aberrations (P < 0.001), showing MICS significantly less changes in cornea. Conclusions: Both MICS and mini-incision phacoemulsification do not degrade the optical quality of the cornea. Both surgeries do not induce a modification of the corneal astigmatism, even in the axis. It seems that 2 mm is the limit around which no optical changes are induced by cataract surgery in the human cornea. PMID:20543945

N-(3-azidophenyl)-N-methyl-N'-([4-1H]- and [4-3H]-1-naphthyl)guanidine. A potent and selective ligand designed as a photoaffinity label for the phencyclidine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

PubMed

Gee, K R; Durant, G J; Holmes, D L; Magar, S S; Weber, E; Wong, S T; Keana, J F

1993-01-01

A novel radiolabeled photoaffinity ligand has been synthesized for the phencyclidine (PCP) site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. N-(3-Azidophenyl)-N-methyl-N'-([4-3H]-1-naphthyl)guanidine (13) was prepared with a specific activity of 25 Ci/mmol by diazotization of N-(3-aminophenyl)-N-methyl-N'-([4-3H]-1-naphthyl)guanidine (12) followed by treatment with sodium azide. Guanidine 12 was obtained by catalytic tritiation of N-(4-bromo-1-naphthyl)-N'-methyl-N'-(3-nitrophenyl)guanidine (11). The nontritiated analog 5 of 13 was prepared beginning with N-methyl-N'-1-naphthyl-N-(3-nitrophenyl)guanidine (9). The guanidines 9 and 11 were prepared in moderate yield by the aluminum chloride-catalyzed reaction of N-methyl-3-nitroaniline hydrochloride with 1-naphthylcyanamide and 4-bromo-1-naphthylcyanamide, respectively. Azide 5 showed high selectivity and affinity (IC50 = 100 nM vs [3H]MK801; 3000 nM vs [3H]ditolylguanidine) for the PCP site of the NMDA receptor in guinea pig brain homogenate. Photolabeling experiments with 13, however, failed to radiolabel a significant amount of receptor polypeptide.

Effect of PCB 126 on aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1 (AHR1) and AHR1 nuclear translocator 1 (ARNT1) mRNA expression and CYP1 monooxygenase activity in chicken (Gallus domesticus) ovarian follicles.

PubMed

Wójcik, Dagmara; Antos, Piotr A; Katarzyńska, Dorota; Hrabia, Anna; Sechman, Andrzej

2015-12-03

The aim of the experiment was to study the in vitro effect of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126; a coplanar PCB congener) on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR1) and AHR1 nuclear translocator (ARNT1) mRNA expression and the activity of CYP1 family monooxygenases in chicken ovarian follicles. White (1-4 mm) and yellowish (4-8 mm) prehierarchical follicles as well as fragments of the theca and granulosa layers of the 3 largest preovulatory follicles (F3-F1) were incubated in a medium supplemented with 0 (control group), 1, 10 or 100 nM PCB 126. The incubation was carried out for 6 h or 24 h for determination of mRNA expression of AHR1 and ARNT1 genes (real-time qPCR) and CYP1 monooxygenase activity (EROD and MROD fluorometric assays), respectively. It was found that chicken ovarian follicles express mRNA of AHR1 and ARNT1 genes. A modulatory effect of PCB 126 on AHR1 and ARNT1 expression depended not only on the biphenyl concentration but also on the follicular layer and the maturational state of the follicle. EROD and MROD activities appeared predominantly in the granulosa layer of the yellow preovulatory follicles. PCB 126 induced these activities in a dose-dependent manner in all ovarian follicles. The obtained results suggest that ovarian follicles, especially the granulosa layer, are involved in the detoxification process of PCBs in the laying hen. Taking this finding into consideration it can be suggested that the granulosa layer of the yellow hierarchical follicles plays a key role in the protective mechanism which reduces the amount of transferred dioxin-like compounds into the yolk of the oocyte. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Capture of 0.1-μm aerosol particles containing viable H1N1 influenza virus by N95 filtering facepiece respirators.

PubMed

Harnish, Delbert A; Heimbuch, Brian K; Balzli, Charles; Choe, Melanie; Lumley, April E; Shaffer, Ronald E; Wander, Joseph D

2016-01-01

Nosocomial infections pose an escalating threat to both patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). A widely recommended device for individual respiratory protection, the N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) has been shown to provide efficient filtration of inert particles larger and smaller than the nominal most-penetrating particle size (MPPS) range, 0.03-0.3 μm. Humans generate respiratory aerosols in the MPPS range, suggesting that short-range disease transmission could occur via small infectious particles. Data presented here show that the N95 FFR will afford a significant measure of protection against infectious particles as small as a bare H1N1 influenza virion, and that the capture mechanism does not discriminate in favor of, or against, biological particles.

Identification of combinatorial host-specific signatures with a potential to affect host adaptation in influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes.

PubMed

Khaliq, Zeeshan; Leijon, Mikael; Belák, Sándor; Komorowski, Jan

2016-07-29

The underlying strategies used by influenza A viruses (IAVs) to adapt to new hosts while crossing the species barrier are complex and yet to be understood completely. Several studies have been published identifying singular genomic signatures that indicate such a host switch. The complexity of the problem suggested that in addition to the singular signatures, there might be a combinatorial use of such genomic features, in nature, defining adaptation to hosts. We used computational rule-based modeling to identify combinatorial sets of interacting amino acid (aa) residues in 12 proteins of IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. We built highly accurate rule-based models for each protein that could differentiate between viral aa sequences coming from avian and human hosts. We found 68 host-specific combinations of aa residues, potentially associated to host adaptation on HA, M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP, PA, PA-X, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H1N1 subtype and 24 on M1, M2, NEP, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H3N2 subtypes. In addition to these combinations, we found 132 novel singular aa signatures distributed among all proteins, including the newly discovered PA-X protein, of both subtypes. We showed that HA, NA, NP, NS1, NEP, PA-X and PA proteins of the H1N1 subtype carry H1N1-specific and HA, NA, PA-X, PA, PB1-F2 and PB1 of the H3N2 subtype carry H3N2-specific signatures. M1, M2, PB1-F2, PB1 and PB2 of H1N1 subtype, in addition to H1N1 signatures, also carry H3N2 signatures. Similarly M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP and PB2 of H3N2 subtype were shown to carry both H3N2 and H1N1 host-specific signatures (HSSs). To sum it up, we computationally constructed simple IF-THEN rule-based models that could distinguish between aa sequences of avian and human IAVs. From the rules we identified HSSs having a potential to affect the adaptation to specific hosts. The identification of combinatorial HSSs suggests that the process of adaptation of IAVs to a new host is more complex than previously suggested

Heats of NF(sub n) (n= 1-3) and NF(sub n)(+)(n = 1-3)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ricca, Alessandra; Arnold, James (Technical Monitor)

1998-01-01

Accurate heats of formation are computed for NF(sub n) and NF(sub n)(+), for n = 1-3. The geometries and the vibrational frequencies are determined at the B3LYP level of theory. The energetics are determined at the CCSD(T) level of theory. Basis set limit values are obtained by extrapolation. In those cases where the CCSD(T) calculations become prohibitively large, the basis set extrapolation is performed at the MP2 level. The temperature dependence of the heat of formation, heat capacity, and entropy are computed for the temperature range 300 to 4000 K and fit to a polynomial.

Structural classification of RAO3( MO) n compounds ( R =Sc, In, Y, or lanthanides; A =Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M =divalent cation; n = 1-11)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kimizuka, Noboru; Mohri, Takahiko

1989-01-01

A series of new compounds RAO3( MO) n ( n = 1-11) having spinel, YbFe 2O 4, or InFeO 3(ZnO) n types of structures were newly synthesized ( R =Sc, In, Y, Lu, Yb, Tm, or Er; A =Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M =Mg, Mn, Fe(II), Co, Ni, Zn, or Cd) at elevated temperatures. The conditions of synthesis and the lattice constants for these compounds are reported. The stacking sequences of the InO 1.5, (FeZn)O 2.5, and ZnO layers for InFeO 3(ZnO) 10 and the TmO 1.5, (AlZn)O 2.5, and ZnO layers for TmAlO 3(ZnO) 11 are presented, respectively. The crystal structures of the( RAO3) m( MO) n phases ( R =Sc, In, Y, or lanthanide elements; A =Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M =divalent cation elements; m and n =integer) are classified into four crystal structure types (K 2NiF 4, CaFe 2O 4, YbFe 2O 4, and spinel), based upon the constituent cations R, A, and M

26 CFR 1.103(n)-3T - Private activity bond limit (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... pursuant to a carryforward election made in a prior year. On March 1, 1988, City Q will issue $5 million of... of A-3 and A-4 of this § 1.103(n)-3T: Example 1. For 1987 State Q has a State ceiling of $200 million... Authorities M, N, or O. On January 1, 1987, Authority M issues $25 million of private activity bonds. During...

26 CFR 1.103(n)-3T - Private activity bond limit (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... pursuant to a carryforward election made in a prior year. On March 1, 1988, City Q will issue $5 million of... of A-3 and A-4 of this § 1.103(n)-3T: Example 1. For 1987 State Q has a State ceiling of $200 million... Authorities M, N, or O. On January 1, 1987, Authority M issues $25 million of private activity bonds. During...

26 CFR 1.103(n)-3T - Private activity bond limit (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... pursuant to a carryforward election made in a prior year. On March 1, 1988, City Q will issue $5 million of... of A-3 and A-4 of this § 1.103(n)-3T: Example 1. For 1987 State Q has a State ceiling of $200 million... Authorities M, N, or O. On January 1, 1987, Authority M issues $25 million of private activity bonds. During...

3D laser imaging for ODOT interstate network at true 1-mm resolution.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-12-01

With the development of 3D laser imaging technology, the latest iteration of : PaveVision3D Ultra can obtain true 1mm resolution 3D data at full-lane coverage in all : three directions at highway speed up to 60MPH. This project provides rapid survey ...

Spectroscopy and lasing of Tm:SrMoO4 crystal near 1.5, 1.9, and 2.3-μm under 793-nm excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Šulc, Jan; Švejkar, Richard; Němec, Michal; Doroshenko, Maxim E.; Jelínková, Helena; Ivleva, Liudmila I.; Dunaeva, Elizaveta E.

2018-02-01

The spectroscopy properties and lasing of diode pumped Tm-doped strontium molybdate SrMoO4 single crystal were investigated at room temperature. The Tm:SrMoO4 crystal was grown by modified Stepanov method (2 wt.% of TmNbO4 in the melt). The tested Tm:SrMoO4 sample was cut from the grown crystal boule perpendicularly to growth direction 100. For spectroscopy and laser experiments 4.2mm thick plane-parallel face-polished plate (without AR coatings) was used. A fiber-coupled laser diode operating at wavelength 793nm was used for longitudinal Tm:SrMoO4 pumping which corresponds to 3H4 level excitation. Fluorescence spectra measurement showed strong emission in vicinity of 1.8 μm (3F4 -> 3H6 transition), and also significant emission close to wavelengths 1.45 μm (3H4 -> 3F4 transition) and 2.3 μm (3H4 -> 3H5 transition). The lasing was successfully reached for all these three transitions and output characteristics were measured. The pumping laser diode was operating in the pulsed regime with a low duty cycle. The 145mm long semi-hemispherical laser resonator consisted of flat pumping mirror (HT @ 0.79 μm) and curved (r = 150mm) output coupler. For each lasing transition the particular set of resonator mirrors was used to reach high reflexivity of pumping mirror and output coupler transmission 0.5% at laser operation wavelength. The obtained laser emission wavelengths were 1.95 μm, 1.45 & 1.49 μm, and 2.30 μm. In spite of low laser slope efficiency in respect to absorbed pumping power (0.45% for 3H4 -> 3F4 transition, 0.50% for 3F4 -> 3H6 transition and 0.83% for 3H4 -> 3H5 transition), results obtained are promising for further development of diode-pumped laser at 2.3 μm spectral region.

Prognostic stratification of patients with T3N1M0 non-small cell lung cancer: which phase should it be?

PubMed

Kilicgun, Ali; Tanriverdi, Ozgur; Turna, Akif; Metin, Muzaffer; Sayar, Adnan; Solak, Okan; Urer, Nur; Gurses, Atilla

2012-06-01

In the 1997 revision of the TNM staging system for lung cancer, patients with T3N0M0 disease were moved from stage IIIA to stage IIB since these patients have a better prognosis. Despite this modification, the local lymph node metastasis remained the most important prognostic factor in patients with lung cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the prognosis of patients with T3N1 disease as compared with that of patients with stages IIIA and IIB disease. During 7-year period, 313 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (297 men, 16 women) who had resection were enrolled. The patients were staged according the 2007 revision of Lung Cancer Staging by American Joint Committee on Cancer. The Kaplan-Meier statistics was used for survival analysis, and comparisons were made using Cox proportional hazard method. The 5-year survival of patients with stage IIIA disease excluding T3N1 patients was 40%, whereas the survival of the patients with stage IIB disease was 66% at 5 years. The 5-year survival rates of stage III T3N1 patients (single-station N1) was found to be higher than those of patients with stage IIIA disease (excluding pT3N1 patients, P = 0.04), while those were found to be similar with those of patients with stage IIB disease (P = 0.4). Survival of the present cohort of patients with T3N1M0 disease represented the survival of IIB disease rather than IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Further studies are needed to suggest further revisions in the recent staging system regarding T3N1MO disease.

Factors significantly increasing or inhibiting early stages of malignant melanoma (M.M.) and non-invasive evaluation of new treatment by ingestion and external application of optimal doses of the most effective anti-M.M. substances: haritaki, cilantro, vitamin D3, nori, EPA with DHA, & application of special (+) solar energy stored paper, which reduced the M.M. active area & asbestos rapidly.

PubMed

Omura, Yoshiaki; Jones, Marilyn; Duvvi, Harsha; Paluch, Kamila; Shimotsuura, Yasuhiro; Ohki, Motomu

2013-01-01

Sterilizing the pre-cancer skin of malignant melanoma (M.M.) with 70% Isopropyl alcohol intensified malignancy & the malignant response extended to surrounding normal looking skin, while sterilizing with 80% (vodka) or 12% (plum wine) ethyl alcohol completely inhibited M.M. in the area (both effects lasted for about 90 minutes initially). Burnt food (bread, vegetables, meat, and fish), a variety of smoked & non-smoked fish-skin, many animal's skin, pepper, Vitamin C over 75 mg, mango, pineapple, coconut, almond, sugars, Saccharine & Aspartame, garlic, onion, etc & Electromagnetic field from cellular phones worsened M.M. & induced abnormal M.M. response of surrounding skin. We found the following factors inhibit early stage of M.M. significantly: 1) Increasing normal cell telomere, by taking 500 mg Haritaki, often reached between 400-1150 ng& gradually diminished, but the M.M. response was completely inhibited until normal cell telomeres are reduced to 150 ng, which takes 6-8 hours. More than 70 mg Vitamin C, Orange Juice, & other high Vitamin C containing substances shouldn't be taken because they completely inhibit the effects of Haritaki. 2) We found Chrysotile asbestos & Tremolite asbestos (% of the Chrysotile amount) coexist. A special Cilantro tablet was used to remove asbestos & some toxic metals. 3) Vitamin D3 400 I.U. has a maximum inhibiting effect on M.M. but 800 I.U. or higher promotes malignancy. 4) Noricontaining Iodine, etc., was used. 5) EPA 180 mm with DHA 120 mg was most effectively used after metastasis to the surrounding skin was eliminated. When we combined 1 Cilantro tablet & Vitamin D3 400 I.U. withsmall Nori pieces & EPA with DHA, the effect of complete inhibition of M.M. lasted 9-11 hours. When these anti-M.M.substances (Haritaki, Vitamin D3, Cilantro, Nori, EPA. with DHA) were taken together, the effect lasted 12-14 hoursand M.M. involvement in surrounding normal-looking skin disappeared rapidly & original dark brown or black are as

Comparative pathology of pigs infected with Korean H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 swine influenza A viruses.

PubMed

Lyoo, Kwang-Soo; Kim, Jeong-Ki; Jung, Kwonil; Kang, Bo-Kyu; Song, Daesub

2014-09-24

The predominant subtypes of swine influenza A virus (SIV) in Korea swine population are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. The viruses are genetically close to the classical U.S. H1N1 and triple-reassortant H1N2 and H3N2 viruses, respectively. Comparative pathogenesis caused by Korean H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 SIV was evaluated in this study. The H3N2 infected pigs had severe scores of gross and histopathological lesions at post-inoculation days (PID) 2, and this then progressively decreased. Both the H1N1 and H1N2 infected pigs lacked gross lesions at PID 2, but they showed moderate to severe pneumonia on PID 4, 7 and 14. The pigs infected with H1N1 had significant scores of gross and histopathological lesions when compared with the other pigs infected with H1N2, H3N2, and mock at PID 14. Mean SIV antigen-positive scores were rarely detected for pigs infected with H1N2 and H3N2 from PID 7, whereas a significantly increased amount of viral antigens were found in the bronchioles and alveolar epithelium of the H1N1infected pigs at PID 14. We demonstrated that Korean SIV subtypes had different pulmonary pathologic patterns. The Korean H3N2 rapidly induced acute lung lesions such as broncho-interstitial pneumonia, while the Korean H1N1 showed longer course of infection as compared to other strains.

Temperature-dependent thermal and thermoelectric properties of n -type and p -type S c1 -xM gxN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saha, Bivas; Perez-Taborda, Jaime Andres; Bahk, Je-Hyeong; Koh, Yee Rui; Shakouri, Ali; Martin-Gonzalez, Marisol; Sands, Timothy D.

2018-02-01

Scandium Nitride (ScN) is an emerging rocksalt semiconductor with octahedral coordination and an indirect bandgap. ScN has attracted significant attention in recent years for its potential thermoelectric applications, as a component material in epitaxial metal/semiconductor superlattices, and as a substrate for defect-free GaN growth. Sputter-deposited ScN thin films are highly degenerate n -type semiconductors and exhibit a large thermoelectric power factor of ˜3.5 ×10-3W /m -K2 at 600-800 K. Since practical thermoelectric devices require both n- and p-type materials with high thermoelectric figures-of-merit, development and demonstration of highly efficient p-type ScN is extremely important. Recently, the authors have demonstrated p-type S c1 -xM gxN thin film alloys with low M gxNy mole-fractions within the ScN matrix. In this article, we demonstrate temperature dependent thermal and thermoelectric transport properties, including large thermoelectric power factors in both n- and p-type S c1 -xM gxN thin film alloys at high temperatures (up to 850 K). Employing a combination of temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity measurements, as well as detailed Boltzmann transport-based modeling analyses of the transport properties, we demonstrate that p-type S c1 -xM gxN thin film alloys exhibit a maximum thermoelectric power factor of ˜0.8 ×10-3W /m -K2 at 850 K. The thermoelectric properties are tunable by adjusting the M gxNy mole-fraction inside the ScN matrix, thereby shifting the Fermi energy in the alloy films from inside the conduction band in case of undoped n -type ScN to inside the valence band in highly hole-doped p -type S c1 -xM gxN thin film alloys. The thermal conductivities of both the n- and p-type films were found to be undesirably large for thermoelectric applications. Thus, future work should address strategies to reduce the thermal conductivity of S c1 -xM gxN thin-film alloys, without affecting

VizieR Online Data Catalog: L1544 1.2 and 2mm emission maps (Chacon-Tanarro+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chacon-Tanarro, A.; Caselli, P.; Bizzocchi, L.; Pineda, J. E.; Harju, J.; Spaans, M.; Desert, F.-X.

2017-07-01

Millimeter observations of the pre-stellar core L1544 are presented. These observations were carried out at the IRAM 30m telescope, located at Pico Veleta (Spain) using the New IRAM KID Array (NIKA). The project number is 151-13. A region of 3°x3° was mapped using the Lissajous pattern at 1.2 and 2mm. The main beam widths are 12.5-arcsec at 1.2mm and 18.5 arcsec at 2mm. The KID array has a field-of-view is 1.8' at 1.2mm and 2.0' at 2mm. (2 data files).

Effect of growth temperature on closely lattice-matched GaAsSbN intrinsic layer for GaAs-based 1.3 {mu}m p-i-n photodetector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wicaksono, S.; Yoon, S.F.; Loke, W.K.

2006-05-15

GaAsSbN layers closely lattice-matched to GaAs were studied for application as the intrinsic layer in GaAs-based 1.3 {mu}m p-i-n photodetector. The GaAsSbN was grown as the intrinsic layer for the GaAs/GaAsSbN/GaAs photodetector structure using solid-source molecular beam epitaxy in conjunction with a radio frequency plasma-assisted nitrogen source and valved antimony cracker source. The lattice mismatch of the GaAsSbN layer to GaAs was kept below 4000 ppm, which is sufficient to maintain coherent growth of {approx}0.45 {mu}m thick GaAsSbN on the GaAs substrate. The growth temperature of the GaAsSbN layer was varied from 420-480 deg. C. All samples exhibit room temperaturemore » photocurrent response in the 1.3 {mu}m wavelength region, with dark current density of {approx}0.3-0.5 mA/cm{sup 2} and responsivity of up to 33 mA/W at 2 V reverse bias. Reciprocal space maps reveal traces of point defects and segregation (clustering) of N and Sb, which may have a detrimental effect on the photocurrent responsivity.« less

Epitaxial growth of mixed conducting layered Ruddlesden–Popper La{sub n+1}Ni{sub n}O{sub 3n+1} (n = 1, 2 and 3) phases by pulsed laser deposition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Kuan-Ting; Soh, Yeong-Ah; Skinner, Stephen J., E-mail: s.skinner@imperial.ac.uk

2013-10-15

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • High quality epitaxial thin films of layered Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates were prepared. • For the first time this has been achieved by the PLD process. • n = 1, 2 and 3 films were successfully deposited on SrTiO{sub 3} and NdGaO{sub 3} substrates. • c-Axis oriented films were confirmed by XRD analysis. • In-plane and out-of-plane strain effects on lattice are discussed. - Abstract: Layered Ruddlesden–Popper phases of composition La{sub n+1}Ni{sub n}O{sub 3n+1} (n = 1, 2 and 3) have been epitaxially grown on SrTiO{sub 3} (0 0 1) or NdGaO{sub 3} (1 1 0) singlemore » crystal substrates using the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction analyses (θ/2θ, rocking curves, and φ-scans) and atomic force microscopy confirms the high-quality growth of the series of films with low surface roughness values (less than 1 nm). In particular, epitaxial growth of the higher order phases (n = 2 and 3) of lanthanum nickelate have been demonstrated for the first time.« less

Preparation and Characterization of the Binary Group 13 Azides M(N3)3 and M(N3)3’CH3CN (M = Ga, In, TI), [Ga(N3)5](2-), and [M(N3)6](3-) (M = In, TI) (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-24

semiconductor and optoelectronic applications. Although most of these efforts were devoted to gallium azides, aluminium and indium azides were also...their usefulness for semiconductor and optoelectronic applications. Although most of these efforts were devoted to gallium azides,[20,21] aluminium and...57(1) N(7) -152(5) 6417(2) 7317(2) 54(1) N(8) 20(5) 6903(2) 7687(2) 48(1) N(9) 148(4) 7388(3) 8011 (3) 80(2) P(1) 4132(1) 6289(1) 9090(1) 30(1

Computational 3D structures of drug-targeting proteins in the 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Qi-Shi; Wang, Shu-Qing; Huang, Ri-Bo; Chou, Kuo-Chen

2010-01-01

The neuraminidase (NA) and M2 proton channel of influenza virus are the drug-targeting proteins, based on which several drugs were developed. However these once powerful drugs encountered drug-resistant problem to the H5N1 and H1N1 flu. To address this problem, the computational 3D structures of NA and M2 proteins of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus were built using the molecular modeling technique and computational chemistry method. Based on the models the structure features of NA and M2 proteins were analyzed, the docking structures of drug-protein complexes were computed, and the residue mutations were annotated. The results may help to solve the drug-resistant problem and stimulate designing more effective drugs against 2009-H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Theoretical descriptions of novel triplet germylenes M1-Ge-M2-M3 (M1 = H, Li, Na, K; M2 = Be, Mg, Ca; M3 = H, F, Cl, Br).

PubMed

Kassaee, Mohamad Zaman; Ashenagar, Samaneh

2018-02-06

In a quest to identify new ground-state triplet germylenes, the stabilities (singlet-triplet energy differences, ΔE S-T ) of 96 singlet (s) and triplet (t) M 1 -Ge-M 2 -M 3 species were compared and contrasted at the B3LYP/6-311++G**, QCISD(T)/6-311++G**, and CCSD(T)/6-311++G** levels of theory (M 1  = H, Li, Na, K; M 2  = Be, Mg, Ca; M 3  = H, F, Cl, Br). Interestingly, F-substituent triplet germylenes (M 3  = F) appear to be more stable and linear than the corresponding Cl- or Br-substituent triplet germylenes (M 3  = Cl or Br). Triplets with M 1  = K (i.e., the K-Ge-M 2 -M 3 series) seem to be more stable than the corresponding triplets with M 1  = H, Li, or Na. This can be attributed to the higher electropositivity of potassium. Triplet species with M 3  = Cl behave similarly to those with M 3  = Br. Conversely, triplets with M 3  = H show similar stabilities and linearities to those with M 3  = F. Singlet species of formulae K-Ge-Ca-Cl and K-Ge-Ca-Br form unexpected cyclic structures. Finally, the triplet germylenes M 1 -Ge-M 2 -M 3 become more stable as the electropositivities of the α-substituents (M 1 and M 2 ) and the electronegativity of the β-substituent (M 3 ) increase.

AzTEC 1.1 mm OBSERVATIONS OF THE MBM12 MOLECULAR CLOUD

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, M. J.; Kim, S.; Youn, S.

2012-02-10

We present 1.1 mm observations of the dust continuum emission from the MBM12 high-latitude molecular cloud observed with the Astronomical Thermal Emission Camera (AzTEC) mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We surveyed 6.34 deg{sup 2} centered on MBM12, making this the largest area that has ever been surveyed in this region with submillimeter and millimeter telescopes. Eight secure individual sources were detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of over 4.4. These eight AzTEC sources can be considered to be real astronomical objects compared to the other candidates based on calculations of the false detection rate. Themore » distribution of the detected 1.1 mm sources or compact 1.1 mm peaks is spatially anti-correlated with that of the 100 {mu}m emission and the {sup 12}CO emission. We detected the 1.1 mm dust continuum emitting sources associated with two classical T Tauri stars, LkH{alpha}262 and LkH{alpha}264. Observations of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) indicate that LkH{alpha}262 is likely to be Class II (pre-main-sequence star), but there are also indications that it could be a late Class I (protostar). A flared disk and a bipolar cavity in the models of Class I sources lead to more complicated SEDs. From the present AzTEC observations of the MBM12 region, it appears that other sources detected with AzTEC are likely to be extragalactic and located behind MBM12. Some of these have radio counterparts and their star formation rates are derived from a fit of the SEDs to the photometric evolution of galaxies in which the effects of a dusty interstellar medium have been included.« less

Ab initio study of irradiation tolerance for different M{sub n+1}AX{sub n} phases: Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} and Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Shijun; Xue, Jianming, E-mail: jmxue@pku.edu.cn; Wang, Yugang

2014-01-14

Layered ternary M{sub n+1}AX{sub n} (MAX) materials are recently proposed to be promising candidates for future fission and fusion programmes because of their unique properties inherited from both ceramics and metals. However, different M{sub n+1}AX{sub n} materials demonstrate different behaviors when exposed to energetic neutron or ion irradiations. Based on first-principles calculations, we have investigated the irradiation tolerance of two typical M{sub n+1}AX{sub n} materials: Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} and Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} from two aspects. First, we make a detailed analysis on the interatomic bonding characters, which are believed to be responsible for the resistance to radiation-induced amorphization. Second, themore » formation energies of various intrinsic and antisite defects in these two compounds are calculated in order to elucidate their amorphization mechanism. Our results show that the absence of orbitals overlap of Al-C in Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} renders it more resistant to amorphization compared to Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}. In addition, the antisite defects Al{sub Ti(1)} and Al{sub Ti(2)} in Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} have much lower formation energies compared to Si{sub Ti(1)} and Si{sub Ti(2)} in Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}, which implies that the replacement of Ti with Al is easier than Si, thus providing an alternative way to accommodate the defects resulted from irradiation damage cascades. These results indicate that Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} is more irradiation tolerant than Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}, in accordance with experimental observations. Our results have profound implications for the choice of appropriate MAX phase with best performance to be used in next reaction reactors.« less

Bidirectional multi-optical line terminals incorporated converged WSN-PON network using M/M/1 queuing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Love; Sharma, Vishal; Singh, Amarpal

2017-12-01

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have an assortment of application areas, for instance, civil, military, and video surveillance with restricted power resources and transmission link. To accommodate the massive traffic load in hefty sensor networks is another key issue. Subsequently, there is a necessity to backhaul the sensed information of such networks and prolong the transmission link to access the distinct receivers. Passive Optical Network (PON), a next-generation access technology, comes out as a suitable candidate for the convergence of the sensed data to the core system. The earlier demonstrated work with single-OLT-PON introduces an overloaded buffer akin to video surveillance scenarios. In this paper, to combine the bandwidth potential of PONs with the mobility capability of WSNs, the viability for the convergence of PONs and WSNs incorporating multi-optical line terminals is demonstrated to handle the overloaded OLTs. The existing M/M/1 queue theory with interleaving polling with adaptive cycle time as dynamic bandwidth algorithm is used to shun the probability of packets clash. Further, the proposed multi-sink WSN and multi-OLT PON converged structure is investigated in bidirectional mode analytically and through computer simulations. The observations establish the proposed structure competent to accommodate the colossal data traffic through less time consumption.

Microcoaxial cataract surgery outcomes: comparison of 1.8 mm system and 2.2 mm system.

PubMed

Lee, Kyung-Min; Kwon, Hyung-Goo; Joo, Choun-Ki

2009-05-01

To compare clinical outcomes of a 1.8 mm and a 2.2 mm microcoaxial cataract surgery system. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. In a prospective study, eyes were randomly selected to have phacoemulsification using a Stellaris system or an Intrepid Infiniti system. The initial incision size was 1.8 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively. Measured intraoperative parameters included phacoemulsification time, mean cumulative dissipated ultrasound energy (CDE), change in incision size at each step of surgery, and total volume of balanced salt solution (BSS) used. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal astigmatism, corneal thickness, and endothelial cell count were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. The study evaluated 86 eyes of 78 patients (43 eyes in each group). There were no significant differences in postoperative BCVA, surgically induced astigmatism, or amount of BSS used between the 2 systems (P >.05). However, for high-density cataracts, the 1.8 mm group had a greater change between the initial incision size and the incision size after phacoemulsification (P = .019, nuclear opalescence [NO] NO3; P = .001, NO4), a longer phacoemulsification time (P = .013, NO3), greater mean CDE (P = .005, NO3; P = .001, NO4), and greater corneal endothelial cell loss (P = .003, NO4). Both systems were safe and effective in microcoaxial phacoemulsification. The 1.8 mm system performed better with cortical-type cataract and the 2.2 mm system, with high-density nuclear-type cataract.

1-mm catheterscope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seibel, Eric J.

2008-02-01

Flexible endoscopes use one sensor element per display pixel. When diameter is reduced to the size of a catheter, there is a significant reduction in the number of pixels within the image. By placing a sub-millimeter microscanner at the tip of a catheter, image quality can be significantly improved. The microscanner consists of a 0.4 mm diameter piezoelectric tube with quadrant electrodes, surrounding a cantilevered singlemode optical fiber. At the distal end, the fiber microscanner is sealed with a 0.9 mm diameter lens assembly, creating a rigid length less than 10 mm at the tip of a highly flexible shaft. The cantilevered fiber is vibrated at the first mode of resonance for bending to generate a circular scan pattern. A spiral scan pattern is generated that constitutes an image frame by modulating the piezoelectric drive signals. By using a custom optical fiber at 80 microns cladding diameter, >10 KHz resonant scanning is achieved, resulting in a 30 Hz frame rate. Red (635 nm), green (532 nm), and blue (442 nm) laser light is scanned by coupling to the fiber scanner. The scanned illumination is detected in a non-confocal arrangement by having one or more optical fibers collecting the backscattered light at MHz pixel rates. Current 1-mm diameter catheterscopes generate 500-line images at maximum fields of view of 100 degrees and spatial resolutions of <20 microns with image zooming. Shaft length of four meters have been fabricated with flexibility of <10 mm bending radius to image previously inaccessible regions of the body.

Effects of polarizability on the structural and thermodynamics properties of [C{sub n}mim][Gly] ionic liquids (n = 1–4) using EEM/MM molecular dynamic simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Yang; Hu, Na; Yue, Lili

2015-02-14

An extended electronegativity equalization method/molecular mechanics (EEM/MM) model for ionic liquids is used to investigate the structures and properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium glycine ionic liquids [C{sub n}mim][Gly] (n = 1–4) with alkyl substituents of different lengths. The EEM/MM model describes the electrostatic interactions of atoms and their changes in different ambient environments. This property is the most outstanding characteristic of the model. EEM parameters (i.e., valence electronegativities and valence hardness parameters) are calibrated using linear regression and least-squares methods, which can accurately predict the gas-phase properties of [C{sub n}mim]{sup +}, [Gly]{sup −}, and [C{sub n}mim][Gly] ion pairs. We utilize the EEM/MMmore » force field to systematically investigate the effects of polarizability on the accuracy of [C{sub n}mim][Gly] properties predicted through the molecular dynamic simulations. EEM/MM explicitly describes the atom-based polarizability of [C{sub n}mim][Gly]; thus, the densities, enthalpies of vaporization, self-diffusion coefficients, and conductivities of the [C{sub n}mim][Gly] are consistent with the experimental values. The calculated radial distribution functions provide a mechanistic understanding of the effects of polarizability on ionic aggregations in amino acid ionic liquids. The effects of alkyl chain length on the diffusion coefficient and conductivity are also discussed.« less

Study of Stark Effect in n-doped 1.55 μm InN0.92yP1-1.92yBiy/InP MQWs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bilel, C.; Chakir, K.; Rebey, A.; Alrowaili, Z. A.

2018-05-01

The effect of an applied electric field on electronic band structure and optical absorption properties of n-doped InN0.92y P1-1.92y Bi y /InP multiple quantum wells (MQWs) was theoretically studied using a self-consistent calculation combined with the 16-band anti-crossing model. The incorporation of N and Bi atoms into an InP host matrix leads to rapid reduction of the band gap energy covering a large infrared range. The optimization of the well parameters, such as the well/barrier widths, N/Bi compositions and doping density, allowed us to obtain InN0.92y P1-1.92y Bi y /InP MQWs operating at the wavelength 1.55 μm. Application of the electric field causes a red-shift of the fundamental transition energy T 1 accompanied by a significant change in the spatial distribution of confined electron density. The Stark effect on the absorption coefficient of n-doped InN0.92y P1-1.92y Bi y /InP MQWs was investigated. The Bi composition of these MQWs was adjusted for each electric field value in order to maintain the wavelength emission at 1.55 μm.

ALMA deep field in SSA22: Survey design and source catalog of a 20 arcmin2 survey at 1.1 mm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Umehata, Hideki; Hatsukade, Bunyo; Smail, Ian; Alexander, David M.; Ivison, Rob J.; Matsuda, Yuichi; Tamura, Yoichi; Kohno, Kotaro; Kato, Yuta; Hayatsu, Natsuki H.; Kubo, Mariko; Ikarashi, Soh

2018-06-01

To search for dust-obscured star-formation activity in the early Universe, it is essential to obtain a deep and wide submillimeter/millimeter map. The advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has enabled us to obtain such maps with sufficiently high spatial resolution to be free from source confusion. We present a new 1.1 mm-wave map obtained by ALMA in the SSA22 field. The field contains a remarkable proto-cluster at z = 3.09; therefore, it is an ideal region to investigate the role of a large-scale cosmic web on dust-obscured star formation. The typical 1σ depth of our map is 73 μJy beam-1 with a {0^{^''.}5} resolution. Combining the present survey with earlier, archived observations, we map an area of 20 arcmin2 (71 comoving Mpc2 at z = 3.09). Within the combined survey area we have detected 35 sources at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >5, with flux densities of S1.1mm = 0.43-5.6 mJy, equivalent to star-formation rates of ≳100-1000 M⊙ yr-1 at z = 3.09, for a Chabrier initial mass function: 17 sources out of 35 are new detections. The cumulative number counts show an excess by a factor of three to five compared to blank fields. The excess suggests enhanced, dust-enshrouded star-formation activity in the proto-cluster on a 10 comoving Mpc scale, indicating accelerated galaxy evolution in this overdense region.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography powered by a 1.3-μm vertical cavity surface emitting laser enables 2.3-mm-deep brain imaging in mice in vivo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Woo June; Wang, Ruikang K.

2015-10-01

We report noninvasive, in vivo optical imaging deep within a mouse brain by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), enabled by a 1.3-μm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). VCSEL SS-OCT offers a constant signal sensitivity of 105 dB throughout an entire depth of 4.25 mm in air, ensuring an extended usable imaging depth range of more than 2 mm in turbid biological tissue. Using this approach, we show deep brain imaging in mice with an open-skull cranial window preparation, revealing intact mouse brain anatomy from the superficial cerebral cortex to the deep hippocampus. VCSEL SS-OCT would be applicable to small animal studies for the investigation of deep tissue compartments in living brains where diseases such as dementia and tumor can take their toll.

In Silico Identification of Highly Conserved Epitopes of Influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1 with Diagnostic and Vaccination Potential

PubMed Central

Muñoz-Medina, José Esteban; Sánchez-Vallejo, Carlos Javier; Méndez-Tenorio, Alfonso; Monroy-Muñoz, Irma Eloísa; Angeles-Martínez, Javier; Santos Coy-Arechavaleta, Andrea; Santacruz-Tinoco, Clara Esperanza; González-Ibarra, Joaquín; Anguiano-Hernández, Yu-Mei; González-Bonilla, César Raúl; Ramón-Gallegos, Eva; Díaz-Quiñonez, José Alberto

2015-01-01

The unpredictable, evolutionary nature of the influenza A virus (IAV) is the primary problem when generating a vaccine and when designing diagnostic strategies; thus, it is necessary to determine the constant regions in viral proteins. In this study, we completed an in silico analysis of the reported epitopes of the 4 IAV proteins that are antigenically most significant (HA, NA, NP, and M2) in the 3 strains with the greatest world circulation in the last century (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and in one of the main aviary subtypes responsible for zoonosis (H5N1). For this purpose, the HMMER program was used to align 3,016 epitopes reported in the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) and distributed in 34,294 stored sequences in the Pfam database. Eighteen epitopes were identified: 8 in HA, 5 in NA, 3 in NP, and 2 in M2. These epitopes have remained constant since they were first identified (~91 years) and are present in strains that have circulated on 5 continents. These sites could be targets for vaccination design strategies based on epitopes and/or as markers in the implementation of diagnostic techniques. PMID:26346523

Porcine proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK1) are able to tolerate high levels of lithium chloride in vitro: assessment of the influence of 1-20 mM LiCl on cell death and alterations in cell biology and biochemistry.

PubMed

Lucas, Kirsten C; Hart, David A; Becker, Rolf W

2010-01-25

Lithium, a prophylactic drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, is prescribed with caution due to its side effects, including renal damage. In this study porcine LLC-PK1 renal tubular cells were used to establish the direct toxicity of lithium on proximal cells and gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. In the presence of LiCl, cell proliferation exhibited insignificant decreases in a concentration-dependent manner, but once confluent, constant cell numbers were observed. Cell cycle studies indicated a small dose-dependent accumulation of cells in the G2/M stage after 24 h, as well as an increase in cells in the G0/G1 phase after treatment with 1-10 mM LiCl, but not at 20 mM LiCl. No evidence of apoptosis was observed based on cell morphology or DNA fragmentation studies, or evidence of protein expression changes for Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 proteins using immunocytochemistry. In addition caspases 3, 8 and 9 activity remained unaltered between control and lithium-treated cultures. To conclude, exposure to high concentrations of lithium did not result in overt toxic effects to LLC-PK1 renal cells, although LiCl did alter some aspects of cell behaviour, which could potentially influence function over time.

Seasonal H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Reassort Efficiently but Produce Attenuated Progeny

PubMed Central

Phipps, Kara L.; Marshall, Nicolle; Tao, Hui; Danzy, Shamika; Onuoha, Nina; Steel, John

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Reassortment of gene segments between coinfecting influenza A viruses (IAVs) facilitates viral diversification and has a significant epidemiological impact on seasonal and pandemic influenza. Since 1977, human IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes have cocirculated with relatively few documented cases of reassortment. We evaluated the potential for viruses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H3N2 lineages to reassort under experimental conditions. Results of heterologous coinfections with pH1N1 and H3N2 viruses were compared to those obtained following coinfection with homologous, genetically tagged, pH1N1 viruses as a control. High genotype diversity was observed among progeny of both coinfections; however, diversity was more limited following heterologous coinfection. Pairwise analysis of genotype patterns revealed that homologous reassortment was random while heterologous reassortment was characterized by specific biases. pH1N1/H3N2 reassortant genotypes produced under single-cycle coinfection conditions showed a strong preference for homologous PB2-PA combinations and general preferences for the H3N2 NA, pH1N1 M, and H3N2 PB2 except when paired with the pH1N1 PA or NP. Multicycle coinfection results corroborated these findings and revealed an additional preference for the H3N2 HA. Segment compatibility was further investigated by measuring chimeric polymerase activity and growth of selected reassortants in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. In guinea pigs inoculated with a mixture of viruses, parental H3N2 viruses dominated but reassortants also infected and transmitted to cage mates. Taken together, our results indicate that strong intrinsic barriers to reassortment between seasonal H3N2 and pH1N1 viruses are few but that the reassortants formed are attenuated relative to parental strains. IMPORTANCE The genome of IAV is relatively simple, comprising eight RNA segments, each of which typically encodes one or two proteins. Each viral protein

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Mm of... - General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Subpart MM 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp Mills Pt. 63, Subpt. MM, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63—General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM General provisions...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Mm of... - General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Subpart MM 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp Mills Pt. 63, Subpt. MM, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63—General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM General provisions...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Mm of... - General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Subpart MM 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp Mills Pt. 63, Subpt. MM, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63—General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM General provisions...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Mm of... - General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Subpart MM 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp Mills Pt. 63, Subpt. MM, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63—General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM General provisions...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Mm of... - General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Subpart MM 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp Mills Pt. 63, Subpt. MM, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart MM of Part 63—General Provisions Applicability to Subpart MM General provisions...

Synthesis of opioidmimetics, 3-[H-Dmt-NH(CH(2))(m)]-6-[H-Dmt-NH(CH(2))(n)]-2(1H)-pyrazinones, and studies on structure-activity relationships.

PubMed

Shiotani, Kimitaka; Miyazaki, Anna; Li, Tingyou; Tsuda, Yuko; Yokoi, Toshio; Ambo, Akihiro; Sasaki, Yusuke; Bryant, Sharon D; Jinsmaa, Yunden; Lazarus, Lawrence H; Okada, Yoshio

2007-11-01

Opioidmimetics containing 3-[H-Dmt-NH-(CH(2))(m)]-6-[H-Dmt-NH-(CH(2))(n)]-2(1H)-pyrazinone symmetric (m = n, 1-4) (1 - 4) and asymmetric (m, n = 1 - 4) aliphatic chains (5 - 16) were synthesized using dipeptidyl chloromethylketone intermediates. They had high mu-affinity (K(i)mu = 0.021 - 2.94 nM), delta-affinity (K(i)delta = 1.06 - 152.6 nM), and mu selectivity (K(i)delta/K(i)mu = 14 - 3,126). The opioidmimetics (1 - 16) exhibited mu agonism in proportion to their mu-receptor affinity. delta-Agonism was essentially lacking in the compounds except (4) and (16), and (1) and (2) indicated weak delta antagonism (pA(2) = 6.47 and 6.56, respectively). The data verify that a specific length of aliphatic linker is required between the Dmt pharmacophore and the pyrazinone ring to produce unique mu-opioid receptor ligands.

Direct current performance and current collapse in AlGaN/GaN insulated gate high-electron mobility transistors on Si (1 1 1) substrate with very thin SiO2 gate dielectric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lachab, M.; Sultana, M.; Fatima, H.; Adivarahan, V.; Fareed, Q.; Khan, M. A.

2012-12-01

This work reports on the dc performance of AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (MOSHEMTs) grown on Si (1 1 1) substrate and the study of current dispersion in these devices using various widely adopted methods. The MOSHEMTs were fabricated using a very thin (4.2 nm) SiO2 film as the gate insulator and were subsequently passivated with about 30 nm thick Si3N4 layer. For devices with 2.5 µm long gates and a 4 µm drain-to-source spacing, the maximum saturation drain current density was 822 mA mm-1 at + 4 V gate bias and the peak external transconductance was ˜100 mS mm-1. Furthermore, the oxide layer successfully suppressed the drain and gate leakage currents with the subthreshold current and the gate diode current levels exceeding by more than three orders of magnitude the levels found in their Schottky gate counterparts. Capacitance-voltage and dynamic current-voltage measurements were carried out to assess the oxide quality as well as the devices’ surface properties after passivation. The efficacy of each of these characterization techniques to probe the presence of interface traps and oxide charge in the nitride-based transistors is also discussed.

Presynaptic M1, M2, and A1 receptors play roles in tetanic fade induced by pancuronium or cisatracurium.

PubMed

Bornia, Elaine Campana Sanches; Bando, Erika; Machinski, Miguel; Pereira, Monalisa Wolski; Alves-Do-Prado, Wilson

2009-01-01

We investigated whether presynaptic facilitatory M1 and/or inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors contributed to pancuronium- and cisatracurium-induced tetanic fade. Phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of rats were indirectly stimulated with tetanic frequency (75 +/- 3.3 Hz; mean +/- SD). Doses of pancuronium, cisatracurium, hexamethonium, and d-tubocurarine for producing approximately 25% fade were determined. The effects of pirenzepine and methoctramine, blockers of presynaptic M1 and M2 receptors, respectively, on the tetanic fade were investigated. The concentrations required for approximately 25% fade were 413 microM for hexamethonium (26.8 +/- 2.4% 4% fade), 55 nM for d-tubocurarine (28.7 +/- 2.55% fade), 0.32 microM for pancuronium (25.4 +/- 2.2% fade), and 0.32 microM for cisatracurium (24.7 +/- 0.8% fade). Pirenzepine or methoctramine alone did not produce the fade. Methoctramine, 1 microM, attenuated the fade induced by hexamethonium (to 16.0 +/- 2.5% fade), d-tubocurarine (to 6.0 +/- 1.6 fade), pancuronium (to 8.0 +/- 4.0% fade), and cisatracurium (to 11.0 +/- 3.3% fade). 10 nM pirenzepine attenuated only the fades produced by pancuronium (to 5.0 +/- 0.11% fade) and cisatracurium (to 13.3 +/- 5.3% fade). Cisatracurium (0.32 microM) showed antiacetylcholinesterase activity (in plasma, 14.2 +/- 1.6%; 6%; in erythrocyt 17.2 +/- 2.66%) similar to that of pancuronium (0.32 microM). The selective A1 receptor blocker, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 2.5 nM), also attenuated the fades induced by pancuronium and cisatracurium. The tetanic fades produced by pancuronium and cisatracurium depend on the activation of presynaptic inhibitory M2 receptors; these agents also have anticholinesterase activities. The fades induced by these agents also depend on the activation of presynaptic inhibitory A1 receptors through the activation of stimulatory M1 receptors by acetylcholine.

Design and Performance of a 1 mm3 Resolution Clinical PET System Comprising 3-D Position Sensitive Scintillation Detectors.

PubMed

Hsu, David F C; Freese, David L; Reynolds, Paul D; Innes, Derek R; Levin, Craig S

2018-04-01

We are developing a 1-mm 3 resolution, high-sensitivity positron emission tomography (PET) system for loco-regional cancer imaging. The completed system will comprise two cm detector panels and contain 4 608 position sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs) coupled to arrays of mm 3 LYSO crystal elements for a total of 294 912 crystal elements. For the first time, this paper summarizes the design and reports the performance of a significant portion of the final clinical PET system, comprising 1 536 PSAPDs, 98 304 crystal elements, and an active field-of-view (FOV) of cm. The sub-system performance parameters, such as energy, time, and spatial resolutions are predictive of the performance of the final system due to the modular design. Analysis of the multiplexed crystal flood histograms shows 84% of the crystal elements have>99% crystal identification accuracy. The 511 keV photopeak energy resolution was 11.34±0.06% full-width half maximum (FWHM), and coincidence timing resolution was 13.92 ± 0.01 ns FWHM at 511 keV. The spatial resolution was measured using maximum likelihood expectation maximization reconstruction of a grid of point sources suspended in warm background. The averaged resolution over the central 6 cm of the FOV is 1.01 ± 0.13 mm in the X-direction, 1.84 ± 0.20 mm in the Y-direction, and 0.84 ± 0.11 mm in the Z-direction. Quantitative analysis of acquired micro-Derenzo phantom images shows better than 1.2 mm resolution at the center of the FOV, with subsequent resolution degradation in the y-direction toward the edge of the FOV caused by limited angle tomography effects.

Involvement of Resveratrol and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Sirtuin 1 Gene Expression in THP1 Cells.

PubMed

Tsuchiya, Takafumi; Endo, Ayano; Tsujikado, Kyoko; Inukai, Toshihiko

2017-10-01

Resveratrol, a kind of polyphenol, has the potential to activate the longevity gene in several cells, in the same manner as calorie restriction. We investigated the effect of resveratrol and ω-3-line polyunsaturated fatty acid on surtuin 1 (SIRT1) gene expression in human monocytes (THP1) cells. We examined the gene expression of THP1 cells using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Resveratol, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaeanoic acid (DHA) as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were added on THP1 cells. We observed the changes in the SIRT1 gene expression in those cells, under various doses of agents and in time courses. Then, we examined the interaction of glucose and mannitol on those agents׳ effect of the gene expression. The concentration range of glucose and mannitol was from 5-20mM, respectively. The SIRT1 gene expression could be defined in 24 and 48 hours both in real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and in Western blotting. Resveratrol showed SIRT1 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0-20μM in both analyses. Although EPA at 10μM showed marked increase in SIRT1 gene expression compared to control condition in Western blotting, this phenomenon was not in dose-dependent manner. DHA did not exhibit any augmentation of SIRT1 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0-20μM in both analyses. We refined the dose-dependent inhibition of the SIRT1 gene expression within 20mM glucose medium. Although 20mM did not exhibit any inhibition, 10μM resveratrol induced the gene expression compared to control medium. Both 5 and 15mM mannitol medium did not significantly alter basic gene expression and 10μM resveratrol-induced gene expression. The present results suggest that resveratrol and EPA, but not DHA, markedly activated the SIRT1 gene expression in THP1 cells, and that high glucose medium could inhibit the basic gene expression, but not powerful resveratrol-induced gene

Synthesis of new visible light active photocatalysts of Ba(In(1/3)Pb(1/3)M'(1/3))O3 (M' = Nb, Ta): a band gap engineering strategy based on electronegativity of a metal component.

PubMed

Hur, Su Gil; Kim, Tae Woo; Hwang, Seong-Ju; Park, Hyunwoong; Choi, Wonyong; Kim, Sung Jin; Kim, Sun Jin; Choy, Jin-Ho

2005-08-11

We have synthesized new, efficient, visible light active photocatalysts through the incorporation of highly electronegative non-transition metal Pb or Sn ions into the perovskite lattice of Ba(In(1/3)Pb(1/3)M'(1/3))O3 (M = Sn, Pb; M' = Nb, Ta). X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopic, and energy dispersive spectroscopic microprobe analyses reveal that tetravalent Pb or Sn ions exist in the B-site of the perovskite lattice, along with In and Nb/Ta ions. According to diffuse UV-vis spectroscopic analysis, the Pb-containing quaternary metal oxides Ba(In(1/3)Pb(1/3)M'(1/3))O3 possess a much narrower band gap (E(g) approximately 1.48-1.50 eV) when compared to the ternary oxides Ba(In(1/2)M'(1/2))O3 (E(g) approximately 2.97-3.30 eV) and the Sn-containing Ba(In(1/3)Sn(1/3)M'(1/3))O3 derivatives (E(g) approximately 2.85-3.00 eV). Such a variation of band gap energy upon the substitution is attributable to the broadening of the conduction band caused by the dissimilar electronegativities of the B-site cations. In contrast to the ternary or the Sn-substituted quaternary compounds showing photocatalytic activity under UV-vis irradiation, the Ba(In(1/3)Pb(1/3)M'(1/3))O3 compounds induce an efficient photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible light irradiation (lambda > 420 nm). The present results highlight that the substitution of electronegative non-transition metal cations can provide a very powerful way of developing efficient visible light harvesting photocatalysts through tuning of the band structure of a semiconductive metal oxide.

Antiviral activity of a synthesized shikonin ester against influenza A (H1N1) virus and insights into its mechanism.

PubMed

Zhang, Yahan; Han, Hongwei; Qiu, Hanyue; Lin, Hongyan; Yu, Lugang; Zhu, Wanzhan; Qi, Jinliang; Yang, Rongwu; Pang, Yanjun; Wang, Xiaoming; Lu, Guihua; Yang, Yonghua

2017-09-01

This study aimed to examine the antiviral effects of shikonin ester ((R)-1-(5, 8-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl3-(1H- indol-3-yl) propanoate (PMM-034) against influenza A (H1N1) virus. We investigated PMM-034 anti-H1N1 activity and its effect on caspase 3 gene expression during cellular apoptosis after influenza virus infection in vitro. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibition was assessed in comparison with oseltamivir in the influenza virus standard strains A/PR/8/34 to understand the viral mechanism. MDCK and A549 cells were used to investigate influenza viral infection and the structure-activity relationship between PMM-034 and NA was evaluated by pharmacophore-based docking modeling. The production of viral protein was tested by western blot. A/PR/8/34 induced cell inhibition but this was reduced by PMM-034 to 16μg/mL and this showed a selective index of 10mM. PMM-034 inhibited NA in a dose dependent manner, similar to oseltamivir inhibition. A sharp decrease in viral nucleocapsid protein mRNA was observed in infected cells after treatment with PMM-034. Apoptosis of infected A459 cells was inhibited by PMM-034 with decreased caspase 3 levels. ARG 118, ARG 152, ARG 371 and GLU 227 in the binding pocket of NA bound to PMM-034 in the docking model. Taken together, these results suggest PMM-034 shikonin ester blocked H1N1 infection and might be a potential anti-H1N1 drug. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Heterologous expression of C. elegans fat-1 decreases the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

An, Lei, E-mail: anleim@yahoo.com.cn; Pang, Yun-Wei, E-mail: yunweipang@126.com; Gao, Hong-Mei, E-mail: Gaohongmei_123@yahoo.cn

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Expression of C. elegans fat-1 reduces the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in 3T3-L1 cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer fat-1 inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer fat-1 reduces lipid deposition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The lower n-6/n-3 ratio induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. -- Abstract: In general, a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibits the development of obesity and decreases adipose tissue. The specific impacts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on adipogenesis, however, have not been definitively determined. Traditional in vivo and in vitro supplementation studies have yielded inconsistent or even contradictory results, which likely reflect insufficiently controlledmore » experimental systems. Caenorhabditiselegans fat-1 gene encodes an n-3 fatty acid desaturase, and its heterologous expression represents an effective method both for altering the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and for evaluating the biological effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. We sought to determine whether a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio could influence adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Lentivirus-mediated introduction of the fat-1 gene into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes significantly reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio and inhibited preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In mature adipocytes, fat-1 expression reduced lipid deposition, as measured by Oil Red O staining, and induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio inhibits adipogenesis through several mechanisms and that n-3 PUFAs more effectively inhibit adipogenesis (but not lipogenesis) than do n-6 PUFAs.« less

Structural classification of RAO/sub 3/(MO)/sub n/ compounds (R = Sc, In, Y, or lanthanides; A = Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M = divalent cation; n = 1-11)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kimizuka, N.; Mohri, T.

A series of new compounds (RAO/sub 3/MO)/sub n/ (n = 1-11) having spinel, YbFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/, or InFeO/sub 3/(ZnO)/sub n/ types of structures were newly synthesized (R = Sc, In, Y, Lu, Yb, Tm, or Er; A = Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M = Mg, Mn, Fe(II), Co, Ni, Zn, or Cd) at elevated temperatures. The conditions of synthesis and the lattice constants for these compounds are reported. The stacking sequences of the InO/sub 1.5/, (FeZn)O/sub 2.5/, and ZnO layers for InFeO/sub 3/(ZnO)/sub 10/ and the TmO/sub 1.5/, (AlZn)O/sub 2.5/, and ZnO layers for TmAlO/sub 3/(ZnO)/sub 11/ are presented,more » respectively. The crystal structures of the (RAO/sub 3/)/sub m/(MO)/sub n/ phases R = Sc, In, Y, or lanthanide elements; A = Fe(III), Ga, Cr, or Al; M = divalent cation elements; m and n = integer are classified into four crystal structure types (K/sub 2/NiF/sub 4/, CaFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/, YbFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/, and spinel), based upon the constituent cations R, A, and M.« less

Higher titers of some H5N1 and recent human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in Mv1 Lu vs. MDCK cells

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background The infectivity of influenza A viruses can differ among the various primary cells and continuous cell lines used for such measurements. Over many years, we observed that all things equal, the cytopathic effects caused by influenza A subtype H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses were often detected earlier in a mink lung epithelial cell line (Mv1 Lu) than in MDCK cells. We asked whether virus yields as measured by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose and plaque forming titer also differed in MDCK and Mv1 Lu cells infected by the same influenza virus subtypes. Results The 50% tissue culture infectious dose and plaque forming titer of many influenza A subtype H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses was higher in Mv1 Lu than in MDCK cells. Conclusions The yields of influenza subtype H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses can be higher in Mv1 Lu cells than in MDCK cells. PMID:21314955

Crystallized N-terminal domain of influenza virus matrix protein M1 and method of determining and using same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Luo, Ming (Inventor); Sha, Bingdong (Inventor)

2000-01-01

The matrix protein, M1, of influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 has been purified from virions and crystallized. The crystals consist of a stable fragment (18 Kd) of the M1 protein. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the crystals have a space group of P3.sub.t 21 or P3.sub.2 21. Vm calculations showed that there are two monomers in an asymmetric unit. A crystallized N-terminal domain of M1, wherein the N-terminal domain of M1 is crystallized such that the three dimensional structure of the crystallized N-terminal domain of M1 can be determined to a resolution of about 2.1 .ANG. or better, and wherein the three dimensional structure of the uncrystallized N-terminal domain of M1 cannot be determined to a resolution of about 2.1 .ANG. or better. A method of purifying M1 and a method of crystallizing M1. A method of using the three-dimensional crystal structure of M1 to screen for antiviral, influenza virus treating or preventing compounds. A method of using the three-dimensional crystal structure of M1 to screen for improved binding to or inhibition of influenza virus M1. The use of the three-dimensional crystal structure of the M1 protein of influenza virus in the manufacture of an inhibitor of influenza virus M1. The use of the three-dimensional crystal structure of the M1 protein of influenza virus in the screening of candidates for inhibition of influenza virus M1.

Aminopeptidase N1 (EtAPN1), an M1 Metalloprotease of the Apicomplexan Parasite Eimeria tenella, Participates in Parasite Development

PubMed Central

Gras, Simon; Byzia, Anna; Gilbert, Florence B.; McGowan, Sheena; Drag, Marcin; Niepceron, Alisson; Lecaille, Fabien; Lalmanach, Gilles; Brossier, Fabien

2014-01-01

Aminopeptidases N are metalloproteases of the M1 family that have been reported in numerous apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. While investigating the potency of aminopeptidases as therapeutic targets against coccidiosis, one of the most important avian diseases caused by the genus Eimeria, we identified and characterized Eimeria tenella aminopeptidase N1 (EtAPN1). Its inhibition by bestatin and amastatin, as well as its reactivation by divalent ions, is typical of zinc-dependent metalloproteases. EtAPN1 shared a similar sequence, three-dimensional structure, and substrate specificity and similar kinetic parameters with A-M1 from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M1), a validated target in the treatment of malaria. EtAPN1 is synthesized as a 120-kDa precursor and cleaved into 96-, 68-, and 38-kDa forms during sporulation. Further, immunolocalization assays revealed that, similar to PfA-M1, EtAPN1 is present during the intracellular life cycle stages in both the parasite cytoplasm and the parasite nucleus. The present results support the hypothesis of a conserved role between the two aminopeptidases, and we suggest that EtAPN1 might be a valuable target for anticoccidiosis drugs. PMID:24839124

The inhibitory effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on relaxation induced by hydroxylamine and sodium azide but not hydrogen peroxide or glyceryl trinitrate in rat aorta.

PubMed Central

Mian, K. B.; Martin, W.

1995-01-01

1. In this study we investigated the role of catalase in relaxation induced by hydroxylamine, sodium azide, glyceryl trinitrate and hydrogen peroxide in isolated rings of rat aorta. 2. Hydrogen peroxide (1 microM-1 mM)-induced concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine (PE)-induced tone in endothelium-containing rings. In endothelium-denuded rings, however, higher concentrations (30 microM-1 mM) of hydrogen peroxide were required to produce relaxation. The endothelium-dependent component of hydrogen peroxide-induced relaxation was abolished following pretreatment with N(O)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 microM). L-NAME (30 microM) had no effect, however, on hydrogen peroxide-induced relaxation in endothelium-denuded rings. 3. Pretreatment of endothelium-denuded rings with catalase (1000 u ml-1) blocked relaxation induced by hydrogen peroxide (10 microM-1 mM). The ability of catalase to inhibit hydrogen peroxide-induced relaxation was partially blocked following incubation with 3-amino-1,2, 4-triazole (AT, 50 mM) for 30 min and completely blocked at 90 min. 4. Pretreatment of endothelium-denuded rings with methylene blue (MeB, 30 microM) inhibited relaxation induced by hydrogen peroxide (10 microM-1 mM), sodium azide (1-300 nM), hydroxylamine (1-300 nM) and glyceryl trinitrate (1-100 nM) suggesting that each acted by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase. 5. Pretreatment of endothelium-denuded rings with AT (1-50 mM, 90 min) to inhibit endogenous catalase blocked relaxation induced by sodium azide (1-300 nM) and hydroxylamine (1-300 nM) but had no effect on relaxation induced by hydrogen peroxide (10 microM-1 mM) or glyceryl trinitrate (1-100 nM). 6. In a cell-free system, incubation of sodium azide (10 microM-3 mM) and hydroxylamine (10 microM-30 mM) but not glyceryl trinitrate (10 microM-1 mM) with catalase (1000 u ml-1) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) led to production of nitrite, a major breakdown product of nitric oxide. AT (1

26 CFR 1.401(m)-3 - Safe harbor requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Safe harbor requirements. 1.401(m)-3 Section 1.401(m)-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(m)-3 Safe harbor...

26 CFR 1.401(m)-3 - Safe harbor requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Safe harbor requirements. 1.401(m)-3 Section 1.401(m)-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(m)-3 Safe...

Homo- and Hetero-Bimetallic Mu(Eta1-O:Eta1-O’) Formate Complexes (M- OCHO-M’)+PF6-(M,M’=(Eta5-C5H5)(CO)(NO)Re, (Eta5-C5H5)(CO)3W, and (Eta5-C5H5)(CO) 2Fe): Their Synthesis, Solution Lability, and Reactivity Towards Hydride Donors

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-03

with the requisite organo- metallic Lewis acid [M-H/Ph"C~]. Analogous heterobimetallic Fl-~formates (FpRe) and (FpW) [Fp=Cp(CO)2Fej also are prepared...to examples of 1 (eq.1). Our goal is to develop this latter route and synthesize homo- and heterobimetallic gem-diolate compounds.l. Once available...homobimetallic (l 1 -0,n1 1 -0’) formate compounds 7 [2: M. W(CO) 3 Cp] and 8 [2: M=Re(CO)(NO)Cp], and the heterobimetallic analogs 9 (2: M2 -W(CO) 3 CP

Two competing ionization processes in ESI-MS analysis of N-(1,3-diphenylallyl)benzenamines: formation of the unusual [M-H]+ ion versus the regular [M+H]+ ion.

PubMed

Fang, Liwen; Dong, Cheng; Guo, Cheng; Xu, Jianxing; Liu, Qiaoling; Qu, Zhirong; Jiang, Kezhi

2018-06-01

A series of N-(1,3-diphenylallyl)benzenamine derivatives (M) were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive-ion mode. Both the anomalous [M-H] + and the regular [M+H] + were observed in the ESI mass spectra. The occurrence of [M-H] + has been supported by accurate mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Calculation results indicated that formation of [M-H] + is attributed to the ion-molecule reaction of M with the protonated ESI solvent molecule (e.g. CH 3 OH 2 + ) via hydride abstraction from a tertiary C sp3 -H. The competing ionization processes leading to [M-H] + or [M+H] + were significantly affected by the concentration of formic acid in the electrospray ionization solvent and the proton affinity of the N atom.

Cascade Pumping of 1.9–3.3 μm Type-I Quantum Well GaSb-Based Diode Lasers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shterengas, Leon; Kipshidze, Gela; Hosoda, Takashi

Cascade pumping of type-I quantum well gain sections was utilized to increase output power and efficiency of GaSb-based diode lasers operating in spectral region from 1.9 to 3.3 μm. Coated devices with ~100-μm-wide aperture and 3-mm-long cavity demonstrated continuous wave (CW) output power of 1.96 W near 2 μm, 980 mW near 3 μm, 500 mW near 3.18 μm, and 360 mW near 3.25 μm at room temperature. The corresponding narrow ridge lasers with nearly diffraction limited beams operate in CW regime with tens of mW of output power up to 60 °C. Two step shallow/deep narrow/wide ridge waveguide devicesmore » showed lower threshold currents and higher slope efficiencies compared to single step narrow ridge lasers. Laterally coupled DFB lasers mounted epi-up generated above 10 mW of tunable single frequency CW power at 20 °C near 3.22 μm.« less

Cascade Pumping of 1.9–3.3 μm Type-I Quantum Well GaSb-Based Diode Lasers

DOE PAGES

Shterengas, Leon; Kipshidze, Gela; Hosoda, Takashi; ...

2017-03-24

Cascade pumping of type-I quantum well gain sections was utilized to increase output power and efficiency of GaSb-based diode lasers operating in spectral region from 1.9 to 3.3 μm. Coated devices with ~100-μm-wide aperture and 3-mm-long cavity demonstrated continuous wave (CW) output power of 1.96 W near 2 μm, 980 mW near 3 μm, 500 mW near 3.18 μm, and 360 mW near 3.25 μm at room temperature. The corresponding narrow ridge lasers with nearly diffraction limited beams operate in CW regime with tens of mW of output power up to 60 °C. Two step shallow/deep narrow/wide ridge waveguide devicesmore » showed lower threshold currents and higher slope efficiencies compared to single step narrow ridge lasers. Laterally coupled DFB lasers mounted epi-up generated above 10 mW of tunable single frequency CW power at 20 °C near 3.22 μm.« less

Adjuvant treatment with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, sirolimus, and steroids improves outcomes in patients with severe H1N1 pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

PubMed

Wang, Chun-Hua; Chung, Fu-Tsai; Lin, Shu-Min; Huang, Shu-Yi; Chou, Chun-Liang; Lee, Kang-Yun; Lin, Tzou-Yien; Kuo, Han-Pin

2014-02-01

Severe H1N1 pneumonia with acute respiratory failure results in infiltration of lungs due to the presence of hyperactive immune cells. Rapamycin and corticosteroids inhibit this immune response by blocking the activation of T and B cells. Open-label prospective randomized controlled trial. A tertiary medical center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, located in Taiwan. Between 2009 and 2011, of 4,012 H1N1-infected patients, 38 patients with severe H1N1 pneumonia and acute respiratory failure were enrolled. Thirty-eight patients with confirmed H1N1 pneumonia and on mechanical ventilatory support were randomized to receive adjuvant treatment of corticosteroids with an mTOR inhibitor, either with sirolimus (Rapamune 2 mg/d) (sirolimus group, n = 19) for 14 days or without sirolimus (nonsirolimus group, n = 19). The clinical values measured included PaO2/FIO2, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, duration of ventilatory support, and mortality. The baseline demography was similar between the two groups. After treatment, the PaO2/FIO2 values on day 3 (167.5 [95% CI, 86.7-209.2 mm Hg], n = 19 vs 106.8 [95% CI, 73.0-140.7 mm Hg], n = 19; p = 0.025] and day 7 (241.6 [95% CI, 185.2-297.9 mm Hg], n = 19 vs 147.0 [95% CI, 100.7-193.7 mm Hg], n = 17; p = 0.008) in the sirolimus group were significantly better over the nonsirolimus group. Similarly, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on day 3 (4.3 [95% CI, 3.1-5.5]; p = 0.029) and day 7 (5.9 [95% CI, 4.8-6.9], n = 19 and 6.2 [95% CI, 4.7-7.8], n = 17, respectively) significantly improved in the sirolimus group. The liberation from a mechanical ventilator at 3 months was also better in the sirolimus combined with corticosteroids treatment. Similarly, the duration of ventilator use was significantly shorter in the sirolimus group (median, 7 vs 15 d; p = 0.03 by log-rank test). In the sirolimus combined with corticosteroids treatment group, a rapid clearance of virus also occurred after 7 days of treatment. In patients

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Substituted N-[3-(1H-Pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]benzamide/ benzene Sulfonamides as Anti-Inflammatory Agents

PubMed Central

Gangapuram, Madhavi; Mazzio, Elizabeth; Eyunni, Suresh; Soliman, Karam F. A.; Redda, Kinfe K.

2014-01-01

The pharmacological activities of tetrahydropyridine (THP) derivatives are dependent on the substituent ring moiety. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of 12 newly synthesized substituted N-[3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrobenzamide/benzene sulfonamides (9a–l) in murine BV-2 microglial cells. All compounds were initially screened for attenuation of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL)-activated microglial cells. The data show that only SO2-substituted THPs were effective at sub-lethal concentrations (IC50 values of 12.92 μM (9i), 14.64 μM (9j), 19.63 μM (9k)) relative to L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine positive control (IC50 = 3.1 μM). The most potent SO2-substituted compound (9i) also blocked the LPS-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and attenuated the release of several cytokines including IL-1α, IL-10, and IL-6. These findings establish the moderate immunomodulating effects of SO2-substituted THP derivatives. PMID:24585402

A Piezoelectric Micromotor with a Stator of φ=1.6 mm and l=4 mm Using Bulk PZT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cagatay, Serra; Koc, Burhanettin; Moses, Paul; Uchino, Kenji

2004-04-01

The smallest discrete piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using bulk ceramics was developed. We are proposing basically a two-part motor: stator and rotor. The stator of the present motor consists of a hollow metal brass tube with outer diameter of 1.6 mm, inner diameter of 0.8 mm and length of only 4 mm with 2 PZT plates bonded onto it. Owing to the asymmetrical stator surface, two degenerated orthogonal bending modes were slightly split, resulting in a wobbling motion. Thus, the motor can be driven by a single driving source. The rotor is a spring, which is basically different from previous designs, pressed at both ends to the stator by a pair of ferrules. Consequently, the length of the whole motor assembly was reduced significantly; a final motor length of only 5 mm was obtained. The working frequency under zero load was approximately 227-233 kHz. Although the size is small, relatively high power was obtained under an optimized load condition: torque of 0.06 mNm, maximum power of 3.2 mW with a speed of 118 rad/s, and maximum efficiency of 11% under 48 Vrms at 221 kHz.

M1.3 - a small scaffold for DNA origami

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Said, Hassan; Schüller, Verena J.; Eber, Fabian J.; Wege, Christina; Liedl, Tim; Richert, Clemens

2012-12-01

The DNA origami method produces programmable nanoscale objects that form when one long scaffold strand hybridizes to numerous oligonucleotide staple strands. One scaffold strand is dominating the field: M13mp18, a bacteriophage-derived vector 7249 nucleotides in length. The full-length M13 is typically folded by using over 200 staple oligonucleotides. Here we report the convenient preparation of a 704 nt fragment dubbed ``M1.3'' as a linear or cyclic scaffold and the assembly of small origami structures with just 15-24 staple strands. A typical M1.3 origami is large enough to be visualized by TEM, but small enough to show a cooperativity in its assembly and thermal denaturation that is reminiscent of oligonucleotide duplexes. Due to its medium size, M1.3 origami with globally modified staples is affordable. As a proof of principle, two origami structures with globally 5'-capped staples were prepared and were shown to give higher UV-melting points than the corresponding assembly with unmodified DNA. M1.3 has the size of a gene, not a genome, and may function as a model for gene-based nanostructures. Small origami with M1.3 as a scaffold may serve as a workbench for chemical, physical, and biological experiments.The DNA origami method produces programmable nanoscale objects that form when one long scaffold strand hybridizes to numerous oligonucleotide staple strands. One scaffold strand is dominating the field: M13mp18, a bacteriophage-derived vector 7249 nucleotides in length. The full-length M13 is typically folded by using over 200 staple oligonucleotides. Here we report the convenient preparation of a 704 nt fragment dubbed ``M1.3'' as a linear or cyclic scaffold and the assembly of small origami structures with just 15-24 staple strands. A typical M1.3 origami is large enough to be visualized by TEM, but small enough to show a cooperativity in its assembly and thermal denaturation that is reminiscent of oligonucleotide duplexes. Due to its medium size, M1.3

40 CFR Table Mm-1 to Subpart Mm of... - Default Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 MM Table MM-1 to Subpart MM of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 Products Column A: density(metric tons/bbl... Natural Gas Liquids Aviation Gasoline 0.1120 85.00 0.3490 Special Naphthas 0.1222 84.76 0.3798 Lubricants...

40 CFR Table Mm-1 to Subpart Mm of... - Default Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 MM Table MM-1 to Subpart MM of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 Products Column A: density(metric tons/bbl... Natural Gas Liquids Aviation Gasoline 0.1120 85.00 0.3490 Special Naphthas 0.1222 84.76 0.3798 Lubricants...

40 CFR Table Mm-1 to Subpart Mm of... - Default Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 MM Table MM-1 to Subpart MM of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 Products Column A: density(metric tons/bbl... Natural Gas Liquids Aviation Gasoline 0.1120 85.00 0.3490 Special Naphthas 0.1222 84.76 0.3798 Lubricants...

40 CFR Table Mm-1 to Subpart Mm of... - Default Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 MM Table MM-1 to Subpart MM of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids 1 2 Products Column A: density(metric tons/bbl... Natural Gas Liquids Aviation Gasoline 0.1120 85.00 0.3490 Special Naphthas 0.1222 84.76 0.3798 Lubricants...

Akt substrate TBC1D1 regulates GLUT1 expression through the mTOR pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

PubMed Central

Zhou, Qiong L.; Jiang, Zhen Y.; Holik, John; Chawla, Anil; Hagan, G. Nana; Leszyk, John; Czech, Michael P.

2010-01-01

Multiple studies have suggested that the protein kinase Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose cells. In an attempt to understand links between Akt activation and glucose transport regulation, we applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatics approaches to identify potential Akt substrates containing the phospho-Akt substrate motif RXRXXpS/T. The present study describes the identification of the Rab GAP (GTPase-activating protein)-domain containing protein TBC1D1 [TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16) domain family, member 1], which is closely related to TBC1D4 [TBC domain family, member 4, also denoted AS160 (Akt substrate of 160 kDa)], as an Akt substrate that is phosphorylated at Thr590. RNAi (RNA interference)-me-diated silencing of TBC1D1 elevated basal deoxyglucose uptake by approx. 61% in 3T3-L1 mouse embryo adipocytes, while the suppression of TBC1D4 and RapGAP220 under the same conditions had little effect on basal and insulin-stimulated deoxy-glucose uptake. Silencing of TBC1D1 strongly increased expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter but not GLUT4 in cultured adipocytes, whereas the decrease in TBC1D4 had no effect. Remarkably, loss of TBC1D1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes activated the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-p70 S6 protein kinase pathway, and the increase in GLUT1 expression in the cells treated with TBC1D1 siRNA (small interfering RNA) was blocked by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, overexpression of the mutant TBC1D1-T590A, lacking the putative Akt/PKB phosphorylation site, inhibited insulin stimulation of p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation at Thr389, a phosphorylation induced by mTOR. Taken together, our data suggest that TBC1D1 may be involved in controlling GLUT1 glucose transporter expression through the mTOR-p70 S6 kinase pathway. PMID:18215134

Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-Protective against H5N1 and H1N1 Recovered from Human IgM+ Memory B Cells

PubMed Central

Throsby, Mark; van den Brink, Edward; Jongeneelen, Mandy; Poon, Leo L. M.; Alard, Philippe; Cornelissen, Lisette; Bakker, Arjen; Cox, Freek; van Deventer, Els; Guan, Yi; Cinatl, Jindrich; ter Meulen, Jan; Lasters, Ignace; Carsetti, Rita; Peiris, Malik; de Kruif, John; Goudsmit, Jaap

2008-01-01

Background The hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the principal target of protective humoral immune responses to influenza virus infections but such antibody responses only provide efficient protection against a narrow spectrum of HA antigenic variants within a given virus subtype. Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 are currently panzootic and pose a pandemic threat. These viruses are antigenically diverse and protective strategies need to cross protect against diverse viral clades. Furthermore, there are 16 different HA subtypes and no certainty the next pandemic will be caused by an H5 subtype, thus it is important to develop prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that provide heterosubtypic protection. Methods and Findings Here we describe a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recovered from combinatorial display libraries that were constructed from human IgM+ memory B cells of recent (seasonal) influenza vaccinees. The mAbs have broad heterosubtypic neutralizing activity against antigenically diverse H1, H2, H5, H6, H8 and H9 influenza subtypes. Restriction to variable heavy chain gene IGHV1-69 in the high affinity mAb panel was associated with binding to a conserved hydrophobic pocket in the stem domain of HA. The most potent antibody (CR6261) was protective in mice when given before and after lethal H5N1 or H1N1 challenge. Conclusions The human monoclonal CR6261 described in this study could be developed for use as a broad spectrum agent for prophylaxis or treatment of human or avian influenza infections without prior strain characterization. Moreover, the CR6261 epitope could be applied in targeted vaccine strategies or in the design of novel antivirals. Finally our approach of screening the IgM+ memory repertoire could be applied to identify conserved and functionally relevant targets on other rapidly evolving pathogens. PMID:19079604

Design, Development and Fabrication of Training Round to Simulate Projectile, 155-mm, HE, M107 (XM804) (Phase 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-05-01

29.1.1, It’, 4B, P11F X,4804 W/INKRT 5 "LOADED.I M107 BOY +140"F TEMP. CONDITION fl HEAVY WAL.L I. MWA SEA-IA, XMSO4 FORED 2B,C,1, IP ’* "U " 32 " 4A A 3C1...8217 zloco~ .q 01 Io - eel- 4:, . HL Voz Z~ o-.. fo. LL w ri IO 0 041 to7 tieV z I - 00 ac fl JL ~5)*j’ 4 t fl:Z 0 N L - v--oL .~~~ . .i - 4 .z It- I I

Theoretical investigation of M@Pb122- and M@Sn122- Zintl clusters (M = Lrn+, Lun+, La3+, Ac3+ and n = 0, 1, 2, 3).

PubMed

Joshi, Meenakshi; Chandrasekar, Aditi; Ghanty, Tapan K

2018-06-06

The positions of lawrencium (Lr), lutetium (Lu), actinium (Ac) and lanthanum (La) in the periodic table have been a controversial topic for quite some time. According to studies carried out by different groups with their justifications, these elements may potentially be placed in the d-block, p-block or all four in a 15 element f-block. The present work looks into this issue from a new perspective, which involves encapsulation of these four elements into Zintl ion clusters, Pb122- and Sn122-, followed by the determination of the structural, thermodynamic and electronic properties of these endohedral M@Pb122- and M@Sn122- clusters (M = Lrn+, Lun+ with n = 0, 1, 2, 3) using first principles based density functional theory (DFT). These parameters are compared with similar clusters encapsulated La3+ and Ac3+ ions in order to seek out similarities and differences to draw conclusions about their placement in the periodic table. For the first time the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of these metal atom/ion encapsulated Pb122- and Sn122- clusters have been investigated thoroughly. Structural parameters such as bond distances, geometry and symmetry, electronic properties viz. the density of states, the molecular orbital ordering, the electron localization function, bond critical point properties and charge distributions have been analyzed. Additionally, the thermodynamic property of the binding energy during the encapsulation process has also been calculated. All M@Pb12+ and M@Sn12+ (M = Lr and Lu) clusters form stable 18 bonding electron magic number systems with shell closing. They show negative values of binding energy and relatively large HOMO-LUMO energy gaps indicating the stability of such clusters. All the calculated parameters for Lr encapsulated clusters closely match with the corresponding calculated parameters of Lu encapsulated clusters, confirming the similarity between Lr and Lu metal atoms in various oxidation states, though their atomic

Seroprevalence of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven European countries in 2002-2003.

PubMed

Van Reeth, Kristien; Brown, Ian H; Dürrwald, Ralf; Foni, Emanuela; Labarque, Geoffrey; Lenihan, Patrick; Maldonado, Jaime; Markowska-Daniel, Iwona; Pensaert, Maurice; Pospisil, Zdenek; Koch, Guus

2008-05-01

Avian-like H1N1 and human-like H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been considered widespread among pigs in Western Europe since the 1980s, and a novel H1N2 reassortant with a human-like H1 emerged in the mid 1990s. This study, which was part of the EC-funded 'European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the H1N2 virus in different European regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each SIV between regions. Laboratories from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Poland and Spain participated in an international serosurvey. A total of 4190 sow sera from 651 farms were collected in 2002-2003 and examined in haemagglutination inhibition tests against H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2. In Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain seroprevalence rates to each of the three SIV subtypes were high (> or =30% of the sows seropositive) to very high (> or =50%), except for a lower H1N2 seroprevalence rate in Italy (13.8%). Most sows in these countries with high pig populations had antibodies to two or three subtypes. In Ireland, the Czech Republic and Poland, where swine farming is less intensive, H1N1 was the dominant subtype (8.0-11.7% seropositives) and H1N2 and H3N2 antibodies were rare (0-4.2% seropositives). Thus, SIV of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 subtype are enzootic in swine producing regions of Western Europe. In Central Europe, SIV activity is low and the circulation of H3N2 and H1N2 remains to be confirmed. The evolution and epidemiology of SIV throughout Europe is being further monitored through a second 'European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs'.

ON THE STRUCTURE OF \\mathcal{H}_{n - 1}-ALMOST EVERYWHERE CONVEX HYPERSURFACES IN \\mathbf{R}^{n + 1}

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dmitriev, V. G.

1982-04-01

It is proved that a hypersurface f imbedded in \\mathbf{R}^{n + 1}, n \\geq 2, which is locally convex at all points except for a closed set E with (n - 1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure \\mathcal{K}_{n - 1}(E) = 0, and strictly convex near E is in fact locally convex everywhere. The author also gives various corollaries. In particular, let M be a complete two-dimensional Riemannian manifold of nonnegative curvature K and E \\subset M a closed subset for which \\mathcal{K}_1(E) = 0. Assume further that there exists a neighborhood U \\supset E such that K(x) > 0 for x \\in U \\setminus E, f \\colon M \\to \\mathbf{R}^3 is such that f\\big\\vert _{U \\setminus E} is an imbedding, and f\\big\\vert _{M \\setminus E} \\in C^{1, \\alpha}, \\alpha > 2/3. Then f(M) is a complete convex surface in \\mathbf{R}^3. This result is an generalization of results in the paper reviewed in MR 51 # 11374.Bibliography: 19 titles.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted N-[3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]benzamide/benzene sulfonamides as anti-inflammatory agents.

PubMed

Gangapuram, Madhavi; Mazzio, Elizabeth; Eyunni, Suresh; Soliman, Karam F A; Redda, Kinfe K

2014-05-01

The pharmacological activities of tetrahydropyridine (THP) derivatives are dependent on the substituent ring moiety. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of 12 newly synthesized substituted N-[3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrobenzamide/benzene sulfonamides (9a-l) in murine BV-2 microglial cells. All compounds were initially screened for attenuation of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 µg/mL)-activated microglial cells. The data show that only SO2 -substituted THPs were effective at sub-lethal concentrations (IC50 values of 12.92 µM (9i), 14.64 µM (9j), 19.63 µM (9k)) relative to L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine positive control (IC50  = 3.1 µM). The most potent SO2 -substituted compound (9i) also blocked the LPS-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and attenuated the release of several cytokines including IL-1α, IL-10, and IL-6. These findings establish the moderate immuno-modulating effects of SO2 -substituted THP derivatives. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling.

PubMed

Dibble, Christian C; Cantley, Lewis C

2015-09-01

The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling network directs cellular metabolism and growth. Activation of mTORC1 [composed of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8(mLST8), 40-kDa proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS40), and DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR)] depends on the Ras-related GTPases (Rags) and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) GTPase and requires signals from amino acids, glucose, oxygen, energy (ATP), and growth factors (including cytokines and hormones such as insulin). Here we discuss the signal transduction mechanisms through which growth factor-responsive PI3K signaling activates mTORC1. We focus on how PI3K-dependent activation of Akt and spatial regulation of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) complex (TSC complex) [composed of TSC1, TSC2, and Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16-1 domain family member 7 (TBC1D7)] switches on Rheb at the lysosome, where mTORC1 is activated. Integration of PI3K- and amino acid-dependent signals upstream of mTORC1 at the lysosome is detailed in a working model. A coherent understanding of the PI3K-mTORC1 network is imperative as its dysregulation has been implicated in diverse pathologies including cancer, diabetes, autism, and aging. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The stability of N-[2-(4-o-fluorophenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-2,5-dimethyl-1 -phenylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboximide in aqueous-organic solutions.

PubMed

Zajac, Marianna; Sobczak, Agnieszka; Malinka, Wiesław; Redzicka, Aleksandra

2010-01-01

The first-order reaction of solvolysis of N-[2-(4-o-fluorophenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-2,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboximide (PDI) was investigated as a function of pH at 333, 328, 323, 318 and 308 K in the pH range 1.11 - 12.78. The decomposition of PDI was followed by the HPLC method (Nucleosil 10-C8 column (250 x 4 mm I.D., dp = 10 microm), mobile phase: 0.018 mol/L ammonia acetate - acetonitrile (40: 60 v/v), UV detector: 240 nm, flow rate: 1 mL/min. Specific acid-base catalysis involves solvolysis of the undissociated molecules of PDI catalyzed by hydroxide ions and spontaneous solvolysis of the undissociated and monoprotonated forms of PDI under the influence of solvents. The thermodynamic parameters of the reactions--activation energy (E(a)), enthalpy (DH(#)), entropy (DS(#))--were calculated.

Outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A (H3N2) on cruise ship.

PubMed

Ward, Kate A; Armstrong, Paul; McAnulty, Jeremy M; Iwasenko, Jenna M; Dwyer, Dominic E

2010-11-01

To determine the extent and pattern of influenza transmission and effectiveness of containment measures, we investigated dual outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and influenza A (H3N2) that had occurred on a cruise ship in May 2009. Of 1,970 passengers and 734 crew members, 82 (3.0%) were infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, 98 (3.6%) with influenza A (H3N2) virus, and 2 (0.1%) with both. Among 45 children who visited the ship's childcare center, infection rate for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was higher than that for influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Disembarked passengers reported a high level of compliance with isolation and quarantine recommendations. We found 4 subsequent cases epidemiologically linked to passengers but no evidence of sustained transmission to the community or passengers on the next cruise. Among this population of generally healthy passengers, children seemed more susceptible to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 than to influenza (H3N2) viruses. Intensive disease control measures successfully contained these outbreaks.

Diagonalization of transfer matrix of supersymmetry U{sub q}(sl-caret(M+1|N+1)) chain with a boundary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kojima, Takeo

2013-04-15

We study the supersymmetry U{sub q}(sl-caret(M+1|N+1)) analogue of the supersymmetric t-J model with a boundary. Our approach is based on the algebraic analysis method of solvable lattice models. We diagonalize the commuting transfer matrix by using the bosonizations of the vertex operators associated with the quantum affine supersymmetry U{sub q}(sl-caret(M+1|N+1)).

Fragment-based discovery of novel and selective mPGES-1 inhibitors Part 1: identification of sulfonamido-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid.

PubMed

Lee, Kijae; Pham, Van Chung; Choi, Min Ji; Kim, Kyung Ju; Lee, Kyung-Tae; Han, Seong-Gu; Yu, Yeon Gyu; Lee, Jae Yeol

2013-01-01

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible prostaglandin E synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin PGH(2) to PGE(2) and represents a novel target for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory disorders. It is essential to identify mPGES-1 inhibitor with novel scaffold as new hit or lead compound for the purpose of the next-generation anti-inflammatory drugs. Herein we report the discovery of sulfonamido-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic derivatives as a novel class of mPGES-1 inhibitors identified through fragment-based virtual screening and in vitro assays on the inhibitory activity of the actual compounds. 1-[2-(N-Phenylbenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (6f) inhibits human mPGES-1 (IC(50) of 1.1 μM) with high selectivity (ca.1000-fold) over both COX-1 and COX-2 in a cell-free assay. In addition, the activity of compound 6f was again tested at 10 μM concentration in presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 and found to be reduced to 1/4 of its original activity without this detergent. Compared to the complete loss of activity of nuisance inhibitor with the detergent, therefore, compound 6f would be regarded as a partial nuisance inhibitor of mPGES-1 with a novel scaffold for the optimal design of more potent mPGES-1 inhibitors. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genetic Characterization of H1N1 and H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Ontario Pigs in 2012.

PubMed

Grgić, Helena; Costa, Marcio; Friendship, Robert M; Carman, Susy; Nagy, Éva; Poljak, Zvonimir

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to characterize H1N1 and H1N2 influenza A virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in Ontario (Canada) in 2012. Six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. In five H1N1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). One H1N2 isolate had hemagglutinin (HA), polymerase A (PA) and non-structural (NS) genes closely related to A(H1N1)pdm09, and neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), polymerase B1 (PB1), polymerase B2 (PB2), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes originating from a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus (tr H3N2). The HA gene of five Ontario H1 isolates exhibited high identity of 99% with the human A(H1N1)pdm09 [A/Mexico/InDRE4487/09] from Mexico, while one Ontario H1N1 isolate had only 96.9% identity with this Mexican virus. Each of the five Ontario H1N1 viruses had between one and four amino acid (aa) changes within five antigenic sites, while one Ontario H1N2 virus had two aa changes within two antigenic sites. Such aa changes in antigenic sites could have an effect on antibody recognition and ultimately have implications for immunization practices. According to aa sequence analysis of the M2 protein, Ontario H1N1 and H1N2 viruses can be expected to offer resistance to adamantane derivatives, but not to neuraminidase inhibitors.

Virucidal activity of a scorpion venom peptide variant mucroporin-M1 against measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses.

PubMed

Li, Qiaoli; Zhao, Zhenhuan; Zhou, Dihan; Chen, Yaoqing; Hong, Wei; Cao, Luyang; Yang, Jingyi; Zhang, Yan; Shi, Wei; Cao, Zhijian; Wu, Yingliang; Yan, Huimin; Li, Wenxin

2011-07-01

Outbreaks of SARS-CoV, influenza A (H5N1, H1N1) and measles viruses in recent years have raised serious concerns about the measures available to control emerging and re-emerging infectious viral diseases. Effective antiviral agents are lacking that specifically target RNA viruses such as measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses, and available vaccinations have demonstrated variable efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral agents is needed to close the vaccination gap and silence outbreaks. We previously identified mucroporin, a cationic host defense peptide from scorpion venom, which can effectively inhibit standard bacteria. The optimized mucroporin-M1 can inhibit gram-positive bacteria at low concentrations and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In this investigation, we further tested mucroporin and the optimized mucroporin-M1 for their antiviral activity. Surprisingly, we found that the antiviral activities of mucroporin-M1 against measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses were notably increased with an EC₅₀ of 7.15 μg/ml (3.52 μM) and a CC₅₀ of 70.46 μg/ml (34.70 μM) against measles virus, an EC₅₀ of 14.46 μg/ml (7.12 μM) against SARS-CoV and an EC₅₀ of 2.10 μg/ml (1.03 μM) against H5N1, while the original peptide mucroporin showed no antiviral activity against any of these three viruses. The inhibition model could be via a direct interaction with the virus envelope, thereby decreasing the infectivity of virus. This report provides evidence that host defense peptides from scorpion venom can be modified for antiviral activity by rational design and represents a practical approach for developing broad-spectrum antiviral agents, especially against RNA viruses. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Outbreaks of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza A (H3N2) on Cruise Ship

PubMed Central

Ward, Kate A.; Armstrong, Paul; Iwasenko, Jenna M.; Dwyer, Dominic E.

2010-01-01

To determine the extent and pattern of influenza transmission and effectiveness of containment measures, we investigated dual outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and influenza A (H3N2) that had occurred on a cruise ship in May 2009. Of 1,970 passengers and 734 crew members, 82 (3.0%) were infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, 98 (3.6%) with influenza A (H3N2) virus, and 2 (0.1%) with both. Among 45 children who visited the ship’s childcare center, infection rate for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was higher than that for influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Disembarked passengers reported a high level of compliance with isolation and quarantine recommendations. We found 4 subsequent cases epidemiologically linked to passengers but no evidence of sustained transmission to the community or passengers on the next cruise. Among this population of generally healthy passengers, children seemed more susceptible to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 than to influenza (H3N2) viruses. Intensive disease control measures successfully contained these outbreaks. PMID:21029531

Novel reaction of N,N'-bisarylmethanediamines with formaldehyde. Synthesis of some new 1,3,5-triaryl-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazines.

PubMed

Ghandi, Mehdi; Salimi, Farshid; Olyaei, Abolfazl

2006-07-26

The acid-catalyzed cyclocondensation of N,N'-bisaryl (aryl = 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl and 4-nitrophenyl) methanediamines 5a-c with aqueous formaldehyde in refluxing acetonitrile leads to the formation of the corresponding 1,3,5-triaryl-1,3,5-hexa-hydrotriazines 6a-c. The stoichiometric reactions of 2-aminopyrimidine and 2-amino-pyrazine with aqueous formaldehyde in acetonitrile under reflux conditions also afforded 6a and 6b, respectively. Treatment of 2-aminopyrimidine with aqueous formaldehyde in a 3:2 ratio yielded N,N',N"-tris(2-pyrimidinyl)dimethylenetriamine (7a) as a sole product, which upon subsequent reaction with formaldehyde also afforded 6a. The reaction of N,N'-biphenylmethanediamine with formaldehyde was also investigated.

Effect of Sr doping on the magnetic exchange interactions in manganites of type L a 1 - x S r x M n y A 1 - y O 3 ( A = Ga , Ti ; 0.1 ≤ y ≤ 1 )

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Furrer, Albert; Podlesnyak, Andrey A.; Pomjakushina, Ekaterina

Strontium doping transforms manganites of type La 1 - x Sr x Mn O 3 from an insulating antiferromagnet ( x = 0 ) to a metallic ferromagnet ( x > 0.16 ) due to the induced charge carriers (holes). We employed neutron scattering experiments in order to investigate the effect of Sr doping on a tailor-made compound of composition La 0.7 S r 0.3 M n 0.1 Ti 0.3 G a 0.6 O 3 . By the simultaneous doping with S r 2 + and Ti 4 + ions, the compound remains in the insulating state so thatmore » the magnetic interactions for large Sr doping can be studied in the absence of charge carriers. At T C = 215 K , there is a first-order reconstructive phase transition from the trigonal R - 3 c structure to the orthorhombic Pnma structure via an intermediate virtual configuration described by the common monoclinic subgroup P2 1 / c . The magnetic excitations associated with Mn 3 + dimers give evidence for two different nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic exchange interactions, in contrast to the undoped compound LaM n y A 1 - y O 3 where both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions are present. Furthemore, the doping-induced changes of the exchange coupling originates from different Mn-O-Mn bond angles determined by neutron diffraction. The large fourth-nearest-neighbor interaction found for metallic manganites is absent in the insulating state. Here, we argue that the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction reasonably accounts for all the exchange couplings derived from the spin-wave dispersion in metallic manganites.« less

Effect of Sr doping on the magnetic exchange interactions in manganites of type L a 1 - x S r x M n y A 1 - y O 3 ( A = Ga , Ti ; 0.1 ≤ y ≤ 1 )

DOE PAGES

Furrer, Albert; Podlesnyak, Andrey A.; Pomjakushina, Ekaterina; ...

2017-03-14

Strontium doping transforms manganites of type La 1 - x Sr x Mn O 3 from an insulating antiferromagnet ( x = 0 ) to a metallic ferromagnet ( x > 0.16 ) due to the induced charge carriers (holes). We employed neutron scattering experiments in order to investigate the effect of Sr doping on a tailor-made compound of composition La 0.7 S r 0.3 M n 0.1 Ti 0.3 G a 0.6 O 3 . By the simultaneous doping with S r 2 + and Ti 4 + ions, the compound remains in the insulating state so thatmore » the magnetic interactions for large Sr doping can be studied in the absence of charge carriers. At T C = 215 K , there is a first-order reconstructive phase transition from the trigonal R - 3 c structure to the orthorhombic Pnma structure via an intermediate virtual configuration described by the common monoclinic subgroup P2 1 / c . The magnetic excitations associated with Mn 3 + dimers give evidence for two different nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic exchange interactions, in contrast to the undoped compound LaM n y A 1 - y O 3 where both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions are present. Furthemore, the doping-induced changes of the exchange coupling originates from different Mn-O-Mn bond angles determined by neutron diffraction. The large fourth-nearest-neighbor interaction found for metallic manganites is absent in the insulating state. Here, we argue that the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction reasonably accounts for all the exchange couplings derived from the spin-wave dispersion in metallic manganites.« less

Theoretical studies on structural, magnetic, and spintronic characteristics of sandwiched Eu(n)COT(n+1) (n = 1-4) clusters.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiuyun; Ng, Man-Fai; Wang, Yanbiao; Wang, Jinlan; Yang, Shuo-Wang

2009-09-22

Europium (Eu)-cyclootetatrene (COT = C(8)H(8)) multidecker clusters (Eu(n)COT(n+1), n = 1-4) are studied by relativistic density functional theory calculations. These clusters are found to be thermodynamically stable with freely rotatable COT rings, and their total magnetic moments (MMs) increase linearly along with the number of Eu atoms. Each Eu atom contributes about 7 mu(B) to the cluster. Meanwhile, the internal COT rings have little MM contribution while the external COT rings have about 1 mu(B) MM aligned in opposite direction to that of the Eu atoms. The total MM of the Eu(n)COT(n+1) clusters can thus be generalized as 7n - 2 mu(B) where n is the number of Eu atoms. Besides, the ground states of these clusters are ferromagnetic and energetically competitive with the antiferromagnetic states, meaning that their spin states are very unstable, especially for larger clusters. More importantly, we uncover an interesting bonding characteristic of these clusters in which the interior ionic structure is capped by two hybrid covalent-ionic terminals. We suggest that such a characteristic makes the Eu(n)COT(n+1) clusters extremely stable. Finally, we reveal that for the positively charged clusters, the hybrid covalent-ionic terminals will tip further toward the interior part of the clusters to form deeper covalent-ionic caps. In contrast, the negatively charged clusters turn to pure ionic structures.

MAX phase – Alumina composites via exchange reaction in the M{sub n+1}AlC{sub n} systems (M=Ti, V, Cr, Nb, or Ta)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cuskelly, Dylan T., E-mail: Dylan.cuskelly@uon.edu.au; Kisi, Erich H.; Sugo, Heber O.

2016-01-15

MAX phases have been produced for the first time via an exchange reaction between the M-element oxide and Al leading to an M–Al–C–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite in the V–Al–C, Cr–Al–C, Nb–Al–C and Ta–Al–C systems in addition to the previously known Ti–Al–C system. The reduction reaction was first investigated by forming the binary M–X carbide and then proven to be generic across all M–Al–C systems with the production of the M{sub 2}AlC phase in each case. The work was extended to the other M{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} and M{sub 4}AlC{sub 3} phases in the respective systems, and was successful in 4 ofmore » the 5 cases with moderate yield. - Graphical abstract: A range of M{sub n+1}AX{sub n} phases (M-octahedra with X centres and A layers) were synthesised directly from the M oxide via exchange reactions for the 5 M-elements shown. - Highlights: • Ten M{sub n+1}AlC{sub n} phases were produced from M-oxides via a single step exchange reaction. • Eight of these MAX phases had not been produced via this method before. • Al was found to be a suitable reducing agent in all cases. • The process was also discovered to work under SHS and MASHS conditions.« less

Manufacturing of the 1070mm F/1.5 ellipsoid mirror

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Peiji; Yu, Jingchi; Zhang, Yaoming; Qiu, Gufeng

2009-05-01

The manufacturing procedure of a φ1070mm in diameter F/1.5 ellipsoid mirror is introduced in detail. For testing the rough-ground surface, guiding shaping and fine grinding, a three dimension X-θ-Z profilometer is developed, the instrument measures surface profiles with 1μm accuracy and the biggest mirror being tested is φ1200mm in diameter. During polishing and fine figuring, we chose null test by null corrector with point source at infinity, the designed null corrector includes two piece of lenses and the designed residual wave front aberration is less than 0.008λ(λ=0.6328μm)PV. For avoiding the influence of gravity deformation during polishing and testing, a kind of support system with multipoint unequal support force is developed by applying FEA-based optimization. The mirror was finally figured to the shape accuracy of 0.016λRMS.

A 0.5 cm(3) four-channel 1.1 mW wireless biosignal interface with 20 m range.

PubMed

Morrison, Tim; Nagaraju, Manohar; Winslow, Brent; Bernard, Amy; Otis, Brian P

2014-02-01

This paper presents a self-contained, single-chip biosignal monitoring system with wireless programmability and telemetry interface suitable for mainstream healthcare applications. The system consists of low-noise front end amplifiers, ADC, MICS/ISM transmitter and infrared programming capability to configure the state of the chip. An on-chip packetizer ensures easy pairing with standard off-the-shelf receivers. The chip is realized in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process with an area of 2×2 mm(2). The entire system consumes 1.07 mW from a 1.2 V supply. It weighs 0.6 g including a zinc-air battery. The system has been extensively tested in in vivo biological experiments and requires minimal human interaction or calibration.

Comparison of the outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy and surgery in elderly patients with cT1-2N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Nakagawa, Tatsuo; Negoro, Yoshiharu; Matsuoka, Tomoaki; Okumura, Norihito; Dodo, Yoshihiro

2014-07-01

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and surgery in elderly patients with cT1-2N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elderly patients (≥75 years) with cT1-2 (≤5 cm) N0M0 NSCLC who were treated with SBRT (n=35) or surgery (n=183) between January 2001 and December 2011 were analyzed. The following radiation doses were administered: 48 Gy/4-6 fractions in 12 patients; 50 Gy/4-5 fractions in 20; and 60 Gy/8 fractions in 3. The following surgical methods were performed: pneumonectomy in 2 patients, lobectomy in 154, segmentectomy in 23, and wedge resection in 4. Patients in the SBRT group had a higher mean age, a worse performance status, and a lower percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s than those in the surgery group. The overall 5-year survival rates were 43.8% and 67.6% for the SBRT and surgery groups, respectively (p=0.057, log-rank test). Regarding tumor diameter, patients in the surgery group survived significantly longer than did those in the SBRT group (>20-mm tumors, p=0.027; >30-mm tumors p=0.043), whereas survival did not differ significantly between the groups for ≤20-mm tumors (p=0.982). Multivariate analysis confirmed the improved survival in the surgery group compared to the SBRT group for all tumors (p=0.034) and for >20-mm tumors (p=0.016). Post-therapeutic survival among elderly patients might be better with surgery than with SBRT in NSCLC patients with tumors >20 mm. Copyright © 2014 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genetic Characterization of H1N1 and H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Ontario Pigs in 2012

PubMed Central

Grgić, Helena; Costa, Marcio; Friendship, Robert M.; Carman, Susy; Nagy, Éva; Poljak, Zvonimir

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to characterize H1N1 and H1N2 influenza A virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in Ontario (Canada) in 2012. Six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. In five H1N1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). One H1N2 isolate had hemagglutinin (HA), polymerase A (PA) and non-structural (NS) genes closely related to A(H1N1)pdm09, and neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), polymerase B1 (PB1), polymerase B2 (PB2), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes originating from a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus (tr H3N2). The HA gene of five Ontario H1 isolates exhibited high identity of 99% with the human A(H1N1)pdm09 [A/Mexico/InDRE4487/09] from Mexico, while one Ontario H1N1 isolate had only 96.9% identity with this Mexican virus. Each of the five Ontario H1N1 viruses had between one and four amino acid (aa) changes within five antigenic sites, while one Ontario H1N2 virus had two aa changes within two antigenic sites. Such aa changes in antigenic sites could have an effect on antibody recognition and ultimately have implications for immunization practices. According to aa sequence analysis of the M2 protein, Ontario H1N1 and H1N2 viruses can be expected to offer resistance to adamantane derivatives, but not to neuraminidase inhibitors. PMID:26030614

Design, synthesis, and anti-HIV-1 activity of 1-aromatic methyl-substituted 3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil and N-3,5-dimethylbenzyl-substituted urea derivatives

PubMed Central

Sakakibara, Norikazu; Baba, Masanori; Okamoto, Mika; Toyama, Masaaki; Demizu, Yosuke; Misawa, Takashi; Kurihara, Masaaki; Irie, Kohji; Kato, Yoshihisa; Maruyama, Tokumi

2015-01-01

Background A new series of 1-aromatic methyl-substituted 3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil and N-3,5-dimethylbenzyl-substituted urea derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Methods A series of new 6-azido and 6-amino derivatives of 1-substituted-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracils were synthesized using our previously reported method, and three acyclic derivatives were synthesized from urea. The anti-HIV-1 activities of these compounds were determined based on the inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were evaluated using the viability of mock-infected cells. Results Some of these compounds showed good-to-moderate activities against HIV-1 with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in the submicromolar or subnanomolar range. Compared with emivirine, compound 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil showed significant anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC50 value of 10 nM and a high selectivity index of 1923. Preliminary structure–activity relationship studies and molecular modeling analyses were carried out to explore the major interactions between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the potent inhibitor 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil; these results may be important for further development of this class of compounds as anti-HIV-1 agents. Conclusion The excellent activity of 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil (EC50: 0.010 ± 0.006 µM, SI: >1923) may serve as the basis for conducting further investigations on the behavior of this class of compounds against drug-resistant mutants. PMID:26149262

L-689,660, a novel cholinomimetic with functional selectivity for M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors.

PubMed Central

Hargreaves, R. J.; McKnight, A. T.; Scholey, K.; Newberry, N. R.; Street, L. J.; Hutson, P. H.; Semark, J. E.; Harley, E. A.; Patel, S.; Freedman, S. B.

1992-01-01

1. L-689,660, 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-(6-chloropyrazinyl)maleate, a novel cholinomimetic, demonstrated high affinity binding (pKD (apparent) 7.42) at rat cerebral cortex muscarinic receptors. L-689,660 had a low ratio (34) of pKD (apparent) values for the displacement of binding of the antagonist ([3H]-N-methylscopolamine ([3H]-NMS) compared with the displacement of the agonist [3H]-oxotremorine-M ([3H]-Oxo-M), in rat cerebral cortex. Low NMS/Oxo-M ratios have been shown previously to be a characteristic of compounds that are low efficacy partial agonists with respect to stimulation of phosphatidyl inositol turnover in the cerebral cortex. 2. L-689,660 showed no muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity in radioligand binding assays but showed functional selectivity in pharmacological assays. At M1 muscarinic receptors in the rat superior cervical ganglion, L-689,660 was a potent (pEC50 7.3 +/- 0.2) full agonist in comparison with (+/-)-muscarine. At M3 receptors in the guinea-pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle or in trachea, L-689,660 was again a potent agonist (pEC50 7.5 +/- 0.2 and 7.7 +/- 0.3 respectively) but had a lower maximum response than carbachol. In contrast L-689,660 was an antagonist at M2 receptors in guinea-pig atria (pA2 7.2 (95% confidence limits 7, 7.4)) and at muscarinic autoreceptors in rat hippocampal slices. 3. The putative M1-selective muscarinic agonist, AF102B (cis-2-methylspiro-(1,3-oxathiolane 5,3')-quinuclidine hydrochloride) was found to have a profile similar to L-689,660 but had up to 100 times less affinity in binding and functional assays.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:1422595

Spectroscopic analysis and efficient diode-pumped 1.9 μm Tm3+-doped β'-Gd2(MoO4)3 crystal laser.

PubMed

Tang, Jianfeng; Chen, Yujin; Lin, Yanfu; Gong, Xinghong; Huang, Jianhua; Luo, Zundu; Huang, Yidong

2011-07-04

Tm3+-doped β'-Gd2(MoO4)3 single crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. Spectroscopic analysis was carried out along different polarizations. End-pumped by a quasi-cw diode laser at 795 nm in a plano-concave cavity, an average laser output power of 58 mW around 1.9 μm was achieved in a 0.93-mm-thick crystal when the output coupler transmission was 7.1%. The absorbed pump threshold was 8 mW and the slope efficiency of the laser was 57%. This crystal has smooth and broad gain curve around 1.9 μm, which shows that it is also a potential gain medium for tunable and short pulse lasers.

Effects of quercetin on CDK4 mRNA and protein expression in A549 cells infected by H1N1

PubMed Central

WAN, QIAOFENG; WANG, HAO; LIN, YUAN; GU, LIGANG; HAN, MEI; YANG, ZHIWEI; ZHANG, YANLI; MA, RUI; WANG, LI; WANG, ZHISHENG

2013-01-01

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of quercetin on the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4) mRNA and protein in A549 lung epithelial tumor cells infected by H1N1. First, the Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method was used to determine H1N1 virulence, quercetin cytotoxicity and inhibition of the cytopathic effect of H1N1 on A549 cells by quercetin. Subsequently, 100 TCID50 H1N1 was used to infect A549 cells for 2 h prior to culture in maintenance media containing 10 mg/l quercetin. After 4, 12, 24 and 48 h of culture, the cells were collected and total RNA and protein were extracted. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were then performed to assess the expression of CDK4 mRNA and protein. The experiment demonstrated that the TCID50 of H1N1 in A549 cells was 10−4.75, the maximum non-toxic concentration of quercetin in A549 cells was 30–60 mg/l and the minimum effective concentration of quercetin for the inhibition of the H1N1 cytopathic effect on A549 cells was 10 mg/l. The results indicated that quercetin may significantly inhibit CDK4 mRNA and protein overexpression caused by H1N1 within 4–48 h. In conclusion, quercetin may protect against H1N1 infection by effectively reducing the mRNA and protein expression of CDK4 caused by H1N1 infection. PMID:24649026

Effect of Mangiferin and Mahanimbine on Glucose Utilization in 3T3-L1 cells.

PubMed

Kumar, B Dinesh; Krishnakumar, K; Jaganathan, Saravana Kumar; Mandal, Mahitosh

2013-01-01

Stem barks of Mangifera indica contain a rich content of mangiferin (xanthone glucoside), whereas Murraya koenigii leaves contain rich sources of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) and used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes. To investigate the effects of mangiferin (xanthone glucoside) and mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) on glucose utilization in 3T3-L1 cells. Mangiferin was isolated from stem barks of Mangifera indica and mahanimbine was isolated from Murraya koenigii leaves. These isolated compounds were subjected to MTT assay and glucose utilization test with 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment of the 3T3-L1 cells with mangiferin and mahanimbine increased the glucose utilization in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 1 mM, mangniferin showed 2-fold increase in glucose utilization compared with untreated control. In case of mahanimbine, the observed effect at 1 mM was almost equivalent to positive control (insulin at 1 μM). Moreover, MTT assay showed that both of these compounds were less toxic at a concentration of 1 mM (nearly 75% cells are viable). The present results indicated that these natural products (mangiferin and mahanimbine) exhibited potential ethnomedical uses in management of diabetes.

N(4)-[B-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan)methyl]-2'-deoxycytidine as a potential boron delivery agent with respect to glioblastoma.

PubMed

Uram, Łukasz; Nizioł, Joanna; Maj, Piotr; Sobich, Justyna; Rode, Wojciech; Ruman, Tomasz

2017-11-01

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a central nervous system tumor of grade IV, according to the WHO classification, extremely resistant to all currently used forms of therapy, including resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or combined therapy. Therefore, more effective treatment strategies of this tumor are needed, with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) being a potential solution, provided a proper cancer cells-targeted 10B delivery agent is found. In search of such an agent, toxicity and capacity to target DNA of a boronated derivative of 2'-deoxycytidine, N(4)-[B-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan)methyl]-2'-deoxycytidine (1), was tested against human tumor vs. normal cells. The present in vitro results revealed 1 to show low toxicity for human U-118 MG glioma cells (in the mM range) and even by 3-4 - fold lower against normal human fibroblasts. In accord, induction of apoptosis dependent on caspase-3 and caspase-7 was detected at high (>20mM) concentration of 1. Although demonstrated to be susceptible to phosphorylation by human deoxycytidine kinase and to undergo incorporation in cellular DNA, the boron analogue did not disturb cell proliferation when applied at non-toxic concentrations and showed low toxicity to a model metazoan organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, N(4)-[B-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan)methyl]-2'-deoxycytidine appears a promising candidate for a 10B delivery agent to be used in BNCT, with C. elegans indicated as a good model for in vivo studies. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Noncaloric Sweeteners Induce Peripheral Serotonin Secretion via the T1R3-Dependent Pathway in Human Gastric Parietal Tumor Cells (HGT-1).

PubMed

Zopun, Muhammet; Lieder, Barbara; Holik, Ann-Katrin; Ley, Jakop P; Hans, Joachim; Somoza, Veronika

2018-06-25

The role of sweet taste in energy intake and satiety regulation is still controversial. Noncaloric artificial sweeteners (NCSs) are thought to help reduce energy intake, although little is known about their impact on the satiating neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 5-HT regulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, both part of the complex network of mechanisms regulating food intake and satiety. This study demonstrated a stimulating impact compared to controls (100%) on 5-HT release in human gastric tumor cells (HGT-1) by the NCSs cyclamate (50 mM, 157% ± 6.3%), acesulfame potassium (Ace K, 50 mM, 197% ± 8.6%), saccharin (50 mM, 147% ± 6.7%), sucralose (50 mM, 194% ± 11%), and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC, 1 mM, 201% ± 13%). Although these effects were not associated with the sweet taste intensity of the NCSs tested, involvement of the sweet receptor subunit T1R3 in the NCS-evoked response was demonstrated by mRNA expression of TAS1R3, co-incubation experiments using the T1R3 receptor antagonist lactisole, and a TAS1R3 siRNA knockdown approach. Analysis of the downstream signaling revealed activation of the cAMP/ERK/Ca 2+ cascade. Co-treatment experiments with 10 mM glucose enhanced the 5-HT release induced by cyclamate, Ace K, saccharin, and sucralose, thereby supporting the enhancing effect of glucose on a NCS-mediated response. Overall, the results obtained identify NCSs as potent inducers of 5-HT release via T1R3 in human gastric parietal cells in culture and warrant in vivo studies to demonstrate their efficacy.

A theoretical study of the positive and dipositive ions of M(NH3)n and M(H2O)n for M = Mg, Ca, or Sr

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.; Sodupe, Mariona; Partridge, Harry

1992-01-01

The structure and binding energies are determined for many of the M(H2O)n(+) and M(H2O)n(2+) species, for n = 1-3 and M = Mg, Ca, or Sr. The trends are explained in terms of metal sp or sd-sigma hybridization and core polarization. The M(NH3)n(+) systems, with M = Mg or Sr, are also studied. For the positive ions, the low-lying excited states are also studied and compared with experiment. The calculations suggest an alternative interpretation of the SrNH3(+) spectrum.

Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B).

PubMed

Song, Daesub; Kim, Hyekwon; Na, Woonsung; Hong, Minki; Park, Seong-Jun; Moon, Hyoungjoon; Kang, Bokyu; Lyoo, Kwang-Soo; Yeom, Minjoo; Jeong, Dae Gwin; An, Dong-Jun; Kim, Jeong-Ki

2015-02-01

We investigated the infectivity and transmissibility of the human seasonal H3N2, pandemic (pdm) H1N1 (2009) and B influenza viruses in dogs. Dogs inoculated with human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses exhibited nasal shedding and were seroconverted against the viruses; this did not occur in the influenza B virus-inoculated dogs. Transmission of human H3N2 virus between dogs was demonstrated by observing nasal shedding and seroconversion in naïve dogs after contact with inoculated dogs. The seroprevalence study offered evidence of human H3N2 infection occurring in dogs since 2008. Furthermore, serological evidence of pdm H1N1 influenza virus infection alone and in combination with canine H3N2 virus was found in the serum samples collected from field dogs during 2010 and 2011. Our results suggest that dogs may be hosts for human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses. © 2015 The Authors.

Olfactory discrimination ability and brain expression of c-fos, Gir and Glut1 mRNA are altered in n-3 fatty acid-depleted rats.

PubMed

Hichami, Aziz; Datiche, Frédérique; Ullah, Sana; Liénard, Fabienne; Chardigny, Jean-Michel; Cattarelli, Martine; Khan, Naim Akhtar

2007-11-22

The long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are abundantly present in the central nervous system and play an important role in cognitive functions such as learning and memory. We, therefore, investigated the effects of n-3 PUFA-depletion in rats (F2 generation) on the learning of an olfactory discrimination task, progressively acquired within a four-arm maze, and on the mRNA expression of some candidate genes, i.e., c-fos, Gir and glucose transporter (Glut1), which could reflect the level of cerebral activity. We observed that DHA contents were dramatically decreased in the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex and the neocortex of n-3-depleted rats. Furthermore, the n-3 deficiency resulted in a mild olfactory learning impairment as these rats required more days to master the olfactory task compared to control rats. Real-time RT-PCR experiments revealed that the training induced the expression of c-fos mRNA in all the three regions of the brain whereas Gir and Glut1 mRNA were induced only in olfactory bulb and neocortex. However, such an increase was less marked in the n-3-deficient rats. Taken together, these results allow us to assume that the behavioural impairment in n-3-deficient rats is linked to the depletion of n-3 fatty acids in brain regions processing olfactory cues. Data are discussed in view of the possible role of some of these genes in learning-induced neuronal olfactory plasticity.

Microcoaxial torsional cataract surgery 1.8 mm versus 2.2 mm: functional and morphological assessment.

PubMed

Mastropasqua, Leonardo; Toto, Lisa; Vecchiarino, Luca; Di Nicola, Marta; Mastropasqua, Rodolfo

2011-01-01

To compare functional and morphological outcomes of 1.8-mm versus 2.2-mm microincision coaxial cataract surgery (MCCS). Thirty eyes of 30 patients that underwent MCCS were randomized to two groups: 1.8-mm MCCS (group 1: 15 eyes) and 2.2-mm MCCS (group 2: 15 eyes). There were no significant between-group differences in uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, keratometric astigmatism, and endothelial cell count. One day postoperatively, a greater increase of corneal thickness at the incision site was observed in group 1 compared to group 2 using anterior segment optical coherence tomography with no significant differences in tunnel morphometric features and confocal microscopy showed more tunnel edema in group 1 versus group 2 that resolved in both groups. Both 1.8- and 2.2-mm torsional MCCS were safe and efficient with easy surgical maneuvers and excellent functional and morphological results; 1.8-mm MCCS induced slightly greater tunnel edema shortly after surgery that resolved in the medium term. Copyright 2011, SLACK Incorporated.

SPECTRAL LINE SURVEY TOWARD THE YOUNG MASSIVE PROTOSTAR NGC 2264 CMM3 IN THE 4 mm, 3 mm, AND 0.8 mm BANDS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Watanabe, Yoshimasa; Sakai, Nami; López-Sepulcre, Ana

2015-08-20

Spectral line survey observations are conducted toward the high-mass protostar candidate NGC 2264 CMM3 in the 4, 3, and 0.8 mm bands with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) 10 m telescope. In total, 265 emission lines are detected in the 4 and 3 mm bands, and 74 emission lines in the 0.8 mm band. As a result, 36 molecular species and 30 isotopologues are identified. In addition to the fundamental molecular species, many emission lines of carbon-chain molecules such as HC{sub 5}N, C{sub 4}H, CCS, and C{sub 3}S are detected in the 4more » and 3 mm bands. Deuterated molecular species are also detected with relatively strong intensities. On the other hand, emission lines of complex organic molecules such as HCOOCH{sub 3} and CH{sub 3}OCH{sub 3} are found to be weak. For the molecules for which multiple transitions are detected, rotation temperatures are derived to be 7–33 K except for CH{sub 3}OH. Emission lines with high upper-state energies (E{sub u} > 150 K) are detected for CH{sub 3}OH, indicating the existence of a hot core. In comparison with the chemical composition of the Orion KL, carbon-chain molecules and deuterated molecules are found to be abundant in NGC 2264 CMM3, while sulfur-bearing species and complex organic molecules are deficient. These characteristics indicate the chemical youth of NGC 2264 CMM3 in spite of its location at the center of the cluster forming core, NGC 2264 C.« less

1,2-Dibenzyl and -Diaryltetradimethylamido-dimolybdenum and -Ditungsten Compounds: M2R2(NMe2)4 (M=M). Structural Effects of Me2N-to-M Alpha-Bonding.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-07

CHETCUTI, M H CHISHOLM. K FOLTING N00OON 79-C 00144 UNCL’ASS IF IED INDU/DC/TR-82/2-MC NL mh~hEhEEo. OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Contract No. N00014-79...ldo i, n,.aowy a"d Identf ’ mko.) ’ / a, From the reactions between RMgCI (R = CH C H and CH-p-tolyl) or LiR.(R C6H, ~~,-- ;n 6o5 C"-tolyl) (2euv . 6...ligands u-donate to metal atomic Availability Codes V Avail and/or D special 4 orbitals which would otherwise be available for mischevious M--- H -C

Structural and Magnetic Properties of M(mnt)(2) Salts (M = Ni, Pt, Cu) with a Ferrocene-Based Cation, [FcCH(2)N(CH(3))(3)](+). Interplay between M.M and M.S Intermolecular Interactions.

PubMed

Pullen, Anthony E.; Faulmann, Christophe; Pokhodnya, Konstantin I.; Cassoux, Patrick; Tokumoto, Madoka

1998-12-28

A series of metal bis-mnt complexes (mnt = 1,2-dithiolatomaleonitrile) with the trimethylammonium methylferrocene cation have been synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The complexes have the formulas (FcCH(2)NMe(3))[Ni(mnt)(2)] (2), (FcCH(2)NMe(3))[Pt(mnt)(2)] (3), and (FcCH(2)NMe(3))(2)[Cu(mnt)(2)] (4) (where Fc = ferrocene). At 300 K, the crystal structures of 1:1 complexes 2 and 3 are very similar. They consist of pairs of [M(mnt)(2)](-) in a slipped configuration packed in stacks. Each [M(mnt)(2)](-) stack is separated from adjacent stacks by two columns of cations. Within the pairs, the [M(mnt)(2)](-) anions interact via short M.S contacts, while there are no short contacts between the pairs. Complex 4, which has a 2:1 stoichiometry, exhibits a markedly different packing arrangement of the anionic units. Due to the special position of the Cu atom in the asymmetric unit cell, [Cu(mnt)(2)](2)(-) dianions are completely isolated from each other. The magnetic susceptibility behavior of the nickel complex is consistent with the presence of magnetically isolated, antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled [Ni(mnt)(2)](-) pairs with the AF exchange parameter, J = -840 cm(-)(1). The platinum complex undergoes an endothermic structural phase transition (T(p)) at 247 K. Below T(p) its structure is characterized by the formation of magnetically isolated [Pt(mnt)(2)](2)(2)(-) dimers in an eclipsed configuration with short Pt.Pt and S.S contacts between monomers. In the magnetic properties, the structural changes reveal themselves as an abrupt susceptibility drop implying a substantial increase of the AF exchange parameter. A mechanism of the phase transition in the platinum compound is proposed. For compound 4, paramagnetic behavior is observed.

Design, synthesis, and anti-HIV-1 activity of 1-aromatic methyl-substituted 3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil and N-3,5-dimethylbenzyl-substituted urea derivatives.

PubMed

Sakakibara, Norikazu; Baba, Masanori; Okamoto, Mika; Toyama, Masaaki; Demizu, Yosuke; Misawa, Takashi; Kurihara, Masaaki; Irie, Kohji; Kato, Yoshihisa; Maruyama, Tokumi

2015-02-01

A new series of 1-aromatic methyl-substituted 3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil and N-3,5-dimethylbenzyl-substituted urea derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A series of new 6-azido and 6-amino derivatives of 1-substituted-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracils were synthesized using our previously reported method, and three acyclic derivatives were synthesized from urea. The anti-HIV-1 activities of these compounds were determined based on the inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were evaluated using the viability of mock-infected cells. Some of these compounds showed good-to-moderate activities against HIV-1 with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in the submicromolar or subnanomolar range. Compared with emivirine, compound 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil showed significant anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC50 value of 10 nM and a high selectivity index of 1923. Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies and molecular modeling analyses were carried out to explore the major interactions between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the potent inhibitor 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil; these results may be important for further development of this class of compounds as anti-HIV-1 agents. The excellent activity of 6-amino-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)uracil (EC50: 0.010 ± 0.006 µM, SI: >1923) may serve as the basis for conducting further investigations on the behavior of this class of compounds against drug-resistant mutants. © The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Structure of human IFIT1 with capped RNA reveals adaptable mRNA binding and mechanisms for sensing N1 and N2 ribose 2′-O methylations

PubMed Central

Laudenbach, Beatrice Theres; Martínez-Montero, Saúl; Cencic, Regina; Habjan, Matthias; Pichlmair, Andreas; Damha, Masad J.; Pelletier, Jerry; Nagar, Bhushan

2017-01-01

IFIT1 (IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats-1) is an effector of the host innate immune antiviral response that prevents propagation of virus infection by selectively inhibiting translation of viral mRNA. It relies on its ability to compete with the translation initiation factor eIF4F to specifically recognize foreign capped mRNAs, while remaining inactive against host mRNAs marked by ribose 2′-O methylation at the first cap-proximal nucleotide (N1). We report here several crystal structures of RNA-bound human IFIT1, including a 1.6-Å complex with capped RNA. IFIT1 forms a water-filled, positively charged RNA-binding tunnel with a separate hydrophobic extension that unexpectedly engages the cap in multiple conformations (syn and anti) giving rise to a relatively plastic and nonspecific mode of binding, in stark contrast to eIF4E. Cap-proximal nucleotides encircled by the tunnel provide affinity to compete with eIF4F while allowing IFIT1 to select against N1 methylated mRNA. Gel-shift binding assays confirm that N1 methylation interferes with IFIT1 binding, but in an RNA-dependent manner, whereas translation assays reveal that N1 methylation alone is not sufficient to prevent mRNA recognition at high IFIT1 concentrations. Structural and functional analysis show that 2′-O methylation at N2, another abundant mRNA modification, is also detrimental for RNA binding, thus revealing a potentially synergistic role for it in self- versus nonself-mRNA discernment. Finally, structure-guided mutational analysis confirms the importance of RNA binding for IFIT1 restriction of a human coronavirus mutant lacking viral N1 methylation. Our structural and biochemical analysis sheds new light on the molecular basis for IFIT1 translational inhibition of capped viral RNA. PMID:28251928

Antimycobacterial activity of new N(1)-[1-[1-aryl-3-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-oxo]propyl]-pyridine-2-carboxamidrazone derivatives.

PubMed

Zampieri, Daniele; Mamolo, Maria Grazia; Vio, Luciano; Romano, Maurizio; Skoko, Nataša; Baralle, Marco; Pau, Valentina; De Logu, Alessandro

2016-07-15

N(1)-[1-[1-aryl-3-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-oxo]propyl]-pyridine-2-carboxamidrazone derivatives were design, synthesized and tested for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity. The new compounds showed a moderate antimycobacterial activity against the tested strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and a significant antimycobacterial activity against several mycobacteria other than tuberculosis strains. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental infection of clade 1.1.2 (H5N1), clade 2.3.2.1c (H5N1) and clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in dogs.

PubMed

Lyoo, K S; Na, W; Phan, L V; Yoon, S W; Yeom, M; Song, D; Jeong, D G

2017-12-01

Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Asia, the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of this virus lineage has continued to evolve in avian populations, and H5N1 lineage viruses now circulate concurrently worldwide. Dogs may act as an intermediate host, increasing the potential for zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses. Virus transmission and pathologic changes in HPAI clade 1.1.2 (H5N1)-, 2.3.2.1c (H5N1)- and 2.3.4.4 (H5N6)-infected dogs were investigated. Mild respiratory signs and antibody response were shown in dogs intranasally infected with the viruses. Lung histopathology showed lesions that were associated with moderate interstitial pneumonia in the infected dogs. In this study, HPAI H5N6 virus replication in dogs was demonstrated for the first time. Dogs have been suspected as a "mixing vessel" for reassortments between avian and human influenza viruses to occur. The replication of these three subtypes of the H5 lineage of HPAI viruses in dogs suggests that dogs could serve as intermediate hosts for avian-human influenza virus reassortment if they are also co-infected with human influenza viruses. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

An AzTEC 1.1mm Survey of a Highly-biased Extragalactic Field Tracing Accelerated Galaxy Formation at z 3.8 towards 4C41.17

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hughes, David; Ade, P. A.; Aretxaga, I.; Austermann, J.; Bock, J. J.; Dunlop, J.; Gaztanagal, E.; Ivison, R.; Kang, Y.; Kim, S.; Lowenthal, J.; Mauskopf, P.; Montana, A.; Plionis, M.; Scott, K.; Smail, I.; Stevens, J.; Wagg, J.; Wilson, G.; Yun, M.

2006-12-01

Aztec has recently conducted a sensitive, wide-area (300 sq. arcmin's) continuum survey at 1.1mm using the 15-m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope towards 4C41.17, a powerful high-redshift (z 3.8) radio galaxy. These Aztec data, which cover an area >40 times larger than our previous SCUBA survey, reveal a significant over-density of luminous, massive dust-enshrouded galaxies, compared to the results from lower-redshift blank-field sub-mm surveys. One natural interpretation of these new AzTEC data is that the over-density is tracing a large (5 x 5 Mpc) "proto-cluster" structure at z 3.8 associated with the environment of 4C41.17, within which the formation of ultra-luminous starburst galaxies (with rest-frame FIR luminosities >5 x 10^12 Lsun or SFRs > 500 Msun/yr) is taking place at an accelerated rate. Proving the physical association of these massive optically-faint starbursts with the environment of this high-z AGN, and not with the blank-field sub-mm population, for which 50% of the population lies at 1.9 < z < 2.9, remains an outstanding problem. In this presentation we will describe the AzTEC survey, the empirical evidence for this protocluster structure in the early universe, and the planned multi-wavelength follow-up observations of the brightest AzTEC sources towards 4C41.17 that may demonstrate that we are witnessing accelerated galaxy formation, via an increased rate of merging gas-rich galaxies within a rapidly-developing gravitational potential. AzTEC is one of the suite of instruments destined for the 50-m Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). We will conclude this presentation with a summary of future LMT observations that will trace the evolution of obscured starformation in the dynamic environments towards a significant sample of intermediate and high-z powerful AGN with greater sensitivity and spatial resolution.

Design and syntheses of novel N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione and N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as potent protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors.

PubMed

Jiang, Li-Li; Zuo, Yang; Wang, Zhi-Fang; Tan, Yin; Wu, Qiong-You; Xi, Zhen; Yang, Guang-Fu

2011-06-08

Discovery of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitors has been one of the hottest research areas in the field of herbicide development for many years. As a continuation of our research work on the development of new PPO-inhibiting herbicides, a series of novel N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-diones (1a-p) and N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)isoindoline-1,3-diones (2a-h) were designed and synthesized according to the ring-closing strategy of two ortho-substituents. The bioassay results indicated that some newly synthesized compounds exhibited higher PPO inhibition activity than the control of sulfentrazone. Compound 1a, S-(5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-6-fluorobenzothiazol-2-yl) O-methyl carbonothioate, was identified as the most potent inhibitor with k(i) value of 0.08 μM, about 9 times higher than that of sulfentrazone (k(i) = 0.72 μM). Further green house assay showed that compound 1b, methyl 2-((5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-6-fluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)thio)acetate, exhibited herbicidal activity comparable to that of sulfentrazone even at a concentration of 37.5 g ai/ha. In addition, among six tested crops, wheat exhibited high tolerance to compound 1b even at a dosage of 300 g ai/ha. These results indicated that compound 1b might have the potential to be developed as a new herbicide for weed control of wheat field.

Calcium release and its voltage dependence in frog cut muscle fibers equilibrated with 20 mM EGTA

PubMed Central

1995-01-01

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca release was studied at 13-16 degrees C in cut fibers (sarcomere length, 3.4-3.9 microns) mounted in a double Vaseline-gap chamber. The amplitude and duration of the action- potential stimulated free [Ca] transient were reduced by equilibration with end-pool solutions that contained 20 mM EGTA with 1.76 mM Ca and 0.63 mM phenol red, a maneuver that appeared to markedly reduce the amount of Ca complexed by troponin. A theoretical analysis shows that, under these conditions, the increase in myoplasmic free [Ca] is expected to be restricted to within a few hundred nanometers of the SR Ca release sites and to have a time course that essentially matches that of release. Furthermore, almost all of the Ca that is released from the SR is expected to be rapidly bound by EGTA and exchanged for protons with a 1:2 stoichiometry. Consequently, the time course of SR Ca release can be estimated by scaling the delta pH signal measured with phenol red by -beta/2. The value of beta, the buffering power of myoplasm, was determined in fibers equilibrated with a combination of EGTA, phenol red, and fura-2; its mean value was 22 mM/pH unit. The Ca content of the SR (expressed as myoplasmic concentration) was estimated from the total amount of Ca released by either a train of action potentials or a depleting voltage step; its mean value was 2,685 microM in the action-potential experiments and 2,544 microM in the voltage- clamp experiments. An action potential released, on average, 0.14 of the SR Ca content with a peak rate of release of approximately 5%/ms. A second action potential, elicited 20 ms later, released only 0.6 times as much Ca (expressed as a fraction of the SR content), probably because Ca inactivation of Ca release was produced by the first action potential. During a depolarizing voltage step to 60 mV, the rate of Ca release rapidly increased to a peak value of approximately 3%/ms and then decreased to a quasi-steady level that was only 0

Prognostic factors in clinical T1N0M0 thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the muscularis mucosa or submucosa.

PubMed

Uchinami, Yusuke; Myojin, Miyako; Takahashi, Hiroaki; Harada, Keiichi; Shimizu, Shinichi; Hosokawa, Masao

2016-06-21

Multimodality treatment is widely performed for clinical T1N0M0 (UICC-TNM classification, 7th edition) thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but available articles regarding treatment results are limited. This study assessed the outcomes of clinical T1N0M0 thoracic ESCC invading the muscularis mucosa (MM) or submucosa (SM) treated with radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 90 patients with clinical T1N0M0 thoracic ESCC treated with RT or CRT in our hospital in 2004-2011. Of these 90 patients, we analyzed the cases of 71 patients who met our inclusion criteria. All 71 patients had MM or SM cancer. In the 47 patients treated with CRT, the chemotherapy regimen of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus cisplatin (CDDP) was used for 46 patients and 5-FU and nedaplatin was used for one patient. Forty-five patients underwent endoscopic resection (ER) followed by RT or CRT as an additional treatment. Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) was used in 39 patients. For all analyses, statistical significance was defined as 0.05, and the Bonferroni correction was used for the multivariate analysis. The median age was 70 years (range 47-84). With a median follow-up of 43.6 months (range 1.5-124.2), the 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 64.0, 72.8 and 50.0 %, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that performance status (PS) was an independent prognostic factors for DSS and DFS (DSS, p < 0.001; DFS, p < 0.001). Chemotherapy in addition to RT showed a trend for better DSS (p = 0.032) but was not significant following Bonferroni correction. ER and ENI were not significant predictive factors for DSS and DFS. PS was an independent prognostic factor for DSS and DFS. ER and ENI had no significant relationship with DSS or DFS. The present results may be helpful in treatment decisions for clinical T1N0M0 thoracic ESCC.

Docosahexaneoic acid (22:6,n-3) regulates rat hepatocyte SREBP-1 nuclear abundance by Erk- and 26S proteasome-dependent pathways

PubMed Central

Botolin, Daniela; Wang, Yun; Christian, Barbara; Jump, Donald B.

2009-01-01

Insulin induces and dietary n-3 PUFAs suppress hepatic de novo lipogenesis by controlling sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 nuclear abundance (nSREBP-1). Our goal was to define the mechanisms involved in this regulatory process. Insulin treatment of rat primary hepatocytes rapidly augments nSREBP-1 and mRNASREBP-1c while suppressing mRNAInsig-2 but not mRNAInsig-1. These events are preceded by rapid but transient increases in Akt and Erk phosphorylation. Removal of insulin from hepatocytes leads to a rapid decline in nSREBP-1 [half-time (T1/2) ~ 10 h] that is abrogated by inhibitors of 26S proteasomal degradation. 22:6,n-3, the major n-3 PUFA accumulating in livers of fish oil-fed rats, suppresses hepatocyte levels of nSREBP-1, mRNASREBP-1c, and mRNAInsig-2 but modestly and transiently induces mRNAInsig-1. More importantly, 22:6,n-3 accelerates the disappearance of hepatocyte nSREBP-1 (T1/2 ~ 4 h) through a 26S proteasome-dependent process. 22:6,n-3 has minimal effects on microsomal SREBP-1 and sterol-regulatory element binding protein cleavage-activating protein or nuclear SREBP-2. 22:6,n-3 transiently inhibits insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation but induces Erk phosphorylation. Inhibitors of Erk phosphorylation, but not overexpressed constitutively active Akt, rapidly attenuate 22:6,n-3 suppression of nSREBP-1. Thus, 22:6,n-3 suppresses hepatocyte nSREBP-1 through 26S proteasome- and Erk-dependent pathways. These studies reveal a novel mechanism for n-3 PUFA regulation of hepatocyte nSREBP-1 and lipid metabolism.—Botolin, D., Y. Wang, B. Christian, and D. B. Jump. Docosahexaneoic acid (22:6,n-3) regulates rat hepatocyte SREBP-1 nuclear abundance by Erk- and 26S proteasome-dependent pathways. PMID:16222032

Effect of neoclassical poloidal viscosity and resonant magnetic perturbation on the response of the m/n=1/1 magnetic island in LHD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Botsz, Huang; Satake, Shinsuke; Kanno, Ryutaro; Narushima, Yoshiro; Sakakibara, Satoru; Ohdachi, Satoshi

2014-10-01

In the LHD experiments in which m/n = 1/1 resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) amplitude is ramped up, it is observed that the perturbed field is initially shielded, and when the amplitude exceeds a threshold value, the field penetrates into the plasma and m/n/ = 1/1 magnetic island appears. It is also found that the threshold amplitude depends on the magnetic field configuration of LHD, that is, on the magnetic axis position. It is expected that the poloidal force balance between the electromagnetic force and the drug force from poloidal rotation determines the threshold of island formation. Since neoclassical poloidal viscosity (NPV) in LHD strongly depends on the magnetic axis position, we investigate the relationship between NPV and the threshold amplitude of m/n = 1/1 RMP to penetrate by using drift-kinetic simulation code FORTEC-3D. ExB poloidal rotation determined from the ambipolar radial flux condition is taken into account in the evaluation of NPV. We mainly focus on the situation that the external magnetic perturbation is compensated by the plasma response and therefore the effect of RMP on the total NPV is shielded. However, by using a simple model to express the penetrated magnetic perturbation, we will also study the dependence of NPV on the RMP amplitude.

Final report on the torque key komparison CCM.T-K1.2 measurand torque: 0 N.m, 500 N.m, 1000 N.m

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Röske, Dirk

2015-01-01

The purpose of the CIPM subsequent bilateral comparison CCM.T-K1.2 was to link another participant, namely the National Institute of Metrology (Thailand), in short NIMT, to the CCM.T-K1 torque key comparison. The measuring capabilities up to 1000 N.m of dead-weight torque standard machines with supported lever were investigated. The pilot laboratory was the same in both comparisons—it was the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig, Germany). The same two very stable torque transducers with well-known properties were used as travelling standards. The measurements at the participating laboratory were carried out between November 2007 and February 2008. According to the technical protocol, torque steps of 500 N.m and 1000 N.m had to be measured both in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Corrections had to be applied to the results reported by the participants taking into account the use of different amplifiers, the creep (due to different loading times of the machines) and the environmental conditions in the laboratories (temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air). The results of the pilot laboratory in this bilateral comparison are in very good agreement with the same results obtained in the CCM.T-K1 comparison. For each of the transducers, the two torque steps and both senses of direction of the torque vector, the key comparison reference value of the CCM.T-K1 was taken, and the results of participant NIMT were calculated with respect to these values. The agreement between the results is very good. The smallest expanded (k = 2) relative uncertainty of the machine stated by the participant is 1 × 10-4. The results of the comparison support this uncertainty statement. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by CCM, according

Apolipoprotein M can discriminate HNF1A-MODY from Type 1 diabetes.

PubMed

Mughal, S A; Park, R; Nowak, N; Gloyn, A L; Karpe, F; Matile, H; Malecki, M T; McCarthy, M I; Stoffel, M; Owen, K R

2013-02-01

Missed diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has led to an interest in biomarkers that enable efficient prioritization of patients for definitive molecular testing. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was suggested as a biomarker for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)-MODY because of its reduced expression in Hnf1a(-/-) mice. However, subsequent human studies examining apoM as a biomarker have yielded conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate apoM as a biomarker for HNF1A-MODY using a highly specific and sensitive ELISA. ApoM concentration was measured in subjects with HNF1A-MODY (n = 69), Type 1 diabetes (n = 50), Type 2 diabetes (n = 120) and healthy control subjects (n = 100). The discriminative accuracy of apoM and of the apoM/HDL ratio for diabetes aetiology was evaluated. Mean (standard deviation) serum apoM concentration (μmol/l) was significantly lower for subjects with HNF1A-MODY [0.86 (0.29)], than for those with Type 1 diabetes [1.37 (0.26), P = 3.1 × 10(-18) ) and control subjects [1.34 (0.22), P = 7.2 × 10(-19) ). There was no significant difference in apoM concentration between subjects with HNF1A-MODY and Type 2 diabetes [0.89 (0.28), P = 0.13]. The C-statistic measure of discriminative accuracy for apoM was 0.91 for HNF1A-MODY vs. Type 1 diabetes, indicating high discriminative accuracy. The apoM/HDL ratio was significantly lower in HNF1A-MODY than other study groups. However, this ratio did not perform well in discriminating HNF1A-MODY from either Type 1 diabetes (C-statistic = 0.79) or Type 2 diabetes (C-statistic = 0.68). We confirm an earlier report that serum apoM levels are lower in HNF1A-MODY than in controls. Serum apoM provides good discrimination between HNF1A-MODY and Type 1 diabetes and warrants further investigation for clinical utility in diabetes diagnostics. © 2012 The Authors. Diabetic Medicine © 2012 Diabetes UK.

IR Spectra of n-Bu4M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), n-BuAuPPh3-d15, and "n-Bu" on a Gold Surface.

PubMed

Kaleta, Jiří; Bednárová, Lucie; Čížková, Martina; Wen, Jin; Kaletová, Eva; Michl, Josef

2017-06-22

Observed and DFT-calculated IR spectra of n-Bu 4 M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 13 CD 2 ) 4 Sn, and n-BuAuPPh 3 -d 15 are reported and assigned. The asymmetric CH stretching vibration of the CH 2 group adjacent to the metal atom appears as a distinct shoulder at ∼2934 cm -1 , whereas for other CH 2 groups it is located at ∼2922 cm -1 . The characteristic peak at ∼2899 cm -1 is attributed to an overtone of a symmetric CH 2 bend at ∼1445 cm -1 . In n-BuAuPPh 3 -d 15 , the CH stretching vibrations of the butyl group are shifted to lower frequencies by ∼10 cm -1 , and two possible rationalizations are offered.

Disruption of mTORC1 in Macrophages Decreases Chemokine Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis

PubMed Central

Ai, Ding; Jiang, Hongfeng; Westerterp, Marit; Murphy, Andrew J.; Wang, Mi; Ganda, Anjali; Abramowicz, Sandra; Welch, Carrie; Almazan, Felicidad; Zhu, Yi; Miller, Yury I; Tall, Alan R.

2014-01-01

Rationale The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin, has been shown to decrease atherosclerosis, even while increasing plasma LDL levels. This suggests an anti-atherogenic effect possibly mediated by modulation of inflammatory responses in atherosclerotic plaques. Objective To assess the role of macrophage mTORC1 in atherogenesis. Methods and Results We transplanted bone marrow from mice in which a key mTORC1 adaptor, Raptor, was deleted in macrophages by Cre/loxP recombination (Mac-RapKO mice) into Ldlr-/- mice and then fed them the Western-type diet (WTD). Atherosclerotic lesions from Mac-RapKO mice showed decreased infiltration of macrophages, lesion size and chemokine gene expression compared with control mice. Treatment of macrophages with minimally modified LDL (mmLDL) resulted in increased levels of chemokine mRNAs and STAT3 phosphorylation; these effects were reduced in Mac-RapKO macrophages. While wild-type and Mac-RapKO macrophages showed similar STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705, Mac-RapKO macrophages showed decreased STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in response to mmLDL treatment and decreased Ccl2 promoter binding of STAT3. Conclusions The results demonstrate cross-talk between nutritionally-induced mTORC1 signaling and mmLDL-mediated inflammatory signaling via combinatorial phosphorylation of STAT3 in macrophages, leading to increased STAT3 activity on the CCL2 (MCP-1)promoter with pro-atherogenic consequences. PMID:24687132

Modelling and performance of Nb SIS mixers in the 1.3 mm and 0.8 mm bands

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Karpov, A.; Carter, M.; Lazareff, B.; Billon-Pierron, D.; Gundlach, K. H.

1992-01-01

We describe the modeling and subsequent improvements of SIS waveguide mixers for the 200-270 and 330-370 GHz bands (Blundell, Carter, and Gundlach 1988, Carter et al 1991). These mixers are constructed for use in receivers on IRAM radiotelescopes on Pico Veleta (Spain, Sierra Nevada) and Plateau de Bure (French Alps), and must meet specific requirements. The standard reduced height waveguide structure with suspended stripline is first analyzed and a model is validated through comparison with scale model and working scale measurements. In the first step, the intrinsic limitations of the standard mixer structure are identified, and the parameters are optimized bearing in mind the radioastronomical applications. In the second step, inductive tuning of the junctions is introduced and optimized for minimum noise and maximum bandwidth. In the 1.3 mm band, a DSB receiver temperature of less than 110 K (minimum 80 K) is measured from 180 through 260 GHz. In the 0.8 mm band, a DSB receiver temperature of less than 250 K (minimum 175 K) is obtained between 325 and 355 GHz. All these results are obtained with room-temperature optics and a 4 GHz IF chain having a 500 MHz bandwidth and a noise temperature of 14 K.

Phase II randomized study of trabectedin given as two different every 3 weeks dose schedules (1.5 mg/m2 24 h or 1.3 mg/m2 3 h) to patients with relapsed, platinum-sensitive, advanced ovarian cancer.

PubMed

Del Campo, J M; Roszak, A; Bidzinski, M; Ciuleanu, T E; Hogberg, T; Wojtukiewicz, M Z; Poveda, A; Boman, K; Westermann, A M; Lebedinsky, C

2009-11-01

This randomized, open-label, phase II clinical trial evaluated the optimal regimen of trabectedin administered every 3 weeks in patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed, advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). Patients previously treated with less than two or two previous chemotherapy lines were randomized to receive trabectedin 1.5 mg/m(2) 24 h (arm A, n = 54) or 1.3 mg/m(2) 3 h (arm B, n = 53). Objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST was the primary efficacy end point. Toxic effects were graded according to the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria v. 2.0. ORR was 38.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 25.9% to 53.1%; arm A] and 35.8% (95% CI 23.1% to 50.2%; arm B) (intention-to-treat primary analysis). Median time to progression was 6.2 months (95% CI 5.3-8.6 months; arm A) and 6.8 months (95% CI 4.6-7.4 months; arm B). Frequent severe adverse events were nausea/vomiting (24%, arm A; 15%, arm B) and fatigue (15%, arm A; 10%, arm B). Common severe laboratory abnormalities were transient, noncumulative neutropenia (55%, arm A; 37%, arm B) and transaminase increases (alanine aminotransferase, 55%, arm A; 59%, arm B). Both every-3-weeks trabectedin regimes, 1.5 mg/m(2) 24 h and 1.3 mg/m(2) 3 h, were active and reasonably well tolerated in AOC platinum-sensitive patients. Trabectedin every-3-weeks has promising activity and deserves to be further evaluated in relapsed AOC.

Multiplex RT-PCR assay for differentiating European swine influenza virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2.

PubMed

Chiapponi, Chiara; Moreno, Ana; Barbieri, Ilaria; Merenda, Marianna; Foni, Emanuela

2012-09-01

In Europe, three major swine influenza viral (SIV) subtypes (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2) have been isolated in pigs. Developing a test that is able to detect and identify the subtype of the circulating strain rapidly during an outbreak of respiratory disease in the pig population is of essential importance. This study describes two multiplex RT-PCRs which distinguish the haemagglutinin (HA) gene and the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the three major subtypes of SIV circulating in Europe. The HA PCR was able to identify the lineage (avian or human) of the HA of H1 subtypes. The analytical sensitivity of the test, considered to be unique, was assessed using three reference viruses. The detection limit corresponded to 1×10(-1) TCID(50)/200μl for avian-like H1N1, 1×10(0) TCID(50)/200μl for human-like H1N2 and 1×10(1) TCID(50)/200μl for H3N2 SIV. The multiplex RT-PCR was first carried out on a collection of 70 isolated viruses showing 100% specificity and then on clinical samples, from which viruses had previously been isolated, resulting in an 89% positive specificity of the viral subtype. Finally, the test was able to identify the viral subtype correctly in 56% of influenza A positive samples, from which SIV had not been isolated previously. It was also possible to identify mixed viral infections and the circulation of a reassortant strain before performing genomic studies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular basis for the toxin insensitivity of scorpion voltage-gated potassium channel MmKv1.

PubMed

Zhang, Chuangeng; Xie, Zili; Li, Xinxin; Chen, Jing; Feng, Jing; Lang, Yange; Yang, Weishan; Li, Wenxin; Chen, Zongyun; Yao, Jing; Cao, Zhijian; Wu, Yingliang

2016-05-01

Scorpions are insensitive to their own venoms, which contain various neurotoxins specific for mammalian or insect ion channels, whose molecular mechanism remains unsolved. Using MmKv1, a potassium channel identified from the genome of the scorpion Mesobuthus martensii, channel kinetic experiments showed that MmKv1 was a classical voltage-gated potassium channel with a voltage-dependent fast activation and slow inactivation. Compared with the human Kv1.3 channel (hKv1.3), the MmKv1 channel exhibited a remarkable insensitivity to both scorpion venom and toxin. The chimaeric channels of MmKv1 and hKv1.3 revealed that both turret and filter regions of the MmKv1 channel were critical for the toxin insensitivity of MmKv1. Furthermore, mutagenesis of the chimaeric channel indicated that two basic residues (Arg(399) and Lys(403)) in the MmKv1 turret region and Arg(425) in the MmKv1 filter region significantly affected its toxin insensitivity. Moreover, when these three basic residues of MmKv1 were simultaneously substituted with the corresponding residues from hKv1.3, the MmKv1-R399T/K403S/R425H mutant channels exhibited similar sensitivity to both scorpion venom and toxin to hKv1.3, which revealed the determining role of these three basic residues in the toxin insensitivity of the MmKv1 channel. More strikingly, a similar triad sequence structure is present in all Shaker-like channels from venomous invertebrates, which suggested a possible convergent functional evolution of these channels to enable them to resist their own venoms. Together, these findings first illustrate the mechanism by which scorpions are insensitive to their own venoms at the ion channel receptor level and enrich our knowledge of the insensitivity of scorpions and other venomous animals to their own venoms. © 2016 The Author(s). published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.

mTORC1 activity repression by late endosomal phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate.

PubMed

Marat, Andrea L; Wallroth, Alexander; Lo, Wen-Ting; Müller, Rainer; Norata, Giuseppe Danilo; Falasca, Marco; Schultz, Carsten; Haucke, Volker

2017-06-02

Nutrient sensing by mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes and late endosomes (LyLEs) regulates cell growth. Many factors stimulate mTORC1 activity, including the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P 3 ] by class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) at the plasma membrane. We investigated mechanisms that repress mTORC1 under conditions of growth factor deprivation. We identified phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P 2 ], synthesized by class II PI3K β (PI3KC2β) at LyLEs, as a negative regulator of mTORC1, whereas loss of PI3KC2β hyperactivated mTORC1. Growth factor deprivation induced the association of PI3KC2β with the Raptor subunit of mTORC1. Local PI(3,4)P 2 synthesis triggered repression of mTORC1 activity through association of Raptor with inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins. These results unravel an unexpected function for local PI(3,4)P 2 production in shutting off mTORC1. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The existence and gas phase acidity of the HAlnF3n+1 superacids (n = 1-4)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Czapla, Marcin; Skurski, Piotr

2015-06-01

Novel strong superacids are proposed and investigated on the basis of ab initio calculations. The gas phase acidity of the HAlF4, HAl2F7, and HAl3F10 systems evaluated by the estimation of the Gibbs free energies of their deprotonation reactions were found significant and comparable to the corresponding value characterizing the HTaF6, whereas the strength of the HAl4F13 acid was predicted to exceed that of the HSbF6 acid (the strongest liquid superacid recognized). The deprotonation energies of the HAlnF3n+1 acids (n = 1-4) turned out to be closely related to the electronic stabilities of their corresponding (AlnF3n+1)- anions.

The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC 6334I-MM1: Emergence of Strong 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hunter, T. R.; Brogan, C. L.; MacLeod, G. C.; Cyganowski, C. J.; Chibueze, J. O.; Friesen, R.; Hirota, T.; Smits, D. P.; Chandler, C. J.; Indebetouw, R.

2018-02-01

We report the first sub-arcsecond VLA imaging of 6 GHz continuum, methanol maser, and excited-state hydroxyl maser emission toward the massive protostellar cluster NGC 6334I following the recent 2015 outburst in (sub)millimeter continuum toward MM1, the strongest (sub)millimeter source in the protocluster. In addition to detections toward the previously known 6.7 GHz Class II methanol maser sites in the hot core MM2 and the UCHII region MM3 (NGC 6334F), we find new maser features toward several components of MM1, along with weaker features ∼1″ north, west, and southwest of MM1, and toward the nonthermal radio continuum source CM2. None of these areas have heretofore exhibited Class II methanol maser emission in three decades of observations. The strongest MM1 masers trace a dust cavity, while no masers are seen toward the strongest dust sources MM1A, 1B, and 1D. The locations of the masers are consistent with a combination of increased radiative pumping due to elevated dust grain temperature following the outburst, the presence of infrared photon propagation cavities, and the presence of high methanol column densities as indicated by ALMA images of thermal transitions. The nonthermal radio emission source CM2 (2″ north of MM1) also exhibits new maser emission from the excited 6.035 and 6.030 GHz OH lines. Using the Zeeman effect, we measure a line-of-sight magnetic field of +0.5 to +3.7 mG toward CM2. In agreement with previous studies, we also detect numerous methanol and excited OH maser spots toward the UCHII region MM3, with predominantly negative line-of-sight magnetic field strengths of ‑2 to ‑5 mG and an intriguing south–north field reversal.

catena-Poly[[[triaqua­sulfatozinc(II)]-μ-3,3′-bis­(3-pyrid­yl)-1,1′-(m-phenyl­ene)diurea] methanol solvate monohydrate

PubMed Central

Adarsh, N. N.; Dastidar, Parthasarathi

2010-01-01

In the title coordination polymer, {[Zn(SO4)(C18H16N6O2)(H2O)3]·CH3OH·H2O}n, the Zn2+ ion adopts a slightly distorted cis-ZnN2O4 octa­hedral geometry arising from three coordinated water mol­ecules, one sulfate ion and two bridging 3,3′-bis­(3-pyrid­yl)-1,1′-(m-phenyl­ene)diurea (bpmpbu) ligands. The dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and two terminal pyridine rings of the bpmbpu mol­ecule are 10.58 (17) and 34.63 (16)°. In the crystal, the ligands bridge the ZnII ions, thus generating a one-dimensional zigzag coordination polymer propagating in [010]. The crystal structure features extensive N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. PMID:21580512

Teaching Evolutionary Mechanisms: Genetic Drift and M&M's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Staub, Nancy L.

2002-01-01

Describes a classroom activity that teaches the mechanism of genetic drift to undergraduates. Illustrates a number of concepts that are critical in developing evolution literacy by sampling M&M milk chocolate candies. (MM)

Mineralogic Model (MM3.0) Analysis Model Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

C. Lum

2002-02-12

The purpose of this report is to document the Mineralogic Model (MM), Version 3.0 (MM3.0) with regard to data input, modeling methods, assumptions, uncertainties, limitations and validation of the model results, qualification status of the model, and the differences between Version 3.0 and previous versions. A three-dimensional (3-D) Mineralogic Model was developed for Yucca Mountain to support the analyses of hydrologic properties, radionuclide transport, mineral health hazards, repository performance, and repository design. Version 3.0 of the MM was developed from mineralogic data obtained from borehole samples. It consists of matrix mineral abundances as a function of x (easting), y (northing),more » and z (elevation), referenced to the stratigraphic framework defined in Version 3.1 of the Geologic Framework Model (GFM). The MM was developed specifically for incorporation into the 3-D Integrated Site Model (ISM). The MM enables project personnel to obtain calculated mineral abundances at any position, within any region, or within any stratigraphic unit in the model area. The significance of the MM for key aspects of site characterization and performance assessment is explained in the following subsections. This work was conducted in accordance with the Development Plan for the MM (CRWMS M&O 2000). The planning document for this Rev. 00, ICN 02 of this AMR is Technical Work Plan, TWP-NBS-GS-000003, Technical Work Plan for the Integrated Site Model, Process Model Report, Revision 01 (CRWMS M&O 2000). The purpose of this ICN is to record changes in the classification of input status by the resolution of the use of TBV software and data in this report. Constraints and limitations of the MM are discussed in the appropriate sections that follow. The MM is one component of the ISM, which has been developed to provide a consistent volumetric portrayal of the rock layers, rock properties, and mineralogy of the Yucca Mountain site. The ISM consists of three components

40 CFR 721.10187 - 4-Morpholinepropanamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-morpholinepropanamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)- (PMN P-05-186, Chemical A; CAS No. 1003863-30-6) is subject to... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 4-Morpholinepropanamine, N-(1,3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10187 4-Morpholinepropanamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)-. (a) Chemical...

A new series of mixed oxalates MM'(C 2O 4) 3(H 2O) 3· nH 2O (M = Cd, Hg, Pb; M' = Zr, Hf) based on eight-fold coordinated metals: Synthesis, crystal structure from single-crystal and powder diffraction data and thermal behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gavilan, Elisabeth; Audebrand, Nathalie; Jeanneau, Erwann

2007-11-01

A new series of mixed oxalates MM'(C 2O 4) 3(H 2O) 3· nH 2O (M = Cd, Hg, Pb; M' = Zr, Hf) has been prepared. The crystal structures have been solved from single-crystal and powder diffraction data. The isotypical compounds crystallise with space group P2 1/ c (No. 14). The structures consist of honeycomb layers formed by eight-fold coordinated metals, in a distorted square-based antiprismatic conformation, connected together via oxalates which act as bidentate ligands and also as monodentate in a less-common μ3-bridging mode. Sheets are built from two shifted honeycomb layers and linked to each other through a hydrogen network. The resulting frameworks of the series display a compact two-dimensional arrangement of polyhedra MO 8 and M'O 8. Weakly-bonded water molecules are located between and within the sheets. Comparisons with the 3D open-framework structures of related metal oxalates are made. The dehydration processes occur in three or four steps. The final products are MO, M'O 2 and PbZrO 3 resulting from the sublimation of PbO in air. The size of PbZrO 3 crystallites, which are on average isotropic, has been evaluated to be 1055 Å from line-broadening analysis.

Carcinogenicity of acrylamide in B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats from a 2-year drinking water exposure.

PubMed

Beland, Frederick A; Mellick, Paul W; Olson, Greg R; Mendoza, Maria C B; Marques, M Matilde; Doerge, Daniel R

2013-01-01

Acrylamide is a component of roasted coffee and certain baked and fried carbohydrate-rich foods prepared at high temperatures. We have assessed the carcinogenicity of acrylamide in male and female B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats administered 0, 0.0875, 0.175, 0.35, or 0.70mM acrylamide in the drinking water ad libitum for 2 years. Acrylamide caused significant dose-related decreasing trends in the body weights of F344/N rats. Acrylamide administration resulted in significant dose-related decreasing trends in survival in both sexes of B6C3F(1) mice and in female F344/N rats. Histopathological analyses indicated significant dose-related increases in Harderian gland and lung tumors in male and female B6C3F(1) mice. Male B6C3F(1) mice also had a significantly increased incidence of forestomach tumors, while female B6C3F(1) mice had significant dose-related increases in mammary gland, ovary, and skin tumors. In male and female F344/N rats, there were significant increases in thyroid tumors. Male F344/N rats also had significant dose-related increases in testes, heart, and pancreas tumors, while female F344 rats demonstrated significant increases in clitoral gland, mammary gland, oral cavity, and skin tumors. These results, combined with previous mechanistic studies, provide strong support for the concept that acrylamide is activated to a carcinogen through metabolism to glycidamide. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Stabilization of high-valent Fe(IV)S6-cores by dithiocarbamate(1-) and 1,2-dithiolate(2-) ligands in octahedral [Fe(IV)(Et2dtc)(3-n)(mnt)(n)]((n-1)-) complexes (n=0, 1, 2, 3): a spectroscopic and density functional theory computational study.

PubMed

Milsmann, Carsten; Sproules, Stephen; Bill, Eckhard; Weyhermüller, Thomas; George, Serena DeBeer; Wieghardt, Karl

2010-03-22

A detailed spectroscopic and quantum chemical analysis is presented to elucidate the electronic structures of the octahedral complexes [Fe(Et(2)dtc)(3-n)(mnt)(n)](n-) (1-4, n=3, 2, 1, 0) and their one-electron oxidized analogues [Fe(Et(2)dtc)(3-n)(mnt)(n)]((n-1)-) (1(ox)-4(ox)); (mnt)(2-) represents maleonitriledithiolate(2-) and (Et(2)dtc)(1-) is the diethyldithiocarbamato(1-) ligand. By using X-ray crystallography, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and Fe and S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) it is convincingly shown that, in contrast to our previous studies on [Fe(cyclam)(mnt)](1+) (cyclam=1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), the oxidation of 1-4 is metal-centered yielding the genuine Fe(IV) complexes 1(ox)-4(ox). For the latter complexes, a spin ground state of S=1 has been established by magnetic susceptibility measurements, which indicates a low-spin d(4) configuration. DFT calculations at the B3LYP level support this electronic structure and exclude the presence of a ligand pi radical coordinated to an intermediate-spin ferric ion. Mössbauer parameters and XAS spectra have been calculated to calibrate our computational results against the experiment. Finally, a simple ligand-field approach is presented to correlate the structural features obtained from X-ray crystallography (100 K) with the spectroscopic data.

FRET-based sensors for the human M1-, M3-, and M5-acetylcholine receptors.

PubMed

Ziegler, Nicole; Bätz, Julia; Zabel, Ulrike; Lohse, Martin J; Hoffmann, Carsten

2011-02-01

Based on the recently developed approach to generate fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors to measure GPCR activation, we generated sensor constructs for the human M(1)-, M(3)-, and M(5)-acetylcholine receptor. The receptors were labeled with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) at their C-terminus, and with fluorescein arsenical hairpin binder (FlAsH) via tetra-cysteine tags inserted in the third intracellular loop. We then measured FRET between the donor CFP and the acceptor FlAsH in living cells and real time. Agonists like acetylcholine, carbachol, or muscarine activate each receptor construct with half-maximal activation times between 60 and 70ms. Removal of the agonist caused the reversal of the signal. Compared with all other agonists, oxotremorine M differed in two major aspects: it caused significantly slower signals at M(1)- and M(5)-acetylcholine receptors and the amplitude of these signals was larger at the M(1)-acetylcholine receptor. Concentration-response curves for the agonists reveal that all agonists tested, with the mentioned exception of oxotremorine M, caused similar maximal FRET-changes as acetylcholine for the M(1)-, M(3)- and M(5)-acetylcholine receptor constructs. Taken together our data support the notion that orthosteric agonists behave similar at different muscarinic receptor subtypes but that kinetic differences can be observed for receptor activation. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of the IRE1 pathway in excessive iodide- and/or fluoride-induced apoptosis in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells in vitro.

PubMed

Liu, Hongliang; Zeng, Qiang; Cui, Yushan; Zhao, Liang; Zhang, Lei; Fu, Gang; Hou, Changchun; Zhang, Shun; Yu, Linyu; Jiang, Chunyang; Wang, Zhenglun; Chen, Xuemin; Wang, Aiguo

2014-01-30

Excessive iodide and fluoride coexist in the groundwater in many regions, causing a potential risk to the human thyroid. To investigate the mechanism of iodide- and fluoride-induced thyroid cytotoxicity, human thyroid follicular epithelial cells (Nthy-ori 3-1) were treated with different concentrations of potassium iodide (KI), with or without sodium fluoride (NaF). Cell morphology, viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, apoptosis, and expression of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway-related molecules were assessed. Results showed 50 mM of KI, 1 mM of NaF, and 50 mM of KI +1 mM of NaF changed cellular morphology, decreased viability, and increased LDH leakage and apoptosis. Elevated expression of binding protein (BiP), IRE1, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA and protein, as well as spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (sXBP-1) mRNA, were observed in the 1 mM NaF and 50 mM KI +1 mM NaF groups. Collectively, excessive iodide and/or fluoride is cytotoxic to the human thyroid. Although these data do not manifest iodide could induce the IRE1 pathway, the cytotoxicity followed by exposure to fluoride alone or in combination with iodide may be related to IRE1 pathway-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, exposure to the combination of excessive iodide and fluoride may cause interactive effects on thyroid cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg-9Al-1Zn-1MM-0.7CaO-0.3Mn Alloy Through Pre-aging Treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeong, Seok Hoan; Kim, Yong Joo; Kong, Kyung Ho; Cho, Tae Hee; Kim, Young Kyun; Lim, Hyun Kyu; Kim, Won Tae; Kim, Do Hyang

2018-03-01

The effect of pre-aging treatment before extrusion has been investigated in Mg-9.0Al-1.0Zn-1MM-0.7CaO-0.3Mn alloy. The as-cast microstructure consists of α-Mg dendrite with secondary solidification phase particles, (Mg, Al)2Ca, β-Mg17Al12 and Al11RE3 at the inter-dendritic region. After extrusion, β-Mg17Al12 precipitates are present, but higher density and more homogeneous distribution in pre-aged alloy. In addition, μm-scale banded bulk β-Mg17Al12 particles are generated during extrusion. Al11RE3 particles are broken into small particles, and are aligned along the extrusion direction. (Mg, Al)2Ca particles are only slightly elongated along the extrusion direction, providing stronger particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect by severe deformation during extrusion. The mechanical properties can be significantly enhanced by introducing pre-aging treatment, i.e. β-Mg17Al12 precipitates provide grain refining and strengthening effects and (Mg, Al)2Ca particles provide PSN effect.

40 CFR 721.10175 - 1-Propanaminium, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-sulfo-, N-(C12-18 and C18-unsatd...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 1-Propanaminium, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2... 1-Propanaminium, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-sulfo-, N-(C12-18 and C18-unsatd. acyl... chemical substance identified as 1-Propanaminium, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-sulfo-, N-(C12...

Optical pumping by CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/O lasers: new CW FIR emissions in 1,1-difluoroethane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fourrier, M.; Belland, P.; Gastaud, C.

1985-01-01

Abstract-53 new CW FIR laser lines are reported in 1,1-difluoroethane optically pumped near 10 ..mu..m by CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/O lasers. The emission spectrum initially reported in the literature consisted of four lines between 770 and 458 ..mu..m and has now been extended to the 2.39 mm319 ..mu..m region. The reason for this extension, especially to the long wavelengths, is analyzed.

Di-μ-cyanido-1:2κC:N,2:3κN:C-hexa-cyanido-1κC,3κC-tetra-kis(1,10-phenanthroline)-1κN,N';2κN,N';3κN,N'-1,3-dicobalt(III)-2-iron(II) tetra-hydrate.

PubMed

Zhang, Ying; Yuan, Ai-Hua; Zhou, Hu; Guo, Ji-Xi; Liu, Lang

2009-08-08

The hydro-thermal reaction of CoCl(2)·6H(2)O, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)] in deionized water yielded the title cyanide-bridged trinuclear cluster, [Co(2)Fe(CN)(8)(C(12)H(8)N(2))(4)]·4H(2)O or [{Co(III)(phen)(CN)(4)}(2){Fe(II)(phen)(2)}]·4H(2)O, which contains two Co(III) centers and one Fe(II) center linked by cyanide bridges. The combination of coordinative bonds, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.630 (2) Å] results in the stabilization of a supra-molecular structure. All uncoordinated water molecules are disordered. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the title complex loses the four crystal water mol-ecules at about 333 K, then the anhydrous phase loses no further mass up to about 573 K, above which decomposition occurs.

40 CFR 721.7270 - 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N-soya acyl derivs., chloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N-soya acyl derivs., chloride. 721.7270 Section 721.7270 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7270 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N...

40 CFR 721.7270 - 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N-soya acyl derivs., chloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N-soya acyl derivs., chloride. 721.7270 Section 721.7270 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7270 1-propanaminium, 3-amino-, N,N,N-trimethyl-N...

Structural modifications of N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-4-aryl-1-piperazinehexanamides: influence on lipophilicity and 5-HT7 receptor activity. Part III.

PubMed

Leopoldo, Marcello; Lacivita, Enza; De Giorgio, Paola; Fracasso, Claudia; Guzzetti, Sara; Caccia, Silvio; Contino, Marialessandra; Colabufo, Nicola A; Berardi, Francesco; Perrone, Roberto

2008-09-25

Starting from the previously reported 5-HT 7 receptor agents 4-7 with N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-4-aryl-1-piperazinehexanamide structure, the 1-(2-methylthiophenyl)-, 1-(2-diphenyl)-, 1-(2-isopropylphenyl)-, and 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine derivatives 8-31 were designed with the primary aim to obtain new compounds endowed with suitable physicochemical properties for rapid and extensive penetration into the brain. The affinities for 5-HT 7, 5-HT 1A, and D 2 receptors of compounds 8-31 were assessed, and several compounds displayed 5-HT 7 receptor affinities in the nanomolar range. Among these, N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (25) showed high 5-HT 7 receptor affinity (Ki = 0.58 nM), high selectivity over 5-HT 1A and D 2 receptors (324- and 245-fold, respectively), and agonist properties (maximal effect = 82%, EC 50 = 0.60 microM). After intraperitoneal injection in mice, 25 rapidly reached the systemic circulation and entered the brain. Its brain concentration-time profile paralleled that in plasma, indicating that 25 rapidly and freely distributes across the blood-brain barrier. Compound 25 underwent N-dealkylation to the corresponding 1-arylpiperazine metabolite.

Insights from investigating the interactions of adamantane-based drugs with the M2 proton channel from the H1N1 swine virus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jing-Fang; Wei, Dong-Qing, E-mail: dqwei@gordonlifescience.org; Gordon Life Science Institute, 13784 Torrey Del Mar Drive, San Diego, CA 92130

The M2 proton channel is one of indispensable components for the influenza A virus that plays a vital role in its life cycle and hence is an important target for drug design against the virus. In view of this, the three-dimensional structure of the H1N1-M2 channel was developed based on the primary sequence taken from a patient recently infected by the H1N1 (swine flu) virus. With an explicit water-membrane environment, molecular docking studies were performed for amantadine and rimantadine, the two commercial drugs generally used to treat influenza A infection. It was found that their binding affinity to the H1N1-M2more » channel is significantly lower than that to the H5N1-M2 channel, fully consistent with the recent report that the H1N1 swine virus was resistant to the two drugs. The findings and the relevant analysis reported here might provide useful structural insights for developing effective drugs against the new swine flu virus.« less

Insights from investigating the interactions of adamantane-based drugs with the M2 proton channel from the H1N1 swine virus.

PubMed

Wang, Jing-Fang; Wei, Dong-Qing; Chou, Kuo-Chen

2009-10-16

The M2 proton channel is one of indispensable components for the influenza A virus that plays a vital role in its life cycle and hence is an important target for drug design against the virus. In view of this, the three-dimensional structure of the H1N1-M2 channel was developed based on the primary sequence taken from a patient recently infected by the H1N1 (swine flu) virus. With an explicit water-membrane environment, molecular docking studies were performed for amantadine and rimantadine, the two commercial drugs generally used to treat influenza A infection. It was found that their binding affinity to the H1N1-M2 channel is significantly lower than that to the H5N1-M2 channel, fully consistent with the recent report that the H1N1 swine virus was resistant to the two drugs. The findings and the relevant analysis reported here might provide useful structural insights for developing effective drugs against the new swine flu virus.

TEM study of the (SbS){sub 1+δ}(NbS{sub 2}){sub n}, (n=1, 2, 3; δ~1.14, 1.20) misfit layer phases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gómez-Herrero, A., E-mail: adriangh@pdi.ucm.es; Landa-Cánovas, A.R.; Otero-Díaz, L.C.

In the Sb–Nb–S system four new misfit layer phases have been found and carefully investigated via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Their structures are of composite modulated structure type with stoichiometries that can be formulated as (SbS){sub 1+δ}(NbS{sub 2}){sub n}; for n=1, δ~1.14 and 1.19; for n=2, δ~1.18 and for n=3, δ~1.19. Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) patterns show an almost commensurate fit between the pseudo-tetragonal (SbS) and the pseudo-orthohexagonal (NbS{sub 2}){sub n} subcells along the misfit direction a, with 3(SbS)≈5(NbS{sub 2}), being b the same for both sub-lattices and c the stacking direction. For n=1, a commensurate phase with 4a{submore » SbS}=7a{sub NbS2} has also been observed. In addition to the characteristic misfit and associated modulation of the two sub-structures, a second modulation is also present which appears to be primarily associated with the (SbS) sub-structure of both the n=1 and n=2 phases. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images show ordered stacking sequences between the (SbS) and (NbS{sub 2}){sub n} lamellae for each of the four phases, however, disordered intergrowths were also occasionally found. Most of the crystals showed different kinds of twinning defects on quite a fine scale. Many crystals showed curled up edges. In some cases the lamellar crystals were entirely folded giving rise to similar diffraction patterns as found for cylindrical crystals. - Graphical abstract: Idealized structure models of the first three members of the homologous series (SbS){sub 1+δ}(NbS{sub 2}){sub n}. - Highlights: • Transmission Electron Microscopy study of misfit layer sulfides (SbS){sub 1+δ}(NbS{sub 2}){sub n}. • The structures consist of a (SbS) layer interleaved between n (NbS{sub 2}) layers. • Two different members n=1, one n=2 and one n=3 have been studied. • Twinning, intergrowths and different modulations in the (SbS) substructure.« less

Test Results MM Stage 1, S/N 0012199

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-01

D k LUULIJ " - en) L C -q -L LN - 0 2 LU O)iLf)0 L)U-LiU C) C: )u C r- ~ N 0 - ) $ CY)z zZ D O : lz bo1 LL J d ) C:, U (Do~ LL~o LL v L.O... D 4c b. 0 0 a 0 0 00 Q. 9 00e O , .4 Ok ;. -u - -q f- . P .4 t- j . P -W) c. U. .0 0 0 0 00 ’ O~ . ..... LL 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 9 ul . J .. . .++++ l z P...00I t0,00r4 0 0 0, 000 a % C " r C 4 0 ULLJ LAj It 0) 0 r-~uu 0’ o _C CV) .0cn L 0 - z~a u IS a: *I - D r Goraa -r b-LLL ZL - j uj w _L

In low transpiring conditions, uncoupling the BnNrt2.1 and BnNrt1.1 NO3- transporters by glutamate treatment reveals the essential role of BnNRT2.1 for nitrate uptake and the nitrate-signaling cascade during growth

PubMed Central

Leblanc, Antonin; Segura, Raphaël; Deleu, Carole; Le Deunff, Erwan

2013-01-01

In plants, the nitrate transporters, NRT1.1 and NRT2.1, are mainly responsible for nitrate uptake. Intriguingly, both nitrate transporters are located in a complementary manner in different cells layers of the mature root suggesting that their coordination should occur during nitrate uptake and plant growth. This hypothesis was examined on 5-d-old rape seedlings grown on agar medium supplemented with 1 or 5mM nitrate. Seedlings were treated with increasing potassium glutamate concentrations in order to uncouple the two nitrate transporters by inhibiting BnNRT2.1 expression and activity specifically. In both nitrate treatments, increasing the glutamate concentrations from 0.5 to 10mM induced a reduction in 15NO3- uptake and an inhibition of N assimilation. The decrease in 15NO3- uptake was caused by downregulation of BnNRT2.1 expression but surprisingly it was not compensated by the upregulation of BnNRT1.1. This created an unprecedented physiological situation where the effects of the nitrate signal on shoot growth were solely modulated by nitrate absorption. In these conditions, the osmotic water flow for volumetric shoot growth was mainly dependent on active nitrate transport and nitrate signaling. This behavior was confirmed by the allometric relationships found between changes in the root length with 15N and water accumulation in the shoot. These findings demonstrate that the BnNRT2.1 transporter is essential for nitrate uptake and growth, and renew the question of the respective roles of the NRT2.1 and NRT1.1 transporters in nitrate uptake and sensing at the whole plant level. PMID:23299418

Infrared absorption spectra of N(CxF2x+1)3, x = 2-5 perfluoroamines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernard, François; Papanastasiou, Dimitrios K.; Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.; Burkholder, James B.

2018-05-01

Infrared absorption spectra of the perfluoroamines (N(C2F5)3, N(C3F7)3, N(C4F9)3, and N(C5F11)3) were measured over the 500-4000 cm-1 spectral region at 294 K using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at 1 cm-1 resolution. Spectral measurements were performed using static measurements of dilute perfluoroamines mixtures and by infusion of the pure compound into a calibrated gas flow. The perfluoroamines absorb strongly in the "atmospheric window" with integrated band strengths (10-17 cm2 molecule-1 cm-1) between 570 and 1500 cm-1 of 59.9, 74.9, 88.9, and 98.7 for N(C2F5)3, N(C3F7)3, N(C4F9)3, and N(C5F11)3, respectively. Radiative efficiencies (RE) for the perfluoroamines were estimated to be 0.61, 0.75, 0.87, and 0.95 W m-2 ppb-1 for atmospherically well-mixed conditions and including a +10% stratospheric temperature correction for N(C2F5)3, N(C3F7)3, N(C4F9)3, and N(C5F11)3, respectively. Theoretical calculations of the perfluoroamines were performed at the B97-1/6-311++G(2df,2p) level of theory and optimized perfluoroamine geometries, vibrational band positions, and band strengths are reported. The theoretically calculated infrared spectra are in good agreement with the experimental spectra, while comparison of individual bands was not attempted due to the significant overlap of vibrational bands in the experimental spectra.

40 CFR 721.7280 - 1,3-Propanediamine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-ethanediylbis-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl...-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4..., reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine (PMN P-89-632) is subject to reporting...

40 CFR 721.7280 - 1,3-Propanediamine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-ethanediylbis-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl...-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4..., reaction products with N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine (PMN P-89-632) is subject to reporting...

Plasma response to m/n  =  3/1 resonant magnetic perturbation at J-TEXT Tokamak

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Qiming; Li, Jianchao; Wang, Nengchao; Yu, Q.; Chen, Jie; Cheng, Zhifeng; Chen, Zhipeng; Ding, Yonghua; Jin, Hai; Li, Da; Li, Mao; Liu, Yang; Rao, Bo; Zhu, Lizhi; Zhuang, Ge; the J-TEXT Team

2016-09-01

The influence of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) with a large m/n  =  3/1 component on electron density has been studied at J-TEXT tokamak by using externally applied static and rotating RMPs, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode number, respectively. The detailed time evolution of electron density profile, measured by the polarimeter-interferometer, shows that the electron density n e first increases (decreases) inside (around/outside) of the 3/1 rational surface (RS), and it is increased globally later together with enhanced edge recycling. Associated with field penetration, the toroidal rotation around the 3/1 RS is accelerated in the co-I p direction and the poloidal rotation is changed from the electron to ion diamagnetic drift direction. Spontaneous unlocking-penetration circles occur after field penetration if the RMPs amplitude is not strong enough. For sufficiently strong RMPs, the 2/1 locked mode is also triggered due to mode coupling, and the global density is increased. The field penetration threshold is found to be linearly proportional to n eL (line-integrated density) at the 3/1 RS but to (n eL)0.73 for n e at the plasma core. In addition, for rotating RMPs with a large 3/1 component, field penetration causes a global increase in electron density.

Natural co-infection of influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09 viruses resulting in a reassortant A/H3N2 virus.

PubMed

Rith, Sareth; Chin, Savuth; Sar, Borann; Y, Phalla; Horm, Srey Viseth; Ly, Sovann; Buchy, Philippe; Dussart, Philippe; Horwood, Paul F

2015-12-01

Despite annual co-circulation of different subtypes of seasonal influenza, co-infections between different viruses are rarely detected. These co-infections can result in the emergence of reassortant progeny. We document the detection of an influenza co-infection, between influenza A/H3N2 with A/H1N1pdm09 viruses, which occurred in a 3 year old male in Cambodia during April 2014. Both viruses were detected in the patient at relatively high viral loads (as determined by real-time RT-PCR CT values), which is unusual for influenza co-infections. As reassortment can occur between co-infected influenza A strains we isolated plaque purified clonal viral populations from the clinical material of the patient infected with A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09. Complete genome sequences were completed for 7 clonal viruses to determine if any reassorted viruses were generated during the influenza virus co-infection. Although most of the viral sequences were consistent with wild-type A/H3N2 or A/H1N1pdm09, one reassortant A/H3N2 virus was isolated which contained an A/H1N1pdm09 NS1 gene fragment. The reassortant virus was viable and able to infect cells, as judged by successful passage in MDCK cells, achieving a TCID50 of 10(4)/ml at passage number two. There is no evidence that the reassortant virus was transmitted further. The co-infection occurred during a period when co-circulation of A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09 was detected in Cambodia. It is unclear how often influenza co-infections occur, but laboratories should consider influenza co-infections during routine surveillance activities. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Histomorphological and immunofluorescence evaluation of clear corneal incisions after microcoaxial phacoemulsification with 2.2 mm and 1.8 mm systems.

PubMed

Vasavada, Abhay R; Johar, Kaid; Praveen, Mamidipudi R; Vasavada, Viraj A; Arora, Anshul I

2013-04-01

To compare changes in the incision's histomorphology and denaturation of collagen I in rabbit eyes having microcoaxial phacoemulsification through 2.2 mm and 1.8 mm incision-compatible systems. Randomized experimental trial. Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. Thirty rabbit eyes were randomized into Group 1 (microcoaxial phacoemulsification through 2.2 mm incisions using Infiniti system [torsional ultrasound]) and Group 2 (microcoaxial phacoemulsification through 1.8 mm incisions using Stellaris system [longitudinal ultrasound]). Each group was then divided into 3 subgroups of 5 eyes each based on 1 of the 3 intervention options: phacoemulsification only, intraocular lens (IOL) insertion only, and phacoemulsification with IOL insertion. Left eyes were randomized for microcoaxial phacoemulsification, and right eyes were treated as controls. After phacoemulsification, eyes in Group 1 showed loss of epithelium at the roof of the incisions and Descemet membrane detachment at the floor of the incisions. These findings did not change after IOL insertion. After phacoemulsification, eyes in Group 2 showed loss of epithelium, but Descemet membrane remained attached. There was a longitudinal split in the incision's stroma in the direction of internal entry. The stromal damage increased after IOL implantation. Immunofluorescence studies showed no obvious irregularities in the arrangement of collagen I in either group. A dot blot analysis showed significant denaturation of collagen I in Group 2. The histomorphology of the 2.2 mm system incision showed localized Descemet membrane detachment and endothelial cell loss. The 1.8 mm system incision showed exaggerated stromal damage after IOL insertion. Copyright © 2013 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Discrimination of putative M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Norman, A.B.; Creese, I.

1986-03-01

The EC/sub 50/ of EEDQ for the inhibition of (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding in vitro was approximately 3 fold lower for homogenates of hippocampus than brainstem (containing predominantly putative M/sub 1/ and M/sub 2/ muscarinic receptor subtypes respectively). Furthermore, the time-dependent loss of (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding produced by 100 ..mu..M EEDQ was faster in homogenates of hippocampus than brainstem. Administration of EEDQ (20 mg/kg i.p.) irreversibly reduced the Bmax of (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding by 56% and 34% in hippocampus and brainstem respectively. Pirenzepine competition for the remaining (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding sites following in vitro and in vivo treatment with EEDQ revealedmore » a significant increase in the proportion of (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding sites having low affinity for pirenzepine (M/sub 2/ receptors), indicating that the high affinity pirenzepine binding sites (M/sub 1/ receptors) were selectively and irreversibly lost. Thus, EEDQ discriminates the same putative M/sub 1/ and M/sub 2/ muscarinic receptor subtypes that are discriminated by pirenzepine. The reduction of (/sup 3/H)(-)QNB binding could be prevented both in vitro and in vivo by atropine or scopolamine. These data may indicate differences in the accessibility of these putative receptor subtypes to EEDQ or, alternatively, differences in the availability of carboxyl groups able to interact with EEDQ at the ligand recognition site of M/sub 1/ and M/sub 2/ muscarinic receptors.« less

Understanding Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Bimetallic Particles to Ethanol Electro-oxidation: (1) Water Adsorption and Decomposition on PtnM (n=2,3 and 9; M=Pt, Ru, Sn)

PubMed Central

Wang, Yixuan; Mi, Yunjie; Redmon, Natalie; Holiday, Jessica

2009-01-01

The fundamental assumption of the bi-functional mechanism for PtSn alloy to catalyze ethanol electro-oxidation reaction (EER) is that Sn facilitates water dissociation and EER occurs over Pt site of the PtSn alloy. To clarify this assumption and achieve a good understanding about the EER, H2O adsorption and dissociation over bimetallic clusters PtM (M=Pt, Sn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Cu and Re) are systematically investigated in the present work. To discuss a variety of effects, PtnM (n=2, and 3; M=Pt, Sn and Ru), one-layer Pt6M (M=Pt, Sn and Ru), and two-layer (Pt6M)Pt3 (M=Pt, Sn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Cu and Re) clusters are used to model the PtM bimetallic catalysts. Water exhibits atop adsorption on Pt and Ru sites of the optimized clusters PtnM (n=2, and 3; M=Pt and Ru), yet bridge adsorption on Sn sites of Pt2Sn as well as distorted tetrahedral Pt3Sn. However, in the cases of one-layer Pt6M and two-layer Pt9M cluster models water preferentially binds to all of investigated central atom M of surface layer in atop configuration with the dipole moment of water almost parallel to the cluster surface. Water adsorption on the Sn site of PtnSn (n=2 and 3) is weaker than those on the Pt site of Ptn (n=3 and 4) and the Ru site of PtnRu (n=2 and 3), while water adsorptions on the central Sn atom of Pt6Sn and Pt9Sn are enhanced so significantly that they are even stronger than those on the central Pt and Ru atoms of PtnM (n=6 and 9; M=Pt and Ru). For all of the three cluster models, energy barrier (Ea) for the dissociation of adsorbed water over Sn is lower than over Ru and Pt atoms (e.g., Ea: 0.78 vs 0.96 and 1.07 eV for Pt9M), which also remains as external electric fields were added. It is interesting to note that the dissociation energy on Sn site is also the lowest (Ediss: 0.44 vs 0.61 and 0.67eV). The results show that from both kinetic and thermodynamic viewpoints Sn is more active to water decomposition than pure Pt and the PtRu alloy, which well supports the assumption of the bi

Differential Regulation of ERK1/2 and mTORC1 Through T1R1/T1R3 in MIN6 Cells

PubMed Central

Wauson, Eric M.; Guerra, Marcy L.; Dyachok, Julia; McGlynn, Kathleen; Giles, Jennifer; Ross, Elliott M.

2015-01-01

The MAPKs ERK1/2 respond to nutrients and other insulin secretagogues in pancreatic β-cells and mediate nutrient-dependent insulin gene transcription. Nutrients also stimulate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to regulate protein synthesis. We showed previously that activation of both ERK1/2 and mTORC1 in the MIN6 pancreatic β-cell-derived line by extracellular amino acids (AAs) is at least in part mediated by the heterodimeric T1R1/T1R3, a G protein-coupled receptor. We show here that AAs differentially activate these two signaling pathways in MIN6 cells. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin did not prevent the activation of either ERK1/2 or mTORC1 by AAs, indicating that Gi is not central to either pathway. Although glucagon-like peptide 1, an agonist for a Gs-coupled receptor, activated ERK1/2 well and mTORC1 to a small extent, AAs had no effect on cytosolic cAMP accumulation. Ca2+ entry is required for ERK1/2 activation by AAs but is dispensable for AA activation of mTORC1. Pretreatment with UBO-QIC, a selective Gq inhibitor, reduced the activation of ERK1/2 but had little effect on the activation of mTORC1 by AAs, suggesting a differential requirement for Gq. Inhibition of G12/13 by the overexpression of the regulator of G protein signaling domain of p115 ρ-guanine nucleotide exchange factor had no effect on mTORC1 activation by AAs, suggesting that these G proteins are also not involved. We conclude that AAs regulate ERK1/2 and mTORC1 through distinct signaling pathways. PMID:26168033

Differential Regulation of ERK1/2 and mTORC1 Through T1R1/T1R3 in MIN6 Cells.

PubMed

Wauson, Eric M; Guerra, Marcy L; Dyachok, Julia; McGlynn, Kathleen; Giles, Jennifer; Ross, Elliott M; Cobb, Melanie H

2015-08-01

The MAPKs ERK1/2 respond to nutrients and other insulin secretagogues in pancreatic β-cells and mediate nutrient-dependent insulin gene transcription. Nutrients also stimulate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to regulate protein synthesis. We showed previously that activation of both ERK1/2 and mTORC1 in the MIN6 pancreatic β-cell-derived line by extracellular amino acids (AAs) is at least in part mediated by the heterodimeric T1R1/T1R3, a G protein-coupled receptor. We show here that AAs differentially activate these two signaling pathways in MIN6 cells. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin did not prevent the activation of either ERK1/2 or mTORC1 by AAs, indicating that G(I) is not central to either pathway. Although glucagon-like peptide 1, an agonist for a G(s-)coupled receptor, activated ERK1/2 well and mTORC1 to a small extent, AAs had no effect on cytosolic cAMP accumulation. Ca(2+) entry is required for ERK1/2 activation by AAs but is dispensable for AA activation of mTORC1. Pretreatment with UBO-QIC, a selective G(q) inhibitor, reduced the activation of ERK1/2 but had little effect on the activation of mTORC1 by AAs, suggesting a differential requirement for G(q). Inhibition of G(12/13) by the overexpression of the regulator of G protein signaling domain of p115 ρ-guanine nucleotide exchange factor had no effect on mTORC1 activation by AAs, suggesting that these G proteins are also not involved. We conclude that AAs regulate ERK1/2 and mTORC1 through distinct signaling pathways.

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the mouse PC1/3-N222D hypomorph and human PCSK1 mutations contributes to obesity.

PubMed

Stijnen, P; Brouwers, B; Dirkx, E; Ramos-Molina, B; Van Lommel, L; Schuit, F; Thorrez, L; Declercq, J; Creemers, J W M

2016-06-01

The proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), cleaves and hence activates several orexigenic and anorexigenic proproteins. Congenital inactivation of PCSK1 leads to obesity in human but not in mice. However, a mouse model harboring the hypomorphic mutation N222D is obese. It is not clear why the mouse models differ in phenotype. Gene expression analysis was performed with pancreatic islets from Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice. Subsequently, biosynthesis, maturation, degradation and activity were studied in islets, pituitary, hypothalamus and cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation of PC1/3-N222D and human PC1/3 variants associated with obesity with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP was studied in cell lines. Gene expression analysis of islets of Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice showed enrichment of gene sets related to the proteasome and the unfolded protein response. Steady-state levels of PC1/3-N222D and in particular the carboxy-terminally processed form were strongly reduced in islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. However, impairment of substrate cleavage was tissue dependent. Proinsulin processing was drastically reduced, while processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in pituitary was only mildly impaired. Growth hormone expression and IGF-1 levels were normal, indicating near-normal processing of hypothalamic proGHRH. PC1/3-N222D binds to BiP and is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Analysis of human PC1/3 obesity-associated mutations showed increased binding to BiP and prolonged intracellular retention for all investigated mutations, in particular for PC1/3-T175M, PC1/3-G226R and PC1/3-G593R. This study demonstrates that the hypomorphic mutation in Pcsk1(N222D) mice has an effect on catalytic activity in pancreatic islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. Reduced substrate processing activity in Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice is due to enhanced degradation in addition to reduced

Wavelength-Filter Based Spectral Calibrated Wave number - Linearization in 1.3 mm Spectral Domain Optical Coherence.

PubMed

Wijeisnghe, Ruchire Eranga Henry; Cho, Nam Hyun; Park, Kibeom; Shin, Yongseung; Kim, Jeehyun

2013-12-01

In this study, we demonstrate the enhanced spectral calibration method for 1.3 μm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The calibration method using wavelength-filter simplifies the SD-OCT system, and also the axial resolution and the entire speed of the OCT system can be dramatically improved as well. An externally connected wavelength-filter is utilized to obtain the information of the wavenumber and the pixel position. During the calibration process the wavelength-filter is placed after a broadband source by connecting through an optical circulator. The filtered spectrum with a narrow line width of 0.5 nm is detected by using a line-scan camera. The method does not require a filter or a software recalibration algorithm for imaging as it simply resamples the OCT signal from the detector array without employing rescaling or interpolation methods. One of the main drawbacks of SD-OCT is the broadened point spread functions (PSFs) with increasing imaging depth can be compensated by increasing the wavenumber-linearization order. The sensitivity of our system was measured at 99.8 dB at an imaging depth of 2.1 mm compared with the uncompensated case.

hPEPT1 is responsible for uptake and transport of Gly-Sar in the human bronchial airway epithelial cell-line Calu-3.

PubMed

Søndergaard, Helle Bach; Brodin, Birger; Nielsen, Carsten Uhd

2008-06-01

The purpose of this work was to investigate the apical uptake and transepithelial transport of Gly-Sar along with the expression of the di-/tripeptide transporters hPEPT1 and hPEPT2 in human Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cells. The apical Gly-Sar uptake rate in Calu-3 cells followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km value of 1.3 +/- 0.3 mM and a Vmax value of 0.60 +/- 0.06 nmol cm(-2) min(-1). Transepithelial apical to basolateral transport of 50 microM [3H]-labelled Gly-Sar across the Calu-3 cell monolayer was pH-dependent. The Gly-Sar flux was significantly reduced in the presence of delta-aminolevulinic acid (2.5 mM), cephalexin (25 mM), and captopril (25 mM; p < 0.05, n = 3). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of both hPEPT1 and hPEPT2 mRNA in the Calu-3 cells. These findings were confirmed in healthy human bronchial cDNA. Restriction-endonuclease analysis identified hPEPT2 in Calu-3 cells to be the hPEPT2*1 haplotype. Western blotting demonstrated expression of the hPEPT1 protein (approximately 80 kDa), and the immunolabel was mainly localized in the apical membrane as judged by immunolocalization studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This work presents for the first time hPEPT1 and hPEPT2*1 expression in human Calu-3 cells. Surprisingly, the results indicate that Gly-Sar uptake and transport in Calu-3 cells are hPEPT1-mediated rather than hPEPT2-mediated.

Methionine Regulates mTORC1 via the T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca2+-ERK1/2 Signal Transduction Process in C2C12 Cells.

PubMed

Zhou, Yuanfei; Ren, Jiao; Song, Tongxing; Peng, Jian; Wei, Hongkui

2016-10-11

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates amino acid (AA) availability to support protein synthesis and cell growth. Taste receptor type 1 member (T1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a direct sensor of extracellular AA availability to regulate mTORC1 through Ca 2+ stimulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation. However, the roles of specific AAs in T1R1/T1R3-regulated mTORC1 are poorly defined. In this study, T1R1 and T1R3 subunits were expressed in C2C12 myotubes, and l-AA sensing was accomplished by T1R1/T1R3 to activate mTORC1. In response to l-AAs, such as serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr), alanine (Ala), methionine (Met), glutamine (Gln), and glycine (Gly), Met induced mTORC1 activation and promoted protein synthesis. Met also regulated mTORC1 via T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca 2+ -ERK1/2 signal transduction. Results revealed a new role for Met-regulated mTORC1 via an AA receptor. Further studies should be performed to determine the role of T1R1/T1R3 in mediating extracellular AA to regulate mTOR signaling and to reveal its mechanism.