Exercise training-enhanced, endothelium-dependent dilation mediated by altered regulation of BKCa channels in collateral-dependent porcine coronary arterioles

PubMed Central

Xie, Wei; Parker, Janet L.; Heaps, Cristine L.

2012-01-01

Objective Test the hypothesis that exercise training increases the contribution of large-conductance, Ca2+-dependent K+ (BKCa) channels to endothelium-mediated dilation in coronary arterioles from collateral-dependent myocardial regions of chronically occluded pig hearts and may function downstream of H2O2. Methods An ameroid constrictor was placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery to induce gradual occlusion in Yucatan miniature swine. Eight weeks postoperatively, pigs were randomly assigned to sedentary or exercise training (treadmill; 14 wk) regimens. Results Exercise training significantly enhanced bradykinin-mediated dilation in collateral-dependent arterioles (~125 μm diameter) compared with sedentary pigs. The BKCa-channel blocker, iberiotoxin alone or in combination with the H2O2 scavenger, polyethylene glycol catalase, reversed exercise training-enhanced dilation in collateral-dependent arterioles. Iberiotoxin-sensitive whole-cell K+ currents (i.e., BKCa-channel currents) were not different between smooth muscle cells of nonoccluded and collateral-dependent arterioles of sedentary and exercise trained groups. Conclusions These data provide evidence that BKCa-channel activity contributes to exercise training-enhanced endothelium-dependent dilation in collateral-dependent coronary arterioles despite no change in smooth muscle BKCa-channel current. Taken together, our findings suggest that a component of the bradykinin signaling pathway, which stimulates BKCa channels, is enhanced by exercise training in collateral-dependent arterioles and suggest a potential role for H2O2 as the mediator. PMID:23002811

Impact of collaterals on the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment in acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Leng, Xinyi; Fang, Hui; Leung, Thomas W H; Mao, Chen; Miao, Zhongrong; Liu, Liping; Wong, Ka Sing; Liebeskind, David S

2016-05-01

We aimed to investigate the role of pretreatment collateral status in predicting the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) in acute ischaemic stroke due to cervical and/or cerebral arterial occlusions. Relevant full-text articles published since 1 January 2000, investigating correlations between collateral status and any efficacy or safety outcome in patients undergoing EVT in cohort or case-control studies, or randomised clinical trials, were retrieved by PubMed and manual search. Two authors extracted data from eligible studies and assessed study quality. Risk ratios (RR) were pooled for good versus poor collaterals for outcomes based on a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted. In total, 35 (3542 participants) and 23 (2652 participants) studies were included in qualitative review and quantitative meta-analysis, respectively. Overall, good pretreatment collaterals increased the rate of favourable functional outcome at 3 months (RR=1.98, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.38; p<0.001), and reduced the risks of periprocedural symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (RR=0.59, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.81; p=0.001) and 3-month mortality (RR=0.49, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.63; p<0.001), as compared with poor collaterals, in patients with acute ischaemic stroke under EVT. No individual study could alter the estimate of overall effect of collateral status, but there were moderate to significant heterogeneities between subgroups of studies with different modes of EVT, different arterial occlusions and different collateral grading methods. Good pretreatment collateral status is associated with higher rates of favourable functional outcome, and lower rates of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage and mortality, in patients with acute ischaemic stroke receiving endovascular therapies. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Heart-rate reduction by If-channel inhibition with ivabradine restores collateral artery growth in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.

PubMed

Schirmer, Stephan H; Degen, Achim; Baumhäkel, Magnus; Custodis, Florian; Schuh, Lisa; Kohlhaas, Michael; Friedrich, Erik; Bahlmann, Ferdinand; Kappl, Reinhard; Maack, Christoph; Böhm, Michael; Laufs, Ulrich

2012-05-01

Collateral arteries protect tissue from ischaemia. Heart rate correlates with vascular events in patients with arterial obstructive disease. Here, we tested the effect of heart-rate reduction (HRR) on collateral artery growth. The I(f)-channel inhibitor ivabradine reduced heart rate by 11% in wild-type and 15% in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)(-/-) mice and restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings of ApoE(-/-) mice. Microsphere perfusion and angiographies demonstrated that ivabradine did not change hindlimb perfusion in wild-type mice but improved perfusion in ApoE(-/-) mice from 40.5 ± 15.8-60.2 ± 18.5% ligated/unligated hindlimb. Heart rate reduction (13%) with metoprolol failed to improve endothelial function and perfusion. Protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS, and eNOS activity were increased in collateral tissue following ivabradine treatment of ApoE(-/-) mice. Co-treatment with nitric oxide-inhibitor N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester abolished the effects of ivabradine on arteriogenesis. Following ivabradine, classical inflammatory cytokine expression was lowered in ApoE(-/-) circulating mononuclear cells and in plasma, but unaltered in collateral-containing hindlimb tissue, where numbers of perivascular macrophages also remained unchanged. However, ivabradine reduced expression of anti-arteriogenic cytokines CXCL10and CXCL11 and of smooth muscle cell markers smoothelin and desmin in ApoE(-/-) hindlimb tissue. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokine expression were unchanged in wild-type mice. Ivabradine did not affect cytokine production in HUVECs and THP1 mononuclear cells and had no effect on the membrane potential of HUVECs in patch-clamp experiments. Ivabradine-induced HRR stimulates adaptive collateral artery growth. Important contributing mechanisms include improved endothelial function, eNOS activity, and modulation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression.

Exercise training increases basal tone in arterioles distal to chronic coronary occlusion

PubMed Central

Heaps, Cristine L.; Mattox, Mildred L.; Kelly, Katherine A.; Meininger, Cynthia J.; Parker, Janet L.

2014-01-01

Endurance exercise training increases basal active tone in coronary arteries and enhances myogenic tone in coronary arterioles of control animals. Paradoxically, exercise training has also been shown to augment nitric oxide production and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in coronary arterioles. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise training on basal active tone of arterioles (~150 µm ID) isolated from the collateral-dependent region of hearts exposed to chronic coronary occlusion. Ameroid occluders were surgically placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery of miniature swine. Arterioles were isolated from both the collateral-dependent and nonoccluded myocardial regions of sedentary (pen confined) and exercise-trained (treadmill run; 14 wk) pigs. Coronary tone was studied in isolated arterioles using microvessel myographs and standard isometric techniques. Exposure to nominally Ca2+-free external solution reduced resting tension in all arterioles; decreases were most profound (P < 0.05) in arterioles from the collateral-dependent region of exercise-trained animals. Furthermore, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition (Nω-nitro-l-arginine methylester; 100 µM) unmasked markedly increased nitric oxide-sensitive tone in arterioles from the collateral-dependent region of exercise-trained swine. Blockade of K+ channels revealed significantly enhanced K+ channel contribution to basal tone in collateral-dependent arterioles of exercise-trained pigs. Protein content of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (pS1179), determined by immunoblot, was elevated in arterioles from exercise-trained animals with the greatest effect in collateral-dependent vasculature. Taken together, we demonstrate the interaction of opposing exercise training-enhanced arteriolar basal active tone, nitric oxide production, and K+ channel activity in chronic coronary occlusion, potentially enhancing the capacity to regulate blood flow to collateral-dependent myocardium. PMID:16243909

Modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by novel synthetic curcumin derivatives in sensitive and multidrug-resistant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ooko, Edna

Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR) and drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) represent major obstacles in cancer chemotherapy. We investigated 19 synthetic curcumin derivatives in drug-sensitive acute lymphoblastic CCRF–CEM leukemia cells and their multidrug-resistant P-gp-overexpressing subline, CEM/ADR5000. Material and methods: Cytotoxicity was tested by resazurin assays. Doxorubicin uptake was assessed by flow cytometry. Binding modes of compounds to P-gp were analyzed by molecular docking. Chemical features responsible for bioactivity were studied by quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analyses. A 7-descriptor QSAR model was correlated with doxorubicin uptake values, IC{sub 50} values and binding energies. Results: The compounds displayed IC{sub 50} values between 0.7more » ± 0.03 and 20.2 ± 0.25 μM. CEM/ADR5000 cells exhibited cross-resistance to 10 compounds, collateral sensitivity to three compounds and regular sensitivity to the remaining six curcumins. Molecular docking studies at the intra-channel transmembrane domain of human P-gp resulted in lowest binding energies ranging from − 9.00 ± 0.10 to − 6.20 ± 0.02 kcal/mol and pKi values from 0.24 ± 0.04 to 29.17 ± 0.88 μM. At the ATP-binding site of P-gp, lowest binding energies ranged from − 9.78 ± 0.17 to − 6.79 ± 0.01 kcal/mol and pKi values from 0.07 ± 0.02 to 0.03 ± 0.03 μM. CEM/ADR5000 cells accumulated approximately 4-fold less doxorubicin than CCRF–CEM cells. The control P-gp inhibitor, verapamil, partially increased doxorubicin uptake in CEM/ADR5000 cells. Six curcumins increased doxorubicin uptake in resistant cells or even exceeded uptake levels compared to sensitive one. QSAR yielded good activity prediction (R = 0.797 and R = 0.794 for training and test sets). Conclusion: Selected derivatives may serve to guide future design of novel P-gp inhibitors and collateral sensitive drugs to combat MDR. - Highlights: • Novel derivatives of curcumin in reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) • Biological and Insilco assays to assess effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) • Curcumin synthetic derivatives as possible lead compound against multidrug resistant cancer.« less

Increasing Sensitivity In Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sharnez, Rizwan; Sammons, David W.

1994-01-01

Sensitivity of continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE) chamber increased by introducing lateral gradients in concentration of buffer solution and thickness of chamber. Such gradients, with resulting enhanced separation, achieved in CFE chamber with wedge-shaped cross section and collateral flow. Enables improved separations of homogeneous components of mixtures of variety of biologically important substances.

Endogenously Released Neuropeptide Y Suppresses Hippocampal Short-Term Facilitation and Is Impaired by Stress-Induced Anxiety

PubMed Central

Li, Qin; Bartley, Aundrea F.

2017-01-01

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has robust anxiolytic properties and is reduced in patients with anxiety disorders. However, the mechanisms by which NPY modulates circuit function to reduce anxiety behavior are not known. Anxiolytic effects of NPY are mediated in the CA1 region of hippocampus, and NPY injection into hippocampus alleviates anxiety symptoms in the predator scent stress model of stress-induced anxiety. The mechanisms that regulate NPY release, and its effects on CA1 synaptic function, are not fully understood. Here we show in acute hippocampal slices from mice that endogenous NPY, released in response to optogenetic stimulation or synaptically evoked spiking of NPY+ cells, suppresses both of the feedforward pathways to CA1. Stimulation of temporoammonic synapses with a physiologically derived spike train causes NPY release that reduces short-term facilitation, whereas the release of NPY that modulates Schaffer collateral synapses requires integration of both the Schaffer collateral and temporoammonic pathways. Pathway specificity of NPY release is conferred by three functionally distinct NPY+ cell types, with differences in intrinsic excitability and short-term plasticity of their inputs. Predator scent stress abolishes the release of endogenous NPY onto temporoammonic synapses, a stress-sensitive pathway, thereby causing enhanced short-term facilitation. Our results demonstrate how stress alters CA1 circuit function through the impairment of endogenous NPY release, potentially contributing to heightened anxiety. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has robust anxiolytic properties, and its levels are reduced in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. The effects of endogenously released NPY during physiologically relevant stimulation, and the impact of stress-induced reductions in NPY on circuit function, are unknown. By demonstrating that NPY release modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and is impaired by predator scent stress, our results provide a novel mechanism by which stress-induced anxiety alters circuit function. These studies fill an important gap in knowledge between the molecular and behavioral effects of NPY. This article also advances the understanding of NPY+ cells and the factors that regulate their spiking, which could pave the way for new therapeutic targets to increase endogenous NPY release in patients in a spatially and temporally appropriate manner. PMID:28053027

Collateral Sensitivity of Multidrug-Resistant Cells to the Orphan Drug Tiopronin

PubMed Central

Goldsborough, Andrew S.; Handley, Misty D.; Dulcey, Andrés E.; Pluchino, Kristen M.; Kannan, Pavitra; Brimacombe, Kyle R.; Hall, Matthew D.; Griffiths, Gary; Gottesman, Michael M.

2011-01-01

A major challenge in the treatment of cancer is multidrug resistance (MDR) that develops during chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate that tiopronin (1), a thiol-substituted N-propanoylglycine derivative, was selectively toxic to a series of cell lines expressing the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and MRP1 (ABCC1). Treatment of MDR cells with 1 led to instability of the ABCB1 mRNA and consequently a reduction in P-gp protein, despite functional assays demonstrating that tiopronin does not interact with P-gp. Long-term exposure of P-gp-expressing cells to 1 sensitized them to doxorubicin and taxol, both P-gp substrates. Treatment of MRP1-overexpressing cells with tiopronin led to a significant reduction in MRP1 protein. Synthesis and screening of analogs of tiopronin demonstrated that the thiol functional group was essential for collateral sensitivity, while substitution of the amino acid backbone altered but did not destroy specificity, pointing to future development of targeted analogs. PMID:21657271

Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise.

PubMed

Duncker, Dirk J; Bache, Robert J

2008-07-01

Exercise is the most important physiological stimulus for increased myocardial oxygen demand. The requirement of exercising muscle for increased blood flow necessitates an increase in cardiac output that results in increases in the three main determinants of myocardial oxygen demand: heart rate, myocardial contractility, and ventricular work. The approximately sixfold increase in oxygen demands of the left ventricle during heavy exercise is met principally by augmenting coronary blood flow (~5-fold), as hemoglobin concentration and oxygen extraction (which is already 70-80% at rest) increase only modestly in most species. In contrast, in the right ventricle, oxygen extraction is lower at rest and increases substantially during exercise, similar to skeletal muscle, suggesting fundamental differences in blood flow regulation between these two cardiac chambers. The increase in heart rate also increases the relative time spent in systole, thereby increasing the net extravascular compressive forces acting on the microvasculature within the wall of the left ventricle, in particular in its subendocardial layers. Hence, appropriate adjustment of coronary vascular resistance is critical for the cardiac response to exercise. Coronary resistance vessel tone results from the culmination of myriad vasodilator and vasoconstrictors influences, including neurohormones and endothelial and myocardial factors. Unraveling of the integrative mechanisms controlling coronary vasodilation in response to exercise has been difficult, in part due to the redundancies in coronary vasomotor control and differences between animal species. Exercise training is associated with adaptations in the coronary microvasculature including increased arteriolar densities and/or diameters, which provide a morphometric basis for the observed increase in peak coronary blood flow rates in exercise-trained animals. In larger animals trained by treadmill exercise, the formation of new capillaries maintains capillary density at a level commensurate with the degree of exercise-induced physiological myocardial hypertrophy. Nevertheless, training alters the distribution of coronary vascular resistance so that more capillaries are recruited, resulting in an increase in the permeability-surface area product without a change in capillary numerical density. Maintenance of alpha- and ss-adrenergic tone in the presence of lower circulating catecholamine levels appears to be due to increased receptor responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. Exercise training also alters local control of coronary resistance vessels. Thus arterioles exhibit increased myogenic tone, likely due to a calcium-dependent protein kinase C signaling-mediated alteration in voltage-gated calcium channel activity in response to stretch. Conversely, training augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation throughout the coronary microcirculation. This enhanced responsiveness appears to result principally from an increased expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Finally, physical conditioning decreases extravascular compressive forces at rest and at comparable levels of exercise, mainly because of a decrease in heart rate. Impedance to coronary inflow due to an epicardial coronary artery stenosis results in marked redistribution of myocardial blood flow during exercise away from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium. However, in contrast to the traditional view that myocardial ischemia causes maximal microvascular dilation, more recent studies have shown that the coronary microvessels retain some degree of vasodilator reserve during exercise-induced ischemia and remain responsive to vasoconstrictor stimuli. These observations have required reassessment of the principal sites of resistance to blood flow in the microcirculation. A significant fraction of resistance is located in small arteries that are outside the metabolic control of the myocardium but are sensitive to shear and nitrovasodilators. The coronary collateral system embodies a dynamic network of interarterial vessels that can undergo both long- and short-term adjustments that can modulate blood flow to the dependent myocardium. Long-term adjustments including recruitment and growth of collateral vessels in response to arterial occlusion are time dependent and determine the maximum blood flow rates available to the collateral-dependent vascular bed during exercise. Rapid short-term adjustments result from active vasomotor activity of the collateral vessels. Mature coronary collateral vessels are responsive to vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and atrial natriuretic peptide, and to vasoconstrictors such as vasopressin, angiotensin II, and the platelet products serotonin and thromboxane A(2). During exercise, ss-adrenergic activity and endothelium-derived NO and prostanoids exert vasodilator influences on coronary collateral vessels. Importantly, alterations in collateral vasomotor tone, e.g., by exogenous vasopressin, inhibition of endogenous NO or prostanoid production, or increasing local adenosine production can modify collateral conductance, thereby influencing the blood supply to the dependent myocardium. In addition, vasomotor activity in the resistance vessels of the collateral perfused vascular bed can influence the volume and distribution of blood flow within the collateral zone. Finally, there is evidence that vasomotor control of resistance vessels in the normally perfused regions of collateralized hearts is altered, indicating that the vascular adaptations in hearts with a flow-limiting coronary obstruction occur at a global as well as a regional level. Exercise training does not stimulate growth of coronary collateral vessels in the normal heart. However, if exercise produces ischemia, which would be absent or minimal under resting conditions, there is evidence that collateral growth can be enhanced. In addition to ischemia, the pressure gradient between vascular beds, which is a determinant of the flow rate and therefore the shear stress on the collateral vessel endothelium, may also be important in stimulating growth of collateral vessels.

Annular-Cross-Section CFE Chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sharnez, Rizwan; Sammons, David W.

1994-01-01

Proposed continuous-flow-electrophoresis (CFE) chamber of annular cross section offers advantages over conventional CFE chamber, and wedge-cross-section chamber described in "Increasing Sensitivity in Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis" (MFS-26176). In comparison with wedge-shaped chamber, chamber of annular cross section virtually eliminates such wall effects as electro-osmosis and transverse gradients of velocity. Sensitivity enhanced by incorporating gradient maker and radial (collateral) flow.

Frequency-dependent glycinergic inhibition modulates plasticity in hippocampus.

PubMed

Keck, Tara; Lillis, Kyle P; Zhou, Yu-Dong; White, John A

2008-07-16

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of functional glycine receptors (GlyRs) in hippocampus. In this work, we examine the baseline activity and activity-dependent modulation of GlyRs in region CA1. We find that strychnine-sensitive GlyRs are open in the resting CA1 pyramidal cell, creating a state of tonic inhibition that "shunts" the magnitude of EPSPs evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral inputs. This GlyR-mediated shunting conductance is independent of the presynaptic stimulation rate; however, pairs of presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials, repeated at frequencies above 5 Hz, reduce the GlyR-mediated conductance and increase peak EPSP magnitudes to levels at least 20% larger than those seen with presynaptic stimulation alone. We refer to this phenomenon as rate-dependent efficacy (RDE). Exogenous GlyR agonists (glycine, taurine) block RDE by preventing the closure of postsynaptic GlyRs. The GlyR antagonist strychnine blocks postsynaptic GlyRs under all conditions, occluding RDE. During RDE, GlyRs are less responsive to local glycine application, suggesting that a reduction in the number or sensitivity of membrane-inserted GlyRs underlies RDE. By extending the RDE induction protocol to include 500 paired presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes, we can induce long-term synaptic depression (LTD). Manipulations that lead to reduced functionality of GlyRs, either pharmacologically or through RDE, also lead to increased LTD. This result suggests that RDE contributes to long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

Ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography reveals depth-resolved microcirculation and its longitudinal response to prolonged ischemic event within skeletal muscles in mice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Yali; Qin, Jia; Zhi, Zhongwei; Wang, Ruikang K.

2011-08-01

The primary pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease is associated with impaired perfusion to the muscle tissue in the lower extremities. The lack of effective pharmacologic treatments that stimulate vessel collateralization emphasizes the need for an imaging method that can be used to dynamically visualize depth-resolved microcirculation within muscle tissues. Optical microangiography (OMAG) is a recently developed label-free imaging method capable of producing three-dimensional images of dynamic blood perfusion within microcirculatory tissue beds at an imaging depth of up to ~2 mm, with an unprecedented imaging sensitivity of blood flow at ~4 μm/s. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of OMAG in imaging the detailed blood flow distributions, at a capillary-level resolution, within skeletal muscles of mice. By use of the mouse model of hind-limb ischemia, we show that OMAG can assess the time-dependent changes in muscle perfusion and perfusion restoration along tissue depth. These findings indicate that OMAG can represent a sensitive, consistent technique to effectively study pharmacologic therapies aimed at promoting the growth and development of collateral vessels.

Action Potentials Initiate in the Axon Initial Segment and Propagate Through Axon Collaterals Reliably in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons

PubMed Central

Foust, Amanda; Popovic, Marko; Zecevic, Dejan; McCormick, David A.

2010-01-01

Purkinje neurons are the output cells of the cerebellar cortex and generate spikes in two distinct modes, known as simple and complex spikes. Revealing the point of origin of these action potentials, and how they conduct into local axon collaterals, is important for understanding local and distal neuronal processing and communication. By utilizing a recent improvement in voltage sensitive dye imaging technique that provided exceptional spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to resolve the region of spike initiation as well as follow spike propagation into axon collaterals for each action potential initiated on single trials. All fast action potentials, for both simple and complex spikes, whether occurring spontaneously or in response to a somatic current pulse or synaptic input, initiated in the axon initial segment. At discharge frequencies of less than approximately 250 Hz, spikes propagated faithfully through the axon and axon collaterals, in a saltatory manner. Propagation failures were only observed for very high frequencies or for the spikelets associated with complex spikes. These results demonstrate that the axon initial segment is a critical decision point in Purkinje cell processing and that the properties of axon branch points are adjusted to maintain faithful transmission. PMID:20484631

Rubrocerebellar Feedback Loop Isolates the Interposed Nucleus as an Independent Processor of Corollary Discharge Information in Mice

PubMed Central

Beitzel, Christy S.; Houck, Brenda D.; Lewis, Samantha M.

2017-01-01

Understanding cerebellar contributions to motor coordination requires deeper insight into how the output structures of the cerebellum, the cerebellar nuclei, integrate their inputs and influence downstream motor pathways. The magnocellular red nucleus (RNm), a brainstem premotor structure, is a major target of the interposed nucleus (IN), and has also been described in previous studies to send feedback collaterals to the cerebellum. Because such a pathway is in a key position to provide motor efferent information to the cerebellum, satisfying predictions about the use of corollary discharge in cerebellar computations, we studied it in mice of both sexes. Using anterograde viral tracing, we show that innervation of cerebellum by rubrospinal neuron collaterals is remarkably selective for the IN compared with the cerebellar cortex. Optogenetic activation of the pathway in acute mouse brain slices drove IN activity despite small amplitude synaptic currents, suggesting an active role in IN information processing. Monosynaptic transsynaptic rabies tracing indicated the pathway contacts multiple cell types within the IN. By contrast, IN inputs to the RNm targeted a region that lacked inhibitory neurons. Optogenetic drive of IN inputs to the RNm revealed strong, direct excitation but no inhibition of RNm neurons. Together, these data indicate that the cerebellar nuclei are under afferent control independent of the cerebellar cortex, potentially diversifying its roles in motor control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The common assumption that all cerebellar mossy fibers uniformly collateralize to the cerebellar nuclei and cortex underlies classic models of convergent Purkinje influence on cerebellar output. Specifically, mossy fibers are thought to both directly excite nuclear neurons and drive polysynaptic feedforward inhibition via Purkinje neurons, setting up a fundamental computational unit. Here we present data that challenge this rule. A dedicated cerebellar nuclear afferent comprised of feedback collaterals from premotor rubrospinal neurons can directly modulate IN output independent of Purkinje cell modulation. In contrast to the IN-RNm pathway, the RNm-IN feedback pathway targets multiple cell types, potentially influencing both motor output pathways and nucleo-olivary feedback. PMID:28916520

Rubrocerebellar Feedback Loop Isolates the Interposed Nucleus as an Independent Processor of Corollary Discharge Information in Mice.

PubMed

Beitzel, Christy S; Houck, Brenda D; Lewis, Samantha M; Person, Abigail L

2017-10-18

Understanding cerebellar contributions to motor coordination requires deeper insight into how the output structures of the cerebellum, the cerebellar nuclei, integrate their inputs and influence downstream motor pathways. The magnocellular red nucleus (RNm), a brainstem premotor structure, is a major target of the interposed nucleus (IN), and has also been described in previous studies to send feedback collaterals to the cerebellum. Because such a pathway is in a key position to provide motor efferent information to the cerebellum, satisfying predictions about the use of corollary discharge in cerebellar computations, we studied it in mice of both sexes. Using anterograde viral tracing, we show that innervation of cerebellum by rubrospinal neuron collaterals is remarkably selective for the IN compared with the cerebellar cortex. Optogenetic activation of the pathway in acute mouse brain slices drove IN activity despite small amplitude synaptic currents, suggesting an active role in IN information processing. Monosynaptic transsynaptic rabies tracing indicated the pathway contacts multiple cell types within the IN. By contrast, IN inputs to the RNm targeted a region that lacked inhibitory neurons. Optogenetic drive of IN inputs to the RNm revealed strong, direct excitation but no inhibition of RNm neurons. Together, these data indicate that the cerebellar nuclei are under afferent control independent of the cerebellar cortex, potentially diversifying its roles in motor control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The common assumption that all cerebellar mossy fibers uniformly collateralize to the cerebellar nuclei and cortex underlies classic models of convergent Purkinje influence on cerebellar output. Specifically, mossy fibers are thought to both directly excite nuclear neurons and drive polysynaptic feedforward inhibition via Purkinje neurons, setting up a fundamental computational unit. Here we present data that challenge this rule. A dedicated cerebellar nuclear afferent comprised of feedback collaterals from premotor rubrospinal neurons can directly modulate IN output independent of Purkinje cell modulation. In contrast to the IN-RNm pathway, the RNm-IN feedback pathway targets multiple cell types, potentially influencing both motor output pathways and nucleo-olivary feedback. Copyright © 2017 the authors 0270-6474/17/3710085-12$15.00/0.

Experimental study of hemodynamics in the Circle of Willis.

PubMed

Zhu, Guangyu; Yuan, Qi; Yang, Jian; Yeo, Joon

2015-01-01

The Circle of Willis (CoW) is an important collateral pathway of the cerebral blood flow. An experimental study of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) distribution in different anatomical variations may help to a better understanding of the collateral mechanism of the CoW. An in-vitro test rig was developed to simulate the physiological cerebral blood flow in the CoW. Ten anatomical variations were considered in this study, include a set of different degrees of stenosis in L-ICA and L-ICA occlusion coexist with common anatomical variations. Volume flow rates of efferent arteries and pressure signals at the end of communicating arteries of each case were recorded. Physiological pressure waveforms were applied as inlet boundary condition. In the development of L-ICA stenosis, the total CBF decreases with the increase of stenosis degree. The blood supply of ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) was affected most by the stenosis of L-ICA. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and ipsilateral posterior communicating artery (PCoA) function as important collateral pathways of cerebral collateral circulation when unilateral stenosis occurred. The blood supply of anterior cerebral circulation was compensated by the posterior cerebral circulation through ipsilateral PCoA when L-ICA stenosis degree is greater than 40% and the affected side was compensated immediately by the unaffected side through ACoA. Blood flow of the anterior circulation and the total CBF reached the minimum among all cases studied when L-ICA occlusion coexist with the absence of PCoA. The results demonstrated the flow distribution patterns of the CoW under anatomical variations and clarified the collateral mechanism of the CoW. The flow ACoA is the most sensitive indexes to the morphology change of ipsilateral ICA. The relative independence of the circulation in anterior and posterior sections of the CoW is not broken and the function of ipsilateral PCoA is not activated until a severe stenosis of unilateral ICA occurs. PCoA is the most important collateral pathway of the collateral circulation and the missing of PCoA has the highest risk of stroke when the ipsilateral ICA has severe stenosis. These findings may provide the basis for future therapeutic and diagnosis applications.

Collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease: evaluation on 3-T 4D MRA using arterial spin labelling.

PubMed

Iryo, Yasuhiko; Hirai, Toshinori; Nakamura, Masanobu; Inoue, Yasuteru; Watanabe, Masaki; Ando, Yukio; Azuma, Minako; Nishimura, Shinichiro; Shigematsu, Yoshinori; Kitajima, Mika; Yamashita, Yasuyuki

2015-09-01

To evaluate whether 3-T four-dimensional (4D) arterial spin-labelling (ASL) -based magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is useful for assessing the collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease. Institutional review board approval and prior written informed consent from all patients were obtained. The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 13 patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease. All underwent 4D-ASL MRA at 3 T and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) preparation scheme with look-locker sampling was used for spin labeling. At 300-ms intervals seven dynamic scans were obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.5×0.5×0.6 mm(3). The collateral flow via the circle of Willis was read on 4D-ASL MRA and DSA images by two sets of two independent readers each. κ statistics were used to assess interobserver and intermodality agreement. On DSA, collateral flow via the anterior communicating artery (AcomA) was observed in six patients, via the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) in four patients, and via both the AcomA and PcomA in three patients. With respect to the qualitative evaluation of 4D-ASL MRA images, interobserver agreement was excellent for all items (κ=1). 4D-ASL MRA and DSA consensus readings agreed on the type of collateral flow pattern in 10 of the 13 patients (77%). Intermodality agreement was good (κ=0.606; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.215-0.997). 3 T 4D-ASL MRA may be a useful tool for the evaluation of the collateral circulation in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease. Copyright © 2015 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of Glutathione Peroxidase Mediates the Collateral Sensitivity of Multidrug-resistant Cells to Tiopronin*

PubMed Central

Hall, Matthew D.; Marshall, Travis S.; Kwit, Alexandra D. T.; Miller Jenkins, Lisa M.; Dulcey, Andrés E.; Madigan, James P.; Pluchino, Kristen M.; Goldsborough, Andrew S.; Brimacombe, Kyle R.; Griffiths, Gary L.; Gottesman, Michael M.

2014-01-01

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the successful chemotherapy of cancer. MDR is often the result of overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporters following chemotherapy. A common ATP-binding cassette transporter that is overexpressed in MDR cancer cells is P-glycoprotein, which actively effluxes drugs against a concentration gradient, producing an MDR phenotype. Collateral sensitivity (CS), a phenomenon of drug hypersensitivity, is defined as the ability of certain compounds to selectively target MDR cells, but not the drug-sensitive parent cells from which they were derived. The drug tiopronin has been previously shown to elicit CS. However, unlike other CS agents, the mechanism of action was not dependent on the expression of P-glycoprotein in MDR cells. We have determined that the CS activity of tiopronin is mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that CS can be reversed by a variety of ROS-scavenging compounds. Specifically, selective toxicity of tiopronin toward MDR cells is achieved by inhibition of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the mode of inhibition of GPx1 by tiopronin is shown in this report. Why MDR cells are particularly sensitive to ROS is discussed, as is the difficulty in exploiting this hypersensitivity to tiopronin in the clinic. PMID:24930045

Selective Modulation of Some Forms of Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synaptic Plasticity in Mice with a Disruption of the "CPEB-1" Gene

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alarcon, Juan M.; Hodgman, Rebecca; Theis, Martin; Huang, Yi-Shuian; Kandel, Eric R.; Richter, Joel D.

2004-01-01

CPEB-1 is a sequence-specific RNA binding protein that stimulates the polyadenylation-induced translation of mRNAs containing the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE). Although CPEB-1 was identified originally in Xenopus oocytes, it has also been found at postsynaptic sites of hippocampal neurons where, in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate…

Experimental study of hemodynamics in the circle of willis

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background The Circle of Willis (CoW) is an important collateral pathway of the cerebral blood flow. An experimental study of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) distribution in different anatomical variations may help to a better understanding of the collateral mechanism of the CoW. Methods An in-vitro test rig was developed to simulate the physiological cerebral blood flow in the CoW. Ten anatomical variations were considered in this study, include a set of different degrees of stenosis in L-ICA and L-ICA occlusion coexist with common anatomical variations. Volume flow rates of efferent arteries and pressure signals at the end of communicating arteries of each case were recorded. Physiological pressure waveforms were applied as inlet boundary condition. Results In the development of L-ICA stenosis, the total CBF decreases with the increase of stenosis degree. The blood supply of ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) was affected most by the stenosis of L-ICA. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and ipsilateral posterior communicating artery (PCoA) function as important collateral pathways of cerebral collateral circulation when unilateral stenosis occurred. The blood supply of anterior cerebral circulation was compensated by the posterior cerebral circulation through ipsilateral PCoA when L-ICA stenosis degree is greater than 40% and the affected side was compensated immediately by the unaffected side through ACoA. Blood flow of the anterior circulation and the total CBF reached the minimum among all cases studied when L-ICA occlusion coexist with the absence of PCoA. Conclusion The results demonstrated the flow distribution patterns of the CoW under anatomical variations and clarified the collateral mechanism of the CoW. The flow ACoA is the most sensitive indexes to the morphology change of ipsilateral ICA. The relative independence of the circulation in anterior and posterior sections of the CoW is not broken and the function of ipsilateral PCoA is not activated until a severe stenosis of unilateral ICA occurs. PCoA is the most important collateral pathway of the collateral circulation and the missing of PCoA has the highest risk of stroke when the ipsilateral ICA has severe stenosis. These findings may provide the basis for future therapeutic and diagnosis applications. PMID:25603138

Optimal Therapy Scheduling Based on a Pair of Collaterally Sensitive Drugs.

PubMed

Yoon, Nara; Vander Velde, Robert; Marusyk, Andriy; Scott, Jacob G

2018-05-07

Despite major strides in the treatment of cancer, the development of drug resistance remains a major hurdle. One strategy which has been proposed to address this is the sequential application of drug therapies where resistance to one drug induces sensitivity to another drug, a concept called collateral sensitivity. The optimal timing of drug switching in these situations, however, remains unknown. To study this, we developed a dynamical model of sequential therapy on heterogeneous tumors comprised of resistant and sensitive cells. A pair of drugs (DrugA, DrugB) are utilized and are periodically switched during therapy. Assuming resistant cells to one drug are collaterally sensitive to the opposing drug, we classified cancer cells into two groups, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], each of which is a subpopulation of cells resistant to the indicated drug and concurrently sensitive to the other, and we subsequently explored the resulting population dynamics. Specifically, based on a system of ordinary differential equations for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we determined that the optimal treatment strategy consists of two stages: an initial stage in which a chosen effective drug is utilized until a specific time point, T, and a second stage in which drugs are switched repeatedly, during which each drug is used for a relative duration (i.e., [Formula: see text]-long for DrugA and [Formula: see text]-long for DrugB with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). We prove that the optimal duration of the initial stage, in which the first drug is administered, T, is shorter than the period in which it remains effective in decreasing the total population, contrary to current clinical intuition. We further analyzed the relationship between population makeup, [Formula: see text], and the effect of each drug. We determine a critical ratio, which we term [Formula: see text], at which the two drugs are equally effective. As the first stage of the optimal strategy is applied, [Formula: see text] changes monotonically to [Formula: see text] and then, during the second stage, remains at [Formula: see text] thereafter. Beyond our analytic results, we explored an individual-based stochastic model and presented the distribution of extinction times for the classes of solutions found. Taken together, our results suggest opportunities to improve therapy scheduling in clinical oncology.

Combined Effects and Cross-Interactions of Different Antibiotics and Polypeptides in Salmonella bredeney.

PubMed

Ju, Xiangyu; Zhu, Mengjiao; Han, Jinzhi; Lu, Zhaoxin; Zhao, Haizhen; Bie, Xiaomei

2018-05-24

Salmonella spp. are health-threatening foodborne pathogens. The increasingly common spread of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. is a major public healthcare issue worldwide. In this study, we wished to explore (1) antibiotic or polypeptide combinations to inhibit multidrug-resistant Salmonella bredeney and (2) the regulation of cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity of antibiotics and polypeptides. We undertook a study to select antibiotic combinations. Then, we promoted drug-resistant strains of S. bredeney after 15 types of antibiotic treatment. From each evolving population, the S. bredeney strain was exposed to a particular single drug. Then, we analyzed how the evolved S. bredeney strains acquired resistance or susceptibility to other drugs. A total of 105 combinations were tested against S. bredeney following the protocols of CLSI-2016 and EUCAST-2017. The synergistic interactions between drug pairings were diverse. Notably, polypeptides were more likely to be linked to synergistic combinations: 56% (19/34) of the synergistic pairings were relevant to polypeptides. Simultaneously, macrolides demonstrated antagonism toward polypeptides. The latter were more frequently related to collateral sensitivity than the other drugs because the other 13 drugs sensitized S. bredeney to polypeptides. In an experimental evolution involving 15 drugs, single drug-evolved strains were examined against the other 14 drugs, and the results were compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration of the ancestral strain. Single drug-evolved S. bredeney strains could alter the sensitivity to other drugs, and S. bredeney evolution against antibiotics could sensitize it to polypeptides.

Is improved contrast sensitivity a natural consequence of visual training?

PubMed Central

Levi, Aaron; Shaked, Danielle; Tadin, Duje; Huxlin, Krystel R.

2015-01-01

Many studies have shown that training and testing conditions modulate specificity of visual learning to trained stimuli and tasks. In visually impaired populations, generalizability of visual learning to untrained stimuli/tasks is almost always reported, with contrast sensitivity (CS) featuring prominently among these collaterally-improved functions. To understand factors underlying this difference, we measured CS for direction and orientation discrimination in the visual periphery of three groups of visually-intact subjects. Group 1 trained on an orientation discrimination task with static Gabors whose luminance contrast was decreased as performance improved. Group 2 trained on a global direction discrimination task using high-contrast random dot stimuli previously used to recover motion perception in cortically blind patients. Group 3 underwent no training. Both forms of training improved CS with some degree of specificity for basic attributes of the trained stimulus/task. Group 1's largest enhancement was in CS around the trained spatial/temporal frequencies; similarly, Group 2's largest improvements occurred in CS for discriminating moving and flickering stimuli. Group 3 saw no significant CS changes. These results indicate that CS improvements may be a natural consequence of multiple forms of visual training in visually intact humans, albeit with some specificity to the trained visual domain(s). PMID:26305736

12 CFR 614.4245 - Collateral evaluation policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral evaluation policies. 614.4245... OPERATIONS Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4245 Collateral evaluation policies. (a) The board of... shall adopt well-defined and effective collateral evaluation policies and standards, that comply with...

Cerebral collaterals and collateral therapeutics for acute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Winship, Ian R

2015-04-01

Cerebral collaterals are vascular redundancies in the cerebral circulation that can partially maintain blood flow to ischemic tissue when primary conduits are blocked. After occlusion of a cerebral artery, anastomoses connecting the distal segments of the MCA with distal branches of the ACA and PCA (known as leptomeningeal or pial collaterals) allow for partially maintained blood flow in the ischemic penumbra and delay or prevent cell death. However, collateral circulation varies dramatically between individuals, and collateral extent is significant predictor of stroke severity and recanalization rate. Collateral therapeutics attempt to harness these vascular redundancies by enhancing blood flow through pial collaterals to reduce ischemia and brain damage after cerebral arterial occlusion. While therapies to enhance collateral flow remain relatively nascent neuroprotective strategies, experimental therapies including inhaled NO, transient suprarenal aortic occlusion, and electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion show promise as collateral therapeutics with the potential to improve treatment of acute ischemic stroke. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Differential impact of diabetes mellitus type II and arterial hypertension on collateral artery growth and concomitant macrophage accumulation.

PubMed

Ito, Wulf D; Lund, Natalie; Sager, Hendrik; Becker, Wiebke; Wenzel, Ulrich

2015-01-01

Diabetes mellitus type II and arterial hypertension are major risk factors for peripheral arterial disease and have been considered to reduce collateral growth (arteriogenesis). Collateral growth proceeds through different stages. Vascular proliferation and macrophage accumulation are hallmarks of early collateral growth. We here compare the impact of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II on collateral proliferation (Brdu incorporation) and macrophage accumulation (ED 2 staining) as well as collateral vessel function (collateral conductance) in a rat model of peripheral vascular disease (femoral artery occlusion), diabetes mellitus type II (Zucker fatty diabetic rats and Zucker lean rat controls) and arterial hypertension (induced via clip placement around the right renal arteriy). We furthermore tested the impact of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP‑1) on collateral proliferation and macrophage accumulation in these models Diabetic animals showed reduced vascular proliferation and macrophage accumulation, which however did not translate into a change of collateral conductance. Hypertensive animals on the contrary had reduced collateral conductances without altered macrophage accumulation and only a marginal reduction in collateral proliferation. Infusion of MCP‑1 only enhanced vascular proliferation in diabetic animals. These findings illustrate that impaired monocyte/macrophage recruitment is responsible for reduced collateral growth under diabetic conditions but not in arterial hypertension suggesting that diabetes mellitus in particular affects early stages of collateral growth whereas hypertension has its impact on later remodeling stages. Successful pro-arteriogenic treatment strategies in a patient population that presents with diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension need to address different stages of collateral growth and thus different molecular and cellular targets simultaneously.

New perspectives of cobalt tris(bipyridine) system: anti-cancer effect and its collateral sensitivity towards multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancers

PubMed Central

Mok, Simon Wing Fai; Liu, Hauwei; Zeng, Wu; Han, Yu; Gordillo-Martinez, Flora; Chan, Wai-Kit; Wong, Keith Man-Chung; Wong, Vincent Kam Wai

2017-01-01

Platinating compounds including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are common chemotherapeutic agents, however, patients developed resistance to these clinical agents after initial therapeutic treatments. Therefore, different approaches have been applied to identify novel therapeutic agents, molecular mechanisms, and targets for overcoming drug resistance. In this study, we have identified a panel of cobalt complexes that were able to specifically induce collateral sensitivity in taxol-resistant and p53-deficient cancer cells. Consistently, our reported anti-cancer functions of cobalt complexes 1–6 towards multidrug-resistant cancers have suggested the protective and non-toxic properties of cobalt metal-ions based compounds in anti-cancer therapies. As demonstrated in xenograft mouse model, our results also confirmed the identified cobalt complex 2 was able to suppress tumor growth in vivo. The anti-cancer effect of the cobalt complex 2 was further demonstrated to be exerted via the induction of autophagy, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell invasion and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. These data have provided alternative metal ion compounds for targeting drug resistance cancers in chemotherapies. PMID:28903398

7 CFR 4287.113 - Release of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Loans § 4287.113 Release of collateral. (a) All releases of collateral with a value exceeding $100,000... loan. The Agency may, at its discretion, require an appraisal of the remaining collateral in cases... (a) of this section, lenders may, over the life of the loan, release collateral (other than personal...

Status of systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral flow after the fontan procedure.

PubMed

Whitehead, Kevin K; Harris, Matthew A; Glatz, Andrew C; Gillespie, Matthew J; DiMaria, Michael V; Harrison, Neil E; Dori, Yoav; Keller, Marc S; Rome, Jonathan J; Fogel, Mark A

2015-06-15

The investigators recently validated a method of quantifying systemic-to-pulmonary arterial collateral flow using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging velocity mapping. Cross-sectional data suggest decreased collateral flow in patients with total cavopulmonary connections (TCPCs) compared with those with superior cavopulmonary connections (SCPCs). However, no studies have examined serial changes in collateral flow from SCPCs to TCPCs in the same patients. The aim of this study was to examine differences in collateral flow between patients with SCPCs and those with TCPCs. Collateral flow was quantified by 2 independent measures from 250 single-ventricle studies in 219 different patients (115 SCPC and 135 TCPC studies, 31 patients with both) and 18 controls, during routine studies using through-plane phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Collateral flow was indexed to body surface area, aortic flow, and pulmonary venous flow. Regardless of indexing method, SCPC patients had significantly higher collateral flow than TCPC patients (1.64 ± 0.8 vs 1.03 ± 0.8 L/min/m(2), p <0.001). In 31 patients who underwent serial examinations, collateral flow as a fraction of aortic flow increased early after TCPC completion. In TCPC patients, indexed collateral flow demonstrated a significant negative correlation with time from TCPC. In conclusion, SCPC and TCPC patients demonstrate substantial collateral flow, with SCPC patients having higher collateral flow than TCPC patients overall. On the basis of the paired subset analysis, collateral flow does not decrease in the short term after TCPC completion and trends toward an increase. In the long term, however, collateral flow decreases over time after TCPC completion. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

13 CFR 120.1850 - Will the Collateral be held by SBA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Loan Program) § 120.1850 Will the Collateral be held by SBA? Yes, SBA or its expressly authorized agent... all Collateral for SISMBD Loans in a custodial account. Certificates held as Collateral must be in... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will the Collateral be held by SBA...

An optimized velocity selective arterial spin labeling module with reduced eddy current sensitivity for improved perfusion quantification.

PubMed

Meakin, James A; Jezzard, Peter

2013-03-01

Velocity-selective (VS) arterial spin labeling is a promising method for measuring perfusion in areas of slow or collateral flow by eliminating the bolus arrival delay associated with other spin labeling techniques. However, B(0) and B(1) inhomogeneities and eddy currents during the VS preparation hinder accurate quantification of perfusion with VS arterial spin labeling. In this study, it is demonstrated through simulations and experiments in healthy volunteers that eddy currents cause erroneous tagging of static tissue. Consequently, mean gray matter perfusion is overestimated by up to a factor of 2, depending on the VS preparation used. A novel eight-segment B(1) insensitive rotation VS preparation is proposed to reduce eddy current effects while maintaining the B(0) and B(1) insensitivity of previous preparations. Compared to two previous VS preparations, the eight-segment B(1) insensitive rotation is the most robust to eddy currents and should improve the quality and reliability of VS arterial spin labeling measurements in future studies. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis and Collateral Recruitment in Stroke Patients.

PubMed

Dankbaar, Jan W; Kerckhoffs, Kelly G P; Horsch, Alexander D; van der Schaaf, Irene C; Kappelle, L Jaap; Velthuis, Birgitta K

2017-04-24

Leptomeningeal collaterals improve outcome in stroke patients. There is great individual variability in their extent. Internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis may lead to more extensive recruitment of leptomeningeal collaterals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of pre-existing ICA stenosis with leptomeningeal collateral filling visualized with computed tomography perfusion (CTP). From a prospective acute ischemic stroke cohort, patients were included with an M1 middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and absent ipsilateral, extracranial ICA occlusion. ICA stenosis was determined on admission CT angiography (CTA). Leptomeningeal collaterals were graded as good (>50%) or poor (≤50%) collateral filling in the affected MCA territory on CTP-derived vessel images of the admission scan. The association between ipsilateral ICA stenosis ≥70% and extent of collateral filling was analyzed using logistic regression. In a multivariable analysis the odds ratio (OR) of ICA stenosis ≥70% was adjusted for complete circle of Willis, gender and age. We included 188 patients in our analyses, 50 (26.6%) patients were classified as having poor collateral filling and 138 (73.4%) as good. Of the patients 4 with poor collateral filling had an ICA stenosis ≥70% and 14 with good collateral filling. Unadjusted and adjusted ORs of ICA stenosis ≥70% for good collateral filling were 1.30 (0.41-4.15) and 2.67 (0.81-8.77), respectively. Patients with poor collateral filling had a significantly worse outcome (90-day modified Rankin scale 3-6; 80% versus 52%, p = 0.001). No association was found between pre-existing ICA stenosis and extent of CTP derived collateral filling in patients with an M1 occlusion.

Stroke etiology and collaterals: atheroembolic strokes have greater collateral recruitment than cardioembolic strokes.

PubMed

Rebello, L C; Bouslama, M; Haussen, D C; Grossberg, J A; Dehkharghani, S; Anderson, A; Belagaje, S R; Bianchi, N A; Grigoryan, M; Frankel, M R; Nogueira, R G

2017-06-01

Chronic hypoperfusion from athero-stenotic lesions is thought to lead to better collateral recruitment compared to cardioembolic strokes. It was sought to compare collateral flow in stroke patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) versus stroke patients with cervical atherosclerotic steno-occlusive disease (CASOD). This was a retrospective review of a prospectively collected endovascular database. Patients with (i) anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke, (ii) pre-treatment computed tomography angiography (CTA) and (iii) intracranial embolism from AF or CASOD were included. CTA collateral patterns were evaluated and categorized into two groups: absent/poor collaterals (CTA collateral score 0-1) versus moderate/good collaterals (CTA collateral score 2-4). CT perfusion was also utilized for baseline core volume and evaluation of infarct growth. A total of 122 patients fitted the inclusion criteria, of whom 88 (72%) had AF and 34 (27%) CASOD. Patients with AF were older (P < 0.01) and less often males or smokers (P = 0.04 and P < 0.01 respectively). Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score were comparable between groups. Collateral scores were lower in the AF group (P = 0.01) with patients having poor collaterals in 28% of cases versus 9% in the CASOD group (P = 0.03). Mortality rates (20% vs. 0%; P = 0.02) were higher in the AF patients whilst rates of any parenchymal hemorrhage (6% vs. 26%; P < 0.01) were higher in the CASOD group. On multivariable analysis, CASOD was an independent predictor of moderate/good collaterals (odds ratio 4.70; 95% confidence interval 1.17-18.79; P = 0.03). Atheroembolic strokes seem to be associated with better collateral flow compared to cardioembolic strokes. This may in part explain the worse outcomes of AF-related stroke. © 2017 EAN.

Motor-circuit communication matrix from spinal cord to brainstem neurons revealed by developmental origin.

PubMed

Pivetta, Chiara; Esposito, Maria Soledad; Sigrist, Markus; Arber, Silvia

2014-01-30

Accurate motor-task execution relies on continuous comparison of planned and performed actions. Motor-output pathways establish internal circuit collaterals for this purpose. Here we focus on motor collateral organization between spinal cord and upstream neurons in the brainstem. We used a newly developed mouse genetic tool intersectionally with viruses to uncover the connectivity rules of these ascending pathways by capturing the transient expression of neuronal subpopulation determinants. We reveal a widespread and diverse network of spinal dual-axon neurons, with coincident input to forelimb motor neurons and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in the brainstem. Spinal information to the LRN is not segregated by motor pool or neurotransmitter identity. Instead, it is organized according to the developmental domain origin of the progenitor cells. Thus, excerpts of most spinal information destined for action are relayed to supraspinal centers through exquisitely organized ascending connectivity modules, enabling precise communication between command and execution centers of movement. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Collateral Circulation in Chronic Total Occlusions - an interventional perspective.

PubMed

Choo, Gim-Hooi

2015-09-09

Human coronary collaterals are inter-coronary communications that are believed to be present from birth. In the presence of chronic total occlusions, recruitment of flow via these collateral anastomoses to the arterial segment distal to occlusion provide an alternative source of blood flow to the myocardial segment at risk. This mitigates the ischemic injury. Clinical outcome of coronary occlusion ie. severity of myocardial infarction/ischemia, impairment of cardiac function and possibly survival depends not only on the acuity of the occlusion, extent of jeopardized myocardium, duration of ischemia but also to the adequacy of collateral circulation. Adequacy of collateral circulation can be assessed by various methods. These coronary collateral channels have been used successfully as a retrograde access route for percutaneous recanalization of chronic total occlusions. Factors that promote angiogenesis and further collateral remodeling ie. arteriogenesis have been identified. Promotion of collateral growth as a therapeutic target in patients with no suitable revascularization option is an exciting proposal.

Isolated Major Aortopulmonary Collateral as the Sole Pulmonary Blood Supply to an Entire Lung Segment.

PubMed

Kim, Hannah S; Grady, R Mark; Shahanavaz, Shabana

2017-01-01

Congenital systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries or major aortopulmonary collaterals are associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow. Though it is usually associated with congenital heart diseases, there is an increased incidence of isolated acquired aortopulmonary collaterals in premature infants with chronic lung disease. Interestingly, isolated congenital aortopulmonary collaterals can occur without any lung disease, which may cause congestive heart failure and require closure. We present a neonate with an echocardiogram that showed only left-sided heart dilation. Further workup with a CT angiogram demonstrated an anomalous systemic artery from the descending thoracic aorta supplying the left lower lobe. He eventually developed heart failure symptoms and was taken to the catheterization laboratory for closure of the collateral. However, with the collateral being the only source of blood flow to the entire left lower lobe, he required surgical unifocalization. Isolated aortopulmonary collaterals without any other congenital heart disease or lung disease are rare. Our patient is the first reported case to have an isolated aortopulmonary collateral being the sole pulmonary blood supply to an entire lung segment. Due to its rarity, there is still much to learn about the origin and development of these collaterals that possibly developed prenatally.

Pleiotrophin levels are associated with improved coronary collateral circulation.

PubMed

Türker Duyuler, Pinar; Duyuler, Serkan; Gök, Murat; Kundi, Harun; Topçuoğlu, Canan; Güray, Ümit

2018-01-01

Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in coronary collateral formation is necessary for new therapies. Pleiotrophin is a secreted multifunctional cytokine and associated with the formation of functional cardiovascular neovascularization in a series of experimental animal models. We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of pleiotrophin in patients with chronic total coronary artery occlusion and poor or good collateral development. We included 88 consecutive patients (mean age of the entire population: 63.7±12.1 years, 68 male patients) with stable angina pectoris who underwent coronary angiography and had chronic total occlusion in at least one major coronary artery. Collateral grading was performed according to the Rentrop classification. After grading, patients were divided into poor collateral circulation (Rentrop grade 0 and 1) and good collateral circulation (Rentrop grades 2 and 3) groups. Serum pleiotrophin levels were measured using a commercial human ELISA kit. Fifty-eight patients had good and 30 patients had poor coronary collaterals. The good collateral group had higher serum pleiotrophin levels than the poor collateral group (690.1±187.9 vs. 415.3±165.9 ng/ml, P<0.001). Pleiotrophin levels were higher with higher Rentrop grade (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, increased pleiotrophin was associated independently with good collateral development (odds ratio: 1.007; confidence interval: 1.003-1.012; P=0.002). This study showed that increased serum pleiotrophin levels are associated with better developed coronary collateral circulation. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship.

Influence of collaterals on the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and serum NT-proBNP levels in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion.

PubMed

Samadov, Fuad; Yesildag, Osman; Sari, Ibrahim; Atas, Halil; Akhundova, Aysel; Basaran, Yelda

2017-06-01

Although numerous studies have shown the protective effects of the well-developed coronary collaterals on left ventricular functions, the relationship between collateral grade and left ventricular end diastolic pressure has not been studied in chronic total occlusion patients. Also, there are conflicting data on the effect of collaterals on NT-proBNP levels. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between coronary collateral circulation and left ventricular end diastolic pressure and NT-proBNP levels in chronic total occlusion patients. Study group was retrospectively selected from the patients who had undergone coronary angiography at our hospital between June 2011 and March 2013. Clinical, biochemical, angiographic and hemodynamic data of 199 consecutive patients having at least one totally occluded major epicardial coronary artery were evaluated. Coronary collateral circulation was graded according to Rentrop classification. While Rentrop grade 3 was defined as well-developed, all the remaining collateral grades were regarded as poor collaterals. Overall 87 patients were found to have good collaterals and 112 patients had poor collaterals. There was no significant difference between the patients with well- or poorly developed coronary collaterals with regard to left ventricular end diastolic pressure (16.84 ± 5.40 mmHg vs 16.10 ± 6.09, respectively, p  = 0,632) and log NT-proBNP (2.46 ± 0.58 vs 2.59 ± 0.76, respectively, p  = 0,335). In patients with coronary chronic total occlusion even well-developed coronary collaterals are not capable of protecting the rise of left ventricular end diastolic pressure and NT-proBNP levels which are reliable markers of the left ventricular dysfunction.

Tissue-engineered collateral ligament composite allografts for scapholunate ligament reconstruction: an experimental study.

PubMed

Endress, Ryan; Woon, Colin Y L; Farnebo, Simon J; Behn, Anthony; Bronstein, Joel; Pham, Hung; Yan, Xinrui; Gambhir, Sanjiv S; Chang, James

2012-08-01

In patients with chronic scapholunate (SL) dissociation or dynamic instability, ligament repair is often not possible, and surgical reconstruction is indicated. The ideal graft ligament would recreate both anatomical and biomechanical properties of the dorsal scapholunate ligament (dorsal SLIL). The finger proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP joint) collateral ligament could possibly be a substitute ligament. We harvested human PIP joint collateral ligaments and SL ligaments from 15 cadaveric limbs. We recorded ligament length, width, and thickness, and measured the biomechanical properties (ultimate load, stiffness, and displacement to failure) of native dorsal SLIL, untreated collateral ligaments, decellularized collateral ligaments, and SL repairs with bone-collateral ligament-bone composite collateral ligament grafts. As proof of concept, we then reseeded decellularized bone-collateral ligament-bone composite grafts with green fluorescent protein-labeled adipo-derived mesenchymal stem cells and evaluated them histologically. There was no difference in ultimate load, stiffness, and displacement to failure among native dorsal SLIL, untreated and decellularized collateral ligaments, and SL repairs with tissue-engineered collateral ligament grafts. With pair-matched untreated and decellularized scaffolds, there was no difference in ultimate load or stiffness. However, decellularized ligaments revealed lower displacement to failure compared with untreated ligaments. There was no difference in displacement between decellularized ligaments and native dorsal SLIL. We successfully decellularized grafts with recently described techniques, and they could be similarly reseeded. Proximal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament-based bone-collateral ligament-bone composite allografts had biomechanical properties similar to those of native dorsal SLIL. Decellularization did not adversely affect material properties. These tissue-engineered grafts may offer surgeons another option for reconstruction of chronic SL instability. Copyright © 2012 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Associations Between Collateral Status and Thrombus Characteristics and Their Impact in Anterior Circulation Stroke.

PubMed

Alves, Heitor C; Treurniet, Kilian M; Dutra, Bruna G; Jansen, Ivo G H; Boers, Anna M M; Santos, Emilie M M; Berkhemer, Olvert A; Dippel, Diederik W J; van der Lugt, Aad; van Zwam, Wim H; van Oostenbrugge, Robert J; Lingsma, Hester F; Roos, Yvo B W E M; Yoo, Albert J; Marquering, Henk A; Majoie, Charles B L M

2018-02-01

Thrombus characteristics and collateral score are associated with functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It has been suggested that they affect each other. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between clot burden score, thrombus perviousness, and collateral score and to determine whether collateral score influences the association of thrombus characteristics with functional outcome. Patients with baseline thin-slice noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography images from the MR CLEAN trial (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands) were included (n=195). Collateral score and clot burden scores were determined on baseline computed tomographic angiography. Thrombus attenuation increase was determined by comparing thrombus density on noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomographic angiography using a semiautomated method. The association of collateral score with clot burden score and thrombus attenuation increase was evaluated with linear regression. Mediation and effect modification analyses were used to assess the influence of collateral score on the association of clot burden score and thrombus attenuation increase with functional outcome. A higher clot burden score (B=0.063; 95% confidence interval, 0.008-0.118) and a higher thrombus attenuation increase (B=0.014; 95% confidence interval, 0.003-0.026) were associated with higher collateral score. Collateral score mediated the association of clot burden score with functional outcome. The association between thrombus attenuation increase and functional outcome was modified by the collateral score, and this association was stronger in patients with moderate and good collaterals. Patients with lower thrombus burden and higher thrombus perviousness scores had higher collateral score. The positive effect of thrombus perviousness on clinical outcome was only present in patients with moderate and high collateral scores. URL: http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR1804 and URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com Unique identifier: ISRCTN10888758. © 2018 The Authors.

25 CFR 502.5 - Collateral agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Collateral agreement. 502.5 Section 502.5 Indians NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PROVISIONS DEFINITIONS OF THIS CHAPTER § 502.5 Collateral agreement. Collateral agreement means any contract, whether or not in writing...

25 CFR 502.5 - Collateral agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Collateral agreement. 502.5 Section 502.5 Indians NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PROVISIONS DEFINITIONS OF THIS CHAPTER § 502.5 Collateral agreement. Collateral agreement means any contract, whether or not in writing...

25 CFR 502.5 - Collateral agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Collateral agreement. 502.5 Section 502.5 Indians NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PROVISIONS DEFINITIONS OF THIS CHAPTER § 502.5 Collateral agreement. Collateral agreement means any contract, whether or not in writing...

25 CFR 502.5 - Collateral agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Collateral agreement. 502.5 Section 502.5 Indians NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PROVISIONS DEFINITIONS OF THIS CHAPTER § 502.5 Collateral agreement. Collateral agreement means any contract, whether or not in writing...

Collateral Damage

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-10-01

stated, they are, in reality , indexed to a single aspect of the weapon phenomena, e.g., damage levels for airblast-sensitive objects are indexed to...of Burst Propagation Related Airblast Representation Target Altitude Wheather (snow/rain) Terrain Temperature Air Pressure Around Structures 1. d) 3-38...with opaque material. Simply closing a shutter can be quite effective in virtually eliminating all possibility of interior fire starts from a single

Early and mid-term results in the endovascular treatment of popliteal aneurysms with the multilayer flow modulator.

PubMed

Ucci, Alessandro; Curci, Ruggiero; Azzarone, Matteo; Bianchini Massoni, Claudio; Bozzani, Antonio; Marcato, Carla; Marone, Enrico Maria; Perini, Paolo; Tecchio, Tiziano; Freyrie, Antonio; Argenteri, Angelo

2018-01-01

Background The endovascular approach became an alternative to open surgical treatment of popliteal artery aneurysm over the last few years. Heparin-bonded stent-grafts have been employed for endovascular popliteal artery aneurysm repair, showing good and stable results. Only few reports about the use of multilayer flow modulator are available in literature, providing small patient series and short follow-up. The aim of this study is to report the outcomes of patients with popliteal artery aneurysm treated with the multilayer flow modulator in three Italian centres. Methods We retrospectively analysed a series of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with popliteal artery aneurysm treated with the multilayer flow modulator from 2009 to 2015. Follow-up was undertaken with clinical and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examinations at 1, 6 and 12 months, and yearly thereafter. Computed tomography angiography was performed in selected cases. Primary endpoints were aneurysm sac thrombosis; freedom from sac enlargement and primary, primary-assisted and secondary patency during follow-up. Secondary endpoints were technical success, collateral vessels patency, limb salvage and aneurysm-related complications. Results Twenty-three consecutive patients (19 males, age 72 ± 11) with 25 popliteal artery aneurysms (mean diameter 23 mm ± 1, 3 symptomatic patients) were treated with 40 multilayer flow modulators during the period of the study. Median follow-up was 22.6 ± 16.7 months. Complete aneurysm thrombosis occurred in 92.9% of cases (23/25 cases) at 18 months. Freedom from sac enlargement was 100% (25/25 cases) with 17 cases of aneurysm sac shrinkage (68%). At 1, 6, 12 and 24 months, estimated primary patency was 95.7%, 87.3%, 77% and 70.1%, respectively. At the same intervals, primary-assisted patency was 95.7%, 91.3%, 86% and 86%, respectively, and secondary patency was 100%, 95.7%, 90.3% and 90.3%, respectively. Technical success was 100%. The collateral vessels patency was 72.4%. Limb salvage was 91.4% at 24-month follow-up. One multilayer flow modulator fracture was reported in an asymptomatic patient. Conclusions Multilayer flow modulator seems a feasible and safe solution for endovascular treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms in selected patients.

Relation of coronary collateral circulation with epicardial fat volume in patients with stable coronary artery disease

PubMed Central

Enhos, Asım; Sahin, Irfan; Can, Mehmet Mustafa; Biter, Ibrahim; Dinckal, Mustafa Hakan; Serebruany, Victor

2013-01-01

Objective To investigated the relationship between epicardial fat volume (EFV) and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods The study population consisted of 152 consecutive patients with CAD who underwent coronary angiography and were found to have at least 95% significiant lesion in at least one major coronary artery. EFV was assessed utilizing 64-multislice computed tomography. The patients were classifield into impaired CCC group (Group 1, Rentrop grades 0−1, n = 58), or adequate CCC (Group 2, Rentrop grades 2−3, n = 94). Results The EFV values were significantly higher in paitients with adequate CCC than in those with impaired CCC. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, EFV (OR = 1.059; 95% CI: 1.035−1.085; P = 0.001); and presence of angina were independent predictors of adequate CCC. In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the EFV value > 106.5 mL yielded an area under the curve value of 0.84, with the test sensitivity of 49.3%, and with 98.3% specifity. Conclusions High EFV, and the presence of angina independently predict adequate CCC in patients with stable coronary artery disease. This association offers new diagnostic opportinities to assess collateral flow by conventional ultrasound techniques. PMID:24454327

40 CFR 13.16 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... STANDARDS Collection § 13.16 Liquidation of collateral. Where the Administrator holds a security instrument with a power of sale or has physical possession of collateral, he may liquidate the security or... businesses, including liquidation of security or collateral, is not a prerequisite to requiring payment by a...

22 CFR 213.17 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Liquidation of collateral. Where the CFO holds a security instrument with a power of sale or has physical possession of collateral, he may liquidate the security or collateral and apply the proceeds to the overdue... circumstances require judicial foreclosure. However, collection from other businesses, including liquidation of...

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits oxygen consumption in collateral-dependent myocardium.

PubMed

Chen, Yingjie; Zhang, Ping; Li, Jingxin; Xu, Xin; Bache, Robert J

2014-02-01

Following coronary artery occlusion growth of collateral vessels can provide an effective blood supply to the dependent myocardium. The ischemia, which results in growth of collateral vessels, recruits an inflammatory response with expression of cytokines and growth factors, upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) in vascular endothelial cells, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in both vessels and cardiac myocytes. Because NO is a potent collateral vessel dilator, this study examined whether NO derived from iNOS or constitutive NOS regulates myocardial blood flow (MBF) in the collateral region. Nonselective NOS inhibition with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (LNA) caused vasoconstriction with a significant decrease in MBF to the collateral region during exercise. In contrast, the highly selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W caused a 21 ± 5% increase of MBF in the collateral region. This increase in MBF following selective iNOS blockade was proportionate to an increase in myocardial O2 consumption (MVo2). The results suggest that NO produced by iNOS inhibits MVo2 in the collateralized region, so that the increase in MBF following iNOS blockade was the result of metabolic vasodilation secondary to an increase in MVo2. Thus the coordinated expression of iNOS to restrain MVo2 and eNOS to maintain collateral vasodilation act to optimize the O2 supply-demand relationship and protect the collateralized myocardium from ischemia.

31 CFR 202.6 - Collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Collateral security. 202.6 Section 202... GOVERNMENT 1 § 202.6 Collateral security. (a) Requirement. Prior to receiving deposits of public money, a depositary authorized to perform services under § 202.3(b) must pledge collateral security in the amount...

31 CFR 202.6 - Collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Collateral security. 202.6 Section 202... GOVERNMENT 1 § 202.6 Collateral security. (a) Requirement. Prior to receiving deposits of public money, a depositary authorized to perform services under § 202.3(b) must pledge collateral security in the amount...

31 CFR 202.6 - Collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Collateral security. 202.6 Section 202... GOVERNMENT 1 § 202.6 Collateral security. (a) Requirement. Prior to receiving deposits of public money, a depositary authorized to perform services under § 202.3(b) must pledge collateral security in the amount...

45 CFR 1336.67 - Security and collateral: Responsibilities of the Loan Administrator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) As a Credit Factor. The availability of collateral security normally is considered an important... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Security and collateral: Responsibilities of the... Fund Demonstration Project § 1336.67 Security and collateral: Responsibilities of the Loan...

A New Soluble Gelatin Sponge for Transcatheter Hepatic Arterial Embolization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takasaka, Isao; Kawai, Nobuyuki; Sato, Morio, E-mail: morisato@mail.wakayama-med.ac.jp

2010-12-15

To prepare a soluble gelatin sponge (GS) and to explore the GS particles (GSPs) that inhibit development of collateral pathways when transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization is performed. The approval of the Institutional Committee on Research Animal Care of our institution was obtained. By means of 50 and 100 kDa of regenerative medicine-gelatin (RM-G), RM-G sponges were prepared by freeze-drying and heating to temperatures of 110-150{sup o}C for cross-linkage. The soluble times of RM-GSPs were measured in vitro. Eight swine for transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization were assigned into two groups: six received 135{sup o}C/50RM-GSPs, 125{sup o}C/100RM-GSPs, and 138{sup o}C/50RM-GSPs, with solublemore » time of 48 h or more in vitro; two swine received Gelpart GSPs (G-GSPs) with insoluble time of 14 days as a control. Transarterial chemoembolization was performed on two branches of the hepatic artery per swine. RM-GSPs heated at temperatures of 110-138{sup o}C were soluble. Mean soluble times of the RM-GSPs increased with higher temperature. Hepatic branches embolized with G-GSP remained occluded after 6 days, and development of collateral pathways was observed after 3 days. Hepatic branches embolized with 135{sup o}C/50RM-GSP and 125{sup o}C/100RM-GSP remained occluded for 4 h, and recanalization was observed after 1 day. Hepatic branches embolized with 138{sup o}C/50RM-GS remained occluded for 1 day, and recanalization was observed after 2 days with no development of collateral pathways. In RM-GSs with various soluble times that were prepared by modulating the heating temperature, 138{sup o}C/50RM-GSP was the soluble GSP with the longest occlusion time without inducing development of collateral pathways.« less

7 CFR 3575.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... collateral. Any collateral accepted by the lender must not be titled in the Agency's name in whole or in part... collateral must be maintained. (d) Collateral sale. (1) The lender will prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective purchasers. The Agency must approve...

7 CFR 3575.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... collateral. Any collateral accepted by the lender must not be titled in the Agency's name in whole or in part... collateral must be maintained. (d) Collateral sale. (1) The lender will prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective purchasers. The Agency must approve...

7 CFR 1779.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective... develop a plan to fully protect the collateral, and the lender must dispose of the collateral without delay. (b) Re-title collateral. Any collateral accepted by the lender must not be titled in the Agency's...

Influence of oxidative stress on the development of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusions.

PubMed

Demirbag, Recep; Gur, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Remzi; Kunt, Alper Sami; Erel, Ozcan; Andac, M Halit

2007-03-02

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total peroxide and oxidative stress index (OSI) are associated with the development of collaterals in total coronary occlusions. Our study group contained 176 consecutive men patients with single-vessel TCO, 94 of whom had poorly developed coronary collateral, while 82 had well-developed coronary collateral. TAC and total peroxide concentration were measured of plasma. The ratio of TAC to total peroxide was accepted as an indicator of oxidative stress. The values of total peroxide and OSI in the Group I were significantly lower than that in Group II (p<0.001, for both). TAC levels were significantly higher in patients with poorly developed collaterals than in well-developed collateral group (p<0.001). OSI values were also significantly different among the Rentrop class-0, -1, -2 and -3 (ANOVA p<0.001). We found significant correlations between collaterals score and TAC, total peroxide and OSI levels (p<0.001 for all). In multiple linear regression analysis, total peroxide and OSI were independent predictors of collaterals score (p=0.006 and p<0.001 respectively). This study clearly demonstrates that the level of OSI is independently and positively associated with the presence of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusion patients.

Classification of corkscrew collaterals in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): relationship between corkscrew type and prevalence of ischemic ulcers.

PubMed

Fujii, Yuichi; Soga, Junko; Nakamura, Shuji; Hidaka, Takayuki; Hata, Takaki; Idei, Naomi; Fujimura, Noritaka; Nishioka, Kenji; Chayama, Kazuaki; Kihara, Yasuki; Higashi, Yukihito

2010-08-01

A corkscrew collateral appearance on angiography is one of the diagnostic criteria for Buerger's disease. The purpose of the present study was to classify the angiographic findings of corkscrew collaterals and to evaluate the relationship between corkscrew collateral type and the severity of Buerger's disease. Corkscrew collaterals were assessed on digital subtraction angiography in lower extremities of 28 patients with Buerger's disease (55 limbs). The corkscrew sign was classified into 4 types by size and pattern as follows: type I, artery diameter >2 mm, large helical sign; type II, diameter >1.5 mm and or=1 mm and

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits oxygen consumption in collateral-dependent myocardium

PubMed Central

Chen, Yingjie; Zhang, Ping; Li, Jingxin; Xu, Xin

2013-01-01

Following coronary artery occlusion growth of collateral vessels can provide an effective blood supply to the dependent myocardium. The ischemia, which results in growth of collateral vessels, recruits an inflammatory response with expression of cytokines and growth factors, upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) in vascular endothelial cells, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in both vessels and cardiac myocytes. Because NO is a potent collateral vessel dilator, this study examined whether NO derived from iNOS or constitutive NOS regulates myocardial blood flow (MBF) in the collateral region. Nonselective NOS inhibition with NG-nitro-l-arginine (LNA) caused vasoconstriction with a significant decrease in MBF to the collateral region during exercise. In contrast, the highly selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W caused a 21 ± 5% increase of MBF in the collateral region. This increase in MBF following selective iNOS blockade was proportionate to an increase in myocardial O2 consumption (MV̇o2). The results suggest that NO produced by iNOS inhibits MV̇o2 in the collateralized region, so that the increase in MBF following iNOS blockade was the result of metabolic vasodilation secondary to an increase in MV̇o2. Thus the coordinated expression of iNOS to restrain MV̇o2 and eNOS to maintain collateral vasodilation act to optimize the O2 supply-demand relationship and protect the collateralized myocardium from ischemia. PMID:24322607

Assessing the impact of Amazonia logging with a new ecosystem model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, M.; Asner, G. P.; Keller, M.; Berry, J. A.; Bustamante, M. M.

2006-12-01

Old-growth Amazonian forests play a fundamental role in the global climate and carbon cycle. Land use in old- growth tropical forests contributes to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and can alter the hydrological cycle, locally, regionally, and globally. Although deforestation, largely for the conversion of land to food crops or pastures, is the major destructive force in tropical forests worldwide (Houghton et al., 2000), other forest disturbances such as the selective logging have also increased in frequency and extent. Selective logging causes widespread collateral damage to remaining trees, sub-canopy vegetation, and soils, with impacts on hydrological processes, erosion, fire, carbon storage, and plant and animal species. In this study, the impact of selective logging on the carbon budget of the Brazil Amazon region is assessed with a new 3-D version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model, which features: (1) an alternative way of estimating absorbed photosynthetically-active radiation (APAR) by taking advantage of new high-resolution maps of forest canopy gap fraction; (2) a pulse disturbance module to realistically modify the carbon pools after timber harvest; (3) a regrowth module considering changes in community composition; and (4) a radiative transfer module for charactering the dynamic 3-D light environment above the canopy and within gaps after logging. The model was calibrated and validated with field observations from the Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment (LBA) and its sensitivity was evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations. The impacts of selected logging on regional carbon budget of the Brazilian Amazon were then assessed under different future climate change scenarios. Results from this study quantify the gross and net carbon storage effects of widespread logging practices throughout the Brazilian Amazon.

Value of Quantitative Collateral Scoring on CT Angiography in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

PubMed

Boers, A M M; Sales Barros, R; Jansen, I G H; Berkhemer, O A; Beenen, L F M; Menon, B K; Dippel, D W J; van der Lugt, A; van Zwam, W H; Roos, Y B W E M; van Oostenbrugge, R J; Slump, C H; Majoie, C B L M; Marquering, H A

2018-06-01

Many studies have emphasized the relevance of collateral flow in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship of the quantitative collateral score on baseline CTA with the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke and test whether the timing of the CTA acquisition influences this relationship. From the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) data base, all baseline thin-slice CTA images of patients with acute ischemic stroke with intracranial large-vessel occlusion were retrospectively collected. The quantitative collateral score was calculated as the ratio of the vascular appearance of both hemispheres and was compared with the visual collateral score. Primary outcomes were 90-day mRS score and follow-up infarct volume. The relation with outcome and the association with treatment effect were estimated. The influence of the CTA acquisition phase on the relation of collateral scores with outcome was determined. A total of 442 patients were included. The quantitative collateral score strongly correlated with the visual collateral score (ρ = 0.75) and was an independent predictor of mRS (adjusted odds ratio = 0.81; 95% CI, .77-.86) and follow-up infarct volume (exponent β = 0.88; P < .001) per 10% increase. The quantitative collateral score showed areas under the curve of 0.71 and 0.69 for predicting functional independence (mRS 0-2) and follow-up infarct volume of >90 mL, respectively. We found significant interaction of the quantitative collateral score with the endovascular therapy effect in unadjusted analysis on the full ordinal mRS scale ( P = .048) and on functional independence ( P = .049). Modification of the quantitative collateral score by acquisition phase on outcome was significant (mRS: P = .004; follow-up infarct volume: P < .001) in adjusted analysis. Automated quantitative collateral scoring in patients with acute ischemic stroke is a reliable and user-independent measure of the collateral capacity on baseline CTA and has the potential to augment the triage of patients with acute stroke for endovascular therapy. © 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

12 CFR 223.41 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... quantitative limits and collateral requirements? 223.41 Section 223.41 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12 or the collateral requirements of § 223...

12 CFR 223.41 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... quantitative limits and collateral requirements? 223.41 Section 223.41 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12 or the collateral requirements...

12 CFR 223.41 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... quantitative limits and collateral requirements? 223.41 Section 223.41 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12 or the collateral requirements of § 223...

12 CFR 223.41 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... quantitative limits and collateral requirements? 223.41 Section 223.41 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12 or the collateral requirements of § 223...

12 CFR 223.41 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... quantitative limits and collateral requirements? 223.41 Section 223.41 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits and collateral requirements? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12 or the collateral requirements...

12 CFR 221.7 - Supplement: Maximum loan value of margin stock and other collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... value of margin stock and other collateral. (a) Maximum loan value of margin stock. The maximum loan... nonmargin stock and all other collateral. The maximum loan value of nonmargin stock and all other collateral... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Supplement: Maximum loan value of margin stock...

Biomarkers of coronary endothelial health: correlation with invasive measures of collateral function, flow and resistance in chronically occluded coronary arteries and the effect of recanalization.

PubMed

Ladwiniec, Andrew; Ettelaie, Camille; Cunnington, Michael S; Rossington, Jennifer; Thackray, Simon; Alamgir, Farquad; Hoye, Angela

2016-06-01

In the presence of a chronically occluded coronary artery, the collateral circulation matures by a process of arteriogenesis; however, there is considerable variation between individuals in the functional capacity of that collateral network. This could be explained by differences in endothelial health and function. We aimed to examine the relationship between the functional extent of collateralization and levels of biomarkers that have been shown to relate to endothelial health. We measured four potential biomarkers of endothelial health in 34 patients with mature collateral networks who underwent a successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for a chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) before PCI and 6-8 weeks after PCI, and examined the relationship of biomarker levels with physiological measures of collateralization. We did not find a significant change in the systemic levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, microparticles or tissue factor 6-8 weeks after PCI. We did find an association between estimated retrograde collateral flow before CTO recanalization and lower levels of sICAM-1 (r=0.39, P=0.026), sE-selectin (r=0.48, P=0.005) and microparticles (r=0.38, P=0.03). Recanalization of a CTO and resultant regression of a mature collateral circulation do not alter systemic levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, microparticles or tissue factor. The identified relationship of retrograde collateral flow with sICAM-1, sE-selectin and microparticles is likely to represent an association with an ability to develop collaterals rather than their presence and extent.

Angiographic Structural Differentiation between Native Arteriogenesis and Therapeutic Synangiosis in Intracranial Arterial Steno-Occlusive Disease.

PubMed

Ooi, Y C; Laiwalla, A N; Liou, R; Gonzalez, N R

2016-06-01

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis has been shown to generate collateral vessels from the extracranial-to-intracranial circulation in patients with Moyamoya disease and intracranial arterial steno-occlusive disease. The mechanisms involved are not well-understood. We hypothesized that angiogenesis is the leading mechanism forming collaterals after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis because there are no pre-existing connections. Angiogenesis-generated collaterals should exhibit higher architectural complexity compared with innate collaterals. Pre- and postoperative digital subtraction angiograms were analyzed in patients enrolled in a prospective trial of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis surgery. Branching angioscore, tortuosity index, and local connected fractal dimension were compared between innate and postoperative collaterals. One hundred one angiograms (50 preoperative, 51 postoperative) were analyzed from 44 patients (22 with intracranial atherosclerosis and 22 with Moyamoya disease). There was a significantly higher median branching angioscore (13 versus 4, P < .001) and a lower median tortuosity index (1.08 versus 1.76, P < .001) in the encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis collaterals compared with innate collaterals. Higher mean local fractal dimension peaks (1.28 ± 0.1 versus 1.16 ± 0.11, P < .001) were observed in the encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis collaterals compared with innate collaterals for both intracranial atherosclerosis (P < .001) and Moyamoya disease (P < .001) groups. The observed increase in high connectivity was greater in the intracranial atherosclerosis group compared with patients with Moyamoya disease (P = .01). The higher median branching angioscore and local connected fractal dimension, along with the lower median tortuosity index of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis collaterals, are consistent with the greater complexity observed in the process of sprouting and splitting associated with angiogenesis. © 2016 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

13 CFR 123.513 - Does SBA require collateral on its Military Reservist EIDL?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., or both. SBA will not decline a loan if you do not have a particular amount of collateral so long as SBA is reasonably sure that you can repay the loan. If you refuse to pledge the available collateral... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA require collateral on its...

13 CFR 120.1881 - How are payments on the Collateral allocated between the SISMBD borrower and repayment of the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... are payments on the Collateral allocated between the SISMBD borrower and repayment of the SISMBD Loan? Unless otherwise provided in the Loan Agreements for a particular SISMBD Loan, any payment on Collateral... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How are payments on the Collateral...

13 CFR 120.1882 - What happens if funds to make required loan payments are not generated from the Collateral?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... required loan payments are not generated from the Collateral? 120.1882 Section 120.1882 Business Credit and... to make required loan payments are not generated from the Collateral? (a) The SISMBD is responsible... Collateral as set forth in the Loan Agreements, related documents and applicable law. (b) An SISMBD will have...

Sequestration of cAMP response element-binding proteins by transcription factor decoys causes collateral elaboration of regenerating Aplysia motor neuron axons.

PubMed

Dash, P K; Tian, L M; Moore, A N

1998-07-07

Axonal injury increases intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP and has been shown to induce gene expression, which is thought to be a key event for regeneration. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ and/or cAMP can alter gene expression via activation of a family of transcription factors that bind to and modulate the expression of CRE (Ca2+/cAMP response element) sequence-containing genes. We have used Aplysia motor neurons to examine the role of CRE-binding proteins in axonal regeneration after injury. We report that axonal injury increases the binding of proteins to a CRE sequence-containing probe. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that the level of ApCREB2, a CRE sequence-binding repressor, was enhanced as a result of axonal injury. The sequestration of CRE-binding proteins by microinjection of CRE sequence-containing plasmids enhanced axon collateral formation (both number and length) as compared with control plasmid injections. These findings show that Ca2+/cAMP-mediated gene expression via CRE-binding transcription factors participates in the regeneration of motor neuron axons.

7 CFR 1434.16 - Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan... MARKETING ASSISTANCE LOAN AND LDP REGULATIONS FOR HONEY § 1434.16 Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan. (a)(1) A producer shall not move or dispose of any honey pledged as collateral for a loan...

7 CFR 1434.16 - Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan... MARKETING ASSISTANCE LOAN AND LDP REGULATIONS FOR HONEY § 1434.16 Release of the honey pledged as collateral for a loan. (a)(1) A producer shall not move or dispose of any honey pledged as collateral for a loan...

Impact of coronary collaterals on in-hospital and 5-year mortality after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era: a prospective observational study

PubMed Central

Hara, Masahiko; Sakata, Yasuhiko; Nakatani, Daisaku; Suna, Shinichiro; Nishino, Masami; Sato, Hiroshi; Kitamura, Tetsuhisa; Nanto, Shinsuke; Hori, Masatsugu; Komuro, Issei

2016-01-01

Objectives To evaluate the short-term and long-term prognostic impacts of acute phase coronary collaterals to occluded infarct-related arteries (IRA) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era. Design A prospective observational study. Setting Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study (OACIS) in Japan. Participants 3340 patients with STEMI from the OACIS database who were admitted to hospitals within 24 hours from the onset and who had a completely occluded IRA. Interventions Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the Rentrop collateral score (RCS) by angiography on admission (RCS-0, no visible collaterals; RCS-1, collaterals without IRA filling; RCS-2, collaterals with partial IRA filling; and RCS-3, collaterals with complete IRA filling). Primary outcome measures In-hospital and 5-year mortality. Results Patients with RCS-0/3 were older than patients with RCS-1/2, and the prevalence of previous myocardial infarction was highest in patients with RCS-3. Median peak creatinine phosphokinase levels decreased as RCS increases (p<0.001), suggesting the acute cardioprotective effects of collaterals. Although RCS-1 and RCS-2 collaterals were associated with better in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.48, p=0.046 and 0.38, p=0.010 for RCS-1 and RCS-2, respectively) and 5-year mortality (adjusted HR 0.53, p=0.004 and 0.46, p<0.001 for RCS-1 and RCS-2, respectively) as compared with R-0, presence of RCS-3 collaterals was not associated with improved in-hospital (adjusted OR 1.35, p=0.331) and 5-year mortality (adjusted HR 0.98, p=0.920), possibly because worse clinical profiles in patients with RCS-3 may mask mortality benefit of coronary collaterals. Conclusions Presence of acute phase coronary collaterals such as RCS-1 and RCS-2 were associated with better in-hospital and 5-year mortality after STEMI in the contemporary PCI era. PMID:27412101

48 CFR 2448.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING 2448.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The authority of the HCA to determine that the cost of calculating and tracking collateral savings will exceed the...

48 CFR 2448.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING 2448.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The authority of the HCA to determine that the cost of calculating and tracking collateral savings will exceed the...

48 CFR 2448.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING 2448.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The authority of the HCA to determine that the cost of calculating and tracking collateral savings will exceed the...

Morphological patterns of the collateral sulcus in the human brain.

PubMed

Huntgeburth, Sonja C; Petrides, Michael

2012-04-01

The collateral sulcal complex is an important landmark on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Anteriorly, it delineates the limbic regions of the parahippocampal gyrus from the visual-processing areas of the fusiform gyrus. Posteriorly, it continues into the occipital lobe, bearing no relationship to the memory-related limbic regions. Given the considerable extent of the sulcus and functional heterogeneity of the surrounding cortex, an investigation of the morphology of this sulcus was carried out to examine whether it is continuous or a series of sulcal parts, i.e. independent sulci classified together under the name collateral sulcus. We investigated the collateral sulcal complex using magnetic resonance images taking into account the three-dimensional nature of the brain. Our examination demonstrated three separate sulcal segments: (i) an anterior segment, the rhinal sulcus, delineating the uncus from the adjacent temporal neocortex, (ii) a middle segment, the collateral sulcus proper, forming the lateral border of the posterior parahippocampal cortex, and (iii) a caudal segment, the occipital extent of the collateral sulcus, within the occipital lobe. Three relationships exist between the rhinal sulcus and collateral sulcus proper, only one being clearly identifiable from the surface. Posteriorly, the collateral sulcus proper and the occipital collateral sulcus, although appearing continuous on the brain surface, can be separated in the depth of the sulcus in all cases. These results provide quantification of the location and variability within standard stereotaxic space for the three collateral sulcus segments that could be used to aid accurate identification of functional activation peaks derived from neuroimaging studies. © 2012 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience © 2012 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

DoD Information Security Program and Protection of Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-21

collateral, special access program, SCI, and controlled unclassified information ( CUI ) within an overarching DoD Information Security Program...classified, safeguarded, and declassified in accordance with References (c), (d), and DoD Manual 5200.01 (Reference (i)). CUI will be identified...Information will not be classified, continue to be maintained as classified, or fail to be declassified, or be designated CUI under any circumstances in

Visualization and Classification of Deeply Seated Collateral Networks in Moyamoya Angiopathy with 7T MRI.

PubMed

Matsushige, T; Kraemer, M; Sato, T; Berlit, P; Forsting, M; Ladd, M E; Jabbarli, R; Sure, U; Khan, N; Schlamann, M; Wrede, K H

2018-06-07

Collateral networks in Moyamoya angiopathy have a complex angioarchitecture difficult to comprehend on conventional examinations. This study aimed to evaluate morphologic patterns and the delineation of deeply seated collateral networks using ultra-high-field MRA in comparison with conventional DSA. Fifteen white patients with Moyamoya angiopathy were investigated in this prospective trial. Sequences acquired at 7T were TOF-MRA with 0.22 × 0.22 × 0.41 mm 3 resolution and MPRAGE with 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 mm 3 resolution. Four raters evaluated the presence of deeply seated collateral networks and image quality in a consensus reading of DSA, TOF-MRA, and MPRAGE using a 5-point scale in axial source images and maximum intensity projections. Delineation of deeply seated collateral networks by different imaging modalities was compared by means of the McNemar test, whereas image quality was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The relevant deeply seated collateral networks were classified into 2 categories and 6 pathways. A total of 100 collateral networks were detected on DSA; 106, on TOF-MRA; and 73, on MPRAGE. Delineation of deeply seated collateral networks was comparable between TOF-MRA and DSA ( P = .25); however, both were better than MPRAGE ( P < .001). This study demonstrates excellent delineation of 6 distinct deeply seated collateral network pathways in Moyamoya angiopathy in white adults using 7T TOF-MRA, comparable to DSA. © 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

Relationship between haemodynamic impairment and collateral blood flow in carotid artery disease.

PubMed

Hartkamp, Nolan S; Petersen, Esben T; Chappell, Michael A; Okell, Thomas W; Uyttenboogaart, Maarten; Zeebregts, Clark J; Bokkers, Reinoud Ph

2017-01-01

Collateral blood flow plays a pivotal role in steno-occlusive internal carotid artery (ICA) disease to prevent irreversible ischaemic damage. Our aim was to investigate the effect of carotid artery disease upon cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity and whether haemodynamic impairment is influenced at brain tissue level by the existence of primary and/or secondary collateral. Eighty-eight patients with steno-occlusive ICA disease and 29 healthy controls underwent MR examination. The presence of collaterals was determined with time-of-flight, two-dimensional phase contrast MRA and territorial arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity were assessed with ASL before and after acetazolamide. Cerebral haemodynamics were normal in asymptomatic ICA stenosis patients, as opposed to patients with ICA occlusion, in whom the haemodynamics in both hemispheres were compromised. Haemodynamic impairment in the affected brain region was always present in symptomatic patients. The degree of collateral blood flow was inversely correlated with haemodynamic impairment. Recruitment of secondary collaterals only occurred in symptomatic ICA occlusion patients. In conclusion, both CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity were found to be reduced in symptomatic patients with steno-occlusive ICA disease. The presence of collateral flow is associated with further haemodynamic impairment. Recruitment of secondary collaterals is associated with severe haemodynamic impairment.

Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension and Its Clinical Links

PubMed Central

Seo, Yeon Seok; Shah, Vijay H

2011-01-01

Portal hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Intrahepatic vascular resistance due to architectural distortion and intrahepatic vasoconstriction, increased portal blood flow due to splanchnic vasodilatation, and development of collateral circulation have been considered as major factors for the development of portal hypertension. Recently, sinusoidal remodeling and angiogenesis have been focused as potential etiologic factors and various researchers have tried to improve portal hypertension by modulating these new targets. This article reviews potential new treatments in the context of portal hypertension pathophysiology concepts. PMID:25755320

Correcting deformity in total knee arthroplasty: Techniques to avoid the release of collateral ligaments in severely deformed knees.

PubMed

Mullaji, A B; Shetty, G M

2016-01-01

Collateral ligament release is advocated in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to deal with significant coronal plane deformities, but is also associated with significant disadvantages. We describe steps to avoid release of the collateral (superficial medial and lateral collateral) ligaments during TKA in severely deformed knees, while correcting deformity and balancing the knee. ©2016 The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.

Computed tomographic characteristics of collateral venous pathways in dogs with caudal vena cava obstruction.

PubMed

Specchi, Swan; d'Anjou, Marc-André; Carmel, Eric Norman; Bertolini, Giovanna

2014-01-01

Collateral venous pathways develop in dogs with obstruction or increased blood flow resistance at any level of the caudal vena cava in order to maintain venous drainage to the right atrium. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the sites, causes of obstruction, and configurations of venous collateral pathways for a group of dogs with caudal vena cava obstruction. Computed tomography databases from two veterinary hospitals were searched for dogs with a diagnosis of caudal vena cava obstruction and multidetector row computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) scans that included the entire caudal vena cava. Images for each included dog were retrieved and collateral venous pathways were characterized using image postprocessing and a classification system previously reported for humans. A total of nine dogs met inclusion criteria and four major collateral venous pathways were identified: deep (n = 2), portal (n = 2), intermediate (n = 7), and superficial (n = 5). More than one collateral venous pathway was present in 5 dogs. An alternative pathway consisting of renal subcapsular collateral veins, arising mainly from the caudal pole of both kidneys, was found in three dogs. In conclusion, findings indicated that collateral venous pathway patterns similar to those described in humans are also present in dogs with caudal vena cava obstruction. These collateral pathways need to be distinguished from other vascular anomalies in dogs. Postprocessing of multidetector-row CTA images allowed delineation of the course of these complicated venous pathways and may be a helpful adjunct for treatment planning in future cases. © 2014 American College of Veterinary Radiology.

[Observation and analysis on the meridian-collateral running track-related anatomical structure in the human body].

PubMed

Xie, Hao-ran; Li, Fang-chun; Zhang, Wei-bo

2009-06-01

In the present paper the authors analyze the anatomical structure of the meridian running track by using the dialectical thought and comprehensive analysis of the integrated Chinese and western medicine. It has been observed that the "Qi-passages" of the 14 meridians of Chinese medicine are located in the connective tissue among the interspace of the muscles, etc. distributing longitudinally. The "Qi-passages" of the 15 Luomai (collaterals of the meridians) are located in the connective tissue among the interspace of the muscles, etc. distributing transversally, while those of the small branches of the meridian collaterals are located in the interspace mesenchyme of the muscle bundles distributing in the whole body. The "Qi-passages" of the tiny branches of the meridian collaterals are located in the mesenchyme of the intracellular space, such as the muscle fibers in the whole body. The authors hold that the so-called "Mai Qi" of the meridian-collaterals is the liquid-Qi flowing in the vertical and horizontal tissue interspaces. The "Qi-passage" of the meridian-collaterals of Chinese medicine is the pathway of the liquid-Qi of the tissue interspaces. The structure of the meridian-collaterals is the tissue interspace. The meridian-collateral system is a regulation-control system in the human body where the Qi-passages communicate with each other, and is, in fact, the protoplasm, the liquid-Qi circulating in the tissue interspaces.

Activation of Cell Surface Bound 20S Proteasome Inhibits Vascular Cell Growth and Arteriogenesis

PubMed Central

Ito, Wulf D.; Lund, Natalie; Zhang, Ziyang; Buck, Friedrich; Lellek, Heinrich; Horst, Andrea; Machens, Hans-Günther; Schunkert, Heribert; Schaper, Wolfgang; Meinertz, Thomas

2015-01-01

Arteriogenesis is an inflammatory process associated with rapid cellular changes involving vascular resident endothelial progenitor cells (VR-EPCs). Extracellular cell surface bound 20S proteasome has been implicated to play an important role in inflammatory processes. In our search for antigens initially regulated during collateral growth mAb CTA 157-2 was generated against membrane fractions of growing collateral vessels. CTA 157-2 stained endothelium of growing collateral vessels and the cell surface of VR-EPCs. CTA 157-2 bound a protein complex (760 kDa) that was identified as 26 kDa α7 and 21 kDa β3 subunit of 20S proteasome in mass spectrometry. Furthermore we demonstrated specific staining of 20S proteasome after immunoprecipitation of VR-EPC membrane extract with CTA 157-2 sepharose beads. Functionally, CTA 157-2 enhanced concentration dependently AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) cleavage from LLVY (N-Succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr) by recombinant 20S proteasome as well as proteasomal activity in VR-EPC extracts. Proliferation of VR-EPCs (BrdU incorporation) was reduced by CTA 157-2. Infusion of the antibody into the collateral circulation reduced number of collateral arteries, collateral proliferation, and collateral conductance in vivo. In conclusion our results indicate that extracellular cell surface bound 20S proteasome influences VR-EPC function in vitro and collateral growth in vivo. PMID:26146628

Rapid Liver Hypertrophy After Portal Vein Occlusion Correlates with the Degree of Collateralization Between Lobes-a Study in Pigs.

PubMed

Deal, Rebecca; Frederiks, Charles; Williams, Lauren; Olthof, Pim B; Dirscherl, Konstantin; Keutgen, Xavier; Chan, Edie; Deziel, Daniel; Hertl, Martin; Schadde, Erik

2018-02-01

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) induces more rapid liver growth than portal vein ligation (PVL). Transection of parenchyma in ALPPS may prevent the formation of collaterals between lobes. The aim of this study was to determine if abrogating the formation of collaterals through parenchymal transection impacted growth rate. Twelve Yorkshire Landrace pigs were randomized to undergo ALPPS, PVL, or "partial ALPPS" by varying degrees of parenchymal transection. Hepatic volume was measured after 7 days. Portal blood flow and pressure were measured. Portal vein collaterals were examined from epoxy casts. PVL, ALPPS, and partial ALPPS led to volume increases of the RLL by 15.5% (range 3-22), 64% (range 45-76), and 32% (range 18-77), respectively, with significant differences between PVL and ALPPS/partial ALPPS (p < 0.05). In PVL and partial ALPPS, substantial new portal vein collaterals were found. The number of collaterals correlated inversely with the growth rate (p = 0.039). Portal vein pressure was elevated in all models after ligation suggesting hyperflow to the portal vein-supplied lobe (p < 0.05). These data suggest that liver hypertrophy following PVL is inversely proportional to the development of collaterals. Hypertrophy after ALPPS is likely more rapid due to reduction of collaterals through transection.

30 CFR 800.21 - Collateral bonds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS BOND AND INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS § 800.21 Collateral bonds... subject to the following conditions: (1) The regulatory authority shall keep custody of collateral...

Quantitative evaluation of collateral circulation in patients with previous myocardial infarction: relation to myocardial ischemia, angiographic appearance and functional improvement of myocardium.

PubMed

Vukcevic, Vladan; Beleslin, Branko; Ostojic, Miodrag; Stojkovic, Sinisa; Stankovic, Goran; Nedeljkovic, Milan; Orlic, Dejan; Djordjevic-Dikic, Ana; Stepanovic, Jelena; Giga, Vojislav; Arandjelovic, Aleksandra; Dikic, Miodrag; Kostic, Jelena; Nedeljkovic, Ivana; Nedeljkovic-Beleslin, Biljana; Saponjski, Jovica

2009-04-01

Evaluation of coronary pressures during angioplasty may functionally quantify collateral circulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relation between the amount of collateral circulation and development of myocardial ischemia during balloon occlusion, anatomic degree of collaterals, and functional improvement of myocardium. Study population consisted of 31 pts (mean age 53 +/- 7 years; 25 male) with previous myocardial infarction and significant one-vessel stenosis undergoing angioplasty. Collateral circulation was calculated as the ratio between distal coronary pressure during balloon occlusion (P(w)) and aortic pressure (P(a)). Angiographic appearance of collaterals was evaluated by Rentrop classification. Patients were evaluated by echo for functional improvement of myocardium in the follow-up period. Mean P(w)/P(a) was 0.24 +/- 0.10 (range of 0.07-0.51). Rentrop grade 0 of collaterals was present in 16 patients (52%), grade 1 in11 patients (35%), and grade 2 in 4 patients (13%). A mild correlation between angio and hemodynamic evaluation of collaterals was observed (r = 0.38, P = 0.035). In patients without ECG changes during angioplasty (21 pts, 68%), P(w)/P(a) was significantly higher in comparison to patients with ECG changes (0.28 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.15 +/- 0.06, P < 0.001; area under the curve 0.93). In patients with myocardial functional improvement during follow-up (21 pts, 68%), P(w)/P(a) was significantly higher than in the patients without echo improvement (0.26 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.08, P = 0.035). The amount of recruitable collaterals is not negligible even in the patients with no angio visible collaterals. Low values of P(w)/P(a) are associated with ECG changes during balloon occlusion. Higher P(w)/P(a) was associated with better functional improvement of myocardium.

Endothelial Msx1 transduces hemodynamic changes into an arteriogenic remodeling response

PubMed Central

Vandersmissen, Ine; Craps, Sander; Depypere, Maarten; Coppiello, Giulia; van Gastel, Nick; Maes, Frederik; Carmeliet, Geert; Schrooten, Jan; Jones, Elizabeth A.V.; Umans, Lieve; Devlieger, Roland; Koole, Michel; Gheysens, Olivier; Zwijsen, An; Aranguren, Xabier L.

2015-01-01

Collateral remodeling is critical for blood flow restoration in peripheral arterial disease and is triggered by increasing fluid shear stress in preexisting collateral arteries. So far, no arterial-specific mediators of this mechanotransduction response have been identified. We show that muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1) acts exclusively in collateral arterial endothelium to transduce the extrinsic shear stimulus into an arteriogenic remodeling response. MSX1 was specifically up-regulated in remodeling collateral arteries. MSX1 induction in collateral endothelial cells (ECs) was shear stress driven and downstream of canonical bone morphogenetic protein–SMAD signaling. Flow recovery and collateral remodeling were significantly blunted in EC-specific Msx1/2 knockout mice. Mechanistically, MSX1 linked the arterial shear stimulus to arteriogenic remodeling by activating the endothelial but not medial layer to a proinflammatory state because EC but not smooth muscle cellMsx1/2 knockout mice had reduced leukocyte recruitment to remodeling collateral arteries. This reduced leukocyte infiltration in EC Msx1/2 knockout mice originated from decreased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), whose expression was also in vitro driven by promoter binding of MSX1. PMID:26391659

45 CFR 160.532 - Collateral estoppel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Collateral estoppel. 160.532 Section 160.532 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ADMINISTRATIVE DATA STANDARDS AND RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Procedures for Hearings § 160.532 Collateral estoppel. When a...

41 CFR 105-55.014 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Management Regulations System (Continued) GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Regional Offices-General Services Administration 55-COLLECTION OF CLAIMS OWED THE UNITED STATES § 105-55.014 Liquidation of collateral. (a) The General Services Administration (GSA) will liquidate security or collateral through the exercise of a...

12 CFR 725.19 - Collateral requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral requirements. 725.19 Section 725.19 Banks and Banking NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING CREDIT UNIONS NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION CENTRAL LIQUIDITY FACILITY § 725.19 Collateral requirements. (a) Each...

Independent predictors of retrograde failure in CTO-PCI after successful collateral channel crossing.

PubMed

Suzuki, Yoriyasu; Muto, Makoto; Yamane, Masahisa; Muramatsu, Toshiya; Okamura, Atsunori; Igarashi, Yasumi; Fujita, Tsutomu; Nakamura, Shigeru; Oida, Akitsugu; Tsuchikane, Etsuo

2017-07-01

To evaluate factors for predicting retrograde CTO-PCI failure after successful collateral channel crossing. Successful guidewire/catheter collateral channel crossing is important for the retrograde approach in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO). A total of 5984 CTO-PCI procedures performed in 45 centers in Japan from 2009 to 2012 were studied. The retrograde approach was used in 1656 CTO-PCIs (27.7%). We investigated these retrograde procedures to evaluate factors for predicting retrograde CTO-PCI failure even after successful collateral channel crossing. Successful guidewire/catheter collateral crossing was achieved in 77.1% (n = 1,276) of 1656 retrograde CTO-PCI procedures. Retrograde procedural success after successful collateral crossing was achieved in 89.4% (n = 1,141). Univariate analysis showed that the predictors for retrograde CTO-PCI failure were in-stent occlusion (OR = 1.9829, 95%CI = 1.1783 - 3.3370 P = 0.0088), calcified lesions (OR = 1.9233, 95%CI = 1.2463 - 2.9679, P = 0.0027), and lesion tortuosity (OR = 1.5244, 95%CI = 1.0618 - 2.1883, P = 0.0216). On multivariate analysis, lesion calcification was an independent predictor of retrograde CTO-PCI failure after successful collateral channel crossing (OR = 1.3472, 95%CI = 1.0614 - 1.7169, P = 0.0141). The success rate of retrograde CTO-PCI following successful guidewire/catheter collateral channel crossing was high in this registry. Lesion calcification was an independent predictor of retrograde CTO-PCI failure after successful collateral channel crossing. Devices and techniques to overcome complex CTO lesion morphology, such as lesion calcification, are required to further improve the retrograde CTO-PCI success rate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

12 CFR 615.5050 - Collateral requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....5050 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM FUNDING AND FISCAL AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Collateral § 615.5050 Collateral requirements. (a) Each bank shall have on hand at the time of issuance of any notes, bonds, debentures, or other similar...

20 CFR 498.114 - Collateral estoppel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Collateral estoppel. 498.114 Section 498.114 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION CIVIL MONETARY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.114 Collateral estoppel. In a proceeding under section 1129 of the Social Security Act that...

42 CFR 402.15 - Collateral estoppel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Collateral estoppel. 402.15 Section 402.15 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS, AND EXCLUSIONS General Provisions § 402.15 Collateral estoppel...

28 CFR 94.25 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Collateral sources. 94.25 Section 94.25 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIME VICTIM SERVICES International Terrorism... collateral source in connection with the same act of international terrorism. In cases in which a claimant...

28 CFR 94.25 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Collateral sources. 94.25 Section 94.25 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIME VICTIM SERVICES International Terrorism... collateral source in connection with the same act of international terrorism. In cases in which a claimant...

28 CFR 94.25 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Collateral sources. 94.25 Section 94.25 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIME VICTIM SERVICES International Terrorism... collateral source in connection with the same act of international terrorism. In cases in which a claimant...

28 CFR 94.25 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Collateral sources. 94.25 Section 94.25 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIME VICTIM SERVICES International Terrorism... collateral source in connection with the same act of international terrorism. In cases in which a claimant...

28 CFR 94.25 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Collateral sources. 94.25 Section 94.25 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIME VICTIM SERVICES International Terrorism... collateral source in connection with the same act of international terrorism. In cases in which a claimant...

7 CFR 762.142 - Servicing related to collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Servicing related to collateral. 762.142 Section 762.142 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS § 762.142 Servicing related to collateral...

10 CFR 1015.210 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... States. Collection from other sources, including liquidation of security or collateral, is not a... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) COLLECTION OF CLAIMS OWED THE UNITED STATES Standards... liquidate security or collateral through the exercise of a power of sale in the security instrument or a...

13 CFR 120.343 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral. 120.343 Section 120.343 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Export Working Capital Program (ewcp) § 120.343 Collateral. A Borrower must give SBA a first security...

48 CFR 48.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Sharing collateral savings. 48.104-3 Section 48.104-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING Policies and Procedures 48.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The...

Diabetes Diminishes the Portal-Systemic Collateral Vascular Response to Vasopressin via Vasopressin Receptor and Gα Proteins Regulations in Cirrhotic Rats

PubMed Central

Lee, Jing-Yi; Huo, Teh-Ia; Wang, Sun-Sang; Lin, Han-Chieh; Chuang, Chiao-Lin; Lee, Shou-Dong

2013-01-01

Liver cirrhosis may lead to portal-systemic collateral formation and bleeding. The hemostatic effect is influenced by the response of collateral vessels to vasoconstrictors. Diabetes and glucose also influence vasoresponsiveness, but their net effect on collaterals remains unexplored. This study investigated the impact of diabetes or glucose application on portal-systemic collateral vasoresponsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in cirrhosis. Spraque-Dawley rats with bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cirrhosis received vehicle (citrate buffer) or streptozotocin (diabetic, BDL/STZ). The in situ collateral perfusion was done after hemodynamic measurements: Both were perfused with Krebs solution, D-glucose, or D-glucose and NaF, with additional OPC-31260 for the BDL/STZ group. Splenorenal shunt vasopressin receptors and Gα proteins mRNA expressions were evaluated. The survival rate of cirrhotic rats was decreased by STZ injection. The collateral perfusion pressure changes to AVP were lower in STZ-injected groups, which were reversed by OPC-31260 (a V2R antagonist) and overcome by NaF (a G protein activator). The splenorenal shunt V2R mRNA expression was increased while Gα proteins mRNA expressions were decreased in BDL/STZ rats compared to BDL rats. The Gαq and Gα11 mRNA expressions also correlated with the maximal perfusion pressure changes to AVP. Diabetes diminished the portal-systemic collateral vascular response to AVP in rats with BDL-induced cirrhosis, probably via V2 receptor up-regulation and Gα proteins down-regulation. PMID:23874439

Diabetes diminishes the portal-systemic collateral vascular response to vasopressin via vasopressin receptor and Gα proteins regulations in cirrhotic rats.

PubMed

Lee, Jing-Yi; Huo, Teh-Ia; Wang, Sun-Sang; Huang, Hui-Chun; Lee, Fa-Yauh; Lin, Han-Chieh; Chuang, Chiao-Lin; Lee, Shou-Dong

2013-01-01

Liver cirrhosis may lead to portal-systemic collateral formation and bleeding. The hemostatic effect is influenced by the response of collateral vessels to vasoconstrictors. Diabetes and glucose also influence vasoresponsiveness, but their net effect on collaterals remains unexplored. This study investigated the impact of diabetes or glucose application on portal-systemic collateral vasoresponsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in cirrhosis. Spraque-Dawley rats with bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cirrhosis received vehicle (citrate buffer) or streptozotocin (diabetic, BDL/STZ). The in situ collateral perfusion was done after hemodynamic measurements: Both were perfused with Krebs solution, D-glucose, or D-glucose and NaF, with additional OPC-31260 for the BDL/STZ group. Splenorenal shunt vasopressin receptors and Gα proteins mRNA expressions were evaluated. The survival rate of cirrhotic rats was decreased by STZ injection. The collateral perfusion pressure changes to AVP were lower in STZ-injected groups, which were reversed by OPC-31260 (a V2R antagonist) and overcome by NaF (a G protein activator). The splenorenal shunt V2R mRNA expression was increased while Gα proteins mRNA expressions were decreased in BDL/STZ rats compared to BDL rats. The Gαq and Gα11 mRNA expressions also correlated with the maximal perfusion pressure changes to AVP. Diabetes diminished the portal-systemic collateral vascular response to AVP in rats with BDL-induced cirrhosis, probably via V2 receptor up-regulation and Gα proteins down-regulation.

42 CFR 1003.114 - Collateral estoppel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Collateral estoppel. 1003.114 Section 1003.114 Public Health OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL-HEALTH CARE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.114 Collateral estoppel. (a) Where a...

42 CFR 3.532 - Collateral estoppel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Collateral estoppel. 3.532 Section 3.532 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS PATIENT SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS AND PATIENT SAFETY WORK PRODUCT Enforcement Program § 3.532 Collateral estoppel. When a final...

7 CFR 1421.106 - Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral... SIMILARLY HANDLED COMMODITIES-MARKETING ASSISTANCE LOANS AND LOAN DEFICIENCY PAYMENTS FOR 2008 THROUGH 2012 Marketing Assistance Loans § 1421.106 Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral. (a) A commodity...

7 CFR 1421.106 - Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral... SIMILARLY HANDLED COMMODITIES-MARKETING ASSISTANCE LOANS AND LOAN DEFICIENCY PAYMENTS FOR 2008 THROUGH 2012 Marketing Assistance Loans § 1421.106 Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral. (a) A commodity...

7 CFR 1421.106 - Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral... SIMILARLY HANDLED COMMODITIES-MARKETING ASSISTANCE LOANS AND LOAN DEFICIENCY PAYMENTS FOR 2008 THROUGH 2012 Marketing Assistance Loans § 1421.106 Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral. (a) A commodity...

10 CFR 609.15 - Default, demand, payment, and collateral liquidation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Default, demand, payment, and collateral liquidation. 609.15 Section 609.15 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.15 Default, demand, payment, and collateral liquidation...

48 CFR 2448.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Sharing collateral savings. 2448.104-3 Section 2448.104-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING 2448.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The authority of...

48 CFR 2448.104-3 - Sharing collateral savings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Sharing collateral savings. 2448.104-3 Section 2448.104-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT VALUE ENGINEERING 2448.104-3 Sharing collateral savings. (a) The authority of...

Lindane blocks GABAA-mediated inhibition and modulates pyramidal cell excitability in the rat hippocampal slice.

PubMed

Joy, R M; Walby, W F; Stark, L G; Albertson, T E

1995-01-01

An in vitro paired-pulse orthodromic stimulation technique was used to examine the effects of lindane on excitatory afferent terminals, CA1 pyramidal cells and recurrent collateral evoked inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice. This was done to establish simultaneous effects on a simple neural network and to develop procedures for more detailed analyses of the effects of lindane. Hippocampal slices 400 microns thick were perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Electrodes were placed in the CA1 region to record extracellular population spike (PS) or excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) responses to stimulation of Schaffer collateral/commissural (SC/C) fibers. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated recurrent inhibition was measured using a paired-pulse technique. Perfusion with lindane produced both time and dose dependent changes in a number of the responses measured. The most striking effect produced by lindane was the loss of GABAA-mediated recurrent collateral inhibition. This tended to occur rapidly, often before changes in EPSP or PS responses could be detected. With longer exposures to lindane, repetitive discharge of pyramidal cells developed resulting in multiple PSs to single stimuli. Lindane (50 microM) also completely reversed the effects of the injectable anesthetic, propofol, a compound known to potentiate GABAA-mediated inhibition via a direct action on the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex. An analysis of input/output relationships at varying stimulus intensities showed that lindane increased EPSP and PS response amplitudes at any given stimulus intensity resulting in a leftward shift in the EPSP amplitude/stimulus intensity, PS amplitude/stimulus intensity and PS amplitude/EPSP amplitude relationships. This effect was most noticeable with low intensity stimuli and became progressively less so as stimulus intensities approached those yielding maximal responses. In addition lindane significantly increased paired pulse facilitation of EPSPs during paired stimulus presentation.

12 CFR 615.5335 - Bank net collateral ratio.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Bank net collateral ratio. 615.5335 Section 615.5335 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM FUNDING AND FISCAL AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Surplus and Collateral Requirements § 615.5335 Bank net...

13 CFR 120.349 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Collateral. 120.349 Section 120.349 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans International Trade Loans § 120.349 Collateral. Each IT loan must be secured either by a first lien position or...

10 CFR 609.16 - Perfection of liens and preservation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Perfection of liens and preservation of collateral. 609.16 Section 609.16 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.16 Perfection of liens and preservation of collateral. (a...

12 CFR 615.5090 - Reduction in carrying value of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reduction in carrying value of collateral. 615.5090 Section 615.5090 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM FUNDING AND FISCAL AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Collateral § 615.5090 Reduction in...

12 CFR 615.5335 - Bank net collateral ratio.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Bank net collateral ratio. 615.5335 Section 615.5335 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM FUNDING AND FISCAL AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Surplus and Collateral Requirements § 615.5335 Bank net...

27 CFR 24.151 - Deposit of collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... pledged and deposited as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in accordance with the... furnished as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b) Treasury Department Circular No. 154 is... security. 24.151 Section 24.151 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

27 CFR 72.25 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in... treasurers' checks may be furnished by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b..., Notes or Other Obligations Issued or Guaranteed by the United States as Security in Lieu of Surety or...

27 CFR 24.151 - Deposit of collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... pledged and deposited as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in accordance with the... furnished as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b) Treasury Department Circular No. 154 is... security. 24.151 Section 24.151 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

27 CFR 72.25 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in... treasurers' checks may be furnished by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b..., Notes or Other Obligations Issued or Guaranteed by the United States as Security in Lieu of Surety or...

27 CFR 24.151 - Deposit of collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... pledged and deposited as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in accordance with the... furnished as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b) Treasury Department Circular No. 154 is... security. 24.151 Section 24.151 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

27 CFR 72.25 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in... treasurers' checks may be furnished by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b..., Notes or Other Obligations Issued or Guaranteed by the United States as Security in Lieu of Surety or...

27 CFR 72.25 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in... treasurers' checks may be furnished by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b..., Notes or Other Obligations Issued or Guaranteed by the United States as Security in Lieu of Surety or...

27 CFR 24.151 - Deposit of collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... pledged and deposited as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in accordance with the... furnished as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b) Treasury Department Circular No. 154 is... security. 24.151 Section 24.151 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

27 CFR 72.25 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in... treasurers' checks may be furnished by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b..., Notes or Other Obligations Issued or Guaranteed by the United States as Security in Lieu of Surety or...

27 CFR 24.151 - Deposit of collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... pledged and deposited as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties in accordance with the... furnished as collateral security in lieu of corporate sureties. (b) Treasury Department Circular No. 154 is... security. 24.151 Section 24.151 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...

13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...

13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...

13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...

13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...

Evaluation of the thickness of the medial ulnar collateral ligament in junior high and high school baseball players.

PubMed

Nagamoto, Hideaki; Yamamoto, Nobuyuki; Kurokawa, Daisuke; Takahashi, Hiroyuki; Muraki, Takayuki; Tanaka, Minoru; Koike, Yoichi; Sano, Hirotaka; Itoi, Eiji

2015-07-01

Thickening of the medial ulnar collateral ligament in the throwing arm of adult baseball players is a well-known phenomenon. However, onset of the thickening is unclear among young baseball players. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thickness of the medial ulnar collateral ligament in junior high and high school baseball players. Seventy-one uninjured and asymptomatic junior high and high school baseball players were included in the study. Participants underwent physical examination after completing a questionnaire, followed by ultrasonographic evaluation. The thickness of the medial ulnar collateral ligament was measured bilaterally. The thickness of the throwing and non-throwing sides in high school and junior high school baseball players, and within each group, was compared and statistically analyzed. The medial ulnar collateral ligament in the throwing arm of high school baseball players was thicker than that in the non-throwing arm (5.5 vs. 4.4 mm), although no significant difference was seen in junior high school baseball players. High school baseball players showed a significantly thicker medial ulnar collateral ligament in the throwing arm than junior high school baseball players. Thickening of the medial ulnar collateral ligament in the throwing arm of asymptomatic and uninjured baseball players may begin by the time the players reach high school.

Why is coronary collateral growth impaired in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome?

PubMed Central

Rocic, Petra

2012-01-01

Type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are strong predictors of severity of occlusive coronary disease and poorer outcomes of coronary revascularization therapies. Coronary collateral growth can provide an alternative or accessory pathway of revascularization. However, collateral growth is impaired in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Although many factors necessary for collateral growth are known and many interventions have shown promising results in animal studies, not a single attempt to induce coronary collateral growth in human clinical trials has led to satisfactory results. Accordingly, the first part of this review outlines the known deleterious effects of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome on factors necessary for collateral growth, including pro-angiogenic growth factors, endothelial function, the redox state of the coronary circulation, intracellular signaling, leukocytes and bone marrow-derived progenitors cells. The second section highlights the gaps in our current knowledge of how these factors interact with the radically altered environment of the coronary circulation in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The interplay between these pathologies and inadequately explored areas related to the temporal regulation of collateral remodeling and the roles of the extracellular matrix, vascular cell phenotype and pro-inflammatory cytokines are emphasized with implications to development of efficient therapies. PMID:22342811

Injuries to the Collateral Ligaments of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb, Including Simultaneous Combined Thumb Ulnar and Radial Collateral Ligament Injuries, in National Football League Athletes.

PubMed

Werner, Brian C; Belkin, Nicole S; Kennelly, Steve; Weiss, Leigh; Barnes, Ronnie P; Rodeo, Scott A; Warren, Russell F; Hotchkiss, Robert N

2017-01-01

Thumb collateral ligament injuries occur frequently in the National Football League (NFL). In the general population or in recreational athletes, pure metacarpophalangeal (MCP) abduction or adduction mechanisms yield isolated ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and radial collateral ligament (RCL) tears, respectively, while NFL athletes may sustain combined mechanism injury patterns. To evaluate the incidence of simultaneous combined thumb UCL and RCL tears among all thumb MCP collateral ligament injuries in NFL athletes on a single team. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A retrospective review of all thumb injuries on a single NFL team from 1991 to 2014 was performed. All players with a thumb MCP collateral ligament injury were included. Collateral ligament injuries were confirmed by review of both physical examination findings and magnetic resonance imaging. Player demographics, surgical details, and return-to-play data were obtained from the team electronic medical record and surgeons' records. A total of 36 thumbs in 32 NFL players were included in the study, yielding an incidence of 1.6 thumb MCP collateral ligament injuries per year on a single NFL team. Of these, 9 thumbs (25%) had a simultaneous combined UCL and RCL tear injury pattern confirmed on both physical examination and MRI. The remaining 27 thumbs (75%) were isolated UCL injuries. All combined UCL/RCL injuries required surgery due to dysfunction from instability; 63.0% of isolated UCL injuries required surgical repair ( P = .032) due to continued pain and dysfunction from instability. Repair, when required, was delayed until the end of the season. All players with combined UCL/RCL injuries and isolated UCL injuries returned to play professional football the following season. Simultaneous combined thumb UCL and RCL tear is a previously undescribed injury pattern that occurred in 25% of thumb MCP collateral ligament injuries on a single NFL team over a 23-year period. All players with combined thumb UCL/RCL injuries required surgical repair, which was significantly higher compared with players with isolated UCL injuries. Team physicians and hand surgeons treating elite football players with suspected thumb collateral ligament injuries should examine for RCL and UCL instability and consider MRI if any concern exists for a combined ligament injury pattern, as this injury is likely frequently missed.

Antibiotic combination efficacy (ACE) networks for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model

PubMed Central

Barbosa, Camilo; Beardmore, Robert; Jansen, Gunther

2018-01-01

The spread of antibiotic resistance is always a consequence of evolutionary processes. The consideration of evolution is thus key to the development of sustainable therapy. Two main factors were recently proposed to enhance long-term effectiveness of drug combinations: evolved collateral sensitivities between the drugs in a pair and antagonistic drug interactions. We systematically assessed these factors by performing over 1,600 evolution experiments with the opportunistic nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in single- and multidrug environments. Based on the growth dynamics during these experiments, we reconstructed antibiotic combination efficacy (ACE) networks as a new tool for characterizing the ability of the tested drug combinations to constrain bacterial survival as well as drug resistance evolution across time. Subsequent statistical analysis of the influence of the factors on ACE network characteristics revealed that (i) synergistic drug interactions increased the likelihood of bacterial population extinction—irrespective of whether combinations were compared at the same level of inhibition or not—while (ii) the potential for evolved collateral sensitivities between 2 drugs accounted for a reduction in bacterial adaptation rates. In sum, our systematic experimental analysis allowed us to pinpoint 2 complementary determinants of combination efficacy and to identify specific drug pairs with high ACE scores. Our findings can guide attempts to further improve the sustainability of antibiotic therapy by simultaneously reducing pathogen load and resistance evolution. PMID:29708964

Embolization for Thoracic Duct Collateral Leakage in High-Output Chylothorax After Thoracic Surgery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kariya, Shuji, E-mail: kariyas@hirakata.kmu.ac.jp; Nakatani, Miyuki, E-mail: nakatanm@hirakata.kmu.ac.jp; Yoshida, Rie, E-mail: yagir@hirakata.kmu.ac.jp

PurposeThis study was designed to investigate thoracic duct collateral leakage and the supply route of lymphatic fluid by lymphangiography and transcatheter thoracic ductography and to evaluate the results of embolization for thoracic duct collateral leakage performed to cut off this supply route.MethodsData were retrospectively collected from five patients who underwent embolization for thoracic duct collateral leakage in persistent high-output chylothorax after thoracic surgery. Extravasation of lipiodol at the ruptured thoracic duct collaterals was confirmed in all patients on lymphangiography. Transcatheter thoracic ductography was used to identify extravasation of iodinated contrast agent and to identify communication between the thoracic duct andmore » leakage site. Thoracic duct embolization (TDE) was performed using the percutaneous transabdominal approach to cut off the supply route using N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) mixed with lipiodol (1:5–1:20).ResultsClinical success (drainage volume ≤10 mL/kg/day within 7 days after TDE) was achieved in all patients. The collateral routes developed as consequence of surgical thoracic duct ligation. In three patients, NBCA-Lipiodol reached the leakage site through direct communication between the thoracic duct and the ruptured lymphatic duct. In the other two patients, direct communication and extravasation was not detected on thoracic ductography, and NBCA-Lipiodol did not reach the leakage site. However, NBCA-Lipiodol did reach the cisterna chyli, lumbar trunks, and some collateral routes via the cisterna chyli or lumbar lymphatics. As a result, leakage was stopped.ConclusionsTDE was effective for the management of leakage of the collaterals in high-output chylothorax after thoracic surgery.« less

Reciprocal ST-Segment Changes in Myocardial Infarction: Ischemia at Distance Versus Mirror Reflection of ST-Elevation.

PubMed

Vaidya, Gaurang Nandkishor; Antoine, Steve; Imam, Syed Haider; Kozman, Hani; Smulyan, Harold; Villarreal, Daniel

2018-02-01

Reciprocal ST-depression in the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) results from either true ischemia at a distance via collateral circulation diverting blood to the infarcted region or an electrical phenomenon that results from a mirror reflection of ST-elevation. We aimed to identify the role of reciprocal ECG changes in predicting collateral circulation to the infarcted area determined angiographically. In a retrospective study, ECG and angiography of 53 STEMI patients admitted to SUNY Upstate Medical University in 2014 were reviewed independently by experts blinded to the results of ECG and coronary angiography. Reciprocal changes (RC) in ECG were present in 41 patients (77%) and on angiography, 14 patients (26%) exhibited collateral vessels to the ischemic areas. No correlation was found between the presence of RC and collateral circulation (P = 0.384), or between the depth of reciprocal ST-depression and the degree of the collateral circulation (P = 0.195). However, 84% of patients without collaterals exhibited resolution of RC after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (P = 0.036), suggesting that the ST depressions that resolved after reperfusion were directly caused by the culprit vessel. Patients without RC presented late after symptom onset (9.25 versus 3.83 hours, P = 0.004), also suggesting time related resolution. RC had no relation to or predictive value for collaterals on angiography. Among late presenting patients, RC were less frequent. Thus, reciprocal ST-depression may represent subendocardial ischemia from the primary coronary event or simply an electrical phenomenon, rather than ischemia at distance from impaired collateral circulation. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Pattern of venous collateral development after splenic vein occlusion in an extended Whipple procedure : comparison with collateral vein pattern in cases of sinistral portal hypertension.

PubMed

Strasberg, Steven M; Bhalla, Sanjeev; Sanchez, Luis A; Linehan, David C

2011-11-01

The risks of developing sinistral portal hypertension as a result of occlusion of the splenic vein close to its termination during a Whipple procedure are unclear. Our purpose was to compare the pattern of venous collateral development after splenic vein ligation in an extended Whipple procedure with the pattern of collateral development in cases of sinistral portal hypertension. Five patients underwent an extended Whipple procedure in which the splenic vein was divided and not reconstructed. Six to eight months later detailed mapping of venous return from the spleen was determined by contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography or in one case by 3D contrast-enhanced MRI. Spleen size and length of residual patent splenic vein were also measured. The literature on sinistral portal hypertension was evaluated to ascertain whether the venous collateral pattern in cases of left-sided portal hypertension was similar to the pattern that developed when the splenic vein was ligated at its termination in the Whipple procedure. A length of splenic vein remained patent in all five patients, measuring 4.5 to 11.5 cm from the spleen. Splenomegaly did not develop. Blood returned from the spleen by multiple collaterals including collaterals in the omentum and mesocolon. These types of collaterals do not develop in sinistral portal hypertension, nor is residual patent splenic vein seen. Ligation of the splenic vein close to its termination in five patients resulted in a pattern of venous return different from patients that have developed left-sided portal hypertension.

Collateral status and tissue outcome after intra-arterial therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Boers, Anna Mm; Jansen, Ivo Gh; Berkhemer, Olvert A; Yoo, Albert J; Lingsma, Hester F; Slump, Cornelis H; Roos, Yvo Bwem; van Oostenbrugge, Robert J; Dippel, Diederik Wj; van der Lugt, Aad; van Zwam, Wim H; Marquering, Henk A; Majoie, Charles Blm

2017-11-01

Intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for ischemic stroke aims to save brain tissue. Collaterals are thought to contribute to prolonged penumbra sustenance. In this study, we investigate the effect of collateral status on brain tissue salvage with IAT. In 500 patients randomized between IAT and standard care, collateral status was graded from 0 (absent) to 3 (good). Final infarct volumes (FIV) were calculated on post-treatment CT. FIVs were compared between treatment groups per collateral grade. Multivariable linear regression with interaction terms was performed to study whether collaterals modified IAT effect on FIV. Four-hundred-forty-nine patients were included in the analysis. Median FIV for the IAT group was significantly lower with 54.5 mL (95% IQR: 21.8-145.0) than for the controls with 81.8 mL (95% IQR: 40.0-154.0) ( p = 0.020). Treatment effect differed across collateral grades, although there was no significant interaction (unadjusted p = 0.054; adjusted p = 0.105). For grade 3, IAT resulted in a FIV reduction of 30.1 mL ( p = 0.024). For grade 2 and 1, this difference was, respectively, 28.4 mL ( p = 0.028) and 28.4 mL ( p = 0.29). For grade 0, this was 88.6 mL ( p = 0.28) in favour of controls. IAT saves substantially more brain tissue as compared to standard care. We observed a trend of increasing effect of IAT with higher collateral grades.

12 CFR 223.42 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? 223.42 Section 223.42 Banks... 23A § 223.42 What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative...

12 CFR 223.42 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? 223.42 Section 223.42 Banks... 23A § 223.42 What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative...

12 CFR 223.42 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? 223.42 Section 223.42 Banks... 23A § 223.42 What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? The following transactions are not subject to the quantitative...

12 CFR 7.1009 - National bank holding collateral stock as nominee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false National bank holding collateral stock as nominee. 7.1009 Section 7.1009 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BANK ACTIVITIES AND OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1009 National bank holding collateral stock as nominee...

12 CFR 7.1009 - National bank holding collateral stock as nominee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false National bank holding collateral stock as nominee. 7.1009 Section 7.1009 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BANK ACTIVITIES AND OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1009 National bank holding collateral stock as nominee...

Using OCT-based microangiography for in vivo longitudinal study of arteriogenesis (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yuandong; Choi, Woo June; Wang, Ruikang K.

2017-03-01

The adaptive growth of collateral vessels, termed "arteriogenesis", is crucial for maintaining regional blood supply during arterial obstruction and offsetting the adverse effect of tissue ischemia. Stimulation of arteriogenesis has been applied for the treatment of occlusive vascular diseases, and in vivo imaging of the progressive development of collateral vessel will facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism. We present using high-resolution OCT-based microangiography (OMAG) to image arteriogenesis process longitudinally in mouse cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We imaged the collateral arterioles at the arteriolo-arteriolar anastomosis (AAA) within 7-day period after MCAO to reveal key elements of collateral vessel remodeling, including alteration in vessel morphology, velocity and directionality of blood flow. The magnitudes of changes in these parameters matched the time course of the active building of collateral vessels stated in previous studies using histology. Hence, OMAG is a promising imaging tool for non-invasive longitudinal study of functional collateral vessel growth in small animal models and can be potentially applied in the experimental study of arteriogenesis stimulation.

A protocol for characterizing the impact of collateral flow after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion

PubMed Central

DeFazio, R. Anthony; Levy, Sean; Morales, Carmen L.; Levy, Rebecca V.; Dave, Kunjan R.; Lin, Hung W.; Abaffy, Tatjana; Watson, Brant D.; Perez-Pinzon, Miguel A.; Ohanna, Victoria

2010-01-01

I. SUMMARY In humans and in animal models of stroke, collateral blood flow between territories of the major pial arteries has a profound impact on cortical infarct size. However, there is a gap in our understanding of the genetic determinants of collateral formation and flow, as well as the signaling pathways and neurovascular interactions regulating this flow. Previous studies have demonstrated that collateral flow between branches of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) can protect mouse cortex from infarction after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Because the number and diameter of collaterals varies among mouse strains and after transgenic manipulations, a combination of methods is required to control for these variations. Here, we report an inexpensive approach to characterizing the cerebrovascular anatomy, and in vivo monitoring of cerebral blood flow as well. Further, we introduce a new, minimally invasive method for the occlusion of distal MCA branches. These methods will permit a new generation of studies on the mechanisms regulating collateral remodeling and cortical blood flow after stroke. PMID:21593993

Assessment of intracranial collaterals on CT angiography in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Yeo, L L L; Paliwal, P; Teoh, H L; Seet, R C; Chan, B P; Ting, E; Venketasubramanian, N; Leow, W K; Wakerley, B; Kusama, Y; Rathakrishnan, R; Sharma, V K

2015-02-01

Intracranial collaterals influence the prognosis of patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. We compared the methods of scoring collaterals on pre-tPA brain CT angiography for predicting functional outcomes in acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Two hundred consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke treated with IV-tPA during 2010-2012 were included. Two independent neuroradiologists evaluated intracranial collaterals by using the Miteff system, Maas system, the modified Tan scale, and the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score 20-point methodology. Good and extremely poor outcomes at 3 months were defined by modified Rankin Scale scores of 0-1 and 5-6 points, respectively. Factors associated with good outcome on univariable analysis were younger age, female sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, small infarct core (ASPECTS ≥8), vessel recanalization, lower pre-tPA NIHSS scores, and good collaterals according to Tan methodology, ASPECTS methodology, and Miteff methodology. On multivariable logistic regression, only lower NIHSS scores (OR, 1.186 per point; 95% CI, 1.079-1.302; P = .001), recanalization (OR, 5.599; 95% CI, 1.560-20.010; P = .008), and good collaterals by the Miteff method (OR, 3.341; 95% CI, 1.203-5.099; P = .014) were independent predictors of good outcome. Poor collaterals by the Miteff system (OR, 2.592; 95% CI, 1.113-6.038; P = .027), Maas system (OR, 2.580; 95% CI, 1.075-6.187; P = .034), and ASPECTS method ≤5 points (OR, 2.685; 95% CI, 1.156-6.237; P = .022) were independent predictors of extremely poor outcomes. Only the Miteff scoring system for intracranial collaterals is reliable for predicting favorable outcome in thrombolyzed acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. However, poor outcomes can be predicted by most of the existing methods of scoring intracranial collaterals. © 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

Revision ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction using a suspension button fixation technique.

PubMed

Lee, Gregory H; Limpisvasti, Orr; Park, Maxwell C; McGarry, Michelle H; Yocum, Lewis A; Lee, Thay Q

2010-03-01

Revision ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction remains a challenging problem. The objective of this study was to biomechanically evaluate an ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction technique using a suspension button fixation technique that can be used even in the case of ulnar cortical bone loss. An ulnar suspension fixation technique for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction can restore elbow kinematics and demonstrate failure strength comparable to that of currently available techniques. Controlled laboratory study. Nine pairs of cadaveric elbows were dissected free of soft tissue and potted. After simulating ulnar cortical bone loss, ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction was performed in 1 elbow of each pair using palmaris longus autograft and a 30-mm RetroButton suspended from the far (lateralmost) ulnar cortex. A docking technique was used for humeral fixation of the graft. Elbow valgus angle was quantified using a Microscribe 3DLX digitizer at multiple elbow flexion angles. Valgus angle was measured with the ulnar collateral ligament intact, transected, and reconstructed. In addition, load-to-failure testing was performed in 1 elbow of each pair. Release of the ulnar collateral ligament caused a significant increase in valgus angle at each flexion angle tested (P < .002). Reconstructed elbows demonstrated no significant differences in valgus angle from the intact elbow at all flexion angles tested. Load-to-failure tests showed that reconstructed elbows had an ultimate torque (10.3 + or - 5.7 N x m) significantly less than intact elbows (26.4 + or - 10.6 N x m) (P = .001). Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction using a suspension button fixation technique reliably restored elbow kinematics to the intact state. Load-to-failure testing demonstrated comparable fixation strength to several historic controls of primary reconstruction techniques despite the simulated ulnar cortical bone loss. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction using a suspension button fixation technique can be considered in the case of ulnar cortical bone loss in a primary or revision setting.

The receptor for advanced glycation end products impairs collateral formation in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice.

PubMed

Hansen, Laura M; Gupta, Divya; Joseph, Giji; Weiss, Daiana; Taylor, W Robert

2017-01-01

Diabetics often have poor perfusion in their limbs as a result of peripheral artery disease and an impaired ability to generate collateral vessels. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is one protein that is thought to play a detrimental role in collateral development in diabetics due to increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE), one of its ligands, in diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of RAGE in both diabetic and non-diabetic settings in a model of collateral formation in mice. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in both wild type and RAGE knockout mice. Increased levels of the AGE, N ɛ -(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), were confirmed via an ELISA. A hindlimb ischemia model, in which the femoral artery is ligated, was used to drive collateral growth and reperfusion was assessed using laser Doppler perfusion imaging and histological analysis of vessels in the muscle. Both of these measurements showed impaired collateral growth in diabetic compared with wild-type mice as well as improved collateral growth in both diabetic and non-diabetic RAGE knockout mice when compared their wild-type counterparts. Distance on a freely accessed running wheel, used as a measure of perfusion recovery, showed that wild-type diabetic mice had functionally impaired recovery compared with their wild-type counterparts. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting showed that HMGB-1 (high-mobility group box 1), another RAGE ligand, was increased in the ischemic leg compared with the non-ischemic leg in all mice. This increase in HMGB-1 may explain improvement in animals lacking RAGE and its subsequent signaling. In conclusion, this study shows that RAGE impairs collateral growth in a diabetic setting and also in a non-diabetic setting. This demonstrates the importance of RAGE and alternate RAGE ligands in the setting of collateral vessel growth.

Transluminal Angioplasty of Peroneal Artery Branches in Diabetics: Initial Technical Experience

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graziani, Lanfroi, E-mail: langrazi@tin.it; Silvestro, Antonio; Monge, Luca

2008-01-15

The present study aimed to report the technical feasibility of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of obstructed or insufficient collateral branches (anterior and posterior perforating branches) from distal peroneal to foot arteries in diabetic patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) and chronic noncrossable occlusion of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. Twenty-four diabetic CLI patients (age, 67 {+-} 8 years; 87% males) undergoing collateral PTA were included. Baseline clinical angiographic and follow-up data were retrospectively reviewed. Collateral PTA was associated with a concomitant PTA of other sites in 21 (83%) cases. In 15 cases the treated collateral linked the peronealmore » with the plantaris communis; in 9 cases, the peroneal with the dorsalis pedis. Angiographic results of collateral PTA were good in 13 cases (<30% residual stenosis), whereas the result was considered moderate (30%-49% residual stenosis) in the remaining cases. Neither perforation nor acute occlusion of the treated collaterals or other relevant complications were observed. Mean follow-up was 32 {+-} 17 months. Major amputation was necessary for two (8.3%) patients. Cumulative limb salvage rates at 2 and 4 years were 96% and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, this initial experience shows that PTA of the collateral branches from distal peroneal to foot arteries is a feasible technique. Future studies are required to define the clinical role of this novel approach.« less

17 CFR 210.3-16 - Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being registered. 210.3-16 Section 210.3-16... constitute a substantial portion of collateral if the aggregate principal amount, par value, or book value of...

13 CFR 120.545 - What are SBA's policies concerning the liquidation of collateral and the sale of business loans...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the liquidation of collateral and the sale of business loans and physical disaster assistance loans, physical disaster business loans and economic injury disaster loans? 120.545 Section 120.545 Business... policies concerning the liquidation of collateral and the sale of business loans and physical disaster...

13 CFR 123.11 - Does SBA require collateral for any of its disaster loans?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA require collateral for any of its disaster loans? 123.11 Section 123.11 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS...? Generally, SBA will not require that you pledge collateral to secure a disaster home loan or a physical...

Better Management of Collateral Can Reduce Losses in SBA’s Major Loan Program.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-17

Inadequate or omitted appraisals may lead to failure to obtain fair value for the collateral liquidated and a lack of assurance of maximum recovery. For...lacked assurance that it was re- ceiving fair value for its collateral and may have failed to maximize recovery by as much as $1,500. More thorough and

Computer-assisted measurements of coronal knee joint laxity in vitro are related to low-stress behavior rather than structural properties of the collateral ligaments.

PubMed

Wilson, W T; Deakin, A H; Wearing, S C; Payne, A P; Clarke, J V; Picard, F

2013-01-01

The relationship between coronal knee laxity and the restraining properties of the collateral ligaments remains unknown. This study investigated correlations between the structural properties of the collateral ligaments and stress angles used in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA), measured with an optically based navigation system. Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (mean age: 81 ± 11 years) were dissected to leave the menisci, cruciate ligaments, posterior joint capsule and collateral ligaments. The resected femur and tibia were rigidly secured within a test system which permitted kinematic registration of the knee using a commercially available image-free navigation system. Frontal plane knee alignment and varus-valgus stress angles were acquired. The force applied during varus-valgus testing was quantified. Medial and lateral bone-collateral ligament-bone specimens were then prepared, mounted within a uni-axial materials testing machine, and extended to failure. Force and displacement data were used to calculate the principal structural properties of the ligaments. The mean varus laxity was 4 ± 1° and the mean valgus laxity was 4 ± 2°. The corresponding mean manual force applied was 10 ± 3 N and 11 ± 4 N, respectively. While measures of knee laxity were independent of the ultimate tensile strength and stiffness of the collateral ligaments, there was a significant correlation between the force applied during stress testing and the instantaneous stiffness of the medial (r = 0.91, p = 0.001) and lateral (r = 0.68, p = 0.04) collateral ligaments. These findings suggest that clinicians may perceive a rate of change of ligament stiffness as the end-point during assessment of collateral knee laxity.

Evaluation of Collaterals and Clot Burden Using Time-Resolved C-Arm Conebeam CT Angiography in the Angiography Suite: A Feasibility Study.

PubMed

Yang, P; Niu, K; Wu, Y; Struffert, T; Doerfler, A; Holter, P; Aagaard-Kienitz, B; Strother, C; Chen, G-H

2017-04-01

The assessment of collaterals and clot burden in patients with acute ischemic stroke provides important information about treatment options and clinical outcome. Time-resolved C-arm conebeam CT angiography has the potential to provide accurate and reliable evaluations of collaterals and clot burden in the angiographic suite. Experience with this technique is extremely limited, and feasibility studies are needed to validate this technique. Our purpose was to present such a feasibility study. Ten C-arm conebeam CT perfusion datasets from 10 subjects with acute ischemic stroke acquired before endovascular treatment were retrospectively processed to generate time-resolved conebeam CTA. From time-resolved conebeam CTA, 2 experienced readers evaluated the clot burden and collateral flow in consensus by using previously reported scoring systems and assessed the clinical value of this novel imaging technique independently. Interobserver agreement was analyzed by using the intraclass correlation analysis method. Clot burden and collateral flow can be assessed by using the commonly accepted scoring systems for all eligible cases. Additional clinical information (eg, the quantitative dynamic information of collateral flow) can be obtained from this new imaging technique. Two readers agreed that time-revolved C-arm conebeam CTA is the preferred method for evaluating the clot burden and collateral flow compared with other conventional imaging methods. Comprehensive evaluations of clot burden and collateral flow are feasible by using time-resolved C-arm conebeam CTA data acquired in the angiography suite. This technique further enriches the imaging tools in the angiography suite to enable a "one-stop- shop" imaging workflow for patients with acute ischemic stroke. © 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

12 CFR 223.42 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? 223.42 Section 223.42 Banks... Provisions of Section 23A § 223.42 What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits... quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12, the collateral requirements of § 223.14, or the prohibition on the...

12 CFR 223.42 - What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... quantitative limits, collateral requirements, and low-quality asset prohibition? 223.42 Section 223.42 Banks... Provisions of Section 23A § 223.42 What covered transactions are exempt from the quantitative limits... quantitative limits of §§ 223.11 and 223.12, the collateral requirements of § 223.14, or the prohibition on the...

12 CFR 221.108 - Effect of registration of stock subsequent to making of loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... than the maximum loan value for the collateral specified in this part. (c) If the stock should become... increase the amount of the loan balance unless there was provided additional collateral having a maximum... value of the loan collateral or because of a decrease by the Board in the maximum loan value of the loan...

25 CFR 166.223 - Can I use a permit as collateral for a loan?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Can I use a permit as collateral for a loan? 166.223... PERMITS Permit Requirements Permit (leasehold) Mortgage § 166.223 Can I use a permit as collateral for a loan? We may approve a permit containing a provision that authorizes the permittee to encumber the...

Use of collateral information to improve LANDSAT classification accuracies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strahler, A. H. (Principal Investigator)

1981-01-01

Methods to improve LANDSAT classification accuracies were investigated including: (1) the use of prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification as a methodology to integrate discrete collateral data with continuously measured image density variables; (2) the use of the logit classifier as an alternative to multivariate normal classification that permits mixing both continuous and categorical variables in a single model and fits empirical distributions of observations more closely than the multivariate normal density function; and (3) the use of collateral data in a geographic information system as exercised to model a desired output information layer as a function of input layers of raster format collateral and image data base layers.

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Finger Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.

PubMed

Pang, Eric Quan; Yao, Jeffrey

2018-05-01

A complete understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the proximal interphalangeal joint is critical when treating pathology of the joint as well as in the design of new reconstructive treatments. The osseous anatomy dictates the principles of motion at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Subsequently, the joint is stabilized throughout its motion by the surrounding proximal collateral ligament, accessory collateral ligament, and volar plate. The goal of this article is to review the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the proximal interphalangeal joint and its associated structures, most importantly the proper collateral ligament, accessory collateral ligament, and volar plate. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Laser speckle contrast imaging of collateral blood flow during acute ischemic stroke

PubMed Central

Armitage, Glenn A; Todd, Kathryn G; Shuaib, Ashfaq; Winship, Ian R

2010-01-01

Collateral vasculature may provide an alternative route for blood flow to reach the ischemic tissue and partially maintain oxygen and nutrient support during ischemic stroke. However, much about the dynamics of stroke-induced collateralization remains unknown. In this study, we used laser speckle contrast imaging to map dynamic changes in collateral blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. We identified extensive anastomatic connections between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries that develop after vessel occlusion and persist for 24 hours. Augmenting blood flow through these persistent yet dynamic anastomatic connections may be an important but relatively unexplored avenue in stroke therapy. PMID:20517321

Self-, collateral- and clinician assessment of depression in persons with cognitive impairment

PubMed Central

Chopra, Mohit P.; Sullivan, Jan R.; Feldman, Zachary; Landes, Reid D.; Beck, Cornelia

2011-01-01

Objectives This investigation examined the associations between self-reports, collateral-source reports and a clinician’s diagnosis of depression in persons with cognitive impairment. Method Responses on the Geriatric Depression Scale – 15 (GDS-15) from 162 participants with a diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (n = 78) or Alzheimer’s Dementia and a Mini-Mental State score ≥15 (n = 84) were compared with both their collateral sources’ report on either the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (n = 93) and/or the collateral-source GDS-15 (n = 67), or a clinician’s diagnosis of Major Depression (MD). Results Significant differences were seen between self- versus collateral-source reports of depression in these participants. Participants’ reports of loss of interest (anhedonia) significantly increased the odds of disagreement with their collateral sources (OR = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.3–11.2) while reports of negative cognitions significantly decreased the odds of such a disagreement (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.1–0.9). The symptom of anhedonia also showed the strongest association with the clinician’s diagnosis of MD. Conclusion A motivational symptom like loss of interest was seen to play an important role in depression experienced by those with cognitive impairment. PMID:19023719

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) for Esophageal and Gastric Varices: How Can it Improve the Outcomes and Reduce Complications of Glue Injection

PubMed Central

Bhatia, Vikram

2012-01-01

A large part of portal venous system and the paragastric and para-esophageal collateral circulation is within the reach of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The EUS is more sensitive than gastroscopy for the detection of gastric varices (GV), and can accurately distinguish GV from thickened gastric folds. Gastric varices are depicted by serpiginous, anechoic, Doppler-positive mural channels, with larger collateral channels visible outside the gastric wall. The EUS has also been used to monitor the completeness of GV obturation after glue injection. There are limited data that this strategy may be clinically beneficial to prevent GV re-bleed. The EUS has been used to deliver glue injections under real-time monitoring into the vascular channels, with or without steel coils as scaffolding for the glue. The potential advantages of this technique include a straight scope position, lack of hindrance from pooled blood in gastric fundus, smaller glue volume requirements, and precise intra-vascular placement of glue with avoidance of intramural injections, and reduced embolic complications. PMID:25755407

The correlation between lymphocyte/monocyte ratio and coronary collateral circulation in stable coronary artery disease patients.

PubMed

Kurtul, Alparslan; Duran, Mustafa

2017-01-01

Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) has an important impact on cardiovascular prognosis and well-developed CCC is associated with better clinical outcomes. We investigated whether lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) has an association with CCC in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). The study population consisted of 245 patients with SCAD. Patients were classified into a poor CCC group (Rentrop grades 0/1, n = 87), or good CCC group (Rentrop grades 2/3, n = 158). LMR values were significantly higher in patients with good CCC than in those with poor CCC (4.41 ± 1.58 vs 2.76 ± 1.10; p < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, optimal cutoff of LMR for predicting well-developed CCC was 3.38. In multivariate analysis, LMR >3.38 (OR 4.637; p = 0.004), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR 0.810, p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR 2.485; p = 0.039), and presence of chronic total occlusion (OR 16.836; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of well-developed CCC. Increased LMR predicts well-developed CCC in SCAD patients.

The Adaptor Protein CD2AP Is a Coordinator of Neurotrophin Signaling-Mediated Axon Arbor Plasticity

PubMed Central

Harrison, Benjamin J.; Venkat, Gayathri; Lamb, James L.; Hutson, Tom H.; Drury, Cassa; Rau, Kristofer K.; Bunge, Mary Barlett; Mendell, Lorne M.; Gage, Fred H.; Johnson, Richard D.; Hill, Caitlin E.; Rouchka, Eric C.; Moon, Lawrence D.F.

2016-01-01

Growth of intact axons of noninjured neurons, often termed collateral sprouting, contributes to both adaptive and pathological plasticity in the adult nervous system, but the intracellular factors controlling this growth are largely unknown. An automated functional assay of genes regulated in sensory neurons from the rat in vivo spared dermatome model of collateral sprouting identified the adaptor protein CD2-associated protein (CD2AP; human CMS) as a positive regulator of axon growth. In non-neuronal cells, CD2AP, like other adaptor proteins, functions to selectively control the spatial/temporal assembly of multiprotein complexes that transmit intracellular signals. Although CD2AP polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease, its role in axon growth is unknown. Assessments of neurite arbor structure in vitro revealed CD2AP overexpression, and siRNA-mediated knockdown, modulated (1) neurite length, (2) neurite complexity, and (3) growth cone filopodia number, in accordance with CD2AP expression levels. We show, for the first time, that CD2AP forms a novel multiprotein complex with the NGF receptor TrkA and the PI3K regulatory subunit p85, with the degree of TrkA:p85 association positively regulated by CD2AP levels. CD2AP also regulates NGF signaling through AKT, but not ERK, and regulates long-range signaling though TrkA+/RAB5+ signaling endosomes. CD2AP mRNA and protein levels were increased in neurons during collateral sprouting but decreased following injury, suggesting that, although typically considered together, these two adult axonal growth processes are fundamentally different. These data position CD2AP as a major intracellular signaling molecule coordinating NGF signaling to regulate collateral sprouting and structural plasticity of intact adult axons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Growth of noninjured axons in the adult nervous system contributes to adaptive and maladaptive plasticity, and dysfunction of this process may contribute to neurologic pathologies. Functional screening of genes regulated during growth of noninjured axons revealed CD2AP as a positive regulator of axon outgrowth. A novel association of CD2AP with TrkA and p85 suggests a distinct intracellular signaling pathway regulating growth of noninjured axons. This may also represent a novel mechanism of generating specificity in multifunctional NGF signaling. Divergent regulation of CD2AP in different axon growth conditions suggests that separate mechanisms exist for different modes of axon growth. CD2AP is the first signaling molecule associated with adult sensory axonal collateral sprouting, and this association may offer new insights for NGF/TrkA-related Alzheimer's disease mechanisms. PMID:27076424

Change in collateral ligament length and tibiofemoral movement following joint line variation in TKA.

PubMed

Lin, Kun-Jhih; Wei, Hung-Wen; Huang, Chang-Hung; Liu, Yu-Liang; Chen, Wen-Chuan; McClean, Colin Joseph; Cheng, Cheng-Kung

2016-08-01

The primary intent of total knee arthroplasty is the restoration of normal knee kinematics, with ligamentous constraint being a key influential factor. Displacement of the joint line may lead to alterations in ligament attachment sites relative to knee flexion axis and variance of ligamentous constraints on tibiofemoral movement. This study aimed to investigate collaterals strains and tibiofemoral kinematics with different joint line levels. A previously validated knee model was employed to analyse the change in length of the collateral ligaments and tibiofemoral motion during knee flexion. The models shifted the joint line by 3 and 5 mm both proximally and distally from the anatomical level. The data were captured from full extension to flexion 135°. The elevated joint line revealed a relative increase in distance between ligament attachments for both collateral ligaments in comparison with the anatomical model. Also, tibiofemoral movement decreased with an elevation in the joint line. Conversely, lowering the joint line led to a significant decrease in distance between ligament attachments, but greater tibiofemoral motion. Elevation of the joint line would strengthen the capacity of collateral ligaments for knee motion constraint, whereas a distally shifted joint line might have the advantage of improving tibiofemoral movement by slackening the collaterals. It implies that surgeons can appropriately change the joint line position in accordance with patient's requirement or collateral tensions. A lowered joint line level may improve knee kinematics, whereas joint line elevation could be useful to maintain knee stability. V.

In vivo Length Change Patterns of the Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments along the Flexion Path of the Knee

PubMed Central

Hosseini, Ali; Qi, Wei; Tsai, Tsung-Yuan; Liu, Yujie; Rubash, Harry; Li, Guoan

2014-01-01

Purpose The knowledge of the function of the collateral ligaments – i.e., superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL), deep medial collateral ligament (dMCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – in the entire range of knee flexion is important for soft tissue balance during total knee arthroplasty. The objective of this study was to investigate the length changes of different portions (anterior, middle and posterior) of the sMCL, dMCL and LCL during in vivo weightbearing flexion from full extension to maximal knee flexion. Methods Using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system eight healthy knees were imaged while performing a lunge from full extension to maximal flexion. The length changes of each portion of the collateral ligaments were measured along the flexion path of the knee. Results All anterior portions of the collateral ligaments were shown to have increasing length with flexion except that of the sMCL which showed a reduction in length at high flexion. The middle portions showed minimal change in lengths except that of the sMCL which showed a consistent reduction in length with flexion. All posterior portions showed reduction in lengths with flexion. Conclusions These data indicated that every portion of the ligaments may play important roles in knee stability at different knee flexion range. The soft tissue releasing during TKA may need to consider the function of the ligament portions along the entire flexion path including maximum flexion. PMID:25239504

Timely Visualization of the Collaterals Formed during Acute Ischemic Stroke with Fe3 O4 Nanoparticle-based MR Imaging Probe.

PubMed

Wang, Ting; Hou, Yi; Bu, Bo; Wang, Wenxin; Ma, Tiancong; Liu, Chunyan; Lin, Lan; Ma, Lin; Lou, Xin; Gao, Mingyuan

2018-04-17

Ischemic stroke is one of the major leading causes for long-term disability and mortality. Collateral vessels provide an alternative pathway to protect the brain against ischemic injury after arterial occlusion. Aiming at visualizing the collaterals occurring during acute ischemic stroke, an integrin α v β 3 -specific Fe 3 O 4 -Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) nanoprobe is prepared for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the collaterals. Rat models are constructed by occluding the middle cerebral artery for imaging studies of cerebral ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion on 7.0 Tesla MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging sequence. To show the binding specificity to the collaterals, the imaging results acquired with the Fe 3 O 4 -RGD nanoprobe and the Fe 3 O 4 mother nanoparticles, respectively, are carefully compared. In addition, an RGD blocking experiment is also carried out to support the excellent binding specificity of the Fe 3 O 4 -RGD nanoprobe. Following the above experiments, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion studies show the collateral dynamics upon reperfusion, which is very important for the prognosis of various revascularization therapies in the clinic. The current study has, for the first time, enabled the direct observation of collaterals in a quasi-real time fashion and further disclosed that the antegrade flow upon reperfusion dominates the blood supply of primary ischemic tissue during the early stage of infarction, which is significantly meaningful for clinical treatment of stroke. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Cytotoxicity of the indole alkaloid reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina against drug-resistant tumor cells.

PubMed

Abdelfatah, Sara A A; Efferth, Thomas

2015-02-15

The antihypertensive reserpine is an indole alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina and exerts also profound activity against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The present investigation was undertaken to investigate possible modes of action to explain its activity toward drug-resistant tumor cells. Sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cell lines overexpressing P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/MDR1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP), mutation-activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), wild-type and p53-knockout cells as well as the NCI panel of cell lines from different tumor origin were analyzed. Reserpine's cytotoxicity was investigated by resazurin and sulforhodamine assays, flow cytometry, and COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of transcriptome-wide microarray-based RNA expressions. P-glycoprotein- or BCRP overexpressing tumor cells did not reveal cross-resistance to reserpine. EGFR-overexpressing cells were collateral sensitive and p53- Knockout cells cross-resistant to this drug compared to their wild-type parental cell lines. Reserpine increased the uptake of doxorubicin in P-glycoprotein-overexpressing cells, indicating that reserpine inhibited the efflux function of P-glycoprotein. Using molecular docking, we found that reserpine bound with even higher binding energy to P-glycoprotein and EGFR than the control drugs verapamil (P-glycoprotein inhibitor) and erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor). COMPARE and cluster analyses of microarray data showed that the mRNA expression of a panel of genes predicted the sensitivity or resistance of the NCI tumor cell line panel with statistical significance. The genes belonged to diverse pathways and biological functions, e.g. cell survival and apoptosis, EGFR activation, regulation of angiogenesis, cell mobility, cell adhesion, immunological functions, mTOR signaling, and Wnt signaling. The lack of cross-resistance to most resistance mechanisms and the collateral sensitivity in EGFR-transfectants compared to wild-type cells speak for a promising role of reserpine in cancer chemotherapy. Reserpine deserves further consideration for cancer therapy in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Unusual collateral vessel from right subclavian vein to left atrium, a rare complication of superior vena cava obstruction.

PubMed

Parsaee, Mozhgan; Pouraliakbar, Hamidreza; Ghadrdoost, Behshid; Moosavi, Jamal; Behjati, Mohaddeseh

2018-06-10

The most commonly reported collateral systems in the setting of superior vena cava obstruction are azygos venous system, vertebral venous system, external and internal thoracic venous system based on McLntire and Sykes classification. A 49-year-old female with renal disease complained dyspnea on exertion. Transesophageal echocardiography showed significant mitral annular calcification, large multi-lobulated mass at posterior aspect of RA, and complete obstruction of superior vena cava by thrombus formation. Computed tomography angiography showed a collateral vein to the left atrium (LA) roof. This case report is the first one which shows development of collateral vein from right subclavian to LA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CUDA-based acceleration of collateral filtering in brain MR images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Cheng-Yuan; Chang, Herng-Hua

2017-02-01

Image denoising is one of the fundamental and essential tasks within image processing. In medical imaging, finding an effective algorithm that can remove random noise in MR images is important. This paper proposes an effective noise reduction method for brain magnetic resonance (MR) images. Our approach is based on the collateral filter which is a more powerful method than the bilateral filter in many cases. However, the computation of the collateral filter algorithm is quite time-consuming. To solve this problem, we improved the collateral filter algorithm with parallel computing using GPU. We adopted CUDA, an application programming interface for GPU by NVIDIA, to accelerate the computation. Our experimental evaluation on an Intel Xeon CPU E5-2620 v3 2.40GHz with a NVIDIA Tesla K40c GPU indicated that the proposed implementation runs dramatically faster than the traditional collateral filter. We believe that the proposed framework has established a general blueprint for achieving fast and robust filtering in a wide variety of medical image denoising applications.

The Autophagy-Senescence Connection in Chemotherapy: Must Tumor Cells (Self) Eat Before They Sleep?

PubMed Central

Goehe, Rachel W.; Di, Xu; Sharma, Khushboo; Bristol, Molly L.; Henderson, Scott C.; Valerie, Kristoffer; Rodier, Francis; Davalos, Albert R.

2012-01-01

Exposure of MCF-7 breast tumor cells or HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells to clinically relevant concentrations of doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Farmitalia Research Laboratories, Milan, Italy) or camptothecin results in both autophagy and senescence. To determine whether autophagy is required for chemotherapy-induced senescence, reactive oxygen generation induced by Adriamycin was suppressed by N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione, and the induction of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, p53, and p21 was modulated pharmacologically and/or genetically. In all cases, autophagy and senescence were collaterally suppressed. The close association between autophagy and senescence indicated by these experiments reflects their collateral regulation via common signaling pathways. The potential relationship between autophagy and senescence was further examined through pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine and 3-methyl-adenine and genetic ablation of the autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7. However, inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological and genetic approaches could not entirely abrogate the senescence response, which was only reduced and/or delayed. Taken together, our findings suggest that autophagy and senescence tend to occur in parallel, and furthermore that autophagy accelerates the development of the senescent phenotype. However, these responses are not inexorably linked or interdependent, as senescence can occur when autophagy is abrogated. PMID:22927544

Disclosure of Federal Acquisition Records.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-24

Parties. .. .. .. . ... .. ....... 170 Collateral Estoppel . .. ......... .. ... ...... 171 Basis for Relief and Scope ofReview .. .. .. ..... 1741Burden of...grounds to a decision by a co-ordinate court with which he disagreed is unworthy of comment. 𔄁 3 (2) Collateral estoppel --"If the FOIA applicant has...documents.ś 3 7 The Supreme Court did not discuss stare decisis, or collateral 1 estoppel , or comity, as had the D,C. Circuit Court of Appeals; instead

31 CFR 380.3 - What collateral may I pledge if I am a Treasury Tax and Loan depositary under 31 CFR part 203...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What collateral may I pledge if I am a Treasury Tax and Loan depositary under 31 CFR part 203, and what value will you assign to it? 380...) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC DEBT COLLATERAL ACCEPTABILITY AND...

Prevention of the collapse of pial collaterals by remote ischemic perconditioning during acute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Ma, Junqiang; Ma, Yonglie; Dong, Bin; Bandet, Mischa V; Shuaib, Ashfaq; Winship, Ian R

2017-08-01

Collateral circulation is a key variable determining prognosis and response to recanalization therapy during acute ischemic stroke. Remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) involves inducing peripheral ischemia (typically in the limbs) during stroke and may reduce perfusion deficits and brain damage due to cerebral ischemia. In this study, we directly investigated pial collateral flow augmentation due to RIPerC during distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rats. Blood flow through pial collaterals between the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the MCA was assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats using in vivo laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and two photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) during distal MCAo. LSCI and TPLSM revealed that RIPerC augmented collateral flow into distal MCA segments. Notably, while control rats exhibited an initial dilation followed by a progressive narrowing of pial arterioles 60 to 150-min post-MCAo (constricting to 80-90% of post-MCAo peak diameter), this constriction was prevented or reversed by RIPerC (such that vessel diameters increased to 105-110% of post-MCAo, pre-RIPerC diameter). RIPerC significantly reduced early ischemic damage measured 6 h after stroke onset. Thus, prevention of collateral collapse via RIPerC is neuroprotective and may facilitate other protective or recanalization therapies by improving blood flow in penumbral tissue.

Detection of cerebral collateral circulation with Tc-99m HMPAO radionuclide angiography in cerebrovascular diseases: Delayed filling-in sign

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueno, K.

1994-05-01

In patients with internal carotid and major cerebral arterial obstructions, it is clinically important to know the presence of collateral circulation. However, this information is not available from Tc-99m HMPAO perfusion SPECT alone. To investigate the usefulness of Tc-99m HMPAO radionuclide angiography (RNA) in the diagnosis of collaterals, we retrospectively studied 39 patients (pts) cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) with HMPAO RNA and SPECT. Contrast angiography was done on all pts. Of these, 11 internal carotid artery (ICA), 1 anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and 3 middle cerebral artery (MCA) obstructions were found angiographically. Non- or decreased visualization of ICA was found inmore » 11 of 11 pts of ICA obstruction. In 1 pt of ICA obstruction, the collaterals were directly visualized with RNA. Early perfusion deficient area with delayed filling-in with Tc-HMPAO was found in 7 of 11 pts of ICA, 1 of 1 pt of ACA, and 2 of 3 pts of MCA obstructions. In all pts with the delayed filling-in sign on RNA, collateral circulations were confirmed angiographically. We conclude that the delayed filling-in of Tc-HMPAO is a useful sign of collateral circulation in the CVD pts.« less

Resiliency and collateral learning in science in some students of cree ancestry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sutherland, Dawn

2005-07-01

In the context of schooling, resiliency refers to the ability to thrive academically despite adverse circumstances. In this study the relationship between academic resilience and student's collateral learning is explored in 20 students of Cree ancestry. The individual resilience of each student was examined by identifying protective factors for school leaving within the microsystem of each student's ecological framework. Student responses to questions related to motivation and engagement were ranked. In addition, students' perception of the influence of family and peers on individual attributes toward schooling was ranked.To gain insight into the collateral learning aspects of science learning in Cree students, the participants in this study were asked to reflect on their learning strategies through the use of critical incidents. The relationship between collateral learning and resiliency was also explored.This study found that students possessing a greater number of protective factors were more likely to learn science in a way described by Jegede's collateral learning theory. Responses to critical incidents indicate some Cree students hold at least two sources of knowledge to explain some science concepts and therefore may adopt a collateral learning strategy. The importance these students place on earned or experiential knowledge is evident in the interviews. Some suggestions for classroom instruction are offered in conclusion.

Influence of angiographic collateral circulation on myocardial perfusion in patients with chronic total occlusion of a single coronary artery and no prior myocardial infarction.

PubMed

Aboul-Enein, Fatma; Kar, Saibal; Hayes, Sean W; Sciammarella, Maria; Abidov, Aiden; Makkar, Raj; Friedman, John D; Eigler, Neal; Berman, Daniel S

2004-06-01

The functional role of various angiographic grades for coronary collaterals remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the Rentrop angiographic grading of coronary collaterals on myocardial perfusion in patients with single-vessel chronic total occlusion (CTO) and no prior myocardial infarction (MI). The study included 56 patients with single-vessel CTO and no prior MI who underwent rest-stress myocardial perfusion SPECT and coronary angiography within 6 mo. All patients had angiographic evidence of coronary collaterals. Patients were divided according to the Rentrop classification: Group I had grade 1 or 2 (n = 25) and group II had grade 3 collaterals (n = 31). Group I had a higher frequency of resting regional wall motion abnormalities on left ventriculography (52.6% vs. 19.2% [P = 0.019]). The mean perfusion scores of the overall population showed severe and extensive stress perfusion defects (summed stress score of 14.1 +/- 7.1 and summed difference score of 12.9 +/- 6.9) but minimal resting perfusion defects (summed rest score of 1.0 +/- 2.7). No perfusion scores differed between the 2 groups. The perfusion findings suggested that chronic stunning rather than hibernation is the principal cause of regional wall motion abnormalities in these patients. In the setting of single-vessel CTO and no prior MI, coronary collaterals appear to protect against resting perfusion defects. Excellent angiographic collaterals may prevent resting regional wall motion abnormalities but do not appear to protect against stress-induced perfusion defects.

Insights into coronary collateral formation from a novel porcine semiacute infarction model.

PubMed

Krackhardt, Florian; Harnoss, Jonathan M; Waliszewski, Matthias W; Ritter, Zully; Granzow, Susanne; Felsenberg, Dieter; Neumann, Konrad; Lerman, Lilian O; Hillmeister, Philipp; Gebker, Rolf; Paetsch, Ingo; Riediger, Fabian; Bramlage, Peter; Buschmann, Ivo R

2018-03-01

For patients with severe ischemic heart disease, complete revascularization by a percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting is often not achieved and may still cause residual angina. In case of progressive coronary artery occlusions, therapeutic arteriogenesis constitutes a promising strategy for increasing blood supply to the ischemic myocardium. Whether the formation of collaterals in the hypofused myocardium is angiogenetic in nature or based on preformed coronary artery anastomoses remains debatable. The objectives of this research were (i) the development of an appropriate research methodology to study a humanoid animal semiacute infarction model with low mortality and (ii) to answer the question of whether collateral revascularization follows a pre-existing 'blueprint'. A porcine model was chosen in which a step-wise vessel occlusion was performed by implantation of a copper stent into the distal left anterior descending artery. Vessel occlusion and collateral development were confirmed in vivo every 14 days up to day 56 by repeated coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion measurement using cardiac MRI. After the completion of the in-vivo imaging studies, animals were euthanized and collateral growth was evaluated using microcomputer tomography. Our porcine model of semiacute noninvasive coronary artery occlusion confirmed the existence of preformed coronary anastomoses and the proliferation of functional vessels in hypoperfused myocardium. Repetitive intra-animal MRIs showed the functional impact of these growing collaterals. The confirmation of preformed coronary anastomoses during the process of collateralization (natural bypasses) offers a preclinical avenue to carry out arteriogenetic pharmaceutical research in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Impact of the origin of the collateral feeding donor artery on short-term mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction with comorbid chronic total occlusion.

PubMed

Fujii, Toshiharu; Sakai, Katsuaki; Nakano, Masataka; Ohno, Yohei; Nakazawa, Gaku; Shinozaki, Norihiko; Matsukage, Takashi; Yoshimachi, Fuminobu; Ikari, Yuji

2016-09-01

Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multi-vessel disease (MVD) have higher mortality, especially with comorbid chronic total occlusion (CTO). The origin of collateral flow to the CTO segment has not been studied in regard to short-term mortality. This study examined the impact of collateral feeding donor arteries from an infarct-related artery (IRA) or non-IRA to the comorbid CTO segment in regard to STEMI short-term mortality. Data from 760 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention were obtained retrospectively from medical records. The number of vessels involved and origin of the collateral feeding donor artery were evaluated using angiograms from the primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The study population was divided into patients with: single-vessel disease (SVD) (n=483), MVD without CTO (n=208), and MVD with CTO (n=64). All CTO segments had collateral flow from an IRA (n=23) or non-IRA (n=46). All-cause mortality (30-day) was analyzed. Compared to SVD and MVD without CTO, MVD with comorbid CTO had a higher mortality (5.4% vs. 15.9% vs. 24.6%, P<0.0001, respectively). Of patients with CTO, those with collateral flow from the IRA had significantly higher mortality than the non-IRA group (52.2% vs. 10.9%, P<0.0001). Collateral flow from the IRA was extracted as an independent predictor associated with 30-day all-cause mortality using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio 4.71, 95% confidence interval 1.60-14.2, P=0.0005). The origin of the collateral donor artery from the IRA had an impact on short-term mortality in STEMI patients with comorbid CTO lesions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Does collateral retrospective information about childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms assist in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults? Findings from a large clinical sample.

PubMed

Breda, Vitor; Rovaris, Diego Luiz; Vitola, Eduardo Schneider; Mota, Nina Roth; Blaya-Rocha, Paula; Salgado, Carlos Alberto Iglesias; Victor, Marcelo Moraes; Picon, Felipe Almeida; Karam, Rafael Gomes; Silva, Katiane Lilian; Rohde, Luis Augusto; Bau, Claiton Henrique Dotto; Grevet, Eugenio Horacio

2016-06-01

In accordance with consolidated clinical practice, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition suggests a key role of collateral information in the evaluation of retrospective childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults despite poor evidence supporting its use. This study aims to assess the incremental value of collateral information on the presence of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms when evaluating adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 449) and non-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects (n = 143) underwent an extensive clinical assessment based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria. For patients, retrospective collateral information regarding childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was obtained and used to sort them into two groups: agreement (n = 277) and disagreement (n = 172) between self- and collateral reports. We compared demographic, clinical and response to treatment profiles among groups to test the relevance of collateral information on the specific issue of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder groups had higher rates of several comorbidities (oppositional defiant, conduct, substance use and bipolar disorders; all p < 0.001) and impairments than controls. Disagreement between self- and collateral reports on childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms occurred in 38% of patients. Overall, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder disagreement and agreement groups had similar profiles in response to treatment and comorbidity, and the few differences detected in impairment measures were of small magnitude (Eta(2) < 0.05). Although collateral report has an important role for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, it has no incremental value in the evaluation of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults with a self-reported history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder assessed in clinical settings. © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.

Vasoresponsiveness of collateral vessels in the rat hindlimb: influence of training.

PubMed

Colleran, Patrick N; Li, Zeyi; Yang, Hsiao T; Laughlin, M Harold; Terjung, Ronald L

2010-04-15

Exercise training is known to be an effective means of improving functional capacity and quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAI). However, the specific training-induced physiological adaptations occurring within collateral vessels remain to be clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise training on vasomotor properties of isolated peripheral collateral arteries. We hypothesized that daily treadmill exercise would improve the poor vasodilatory capacity of collateral arteries isolated from rats exposed to surgical occlusion of the femoral artery. Following femoral artery ligation, animals were either kept sedentary or exercise trained daily for a period of 3 weeks. Hindlimb collateral arteries were then isolated, cannulated and pressurized via hydrostatic reservoirs to an intravascular pressure of either 45 or 120 cmH(2)O. Non-occluded contralateral vessels of the sedentary animals served as normal Control. Vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine (ACh; 1 x 10(9)-1 x 10(5)m) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 x 10(9)-1 x 10(4)m), constrictor responses to phenylephrine (PE; 1 x 10(9)-1 x 10(4)m), and flow-induced vasodilatation were determined. Endothelium-mediated vasodilatation responses were significantly greater to either ACh (P < 0.02) or intravascular flow (P < 0.001) in collateral arteries of trained rats. Neither blockade of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin (Indo; 5 microm) nor blockade of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 300 microm) eliminated this ACh- or flow-induced vasodilatation. The depressed vasodilatory response to SNP caused by vascular occlusion was reversed with training. These data indicate that exercise training improves endothelium-mediated vasodilatory capacity of hindlimb collateral arteries, apparently by enhanced production of the putative endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s). If these findings were applicable to patients with PAI, they could contribute to an improved collateral vessel function and enhance exercise tolerance during routine physical activity.

7 CFR 1779.48 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.48 Collateral. (a) Lender..., water rights, buildings, machinery, equipment, accounts receivable, contracts, cash, or other accounts...

Appraising the plasticity of the circle of Willis: a model of hemodynamic modulation in cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

PubMed

Chuang, Yu-Ming; Guo, Wanyuo; Lin, Ching-Po

2010-01-01

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) harbor a network of abnormal vasculatures, namely the nidus between arterial and venous components. The pressure gradient between these two components results in abnormal high-velocity arteriovenous shunts flowing through the nidus and alternate intracranial hemodynamics. This study hypothesizes that the flow patterns of the circle of Willis (CoW) are modulated by the alternation of intracranial hemodynamics occurring in cerebral AVMs. The flow patterns of the CoW before and after AVMs had been corrected and the arteriovenous shunts closed by radiosurgery were assessed to validate the hypothesis. Fifty patients (32 men and 18 women; mean age 35.8 +/- 4.2, range 23-52 years) with cerebral AVMs previously treated by radiosurgery were retrospectively investigated. This investigation used magnetic resonance angiography, performed prior to and after AVM surgery, to assess the CoW flow patterns. The CoW flow patterns in nearly half of the subjects (20/50, 40%) altered after the AVMs had been corrected. The alterations included: (1) decreased size or ceased flow patterns in the CoW vascular segment: ipsilateral A1 (n = 1) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), ipsilateral posterior communicating artery (PCoA) segment (n = 7), contralateral PCoA collateral (n = 4), bilateral PCoA (n = 2); (2) increased size or opening of the previous 'hypoplastic' segment of CoW: ipsilateral A1 of ACA (n = 1), contralateral PCoA (n = 2), bilateral PCoA (n = 1), and (3) biphasic alteration of the CoW: ceased ipsilateral PCoA segment and opening ipsilateral A1 of the ACA (n = 1), ceased ipsilateral PCoA and opening contralateral P1 of the posterior cerebral artery (n = 1). The plasticity of the flow patterns in the CoW are modulated by intracranial hemodynamics as shown by the AVM model. The calibers of CoW arterial segments are not a static feature. Willisian collateralization with recruitment of the CoW segment may cease, or hypoplastic segments may reopen after closing arteriovenous shunts of the AVM. (c) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.

The Mars-500 crew in daily life activities: An ethological study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tafforin, Carole

2013-10-01

A Mars mission is a new challenge for scientific investigators in the space field. What would be the behavioral profile of an interplanetary crew with long-duration social isolation and spatial restriction? The current study addresses this question with the first ethological data from the Mars-500 experiment. It took place in Moscow, Russia from June 3, 2010 to November 4, 2011. It was designed to simulate the living and working conditions of an isolated and confined crew over 250 days for reaching Mars, 30 days for Mars orbiting with Mars landing and 240 days for returning to Earth. The Mars-500 crew was composed of three Russians, two Europeans and one Chinese. The Mars-500 facilities comprised four hermetically sealed, interconnected modules and a Martian surface module. We applied the ethological method based on observation, description and quantification of the individual and inter-individual behaviors in terms of personal actions, visual interactions, object interactions, body interactions, facial expressions and collateral acts. These events were scored on the Observer XT® software, from video recordings made every two weeks at breakfast time inside the habitat module. We found the following results: a diminishing collective time from the first phase corresponding to the 250-day trip to Mars to the second phase corresponding to the 240-day return to Earth; 35-day cycles then 70-day cycles of high duration of personal actions within these phases; periodic oscillations of duration of inter-personal actions; decreasing then increasing occurrences of facial expressions with temporal points of decrements, around day 159 and day 355, after 6 months and one year of simulation; increasing occurrences of collateral acts over the full 520-day journey. We discuss the findings with regard to a Mars mission scenario. Time has a major impact on the behavioral profile, as shown by indicators of physical and psychological states of fatigue, stress, well being and good spirit. The interplanetary crew follows phasic, cyclic, periodic and punctual behavioral changes in a temporal dynamic as a positive adaptation.

Chronic thalidomide administration enhances vascular responsiveness to vasopressin in portal-systemic collaterals of bile duct-ligated rats.

PubMed

Chang, Ching-Chih; Wang, Sun-Sang; Huang, Hui-Chun; Lee, Fa-Yauh; Lin, Han-Chieh; Lee, Jing-Yi; Chen, Yi-Chou; Lee, Shou-Dong

2009-05-01

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) controls gastroesophageal variceal bleeding, partly due to its vasoconstrictive effect on portal-systemic collaterals. It has been shown that chronic thalidomide treatment decreases portal pressure, attenuates hyperdynamic circulation and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in partially portal vein-ligated rats. This study investigated the effects of chronic thalidomide treatment on portal-systemic collateral vascular responsiveness to AVP in common bile duct-ligated (CBDL) cirrhotic rats. In the first series, CBDL-induced cirrhotic rats received thalidomide (50 mg/kg/day orally) or distilled water (control) from the 35th to 42nd day after ligation. On the 43rd day after ligation, the body weight, mean arterial pressure, portal pressure, and heart rate were measured. An in situ collateral vascular perfusion model was used to obtain the cumulative concentration-response curves of collateral vessels to AVP (10(-10) to 3 x 10(-7) M). Plasma levels of VEGF and TNF-alpha were measured, and expressions of VEGF and TNF-alpha mRNA in the left adrenal veins were also determined. In the second series, the cumulative concentration-response curves of collateral vessels to AVP in CBDL rats with or without thalidomide (10(-5) M) preincubation in the perfusate were obtained. The thalidomide and control groups were not significantly different in terms of heart rate, mean arterial pressure and portal pressure (p > 0.05). The collateral vascular perfusion pressure change to AVP was significantly enhanced at 10(-8) M after thalidomide treatment (p = 0.041). Compared with the control group, thalidomide-treated rats had significantly lower plasma VEGF levels (p < 0.001), accompanied by an insignificant reduction in plasma TNF-alpha levels (p > 0.05). The expressions of VEGF and TNF-alpha mRNA in the left adrenal veins of thalidomide-treated CBDL rats were not significantly changed compared with those of the control group. In addition, thalidomide did not significantly elicit changes in vascular responsiveness to AVP in collateral vessels of CBDL rats when it was added into the perfusate. In cirrhotic rats, chronic thalidomide treatment improves the portal-systemic collateral vascular responsiveness to AVP, which was partly related to VEGF inhibition.

In-vivo optical imaging of hsp70 expression to assess collateral tissue damage associated with infrared laser ablation of skin

PubMed Central

Wilmink, Gerald J.; Opalenik, Susan R.; Beckham, Joshua T.; Mackanos, Mark A.; Nanney, Lillian B.; Contag, Christopher H.; Davidson, Jeffrey M.; Jansen, E. Duco

2013-01-01

Laser surgical ablation is achieved by selecting laser parameters that remove confined volumes of target tissue and cause minimal collateral damage. Previous studies have measured the effects of wavelength on ablation, but neglected to measure the cellular impact of ablation on cells outside the lethal zone. In this study, we use optical imaging in addition to conventional assessment techniques to evaluate lethal and sublethal collateral damage after ablative surgery with a free-electron laser (FEL). Heat shock protein (HSP) expression is used as a sensitive quantitative marker of sublethal damage in a transgenic mouse strain, with the hsp70 promoter driving luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression (hsp70A1-L2G). To examine the wavelength dependence in the mid-IR, laser surgery is conducted on the hsp70A1-L2G mouse using wavelengths targeting water (OH stretch mode, 2.94 μm), protein (amide-II band, 6.45 μm), and both water and protein (amide-I band, 6.10 μm). For all wavelengths tested, the magnitude of hsp70 expression is dose-dependent and maximal 5 to 12 h after surgery. Tissues treated at 6.45 μm have approximately 4× higher hsp70 expression than 6.10 μm. Histology shows that under comparable fluences, tissue injury at the 2.94-μm wavelength was 2× and 3× deeper than 6.45 and 6.10 μm, respectively. The 6.10-μm wavelength generates the least amount of epidermal hyperplasia. Taken together, this data suggests that the 6.10-μm wavelength is a superior wavelength for laser ablation of skin. PMID:19021444

Mechanisms of Amplified Arteriogenesis in Collateral Artery Segments Exposed to Flow Direction Reversal

PubMed Central

Heuslein, Joshua L.; Meisner, Joshua K.; Li, Xuanyue; Song, Ji; Vincentelli, Helena; Leiphart, Ryan J.; Ames, Elizabeth G.; Price, Richard J.

2015-01-01

Objective Collateral arteriogenesis, the growth of existing arterial vessels to a larger diameter, is a fundamental adaptive response that is often critical for the perfusion and survival of tissues downstream of chronic arterial occlusion(s). Shear stress regulates arteriogenesis; however, the arteriogenic significance of flow direction reversal, occurring in numerous collateral artery segments after femoral artery ligation (FAL), is unknown. Our objective was to determine if flow direction reversal in collateral artery segments differentially regulates endothelial cell signaling and arteriogenesis. Approach and Results Collateral segments experiencing flow reversal after FAL in C57BL/6 mice exhibit increased pericollateral macrophage recruitment, amplified arteriogenesis (30% diameter and 2.8-fold conductance increases), and remarkably permanent (12 weeks post-FAL) remodeling. Genome-wide transcriptional analyses on HUVECs exposed to flow reversal conditions mimicking those occurring in-vivo yielded 10-fold more significantly regulated transcripts, as well as enhanced activation of upstream regulators (NFκB, VEGF, FGF2, TGFβ) and arteriogenic canonical pathways (PKA, PDE, MAPK). Augmented expression of key pro-arteriogenic molecules (KLF2, ICAM-1, eNOS) was also verified by qRT-PCR, leading us to test whether ICAM-1 and/or eNOS regulate amplified arteriogenesis in flow-reversed collateral segments in-vivo. Interestingly, enhanced pericollateral macrophage recruitment and amplified arteriogenesis was attenuated in flow-reversed collateral segments after FAL in ICAM-1−/− mice; however, eNOS−/− mice showed no such differences. Conclusions Flow reversal leads to a broad amplification of pro-arteriogenic endothelial signaling and a sustained ICAM-1-dependent augmentation of arteriogenesis. Further investigation of the endothelial mechanotransduction pathways activated by flow reversal may lead to more effective and durable therapeutic options for arterial occlusive diseases. PMID:26338297

When collateral supply is accounted for epicardial stenosis does not increase microvascular resistance.

PubMed

Layland, Jamie; MacIsaac, Andrew I; Burns, Andrew T; Somaratne, Jithendra B; Leitl, George; Whitbourn, Robert J; Wilson, Andrew M

2012-02-01

The relationship between epicardial stenosis and microvascular resistance remains controversial. Exploring the relationship is critical, as many tools used in interventional cardiology imply minimal and constant resistance. However, variable collateralization may impact well on these measures. We hypothesized that when collateral supply was accounted for, microvascular resistance would be independent of epicardial stenosis. Forty patients with stable angina were studied before and following percutaneous intervention. A temperature and pressure sensing guide wire was used to derive microvascular resistance using the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), defined as the hyperemic distal pressure multiplied by the hyperemic mean transit time. Lesion severity was assessed using fractional flow reserve. For comparison, evaluation of an angiographically normal reference vessel from the same subject also was undertaken. Both simple IMR (sIMR) and IMR corrected for collateral flow (cIMR) were calculated. When collateral supply was not accounted for, there was a significant difference in IMR values between the culprit, the post PCI, and nonculprit values (culprit sIMR 26.68±2.06, nonculprit sIMR 18.37±1.89, P=0.002; post percutaneous intervention sIMR 18.5±1.94 versus culprit sIMR 26.68±2.06, P<0.0001). However, when collateral supply was accounted for there was no difference observed (cIMR 16.96±1.78 versus nonculprit sIMR 18.37±1.89, P=0.52; post percutaneous intervention sIMR 18.5±1.94 versus cIMR 16.96±1.78, P=0.42). When collateral supply is accounted for, epicardial stenosis does not increase microvascular resistance in patients with stable angina.

Coronary Collateral Growth—Back to the Future

PubMed Central

Chilian, William M.; Penn, Marc S.; Pung, Yuh Fen; Dong, Feng; Mayorga, Maritza; Ohanyan, Vahagn; Logan, Suzanna; Yin, Liya

2012-01-01

The coronary collateral circulation is critically important as an adaptation of the heart to prevent the damage from ischemic insults. In their native state, collaterals in the heart would be classified as part of the microcirculation, existing as arterial-arterial anastomotic connections in the range of 30 to 100 μM in diameter. However, these vessels also show a propensity to remodel into components of the macrocirculation and can become arteries larger than a 1000 μM in diameter. This process of outward remodelling is critically important in the adaptation of the heart to ischemia because the resistance to blood flow is inversely related to the fourth power of the diameter of the vessel. Thus, an expansion of a vessel from 100 to 1000 μM would reduce resistance (in this part of the circuit) to a negligible amount and enable delivery of flow to the region at risk. Our goal in this review is to highlight the voids in understanding this adaptation to ischemia—the growth of the coronary collateral circulation. In doing so we discuss the controversies and unknown aspects of the causal factors that stimulate growth of the collateral circulation, the role of genetics, and the role of endogenous stem and progenitor cells in the context of the normal, physiological situation and under more pathological conditions of ischemic heart disease or with some of the underlying risk factors, e.g., diabetes. The major conclusion of this review is that there are many gaps in our knowledge of coronary collateral growth and this knowledge is critical before the potential of stimulating collateralization in the hearts of patients can be realized. PMID:22210280

Color Doppler Sonographic and Cadaveric Study of the Arterial Vascularity of the Lateral Upper Arm Flap.

PubMed

Sun, Ruimei; Ding, Yu; Sun, Chuanzheng; Li, Xiaojiang; Wang, Jinde; Li, Lei; Yang, Jie; Ren, Yanxin; Zhong, Zhaoming

2016-04-01

To determine the importance of adequate preoperative assessment with color Doppler sonography to assist in the successful transfer of lateral upper arm flaps by studying the lateral upper arm flap with color Doppler sonography and analyzing the anatomic features of the radial collateral artery. A clinical case-control study was performed. The radial collateral artery was studied with color Doppler sonography in 15 healthy volunteers. The origins, courses, variations, and locations of the perforators of the radial collateral artery were recorded. The results and data from the color Doppler sonographic investigation were compared with an anatomic study that was performed on 22 adult cadaveric upper limb specimens. The volunteer group (14 of 15 volunteers) and the cadaveric group (19 of 22 upper arm specimens) clearly showed that the branch pattern of the arterial supply was as follows: brachial artery → deep brachial artery → radial collateral artery → posterior radial collateral artery → myocutaneous perforator. Variations in the origin of the radial collateral artery were identified in 1 volunteer bilaterally and in 3 upper arm specimens. The diameters of the artery and vein measured at the distal insertion of the deltoid and the origin of the deep brachial artery were not significantly different between the volunteer and cadaver groups (P > .05). Due to the difference in measuring methods, the length of the vascular pedicles was significantly different between the groups (P < .05). Color Doppler sonography can facilitate the preoperative assessment of the origin, course, variations, and locations of the radial collateral artery and therefore may increase the success rate of lateral upper arm flap transfer. © 2016 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

Extrahepatic Blood Supply to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Angiographic Demonstration and Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miyayama, Shiro; Matsui, Osamu; Taki, Keiichi

2006-02-15

Purpose. To evaluate the incidence of each extrahepatic collateral pathway to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess technical success rates and complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) through each collateral. Methods. We retrospective evaluated extrahepatic collateral pathways to HCC on angiography in 386 procedures on 181 consecutive patients. One hundred and seventy patients had previously undergone TACE. TACE through extrahepatic collaterals using iodized oil and gelatin sponge particles was performed when a catheter was advanced into the tumor-feeding branch to avoid nontarget embolization. Results. A single collateral was revealed in 275 TACE procedures, two were revealed in 74, and threemore » or more were revealed in 34. Incidences of collateral source to HCC were 83% from the right inferior phrenic artery (IPA), 24% from the cystic artery, 13% from the omental artery, 12% from the right renal capsular artery (RCA) and left IPA, 8% from the right internal mammary artery (IMA) and right intercostal artery (ICA), and 7% from the right inferior adrenal artery (IAA). Technical success rates of TACE were 53% in the right ICA, 70% in the cystic artery, 74% in the omental artery, 93% in the left IPA, 96% in the right IPA, and 100% in the right RCA, right IMA, and right IAA. Complications included skin necrosis after TACE through the right IMA (n = 1), cholecystitis after TACE through the cystic artery (n = 1), and ulcer formation after TACE through the right gastric artery (n = 1), in addition to pleural effusion and basal atelectasis after TACE through the IPA and IMA. Conclusion. Our study suggests that TACE through extrahepatic collaterals is possible with high success rates, and is also relatively safe.« less

Collateral Flow and White Matter Disease in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion.

PubMed

Ishikawa, Mami; Sugawara, Hitoshi; Nagai, Mutsumi; Kusaka, Gen; Tanaka, Yuichi; Naritaka, Heiji

2017-01-01

When an internal carotid artery (ICA) occludes, a patient may develop cerebral infarction (CI). We investigated whether CI caused by ICA occlusion (ICAO) is associated with collateral flow through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (ACoA and PCoA). In 100 patients with ICAO, we investigated CI and white matter disease by performing an MRI and the anatomy of the ACoA and PCoA were investigated by performing magnetic resonance angiography. All patients were divided into the symptomatic CI group or the no-CI group. The collateral flow pathway was estimated by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)-PCoA score and the collateral flow volume after ICAO was estimated by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow score, based on how well the MCA was visualized. Of 100 patients with ICAO, the symptomatic CI group included 36 patients. ACA-PCoA score and white matter disease grades were significantly higher in the CI group (indicating poor collateral flow). More than 80% of patients with an ACA-PCoA score of 4 (poor collateral) experienced symptomatic CI. Thirty-one symptomatic CI patients (86%) had an MCA flow score of 1 or 2 (decreased MCA flow). The ACA-PCoA score and white matter disease grade may suggest an increased risk of CI following ICAO. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Dynamic change of collateral flow varying with distribution of regional blood flow in acute ischemic rat cortex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhen; Luo, Weihua; Zhou, Fangyuan; Li, Pengcheng; Luo, Qingming

2012-12-01

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is critical for the maintenance of cerebral function by guaranteed constant oxygen and glucose supply to brain. Collateral channels (CCs) are recruited to provide alternatives to CBF to ischemic regions once the primary vessel is occluded during ischemic stroke. However, the knowledge of the relationship between dynamic evolution of collateral flow and the distribution of regional blood flow remains limited. In this study, laser speckle imaging was used to assess dynamic changes of CCs and regional blood flow in a rat cortex with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). We found that CCs immediately provided blood flow to ischemic territories after MCAo. More importantly, there were three kinds of dynamic changes of CCs during acute stroke: persistent CC, impermanent CC, and transient CC, respectively, related to different distributions of regional blood flow. Although there was the possible occurrence of peri-infarct depolarization (PID) during ischemia, there was no obvious significance about the onset time and duration of CCs between rats with and without PID. These results suggest that the initial arising of CCs does not ensure their persistence, and that collateral flow could be varied with distribution of regional blood flow in acute ischemic stroke, which may facilitate the understanding of collateral recruitment and promote the development of collateral therapeutics in the future.

Dynamic change of collateral flow varying with distribution of regional blood flow in acute ischemic rat cortex.

PubMed

Wang, Zhen; Luo, Weihua; Zhou, Fangyuan; Li, Pengcheng; Luo, Qingming

2012-12-01

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is critical for the maintenance of cerebral function by guaranteed constant oxygen and glucose supply to brain. Collateral channels (CCs) are recruited to provide alternatives to CBF to ischemic regions once the primary vessel is occluded during ischemic stroke. However, the knowledge of the relationship between dynamic evolution of collateral flow and the distribution of regional blood flow remains limited. In this study, laser speckle imaging was used to assess dynamic changes of CCs and regional blood flow in a rat cortex with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). We found that CCs immediately provided blood flow to ischemic territories after MCAo. More importantly, there were three kinds of dynamic changes of CCs during acute stroke: persistent CC, impermanent CC, and transient CC, respectively, related to different distributions of regional blood flow. Although there was the possible occurrence of peri-infarct depolarization (PID) during ischemia, there was no obvious significance about the onset time and duration of CCs between rats with and without PID. These results suggest that the initial arising of CCs does not ensure their persistence, and that collateral flow could be varied with distribution of regional blood flow in acute ischemic stroke, which may facilitate the understanding of collateral recruitment and promote the development of collateral therapeutics in the future.

Relative cerebral blood volume is associated with collateral status and infarct growth in stroke patients in SWIFT PRIME.

PubMed

Arenillas, Juan F; Cortijo, Elisa; García-Bermejo, Pablo; Levy, Elad I; Jahan, Reza; Goyal, Mayank; Saver, Jeffrey L; Albers, Gregory W

2017-01-01

We aimed to evaluate how predefined candidate cerebral perfusion parameters correlate with collateral circulation status and to assess their capacity to predict infarct growth in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) eligible for endovascular therapy. Patients enrolled in the SWIFT PRIME trial with baseline computed tomography perfusion (CTP) scans were included. RAPID software was used to calculate mean relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in hypoperfused regions, and hypoperfusion index ratio (HIR). Blind assessments of collaterals were performed using CT angiography in the whole sample and cerebral angiogram in the endovascular group. Reperfusion was assessed on 27-h CTP; infarct volume was assessed on 27-h magnetic resonance imaging/CT scans. Logistic and rank linear regression models were conducted. We included 158 patients. High rCBV ( p = 0.03) and low HIR ( p = 0.03) were associated with good collaterals. A positive association was found between rCBV and better collateral grades on cerebral angiography ( p = 0.01). Baseline and 27-h follow-up CTP were available for 115 patients, of whom 74 (64%) achieved successful reperfusion. Lower rCBV predicted a higher infarct growth in successfully reperfused patients ( p = 0.038) and in the endovascular treatment group ( p = 0.049). Finally, rCBV and HIR may serve as markers of collateral circulation in AIS patients prior to endovascular therapy. Unique identifier: NCT0165746.

p27(kip1) Knockout enhances collateralization in response to hindlimb ischemia.

PubMed

Ankri-Eliahoo, Galit; Weitz, Kevin; Cox, Timothy C; Tang, Gale L

2016-05-01

The natural response to arterial occlusive disease is enlargement of collaterals; however, the molecular factors that control collateralization are not well understood. The gene p27(Kip1) (p27) affects human response to arterial injury. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of p27 inhibits vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and angiogenesis. To test the hypothesis that knockout of p27 would improve collateralization in reaction to ischemia, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments using p27 knockout (p27(-/-)) and wild-type (wt) mice. Hindlimb ischemia was induced by left femoral artery ligation in p27(-/-) and wt (C57BL/6) female mice. The mice underwent weekly laser Doppler perfusion imaging of the footpads until sacrifice on postoperative day 28 followed by microcomputed tomography scanning of both hindlimbs. VSMCs were isolated from p27(-/-) and wt mice and used in migration and gel contraction assays in the absence and presence of the nonspecific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor BB94. MMP-2 and MMP-9 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in p27(-/-) and wt VSMCs. p27(-/-) mice reperfused more effectively than wt mice by laser Doppler starting from day 7 (ischemic/nonischemic ratio, 0.33 ± 0.02 vs 0.25 ± 0.02; P < .05) and continuing through day 28 (0.45 ± 0.04 vs 0.31 ± 0.04; P < .05). The gracilis collateral diameter was similar for the nonischemic hindlimbs of the p27(-/-) and wt mice, and this collateral pathway increased similarly after ischemia as assessed by microcomputed tomography. However, the p27(-/-) mice significantly enlarged a novel collateral pathway that bridged directly between the femoral artery proximal to the ligation site and the saphenous or popliteal artery distal to the ligation site more than wt mice (158 ± 18.3 vs 82 ± 22 μm; P < .001). p27(-/-) VSMCs migrated more (79% ± 5% vs 56% ± 6%; P < .05) and caused more gel contraction (18% ± 5% of the initial area vs 43% ± 4%; P < .05) than wt cells. Migration and collagen contraction were abolished in p27(-/-) and wt cells by MMP inhibition. p27(-/-) cells expressed significantly more MMP-2 mRNA than wt cells did. Knockout of p27 enhances arterial collateralization in response to hindlimb ischemia through enlargement of a new collateral pathway. In vitro, knockout of p27 increases collagen gel contraction in addition to stimulating VSMC migration. We speculate that p27 may affect collateralization through its role in regulating MMP-2 expression. Published by Elsevier Inc.

48 CFR 32.304-6 - Other collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Loan Guarantees for Defense Production 32.304-6 Other collateral security. The following are examples of other forms of security that, although seldom invoked...

48 CFR 32.304-6 - Other collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Loan Guarantees for Defense Production 32.304-6 Other collateral security. The following are examples of other forms of security that, although seldom invoked...

Revision with suture-tape augmentation after failed collateral ligament reconstruction for chronic interphalangeal instability of the hallux.

PubMed

Cho, Byung-Ki; Park, Ji-Kang; Choi, Seung-Myung; SooHoo, Nelson F

2017-12-01

Chronic varus instability or recurrent subluxation following isolated interphalangeal dislocation of the hallux is a rare injury. No consensus has been reached regarding the best joint-salvage procedure for patients with the failed collateral ligament reconstruction using tendon graft. We report a case who achieved satisfactory clinical outcome through a modified surgical procedure (revision collateral ligament reconstruction augmented with suture-tape). Copyright © 2017 European Foot and Ankle Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isolated lateral collateral ligament complex injury in rock climbing and Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.

PubMed

Davis, Bryan A; Hiller, Lucas P; Imbesi, Steven G; Chang, Eric Y

2015-08-01

We report two occurrences of high-grade tears of the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), consisting of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and fibular collateral ligament (FCL). One injury occurred in a rock climber and the other in a martial artist. Increasing awareness of isolated injuries of the LCLC will allow for appropriate diagnosis and management. We review and discuss the anatomy of the LCLC, the unique mechanism of isolated injury, as well as physical and imaging examination findings.

Computational knee ligament modeling using experimentally determined zero-load lengths.

PubMed

Bloemker, Katherine H; Guess, Trent M; Maletsky, Lorin; Dodd, Kevin

2012-01-01

This study presents a subject-specific method of determining the zero-load lengths of the cruciate and collateral ligaments in computational knee modeling. Three cadaver knees were tested in a dynamic knee simulator. The cadaver knees also underwent manual envelope of motion testing to find their passive range of motion in order to determine the zero-load lengths for each ligament bundle. Computational multibody knee models were created for each knee and model kinematics were compared to experimental kinematics for a simulated walk cycle. One-dimensional non-linear spring damper elements were used to represent cruciate and collateral ligament bundles in the knee models. This study found that knee kinematics were highly sensitive to altering of the zero-load length. The results also suggest optimal methods for defining each of the ligament bundle zero-load lengths, regardless of the subject. These results verify the importance of the zero-load length when modeling the knee joint and verify that manual envelope of motion measurements can be used to determine the passive range of motion of the knee joint. It is also believed that the method described here for determining zero-load length can be used for in vitro or in vivo subject-specific computational models.

Balancing repair and tolerance of DNA damage caused by alkylating agents.

PubMed

Fu, Dragony; Calvo, Jennifer A; Samson, Leona D

2012-01-12

Alkylating agents constitute a major class of frontline chemotherapeutic drugs that inflict cytotoxic DNA damage as their main mode of action, in addition to collateral mutagenic damage. Numerous cellular pathways, including direct DNA damage reversal, base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR), respond to alkylation damage to defend against alkylation-induced cell death or mutation. However, maintaining a proper balance of activity both within and between these pathways is crucial for a favourable response of an organism to alkylating agents. Furthermore, the response of an individual to alkylating agents can vary considerably from tissue to tissue and from person to person, pointing to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that modulate alkylating agent toxicity.

SERIES: Genomic instability in cancer Balancing repair and tolerance of DNA damage caused by alkylating agents

PubMed Central

Fu, Dragony; Calvo, Jennifer A.; Samson, Leona D

2013-01-01

Alkylating agents comprise a major class of frontline chemotherapeutic drugs that inflict cytotoxic DNA damage as their main mode of action, in addition to collateral mutagenic damage. Numerous cellular pathways, including direct DNA damage reversal, base excision repair (BER), and mismatch repair (MMR) respond to alkylation damage to defend against alkylation-induced cell death or mutation. However, maintaining a proper balance of activity both within and between these pathways is crucial for an organism's favorable response to alkylating agents. Furthermore, an individual's response to alkylating agents can vary considerably from tissue to tissue and from person to person, pointing to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that modulate alkylating agent toxicity. PMID:22237395

Corkscrew collaterals in atherosclerosis obliterans.

PubMed

Fujii, Yuichi; Ueda, Tomohiro; Uchimura, Yuko; Teragawa, Hiroki

2017-12-01

Marked calcifications in the femoral artery obscured imaging of the artery in computed tomography (CT) and duplex ultrasonography. The presence of corkscrew collateral arteries in patients with Atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO) indicates total artery occlusion.

Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction in Children: Role of Preoperative Imaging.

PubMed

Achar, Shashidhar; Dutta, Hemonta Kumar; Gogoi, Rudra Kanta

2017-01-01

Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is characterized by features of recent thrombosis or portal hypertension with portal cavernoma as a sequel of portal vein obstruction. Imaging of spleno-portal axis is the mainstay for the diagnosis of EHPVO. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of imaging in the preoperative assessment of the portal venous system in children with EHPVO. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on twenty children with EHPVO aged between 1 and 18 years over a period of 1 year. The children were evaluated clinically, followed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Radiological assessment included imaging of the main portal vein, its right and left branches, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric vein using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUSG) and magnetic resonance portovenogram (MRP). Evidence of portal biliopathy, status of collaterals, and possible sites for portosystemic shunt surgery were also examined. All the patients presented in chronic stage with portal cavernoma and only one patient (5%) had bland thrombus associated with cavernoma. The CDUSG and MRPs had a sensitivity of 66.6-90% and 96.7% and specificity of 91.5% and 98.3% respectively with regard to the assessment of the extent of thrombus formation and flow in the portal venous system. Both the modalities were found to be complementary to each other in preoperative assessment of EHPVO. However, the sensitivity of MRP was slightly superior to CDUSG in detecting occlusion and identifying portosystemic collaterals and dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals. Results of the present study indicate that MRP is well suited and superior to CDUSG in the preoperative imaging of patients with EHPVO.

26 CFR 403.29 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... principal by the United States, may be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate surety bonds in accordance with the provisions of Treasury Department Circular No. 154, revised...

26 CFR 403.29 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... principal by the United States, may be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate surety bonds in accordance with the provisions of Treasury Department Circular No. 154, revised...

26 CFR 403.29 - Deposit of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... principal by the United States, may be pledged and deposited by claimants as collateral security in lieu of corporate surety bonds in accordance with the provisions of Treasury Department Circular No. 154, revised...

Embolization of Collateral Vessels Using Mechanically Detachable Coils in Young Children with Congenital Heart Disease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sato, Y.; Ogino, H.; Hara, M.

2003-11-15

Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of embolizing collateral vessels using mechanically detachable coils (MDCs) in children aged 3 years or younger with congenital heart disease. The subjects were 8 children with congenital heart disease featuring collateral vessels (age 18 days-3 years): 3 with a single ventricle, 2 with the tetralogy of Fallot, 2 with pulmonary atresia, and 1 with a ventricular septal defect. The embolized vessels were the major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) in 5 patients, the persistent left superior vena cava in 2, and the coronary arteriovenous fistula in 1. A 4 or a 5 F cathetermore » was used as the guiding device, and embolization was performed using MDCs and other conventional coils introduced through the microcatheter. One patient had growth of new MAPCAs after embolization, and these MAPCAs were also embolized with MDCs. Thus, a total of 9 embolization procedures were performed in 8 patients. Complete occlusion of the collateral vessels was achieved in 8 of 9 procedures (89%). Seven of 8 patients (88%) had uneventful courses after embolization, and MDC procedures appeared to play important roles in avoiding coil migration and achievement of safe coil embolization. One patient who underwent MAPCA embolization showed no improvement in heart function and died 2 months and 19 days later. Embolization of collateral vessels using MDCs in young children with congenital heart disease can be an effective procedure and a valuable adjunct to surgical management.« less

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Is Less Common in Patients with Good Coronary Collateral Circulation.

PubMed

Avci, Eyup; Yildirim, Tarik; Kadi, Hasan

2017-10-01

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a typically reversible type of acute renal failure that develops after exposure to contrast agents; underlying endothelial dysfunction is thought to be an important risk factor for CIN. Although the mechanism of coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is not fully understood, a pivotal role of the endothelium has been reported in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between CCC and CIN. Patients with at least one occluded major coronary artery and blood creatinine analyses performed before and on the second day after angiography were included in the study. CIN was defined as a 25% or greater elevation of creatinine on the second day after exposure to the contrast agent. Collateral grading was performed according to the Rentrop classification. Patients were grouped according to whether they developed CIN or not, i.e., CIN(-) and CIN(+) group. A total of 214 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. CIN was diagnosed in 43 patients (20.1%) in the study population. Good CCC was identified in 112 patients (65.5%) in the CIN(-) group, whereas it was identified in 13 patients (30.2%) in the CIN(+) group. In the CIN(-) group, good CCC was significantly more frequent ( p < 0.001). Furthermore, collateral circulation was an independent predictor of CIN. Good collateral circulation was associated with a lower frequency of CIN, and poor collateral circulation was an independent predictor of CIN.

The relationship of plasma miR-503 and coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

PubMed

Fei, Yu; Hou, Jianhua; Xuan, Wei; Zhang, Chenghua; Meng, Xiuping

2018-06-02

Although angiogenesis plays an important role in coronary collateral circulation (CCC) formation and there are many determinants of coronary angiogenesis, they cannot fully explain the mechanism of CCC formation or as potent biomarker for CCC status. Therefore, there is of great clinical significance to identify the novel molecules associated with CCC. Previously, miR-503 exerts anti-angiogenesis effect via inhibition of VEGF-A and its expression is associated with many angiogenesis-related factors. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship of plasma miR-503 with CCC formation as well as its predictive power for CCC status in patients with coronary artery disease. Among patients who underwent coronary angiography with coronary artery disease and a stenosis of ≥90% were included in our study. Collateral degree was graded according to Rentrop Cohen classification. The patients were divided to good CCC group (grade 2 or 3) and poor CCC group (grade 0 or 1) according to Rentrop grade. We investigated the plasma levels of miR-503 and VEGF-A by ELISA or q RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, we assayed the correlations of plasma miR-503 with VEGF-A or Rentrop grade using the spearman correlation test and its predictive power by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and binary logistical regression analysis. Our data showed that plasma VEGF-A was significantly higher in good CCC group than that in poor group. Plasma miR-503 was lower in CAD patients with good CCC or poor CCC compared with control subjects and lowest in good CCC group. In addition, miR-503 negatively correlated with VEGF-A and Rentrop grade, respectively. Moreover, miR-503 displayed more potent predictive power for CCC status than VEGF-A, but its sensitivity and specificity for CCC status were only 72.4 or 60.9%, respectively. Lower plasma miR-503 level was related to better CCC formation, accompanied by up-regulation of VEGF-A. In addition, miR-503 displayed potent predictive power for CCC status, but its sensitivity and specificity were not high enough, indicating that miR-503 might be as an additional prognosis biomarker for CCC. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Dynamic Knee Alignment and Collateral Knee Laxity and Its Variations in Normal Humans

PubMed Central

Deep, Kamal; Picard, Frederic; Clarke, Jon V.

2015-01-01

Alignment of normal, arthritic, and replaced human knees is a much debated subject as is the collateral ligamentous laxity. Traditional quantitative values have been challenged. Methods used to measure these are also not without flaws. Authors review the recent literature and a novel method of measurement of these values has been included. This method includes use of computer navigation technique in clinic setting for assessment of the normal or affected knee before the surgery. Computer navigation has been known for achievement of alignment accuracy during knee surgery. Now its use in clinic setting has added to the inventory of measurement methods. Authors dispel the common myth of straight mechanical axis in normal knees and also look at quantification of amount of collateral knee laxity. Based on the scientific studies, it has been shown that the mean alignment is in varus in normal knees. It changes from lying non-weight-bearing position to standing weight-bearing position in both coronal and the sagittal planes. It also varies with gender and race. The collateral laxity is also different for males and females. Further studies are needed to define the ideal alignment and collateral laxity which the surgeon should aim for individual knees. PMID:26636090

Navy Safety Center data on the effects of fire protection systems on electrical equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levine, Robert S.

1991-04-01

Records of the Navy Safety Center, Norfolk, VA were reviewed to find data relevant to inadvertant operation of installed fire extinguishing systems in civilian nuclear power plants. Navy data show the incidence of collateral fire or other damage by fresh water on operating electrical equipment in submarines and in shore facilities is about the same as the civilian experience, about 30 percent. Aboard surface ships, however, the collateral damage incidence in much lower, about 15 percent. With sea water, the collateral damage incidence is at least 75 percent. It is concluded that the fire extinguisher water has to be contaminated, as by rust in sprinkler systems or deposited salt spray, for most collateral damage to occur. Reasons for inadvertant operation (or advertant operation) of firex systems at shore facilities, submarines, and surface ships resemble those for nuclear power plants. Mechanical or electrical failures lead the list, followed by mishaps during maintenance. Detector and alarm system failures are significant problems at Navy shore facilities, and significant at nuclear power plants. Fixed halon and CO2 systems in shore facilities cause no collateral damage. Lists of individual Navy incidents with water and with halon and carbon dioxide are included as appendices.

Conservative Management of an Epicardial Collateral Perforation During Retrograde Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

PubMed

Ngo, Christian; Christopoulos, George; Brilakis, Emmanouil S

2016-01-01

Coronary artery perforation is a highly feared complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and can lead to pericardial effusion, tamponade, and, rarely, emergent cardiac surgery. Perforation of epicardial collaterals during retrograde CTO-PCI may be particularly challenging to treat, as embolization from both sides of the perforation may be required to control the bleeding. However, conservative measures can occasionally be effective. We present a case of epicardial collateral vessel perforation that was managed conservatively with anticoagulation reversal.

Open dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the little finger subsequent to chronic radial collateral ligament injury: a case report of primary ligament reconstruction with a half-slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis: Case Report.

PubMed

Wada, Kazuma; Hibino, Naohito; Kondo, Kenji; Yoshioka, Shinji; Terai, Tomoya; Henmi, Tatsuhiko; Sairyo, Koichi

2015-01-01

Open dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is relatively rare. We report a case of a 32-year-old man who had open dislocation of the PIP joint of the little finger while playing American football. He had a history of chronic radial collateral ligament injury. We reconstructed the radial collateral ligament with a half-slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon.

Characterization of a hydroxyurea-resistant human KB cell line with supersensitivity to 6-thioguanine.

PubMed

Yen, Y; Grill, S P; Dutschman, G E; Chang, C N; Zhou, B S; Cheng, Y C

1994-07-15

Hydroxyurea (HU) is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, and sarcoma. One of its drawbacks, however, is the development of HU resistance. To study this problem, we developed a HU-resistant human KB cell line which exhibits a 15-fold resistance to HU. The characterization of this HU-resistant phenotype revealed a gene amplification of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), increased levels of M2 mRNA and protein, and a 3-fold increase of RR activity. This HU-resistant cell line also expressed a "collateral sensitivity" to 6-thioguanine (6-TG), with a 10-fold decrease in the dose inhibiting cell growth by 50% as compared to the KB parental line. The mechanism responsible for this supersensitivity to 6-TG is believed to be related to an increasingly efficient conversion of 6-TG to its triphosphate form, which is subsequently incorporated into DNA. After passage of the resistant cells in the absence of HU, the cell line reverts. The revertant cells lose their resistance to HU and concomitantly their sensitivity to 6-TG. This phenomenon is due to the return of RR to levels comparable to that of the KB parental cell line. These observations and their relevance to cancer chemotherapy will be discussed in this paper. Our results suggest that a clinical protocol could be designed which would allow for a lower dose of 6-TG to be used by taking advantage of the increased RR activity in HU-refractory cancer patients. Two drugs which display collateral sensitivity are known as a "Ying-Yang" pair. Alternate treatment with two different Ying-Yang pairs is the rationale for the "Ying-Yang Ping-Pong" theory in cancer treatment. This rationale allows for effective cancer chemotherapy with reduced toxicity.

Clinical study of the hypothesis of endogenous collateral wind on acute coronary syndrome: a review.

PubMed

Wang, Xian; Zhang, Cong; Yang, Ran; Zhu, Haiyan; Zhao, Huaibing; Li, Xiaoming

2014-01-01

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), is a serious threat to people's health, and life, and in recent years, the incidence has increased yearly. This study was to propose the hypothesis of "endogenous collateral wind" based on the patho-mechanism of thrombogenesis complicated by ruptured plaque on ACS, and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Through successful coronary angiography (CAG), and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), patients with coronary artery disease were made the differential diagnosis such as blood stasis, blood stasis due to phlegm obstruction, and endogenous collateral wind. The levels of plasma inflammatory marker were measured to study on the characteristics of "endogenous collateral wind". Luo heng dripping pills with promoting blood circulation to expel wind-evil, and remove wetness were made based on the hypothesis of "endogenous collateral wind" on ACS. Patients with unstable angina were randomly divided into 3, groups based on therapeutic methods: conventional therapy group, Luo Heng dripping pills group and Tongxinluo caps. Differences among groups were compared. There were great changes in number and degree of coronary arteriostenosis confirmed by CAG, the types of ACC/AHA lesion and Levin lesion confirmed by CAG, remodeling index, positive or negative remodeling percentage measured by IVUS, the plasma levels of plasma inflammatory marker measured by ELLSA in the patients with endogenous collateral wind, compared with patients with blood stasis and blood stasis due to phlegm obstruction. The total effective rate of improved angina in Luo Heng dripping pills group was significantly higher than those in other two groups. The levels of plasma inflammatory marker were significantly lower in Luo Heng dripping pills group. There were some pathological basis which were found about the hypothesis of "endogenous collateral wind" on acute coronary syndrome. It provided evidences for patients with coronary artery disease treated by medicines with expelling evil-wind, and removing wetness.

Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Angiography Provides Collateral Circulation and Hemodynamic Information in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

PubMed

Hernández-Pérez, María; Puig, Josep; Blasco, Gerard; Pérez de la Ossa, Natalia; Dorado, Laura; Dávalos, Antoni; Munuera, Josep

2016-02-01

Contrary to usual static vascular imaging techniques, contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance angiography (dMRA) enables dynamic study of cerebral vessels. We evaluated dMRA ability to assess arterial occlusion, cerebral hemodynamics, and collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke. Twenty-five acute ischemic stroke patients with proximal anterior circulation occlusion underwent dMRA on a 3T scanner within 12 hours of symptoms onset. Diffusion weighted imaging, Tmax6 s lesion volumes and hypoperfusion intensity ratio as volume of Tmax>6 s/volume of Tmax>10 s were measured. Site and grade of occlusion (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction criteria) were evaluated on time-of-flight MRA and dMRA. Leptomeningeal collaterality (American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology [ASITN/SIR] Scale) and asymmetries in venous clearance were assessed exclusively on dMRA. Collateral filling was dichotomized into incomplete (ASITN/SIR 0-2) or complete (ASITN/SIR 3-4). On dMRA, site of occlusion was M1 in 21 patients, tandem internal carotid artery/M1 in 2 and tandem internal carotid artery/terminal internal carotid artery in 2 patients. Three tandem occlusions were not detected on time-of-flight-MRA. All patients had Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 0 to 1 on time-of-flight-MRA, but three of them had Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 2 on dMRA. Complete collateral filling (n=12, 48%) was associated with smaller diffusion weighted imaging lesion volume (P=0.039), smaller hypoperfused volume (P=0.018), and lower hypoperfusion intensity ratio (P=0.006). Patients with symmetrical clearance of transverse sinuses (52%) were more likely to have complete collateral filling (P=0.015). As a fast, direct, feasible, noninvasive, and reliable method to assess site of occlusion, collateral circulation and hemodynamic alterations, dMRA provides profound insights in acute stroke. © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.

[Internal fixation with one-hole microplate for the treatment of collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb combined with fracture].

PubMed

Wang, Xi-Xun; Sun, De-Tao; Chen, Xu-Hui; Li, Jun; Cui, Yan; Hu, Ji-Chao; Shu, Zheng-Hua; He, Jian; Ding, Chao-Qi; Chen, Bo

2015-03-01

To study clinical effects of one-hole microplate internal fixation for the treatment of collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb combined with fracture. Twenty-two patients (16 males, 6 females) with collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb combined fracture were treated with one-hole microplate internal fixation. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 53 years old with a mean age of 28.5 years old. The duration from injury to surgery ranged from 2 hours to 2 months, and the mean time was 6 days. All the patients had collateral ligament injuries combined with fracture of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Thirteen patients had injuries in the right hand and 9 patients had injuries in the left hand. There were 18 cases of closed wound and 4 cases of open wound. Eighteen patients had fresh injuries (< 2 weeks) and 4 had old injuries (> 2 weeks). Sixteen patients had injuries in the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb combined with fracture, 6 patients had radial collateral ligament injuries of the thumb combined with fracture, 4 cases of which were complicated with injuries of abductor pollicis brevis and the end of the flexor pollicis brevis tender. The size of the avulsed fragment was about 3.0 mm x 4.0 mm to 6.0 mm x 7.0 mm. The incisions of 22 patients healed by first intention. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 months to 5 years old,with an average of 2.5 years old. The thumb function was evaluated by Saetta and other evaluation criteria, and 20 patients got an excellent result and 2 good. The application of one-hole microplate internal fixation in treating collateral ligament injuries with fracture of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb is an effective method.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rai, Ansaar T., E-mail: ansaar.rai@gmail.com; Jhadhav, Yahodeep; Domico, Jennifer

Purpose: To identify factors impacting outcome in patients undergoing interventions for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endovascular therapy for AIS secondary during a 30 month period. Outcome was based on modified Rankin score at 3- to 6-month follow-up. Recanalization was defined as Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score 2 to 3. Collaterals were graded based on pial circulation from the anterior cerebral artery either from an ipsilateral injection in cases of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion or contralateral injection for internal carotid artery terminus (ICA) occlusion as follows: no collaterals (grademore » 0), some collaterals with retrograde opacification of the distal MCA territory (grade 1), and good collaterals with filling of the proximal MCA (M2) branches or retrograde opacification up to the occlusion site (grade 2). Occlusion site was divided into group 1 (ICA), group 2 (MCA with or without contiguous M2 involvement), and group 3 (isolated M2 or M3 branch occlusion). Results: A total of 89 patients were studied. Median age and National Institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score was 71 and 15 years, respectively. Favorable outcome was seen in 49.4% of patients and mortality in 25.8% of patients. Younger age (P = 0.006), lower baseline NIHSS score (P = 0.001), successful recanalization (P < 0.0001), collateral support (P = 0.0008), distal occlusion (P = 0.001), and shorter procedure duration (P = 0.01) were associated with a favorable outcome. Factors affecting successful recanalization included younger age (P = 0.01), lower baseline NIHSS score (P = 0.05), collateral support (P = 0.01), and shorter procedure duration (P = 0.03). An ICA terminus occlusion (P < 0.0001), lack of collaterals (P = 0.0003), and unsuccessful recanalization (P = 0.005) were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: Angiographic findings and preprocedure variables can help prognosticate procedure outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for AIS.« less

VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA-positive neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus provide collateral projections to both the thalamus and the parabrachial nucleus in rats.

PubMed

Zhang, Chun-Kui; Li, Zhi-Hong; Qiao, Yu; Zhang, Ting; Lu, Ya-Cheng; Chen, Tao; Dong, Yu-Lin; Li, Yun-Qing; Li, Jin-Lian

2018-04-12

The trigemino-thalamic (T-T) and trigemino-parabrachial (T-P) pathways are strongly implicated in the sensory-discriminative and affective/emotional aspects of orofacial pain, respectively. These T-T and T-P projection fibers originate from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vsp). We previously determined that many vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1 and/or VGLUT2) mRNA-positive neurons were distributed in the Vsp of the adult rat, and most of these neurons sent their axons to the thalamus or cerebellum. However, whether VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA-positive projection neurons exist that send their axons to both the thalamus and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has not been reported. Thus, in the present study, dual retrograde tract tracing was used in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA to identify the existence of VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA neurons that send collateral projections to both the thalamus and the PBN. Neurons in the Vsp that send collateral projections to both the thalamus and the PBN were mainly VGLUT2 mRNA-positive, with a proportion of 90.3%, 93.0% and 85.4% in the oral (Vo), interpolar (Vi) and caudal (Vc) subnucleus of the Vsp, respectively. Moreover, approximately 34.0% of the collateral projection neurons in the Vc showed Fos immunopositivity after injection of formalin into the lip, and parts of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunopositive axonal varicosities were in direct contact with the Vc collateral projection neurons. These results indicate that most collateral projection neurons in the Vsp, particularly in the Vc, which express mainly VGLUT2, may relay orofacial nociceptive information directly to the thalamus and PBN via axon collaterals.

Extending the time window for endovascular procedures according to collateral pial circulation.

PubMed

Ribo, Marc; Flores, Alan; Rubiera, Marta; Pagola, Jorge; Sargento-Freitas, Joao; Rodriguez-Luna, David; Coscojuela, Pilar; Maisterra, Olga; Piñeiro, Socorro; Romero, Francisco J; Alvarez-Sabin, Jose; Molina, Carlos A

2011-12-01

Good collateral pial circulation (CPC) predicts a favorable outcome in patients undergoing intra-arterial procedures. We aimed to determine if CPC status may be used to decide about pursuing recanalization efforts. Pial collateral score (0-5) was determined on initial angiogram. We considered good CPC when pial collateral score<3, defined total time of ischemia (TTI) as onset-to-recanalization time, and clinical improvement>4-point decline in admission-discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. We studied CPC in 61 patients (31 middle cerebral artery, 30 internal carotid artery). Good CPC patients (n=21 [34%]) had lower discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (7 versus 21; P=0.02) and smaller infarcts (56 mL versus 238 mL; P<0.001). In poor CPC patients, a receiver operating characteristic curve defined a TTI cutoff point<300 minutes (sensitivity 67%, specificity 75%) that better predicted clinical improvement (TTI<300: 66.7% versus TTI>300: 25%; P=0.05). For good CPC patients, no temporal cutoff point could be defined. Although clinical improvement was similar for patients recanalizing within 300 minutes (poor CPC: 60% versus good CPC: 85.7%; P=0.35), the likelihood of clinical improvement was 3-fold higher after 300 minutes only in good CPC patients (23.1% versus 90.1%; P=0.01). Similarly, infarct volume was reduced 7-fold in good as compared with poor CPC patients only when TTI>300 minutes (TTI<300: poor CPC: 145 mL versus good CPC: 93 mL; P=0.56 and TTI>300: poor CPC: 217 mL versus good CPC: 33 mL; P<0.01). After adjusting for age and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, TTI<300 emerged as an independent predictor of clinical improvement in poor CPC patients (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.01-44.3; P=0.05) but not in good CPC patients. In a logistic regression, good CPC independently predicted clinical improvement after adjusting for TTI, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and age (OR, 12.5; 95% CI, 1.6-74.8; P=0.016). Good CPC predicts better clinical response to intra-arterial treatment beyond 5 hours from onset. In patients with stroke receiving endovascular treatment, identification of good CPC may help physicians when considering pursuing recanalization efforts in late time windows.

[Comprehension and explanation of meridians and collaterals theory in the background of the spread of western medicine into the East in the Ming and Qing Dynasties].

PubMed

Li, Su-Yun

2010-06-01

In the background of the spread of western medicine into the East in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese doctors who had accepted western medicine referred to western medical knowledge and began to use the methods of anatomical observation and demonstrating to explain the objective structure of meridians and collaterals. They tried to adopt the artery and vessel explaining the shape of meridian and the blood circle and pulmonary respiration explaining the circulation of Ying-Wei. When the anatomy structures could not perfectly equal to meridians and collaterals, some doctors put forward the gasification feature of meridian to explain the reason. These results suggest that there are difference between meridians and collaterals and pure anatomy concepts, which serves as significant reference and edification for later generations.

Fenestration of axillary vein by a variant axillary artery.

PubMed

Hadimani, S; Desai, S D; Bagoji, I B; Patil, B S

2013-01-01

Variations of venous pattern in the arm are common. In this case report, we present a variation of axillary artery and vein. During routine educational dissections of axillary region, it was observed that a fenestrated axillary vein was perforated by a variant axillary artery in right arm of an old male cadaver. The axillary artery which was fenestrated through axillary vein had only two branches arising from its second part and no branches from its remaining distal parts. The branches are thoraco-acromial (usual) and another large collateral (unusual) branch. This collateral branch is the origin of several important arteries as the subscapular, circumflex scapular, posterior circumflex humeral and lateral thoracic arteries. We propose to name this artery as collateral axillary arterial trunk. The course of this collateral axillary arterial trunk and its branches and also clinical significance of this variation are discussed in the paper.

Impact of time to therapy and presence of collaterals on the efficacy of FX06 in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: a substudy of the F.I.R.E., the Efficacy of FX06 in the prevention of myocardial reperfusion injury trial.

PubMed

Hallén, Jonas; Petzelbauer, Peter; Schwitter, Jürg; Geudelin, Bernard; Buser, Peter; Atar, Dan

2010-04-01

To determine whether the efficacy of FX06 was dependent upon the timing of reperfusion therapy or the presence of collaterals in the Efficacy of FX06 in the prevention of myocardial reperfusion injury (F.I.R.E.) trial. Two hundred and thirty-four (234) patients presenting with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were randomised to FX06 or matching placebo given as an intravenous bolus at reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed at 5-7 days and four months after myocardial infarction by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging determined total late enhancement and necrotic core zone. Patients were stratified according to presentation status (time-to-therapy <3 hours, n=108; time-to-therapy=3-6 hours, n=115) and presence of collaterals (yes, 46; no, 177). There were no statistically significant differences between groups at day 5-7. At four months, we observed statistically significant reductions of both measures of infarct size (0.3% vs. 2.4%, p=0.038; 8.0% vs. 16.0%, p=0.032) in the group given FX06 and presenting early. There was also a statistically significant reduction of total late enhancement zone among patients given FX06 with collaterals (7.3% vs. 15.2%, p=0.043). No differences were evident among late presenters or those without collaterals. FX06 significantly reduced infarct size at four months in the early presenters and in those with collaterals.

Pharmacologically increasing collateral perfusion during acute stroke using a carboxyhemoglobin gas transfer agent (Sanguinate™) in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PubMed

Cipolla, Marilyn J; Linfante, Italo; Abuchowski, Abe; Jubin, Ronald; Chan, Siu-Lung

2018-05-01

Similar to patients with chronic hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develop fast core progression during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) resulting in large final infarct volumes. We investigated the effect of Sanguinate™ (SG), a PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) gas transfer agent, on changes in collateral and reperfusion cerebral blood flow and brain injury in SHR during 2 h of MCAO. SG (8 mL/kg) or vehicle ( n = 6-8/group) was infused i.v. after 30 or 90 min of ischemia with 2 h reperfusion. Multi-site laser Doppler probes simultaneously measured changes in core MCA and collateral flow during ischemia and reperfusion using a validated method. Brain injury was measured using TTC. Animals were anesthetized with choral hydrate. Collateral flow changed little in vehicle-treated SHR during ischemia (-8 ± 9% vs. prior to infusion) whereas flow increased in SG-treated animals (29 ± 10%; p < 0.05). In addition, SG improved reperfusion regardless of time of treatment; however, brain injury was smaller only with early treatment in SHR vs. vehicle (28.8 ± 3.2% vs. 18.8 ± 2.3%; p < 0.05). Limited collateral flow in SHR during MCAO is consistent with small penumbra and large infarction. The ability to increase collateral flow in SHR with SG suggests that this compound may be useful as an adjunct to endovascular therapy and extend the time window for treatment.

Effects of tibial plateau angle and spacer thickness applied during in vitro canine total knee replacement on three-dimensional kinematics and collateral ligament strain.

PubMed

Baker, Katherine M; Foutz, Timothy L; Johnsen, Kyle J; Budsberg, Steven C

2014-09-01

To quantify the 3-D kinematics and collateral ligament strain of stifle joints in cadaveric canine limbs before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection followed by total knee replacement (TKR) involving various tibial plateau angles and spacer thicknesses. 6 hemi-pelvises collected from clinically normal nonchondrodystrophic dogs (weight range, 25 to 35 kg). Hemi-pelvises were mounted on a modified Oxford knee rig that allowed 6 degrees of freedom of the stifle joint but prevented mechanical movement of the hip and tarsal joints. Kinematics and collateral ligament strain were measured continuously while stifle joints were flexed. Data were again collected after cranial cruciate ligament transection and TKR with combinations of 3 plateau angles (0°, 4°, and 8°) and spacer thicknesses (5, 7, and 9 mm). Presurgical (ie, normal) stifle joint rotations were comparable to those previously documented for live dogs. After TKR, kinematics recorded for the 8°, 5-mm implant most closely resembled those of unaltered stifle joints. Decreasing the plateau angle and increasing spacer thickness altered stifle joint adduction, internal rotation, and medial translation. Medial collateral ligament strain was minimal in unaltered stifle joints and was unaffected by TKR. Lateral collateral ligament strain decreased with steeper plateau angles but returned to a presurgical level at the flattest plateau angle. Among the constructs tested, greatest normalization of canine stifle joint kinematics in vitro was achieved with the steepest plateau angle paired with the thinnest spacer. Furthermore, results indicated that strain to the collateral ligaments was not negatively affected by TKR.

Pattern of Venous Collateral Development after Splenic Vein Occlusion in an Extended Whipple Procedure (Whipple at the Splenic Artery) and Long-Term Results.

PubMed

Rosado, Ismael Dominguez; Bhalla, Sanjeev; Sanchez, Luis A; Fields, Ryan C; Hawkins, William G; Strasberg, Steven M

2017-03-01

Extended Whipple procedures may require division of the splenic vein (SV). Controversy exists regarding the risk of sequelae of sinistral portal hypertension when the SV is ligated without reimplantation. The aim of this study was to identify postoperative venous collateral patterns and sequelae of SV ligation, as well as long-term results in an extended Whipple procedure. Patients who had an extended Whipple procedure (Whipple at the Splenic Artery or WATSA) were entered in an institutional database. Evaluation of the venous collaterals was performed at least 5 months postoperatively by imaging. Spleen size and platelet counts were measured before and after operation. Fifteen patients were entered from 2009 to 2014. SV was not reconstructed and the IMV-SV junction was always resected. Two collateral routes developed. An inferior route was present 14/15 patients. It connected the residual SV to the SMV via intermediate collateral veins in the omentum and along the colon. A superior route, present in 10/15 patients connected the residual SV to the portal vein via gastric, perigastric, and coronary veins. Gastrointestinal bleeding did not occur. Mean platelet count and spleen size were not affected significantly. Procedures were long, but few severe complications developed. In 12 patients with adenocarcinoma, the median survival has not been reached. Patients who have SV ligation in an extended Whipple are protected against sequelae of sinestral portal hypertension by inferior collateral routes. The omentum and marginal veins of the colon are key links in this pathway.

Microsurgical Repair of Ruptured Aneurysms Associated with Moyamoya-Pattern Collateral Vessels of the Middle Cerebral Artery: A Report of Two Cases.

PubMed

Lang, Min; Moore, Nina Z; Witek, Alex M; Kshettry, Varun R; Bain, Mark D

2017-09-01

Patients with Moyamoya or other intracranial steno-occlusive disease are at risk for developing aneurysms associated with flow through collateral vessels. Because these lesions are rare, the optimal management remains unclear. Here, we describe 2 cases of microsurgical repair of ruptured collateral vessel aneurysms associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. The first patient was a 61-year-old man who presented with right frontal and intraventricular hemorrhage. Angiography revealed chronic right M1 occlusion and a 3-mm spherical lenticulostriate aneurysm. The frontal lobe hematoma was evacuated to reveal the aneurysm, which was safely cauterized and resected by coagulating and dividing the lenticulostriate parent vessel. The procedure was carried out with neuronavigation guidance and intraoperative neuromonitoring. The patient was discharged with no neurologic deficits. The second patient was a 53-year-old woman who presented with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Computed tomography angiogram showed a 2-mm saccular MCA aneurysm. Emergency left decompressive hemicraniectomy and hematoma evacuation were performed. The aneurysm, arising from a small collateral type vessel, was safely clipped without complications. Postoperative angiography revealed absence of the superior MCA trunk with a dense network of collateral vessels at the site of the clipped aneurysm. The patient recovered well and was ambulating independently 6 months postoperatively. No rebleeding occurred in the 2 patients. Our experience suggests that patients with MCA occlusion can harbor associated aneurysms related to flow through collateral vessels and can present with hemorrhage. Microsurgical repair of these aneurysms can be performed safely to prevent rebleeding. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Role of VEGF and KDR Polymorphisms in Moyamoya Disease and Collateral Revascularization

PubMed Central

Park, Young Seok; Jeon, Young Joo; Kim, Hyun Seok; Chae, Kyu Young; Oh, Seung-Hun; Han, In Bo; Kim, Hyun Sook; Kim, Won-Chan; Kim, Ok-Joon; Kim, Tae Gon; Choi, Joong-Uhn; Kim, Dong-Seok; Kim, Nam Keun

2012-01-01

We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF −2578, −1154, −634, and 936) and kinase insert domain containing receptor (KDR −604, 1192, and 1719) polymorphisms are associated with moyamoya disease. Korean patients with moyamoya disease (n = 107, mean age, 20.9±15.9 years; 66.4% female) and 243 healthy control subjects (mean age, 23.0±16.1 years; 56.8% female) were included. The subjects were divided into pediatric and adult groups. Among the 64 surgical patients, we evaluated collateral vessel formation after 2 years and divided patients into good (collateral grade A) or poor (collateral grade B and C) groups. The frequencies and distributions of four VEGF (−2578, −1154, −634, and 936) and KDR (−604, 1192, and 1719) polymorphisms were assessed from patients with moyamoya disease and compared to the control group. No differences were observed in VEGF −2578, −1154, −634, and 936 or KDR −604, 1192, and 1719 polymorphisms between the control group and moyamoya disease group. However, we found the −634CC genotype occurred less frequently in the pediatric moyamoya group (p = 0.040) whereas the KDR −604C/1192A/1719T haplotype increased the risk of pediatric moyamoya (p = 0.024). Patients with the CC genotype of VEGF −634 had better collateral vessel formation after surgery. Our results suggest that the VEGF −634G allele is associated with pediatric moyamoya disease and poor collateral vessel formation. PMID:23077562

Ability of primary auditory cortical neurons to detect amplitude modulation with rate and temporal codes: neurometric analysis

PubMed Central

Johnson, Jeffrey S.; Yin, Pingbo; O'Connor, Kevin N.

2012-01-01

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a common feature of natural sounds, and its detection is biologically important. Even though most sounds are not fully modulated, the majority of physiological studies have focused on fully modulated (100% modulation depth) sounds. We presented AM noise at a range of modulation depths to awake macaque monkeys while recording from neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1). The ability of neurons to detect partial AM with rate and temporal codes was assessed with signal detection methods. On average, single-cell synchrony was as or more sensitive than spike count in modulation detection. Cells are less sensitive to modulation depth if tested away from their best modulation frequency, particularly for temporal measures. Mean neural modulation detection thresholds in A1 are not as sensitive as behavioral thresholds, but with phase locking the most sensitive neurons are more sensitive, suggesting that for temporal measures the lower-envelope principle cannot account for thresholds. Three methods of preanalysis pooling of spike trains (multiunit, similar to convergence from a cortical column; within cell, similar to convergence of cells with matched response properties; across cell, similar to indiscriminate convergence of cells) all result in an increase in neural sensitivity to modulation depth for both temporal and rate codes. For the across-cell method, pooling of a few dozen cells can result in detection thresholds that approximate those of the behaving animal. With synchrony measures, indiscriminate pooling results in sensitive detection of modulation frequencies between 20 and 60 Hz, suggesting that differences in AM response phase are minor in A1. PMID:22422997

28 CFR 104.47 - Collateral sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determining the appropriate collateral source offset for future benefit payments, the Special Master may employ an appropriate methodology for determining the present value of such future benefits. In... compensation, including life insurance, pension funds, death benefits programs, and payments by Federal, State...

12 CFR 614.4266 - Personal and intangible property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... 614.4266 Section 614.4266 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4266 Personal and intangible property... shall include provisions for periodic collateral inspections and verification by the institution's...

MR imaging of the elbow in the injured athlete.

PubMed

Wenzke, Daniel R

2013-03-01

This article summarizes key MR imaging findings in common athletic elbow injuries including little leaguer's elbow, Panner disease, osteochondritis dissecans, olecranon stress fracture, occult fracture, degenerative osteophyte formation, flexor-pronator strain, ulnar collateral ligament tear, lateral ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament tear, lateral epicondylitis, medial epicondylitis, biceps tear, bicipitoradial bursitis, triceps tear, olecranon bursitis, ulnar neuropathy, posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, and radial tunnel syndrome. The article also summarizes important technical considerations in elbow MR imaging that enhance image quality and contribute to the radiologist's success. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Dual Role of Cerebral Autoregulation and Collateral Flow in the Circle of Willis After Major Vessel Occlusion.

PubMed

Kennedy McConnell, Flora; Payne, Stephen

2017-08-01

Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Autoregulation and collateral blood flow through the circle of Willis both play a role in preventing tissue infarction. To investigate the interaction of these mechanisms a one-dimensional steady-state model of the cerebral arterial network was created. Structural variants of the circle of Willis that present particular risk of stroke were recreated by using a network model coupled with: 1) a steady-state physiological model of cerebral autoregulation; and 2) one wherein the cerebral vascular bed was modeled as a passive resistance. Simulations were performed in various conditions of internal carotid and vertebral artery occlusion. Collateral flow alone is unable to ensure adequate blood flow ([Formula: see text] normal flow) to the cerebral arteries in several common variants during internal carotid artery occlusion. However, compared to a passive model, cerebral autoregulation is better able to exploit available collateral flow and maintain flows within [Formula: see text] of baseline. This is true for nearly all configurations. Hence, autoregulation is a crucial facilitator of collateral flow through the circle of Willis. Impairment of this response during ischemia will severely impact cerebral blood flows and tissue survival, and hence, autoregulation should be monitored in this situation.

A case of reocclusion of the renal artery diagnosed by the color Doppler method with evaluation of blood flow direction in the collateral circulation of the kidney in addition to the non-detectable blood signal in the renal artery.

PubMed

Hirano, Megumi; Ohta, Tomoyuki; Nakata, Norio; Kawakami, Reina; Takamura, Kimihiro; Matsuda, Tosiharu; Nishioka, Makiko; Sakurai, Tomoo; Matsuo, Kouichi; Miyamoto, Yukio

2014-10-01

A 23-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for an interventional procedure for chronic total occlusion of the right renal artery, probably due to fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), and for control of renal vascular hypertension. Before percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA), aortography revealed collateral circulation to the right kidney from the lower lumbar artery. After PTRA, however, blood flow in the renal side of the collateral circulation flowed outside from the right renal parenchyma. 4 months later, we could not find a blood flow signal in the right renal artery, and there was a contrary flow signal in the right kidney parenchyma continuously from the extrahilar vessel, possibly a collateral artery. These findings indicated reocclusion of the right artery. We confirmed reocclusion of the renal artery and collateral feeding by contrast dynamic computed tomography (CT), and PTRA was performed again without any complications or reocclusion for 5 months. This is the first case report showing that a back-flowing signal in the right renal parenchyma from the extrahilar artery is useful as an indirect finding suggesting reocclusion.

Medial collateral ligament injuries and subsequent load on the anterior cruciate ligament: a biomechanical evaluation in a cadaveric model.

PubMed

Battaglia, Michael J; Lenhoff, Mark W; Ehteshami, John R; Lyman, Stephen; Provencher, Matthew T; Wickiewicz, Thomas L; Warren, Russell F

2009-02-01

Numerous studies have documented the effect of complete medial collateral ligament injury on anterior cruciate ligament loads; few have addressed how partial medial collateral ligament disruption affects knee kinematics. To determine knee kinematics and subsequent change in anterior cruciate ligament load in a partial and complete medial collateral ligament injury model. Controlled laboratory study. Ten human cadaveric knees were sequentially tested by a robot with the medial collateral ligament intact, in a partial injury model, and in a complete injury model with a universal force-moment sensor measuring system. Tibial translation, rotation, and anterior cruciate ligament load were measured under 3 conditions: anterior load (125 N), valgus load (10 N x m), and internal-external rotation torque (4 N x m; all at 0 degrees and 30 degrees of flexion). Anterior and posterior translation did not statistically increase with a partial or complete medial collateral ligament injury at 0 degrees and 30 degrees of flexion. In response to a 125 N anterior load, at 0 degrees , the anterior cruciate ligament load increased 8.7% (from 99.5 to 108.2 N; P = .006) in the partial injury and 18.3% (117.7 N; P < .001) in the complete injury; at 30 degrees , anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 12.3% (from 101.7 to 114.2 N; P = .001) in the partial injury and 20.6% (122.7 N; P < .001) in the complete injury. In response to valgus torque (10 N x m) at 30 degrees , anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 55.3% (30.4 to 47.2 N; P = .044) in the partial injury model and 185% (86.8 N; P = .001) in the complete injury model. In response to internal rotation torque (4 N.m) at 30 degrees , anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 29.3% (27.6 to 35.7 N; P = .001) in the partial injury model and 65.2% (45.6 N; P < .001) in the complete injury model. The amount of internal rotation at 30 degrees of flexion was significantly increased in the complete injury model (22.8 degrees ) versus the intact state (19.5 degrees ; P < .001). Partial and complete medial collateral ligament tears significantly increased the load on the anterior cruciate ligament. In a partial tear, the resultant load on the anterior cruciate ligament was increased at 30 degrees of flexion and with valgus load and internal rotation torque. Patients may need to be protected from valgus and internal rotation forces after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the setting of a concomitant partial medial collateral ligament tear. This information may help clinicians understand the importance of partial injuries of the medial collateral ligament with a combined anterior cruciate ligament injury complex.

Modulation of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 signaling in taste buds.

PubMed

Martin, Bronwen; Dotson, Cedrick D; Shin, Yu-Kyong; Ji, Sunggoan; Drucker, Daniel J; Maudsley, Stuart; Munger, Steven D

2009-07-01

Modulation of sensory function can help animals adjust to a changing external and internal environment. Even so, mechanisms for modulating taste sensitivity are poorly understood. Using immunohistochemical, biochemical, and behavioral approaches, we found that the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor (GLP-1R) are expressed in mammalian taste buds. Furthermore, we found that GLP-1 signaling plays an important role in the modulation of taste sensitivity: GLP-1R knockout mice exhibit a dramatic reduction in sweet taste sensitivity as well as an enhanced sensitivity to umami-tasting stimuli. Together, these findings suggest a novel paracrine mechanism for the hormonal modulation of taste function in mammals.

Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites.

PubMed

Maizels, Rick M; McSorley, Henry J

2016-09-01

Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence within the host. This broad-spectrum modulation of host immunity has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous. Thus the host can benefit from suppression of collateral damage during parasite infection and from reduced allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory reactions. However, helminth infection can also be detrimental in reducing vaccine responses, increasing susceptibility to coinfection and potentially reducing tumor immunosurveillance. In this review we will summarize the panoply of immunomodulatory mechanisms used by helminths, their potential utility in human disease, and prospective areas of future research. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ocular allergy modulation to hi-dose antigen sensitization is a Treg-dependent process.

PubMed

Lee, Hyun Soo; Schlereth, Simona; Khandelwal, Payal; Saban, Daniel R

2013-01-01

A reproducible method to inhibit allergic immune responses is accomplished with hi-dose Ag sensitization, via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. However, the role of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in this process is unknown, as is whether such modulation extends to ocular allergy. We therefore determined herein whether hi-dose sensitization modulates ocular allergy, and whether CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg are involved. C57BL/6 mice were IP sensitized via low-dose (100 µg) versus hi-dose (1000 µg) ovalbumin (OVA), in aluminum hydroxide (1 mg) and pertussis-toxin (300 ng). Other mice received anti-CD25 Ab (PC61) to ablate Treg during sensitization. In another experiment, Treg from hi-dose sensitized mice were adoptively transferred into low-dose sensitized mice. Once daily OVA challenges were administered. Clinical signs, IgE, T cell cytokines, and eosinophils were assessed. Data revealed that hi-dose, but not low-dose, sensitization led to allergy modulation, indicated by decreased clinical signs, serum IgE levels, Th2 recall responses, and eosinophil recruitment. T cells from hi-dose sensitized mice showed a robust increase in TGF-b production, and Treg from these mice were able to efficiently suppress effector T cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, in vivo Treg ablation in hi-dose sensitized mice revoked allergy modulation. Lastly, Treg from hi-dose sensitized mice were able to adoptively transfer allergy modulation to their low-dose sensitized counterparts. Collectively, these findings indicate that modulation to hi-dose sensitization, which is extended to ocular allergy, occurs in a Treg-dependent manner. In addition, our data suggest that hi-dose sensitization may henceforth facilitate the further examination of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg in allergic disease.

78 FR 14013 - Medical Devices; Exemption From Premarket Notification; Class II Devices; Wheelchair Elevator

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-04

...: General Requirements for Safety-- Collateral Standard: Electromagnetic Compatibility--Requirements and... electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety. Firms are now exempt from 510(k) requirements for vertical... Equipment--Part 1-2: General Requirements for Safety--Collateral Standard: Electromagnetic Compatibility...

75 FR 66805 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... from using its customers' securities as collateral to finance its own trading, speculating, or...-dealer is prohibited from commingling the securities of different customers as collateral for a loan without the consent of each customer; second, that a broker-dealer cannot commingle customers' securities...

Targeted Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Cancer | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

A longstanding goal of cancer therapy is the extensive destruction of cancer cells with minimal collateral damage to normal cells. This goal has been very hard to accomplish. Most existing efficacious treatments inevitably inflict collateral damage on nearby normal cells and tissue.

7 CFR 1980.331 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Collateral. 1980.331 Section 1980.331 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... security interest is obtained, maintained in existence, and of record to protect the interests of the...

Lipopolysaccharide loss produces partial colistin dependence and collateral sensitivity to azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PubMed

García-Quintanilla, Meritxell; Carretero-Ledesma, Marta; Moreno-Martínez, Patricia; Martín-Peña, Reyes; Pachón, Jerónimo; McConnell, Michael J

2015-12-01

Treatment options for multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii that acquire resistance to colistin are limited. Acinetobacter baumannii can become highly resistant to colistin through complete loss of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) owing to mutations in the genes encoding the first three enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis (lpxA, lpxC and lpxD). The objective of this study was to characterise the susceptibility to 15 clinically relevant antibiotics and 6 antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of MDR A. baumannii clinical isolates that acquired colistin resistance due to mutations in lpxA, lpxC and lpxD as well as their colistin-susceptible counterparts. A dramatic increase in antibiotic susceptibility (≥16-fold increase) was observed upon LPS loss for azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin, whereas a moderate increase in susceptibility was seen for amikacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, cefepime and meropenem. Importantly, concentrations ranging from 8 mg/L to 32 mg/L of the six AMPs were able to reduce bacterial viability by ≥3 log10 in growth curve assays. We also demonstrate that colistin resistance results in partial colistin dependence for growth in LPS-deficient strains containing mutations in lpxA, lpxC and lpxD, but not when colistin resistance occurs via LPS modification due to mutations in the PmrA/B two-component system. The results of this study indicate that loss of LPS expression results in collateral sensitivity to azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin, and that the six AMPs tested retain activity against LPS-deficient strains, indicating that these antibiotics may be viable treatment options for infections caused by these strains. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of Extracranial Venous Narrowing on Magnetic Resonance Venography Is Similar in People With Multiple Sclerosis, Their Siblings, and Unrelated Healthy Controls: A Blinded, Case-Control Study.

PubMed

Martin, Nancy; Traboulsee, Anthony L; Machan, Lindsay; Klass, Darren; Ellchuk, Tasha; Zhao, Yinshan; Knox, Katherine B; Kopriva, David; Lala, Shantilal; Nickel, Darren; Otani, Robert; Perera, Warren R; Rauscher, Alexander; Sadovnick, A Dessa; Szkup, Peter; Li, David K

2017-05-01

The study sought to assess and compare the prevalence of narrowing of the major extracranial veins in subjects with multiple sclerosis and controls, and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) for describing extracranial venous narrowing as it applies to the chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency theory, using catheter venography (CV) as the gold standard. The jugular and azygos veins were assessed with time-of-flight MRV in this assessor-blinded, case-control study of subjects with multiple sclerosis, their unaffected siblings, and unrelated controls. The veins were evaluated by diameter and area, and compared with CV. Collateral vessels were also analyzed for maximal diameter, as a potential indicator of compensatory flow. A high prevalence of extracranial venous narrowing was demonstrated in all study groups, collectively up to 84% by diameter criteria and 90% by area, with no significant difference between the groups when assessed independently (P = .34 and .63, respectively). There was high interobserver variability in the reporting of vessel narrowing (kappa = 0.32), and poor vessel per vessel correlation between narrowing on MRV and CV (kappa = 0.064). Collateral neck veins demonstrated no convincing difference in maximum size or correlation with jugular narrowing. There is a high prevalence of narrowing of the major extracranial veins on MRV in all 3 study groups, with no significant difference between them. These findings do not support the chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency theory. Although MRV has shown a high sensitivity for identifying venous narrowing, time-of-flight imaging demonstrates poor interobserver agreement and poor specificity when compared with the gold standard CV. Copyright © 2016 Canadian Association of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Relationship of mean platelet volume to lymphocyte ratio and coronary collateral circulation in patients with stable angina pectoris.

PubMed

Ornek, Ender; Kurtul, Alparslan

2017-09-01

In patients with coronary artery disease, coronary collateral circulation (CCC) develops as an adaptation to ischemia and contributes toward reduction of cardiovascular events. Recently, the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) has emerged as a novel and readily available marker of inflammation and thrombosis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between MPVLR and development of CCC. A total of 332 patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing coronary arteriography were enrolled and divided on the basis of the development of CCC into two groups: group with adequate CCC (n=243) and group with impaired CCC (n=89). Routine complete blood count parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured before coronary arteriography. Both MPVLR and hsCRP levels were higher in the impaired CCC group (P<0.001 and P=0.007, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that MPVLR was associated independently with impaired CCC [odds ratio (OR): 1.706, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.328-2.192, P<0.001]. In addition to MPVLR, hsCRP (OR: 1.144, P=0.030) and fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.007, P=0.049) were also associated independently with impaired CCC. In receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, an optimal cut-off point for MPVLR (4.47) was found to predict the presence of good CCC with a sensitivity of 75.3% and a specificity of 71.2% (P<0001). Our findings suggest that measurement of MPVLR may predict the development of CCC in patients with stable coronary artery disease. An increased MPVLR is associated independently with impaired CCC in these patients.

Blood Pressure May Be Associated with Arterial Collateralization in Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke before Acute Reperfusion Therapy.

PubMed

Jiang, Beisi; Churilov, Leonid; Kanesan, Lasheta; Dowling, Richard; Mitchell, Peter; Dong, Qiang; Davis, Stephen; Yan, Bernard

2017-05-01

Leptomeningeal collaterals maintain arterial perfusion in acute arterial occlusion but may fluctuate subject to arterial blood pressure (ABP). We aim to investigate the relationship between ABP and collaterals as assessed by computer tomography (CT) perfusion in acute ischemic stroke. We retrospectively analyzed acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients with CT perfusion from 2009 to 2014. Collateral status using relative filling time delay (rFTD) determined by time delay of collateral-derived contrast opacification within the Sylvian fissure, from 0 seconds to unlimited count. The data were analyzed by zero-inflated negative binomial regression model including an appropriate interaction examining in the model in terms of occlusion location and onset-to-CT time (OCT). Two hundred and seventy patients were included. We found that increment of 10 mm Hg in BP, the odds that a patient would have rFTD equal to 0 seconds increased by 27.9% in systolic BP (SBP) ( p =0.001), by 73.9% in diastolic BP (DBP) ( p <0.001) and by 68.5% in mean BP (MBP) ( p <0.001). For patients with rFTD not necessarily equal to 0 seconds, every 10 mm Hg increase in BP, there was a 7% decrease in expected count of seconds for rFTD in SBP ( p =0.002), 10% decrease for rFTD in DBP and 11% decrease for rFTD in MBP. The arterial occlusion location and OCT showed no significant interaction in the BP-rFTD relationship ( p >0.05). In acute ischemic stroke, higher ABP is possibly associated with improved leptomeningeal collaterals as identified by decreased rFTD.

Intrinsic development of choroidal and thalamic collaterals in hemorrhagic-onset moyamoya disease: case-control study of the Japan Adult Moyamoya Trial.

PubMed

Fujimura, Miki; Funaki, Takeshi; Houkin, Kiyohiro; Takahashi, Jun C; Kuroda, Satoshi; Tomata, Yasutake; Tominaga, Teiji; Miyamoto, Susumu

2018-05-04

OBJECTIVE This study was performed to identify the angiographic features of hemorrhagic-onset moyamoya disease (MMD) in comparison with those of patients with ischemic-onset MMD. METHODS This case-control study compared the data set of the Japan Adult Moyamoya (JAM) Trial with the angiographic data of adult patients with ischemic-onset MMD. The authors analyzed angiograms obtained at onset, classifying the collaterals into 3 subtypes: lenticulostriate anastomosis, thalamic anastomosis, and choroidal anastomosis. They then compared the extent of these collaterals, as indicated by the collateral development grade from 0 to 2 in each subtype, between the JAM Trial group and the ischemic-onset group. They also compared the involvement of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and Suzuki's angiographic staging between each group. RESULTS Among 89 ischemic-onset patients, 103 symptomatic hemispheres in 80 patients were analyzed and compared with 75 hemorrhagic hemispheres from the JAM Trial. The hemorrhagic-onset patients showed a significantly higher proportion of thalamic anastomosis (p = 0.043) and choroidal anastomosis (< 0.001), as indicated by grade 2 in each subtype, compared with ischemic-onset patients. Suzuki's angiographic staging was significantly higher in the hemorrhagic group (< 0.038). There was no difference in the extent of lenticulostriate anastomosis and PCA involvement between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In adult MMD, the characteristic pattern of the abnormal vascular networks at the base of the brain is different between each onset type. In light of the more prominent development of thalamic and choroidal anastomosis in the JAM Trial group in the present study, development of these collaterals, especially the choroidal collateral extending beyond the lateral ventricle, may play a critical role in hemorrhagic presentation in MMD. Clinical trial registration no. C000000166 ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm ).

Effect of dehydration on the development of collaterals in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion.

PubMed

Chang, S-W; Huang, Y-C; Lin, L-C; Yang, J-T; Weng, H-H; Tsai, Y-H; Lee, T-H

2016-03-01

Recent large series studies have demonstrated that dehydration is common amongst stroke subjects and is associated with poor outcome. However, the effects of hydration status on the development of collaterals have never been discussed. In this study, the hypothesis that hydration status is an important factor for developing collaterals after acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction was tested. Eighty-seven patients with acute infarction due to occlusion of the MCA were enrolled. Two collateral markers, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) laterality and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense vessels (HVs) were assessed from magnetic resonance imaging. Dehydration status was defined by a nitrogen to creatinine ratio ≧ of 15. The associations between dehydration status and the development of collaterals were estimated. Sixty-one of 87 patients (70.1%) were identified as dehydrated. The development of PCA laterality and HVs shows a significant difference between dehydrated and euhydrated patients. A serum nitrogen to creatinine ratio <15, diastolic blood pressure and the presence of a dense MCA on computed tomography were significantly associated with the development of PCA laterality. A serum nitrogen to creatinine ratio <15, the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, the presence of a dense MCA and calcifications of the internal carotid artery on computed tomography were significantly associated with the development of HVs. Dehydration remained an independent negative predictor for the development of PCA laterality and HVs in the multivariate analysis. Hydration status is associated with the development of collateral flow after acute MCA occlusion. This preliminary study provides an imaging clue that hydration status and early hydration therapy could be important for acute stroke management. © 2016 EAN.

2'-Hydroxyflavanone ameliorates mesenteric angiogenesis and portal-systemic collaterals in rats with liver fibrosis.

PubMed

Hsin, I-Fang; Lee, Jing-Yi; Huo, Teh-Ia; Lee, Fa-Yauh; Huang, Hui-Chun; Hsu, Shao-Jung; Wang, Sun-Sang; Ho, Hsin-Ling; Lin, Han-Chieh; Lee, Shou-Dong

2016-05-01

Portal-systemic collaterals lead to dreadful consequences in patients with cirrhosis. Angiogenesis participates in the development of liver fibrosis, hyperdynamic circulation, and portal-systemic collaterals. 2'-Hydroxyflavanone (2'-HF), one of the citrus fruits flavonoids, is known to have antiangiogenesis effect without adverse response. However, the relevant effects in liver fibrosis have not been surveyed. Male Wistar rats received thioacetamide (TAA, 100 mg/kg tiw, i.p.) for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. On the 29th to 42nd day, rats randomly received 2'-HF (100 mg/kg, qod, i.p.) or vehicle (corn oil). On the 43rd day, after hemodynamic measurements, the followings were surveyed: (i) severity of collaterals; (ii) mesenteric angiogenesis; (iii) mesenteric proangiogenic factors protein expressions; (iv) Mesenteric vascular endothelial cells apoptosis; and (v) Mesenteric expressions of proteins regulating apoptosis. Compared with the vehicle group, 2'-HF did not significantly change body weight, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and portal pressure in TAA rats. 2'-HF significantly alleviated the severity of collaterals, but the mesenteric phospho-ERK, ERK, phospho-Akt, Akt, COX1, COX2, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 protein expressions were not altered. The apoptotic index of 2'-HF group was significantly higher and the mesenteric protein expressions of pro-apoptotic factors, NFkB 50, NFkB 65, Bax, phospho-p53, 17 kD cleaved caspase 3, and 17 kD casepase 3 were up-regulated. 2'-HF does not influence the hemodynamics but alleviated the severity of collaterals in rats with liver fibrosis and early portal hypertension. This is, at least partly, attributed to enhanced apoptosis of mesenteric vascular endothelial cells. © 2015 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Collaterals management during pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with celiac axis stenosis: A systematic review of the literature.

PubMed

Giovanardi, Francesco; Lai, Quirino; Garofalo, Manuela; Arroyo Murillo, Gabriela A; Choppin de Janvry, Eleonore; Hassan, Redan; Larghi Laureiro, Zoe; Consolo, Adriano; Melandro, Fabio; Berloco, Pasquale B

2018-05-15

Celiac axis stenosis (CAS) represents an uncommon and typically innocuous condition. However, when a pancreatic resection is required, a high risk for upper abdominal organs ischemia is observed. In presence of collaterals, such a risk is minimized if their preservation is realized. The aim of the present study is to systematically review the literature with the intent to address the routine management of collateral arteries in the case of CAS patients requiring pancreatoduodenectomy. A systematic search was done in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, using "celiac axis stenosis" AND "pancreatoduodenectomy" as MeSH terms. Seventy-four articles were initially screened: eventually, 30 articles were identified (n = 87). The main cause of CAS was median arcuate ligament (MAL) (n = 31; 35.6%), followed by atherosclerosis (n = 20; 23.0%). CAS was occasionally discovered during the Whipple procedure in 15 (17.2%) cases. Typically, MAL was divided during surgery (n = 24/31; 77.4%). In the great majority of cases (n = 83; 95.4%), vascular abnormalities involved the pancreatoduodenal arteries (i.e., dilatation, arcade, channels, aneurysms). Collateral arteries were typically preserved, being divided or reconstructed in only 14 (16.1%) cases, respectively. Severe ischemic complications were reported in six (6.9%) patients, 20.0% of whom were reported in patients with preoperatively unknown CAS (p-value 0.06). A correct pre-operative evaluation of anatomical conditions as well as a correct surgical planning represent the paramount targets in CAS patients with arterial collaterals. Vascular flow must be always safeguarded preserving/reconstructing the collaterals or resolving the CAS, with the final intent to avoid dreadful intra- and post-operative complications. Copyright © 2018 IAP and EPC. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relative cerebral blood volume as a marker of durable tissue-at-risk viability in hyperacute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Cortijo, Elisa; Calleja, Ana Isabel; García-Bermejo, Pablo; Mulero, Patricia; Pérez-Fernández, Santiago; Reyes, Javier; Muñoz, Ma Fe; Martínez-Galdámez, Mario; Arenillas, Juan Francisco

2014-01-01

Selection of best responders to reperfusion therapies could be aided by predicting the duration of tissue-at-risk viability, which may be dependant on collateral circulation status. We aimed to identify the best predictor of good collateral circulation among perfusion computed tomography (PCT) parameters in middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke and to analyze how early MCA response to intravenous thrombolysis and PCT-derived markers of good collaterals interact to determine stroke outcome. We prospectively studied patients with acute MCA ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis who underwent PCT before treatment showing a target mismatch profile. Collateral status was assessed using a PCT source image-based score. PCT maps were quantitatively analyzed. Cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow, and Tmax were calculated within the hypoperfused volume and in the equivalent region of unaffected hemisphere. Occluded MCAs were monitored by transcranial Duplex to assess early recanalization. Main outcome variables were brain hypodensity volume and modified Rankin scale score at day 90. One hundred patients with MCA ischemic stroke imaged by PCT received intravenous thrombolysis, and 68 met all inclusion criteria. A relative CBV (rCBV) >0.93 emerged as the only predictor of good collaterals (odds ratio, 12.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-55.9; P=0.001). Early MCA recanalization was associated with better long-term outcome and lower infarct volume in patients with rCBV<0.93, but not in patients with high rCBV. None of the patients with rCBV<0.93 achieved good outcome in absence of early recanalization. High rCBV was the strongest marker of good collaterals and may characterize durable tissue-at-risk viability in hyperacute MCA ischemic stroke.

Accuracy of low-field magnetic resonance imaging versus radiography for guiding injection of equine distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligaments.

PubMed

Lamb, Megan M; Barrett, Jennifer G; White, Nathaniel A; Werre, Stephen R

2014-01-01

Desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament is a common cause of lameness in the horse and carries a variable prognosis for soundness. Intralesional treatment has been proposed for improving outcome; however, limited reports describe methods for injecting this ligament. The purpose of this study was to compare accuracy of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vs. radiography for injecting the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equine cadaver digit pairs (n = 10) were divided by random assignment to injection of the ligament by either technique. An observer unaware of injection technique determined injection success based on postinjection MRI and/or gross sections acquired from the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the ligament. McNemar's test was performed to determine statistical difference between injection techniques, the number of injection attempts, and injection of the medial or lateral collateral ligament. Magnetic resonance imaging guided injection was successful more frequently than radiographic-guided injection based on postinjection MRI (24 of 30 vs. 9 of 30; P = 0.0006) and gross sections (26 of 30 vs. 13 of 30; P = 0.0008). At each level of the ligament (proximal, middle, and distal), MRI-guided injection resulted in more successful injections than radiographic guidance. Statistical significance occurred at the proximal aspect of the collateral ligament based on postinjection MRI (P = 0.0143) and the middle portion of the ligament based on gross sections (P = 0.0253). Findings supported future testing of standing, low-field MRI as a technique for delivering intralesional regenerative therapy in live horses with desmopathy of these collateral ligaments. © 2013 American College of Veterinary Radiology.

Phenotypical resistance correlation networks for 10 non-typhoidal Salmonella subpopulations in an active antimicrobial surveillance programme.

PubMed

Love, W J; Zawack, K A; Booth, J G; Gröhn, Y T; Lanzas, C

2018-06-01

Antimicrobials play a critical role in treating cases of invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) and other diseases, but efficacy is hindered by resistant pathogens. Selection for phenotypical resistance may occur via several mechanisms. The current study aims to identify correlations that would allow indirect selection of increased resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin to improve antimicrobial stewardship. These are medically important antibiotics for treating iNTS, but these resistances persist in non-Typhi Salmonella serotypes even though they are not licensed for use in US food animals. A set of 2875 Salmonella enterica isolates collected from animal sources by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System were stratified in to 10 subpopulations based on serotype and host species. Collateral resistances in each subpopulation were estimated as network models of minimum inhibitory concentration partial correlations. Ceftriaxone sensitivity was correlated with other β-lactam resistances, and less commonly resistances to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or kanamycin. Azithromycin resistance was frequently correlated with chloramphenicol resistance. Indirect selection for ciprofloxacin resistance via collateral selection appears unlikely. Density of the ACSSuT subgraph resistance aligned well with the phenotypical frequency. The current study identifies several important resistances in iNTS serotypes and further research is needed to identify the causative genetic correlations.

Computational Knee Ligament Modeling Using Experimentally Determined Zero-Load Lengths

PubMed Central

Bloemker, Katherine H; Guess, Trent M; Maletsky, Lorin; Dodd, Kevin

2012-01-01

This study presents a subject-specific method of determining the zero-load lengths of the cruciate and collateral ligaments in computational knee modeling. Three cadaver knees were tested in a dynamic knee simulator. The cadaver knees also underwent manual envelope of motion testing to find their passive range of motion in order to determine the zero-load lengths for each ligament bundle. Computational multibody knee models were created for each knee and model kinematics were compared to experimental kinematics for a simulated walk cycle. One-dimensional non-linear spring damper elements were used to represent cruciate and collateral ligament bundles in the knee models. This study found that knee kinematics were highly sensitive to altering of the zero-load length. The results also suggest optimal methods for defining each of the ligament bundle zero-load lengths, regardless of the subject. These results verify the importance of the zero-load length when modeling the knee joint and verify that manual envelope of motion measurements can be used to determine the passive range of motion of the knee joint. It is also believed that the method described here for determining zero-load length can be used for in vitro or in vivo subject-specific computational models. PMID:22523522

12 CFR 614.4240 - Collateral definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

....4240 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS... income and/or other collateral, absent the real estate, and the decision to extend credit was, in fact... staff evaluator from another Farm Credit System institution only if the employing institution is not...

12 CFR 614.4240 - Collateral definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

....4240 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS... income and/or other collateral, absent the real estate, and the decision to extend credit was, in fact... staff evaluator from another Farm Credit System institution only if the employing institution is not...

12 CFR 614.4240 - Collateral definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....4240 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS... income and/or other collateral, absent the real estate, and the decision to extend credit was, in fact... staff evaluator from another Farm Credit System institution only if the employing institution is not...

31 CFR 202.6 - Collateral security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Collateral security. 202.6 Section 202.6 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE DEPOSITARIES AND FINANCIAL AGENTS OF THE FEDERAL...

13 CFR 120.934 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral. 120.934 Section 120.934 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company... must be insured against such hazards and risks as SBA may require, with provisions for notice to SBA...

12 CFR 747.17 - Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding. 747.17 Section 747.17 Banks and Banking NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING... adjudicatory proceeding, the challenged adjudicatory proceeding shall continue without regard to the pendency...

12 CFR 614.4240 - Collateral definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....4240 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION FARM CREDIT SYSTEM LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS... income and/or other collateral, absent the real estate, and the decision to extend credit was, in fact... staff evaluator from another Farm Credit System institution only if the employing institution is not...

46 CFR 308.509 - Collateral deposit fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.509 Collateral deposit fund. (a..., Department of Transportation” for the amount of the fund, or United States Government bonds having a par...

46 CFR 308.509 - Collateral deposit fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.509 Collateral deposit fund. (a..., Department of Transportation” for the amount of the fund, or United States Government bonds having a par...

46 CFR 308.509 - Collateral deposit fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.509 Collateral deposit fund. (a..., Department of Transportation” for the amount of the fund, or United States Government bonds having a par...

46 CFR 308.509 - Collateral deposit fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.509 Collateral deposit fund. (a..., Department of Transportation” for the amount of the fund, or United States Government bonds having a par...

46 CFR 308.509 - Collateral deposit fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.509 Collateral deposit fund. (a..., Department of Transportation” for the amount of the fund, or United States Government bonds having a par...

12 CFR 614.4255 - Independence requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... collateral supporting a loan shall subsequently participate in any decision related to the loan purchase. ... approve a loan decision on which such person performed a collateral evaluation; or (3) As a director... required to make a credit decision. (b) Officers and employees. If the institution's internal control...

The Effects of a Functional Elbow Brace on Medial Joint Stability: A Case Study

PubMed Central

Pincivero, Danny M.; Rijke, Arie M.; Heinrichs, Kristinn; Perrin, David H.

1994-01-01

Medical elbow ligament sprains in athletics can be traumatic and disabling. In this case report, we outline the effect of a prototype functional elbow brace on joint stability in a female collegiate javelin thrower with an ulnar collateral ligament sprain. A valgus force to both elbows was applied using graded stress radiography (Telos GA-II/E stress device) at 0, 5, 10, and 15 kiloPascals (kPa) of pressure. The increase in gap width between the coronoid process and the medial epicondyle was measured from anteroposterior radiographs to determine medial displacement. The brace resulted in less displacement in both injured and noninjured ulnar collateral ligament; injured ulnar collateral ligament demonstrated greater displacement regardless of condition. The brace restored medial stability to the elbow joint by 49%, 38%, and 35% at 5, 10, and 15 kPa of pressure, respectively. The application of the brace may be useful in athletes with ulnar collateral ligament injuries. ImagesFig 1Fig 2 PMID:16558285

Optimal management of ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball pitchers

PubMed Central

Hibberd, Elizabeth E; Brown, J Rodney; Hoffer, Joseph T

2015-01-01

The ulnar collateral ligament stabilizes the elbow joint from valgus stress associated with the throwing motion. During baseball pitching, this ligament is subjected to tremendous stress and injury if the force on the ulnar collateral ligament during pitching exceeds the physiological limits of the ligament. Injuries to the throwing elbow in baseball pitchers result in significant time loss and typically surgical intervention. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of current information to sports medicine clinicians on injury epidemiology, injury mechanics, injury risk factors, injury prevention, surgical interventions, nonsurgical interventions, rehabilitation, and return to play outcomes in baseball pitchers of all levels. PMID:26635490

Improved Portable Ultrasonic Leak Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Youngquist, Robert C.; Moerk, John S.; Haskell, William D.; Cox, Robert B.; Polk, Jimmy D.; Strobel, James P.; Luaces, Frank

1995-01-01

Improved portable ultrasonic leak detector features three interchangeable ultrasonic-transducer modules, each suited for operation in unique noncontact or contact mode. One module equipped with ultrasound-collecting horn for use in scanning to detect leaks from distance; horn provides directional sensitivity pattern with sensitivity multiplied by factor of about 6 in forward direction. Another module similar, does not include horn; this module used for scanning close to suspected leak, where proximity of leak more than offsets loss of sensitivity occasioned by lack of horn. Third module designed to be pressed against leaking vessel; includes rugged stainless-steel shell. Improved detectors perform significantly better, smaller, more rugged, and greater sensitivity.

11 CFR 9033.11 - Documentation of disbursements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to a payee, the candidate shall present a canceled check negotiated by the payee and either: (i) A... present collateral evidence to document the qualified campaign expense. Such collateral evidence may...) For all other disbursements, the candidate shall present: (i) A record disclosing the full name and...

75 FR 32943 - Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997: Modifications to the List of Recognized...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-10

... basic safety and essential performance--Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility--Requirements... standard: Electromagnetic compatibility--Requirements and tests 5-34 5-53 IEC 60601-1-2 Third edition 2007... for basic safety and essential performance--Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility...

7 CFR 1427.12 - Liens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... tendered as collateral for a loan, even though the liens or encumbrances are satisfied from the loan... less than $50,000. (b) CCC may elect to accept cotton as loan collateral that has warehouse receiving... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Nonrecourse Cotton Loan and Loan Deficiency Payments...

7 CFR 1779.83 - Protective advances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... Protective advances can only be added to the loan account for purposes of requirements to preserve the value..., but are not limited to, advances made for taxes, annual assessments, ground rent, hazard and flood... associated with the value of the collateral being preserved. (b) Preserving collateral. When considering...

7 CFR 1779.83 - Protective advances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... Protective advances can only be added to the loan account for purposes of requirements to preserve the value..., but are not limited to, advances made for taxes, annual assessments, ground rent, hazard and flood... associated with the value of the collateral being preserved. (b) Preserving collateral. When considering...

7 CFR 1779.83 - Protective advances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Protective advances can only be added to the loan account for purposes of requirements to preserve the value..., but are not limited to, advances made for taxes, annual assessments, ground rent, hazard and flood... associated with the value of the collateral being preserved. (b) Preserving collateral. When considering...

7 CFR 1779.83 - Protective advances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Protective advances can only be added to the loan account for purposes of requirements to preserve the value..., but are not limited to, advances made for taxes, annual assessments, ground rent, hazard and flood... associated with the value of the collateral being preserved. (b) Preserving collateral. When considering...

7 CFR 1779.83 - Protective advances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Protective advances can only be added to the loan account for purposes of requirements to preserve the value..., but are not limited to, advances made for taxes, annual assessments, ground rent, hazard and flood... associated with the value of the collateral being preserved. (b) Preserving collateral. When considering...

10 CFR 611.111 - Default, demand, payment, and collateral liquidation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Default, demand, payment, and collateral liquidation. 611.111 Section 611.111 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES MANUFACTURER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Direct Loan Program § 611.111 Default, demand, payment, and...

Collateral non cardiac findings in clinical routine CT coronary angiography: results from a multi-center registry.

PubMed

La Grutta, Ludovico; Malagò, Roberto; Maffei, Erica; Barbiani, Camilla; Pezzato, Andrea; Martini, Chiara; Arcadi, Teresa; Clemente, Alberto; Mollet, Nico R; Zuccarelli, Alessandra; Krestin, Gabriel P; Lagalla, Roberto; Pozzi Mucelli, Roberto; Cademartiri, Filippo; Midiri, Massimo

2015-12-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of collateral findings detected in computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in a multi-center registry. We performed a retrospective review of 4303 patients (2719 males, mean age 60.3 ± 10.2 years) undergoing 64-slice CTCA for suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD) at various academic institutions between 01/2006 and 09/2010. Collateral findings were recorded and scored as: non-significant (no signs of relevant pathology, not necessary to be reported), significant (clear signs of pathology, mandatory to be reported), or major (remarkable pathology, mandatory to be reported and further investigated). We detected 6886 non-cardiac findings (1.6 non cardiac finding per patient). Considering all centers, only 865/4303 (20.1 %) patients were completely without any additional finding. Overall, 2095 (30.4 %) non-significant, 4486 (65.2 %) significant, and 305 (4.4 %) major findings were detected. Among major findings, primary lung cancer was reported in 21 cases. In every center, most prevalent significant findings were mediastinal lymph nodes >1 cm. In 256 patients, collateral findings were clinically more relevant than coexisting CAD and justified the symptoms of patients. The prevalence of significant and major collateral findings in CTCA is high. Radiologists should carefully evaluate the entire scan volume in each patient.

Small vessel hematocrit in ischemic myocardium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gumm, D.C.; Cooper, S.M.; Marcus, M.L.

1986-03-01

As blood enters the microvasculature of normally perfused myocardium, there is a progressive decrease in small vessel hematocrit (SV Hct) due to RBC streaming in smaller branching vessels and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. We hypothesized that if the coronary collateral circulation was composed of very small vessels branching from large parent vessels, plasma streaming would result in a further decrease of SV Hct in ischemic myocardium. Six open chest anesthetized dogs were studied. Plasma was labelled with /sup 59/FeCl siderophilin and RBC's with /sup 99/mTc to estimate SV Hct from myocardial biopsies. The LAD was occluded and cannulated for measurement ofmore » retrograde flow (arising presumably from proximal collaterals). The ischemic region was identified using the microsphere shadow technique. Collateral flow after LAD occlusion was 30 +- 12 ml/min 100g (x +- SE). Systemic Hct was 40 +- 1%. The Hct of blood from retrograde flow was 39 +- 1% (p = NS). Activity of /sup 59/FeCl and /sup 99/mTc in known quantities of blood were compared to myocardial biopsies to estimate SV Hct. Ischemic SV Hct was 23 +- 2% and non-ischemic SV Hct was 21 +- 1% (p = NS). We conclude that the size and branching pattern of coronary collaterals is such that plasma streaming in collaterals does not result in an additional decrease in SV Hct in ischemic myocardium.« less

The relationship of plasma decoy receptor 3 and coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

PubMed

Yan, Youyou; Song, Dandan; Liu, Lulu; Meng, Xiuping; Qi, Chao; Wang, Junnan

2017-11-15

Previously, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) was found to be a potential angiogenetic factor, while the relationship of DcR3 with coronary collateral circulation formation has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether plasma decoy receptor 3 levels was associated with CCC formation and evaluate its predictive power for CCC status in patients with coronary artery disease. Among patients who underwent coronary angiography with coronary artery disease and had a stenosis of ≥90% were included in our study. Collateral degree was graded according to Rentrope Cohen classification. Patients with grade 2 or 3 collateral degree were enrolled in good CCC group and patients with grade 0 or 1 collateral degree were enrolled in poor CCC group. Plasma DcR3 level was significantly higher in good CCC group (328.00±230.82 vs 194.84±130.63ng/l, p<0.01) and positively correlated with Rentrope grade (p<0.01). In addition, plasma DcR3 was also positively correlated with VEGF-A. Both ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) and multinomial logistical regression analysis showed that plasma DcR3 displayed potent predictive power for CCC status. Higher plasma DcR3 level was related to better CCC formation and displayed potent predictive power for CCC status. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Real-time temperature feedback for nanoparticles based tumor thermal treatment (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinberg, Idan; Tamir, Gil; Gannot, Israel

2017-02-01

Systemic hyperthermia therapy exploits the fact that cancer cells are more sensitive to elevated temperatures than healthy tissue. Systemic application of hyperthermia externally usually leads to low efficiency treatment. Recently, our group and others have proposed an antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) approach to overcome the limitation of systemic hyperthermia. MNPs can bind specifically to the tumor sites, thus delivering internal highly effective targeted hyperthermia. However, such internal mechanism requires more complicated controls and monitoring. This current work presents a deep tissue temperature monitoring method to control hyperthermia effectiveness and minimize collateral damage to surrounding tissues. A low-frequency narrowband modulation of the RF field used for MNP heating leads to the generation of diffused thermal waves which propagate to the tissue surface and captured by a thermal camera. A Fourier domain, analytical heat transfer model is used for temperature monitoring algorithm. The ill-posed thermal inverse problem is solved efficiently by iterating over the source power until both the amplitude and phase match the recorded thermal image sequence. The narrow bandwidth thermal stimulation enables acquiring deep signals with high SNR. We show that thermal transverse resolution improves as the stimulation frequency increases even slightly above DC, enabling better heat source transverse separation and margin identification in the case of distributed tumors. These results can be used as a part of an overall image and treat system for efficient detection of tumors, manipulation of MNPs and monitoring MNP based hyperthermia.

Phase modulation for reduced vibration sensitivity in laser-cooled clocks in space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klipstein, W.; Dick, G.; Jefferts, S.; Walls, F.

2001-01-01

The standard interrogation technique in atomic beam clocks is square-wave frequency modulation (SWFM), which suffers a first order sensitivity to vibrations as changes in the transit time of the atoms translates to perceived frequency errors. Square-wave phase modulation (SWPM) interrogation eliminates sensitivity to this noise.

Cathelicidins Inhibit Escherichia coli–Induced TLR2 and TLR4 Activation in a Viability-Dependent Manner

PubMed Central

Coorens, Maarten; Schneider, Viktoria A. F.; Meijerink, Marjolein; Wells, Jerry M.; Scheenstra, Maaike R.

2017-01-01

Activation of the immune system needs to be tightly regulated to provide protection against infections and, at the same time, to prevent excessive inflammation to limit collateral damage to the host. This tight regulation includes regulating the activation of TLRs, which are key players in the recognition of invading microbes. A group of short cationic antimicrobial peptides, called cathelicidins, have previously been shown to modulate TLR activation by synthetic or purified TLR ligands and may play an important role in the regulation of inflammation during infections. However, little is known about how these cathelicidins affect TLR activation in the context of complete and viable bacteria. In this article, we show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills Escherichia coli in an immunogenically silent fashion. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills E. coli by permeabilizing the bacterial inner membrane and subsequently binds the outer membrane–derived lipoproteins and LPS to inhibit TLR2 and TLR4 activation, respectively. In addition, other cathelicidins, including human, mouse, pig, and dog cathelicidins, which lack antimicrobial activity under cell culture conditions, only inhibit macrophage activation by nonviable E. coli. In total, this study shows that cathelicidins do not affect immune activation by viable bacteria and only inhibit inflammation when bacterial viability is lost. Therefore, cathelicidins provide a novel mechanism by which the immune system can discriminate between viable and nonviable Gram-negative bacteria to tune the immune response, thereby limiting collateral damage to the host and the risk for sepsis. PMID:28710255

Enhanced Medial Collateral Ligament Healing using Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Dosage Effects on Cellular Response and Cytokine Profile

PubMed Central

Saether, Erin E.; Chamberlain, Connie S.; Leiferman, Ellen M.; Kondratko-Mittnacht, Jaclyn R.; Li, Wan Ju; Brickson, Stacey L.; Vanderby, Ray

2013-01-01

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential therapeutic applications for musculoskeletal injuries due to their ability to differentiate into several tissue cell types and modulate immune and inflammatory responses. These immune-modulatory properties were examined in vivo during early stage rat medial collateral ligament healing. Two different cell doses (low dose 1×106 or high dose 4×106 MSCs) were administered at the time of injury and compared with normal ligament healing at days 5 and 14 post-injury. At both times, the high dose MSC group demonstrated a significant decrease in M2 macrophages compared to controls. At day 14, fewer M1 macrophages were detected in the low dose group compared to the high dose group. These results, along with significant changes in procollagen I, proliferating cells, and endothelialization suggest that MSCs can alter the cellular response during healing in a dose-dependent manner. The higher dose ligaments also had increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines at day 5 (IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-2) and increased expression of IL-12 at day 14. Mechanical testing at day 14 revealed increased failure strength and stiffness in low dose ligaments compared to controls. Based on these improved mechanical properties, MSCs enhanced functional healing when applied at a lower dose. Different doses of MSCs uniquely affected the cellular response and cytokine expression in healing ligaments. Interestingly, the lower dose of cells proved to be most effective in improving functional properties. PMID:24174129

12 CFR 614.4265 - Real property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Real property evaluations. 614.4265 Section 614... Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4265 Real property evaluations. (a) Real estate shall be valued on... property and operation where the transaction value exceeds $250,000 and the real estate taken as collateral...

12 CFR 614.4265 - Real property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Real property evaluations. 614.4265 Section 614... Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4265 Real property evaluations. (a) Real estate shall be valued on... property and operation where the transaction value exceeds $250,000 and the real estate taken as collateral...

12 CFR 614.4265 - Real property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Real property evaluations. 614.4265 Section 614... Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4265 Real property evaluations. (a) Real estate shall be valued on... property and operation where the transaction value exceeds $250,000 and the real estate taken as collateral...

12 CFR 614.4265 - Real property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Real property evaluations. 614.4265 Section 614... Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4265 Real property evaluations. (a) Real estate shall be valued on... property and operation where the transaction value exceeds $250,000 and the real estate taken as collateral...

12 CFR 614.4265 - Real property evaluations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Real property evaluations. 614.4265 Section 614... Collateral Evaluation Requirements § 614.4265 Real property evaluations. (a) Real estate shall be valued on... property and operation where the transaction value exceeds $250,000 and the real estate taken as collateral...

12 CFR 221.117 - When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... § 221.117 When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral. (a) The Board has received... be “indirectly secured” by stock as indicated by the phrase, “if the lender, in good faith, has not...

12 CFR 221.117 - When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral. (a) The Board has received questions... “indirectly secured” by stock as indicated by the phrase, “if the lender, in good faith, has not relied upon...

12 CFR 221.117 - When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... § 221.117 When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral. (a) The Board has received... be “indirectly secured” by stock as indicated by the phrase, “if the lender, in good faith, has not...

12 CFR 221.117 - When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral. (a) The Board has received questions... “indirectly secured” by stock as indicated by the phrase, “if the lender, in good faith, has not relied upon...

12 CFR 221.117 - When bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... bank in “good faith” has not relied on stock as collateral. (a) The Board has received questions... “indirectly secured” by stock as indicated by the phrase, “if the lender, in good faith, has not relied upon...

10 CFR 611.108 - Perfection of liens and preservation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Perfection of liens and preservation of collateral. 611.108 Section 611.108 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES MANUFACTURER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Direct Loan Program § 611.108 Perfection of liens and preservation...

75 FR 24549 - Merchant Marine Act and Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-05

... interests in other collateral to bring credit risk to acceptable levels. Such guarantees or collateral may... level fishermen.'' IFQ financing is fishery specific, and individual Fishery Management Councils (FMCs... ``small vessels'' and ``entry level fishermen''). Under the legislation, the FFP cannot initiate or...

12 CFR 550.320 - What is acceptable collateral for uninsured deposits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is acceptable collateral for uninsured deposits? 550.320 Section 550.320 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FIDUCIARY POWERS OF SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS Exercising Fiduciary Powers Funds Awaiting Investment Or...

Sprain of the short radial collateral ligament in a racing greyhound.

PubMed

Guilliard, M J; Mayo, A K

2000-04-01

Severe carpal lameness in a racing greyhound due to a sprain of the straight part of the short radial collateral ligament is described. The dog subsequently developed an enthesiopathy at the origin of the ligament. Treatment was by kennel rest and the dog returned to successful racing.

31 CFR 203.21 - Collateral security requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Collateral security requirements. 203.21 Section 203.21 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... hereunder; or (iv) The depositary is closed for business by regulatory action or by proper corporate action...

7 CFR 1980.443 - Collateral, personal and corporate guarantees and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... loan is reasonably assured when considered with the integrity and ability of project management... receivable, cash or special cash collateral accounts, marketable securities and cash surrender value of life... and current (not over 90 days old) credit report, proven management, evidence of the market necessary...

7 CFR 1980.443 - Collateral, personal and corporate guarantees and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... loan is reasonably assured when considered with the integrity and ability of project management... receivable, cash or special cash collateral accounts, marketable securities and cash surrender value of life... and current (not over 90 days old) credit report, proven management, evidence of the market necessary...

7 CFR 1980.443 - Collateral, personal and corporate guarantees and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... loan is reasonably assured when considered with the integrity and ability of project management... receivable, cash or special cash collateral accounts, marketable securities and cash surrender value of life... and current (not over 90 days old) credit report, proven management, evidence of the market necessary...

7 CFR 1980.443 - Collateral, personal and corporate guarantees and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... loan is reasonably assured when considered with the integrity and ability of project management... receivable, cash or special cash collateral accounts, marketable securities and cash surrender value of life... and current (not over 90 days old) credit report, proven management, evidence of the market necessary...

7 CFR 1980.443 - Collateral, personal and corporate guarantees and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... loan is reasonably assured when considered with the integrity and ability of project management... receivable, cash or special cash collateral accounts, marketable securities and cash surrender value of life... and current (not over 90 days old) credit report, proven management, evidence of the market necessary...

7 CFR 1421.106 - Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Warehouse-stored marketing assistance loan collateral. 1421.106 Section 1421.106 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS GRAINS AND SIMILARLY HANDLED COMMODITIES-MARKETING...

45 CFR 30.16 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... fails to pay the debt(s) within a reasonable time after demand and if such action is in the best interests of the United States. (2) Collection from other sources, including liquidation of security or... will liquidate security or collateral through the exercise of a power of sale in the security...

7 CFR 3560.61 - Loan security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Loan security. 3560.61 Section 3560.61 Agriculture... DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Direct Loan and Grant Origination § 3560.61 Loan security... collateral. (2) The amount of the loan against the collateral does not exceed its estimated security value...

7 CFR 1427.1088 - Contract fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... storage and handling of CCC-owned cotton or cotton pledged to CCC as loan collateral must pay an annual... storage and handling of CCC-owned cotton or cotton pledged to CCC as loan collateral but who desires such... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Standards for Approval of Warehouses for...

27 CFR 25.98 - Surety or security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... coverage. Bonds required by this part will be given with corporate surety or collateral security. (b... limitations set forth for corporate security by the Secretary which are set forth in the current revision of... penal sum of the bond. (e) Deposit of collateral securities in lieu of corporate surety. Bonds or notes...

27 CFR 25.98 - Surety or security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... coverage. Bonds required by this part will be given with corporate surety or collateral security. (b... limitations set forth for corporate security by the Secretary which are set forth in the current revision of... penal sum of the bond. (e) Deposit of collateral securities in lieu of corporate surety. Bonds or notes...

27 CFR 25.98 - Surety or security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... coverage. Bonds required by this part will be given with corporate surety or collateral security. (b... limitations set forth for corporate security by the Secretary which are set forth in the current revision of... penal sum of the bond. (e) Deposit of collateral securities in lieu of corporate surety. Bonds or notes...

27 CFR 25.98 - Surety or security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... coverage. Bonds required by this part will be given with corporate surety or collateral security. (b... limitations set forth for corporate security by the Secretary which are set forth in the current revision of... penal sum of the bond. (e) Deposit of collateral securities in lieu of corporate surety. Bonds or notes...

27 CFR 25.98 - Surety or security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... coverage. Bonds required by this part will be given with corporate surety or collateral security. (b... limitations set forth for corporate security by the Secretary which are set forth in the current revision of... penal sum of the bond. (e) Deposit of collateral securities in lieu of corporate surety. Bonds or notes...

7 CFR 1427.175 - Liability of the producer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Recourse Seed Cotton Loans § 1427.175... addition, seed cotton pledged as collateral for such loan shall not be released to the producer until such... repaid without regard to such producer's claimed share in the seed cotton pledged as collateral for the...

7 CFR 1427.175 - Liability of the producer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Recourse Seed Cotton Loans § 1427.175... addition, seed cotton pledged as collateral for such loan shall not be released to the producer until such... repaid without regard to such producer's claimed share in the seed cotton pledged as collateral for the...

7 CFR 1427.175 - Liability of the producer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Recourse Seed Cotton Loans § 1427.175... addition, seed cotton pledged as collateral for such loan shall not be released to the producer until such... repaid without regard to such producer's claimed share in the seed cotton pledged as collateral for the...

7 CFR 1427.175 - Liability of the producer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Recourse Seed Cotton Loans § 1427.175... addition, seed cotton pledged as collateral for such loan shall not be released to the producer until such... repaid without regard to such producer's claimed share in the seed cotton pledged as collateral for the...

7 CFR 1427.175 - Liability of the producer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Recourse Seed Cotton Loans § 1427.175... addition, seed cotton pledged as collateral for such loan shall not be released to the producer until such... repaid without regard to such producer's claimed share in the seed cotton pledged as collateral for the...

31 CFR 901.7 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reasonable time after demand and if such action is in the best interest of the United States. Collection from... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liquidation of collateral. 901.7 Section 901.7 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FEDERAL...

12 CFR 3.37 - Collateralized transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... this section: (i) A national bank or Federal savings association may assign a zero percent risk weight... qualifies for a zero percent risk weight under § 3.32. (iii) A national bank or Federal savings association may assign a zero percent risk weight to the collateralized portion of an exposure where: (A) The...

12 CFR 308.17 - Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding. 308.17 Section 308.17 Banks and Banking FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION PROCEDURE AND RULES OF... shall continue without regard to the pendency of that court proceeding. No default or other failure to...

12 CFR 1780.16 - Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding. 1780.16 Section 1780.16 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF FEDERAL HOUSING ENTERPRISE OVERSIGHT, DEPARTMENT OF... adjudicatory proceeding shall continue without regard to the pendency of that court proceeding. No default or...

12 CFR 263.17 - Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding. 263.17 Section 263.17 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE... proceeding shall continue without regard to the pendency of that court proceeding. No default or other...

7 CFR 1427.10 - Approved storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Approved storage. 1427.10 Section 1427.10 Agriculture... § 1427.10 Approved storage. (a) Eligible cotton may be pledged as collateral for loans only if stored at... warehouse. (c) An approved cotton storage warehouse may temporarily store cotton pledged as collateral for a...

7 CFR 1427.10 - Approved storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Approved storage. 1427.10 Section 1427.10 Agriculture... § 1427.10 Approved storage. (a) Eligible cotton may be pledged as collateral for loans only if stored at... warehouse. (c) An approved cotton storage warehouse may temporarily store cotton pledged as collateral for a...

7 CFR 1427.10 - Approved storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Approved storage. 1427.10 Section 1427.10 Agriculture... § 1427.10 Approved storage. (a) Eligible cotton may be pledged as collateral for loans only if stored at... warehouse. (c) An approved cotton storage warehouse may temporarily store cotton pledged as collateral for a...

7 CFR 1427.10 - Approved storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Approved storage. 1427.10 Section 1427.10 Agriculture... § 1427.10 Approved storage. (a) Eligible cotton may be pledged as collateral for loans only if stored at... warehouse. (c) An approved cotton storage warehouse may temporarily store cotton pledged as collateral for a...

7 CFR 1427.10 - Approved storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Approved storage. 1427.10 Section 1427.10 Agriculture... § 1427.10 Approved storage. (a) Eligible cotton may be pledged as collateral for loans only if stored at... warehouse. (c) An approved cotton storage warehouse may temporarily store cotton pledged as collateral for a...

12 CFR 950.7 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... board of directors of the Bank has specifically approved such acceptance by formal resolution, and the... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral. 950.7 Section 950.7 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ASSETS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS ADVANCES...

13 CFR 120.349 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

....349 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans International Trade Loans § 120.349 Collateral. Each IT loan must be secured either by a first lien position or first mortgage on the property or equipment financed by the IT loan or on other assets of the Borrower...

13 CFR 120.349 - Collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....349 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans International Trade Loans § 120.349 Collateral. Each IT loan must be secured either by a first lien position or first mortgage on the property or equipment financed by the IT loan or on other assets of the Borrower...

7 CFR 1434.12 - Liens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FOR HONEY § 1434.12 Liens. (a) CCC's security interest in the honey pledged as collateral is first and... law, all financing statements needed to perfect a security interest in honey pledged as collateral for... security interests, liens, or encumbrances on the honey, CCC shall obtain waivers that fully protect the...

7 CFR 1434.12 - Liens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FOR HONEY § 1434.12 Liens. (a) CCC's security interest in the honey pledged as collateral is first and... law, all financing statements needed to perfect a security interest in honey pledged as collateral for... security interests, liens, or encumbrances on the honey, CCC shall obtain waivers that fully protect the...

The effects of combined selenium nanoparticles and radiation therapy on breast cancer cells in vitro.

PubMed

Chen, Feng; Zhang, Xiao Hong; Hu, Xiao Dan; Liu, Pei Dang; Zhang, Hai Qian

2018-08-01

Radiosensitizers that increase cancer cell radio-sensitivity can enhance the effectiveness of irradiation and minimize collateral damage. Nanomaterial has been employed in conjunction with radiotherapy as radiosensitizers, due to its unique physicochemical properties. In this article, we evaluated selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) as a new radiosensitizer. Nano-Se was used in conjunction with irradiation on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and efficacy and mechanisms of this combined treatment approach were evaluated. Nano-Se reinforced the toxic effects of irradiation, leading to a higher mortality rate than either treatment used alone, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and the activation of autophagy, and increasing both endogenous and irradiation-induced reactive oxygen species formation. These results suggest that Nano-Se can be used as an adjuvant drug to improve cancer cell sensitivity to the toxic effects of irradiation and thereby reduce damage to normal tissue nearby.

Dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition rapidly modulates spike probability and precision in feed-forward hippocampal circuits

PubMed Central

Wahlstrom-Helgren, Sarah

2016-01-01

Feed-forward inhibitory (FFI) circuits are important for many information-processing functions. FFI circuit operations critically depend on the balance and timing between the excitatory and inhibitory components, which undergo rapid dynamic changes during neural activity due to short-term plasticity (STP) of both components. How dynamic changes in excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance during spike trains influence FFI circuit operations remains poorly understood. In the current study we examined the role of STP in the FFI circuit functions in the mouse hippocampus. Using a coincidence detection paradigm with simultaneous activation of two Schaffer collateral inputs, we found that the spiking probability in the target CA1 neuron was increased while spike precision concomitantly decreased during high-frequency bursts compared with a single spike. Blocking inhibitory synaptic transmission revealed that dynamics of inhibition predominately modulates the spike precision but not the changes in spiking probability, whereas the latter is modulated by the dynamics of excitation. Further analyses combining whole cell recordings and simulations of the FFI circuit suggested that dynamics of the inhibitory circuit component may influence spiking behavior during bursts by broadening the width of excitatory postsynaptic responses and that the strength of this modulation depends on the basal E/I ratio. We verified these predictions using a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, which has an elevated E/I ratio, and found a strongly reduced modulation of postsynaptic response width during bursts. Our results suggest that changes in the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory circuit components due to STP play important yet distinct roles in modulating the properties of FFI circuits. PMID:27605532

Demonstration of polarization-insensitive spatial light modulation using a single polarization-sensitive spatial light modulator.

PubMed

Liu, Jun; Wang, Jian

2015-07-06

We present a simple configuration incorporating a single polarization-sensitive phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) to facilitate polarization-insensitive spatial light modulation. The polarization-insensitive configuration is formed by a polarization beam splitter (PBS), a polarization-sensitive phase-only LC-SLM, a half-wave plate (HWP), and a mirror in a loop structure. We experimentally demonstrate polarization-insensitive spatial light modulations for incident linearly polarized beams with different polarization states and polarization-multiplexed beams. Polarization-insensitive spatial light modulations generating orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams are demonstrated in the experiment. The designed polarization-insensitive configuration may find promising applications in spatial light modulations accommodating diverse incident polarizations.

Infant Auditory Sensitivity to Pure Tones and Frequency-Modulated Tones

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leibold, Lori J.; Werner, Lynne A.

2007-01-01

It has been suggested that infants respond preferentially to infant-directed speech because their auditory sensitivity to sounds with extensive frequency modulation (FM) is better than their sensitivity to less modulated sounds. In this experiment, auditory thresholds for FM tones and for unmodulated, or pure, tones in a background of noise were…

Ulnohumeral chondral and ligamentous overload: biomechanical correlation for posteromedial chondromalacia of the elbow in throwing athletes.

PubMed

Osbahr, Daryl C; Dines, Joshua S; Breazeale, Nathan M; Deng, Xiang-Hua; Altchek, David W

2010-12-01

Previous studies have documented increased posteromedial contact forces with the elbow at lower flexion angles associated with valgus extension overload; however, the authors believe that posteromedial elbow impingement in association with valgus laxity is a complex pathological process that may occur throughout the entire throwing motion in the form of ulnohumeral chondral and ligamentous overload. Valgus laxity with the elbow at 90° of flexion may lead to chondromalacia secondary to a subtle shift in the contact point between the tip of the olecranon and the distal humeral trochlea. Controlled laboratory study. Six fresh human cadaveric elbows were dissected and subjected to a static valgus load. Pressure-sensitive Fuji film measured the contact pressure, contact area, and shift in contact area across the posteromedial elbow before and after sectioning the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament. The contact pressure between the tip of the olecranon process and the medial crista of the posterior humeral trochlea significantly increased, from an average of 0.27 ± 0.06 kg/cm² to 0.40 ± 0.08 kg/cm². The contact area also significantly decreased, from an average of 30.34 ± 9.17 mm² to 24.59 ± 6.44 mm², and shifted medially on the medial humeral crista, which corresponds to the position of the posteromedial chondral lesions that was observed in throwing athletes in the authors' clinical practice. While simulating the early acceleration phase of the throwing motion with the elbow in 90° of flexion, the results illustrate that abnormal contact may occur as a result of valgus laxity through increased contact pressures across the posteromedial elbow between the medial tip of the olecranon and medial crista of the humeral trochlea. In addition, congruency of the ulnohumeral joint changed, as there was a statistically significant medial shift of the olecranon on the posterior humeral trochlea with the elbow at 90° of flexion after sectioning the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament. In the throwing athlete who continues the repetitive, throwing motion despite valgus laxity from ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency, the authors believe that these results provide a plausible mechanism for injury throughout the entire throwing motion secondary to ulnohumeral chondral and ligamentous overload. As throwing athletes may produce a tremendous amount of force and subsequent chondromalacia within the posteromedial aspect of the elbow, the findings of this study illustrate the importance of prompt clinical recognition of ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency.

Obesity-induced Changes in Adipose Tissue Microenvironment and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Disease

PubMed Central

Fuster, Jose J.; Ouchi, Noriyuki; Gokce, Noyan; Walsh, Kenneth

2016-01-01

Obesity is causally linked with the development of cardiovascular disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that cardiovascular disease is the “collateral damage” of obesity-driven adipose tissue dysfunction that promotes a chronic inflammatory state within the organism. Adipose tissues secrete bioactive substances, referred to as adipokines, which largely function as modulators of inflammation. The microenvironment of adipose tissue will affect the adipokine secretome, having actions on remote tissues. Obesity typically leads to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory adipokines and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory adipokines, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the microenvironment of adipose tissue and how it influences cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases, through the systemic actions of adipokines. PMID:27230642

76 FR 33817 - Protection of Cleared Swaps Customer Contracts and Collateral; Conforming Amendments to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-09

...-defaulting cleared swaps customers for risk management reasons. If the DCO makes such a choice, it would... risk management standpoint. Id. 4. Benefits a. Fellow-Customer Risk and Investment Risk In general... 22 and 190 Protection of Cleared Swaps Customer Contracts and Collateral; Conforming Amendments to...

17 CFR 22.17 - Policies and procedures governing disbursements of Cleared Swaps Customer Collateral from Cleared...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Section 22.17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION CLEARED SWAPS § 22... of Cleared Swaps Customer Collateral with the funds of a futures commission merchant, shall not be construed to prevent a futures commission merchant from having a residual financial interest in the funds...

29 CFR 1960.58 - Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and committee members.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and environments; identification and use of occupational safety and health standards, and other... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and... SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) BASIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS FOR FEDERAL...

29 CFR 1960.58 - Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and committee members.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and environments; identification and use of occupational safety and health standards, and other... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and... SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) BASIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS FOR FEDERAL...

29 CFR 1960.58 - Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and committee members.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and environments; identification and use of occupational safety and health standards, and other... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and... SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) BASIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS FOR FEDERAL...

29 CFR 1960.58 - Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and committee members.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and environments; identification and use of occupational safety and health standards, and other... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and... SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) BASIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS FOR FEDERAL...

29 CFR 1960.58 - Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and committee members.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and environments; identification and use of occupational safety and health standards, and other... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Training of collateral duty safety and health personnel and... SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) BASIC PROGRAM ELEMENTS FOR FEDERAL...

7 CFR 1779.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... name in whole or in part. The Agency's position is that of a guarantor relating to losses, not a lender... fair market value of the collateral must be maintained. (d) Collateral sale. (1) The lender will prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective...

7 CFR 1779.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... name in whole or in part. The Agency's position is that of a guarantor relating to losses, not a lender... fair market value of the collateral must be maintained. (d) Collateral sale. (1) The lender will prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective...

76 FR 52373 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-22

... Change To Adopt a New Rule Regarding Liens on Collateral That Relates Solely to Its Futures Clearing...; bracketed text indicates deletions. * * * * * Rule 819. [Reserved] Lien on Collateral. Each Clearing Member hereby grants to the Clearing House a first priority and unencumbered lien, as security for all...

7 CFR 1980.334 - Appraisal of property serving as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Improvements” section of the form must be completed when the dwelling is less than 1 year old. (ii) Not less... 7 Agriculture 14 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Appraisal of property serving as collateral. 1980.334... status, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (b) Appraisal report. Residential appraisals...

7 CFR 1980.334 - Appraisal of property serving as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Improvements” section of the form must be completed when the dwelling is less than 1 year old. (ii) Not less... 7 Agriculture 14 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Appraisal of property serving as collateral. 1980.334... status, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (b) Appraisal report. Residential appraisals...

7 CFR 1980.334 - Appraisal of property serving as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Improvements” section of the form must be completed when the dwelling is less than 1 year old. (ii) Not less... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Appraisal of property serving as collateral. 1980.334... status, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (b) Appraisal report. Residential appraisals...

7 CFR 1980.334 - Appraisal of property serving as collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Improvements” section of the form must be completed when the dwelling is less than 1 year old. (ii) Not less... 7 Agriculture 14 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Appraisal of property serving as collateral. 1980.334... status, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (b) Appraisal report. Residential appraisals...

78 FR 29163 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-17

... requirements per origin and asset account or b) $3 billion per Clearing Member Firm across all settlement... requirements per origin and asset account or b) $5 billion per Clearing Member Firm across all settlement.../clearing/financial-and-collateral-management/ for further detail regarding acceptable collateral, haircuts...

7 CFR 1436.8 - Security for loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... adequate size and value at the time of the application as determined by the county committee to adequately... such collateral except for prior liens on the underlying real estate that by operation of law attach to the collateral if it is or will become a fixture. If any such prior lien on the real estate will...

7 CFR 1436.8 - Security for loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... adequate size and value at the time of the application as determined by the county committee to adequately... such collateral except for prior liens on the underlying real estate that by operation of law attach to the collateral if it is or will become a fixture. If any such prior lien on the real estate will...

22 CFR 41.51 - Treaty trader, treaty investor, or treaty alien in a specialty occupation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function... supervisory element of the employee's position must be a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function. Executive and/or supervisory duties grant the employee...

22 CFR 41.51 - Treaty trader, treaty investor, or treaty alien in a specialty occupation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function... supervisory element of the employee's position must be a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function. Executive and/or supervisory duties grant the employee...

22 CFR 41.51 - Treaty trader, treaty investor, or treaty alien in a specialty occupation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function... supervisory element of the employee's position must be a principal and primary function of the position and not an incidental or collateral function. Executive and/or supervisory duties grant the employee...

38 CFR 1.913 - Liquidation of collateral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... security or collateral through the exercise of a power of sale in the security instrument or a nonjudicial foreclosure, and apply the proceeds to the applicable debt, if the debtor fails to pay the debt within 180 days after demand and if such action is in the best interest of the United States. Collection from...

Can Collateral Behavior Account for Transitions in the Stimulus Control of Speech?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmer, David C.

2017-01-01

The task of extending Skinner's (1957) interpretation of verbal behavior includes accounting for the moment-to-moment changes in stimulus control as one speaks. A consideration of the behavior of the reader reminds us of the continuous evocative effect of verbal stimuli on readers, listeners, and speakers. Collateral discriminative responses to…

Collateral Damage Related to Rape and Interpersonal Violence in Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Dan L.

2014-01-01

Collegiate communities are often faced with difficult situations from sexual assault, rape, and other forms of interpersonal violence. These events are not only tragic or traumatic for the individuals involved but also have ripple effects and create collateral damage within the campus community. Many universities are instituting bystander training…

Collateral Learning and Mathematical Education of Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abramovich, Sergei

2012-01-01

This article explores the notion of collateral learning in the context of classic ideas about the summation of powers of the first "n" counting numbers. Proceeding from the well-known legend about young Gauss, this article demonstrates the value of reflection under the guidance of "the more knowledgeable other" as a pedagogical method of making…

12 CFR 324.37 - Collateralized transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... institution may assign a zero percent risk weight to an exposure to an OTC derivative contract that is marked... exposure to a sovereign that qualifies for a zero percent risk weight under § 324.32. (iii) An FDIC-supervised institution may assign a zero percent risk weight to the collateralized portion of an exposure...

12 CFR 217.37 - Collateralized transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section: (i) A Board-regulated institution may assign a zero percent... the extent that the contract is collateralized by an exposure to a sovereign that qualifies for a zero percent risk weight under § 217.32. (iii) A Board-regulated institution may assign a zero percent risk...

12 CFR 19.17 - Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on adjudicatory proceeding. 19.17 Section 19.17 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES... without regard to the pendency of that court proceeding. No default or other failure to act as directed in...

12 CFR 908.32 - Collateral attacks on proceedings under this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collateral attacks on proceedings under this part. 908.32 Section 908.32 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE... on the merits shall continue without regard to the pendency of any such challenge action. No default...

7 CFR 4279.229 - Guaranteed loan funding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... For example, an eligible borrower is applying for a loan guarantee on a $1 million project. The... (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section. (1) If the loan amount is equal to or less than $125 million... at least 1 year in duration; and (iii) Collateral coverage ratio, total discounted collateral value...

7 CFR 4279.229 - Guaranteed loan funding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... For example, an eligible borrower is applying for a loan guarantee on a $1 million project. The... (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section. (1) If the loan amount is equal to or less than $125 million... at least 1 year in duration; and (iii) Collateral coverage ratio, total discounted collateral value...

7 CFR 4279.229 - Guaranteed loan funding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... For example, an eligible borrower is applying for a loan guarantee on a $1 million project. The... (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section. (1) If the loan amount is equal to or less than $125 million... at least 1 year in duration; and (iii) Collateral coverage ratio, total discounted collateral value...

46 CFR 308.522 - Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-302. 308.522 Section 308.522 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.522... use in establishing a collateral deposit fund, may be obtained from the American War Risk Agency or...

46 CFR 308.522 - Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-302. 308.522 Section 308.522 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.522... use in establishing a collateral deposit fund, may be obtained from the American War Risk Agency or...

46 CFR 308.522 - Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302. 308.522 Section 308.522 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.522...

46 CFR 308.526 - Certificate for repayment of decrease of collateral deposit fund, Form MA-306.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Certificate for repayment of decrease of collateral deposit fund, Form MA-306. 308.526 Section 308.526 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Open Policy War Risk Cargo...

46 CFR 308.525 - Application for decrease in amount of cash collateral fund, Form MA-305.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Application for decrease in amount of cash collateral fund, Form MA-305. 308.525 Section 308.525 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Open Policy War Risk Cargo...

46 CFR 308.522 - Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-302. 308.522 Section 308.522 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.522... use in establishing a collateral deposit fund, may be obtained from the American War Risk Agency or...

46 CFR 308.522 - Collateral deposit fund, letter of transmittal, Form MA-302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-302. 308.522 Section 308.522 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.522... use in establishing a collateral deposit fund, may be obtained from the American War Risk Agency or...

7 CFR 3575.90 - Disposition of acquired property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... collateral must be maintained. (d) Collateral sale. (1) The lender will prepare and submit to the Agency a plan on the best method of sale, keeping in mind any prospective purchasers. The Agency must approve... paid until final disposition, the lender must proceed as quickly as possible to develop a plan to fully...

An exploration of the impact of invalid MMPI-2 protocols on collateral self-report measure scores.

PubMed

Forbey, Johnathan D; Lee, Tayla T C

2011-11-01

Although a number of studies have examined the impact of invalid MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) response styles on MMPI-2 scale scores, limited research has specifically explored the effects that such response styles might have on conjointly administered collateral self-report measures. This study explored the potential impact of 2 invalidating response styles detected by the Validity scales of the MMPI-2, overreporting and underreporting, on scores of collateral self-report measures administered conjointly with the MMPI-2. The final group of participants included in analyses was 1,112 college students from a Midwestern university who completed all measures as part of a larger study. Results of t-test analyses suggested that if either over- or underreporting was indicated by the MMPI-2 Validity scales, the scores of most conjointly administered collateral measures were also significantly impacted. Overall, it appeared that test-takers who were identified as either over- or underreporting relied on such a response style across measures. Limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.

High-frequency microwave ablation method for enhanced cancer treatment with minimized collateral damage.

PubMed

Yoon, Jeonghoon; Cho, Jeiwon; Kim, Namgon; Kim, Dae-Duk; Lee, Eunsook; Cheon, Changyul; Kwon, Youngwoo

2011-10-15

To overcome the limits of conventional microwave ablation, a new frequency spectrum above 6 GHz has been explored for low-power and low collateral damage ablation procedure. A planar coaxial probe-based applicator, suitable for easy insertion into the human body, was developed for our study to cover a wideband frequency up to 30 GHz. Thermal ablations with small input power (1-3 W) at various microwave frequencies were performed on nude mice xenografted with human breast cancer. Comparative study of ablation efficiencies revealed that 18-GHz microwave results in the largest difference in the temperature rise between cancer and normal tissues as well as the highest ablation efficiency, reaching 20 times that of 2 GHz. Thermal profile study on the composite region of cancer and fat also showed significantly reduced collateral damage using 18 GHz. Application of low-power (1 W) 18-GHz microwave on the nude mice xenografted with human breast cancer cells resulted in recurrence-free treatment. The proposed microwave ablation method can be a very effective process to treat small-sized tumor with minimized invasiveness and collateral damages. Copyright © 2010 UICC.

Collateral Consequences of Juvenile Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Results From a Survey of Treatment Providers.

PubMed

Harris, Andrew J; Walfield, Scott M; Shields, Ryan T; Letourneau, Elizabeth J

2016-12-01

Among many in the research, policy, and practice communities, the application of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) to juveniles who sexually offend (JSO) has raised ongoing concerns regarding the potential collateral impacts on youths' social, mental health, and academic adjustment. To date, however, no published research has systematically examined these types of collateral consequences of juvenile SORN. Based on a survey of a national sample of treatment providers in the United States, this study investigates the perceived impact of registration and notification on JSO across five key domains: mental health, harassment and unfair treatment, school problems, living instability, and risk of reoffending. Results indicate that treatment providers overwhelmingly perceive negative consequences associated with registration with an incremental effect of notification indicating even greater concern across all five domains. Providers' demographics, treatment modalities, and client profile did not influence their perceptions of the collateral consequences suggesting that provider concern about the potential harm of SORN applied to juveniles is robust. Policy implications are discussed. © The Author(s) 2015.

Anatomy of the collateral ligaments of the feline elbow joint: functional implications.

PubMed

Engelke, E; Pfarrer, C; Waibl, H

2011-04-01

Cats show a higher capability to supinate their forearms than dogs. This suggests a special arrangement of the collateral ligaments of the feline elbow joint. Therefore, the course of the ligaments was examined in 13 adult cats. The size of the ligaments was measured, and effects of passive joint movements were studied. Ligaments of five additional cats were examined histologically. The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) had a superficial and deep part, both originating from the humerus. The free humeral portion of the LCL was short and contained fibrous cartilage. Fibre bundles of the deep part inserted into the annular ligament, while the remaining deep fibres and the superficial part inserted with a long antebrachial portion on the radius. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) originated from the humeral epicondyle and divided into cranial and caudal parts. The caudal part inserted medioproximally on the ulna, while the cranial part attached primarily with a long thin part to the caudal aspect of the radius. During supination, the MCL loosened thus allowing medial widening of the joint space, up to 2 mm. A specific feature of the feline elbow is the long thin part of the MCL. Its course through a special furrow distal to the medial coronoid causes the tightening of the feline MCL during pronation. Apart from that, the feline collateral ligaments combine the features of both human and canine cubital anatomy. This explains the range of supination in cats, which is intermediate between humans and dogs. © 2010 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Anterior Borderzone Angle for Hemodynamic Collateral Metric in Patients with Symptomatic Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis.

PubMed

Li, Yongkun; Xiong, Yunyun; Cai, Qiankun; Liu, Dezhi; Dai, Qiliang; Liu, Wenhua; Huang, Zhixin; Sun, Wen; Liebeskind, David S; Wang, Yinzhou; Liu, Xinfeng

2018-01-01

We aimed to introduce a parameter of anterior borderzone angle (ABZA) to quantitatively evaluate the ACA-MCA leptomeningeal collaterals for middle cerebral artery stenosis (MCAS). Two hundred seventy-five patients with 50-100% MCAS and 100 controls were included. The 95% reference range of ABZA was obtained from the controls. ABZAtrans was defined as "ABZA/the 95% upper limit." Relationships between ABZA and MCAS, -ABZAtrans and the TICI grade, the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN/SIR) collateral grade were analyzed. An ABZA grade model for the ACA leptomeningeal collaterals was tentatively developed. The 95% reference range of ABZA was 0.0º-23.0º. ABZA was significantly associated with MCAS by a function of the fourth power (R2 = 0.723, p < 0.001), and could predict hemodynamic MCAS (≥70%) with an AUC of 0.928 (95% CI 0.903-0.953). ABZAtrans was negatively correlated with the TICI grade (rho = -0.752, p < 0.001) and positively with the ASITN/SIR grade (rho = 0.921, p < 0.001). The ABZA grade was created by rounding -ABZAtrans to a nearest integer, and was closely associated with the ASITN/SIR grade (rho = 0.894, p < 0.001). ABZA can be used as a hemodynamic parameter to quantitatively evaluate ACA leptomeningeal collaterals. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Corkscrew Collateral Vessels in Buerger Disease: Vasa Vasorum or Vasa Nervorum.

PubMed

Baş, Ahmet; Dikici, Atilla S; Gülşen, Fatih; Samancı, Cesur; Mihmanlı, İsmail; Beşirli, Kazım; Numan, Furuzan; Kantarci, Fatih

2016-05-01

To investigate the origin of "corkscrew" collateral vessels around the occluded popliteal artery in patients with Buerger disease by Doppler ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in tandem with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Between January 2013 and June 2015, 42 patients diagnosed with Buerger disease were identified retrospectively. Patients in whom occlusion of the popliteal artery was found on DSA of the lower extremity were subjected to Doppler US and MR imaging prospectively. Fifteen of 42 patients were identified as having the required characteristics, of whom 10 participated in the present study. Ten patients with occlusion of the popliteal artery were selected for inclusion, and 12 lower limbs of these patients were investigated. The study cohort comprised one woman and nine men with a mean age of 41 years ± 10 (standard deviation; range, 39-58 y). Corkscrew collateral vessels identified on DSA examinations were also identified on secondary imaging (Doppler US and MR imaging) in all patients except one in whom the popliteal artery was reconstituted after short-segment occlusion. The origin of the corkscrew collateral vessels was identified as the vasa nervorum of the tibial nerve in nine patients. Data from the present study suggest that corkscrew collateral vessels at the knee level in patients with Buerger disease originate from the vasa nervorum of the tibial nerve rather than the vasa vasorum of the popliteal artery if the latter is occluded. Copyright © 2016 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Elongation of the collateral ligaments after cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty and the maximum flexion of the knee.

PubMed

Park, Kwan Kyu; Hosseini, Ali; Tsai, Tsung-Yuan; Kwon, Young-Min; Li, Guoan

2015-02-05

The mechanisms that affect knee flexion after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are still debatable. This study investigated the elongation of the superficial medial (sMCL) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCL) before and after a posterior cruciate retaining (CR) TKA. We hypothesized that overstretching of the collateral ligaments in high flexion after TKA could reduce maximal flexion of the knee. Three-dimensional models of 11 osteoarthritic knees of 11 patients including the insertions of the collateral ligaments were created using MR images. Each ligament was divided into three equal portions: anterior, middle and posterior portions. The shortest 3D wrapping length of each ligament portion was determined before and after the TKA surgery along a weight-bearing, single leg flexion path. The relationship between the changes of ligament elongation and the changes of the maximal knee flexion after TKAs was quantitatively analyzed. The sMCL showed significant increases in length only at low flexion after TKA; the LCL showed decreases in length at full extension, but increases with further flexion after TKA. The amount of increases of the maximum flexion angle after TKA was negatively correlated with the increases of the elongations of the anterior portion (p=0.010, r=0.733) and middle portion (p=0.049, r=0.604) of the sMCL as well as the anterior portion (p=0.010, r=0.733) of the LCL at maximal flexion of the knee. The results indicated that the increases of the length of the collateral ligaments at maximal flexion after TKA were associated with the decreases of the maximal flexion of the knee. Our data suggest that collateral ligament management should also be evaluated at higher knee flexion angles in order to optimize maximal flexion of the knee after TKAs. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF AN ISOLATED GRADE III LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURY IN AN ADOLESCENT MULTI-SPORT ATHLETE: A CASE REPORT

PubMed Central

Haddad, M. Alex; Budich, Justin M.; Eckenrode, Brian J.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Study design Case report Background Isolated, grade III lateral collateral ligament knee injuries are an uncommon traumatic injury with little guidance available in the literature for conservative management and prognosis for return to sport. The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical decision-making in both differential diagnosis and physical therapy management of an isolated grade III lateral collateral ligament sprain in an adolescent multi-sport high school athlete. Case Description A 16 year-old male, high school, multi-sport athlete (cross country, wrestling, track and field) sustained a traumatic knee injury during a wrestling match when his involved lower extremity was forcefully externally rotated by his opponent. Initial clinical presentation revealed pain and increased laxity with varus stress testing of the left knee, which was subsequently identified via MRI as a complete lateral collateral ligament rupture (grade III). A conservative physical therapy program was developed targeting the active and neuromuscular subsystems, theorized to compensate for the lack of an intact lateral collateral ligament. Outcomes The subject attended 18 visits of physical therapy over a period of 12 weeks. His rehabilitation program focused on functional strengthening of the posterolateral corner, enhancement of neuromuscular control, and graded progression to sports specific drills. Return to play decisions were based on a combination of lower extremity functional performance measures, condition specific outcome measures and subjective performance on sports specific tasks. At discharge from physical therapy, he reported 0/10 pain, scored a 76/80 on the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, and was able to return to competitive track and field events. Discussion Few descriptions in the literature exist for the conservative management of isolated, grade III lateral collateral ligament injuries. A program of selective functional strengthening, proprioceptive training, and graded sport specific activities may allow these individuals to return to sport with conservative management. Levels of Evidence 4 (Single Case Report) PMID:27525183

Effects of exercise training on cellular mechanisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulation in coronary arteries after chronic occlusion

PubMed Central

Zhou, Minglong; Widmer, R. Jay; Xie, Wei; Jimmy Widmer, A.; Miller, Matthew W.; Schroeder, Friedhelm; Parker, Janet L.

2010-01-01

Exercise training enhances agonist-mediated relaxation in both control and collateral-dependent coronary arteries of hearts subjected to chronic occlusion, an enhancement that is mediated in part by nitric oxide. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate exercise training-induced adaptations in specific cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in coronary arteries of ischemic hearts. Ameroid constrictors were surgically placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) of adult female Yucatan miniature swine. Eight weeks postoperatively, animals were randomized into sedentary (pen-confined) or exercise training (treadmill run; 5 days/wk; 14 wk) protocols. Coronary artery segments (∼1.0 mm luminal diameter) were isolated from collateral-dependent (LCX) and control (nonoccluded left anterior descending) arteries 22 wk after ameroid placement. Endothelial cells were enzymatically dissociated, and intracellular Ca2+ responses (fura 2) to bradykinin stimulation were studied. Immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to quantify endothelial cell eNOS and caveolin-1 cellular distribution under basal and bradykinin-stimulated conditions. Immunoblot analysis was used to determine eNOS, phosphorylated (p)-eNOS, protein kinase B (Akt), pAkt, and caveolin-1 protein levels. Bradykinin-stimulated nitrite plus nitrate (NOx; nitric oxide metabolites) levels were assessed via HPLC. Exercise training resulted in significantly enhanced bradykinin-mediated increases in endothelial Ca2+ levels, NOx levels, and the distribution of eNOS-to-caveolin-1 ratio at the plasma membrane in endothelial cells of control and collateral-dependent arteries. Exercise training also significantly increased total eNOS and phosphorylated levels of eNOS (pSer1179) in collateral-dependent arteries. Total eNOS protein levels were also significantly increased in collateral-dependent arteries of sedentary animals. These data provide new insights into exercise training-induced adaptations in cellular mechanisms of nitric oxide regulation in collateral-dependent coronary arteries of chronically occluded hearts that contribute to enhanced nitric oxide production. PMID:20363881

Model of complete separation of the hepatic veins from the systemic venous system.

PubMed

Brizard, C P; Goussef, N; Chachques, J C; Carpentier, A F

2000-12-01

In patients undergoing a Fontan operation, partial diversion of the hepatic veins to the pulmonary venous atrium has been tried with various techniques. They failed because of the development of intrahepatic collaterals leading to an unacceptable right-to-left shunting. We postulate that to avoid the formation of intrahepatic collaterals, the totality of the liver has to be drained into the same pressure compartment. We have designed a model of cavopulmonary anastomosis in which a prosthetic conduit reproduces an azygos continuation, associated with the diversion of the totality of the hepatic venous return. This article reports on the early hemodynamics and the fate of the separation of the two venous compartments in long-term survivors. Eighteen goats were operated on; the pulmonary artery and hepatic vein pressures were recorded. During month 2, an opacification of the inferior vena cava and the cavopulmonary connection was performed. Between months 6 and 14, another opacification was performed, together with pressure recording at both ends of the conduit. Postoperatively the pulmonary artery pressure was pulsatile with a mean of 10 mm Hg and the hepatic vein pressure was 0 mm Hg. The first angiogram showed patent tubes with fast progression of the contrast. Throughout the inferior vena cava injection, there was no opacification of the portal or hepatic veins. The late study showed a narrowed conduit in all animals. During the injection, a collateral was injected, feeding into the inferior mesenteric vein. No collateral circulation could be seen draining directly into the liver. The median gradient between the two ends of the conduit was 11 mm Hg. The isolation of the entire hepatic venous drainage is feasible and efficient for the separation of two pressure compartments. No intrahepatic collaterals are observed with this model at short- or long-term follow-up. The separation of the hepatic venous drainage should persist without collateral circulation as long as the inferior vena cava pressure stays at the levels observed in Fontan circulation.

Demonstration of polarization-insensitive spatial light modulation using a single polarization-sensitive spatial light modulator

PubMed Central

Liu, Jun; Wang, Jian

2015-01-01

We present a simple configuration incorporating a single polarization-sensitive phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) to facilitate polarization-insensitive spatial light modulation. The polarization-insensitive configuration is formed by a polarization beam splitter (PBS), a polarization-sensitive phase-only LC-SLM, a half-wave plate (HWP), and a mirror in a loop structure. We experimentally demonstrate polarization-insensitive spatial light modulations for incident linearly polarized beams with different polarization states and polarization-multiplexed beams. Polarization-insensitive spatial light modulations generating orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams are demonstrated in the experiment. The designed polarization-insensitive configuration may find promising applications in spatial light modulations accommodating diverse incident polarizations. PMID:26146032

Professionalism and Occupational Well-Being: Similarities and Differences Among Latin American Health Professionals

PubMed Central

San-Martín, Montserrat; Delgado-Bolton, Roberto; Vivanco, Luis

2017-01-01

Context: Empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning are described as key elements of professionalism. The first recipients of their benefits are professionals themselves. Paradoxically, scarce studies have reported association between professionalism and occupational well-being. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the influence that empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning, play in the occupational well-being of physicians and nurses working in Latin American healthcare institutions. Materials and Methods: The Jefferson Scale of Empathy, the Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration, the Jefferson Scale of Physicians Lifelong Learning, and the Scale of Collateral Effects (somatization, exhaustion, and work alienation), were administered to 522 physicians and nurses working in institutions of Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Argentina. Internal reliability was calculated. Gender and discipline were used as explanatory variables in comparison analysis. Two-way analysis of variance was performed to examine differences due to the main effects of the gender, and discipline, and to determine possible combined effects. Correlation analysis was performed to measure associations between collateral effects and age, and between collateral effects and professionalism. Results: A total of 353 (68%) surveys were returned fully completed. Adequate reliability was confirmed in all instruments. No differences were found among countries for collateral effects. Correlation analysis confirmed in physicians an inverse association between empathy and collateral effects (P = -0.16; p < 0.05), and between collateral effects and lifelong learning (P = -0.18; p < 0.01). In nurses, this association was confirmed only for empathy (P = -0.19; p < 0.05). Important differences in the development of professionalism and in its effects on occupational well-being appeared associated to inter-professional collaboration and work roles. An inverse correlation between age and collateral effects was confirmed in physicians (P = -0.22; p < 0.001) and in nurses (P = -28; p < 0.001). Comparison by gender confirmed higher somatization in women physicians and nurses than in men groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, comparison by discipline confirmed higher exhaustion and alienation in physicians than in nurses (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings support the importance that empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning have in practitioners’ health and welfare, and the role that cultural behaviors, associated to work professional models and social stereotypes, play in the interaction between professionalism and occupational well-being. PMID:28179893

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Selective Agonist Enhances Collateral Growth and Protects against Subsequent Stroke

PubMed Central

Ichijo, Masahiko; Ishibashi, Satoru; Li, Fuying; Yui, Daishi; Miki, Kazunori; Mizusawa, Hidehiro; Yokota, Takanori

2015-01-01

Background and Purpose Collateral growth after acute occlusion of an intracranial artery is triggered by increasing shear stress in preexisting collateral pathways. Recently, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) on endothelial cells was reported to be essential in sensing fluid shear stress. Here, we evaluated the expression of S1PR1 in the hypoperfused mouse brain and investigated the effect of a selective S1PR1 agonist on leptomeningeal collateral growth and subsequent ischemic damage after focal ischemia. Methods In C57Bl/6 mice (n = 133) subjected to unilateral common carotid occlusion (CCAO) and sham surgery. The first series examined the time course of collateral growth, cell proliferation, and S1PR1 expression in the leptomeningeal arteries after CCAO. The second series examined the relationship between pharmacological regulation of S1PR1 and collateral growth of leptomeningeal anastomoses. Animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: LtCCAO and daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection for 7 days of an S1PR1 selective agonist (SEW2871, 5 mg/kg/day); sham surgery and daily ip injection for 7 days of SEW2871 after surgery; LtCCAO and daily ip injection for 7 days of SEW2871 and an S1PR1 inverse agonist (VPC23019, 0.5 mg/kg); LtCCAO and daily ip injection of DMSO for 7 days after surgery; and sham surgery and daily ip injection of DMSO for 7 days. Leptomeningeal anastomoses were visualized 14 days after LtCCAO by latex perfusion method, and a set of animals underwent subsequent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) 7days after the treatment termination. Neurological functions 1hour, 1, 4, and 7days and infarction volume 7days after pMCAO were evaluated. Results In parallel with the increase in S1PR1 mRNA levels, S1PR1 expression colocalized with endothelial cell markers in the leptomeningeal arteries, increased markedly on the side of the CCAO, and peaked 7 days after CCAO. Mitotic cell numbers in the leptomeningeal arteries increased after CCAO. Administration of the S1PR1 selective agonist significantly increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the diameter of leptomeningeal collateral vessels (42.9 ± 2.6 μm) compared with the controls (27.6 ± 5.7 μm; P < 0.01). S1PR1 inverse agonist administration diminished the effect of the S1PR1 agonist (P < 0.001). After pMCAO, S1PR1 agonist pretreated animals showed significantly smaller infarct volume (17.5% ± 4.0% vs. 7.7% ± 4.0%, P < 0.01) and better functional recovery than vehicle-treated controls. Conclusions These results suggest that S1PR1 is one of the principal regulators of leptomeningeal collateral recruitment at the site of increased shear stress and provide evidence that an S1PR1 selective agonist has a role in promoting collateral growth and preventing of ischemic damage and neurological dysfunction after subsequent stroke in patients with intracranial major artery stenosis or occlusion. PMID:26367258

Sensitivity to Envelope Interaural Time Differences at High Modulation Rates

PubMed Central

Bleeck, Stefan; McAlpine, David

2015-01-01

Sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) conveyed in the temporal fine structure of low-frequency tones and the modulated envelopes of high-frequency sounds are considered comparable, particularly for envelopes shaped to transmit similar fidelity of temporal information normally present for low-frequency sounds. Nevertheless, discrimination performance for envelope modulation rates above a few hundred Hertz is reported to be poor—to the point of discrimination thresholds being unattainable—compared with the much higher (>1,000 Hz) limit for low-frequency ITD sensitivity, suggesting the presence of a low-pass filter in the envelope domain. Further, performance for identical modulation rates appears to decline with increasing carrier frequency, supporting the view that the low-pass characteristics observed for envelope ITD processing is carrier-frequency dependent. Here, we assessed listeners’ sensitivity to ITDs conveyed in pure tones and in the modulated envelopes of high-frequency tones. ITD discrimination for the modulated high-frequency tones was measured as a function of both modulation rate and carrier frequency. Some well-trained listeners appear able to discriminate ITDs extremely well, even at modulation rates well beyond 500 Hz, for 4-kHz carriers. For one listener, thresholds were even obtained for a modulation rate of 800 Hz. The highest modulation rate for which thresholds could be obtained declined with increasing carrier frequency for all listeners. At 10 kHz, the highest modulation rate at which thresholds could be obtained was 600 Hz. The upper limit of sensitivity to ITDs conveyed in the envelope of high-frequency modulated sounds appears to be higher than previously considered. PMID:26721926

Amplitude-modulation detection by gerbils in reverberant sound fields.

PubMed

Lingner, Andrea; Kugler, Kathrin; Grothe, Benedikt; Wiegrebe, Lutz

2013-08-01

Reverberation can dramatically reduce the depth of amplitude modulations which are critical for speech intelligibility. Psychophysical experiments indicate that humans' sensitivity to amplitude modulation in reverberation is better than predicted from the acoustic modulation depth at the receiver position. Electrophysiological studies on reverberation in rabbits highlight the contribution of neurons sensitive to interaural correlation. Here, we use a prepulse-inhibition paradigm to quantify the gerbils' amplitude modulation threshold in both anechoic and reverberant virtual environments. Data show that prepulse inhibition provides a reliable method for determining the gerbils' AM sensitivity. However, we find no evidence for perceptual restoration of amplitude modulation in reverberation. Instead, the deterioration of AM sensitivity in reverberant conditions can be quantitatively explained by the reduced modulation depth at the receiver position. We suggest that the lack of perceptual restoration is related to physical properties of the gerbil's ear input signals and inner-ear processing as opposed to shortcomings of their binaural neural processing. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

12 CFR 223.14 - What are the collateral requirements for a credit transaction with an affiliate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... credit transaction with an affiliate? 223.14 Section 223.14 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBER BANKS AND THEIR... affiliate is secured by the amount of collateral required by paragraph (b) of this section at the time of...

The Evolution of the Trust: A Creative Solution of Trustee Liability under CERCLA

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-30

the court in the 1980 condemnation action, which held VNB was the record owner of the landfill, Id. It rejected the argument that collateral estoppel ...for receiving the warranty deed as executor. It arose from the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel from having argued it was an owner in

26 CFR 1.6049-7 - Returns of information with respect to REMIC regular interests and collateralized debt obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Returns of information with respect to REMIC regular interests and collateralized debt obligations. 1.6049-7 Section 1.6049-7 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Information...

77 FR 3202 - Dividend Equivalents From Sources Within the United States

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-23

... (1) gross-up amounts paid by a short party in satisfaction of the long party's tax liability with... value of the collateral moves in tandem with the contract. This concern is less applicable when the value of the underlying securities posted as collateral is a small portion of the total amount of cash...

7 CFR 1436.15 - Maintenance, liability, insurance, and inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... borrower must maintain the loan collateral in a condition suitable for the storage of one or more of the facility loan commodities. For purpose of this section the term “loan collateral” will mean any property of... has been repaid, the borrower will be liable for all damages to or destruction of the loan collateral...

25 CFR 103.39 - When will BIA refuse to pay all or part of a lender's claim?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... to liquidate loan collateral, and: (1) The lender has not made a reasonable effort to liquidate all... from collateral liquidation proceeds applied to the loan balance; or (e) The lender has otherwise... ACTIVITIES LOAN GUARANTY, INSURANCE, AND INTEREST SUBSIDY Default and Payment by BIA § 103.39 When will BIA...

31 CFR 363.140 - May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false May a zero-percent certificate of... SERVICE REGULATIONS GOVERNING SECURITIES HELD IN TREASURYDIRECT Zero-Percent Certificate of Indebtedness General § 363.140 May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral? A zero...

31 CFR 363.140 - May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false May a zero-percent certificate of... DEBT REGULATIONS GOVERNING SECURITIES HELD IN TREASURYDIRECT Zero-Percent Certificate of Indebtedness General § 363.140 May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral? A zero...

31 CFR 363.140 - May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false May a zero-percent certificate of... DEBT REGULATIONS GOVERNING SECURITIES HELD IN TREASURYDIRECT Zero-Percent Certificate of Indebtedness General § 363.140 May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral? A zero...

31 CFR 363.140 - May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false May a zero-percent certificate of... DEBT REGULATIONS GOVERNING SECURITIES HELD IN TREASURYDIRECT Zero-Percent Certificate of Indebtedness General § 363.140 May a zero-percent certificate of indebtedness be pledged or used as collateral? A zero...

Collateral Information for Equating in Small Samples: A Preliminary Investigation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Sooyeon; Livingston, Samuel A.; Lewis, Charles

2011-01-01

This article describes a preliminary investigation of an empirical Bayes (EB) procedure for using collateral information to improve equating of scores on test forms taken by small numbers of examinees. Resampling studies were done on two different forms of the same test. In each study, EB and non-EB versions of two equating methods--chained linear…

Selective Embolization of Systemic Collaterals for the Treatment of Recurrent Hemoptysis Secondary to the Unilateral Absence of a Pulmonary Artery in a Child

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Yin, E-mail: zhouyin502@163.com; Tsauo, Jiaywei, E-mail: 80732059@qq.com; Li, Yuan, E-mail: liyuanletters@163.com

The unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare anomaly. Hemoptysis due to systemic collaterals is one of the most common complications of UAPA. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the utility of selective embolization for the treatment of this condition in children has not been reported previously. This report describes a 6-year-old girl with isolated UAPA (IUAPA) admitted for a 10-month history of recurrent hemoptysis that had worsened during the previous 2 months. Selective embolization of the bronchial systemic collaterals was performed. The patient remained asymptomatic with no recurrence of hemoptysis 8 months after the procedure.

Modulation of C. elegans Touch Sensitivity Is Integrated at Multiple Levels

PubMed Central

Chen, Xiaoyin

2014-01-01

Sensory systems can adapt to different environmental signals. Here we identify four conditions that modulate anterior touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans after several hours and demonstrate that such sensory modulation is integrated at multiple levels to produce a single output. Prolonged vibration involving integrin signaling directly sensitizes the touch receptor neurons (TRNs). In contrast, hypoxia, the dauer state, and high salt reduce touch sensitivity by preventing the release of long-range neuroregulators, including two insulin-like proteins. Integration of these latter inputs occurs at upstream neurohormonal cells and at the insulin signaling cascade within the TRNs. These signals and those from integrin signaling converge to modulate touch sensitivity by regulating AKT kinases and DAF-16/FOXO. Thus, activation of either the integrin or insulin pathways can compensate for defects in the other pathway. This modulatory system integrates conflicting signals from different modalities, and adapts touch sensitivity to both mechanical and non-mechanical conditions. PMID:24806678

Removal of area CA3 from hippocampal slices induces postsynaptic plasticity at Schaffer collateral synapses that normalizes CA1 pyramidal cell discharge.

PubMed

Dumas, Theodore C; Uttaro, Michael R; Barriga, Carolina; Brinkley, Tiffany; Halavi, Maryam; Wright, Susan N; Ferrante, Michele; Evans, Rebekah C; Hawes, Sarah L; Sanders, Erin M

2018-06-21

Neural networks that undergo acute insults display remarkable reorganization. This injury related plasticity is thought to permit recovery of function in the face of damage that cannot be reversed. Previously, an increase in the transmission strength at Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapses was observed after long-term activity reduction in organotypic hippocampal slices. Here we report that, following acute preparation of adult rat hippocampal slices and surgical removal of area CA3, input to area CA1 was reduced and Schaffer collateral synapses underwent functional strengthening. This increase in synaptic strength was limited to Schaffer collateral inputs (no alteration to temporoammonic synapses) and acted to normalize postsynaptic discharge, supporting a homeostatic or compensatory response. Short-term plasticity was not altered, but an increase in immunohistochemical labeling of GluA1 subunits was observed in the stratum radiatum (but not stratum moleculare), suggesting increased numbers of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and a postsynaptic locus of expression. Combined, these data support the idea that, in response to the reduction in presynaptic activity caused by removal of area CA3, Schaffer collateral synapses undergo a relatively rapid increase in functional efficacy likely supported by insertion of more AMPARs, which maintains postsynaptic excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons. This novel fast compensatory plasticity exhibits properties that would allow it to maintain optimal network activity levels in the hippocampus, a brain structure lauded for its ongoing experience-dependent malleability. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[To evaluate the role of OLT on splenomegaly of portal hypertension by the radiological changes of splenic morphology and collaterals].

PubMed

Liang, Ying-ying; Wang, Jin; Shan, Hong; Yan, Rong-hua; Hu, Bing; Jiang, Zai-bo; He, Bing-jun; Liu, Jing-jing; Ren, Ling-lan; Shao, Shuo

2012-11-20

To explore the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) on portal hypertension by observing the radiological changes of splenic volume and collaterals before and after OLT. In our hospital 56 patients performing OLT due to cirrhosis, portal hypertension and splenomegaly were classified into five groups according to their following-up time: A (≤3 months), B (>3-6 months), C (>6-12 months), D (>12-24 months), and E (>24 months). Twenty health people were chose as control group (F). The splenic width, thickness, length, volume, diameter of portal and splenic vein and collaterals were measured and observed in every patient of six groups before and after OLT respectively. After OLT, the splenic volume decreased by 25.4%, 27.8%, 21.9%, 25.2%, 27.7% in five groups respectively, which was still larger than the normal group (P<0.05). Gastroesophageal varices in 31 cases (81.6%, 31/36) became normal after OLT. The opened umbilical vein disappeared and the retroperitoneal varices persisted in five cases after OLT. Splenomegaly and opened collaterals can be relieved by OLT effectively. The splenic volume didn't change obviously until it decreased by 25% in the three months after OLT. Gastroesophageal varices can be removed in most of patients after OLT. The splenomegaly could last paralled with the splenic vein and retroperitoneal varices after OLT. After OLT, correct disposal of splenic and collateral changes could improve the success rate and the long-term treatment effect of OLT.

Angiographic Features, Collaterals, and Infarct Topography of Symptomatic Occlusive Radiation Vasculopathy

PubMed Central

Zou, Winnie X.Y.; Leung, Thomas W.; Yu, Simon C.H.; Wong, Edward H.C.; Leung, S.F.; Soo, Yannie O.Y.; Ip, Vincent H.L.; Chan, Anne Y.Y.; Lam, Wynnie W.M.; Siu, Deyond Y.W.; Abrigo, Jill; Lee, Kwok Tung; Liebeskind, David S.; Wong, Ka Sing

2014-01-01

Background and Purpose Occlusive radiation vasculopathy (ORV) predisposes head-and-neck cancer survivors to ischemic strokes. Methods We analyzed the digital subtraction angiography acquired in 96 patients who had first-ever transient ischemic attack or ischemic strokes attributed to ORV. Another age-matched 115 patients who had no radiotherapy but symptomatic high-grade (>70%) carotid stenoses were enrolled as referent subjects. Digital subtraction angiography was performed within 2 months from stroke onset and delineated carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations from aortic arch up to intracranial branches. Two reviewers blinded to group assignment recorded all vascular lesions, collateral status, and infarct pattern. Results ORV patients had less atherosclerotic risk factors at presentation. In referent patients, high-grade stenoses were mostly focal at the proximal internal carotid artery. In contrast, high-grade ORV lesions diffusely involved the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery and were more frequently bilateral (54% versus 22%), tandem (23% versus 10%), associated with complete occlusion in one or both carotid arteries (30% versus 9%), vertebral artery (VA) steno-occlusions (28% versus 16%), and external carotid artery stenosis (19% versus 5%) (all P<0.05). With comparable rates of vascular anomaly, ORV patients showed more established collateral circulations through leptomeningeal arteries, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery, suboccipital/costocervical artery, and retrograde flow in ophthalmic artery. In terms of infarct topography, the frequencies of cortical or subcortical watershed infarcts were similar in both groups. Conclusions ORV angiographic features and corresponding collaterals are distinct from atherosclerotic patterns at initial stroke presentation. Clinical decompensation, despite more extensive collateralization, may precipitate stroke in ORV. PMID:23306321

Cerebellar afferents originating from the medullary reticular formation that are different from mossy, climbing or monoaminergic fibers in the rat.

PubMed

Luo, Yuanjun; Sugihara, Izumi

2014-05-30

Integration of cortical Purkinje cell inputs and brain stem inputs is essential in generating cerebellar outputs to the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Currently, collaterals of climbing and mossy fiber axons, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic axons, and collaterals of rubrospinal axons are known to innervate the CN from the brain stem. We investigated whether other afferents to the CN from the medulla exist in the rat. Retrograde labeling revealed the presence of neurons that project to the CN but not to the cerebellar cortex in the median reticular formation in the rostrodorsal medulla (tentatively named 'caudal raphe interpositus area', CRI). Anterograde tracer injection into the CRI labeled abundant axonal terminals in the CN, mainly in the ventral parvocellular part of the posterior interposed and lateral nucleus. Axonal reconstruction showed that a single CRI axon projected to the CN with 170-1086 varicosities, more broadly and densely than collaterals of a mossy or climbing fiber axon. CRI axons had no or a few collaterals that projected to the granular and Purkinje cell layers of the cerebellar cortex with some small terminals, indicating that these axons are different from mossy fiber axons. CRI axons also had collaterals that projected to the medial vestibular nucleus and an ascending branch that was not reconstructed. The location of the CRI, electron microscopic observations, and immunostaining results all indicated that CRI axons are not monoaminergic. We conclude that CRI axons form a type of afferent projection to the CN that is different from mossy, climbing or monoaminergic fibers. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

17 CFR 210.3-16 - Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being registered. 210.3-16 Section 210.3-16... aggregate principal amount, par value, or book value of the securities as carried by the registrant, or the...

17 CFR 210.3-16 - Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Financial statements of affiliates whose securities collateralize an issue registered or being registered. 210.3-16 Section 210.3-16... aggregate principal amount, par value, or book value of the securities as carried by the registrant, or the...

Environmental Visualization and Horizontal Fusion

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-01

the section on EVIS Rules. Federated Search – Discovering Content Another method of discovering services and their content has been implemented...in HF through a next-generation knowledge discovery framework called Federated Search . A virtual information space, called Collateral Space was...environmental mission effects products, is presented later in the paper. Federated Search allows users to search through Collateral Space data that is

980 nm diode laser with automatic power control mode for dermatological applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belikov, Andrey V.; Gelfond, Mark L.; Shatilova, Ksenia V.; Sosenkova, Svetlana A.; Lazareva, Anastasia A.

2015-07-01

Results of nevus, papilloma, dermatofibroma, and basal cell skin cancer removal by a 980+/-10 nm diode laser with "blackened" tip operating in continuous (CW) mode and automatic power control (APC) mode are compared. It was demonstrated that using APC mode decreases the width of collateral damage at removing of these nosological neoplasms of human skin. The mean width of collateral damage reached 0.846+/-0.139 mm for patient group with nevus removing by 980 nm diode laser operating in CW mode, papilloma - 0.443+/-0.312 mm, dermatofibroma - 0.923+/-0.271 mm, and basal cell skin cancer - 0.787+/-0.325 mm. The mean width of collateral damage reached 0.592+/-0.197 mm for patient group with nevus removing by 980 nm diode laser operating in APC mode, papilloma - 0.191+/-0.162 mm, dermatofibroma - 0.476+/-0.366 mm, and basal cell skin cancer - 0.517+/-0.374 mm. It was found that the percentage of laser wounds with collateral damage less than 300 μm of quantity of removed nosological neoplasms in APC mode is 50%, that significantly higher than the percentage of laser wounds obtained using CW mode (13.4%).

Construction of the vessel-collateral theory and its guidance for prevention and treatment of vasculopathy.

PubMed

Wu, Yiling

2011-06-01

According to the self-discipline of traditional Chinese medicine, vessel-collateral theory was constructed systematically, which was important to improving prevention and treatment level of vasculopathy. The hypothesis of "homeostasis (Cheng), compensatory auto-adaptation (Zhi), regulation (Tiao) and equilibrium (Ping)" based on the "qi-yin-yang-five elements" coupled with the ying (nutrients)-wei (defense) theory, has become the core content of the vessel-collateral theory. Clinical and laboratory trials have been developed to further confirm the scientific connotations of the hypothesis, such as Tong Xin Luo capsule, as the representative drugs of vessel collateral theory, showed good efficacy in protecting the vascular endothelium, stabilizing the vulnerable plaque and reducing the blood vessel spasm. "Sou, ti, shu, tong" was the characteristics of Tong Xin Luo capsule in treating "microvascular damage" as the core mechanism of acute myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and microvascular complications of diabetes. Shen Song Yang Xin capsules in the treatment of arrhythmia have made integrated adjustment advantage. Qi Li Qiang Xin capsules have been made treating both manifestation and root cause of chronic heart failure. These research have improved prevention and treatment level of major vascular system diseases.

Enhancing the pH sensitivity by laterally synergic modulation in dual-gate electric-double-layer transistors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Ning; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201; Hui Liu, Yang

2015-02-16

The sensitivity of a standard ion-sensitive field-effect transistor is limited to be 59.2 mV/pH (Nernst limit) at room temperature. Here, a concept based on laterally synergic electric-double-layer (EDL) modulation is proposed in order to overcome the Nernst limit. Indium-zinc-oxide EDL transistors with two laterally coupled gates are fabricated, and the synergic modulation behaviors of the two asymmetric gates are investigated. A high sensitivity of ∼168 mV/pH is realized in the dual-gate operation mode. Laterally synergic modulation in oxide-based EDL transistors is interesting for high-performance bio-chemical sensors.

Spatially Interpolated Disease Prevalence Estimation Using Collateral Indicators of Morbidity and Ecological Risk

PubMed Central

Congdon, Peter

2013-01-01

This paper considers estimation of disease prevalence for small areas (neighbourhoods) when the available observations on prevalence are for an alternative partition of a region, such as service areas. Interpolation to neighbourhoods uses a kernel method extended to take account of two types of collateral information. The first is morbidity and service use data, such as hospital admissions, observed for neighbourhoods. Variations in morbidity and service use are expected to reflect prevalence. The second type of collateral information is ecological risk factors (e.g., pollution indices) that are expected to explain variability in prevalence in service areas, but are typically observed only for neighbourhoods. An application involves estimating neighbourhood asthma prevalence in a London health region involving 562 neighbourhoods and 189 service (primary care) areas. PMID:24129116

Spatially interpolated disease prevalence estimation using collateral indicators of morbidity and ecological risk.

PubMed

Congdon, Peter

2013-10-14

This paper considers estimation of disease prevalence for small areas (neighbourhoods) when the available observations on prevalence are for an alternative partition of a region, such as service areas. Interpolation to neighbourhoods uses a kernel method extended to take account of two types of collateral information. The first is morbidity and service use data, such as hospital admissions, observed for neighbourhoods. Variations in morbidity and service use are expected to reflect prevalence. The second type of collateral information is ecological risk factors (e.g., pollution indices) that are expected to explain variability in prevalence in service areas, but are typically observed only for neighbourhoods. An application involves estimating neighbourhood asthma prevalence in a London health region involving 562 neighbourhoods and 189 service (primary care) areas.

[My humble opinion on teaching of acupoints: discussion on The Channels, Collaterals and Acupoints Science, a national plan teaching material of "the tenth five-year plan"].

PubMed

Hou, Shu-Wei

2008-10-01

Analyze and probe a part of contents in The Channels, Collaterals and Acupoints Science, a national plan teaching material of "the tenth five-year plan", and put forward own opinion on compilation of the teaching materials. Various concepts of acupoints should strive to be strict and terse; location of acupoints should be accurate and conform to clinical practice and reduce errors; the new edition The Channels, Collaterals and Acupoints Science should reasonably select and supplement for extra-ordinary points; increase explanation of the point name, function of acupoints, and association of acupoints; enrich the contents of acupuncture manipulation; reasonably increase and reduce extracts of ancient and modern reports to conform to development of the new age.

Chronic ankle instability and common fibular nerve injury.

PubMed

Benchortane, Michaël; Collado, Hervé; Coudreuse, Jean-Marie; Desnuelle, Claude; Viton, Jean-Michel; Delarque, Alain

2011-03-01

The lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle are often damaged in ankle inversion injuries. Ankle inversion may also cause injury to other structures located around the ankle or further away, such as the common fibular nerve. Few descriptions exist of common fibular nerve injury associated with ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability. We describe the case of a patient who sustained common fibular nerve injury during each of two ankle sprain recurrences involving the lateral collateral ligaments. Our objectives are to illustrate the links between common fibular nerve and lateral collateral ligament injuries and to emphasize the importance of the neurological evaluation in patients seen for ankle sprains or chronic ankle instability. Copyright © 2010 Société française de rhumatologie. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Highly Sensitive Electro-Optic Modulators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeVore, Peter S

2015-10-26

There are very important diagnostic and communication applications that receive faint electrical signals to be transmitted over long distances for capture. Optical links reduce bandwidth and distance restrictions of metal transmission lines; however, such signals are only weakly imprinted onto the optical carrier, resulting in low fidelity transmission. Increasing signal fidelity often necessitates insertion of radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers before the electro-optic modulator, but (especially at high frequencies) RF amplification results in large irreversible distortions. We have investigated the feasibility of a Sensitive and Linear Modulation by Optical Nonlinearity (SALMON) modulator to supersede RF-amplified modulators. SALMON uses cross-phase modulation, a manifestationmore » of the Kerr effect, to enhance the modulation depth of an RF-modulated optical wave. This ultrafast process has the potential to result in less irreversible distortions as compared to a RF-amplified modulator due to the broadband nature of the Kerr effect. Here, we prove that a SALMON modulator is a feasible alternative to an RFamplified modulator, by demonstrating a sensitivity enhancement factor greater than 20 and significantly reduced distortion.« less

Modulation of inflammation and disease tolerance by DNA damage response pathways.

PubMed

Neves-Costa, Ana; Moita, Luis F

2017-03-01

The accurate replication and repair of DNA is central to organismal survival. This process is challenged by the many factors that can change genetic information such as replication errors and direct damage to the DNA molecule by chemical and physical agents. DNA damage can also result from microorganism invasion as an integral step of their life cycle or as collateral damage from host defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here we review the complex crosstalk of DNA damage response and immune response pathways that might be evolutionarily connected and argue that DNA damage response pathways can be explored therapeutically to induce disease tolerance through the activation of tissue damage control processes. Such approach may constitute the missing pillar in the treatment of critical illnesses caused by multiple organ failure, such as sepsis and septic shock. © 2016 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Collateral Opportunity for Increased Faculty Collaboration and Development through a Mentored Critical Thinking and Writing Exercise in a Dental School Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoover, Terry E.; Lyon, Lucinda J.

2011-01-01

This essay examines the collateral benefits to faculty from a guided learning literature review project for students. We describe a 3-year continuum of project creation and refinement designed to foster critical thinking and writing for second year dental students at the University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry. We discuss…

Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

PubMed Central

Umu, Özgün C. O.; Rudi, Knut; Diep, Dzung B.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT The gut microbiota is considered an organ that co-develops with the host throughout its life. The composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiota are subject to a complex interplay between the host genetics and environmental factors, such as lifestyle, diet, stress and antimicrobials. It is evident that certain prebiotics, and antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can shape the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolic activities to promote host health and/or prevent diseases. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the impact of prebiotic fibres, and bacteriocins from LAB, on the gut microbiota and its activities, which affect the physiology and health of the host. These represent two different mechanisms in modulating the gut microbiota, the first involving exploitative competition by which the growth of beneficial bacteria is promoted and the latter involving interference competition by which the growth of pathogens and other unwanted bacteria is prevented. For interference competition in the gut, bacteriocins offer special advantages over traditional antibiotics, in that they can be designed to act towards specific unwanted bacteria and other pathogens, without any remarkable collateral effects on beneficial microbes sharing the same niche. PMID:28959178

Influence of the position of the foot on MRI signal in the deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the standing horse.

PubMed

Spriet, M; Zwingenberger, A

2009-05-01

Hyperintense signal is sometimes observed in ligaments and tendons of the equine foot on standing magnetic resonance examination without associated changes in size and shape. In such cases, the presence of a true lesion or an artifact should be considered. A change in position of a ligament or tendon relative to the magnetic field can induce increased signal intensity due to the magic angle effect. To assess if positional rotation of the foot in the solar plane could be responsible for artifactual changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and in the deep digital flexor tendon. Six isolated equine feet were imaged with a standing equine magnetic resonance system in 9 different positions with different degrees of rotation in the solar plane. Rotation of the limb induced a linear hyperintense signal on all feet at the palmar aspect of one of the lobes of the deep digital flexor tendon and at the dorsal aspect of the other lobe. Changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint occurred with rotation of the limb only in those feet where mediolateral hoof imbalance was present. The position and conformation of the foot influence the signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. The significance of increased signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint should be interpreted with regard to the position and the conformation of the foot.

Differential Sensitivity Between a Virtual Reality Balance Module and Clinically Used Concussion Balance Modalities.

PubMed

Teel, Elizabeth F; Gay, Michael R; Arnett, Peter A; Slobounov, Semyon M

2016-03-01

Balance assessments are part of the recommended clinical concussion evaluation, along with computerized neuropsychological testing and self-reported symptoms checklists. New technology has allowed for the creation of virtual reality (VR) balance assessments to be used in concussion care, but there is little information on the sensitivity and specificity of these evaluations. The purpose of this study is to establish the sensitivity and specificity of a VR balance module for detecting lingering balance deficits clinical concussion care. Retrospective case-control study. Institutional research laboratory. Normal controls (n = 94) and concussed participants (n = 27). All participants completed a VR balance assessment paradigm. Concussed participants were diagnosed by a Certified Athletic Trainer or physician (with 48 hours postinjury) and tested in the laboratory between 7 and 10 days postinjury. Receiver operating characteristic curves were performed to establish the VR module's sensitivity and specificity for detecting lingering balance deficits. Final balance score. For the VR balance module, a cutoff score of 8.25 was established to maximize sensitivity at 85.7% and specificity at 87.8%. The VR balance module has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting subacute balance deficits after concussive injury. The VR balance has a high subacute sensitivity and specificity as a stand-alone balance assessment tool and may detect ongoing balance deficits not readily detectable by the Balance Error Scoring System or Sensory Organization Test. Virtual reality balance modules may be a beneficial addition to the current clinical concussion diagnostic battery.

Portal hypertension: Imaging of portosystemic collateral pathways and associated image-guided therapy.

PubMed

Bandali, Murad Feroz; Mirakhur, Anirudh; Lee, Edward Wolfgang; Ferris, Mollie Clarke; Sadler, David James; Gray, Robin Ritchie; Wong, Jason Kam

2017-03-14

Portal hypertension is a common clinical syndrome, defined by a pathologic increase in the portal venous pressure. Increased resistance to portal blood flow, the primary factor in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension, is in part due to morphological changes occurring in chronic liver diseases. This results in rerouting of blood flow away from the liver through collateral pathways to low-pressure systemic veins. Through a variety of computed tomographic, sonographic, magnetic resonance imaging and angiographic examples, this article discusses the appearances and prevalence of both common and less common portosystemic collateral channels in the thorax and abdomen. A brief overview of established interventional radiologic techniques for treatment of portal hypertension will also be provided. Awareness of the various imaging manifestations of portal hypertension can be helpful for assessing overall prognosis and planning proper management.

Portal hypertension: Imaging of portosystemic collateral pathways and associated image-guided therapy

PubMed Central

Bandali, Murad Feroz; Mirakhur, Anirudh; Lee, Edward Wolfgang; Ferris, Mollie Clarke; Sadler, David James; Gray, Robin Ritchie; Wong, Jason Kam

2017-01-01

Portal hypertension is a common clinical syndrome, defined by a pathologic increase in the portal venous pressure. Increased resistance to portal blood flow, the primary factor in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension, is in part due to morphological changes occurring in chronic liver diseases. This results in rerouting of blood flow away from the liver through collateral pathways to low-pressure systemic veins. Through a variety of computed tomographic, sonographic, magnetic resonance imaging and angiographic examples, this article discusses the appearances and prevalence of both common and less common portosystemic collateral channels in the thorax and abdomen. A brief overview of established interventional radiologic techniques for treatment of portal hypertension will also be provided. Awareness of the various imaging manifestations of portal hypertension can be helpful for assessing overall prognosis and planning proper management. PMID:28348478

Optical microangiography reveals collateral blood perfusion dynamics in mouse cerebral cortex after focal stroke

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baran, Utku; Li, Yuandong; Wang, Ruikang K.

2015-03-01

Arteriolo-arteriolar anastomosis's role in regulating blood perfusion through penetrating arterioles during stroke is yet to be discovered. We apply ultra-high sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG) and Doppler optical microangiography (DOMAG) techniques to evaluate vessel diameter and red blood cell velocity changes in large number of pial and penetrating arterioles in relation with arteriolo-arteriolar anastomosis (AAA) during and after focal stroke. Thanks to the high sensitivity of UHS-OMAG, we were able to image pial microvasculature up to capillary level through a cranial window (9 mm2), and DOMAG provided clear image of penetrating arterioles up to 500μm depth. Results showed that penetrating arterioles close to a strong AAA connection dilate whereas penetrating arterioles constrict significantly in weaker AAA regions. These results suggest that AAA plays a major role in active regulation of the pial arterioles, and weaker AAA connections lead to poor blood perfusion to penumbra through penetrating arterioles.

Multiplicity

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-01

that it has not adopted that test. 1 3 5 The Court did, however, recognize that the double Jeopardy protection includes a collateral estoppel feature... estoppel feature. 1 4 1 The Court articulated this new test in the following terms: The Double Jeopardy Clause bars any subsequent prosecution in which...126 Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. at 452 (Brennan, J., concurring). 127 "We defined collateral estoppel as providing that ’when an issue of ultimate

Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-04-28

possible contributions from moral judgment and decision making . As Fuller himself said, laws “can create the conditions essential for a rational ...BEYOND PRECISION: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and...28 APR 2003 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in

Effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) on myocardial infarct size and collateral flow in an experimental dog model.

PubMed

Müller, K D; Lübbecke, F; Schaper, W; Walter, P

1982-01-01

To determine the influence of IABP on infarct size and collateral blood flow in each of 12 openchest anaesthetised mongrel dogs two small branches of the left coronary artery were occluded consecutively. The perfusion areas of both branches were comparable in size. IABP was started immediately before ligation of the first branch for a 90-min period followed by a reperfusion period of 90 min. Subsequently the second vessel was also occluded for 90 min as a control without IABP while myocardial oxygen consumption remained constant and was then reperfused. Infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the perfusion area. A difference in infarct size with and without IABP (18 +/- 17, 18 +/- 10% respectively) could not be observed. However a significant increase of collateral blood flow due to IABP in the subendocardial layer from 8.9 +/- 4.8 to 14.9 +/- 4.6 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.05) was prevalent. In the subepicardial layer the augmentation from 23.7 +/- 19.9 to 26.9 +/- 15.2 was not significant. Thus, in spite of a small increase of collateral blood flow in the subendocardial layer of the ischemic myocardium the infarct size was not reduced by IABP in our dog model.

Self-report and longitudinal predictors of violence in Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans.

PubMed

Elbogen, Eric B; Johnson, Sally C; Newton, Virginia M; Fuller, Sara; Wagner, H Ryan; Beckham, Jean C

2013-10-01

This study, using a longitudinal design, attempted to identify whether self-reported problems with violence were empirically associated with future violent behavior among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and whether and how collateral informant interviews enhanced the risk assessment process. Data were gathered from N = 300 participants (n = 150 dyads of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and family/friends). The veterans completed baseline and follow-up interviews 3 years later on average, and family/friends provided collateral data on dependent measures at follow-up. Analyses showed that aggression toward others at follow-up was associated with younger age, posttraumatic stress disorder, combat exposure, and a history of having witnessed parental violence growing up. Self-reported problems controlling violence at baseline had robust statistical power in predicting aggression toward others at follow-up. Collateral report enhanced detection of dependent variables: 20% of cases positive for violence toward others would have been missed relying only on self-report. The results identify a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans at higher risk for problematic postdeployment adjustment and indicate that the veterans' self-report of violence was useful in predicting future aggression. Underreporting of violence was not evidenced by most veterans but could be improved upon by obtaining collateral information.

Collateral circulation of the rat lower limb and its significance in ischemia-reperfusion studies.

PubMed

Rosero, Olivér; Németh, Károly; Turóczi, Zsolt; Fülöp, András; Garbaisz, Dávid; Győrffy, András; Szuák, András; Dorogi, Bence; Kiss, Mátyás; Nemeskéri, Ágnes; Harsányi, László; Szijártó, Attila

2014-12-01

Rats are the most commonly used animal model for studies of acute lower limb ischemia-reperfusion. The ischemia induced by arterial clamping may cause milder damage than the application of a tourniquet if the presence of a possible collateral system is considered. Male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: in group A, the muscle weight affected by ischemia was measured; in group B, the severity of muscle damage caused by the application of a tourniquet and by infrarenal aortic occlusion was examined. Blood and muscle samples were taken from group B to assess the serum necroenzyme, potassium and TNF-α levels, as well as the muscle fiber viability and for histological examinations. In group C, the identification of the lower limb collateral system was performed using corrosion casting. Tourniquet application affected the lower muscle mass and resulted in significantly more severe injury compared to infrarenal aortic occlusion. This difference was reflected in the serum necroenzyme, potassium and TNF-α levels. The histological examination and viability assay confirmed these findings. The corrosion casts showed several anastomoses capable of supplying the lower limb. Tourniquet application proved to be capable of inducing absolute lower limb ischemia, in contrast to infrarenal aortic ligation, where a rich collateral system is considered to help mitigate the injury.

Collateral brain damage, a potential source of cognitive impairment after selective surgery for control of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

PubMed

Helmstaedter, C; Van Roost, D; Clusmann, H; Urbach, H; Elger, C E; Schramm, J

2004-02-01

Highly selective epilepsy surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy is intended to achieve seizure freedom at a lower cognitive risk than standard en bloc resections, but bears the risk of collateral cortical damage resulting from the surgical approach. To investigate cortical damage associated with selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy (SAH). 34 epileptic patients were evaluated. They were randomly assigned to SAH using either a sylvian (9 left/10 right) or a transcortical surgical approach (5 left/10 right). Postoperative MRI signal intensity changes adjacent to the approach were correlated with performance changes in serial word and design list learning. Losses in verbal learning and recognition memory were positively related to signal intensity changes, independent of the side of the resection, the surgical approach, or the extent of the mesial resection. Losses in consolidation/retrieval (memory) were greater after left sided surgery. Losses in design learning were related to right sided surgery and signal intensity changes. Seizure outcome (85% seizure-free) did not differ depending on the side or type of surgery. Collateral damage to cortical tissues adjacent to the surgical approach contributes to postoperative verbal and figural memory outcome after SAH. Controlling for collateral damage may clarify the controversial memory outcomes after SAH reported by different surgical centres.

Calcium-dependent control of temporal processing in an auditory interneuron: a computational analysis

PubMed Central

Ponnath, Abhilash

2010-01-01

Sensitivity to acoustic amplitude modulation in crickets differs between species and depends on carrier frequency (e.g., calling song vs. bat-ultrasound bands). Using computational tools, we explore how Ca2+-dependent mechanisms underlying selective attention can contribute to such differences in amplitude modulation sensitivity. For omega neuron 1 (ON1), selective attention is mediated by Ca2+-dependent feedback: [Ca2+]internal increases with excitation, activating a Ca2+-dependent after-hyperpolarizing current. We propose that Ca2+ removal rate and the size of the after-hyperpolarizing current can determine ON1’s temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF). This is tested using a conductance-based simulation calibrated to responses in vivo. The model shows that parameter values that simulate responses to single pulses are sufficient in simulating responses to modulated stimuli: no special modulation-sensitive mechanisms are necessary, as high and low-pass portions of the TMTF are due to Ca2+-dependent spike frequency adaptation and post-synaptic potential depression, respectively. Furthermore, variance in the two biophysical parameters is sufficient to produce TMTFs of varying bandwidth, shifting amplitude modulation sensitivity like that in different species and in response to different carrier frequencies. Thus, the hypothesis that the size of after-hyperpolarizing current and the rate of Ca2+ removal can affect amplitude modulation sensitivity is computationally validated. PMID:20559640

Phase-sensitive flow cytometer

DOEpatents

Steinkamp, John A.

1993-01-01

A phase-sensitive flow cytometer (FCM) provides additional FCM capability to use the fluorescence lifetime of one or more fluorochromes bound to single cells to provide additional information regarding the cells. The resulting fluorescence emission can be resolved into individual fluorescence signals if two fluorochromes are present or can be converted directly to a decay lifetime from a single fluorochrome. The excitation light for the fluorochromes is modulated to produce an amplitude modulated fluorescence pulse as the fluorochrome is excited in the FCM. The modulation signal also forms a reference signal that is phase-shifted a selected amount for subsequent mixing with the output modulated fluorescence intensity signal in phase-sensitive detection circuitry. The output from the phase-sensitive circuitry is then an individual resolved fluorochrome signal or a single fluorochrome decay lifetime, depending on the applied phase shifts.

Electronic band-gap modified passive silicon optical modulator at telecommunications wavelengths.

PubMed

Zhang, Rui; Yu, Haohai; Zhang, Huaijin; Liu, Xiangdong; Lu, Qingming; Wang, Jiyang

2015-11-13

The silicon optical modulator is considered to be the workhorse of a revolution in communications. In recent years, the capabilities of externally driven active silicon optical modulators have dramatically improved. Self-driven passive modulators, especially passive silicon modulators, possess advantages in compactness, integration, low-cost, etc. Constrained by a large indirect band-gap and sensitivity-related loss, the passive silicon optical modulator is scarce and has been not advancing, especially at telecommunications wavelengths. Here, a passive silicon optical modulator is fabricated by introducing an impurity band in the electronic band-gap, and its nonlinear optics and applications in the telecommunications-wavelength lasers are investigated. The saturable absorption properties at the wavelength of 1.55 μm was measured and indicates that the sample is quite sensitive to light intensity and has negligible absorption loss. With a passive silicon modulator, pulsed lasers were constructed at wavelengths at 1.34 and 1.42 μm. It is concluded that the sensitive self-driven passive silicon optical modulator is a viable candidate for photonics applications out to 2.5 μm.

The fungal resistome: a risk and an opportunity for the development of novel antifungal therapies.

PubMed

Reales-Calderón, Jose A; Molero, Gloria; Gil, Concha; Martínez, José L

2016-08-01

The risks for toxicity of novel antifungal compounds, together with the emergence of resistance, makes the use of inhibitors of resistance, in combination with antifungal compounds, a suitable strategy for developing novel antifungal formulations. Among them, inhibitors of efflux pumps are suitable candidates. Increasing drug influx or interfering with the stress response may also improve the efficacy of antifungals. Therapies as induction of fungal apoptosis or immunostimulation are also good strategies for reducing the risks for resistance and to improve antifungals' efficacy. Understanding the effect of the acquisition of resistance on the fungal physiology and determining the collateral sensitivity networks are useful for the development of novel strategies based on combination of antifungals for improving the efficacy of the therapy.

Sound-by-sound thalamic stimulation modulates midbrain auditory excitability and relative binaural sensitivity in frogs

PubMed Central

Ponnath, Abhilash; Farris, Hamilton E.

2014-01-01

Descending circuitry can modulate auditory processing, biasing sensitivity to particular stimulus parameters and locations. Using awake in vivo single unit recordings, this study tested whether electrical stimulation of the thalamus modulates auditory excitability and relative binaural sensitivity in neurons of the amphibian midbrain. In addition, by using electrical stimuli that were either longer than the acoustic stimuli (i.e., seconds) or presented on a sound-by-sound basis (ms), experiments addressed whether the form of modulation depended on the temporal structure of the electrical stimulus. Following long duration electrical stimulation (3–10 s of 20 Hz square pulses), excitability (spikes/acoustic stimulus) to free-field noise stimuli decreased by 32%, but returned over 600 s. In contrast, sound-by-sound electrical stimulation using a single 2 ms duration electrical pulse 25 ms before each noise stimulus caused faster and varied forms of modulation: modulation lasted <2 s and, in different cells, excitability either decreased, increased or shifted in latency. Within cells, the modulatory effect of sound-by-sound electrical stimulation varied between different acoustic stimuli, including for different male calls, suggesting modulation is specific to certain stimulus attributes. For binaural units, modulation depended on the ear of input, as sound-by-sound electrical stimulation preceding dichotic acoustic stimulation caused asymmetric modulatory effects: sensitivity shifted for sounds at only one ear, or by different relative amounts for both ears. This caused a change in the relative difference in binaural sensitivity. Thus, sound-by-sound electrical stimulation revealed fast and ear-specific (i.e., lateralized) auditory modulation that is potentially suited to shifts in auditory attention during sound segregation in the auditory scene. PMID:25120437

Sound-by-sound thalamic stimulation modulates midbrain auditory excitability and relative binaural sensitivity in frogs.

PubMed

Ponnath, Abhilash; Farris, Hamilton E

2014-01-01

Descending circuitry can modulate auditory processing, biasing sensitivity to particular stimulus parameters and locations. Using awake in vivo single unit recordings, this study tested whether electrical stimulation of the thalamus modulates auditory excitability and relative binaural sensitivity in neurons of the amphibian midbrain. In addition, by using electrical stimuli that were either longer than the acoustic stimuli (i.e., seconds) or presented on a sound-by-sound basis (ms), experiments addressed whether the form of modulation depended on the temporal structure of the electrical stimulus. Following long duration electrical stimulation (3-10 s of 20 Hz square pulses), excitability (spikes/acoustic stimulus) to free-field noise stimuli decreased by 32%, but returned over 600 s. In contrast, sound-by-sound electrical stimulation using a single 2 ms duration electrical pulse 25 ms before each noise stimulus caused faster and varied forms of modulation: modulation lasted <2 s and, in different cells, excitability either decreased, increased or shifted in latency. Within cells, the modulatory effect of sound-by-sound electrical stimulation varied between different acoustic stimuli, including for different male calls, suggesting modulation is specific to certain stimulus attributes. For binaural units, modulation depended on the ear of input, as sound-by-sound electrical stimulation preceding dichotic acoustic stimulation caused asymmetric modulatory effects: sensitivity shifted for sounds at only one ear, or by different relative amounts for both ears. This caused a change in the relative difference in binaural sensitivity. Thus, sound-by-sound electrical stimulation revealed fast and ear-specific (i.e., lateralized) auditory modulation that is potentially suited to shifts in auditory attention during sound segregation in the auditory scene.

[Training program design of acupuncture and moxibustion manipulation techniques].

PubMed

Dong, Qin

2009-12-01

As an important component of acupuncture-moxibustion science, needling and moxibustion is one methodology and technology and its technical characteristics determine its special status and role in training programs. It is closely ralated to meridians-collaterals-acupoints and acupuncture treatment. Therefore, it demands an overall planning for acupuncture professional skills that consists of meridians-collaterals-acupoints knowledge and acupuncture treatment techniques. The practical training courses are the step by step progress involving repeated practices.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, I.C., E-mail: docdunc@iafrica.com; Santos, C. Dos

A patient with intractable posterior epistaxis was treated with embolization of the ipsilateral sphenopalatine and facial arteries and contralateral sphenopalatine artery. She continued to bleed despite a seemingly adequate embolization procedure. A second angiogram revealed a significant collateral blood supply to the posterior nasal cavity from the accessory meningeal artery not identified during the first procedure. This was then embolized with no further epistaxis encountered. This case demonstrates yet another collateral arterial pathway that might account for a failed embolization.

Bullets, Bombs, and Bystanders: The Strategic Implications of Collateral Damage in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-15

military as an organization that it must adopt a strategy which focuses less on kinetic operations and more on social and political solutions. One of the...unknown.4 These three competing accounts spurred international media coverage and focused attention on the US and International Security Assistance...of collateral damage throughout the entire conflict. It is a topic of extreme interest for the host nation, its population, international media

The Strategic and Political Impacts of Collateral Damage from Strike Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

damage from strike warfare focuses on legal, humanitarian, and moral issues . To oversimplify, killing non-combatants is bad, but it happens, and not...humanitarian, and moral issues . To oversimplify, killing non- combatants is bad, but it happens, and not always by accident. Therefore, it is instructive...method of bombing. A significant amount of research on the effects of collateral damage from strike warfare focuses on humanitarian and moral issues

The Enhanced Driver’s License: Collateral Gains or Collateral Damage?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

fact, are only detectible under a high- powered electron microscope. The indication, thus, is that the improvements made to the driver’s license...security environment, say airport security, there is no time to analyze driver’s licenses under a high- powered electron microscope to ensure they are...95 Advancements in recent decades have reduced the size and cost of RFID technology and as such, have increased the number of purposes ( supply

Thalamic input to auditory cortex is locally heterogeneous but globally tonotopic

PubMed Central

Vasquez-Lopez, Sebastian A; Weissenberger, Yves; Lohse, Michael; Keating, Peter; King, Andrew J

2017-01-01

Topographic representation of the receptor surface is a fundamental feature of sensory cortical organization. This is imparted by the thalamus, which relays information from the periphery to the cortex. To better understand the rules governing thalamocortical connectivity and the origin of cortical maps, we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the properties of thalamic axons innervating different layers of mouse auditory cortex. Although tonotopically organized at a global level, we found that the frequency selectivity of individual thalamocortical axons is surprisingly heterogeneous, even in layers 3b/4 of the primary cortical areas, where the thalamic input is dominated by the lemniscal projection. We also show that thalamocortical input to layer 1 includes collaterals from axons innervating layers 3b/4 and is largely in register with the main input targeting those layers. Such locally varied thalamocortical projections may be useful in enabling rapid contextual modulation of cortical frequency representations. PMID:28891466

Estrogen, Angiogenesis, Immunity and Cell Metabolism: Solving the Puzzle.

PubMed

Trenti, Annalisa; Tedesco, Serena; Boscaro, Carlotta; Trevisi, Lucia; Bolego, Chiara; Cignarella, Andrea

2018-03-15

Estrogen plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and the immune system by inducing direct effects on multiple cell types including immune and vascular cells. Sex steroid hormones are implicated in cardiovascular protection, including endothelial healing in case of arterial injury and collateral vessel formation in ischemic tissue. Estrogen can exert potent modulation effects at all levels of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their action is mediated by interaction with classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, as well as the more recently identified G-protein coupled receptor 30/G-protein estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), via both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Emerging data from the literature suggest that estrogen deficiency in menopause is associated with an increased potential for an unresolved inflammatory status. In this review, we provide an overview through the puzzle pieces of how 17β-estradiol can influence the cardiovascular and immune systems.

Precise Spatially Selective Photothermolysis Using Modulated Femtosecond Lasers and Real-time Multimodal Microscopy Monitoring.

PubMed

Huang, Yimei; Lui, Harvey; Zhao, Jianhua; Wu, Zhenguo; Zeng, Haishan

2017-01-01

The successful application of lasers in the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic surgery is largely based on the principle of conventional selective photothermolysis which relies strongly on the difference in the absorption between the therapeutic target and its surroundings. However, when the differentiation in absorption is not sufficient, collateral damage would occur due to indiscriminate and nonspecific tissue heating. To deal with such cases, we introduce a novel spatially selective photothermolysis method based on multiphoton absorption in which the radiant energy of a tightly focused near-infrared femtosecond laser beam can be directed spatially by aiming the laser focal point to the target of interest. We construct a multimodal optical microscope to perform and monitor the spatially selective photothermolysis. We demonstrate that precise alteration of the targeted tissue is achieved while leaving surrounding tissue intact by choosing appropriate femtosecond laser exposure with multimodal optical microscopy monitoring in real time.

Precise Spatially Selective Photothermolysis Using Modulated Femtosecond Lasers and Real-time Multimodal Microscopy Monitoring

PubMed Central

Huang, Yimei; Lui, Harvey; Zhao, Jianhua; Wu, Zhenguo; Zeng, Haishan

2017-01-01

The successful application of lasers in the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic surgery is largely based on the principle of conventional selective photothermolysis which relies strongly on the difference in the absorption between the therapeutic target and its surroundings. However, when the differentiation in absorption is not sufficient, collateral damage would occur due to indiscriminate and nonspecific tissue heating. To deal with such cases, we introduce a novel spatially selective photothermolysis method based on multiphoton absorption in which the radiant energy of a tightly focused near-infrared femtosecond laser beam can be directed spatially by aiming the laser focal point to the target of interest. We construct a multimodal optical microscope to perform and monitor the spatially selective photothermolysis. We demonstrate that precise alteration of the targeted tissue is achieved while leaving surrounding tissue intact by choosing appropriate femtosecond laser exposure with multimodal optical microscopy monitoring in real time. PMID:28255346

Moyamoya disease-associated protein mysterin/RNF213 is a novel AAA+ ATPase, which dynamically changes its oligomeric state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morito, Daisuke; Nishikawa, Kouki; Hoseki, Jun; Kitamura, Akira; Kotani, Yuri; Kiso, Kazumi; Kinjo, Masataka; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori; Nagata, Kazuhiro

2014-03-01

Moyamoya disease is an idiopathic human cerebrovascular disorder that is characterized by progressive stenosis and abnormal collateral vessels. We recently identified mysterin/RNF213 as its first susceptibility gene, which encodes a 591-kDa protein containing enzymatically active P-loop ATPase and ubiquitin ligase domains and is involved in proper vascular development in zebrafish. Here we demonstrate that mysterin further contains two tandem AAA+ ATPase modules and forms huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex. AAA+ ATPases are known to generally mediate various biophysical and mechanical processes with the characteristic ring-shaped structure. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and biochemical evaluation suggested that mysterin dynamically changes its oligomeric forms through ATP/ADP binding and hydrolysis cycles. Thus, the moyamoya disease-associated gene product is a unique protein that functions as ubiquitin ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell.

Moyamoya disease-associated protein mysterin/RNF213 is a novel AAA+ ATPase, which dynamically changes its oligomeric state

PubMed Central

Morito, Daisuke; Nishikawa, Kouki; Hoseki, Jun; Kitamura, Akira; Kotani, Yuri; Kiso, Kazumi; Kinjo, Masataka; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori; Nagata, Kazuhiro

2014-01-01

Moyamoya disease is an idiopathic human cerebrovascular disorder that is characterized by progressive stenosis and abnormal collateral vessels. We recently identified mysterin/RNF213 as its first susceptibility gene, which encodes a 591-kDa protein containing enzymatically active P-loop ATPase and ubiquitin ligase domains and is involved in proper vascular development in zebrafish. Here we demonstrate that mysterin further contains two tandem AAA+ ATPase modules and forms huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex. AAA+ ATPases are known to generally mediate various biophysical and mechanical processes with the characteristic ring-shaped structure. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and biochemical evaluation suggested that mysterin dynamically changes its oligomeric forms through ATP/ADP binding and hydrolysis cycles. Thus, the moyamoya disease-associated gene product is a unique protein that functions as ubiquitin ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. PMID:24658080

Phase-sensitive flow cytometer

DOEpatents

Steinkamp, J.A.

1993-12-14

A phase-sensitive flow cytometer (FCM) provides additional FCM capability to use the fluorescence lifetime of one or more fluorochromes bound to single cells to provide additional information regarding the cells. The resulting fluorescence emission can be resolved into individual fluorescence signals if two fluorochromes are present or can be converted directly to a decay lifetime from a single fluorochrome. The excitation light for the fluorochromes is modulated to produce an amplitude modulated fluorescence pulse as the fluorochrome is excited in the FCM. The modulation signal also forms a reference signal that is phase-shifted a selected amount for subsequent mixing with the output modulated fluorescence intensity signal in phase-sensitive detection circuitry. The output from the phase-sensitive circuitry is then an individual resolved fluorochrome signal or a single fluorochrome decay lifetime, depending on the applied phase shifts. 15 figures.

Reward sensitivity modulates brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, ACC and striatum during task switching.

PubMed

Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola; Ávila, César; Rodríguez-Pujadas, Aina; Ventura-Campos, Noelia; Bustamante, Juan C; Costumero, Víctor; Rosell-Negre, Patricia; Barrós-Loscertales, Alfonso

2015-01-01

Current perspectives on cognitive control acknowledge that individual differences in motivational dispositions may modulate cognitive processes in the absence of reward contingencies. This work aimed to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and the neural underpinnings involved in processing a switching cue in a task-switching paradigm. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate brain activity in frontal regions, ACC and the striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task, which elicited activity in fronto-striatal regions during the processing of the switch cue. BAS sensitivity was negatively associated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum. Combined with previous results, our data indicate that BAS sensitivity modulates the neurocognitive processes involved in task switching in a complex manner depending on task demands. Therefore, individual differences in motivational dispositions may influence cognitive processing in the absence of reward contingencies.

Reward Sensitivity Modulates Brain Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex, ACC and Striatum during Task Switching

PubMed Central

Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola; Ávila, César; Rodríguez-Pujadas, Aina; Ventura-Campos, Noelia; Bustamante, Juan C.; Costumero, Víctor; Rosell-Negre, Patricia; Barrós-Loscertales, Alfonso

2015-01-01

Current perspectives on cognitive control acknowledge that individual differences in motivational dispositions may modulate cognitive processes in the absence of reward contingencies. This work aimed to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and the neural underpinnings involved in processing a switching cue in a task-switching paradigm. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate brain activity in frontal regions, ACC and the striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task, which elicited activity in fronto-striatal regions during the processing of the switch cue. BAS sensitivity was negatively associated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum. Combined with previous results, our data indicate that BAS sensitivity modulates the neurocognitive processes involved in task switching in a complex manner depending on task demands. Therefore, individual differences in motivational dispositions may influence cognitive processing in the absence of reward contingencies. PMID:25875640

Thalidomide Improves the Intestinal Mucosal Injury and Suppresses Mesenteric Angiogenesis and Vasodilatation by Down-Regulating Inflammasomes-Related Cascades in Cirrhotic Rats

PubMed Central

Li, Tzu-Hao; Huang, Chia-Chang; Yang, Ying-Ying; Lee, Kuei-Chuan; Hsieh, Shie-Liang; Hsieh, Yun-Cheng; Alan, Lin; Lin, Han-Chieh; Lee, Shou-Dong; Tsai, Chang-Youh

2016-01-01

Background and Aims By blocking TNFα-related effects, thalidomide not only inhibits hepatic fibrogenesis but improves peripheral vasodilatation and portal hypertension in cirrhotic rats. Nonetheless, the investigation of thalidomide's effects on splanchnic and collateral microcirculation has been limited. Our study explored the roles of intestinal and mesenteric TNFα along with inflammasome-related pathway in relation to cirrhosis and the splanchnic/collateral microcirculation. Methods Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, mechanisms of the effects of thalidomide on intestinal and mesenteric inflammatory, vasodilatory and angiogenic cascades-related abnormalities were explored in cirrhotic rats that had received 1-month thalidomide (C-T) treatment. Results In cirrhotic rats, high tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO)x levels were associated with the NOD-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3), IL-1β and caspase-1 inflammasome over-expression in splenorenal shunt and mesenteric tissues. The thalidomide-related inhibition of mesenteric and splenorenal shunt inflammasome expression was accompanied by a significantly decreased intestinal mucosal injury and inflammasome immunohistochemical staining expression. Suppression of various angiogenic cascades, namely VEGF-NOS-NO, was paralleled by a decrease in mesenteric angiogenesis as detected by CD31 immunofluorescence staining and by reduced portosystemic shunting (PSS) in C-T rats. The down-regulation of the mesenteric and collateral vasodilatory VEGF-NOS-NO cascades resulted in a correction of vasoconstrictive hypo-responsiveness and in an attenuation of vasodilatory hyper-responsiveness when analyzed by in situ perfusion of the superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) and portosystemic collaterals. There was also a decrease in SMA blood flow and an increase in SMA resistance in the C-T rats. Additionally, acute incubation with thalidomide abolished TNFα-augmented VEGF-mediated migration of and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which was accompanied by corresponding changes in inflammatory and angiogenic substances release. Conclusions The suppression of inflammasome over-expression by chronic thalidomide treatment ameliorates inflammatory, angiogenic and vasodilatory cascades-related pathogenic changes in the splanchnic and collateral microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Thalidomide seems to be a promising agent that might bring about beneficial changes to the disarrangements of peripheral, hepatic, splanchnic and collateral systems in cirrhosis. PMID:26820153

On the sensitivity of 4 different CPV module technologies to relevant ambient and operation conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Domínguez, César; Besson, Pierre

2014-09-01

The sensitivity of four different CPV module technologies to most operating conditions relevant to CPV systems has been studied, namely DNI, spectrum, cell and lens temperature and clearness of the sky. In order to isolate the influence of a single operation parameter, the analysis of long-term outdoor monitoring data is required. The effect of lens temperature on cell current has been found to vary greatly between modules due to the different optical architectures studied. Maximum sensitivity is found for silicone-on-glass primary lenses. The VOC thermal coefficient was found to vary between module technologies, probably due to differences in maximum local effective concentration.

Modulation of meso-limbic reward processing by motivational tendencies in young adolescents and adults

PubMed Central

Joseph, Jane E.; Zhu, Xun; Lynam, Donald; Kelly, Thomas H.

2015-01-01

Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of substance use disorders and other psychopathology. Individual variability in motivational tendencies and temperament and significant changes in functional brain organization during adolescence are important factors to consider in the development of substance use and dependence. Recent conceptualizations suggest that sensitivity to reward is heightened in adolescence and that this motivation tendency may precipitate subsequent substance abuse. The present study examined the role of personality traits in mesolimbic neurobehavioral response on a monetary incentive delay (MID) task in young adolescents (11–14 years) and emerging adults (18–25 years) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. As a group, adolescents were not more sensitive to gains than losses compared to adults during either anticipatory and feedback phases; instead, compared to adults they showed less sensitivity to incentive magnitude in mesolimbic circuitry during anticipation and feedback stages. However, personality modulated this response such that adolescents high in impulsivity or low in avoidance tendencies showed greater gain sensitivity and adolescents high in avoidance showed greater loss sensitivity during cue anticipation. In adults, mesolimbic response was modulated by the impulsivity construct such that high-impulsive adults showed reduced magnitude sensitivity during both anticipation and feedback compared to low impulsive adults. The present findings suggest that impulsive personality significantly modulates mesolimbic reward response during both adolescence and adulthood but avoidance and approach tendencies also modulate this response in adolescents. Moreover, personality modulated incentive valence in adolescents but incentive magnitude in adults. Collectively, these findings suggest that mesolimbic reward circuitry function is modulated by somewhat different parameters in adolescence than in adulthood. PMID:26690806

Identification of the kainate receptor subunits underlying modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.

PubMed

Contractor, A; Swanson, G T; Sailer, A; O'Gorman, S; Heinemann, S F

2000-11-15

To understand the physiological role of kainate receptors and their participation in seizure induction in animal models of epilepsy, it will be necessary to develop a comprehensive description of their action in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Activation of presynaptic kainate receptors depresses excitatory synaptic transmission at mossy fiber and associational-commissural inputs to CA3 pyramidal neurons (Vignes et al., 1998; Bortolotto et al., 1999; Kamiya and Ozawa, 2000). In this study, we use gene-targeted mice lacking glutamate receptor 5 (GluR5) or GluR6 kainate receptor subunits to identify the receptor subunits that comprise the kainate receptors responsible for presynaptic modulation of CA3 transmission. We found that bath application of kainate (3 microm) profoundly reduced EPSCs at mossy fiber and collateral synapses in neurons from wild-type and GluR5(-/-) mice but had no effect on EPSCs in neurons from GluR6(-/-) mice. These results therefore contrast with previous studies that supported a role for GluR5-containing receptors at mossy fiber and associational-commissural synapses (Vignes et al., 1998; Bortolotto et al., 1999). Surprisingly, at perforant path synapses kainate receptor activation enhanced transmission; this potentiation was abolished in both GluR5 and GluR6 knock-out mice. Kainate receptors thus play multiple and complex roles to modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.

[Study on the law of circulation of meridians].

PubMed

Wang, Hong-mo

2005-03-01

To study the basic law of circulation of channels and collaterals. Inherit and develop ripe experiences of predecessors based on The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic and other classic medical books. Circulation of channels and collaterals has the eight laws, including naming law, distribution law, converging law, exterior-interior association law, beginning-ending running law, meridian-qi bidirectional circulation law, zang- and fu-organ pathway liaison law, and liaison law of connecting with trunks and sense organs.

Combat Stress: A Collateral Effect in the Operational Effectiveness Loss Multiplier (OELM) Methodology

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-01

Organization (NATO) Standardization Agency ( NSA ), NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French), Allied Administration Publication (AAP)-06...Edition 2012 Version 2 (hereafter referred to as AAP-06) (Belgium: NSA , 2012), 2-C-2. 15 Disraelly et al., “A New Methodology for CBRN Casualty...20 NATO NSA , AAP-06, 2-K-1. 21 Ibid., 2-D-6. 22 Disraelly et al., A Methodology for Examining Collateral Effects on Military Operations during

Massive Hematochezia: A Complication of Methamphetamine-Induced Vasculitis Treated by Transcatheter Hemostasis

PubMed Central

Link, Daniel P.; Chi, Yung-Wei

2011-01-01

A long-term, heavy methamphetamine user with life-threatening rectal hemorrhage was treated with transcatheter occlusion of the bleeding arteries. The bleeding blood vessels were vulnerable submucosal arteries, part of the collateral supply to the distal colon. Visceral arteriography demonstrates severe arterial stenotic lesions of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery. Collateral vessels were seen with corkscrew morphology similar to that seen with thromboangiitis obliterans. PMID:22606562

Efficacy and predictability of soft tissue ablation using a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozub, John A.; Shen, Jin-H.; Joos, Karen M.; Prasad, Ratna; Shane Hutson, M.

2015-10-01

Previous research showed that mid-infrared free-electron lasers could reproducibly ablate soft tissue with little collateral damage. The potential for surgical applications motivated searches for alternative tabletop lasers providing thermally confined pulses in the 6- to-7-μm wavelength range with sufficient pulse energy, stability, and reliability. Here, we evaluate a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser. We measure ablation thresholds, etch rates, and collateral damage in gelatin and cornea as a function of laser wavelength (6.09, 6.27, or 6.43 μm), pulse energy (up to 3 mJ/pulse), and spot diameter (100 to 600 μm). We find modest wavelength dependence for ablation thresholds and collateral damage, with the lowest thresholds and least damage for 6.09 μm. We find a strong spot-size dependence for all metrics. When the beam is tightly focused (˜100-μm diameter), ablation requires more energy, is highly variable and less efficient, and can yield large zones of mechanical damage (for pulse energies >1 mJ). When the beam is softly focused (˜300-μm diameter), ablation proceeded at surgically relevant etch rates, with reasonable reproducibility (5% to 12% within a single sample), and little collateral damage. With improvements in pulse-energy stability, this prototype laser may have significant potential for soft-tissue surgical applications.