Labeled cutaway line drawing of Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

Labeled cutaway line drawing of the Shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) identifies its various components and equipment. The portable life support system (PLSS) and protective layers of fabric (thermal micrometeoroid garment (TMG)) incorporated in this extravehicular activity (EVA) space suit are shown.

Design and Certification of the Extravehicular Activity Mobility Unit (EMU) Water Processing Jumper

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peterson, Laurie J.; Neumeyer, Derek J.; Lewis, John F.

2006-01-01

The Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs) onboard the International Space Station (ISS) experienced a failure due to cooling water contamination from biomass and corrosion byproducts forming solids around the EMU pump rotor. The coolant had no biocide and a low pH which induced biofilm growth and corrosion precipitates, respectively. NASA JSC was tasked with building hardware to clean the ionic, organic, and particulate load from the EMU coolant loop before and after Extravehicular Activity (EVAs). Based on a return sample of the EMU coolant loop, the chemical load was well understood, but there was not sufficient volume of the returned sample to analyze particulates. Through work with EMU specialists, chemists, (EVA) Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) representation, safety and mission assurance, astronaut crew, and team engineers, requirements were developed for the EMU Water Processing hardware (sometimes referred to as the Airlock Coolant Loop Recovery [A/L CLR] system). Those requirements ranged from the operable level of ionic, organic, and particulate load, interfaces to the EMU, maximum cycle time, operating pressure drop, flow rate, and temperature, leakage rates, and biocide levels for storage. Design work began in February 2005 and certification was completed in April 2005 to support a return to flight launch date of May 12, 2005. This paper will discuss the details of the design and certification of the EMU Water Processing hardware and its components

Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Preparations in Joint Airlock Quest

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-03-23

ISS018-E-042704 (23 March 2009) --- Astronaut Richard Arnold, STS-119 mission specialist, attired in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, gives a ?thumbs-up? signal as he prepares for the mission's third scheduled session of extravehicular activity (EVA) in the Quest Airlock of the International Space Station.

Results of shuttle EMU thermal vacuum tests incorporating an infrared imaging camera data acquisition system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, James E.; Tepper, Edward H.; Trevino, Louis A.

1991-01-01

Manned tests in Chamber B at NASA JSC were conducted in May and June of 1990 to better quantify the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit's (EMU) thermal performance in the cold environmental extremes of space. Use of an infrared imaging camera with real-time video monitoring of the output significantly added to the scope, quality and interpretation of the test conduct and data acquisition. Results of this test program have been effective in the thermal certification of a new insulation configuration and the '5000 Series' glove. In addition, the acceptable thermal performance of flight garments with visually deteriorated insulation was successfully demonstrated, thereby saving significant inspection and garment replacement cost. This test program also established a new method for collecting data vital to improving crew thermal comfort in a cold environment.

Management of the Post-Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Water Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John W.; Etter, David; Rector, Tony; Hill, Terry; Wells, Kevin

2012-01-01

The EMU incorporates two separate water circuits for the rejection of metabolic heat from the astronaut and the cooling of electrical components. The first (the Transport Water Loop) circulates in a semi-closed-loop manner and absorbs heat into a Liquid Coolant and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) worn by the astronaut. The second (the Feed-water Loop) provides water to a cooling device (Sublimator) with a porous plate, and that water subsequently sublimates to space vacuum. The cooling effect from the sublimation of this water translates to a cooling of the LCVG water that circulates through the Sublimator. Efforts are underway to streamline the use of a water processing kit (ALCLR) that is being used to periodically clean and disinfect the Transport Loop Water. Those efforts include a fine tuning of the duty cycle based on a review of prior performance data as well as an assessment of a fixed installation of this kit into the EMU backpack, within on-orbit EMU interface hardware or as a stand-alone unit. Furthermore, testing is being conducted to ensure compatibility between the International Space Station (ISS) Water Processor Assembly (WPA) effluent and the EMU Sublimator as a prelude to using the WPA effluent as influent to the EMU Feed Water loop. This work is undertaken to reduce the crewtime and logistics burdens for the EMU, while ensuring the long-term health of the EMU water circuits for a 6-year service life.

Agreement between Eastern Michigan University and the Eastern Michigan University Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, November, 1982.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Association of Univ. Professors, Washington, DC.

The collective bargaining agreement between Eastern Michigan University (EMU) and the EMU Chapter (600 members) of the AAUP covering the period November 18, 1982-August 31, 1985 is presented. Items covered are: unit recognition and definitions, EMU's right to manage, information provided to the union, union use of facilities/services, released…

'Weightless' acrylic painting by Jack Kroehnke

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1987-01-01

'Weightless' acrylic painting by Jack Kroehnke depicts STS-26 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Mission Specialist (MS) David C. Hilmers participating in extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation in JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. In the payload bay (PLB) mockup, Hilmers, wearing extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), holds onto the mission-peculiar equipment support structure in foreground while SCUBA-equipped diver monitors activity overhead and camera operator records EVA procedures. Copyrighted art work for use by NASA.

Cassidy working EMU loop scrub

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-02

ISS036-E-027931 (2 Aug. 2013) --- NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, Expedition 36 flight engineer, uses a computer while working with Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Burbank performs routine in-flight maintenance on the EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-03-13

ISS030-E-148280 (13 March 2012) --- NASA astronaut Dan Burbank, Expedition 30 commander, performs routine in-flight maintenance on Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) equipment in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Burbank performs routine in-flight maintenance on the EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-03-14

ISS030-E-148276 (13 March 2012) --- NASA astronaut Dan Burbank, Expedition 30 commander, performs routine in-flight maintenance on Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) equipment in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Burbank performs routine in-flight maintenance on the EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-03-14

ISS030-E-148275 (13 March 2012) --- NASA astronaut Dan Burbank, Expedition 30 commander, performs routine in-flight maintenance on Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) equipment in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

STS-31 MS Sullivan poses next to stowed EMU in OV-103's airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

1990-04-29

STS-31 Mission Specialist (MS) Kathryn D. Sullivan poses for a picture before beginning extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) donning procedures in the airlock of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Sullivan will remove the lower torso restraint and don EMU which is supported on an airlock adapter plate (AAP). When suited, Sullivan will be ready for contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) in the event that problems arise with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) deployment. Displayed on the front of the EMU are the STS-31 mission insignia and the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) insignia.

An Ergonomic Evaluation of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Space Suit Hard Upper Torso (HUT) Size Effect on Metabolic, Mobility, and Strength Performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reid, Christopher; Harvill, Lauren; England, Scott; Young, Karen; Norcross, Jason; Rajulu, Sudhakar

2014-01-01

The objective of this project was to assess the performance differences between a nominally sized Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit and a nominal +1 (plus) sized EMU. Method: This study evaluated suit size conditions by using metabolic cost, arm mobility, and arm strength as performance metrics. Results: Differences between the suit sizes were found only in shoulder extension strength being 15.8% greater for the plus size. Discussion: While this study was able to identify motions and activities that were considered to be practically or statistically different, it does not signify that use of a plus sized suit should be prohibited. Further testing would be required that either pertained to a particular mission critical task or better simulates a microgravity environment that the EMU suit was designed to work in.

Performance of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Airlock Coolant Loop Remediation (A/L CLR) Hardware - Final

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John W.; Rector, Tony; Gazda, Daniel; Lewis, John

2011-01-01

An EMU water processing kit (Airlock Coolant Loop Recovery -- A/L CLR) was developed as a corrective action to Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) coolant flow disruptions experienced on the International Space Station (ISS) in May of 2004 and thereafter. A conservative duty cycle and set of use parameters for A/L CLR use and component life were initially developed and implemented based on prior analysis results and analytical modeling. Several initiatives were undertaken to optimize the duty cycle and use parameters of the hardware. Examination of post-flight samples and EMU Coolant Loop hardware provided invaluable information on the performance of the A/L CLR and has allowed for an optimization of the process. The intent of this paper is to detail the evolution of the A/L CLR hardware, efforts to optimize the duty cycle and use parameters, and the final recommendations for implementation in the post-Shuttle retirement era.

Mastracchio during EMU FPS Remove and Replace OPS

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-04-14

Expedition 39 flight engineer Rick Mastracchio poses for a photo with the replacement Fan Pump Separator (FPS) and Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) 3005. Image was taken in the Quest Airlock (A/L) during FPS remove and replace operations.

EMU battery/SMM power tool characterization study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palandati, C.

1982-01-01

The power tool which will be used to replace the attitude control system in the SMM spacecraft was modified to operate from a self contained battery. The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) battery was tested for the power tool application. The results are that the EMU battery is capable of operating the power tool within the pulse current range of 2.0 to 15.0 amperes and battery temperature range of -10 to 40 degrees Celsius.

Improving staff response to seizures on the epilepsy monitoring unit with online EEG seizure detection algorithms.

PubMed

Rommens, Nicole; Geertsema, Evelien; Jansen Holleboom, Lisanne; Cox, Fieke; Visser, Gerhard

2018-05-11

User safety and the quality of diagnostics on the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) depend on reaction to seizures. Online seizure detection might improve this. While good sensitivity and specificity is reported, the added value above staff response is unclear. We ascertained the added value of two electroencephalograph (EEG) seizure detection algorithms in terms of additional detected seizures or faster detection time. EEG-video seizure recordings of people admitted to an EMU over one year were included, with a maximum of two seizures per subject. All recordings were retrospectively analyzed using Encevis EpiScan and BESA Epilepsy. Detection sensitivity and latency of the algorithms were compared to staff responses. False positive rates were estimated on 30 uninterrupted recordings (roughly 24 h per subject) of consecutive subjects admitted to the EMU. EEG-video recordings used included 188 seizures. The response rate of staff was 67%, of Encevis 67%, and of BESA Epilepsy 65%. Of the 62 seizures missed by staff, 66% were recognized by Encevis and 39% by BESA Epilepsy. The median latency was 31 s (staff), 10 s (Encevis), and 14 s (BESA Epilepsy). After correcting for walking time from the observation room to the subject, both algorithms detected faster than staff in 65% of detected seizures. The full recordings included 617 h of EEG. Encevis had a median false positive rate of 4.9 per 24 h and BESA Epilepsy of 2.1 per 24 h. EEG-video seizure detection algorithms may improve reaction to seizures by improving the total number of seizures detected and the speed of detection. The false positive rate is feasible for use in a clinical situation. Implementation of these algorithms might result in faster diagnostic testing and better observation during seizures. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Evolution of Space Station EMU PLSS technology recommendations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilde, Richard C.

1990-01-01

Viewgraphs on extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) portable life support system (PLSS) technology recommendations are presented. Topics covered include: oxygen supply storage; oxygen supply regulators; carbon dioxide control; prime movers; crew comfort; heat rejection; power sources; controls; display devices; and sensor technology.

Kuipers performs routine in-flight maintenance on EMU in the A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-03-13

ISS030-E-148284 (13 March 2012) --- European Space Agency astronaut Andre Kuipers, Expedition 30 flight engineer, performs routine in-flight maintenance on Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) equipment in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Status of the Redesign of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Airlock Cooling Loop Recovery Assembly

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John; Arnold, Dane; Peyton, Barbara; Rector, Tony; Jennings, Mallory

2017-01-01

During EVA (Extravehicular Activity) 23 aboard the ISS (International Space Station) on 07/16/2013 an episode of water in the EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) helmet occurred, necessitating a termination of the EVA (Extravehicular Activity) shortly after it began. The root cause of the failure was determined to be ground-processing short-comings of the ALCLR Ion Beds which led to various levels of contaminants being introduced into the Ion Beds before they left the ground. The Ion Beds were thereafter used to perform on-orbit routine scrubbing operations for the EMU cooling water loop which led to the failure. The root cause investigation identified several areas for improvement of the ALCLR Assembly which have since been initiated. Enhanced washing techniques for the ALCLR Ion Bed have been developed and implemented. On-orbit cooling water conductivity and pH analysis capability to allow the astronauts to monitor proper operation of the ALCLR Ion Bed during scrubbing operation have been investigated and are being incorporated. A simplified means to acquire on-orbit EMU cooling water samples has been designed as well. Finally, an inherently cleaner organic adsorbent to replace the current lignite-based activated carbon, and a non-separable replacement for the separable mixed ion exchange resin have been selected. These efforts are being undertaken to enhance the performance and reduce the risk associated with operations to ensure the long-term health of the EMU cooling water circuit. The intent of this paper is to provide an update of the effort to re-design the ALCLR (Airlock Cooling Loop Recovery) hardware. Last year, this effort was in the early stages of concept development and test which was reported in ICES Paper ICES-2016-221. Those phases are now complete and the final outcomes, as well as plans to build and field the hardware, are being reported on.

STS-48 MS Gemar dons EMU with technicians' assistance prior to JSC WETF dive

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar, wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and communications carrier assembly (CCA), smiles as he watches technicians adjust his sleeves prior to donning his EMU gloves. Gemar is preparing for an underwater extravehicular activity (EVA) training session in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Once underwater, Gemar will practice contingency EVA operations for his upcoming mission aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103.

Performance of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU): Airlock Coolant Loop Recovery (A/L CLR) Hardware - Phase II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John; Rector, tony; Gazda, Daniel; Lewis, John

2009-01-01

An EMU water processing kit (Airlock Coolant Loop Recovery A/L CLR) was developed as a corrective action to Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) coolant flow disruptions experienced on the International Space Station (ISS) in May of 2004 and thereafter. Conservative schedules for A/L CLR use and component life were initially developed and implemented based on prior analysis results and analytical modeling. The examination of postflight samples and EMU hardware in November of 2006 indicated that the A/L CLR kits were functioning well and had excess capacity that would allow a relaxation of the initially conservative schedules of use and component life. A relaxed use schedule and list of component lives was implemented thereafter. Since the adoption of the relaxed A/L CLR schedules of use and component lives, several A/L CLR kit components, transport loop water samples and sensitive EMU transport loop components have been examined to gage the impact of the relaxed requirements. The intent of this paper is to summarize the findings of that evaluation, and to outline updated schedules for A/L CLR use and component life.

Advanced EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and Shuttle/ISS EMU Schematics, a Comparison

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, Colin

2012-01-01

In order to be able to adapt to differing vehicle interfaces such as suitport and airlock, adjust to varying vehicle pressure schedules, tolerate lower quality working fluids, and adapt to differing suit architectures as dictated by a range of mission architectures, the next generation space suit requires more adaptability and robustness over that of the current Shuttle/ISS Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). While some features have been added to facilitate interfaces to differing vehicle and suit architectures, the key performance gains have been made via incorporation of new technologies such as the variable pressure regulators, Rapid Cycle Amine swing-bed, and Suit Water Membrane Evaporator. This paper performs a comparison between the Shuttle/ISS EMU PLSS schematic and the Advanced EMU PLSS schematic complete with a discussion for each difference.

EMU Battery/module Service Tool Characterization Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palandati, C. F.

1984-01-01

The power tool which will be used to replace the attitude control system in the SMM spacecraft is being modified to operate from a self contained battery. The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) battery, a silver zinc battery, was tested for the power tool application. The results obtained during show the EMU battery is capable of operating the power tool within the pulse current range of 2.0 to 15.0 amperes and battery temperature range of -10 to 40 degrees Celsius.

STS-45 MS Foale dons EMU with technicians' help in JSC's WETF Bldg 29

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-45 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, Mission Specialist (MS) C. Michael Foale stands on a platform as technicians help him don his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). The technicians are preparing to connect the EMU upper and lower torsos at the waist ring. When fully suited, Foale will be lowered into a nearby 25 ft deep pool for an underwater simulation of contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures. The pool is located in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29.

Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator Integration with the ISS Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Margiott, Victoria; Boyle, Robert

2014-01-01

NASA has developed a Solid Water Membrane Evaporation (SWME) to provide cooling for the next generation spacesuit. The current spacesuit team has looked at this technology from the standpoint of using the ISS EMU to demonstrate the SWME technology while EVA, and from the standpoint of augmenting EMU cooling in the case of a fouled EMU cooling system. One approach to increasing the TRL of the system is to incorporate this hardware with the existing EMU. Several integration issues were addressed to support a potential demonstration of the SWME with the existing EMU. Systems analysis was performed to assess the capability of the SWME to maintain crewmember cooling and comfort as a replacement for sublimation. The materials of the SWME were reviewed to address compatibility with the EMU. Conceptual system placement and integration with the EMU via an EVA umbilical system to ensure crew mobility and Airlock egress were performed. A concept of operation for EVA use was identified that is compatible with the existing system. This concept is extensible as a means to provide cooling for the existing EMU. The cooling system of one of the EMUs on orbit has degraded, with the root cause undetermined. Should there be a common cause resident on ISS, this integration could provide a means to recover cooling capability for EMUs on orbit.

A fuel cell energy storage system concept for the Space Station Freedom Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adlhart, Otto J.; Rosso, Matthew J., Jr.; Marmolejo, Jose

1989-01-01

An update is given on work to design and build a Fuel Cell Energy Storage System (FCESS) bench-tested unit for the Space Station Freedom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Fueled by oxygen and hydride-stored hydrogen, the FCESS is being considered as an alternative to the EMU zinc-silver oxide battery. Superior cycle life and quick recharge are the main attributes of FCESS. The design and performance of a nonventing, 28 V, 34 Ahr system with 7 amp rating are discussed.

A fuel cell energy storage system concept for the Space Station Freedom Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adlhart, Otto J.; Rosso, Matthew J., Jr.; Marmolejo, Jose

1989-03-01

An update is given on work to design and build a Fuel Cell Energy Storage System (FCESS) bench-tested unit for the Space Station Freedom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Fueled by oxygen and hydride-stored hydrogen, the FCESS is being considered as an alternative to the EMU zinc-silver oxide battery. Superior cycle life and quick recharge are the main attributes of FCESS. The design and performance of a nonventing, 28 V, 34 Ahr system with 7 amp rating are discussed.

US EVA 15 EMU Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-08-07

ISS024-E-011561 (7 Aug. 2010) --- NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson, Expedition 24 flight engineer, dons her Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station in preparation for the first of three planned spacewalks to remove and replace an ammonia pump module that failed July 31.

Diagnostic outcomes of inpatient video electroencephalography: nonepileptic events in South Carolina.

PubMed

Koontz, Elizabeth H; Hanson, Jarom; Pritchard, Paul B

2013-09-01

The Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) was established at the Medical University Hospital to assist in the diagnosis of epilepsy and the evaluation of other paroxysmal neurological symptoms, including non-epileptic events (NEEs), which are often confused with epileptic seizures. Correct diagnosis can prevent inappropriate treatment with antiepileptic drugs, avoid some of the restrictions imposed by epileptic seizures, and facilitate appropriate treatment for NEEs. A retrospective review of patients admitted to the EMU over a two year period showed the percentage of patients diagnosed with NEEs (39%) is greater than those diagnosed with epilepsy alone (36%). This incidence of NEE is higher than in other academic medical centers. The explanations for this disparity are not fully defined, but warrant further study as to patient demographics, risk factors, and referral patterns in South Carolina. The average time from when patients began having events to accurate diagnosis of NEEs was 4.5 years, and 21 patients had NEEs for at least 10 years prior to diagnosis.

Current practices in long-term video-EEG monitoring services: A survey among partners of the E-PILEPSY pilot network of reference for refractory epilepsy and epilepsy surgery.

PubMed

Kobulashvili, Teia; Höfler, Julia; Dobesberger, Judith; Ernst, Florian; Ryvlin, Philippe; Cross, J Helen; Braun, Kees; Dimova, Petia; Francione, Stefano; Hecimovic, Hrvoje; Helmstaedter, Christoph; Kimiskidis, Vasilios K; Lossius, Morten Ingvar; Malmgren, Kristina; Marusic, Petr; Steinhoff, Bernhard J; Boon, Paul; Craiu, Dana; Delanty, Norman; Fabo, Daniel; Gil-Nagel, Antonio; Guekht, Alla; Hirsch, Edouard; Kalviainen, Reetta; Mameniskiené, Ruta; Özkara, Çiğdem; Seeck, Margitta; Rubboli, Guido; Krsek, Pavel; Rheims, Sylvain; Trinka, Eugen

2016-05-01

The European Union-funded E-PILEPSY network aims to improve awareness of, and accessibility to, epilepsy surgery across Europe. In this study we assessed current clinical practices in epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) in the participating centers. A 60-item web-based survey was distributed to 25 centers (27 EMUs) of the E-PILEPSY network across 22 European countries. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate the characteristics of EMUs, including organizational aspects, admission, and observation of patients, procedures performed, safety issues, cost, and reimbursement. Complete responses were received from all (100%) EMUs surveyed. Continuous observation of patients was performed in 22 (81%) EMUs during regular working hours, and in 17 EMUs (63%) outside of regular working hours. Fifteen (56%) EMUs requested a signed informed consent before admission. All EMUs performed tapering/withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs, 14 (52%) prior to admission to an EMU. Specific protocols on antiepileptic drugs (AED) tapering were available in four (15%) EMUs. Standardized Operating Procedures (SOP) for the treatment of seizure clusters and status epilepticus were available in 16 (59%). Safety measures implemented by EMUs were: alarm seizure buttons in 21 (78%), restricted patient's ambulation in 19 (70%), guard rails in 16 (59%), and specially designated bathrooms in 7 (26%). Average costs for one inpatient day in EMU ranged between 100 and 2200 Euros. This study shows a considerable diversity in the organization and practice patterns across European epilepsy monitoring units. The collected data may contribute to the development and implementation of evidence-based recommended practices in LTM services across Europe. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Usability testing and requirements derivation for EMU-compatible electrical connectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reaux, Ray A.; Griffin, Thomas J.; Lewis, Ruthan

1989-01-01

On-orbit servicing of payloads is simplified when a spacecraft has been designed for serviceability. A key design criterion for a serviceable spaceraft is standardization of electrical connectors. This paper investigates the effects of extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) glove size, connector size, and connector type on usability of electrical connectors. An experiment was conducted exploring participants' ability to mate and demate connectors in an evacuated glovebox. Independent variables were two EMU glove-sizes, five connector size groups, and seven connector types. Significant differences in performance times and heart rate changes during mate and demate operations were found. Subjective assessments of connectors were collected from participants with a usability questionnaire. The data were used to derive design recommendations for a NASA-recommended EMU-compatible electrical connector.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11687 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, prepares to don his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit for a fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Reilly is wearing a thermal undergarment over which he will wear the EMU. The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

Plastic toy shark drifts through airlock in front of EMU suited MS Lenoir

NASA Image and Video Library

1982-11-16

STS005-15-548 (11-16 Nov. 1982) --- Astronaut William B. Lenoir, STS-5 mission specialist, has donned the complete Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the airlock of the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Columbia. Dr. Lenoir and astronaut Joseph P. Allen IV, the flight?s other mission specialist, were to have participated in an extravehicular activity (EVA) today but problems with both EMU?s caused cancellation of the activity. The photograph was made by Dr. Allen using a 35mm camera. Photo credit: NASA

Anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of gallium

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pankey, T.

1960-01-01

The bulk magnetic susceptibilities of single gallium crystals and polycrystalline gallium spheres were measured at 25??C. The following anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibilities were found: a axis (-0.119??0. 001)??10-6 emu/g, b axis (-0.416??0.002)??10 -6 emu/g, and c axis (-0.229??0.001) emu/g. The susceptibility of the polycrystalline spheres, assumed to be the average value for the bulk susceptibility of gallium, was (-0.257??0.003)??10-6 emu/g at 25??C, and (-0.299??0.003)??10-6 emu/g at -196??C. The susceptibility of liquid gallium was (0.0031??0.001) ??10-6 emu/g at 30??C and 100??C. Rotational diagrams of the susceptibilities in the three orthogonal planes of the unit cell were not sinusoidal. The anisotropy in the single crystals was presumably caused by the partial overlap of Brillouin zone boundaries by the Fermi-energy surface. The large change in susceptibility associated with the change in state was attributed to the absence of effective mass influence in the liquid state. ?? 1960 The American Institute of Physics.

Astronaut William Fisher preparing to train in the WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Astronaut William Fisher is shown in his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) preparing to train in the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). He is wearing the communications carrier assembly but not the full helmet (32102); Reflections of the WETF can be seen on the closed visor of the EMU helmet Fiser is wearing (32103).

Barratt assists Drew with EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-02-28

ISS026-E-031000 (28 Feb. 2011) --- Attired in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, NASA astronaut Alvin Drew, STS-133 mission specialist, enters the International Space Station?s Quest airlock as the mission?s first spacewalk draws to a close. NASA astronaut Michael Barratt, mission specialist, assisted Drew. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) / International Space Station (ISS) Coolant Loop Failure and Recovery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, John F.; Cole, Harold; Cronin, Gary; Gazda, Daniel B.; Steele, John

2006-01-01

Following the Colombia accident, the Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU) onboard ISS were unused for several months. Upon startup, the units experienced a failure in the coolant system. This failure resulted in the loss of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) capability from the US segment of ISS. With limited on-orbit evidence, a team of chemists, engineers, metallurgists, and microbiologists were able to identify the cause of the failure and develop recovery hardware and procedures. As a result of this work, the ISS crew regained the capability to perform EVAs from the US segment of the ISS.

Efforts to Reduce International Space Station Crew Maintenance Time in the Management of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Transport Loop Water Quality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Etter,David; Rector, Tony; Boyle, robert; Zande, Chris Vande

2012-01-01

The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) contains a semi-closed-loop re-circulating water circuit (Transport Loop) to absorb heat into a LCVG (Liquid Coolant and Ventilation Garment) worn by the astronaut. A second, single-pass water circuit (Feed-water Loop) provides water to a cooling device (Sublimator) containing porous plates, and that water sublimates through the porous plates to space vacuum. The cooling effect from the sublimation of this water translates to a cooling of the LCVG water that circulates through the Sublimator. The quality of the EMU Transport Loop water is maintained through the use of a water processing kit (ALCLR - Airlock Cooling Loop Remediation) that is used to periodically clean and disinfect the water circuit. Opportunities to reduce crew time associated with ALCLR operations include a detailed review of the historical water quality data for evidence to support an extension to the implementation cycle. Furthermore, an EMU returned after 2-years of use on the ISS (International Space Station) is being used as a test bed to evaluate the results of extended and repeated ALCLR implementation cycles. Finally, design, use and on-orbit location enhancements to the ALCLR kit components are being considered to allow the implementation cycle to occur in parallel with other EMU maintenance and check-out activities, and to extend the life of the ALCLR kit components. These efforts are undertaken to reduce the crew-time and logistics burdens for the EMU, while ensuring the long-term health of the EMU water circuits for a post- Shuttle 6-year service life.

Efforts to Reduce International Space Station Crew Maintenance for the Management of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Transport Loop Water Quality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John W.; Etter, David; Rector, Tony; Boyle, Robert; Vandezande, Christopher

2013-01-01

The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) contains a semi-closed-loop re-circulating water circuit (Transport Loop) to absorb heat into a LCVG (Liquid Coolant and Ventilation Garment) worn by the astronaut. A second, single-pass water circuit (Feed-water Loop) provides water to a cooling device (Sublimator) containing porous plates, and that water sublimates through the porous plates to space vacuum. The cooling effect from the sublimation of this water translates to a cooling of the LCVG water that circulates through the Sublimator. The quality of the EMU Transport Loop water is maintained through the use of a water processing kit (ALCLR Airlock Cooling Loop Remediation) that is used to periodically clean and disinfect the water circuit. Opportunities to reduce crew time associated with on-orbit ALCLR operations include a detailed review of the historical water quality data for evidence to support an extension to the implementation cycle. Furthermore, an EMU returned after 2-years of use on the ISS (International Space Station) is being used as a test bed to evaluate the results of extended and repeated ALCLR implementation cycles. Finally, design, use and on-orbit location enhancements to the ALCLR kit components are being considered to allow the implementation cycle to occur in parallel with other EMU maintenance and check-out activities, and to extend the life of the ALCLR kit components. These efforts are undertaken to reduce the crew-time and logistics burdens for the EMU, while ensuring the long-term health of the EMU water circuits for a post-Shuttle 6-year service life.

Epilepsy services in Saudi Arabia

PubMed Central

Alfayez, Saud M.; Aljafen, Bandar N.

2016-01-01

Objective: To assess the epilepsy services and identify the challenges in hospitals without epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs). In addition, comparisons between governmental and private sectors, as well as between regions, are to be performed. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted using an online questionnaire distributed to the secondary and tertiary hospitals without EMUs throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study was conducted from September 2013 to September 2015 and regular updates from all respondents were constantly made. Items in the questionnaire included the region of the institution, the number of pediatric and adult neurologists and neurosurgeons along with their subspecialties, the number of beds in the Neurology Department, whether they provide educational services and have epilepsy clinics and if they refer patients to an EMU or intend to establish one in the future. Results: Forty-three institutions throughout the Kingdom responded, representing a response rate of 54%. The majority of hospitals (58.1%) had no adult epileptologists. A complete lack of pediatric epileptologists was observed in 72.1% of hospitals. Around 39.5% were utilizing beds from internal medicine. Hospitals with an epilepsy clinic represented 34.9% across all regions and sectors. Hospitals with no intention of establishing an EMU represented 53.5%. Hospitals that did not refer their epileptic patients to an EMU represented 30.2%. Conclusions: Epilepsy services in KSA hospitals without EMUs are underdeveloped. PMID:27744461

Systems Maturity Assessment of the Lithium Ion Battery for Extravehicular Mobility Unit Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, Samuel P.

2011-01-01

The Long Life (Lithium Ion) Battery (LLB/LIB) is designed to replace the current Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Silver/Zinc (Ag/Zn) Increased Capacity Battery (ICB), which is used to provide power to the Primary Life Support Subsystem (PLSS) during Extravehicular Activities (EVAs). The LLB (a battery based on commercial lithium ion cell technology) is designed to have the same electrical and mechanical interfaces as the current ICB. The EMU LIB Charger is designed to charge, discharge, and condition the LLB either in a charger-strapped configuration or in an EMU-mounted configuration. This paper will retroactively apply the principles of Systems Maturity Assessment to the LLB project through use of the Integration Readiness Level and Earned Readiness Management. The viability of this methodology will be considered for application to new and existing technology development projects.

STS-55 MS3 Harris dons EMU with technician's assistance in JSC's WETF Bldg 29

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-55 Columbia, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 102, Mission Specialist 3 (MS3) Bernard A. Harris, Jr, partially suited in his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), and a technician take a break from suiting procedures to watch nearby activity (out of frame) in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Harris has donned the EMU upper and lower torsos which are not yet connected at the waist ring. Once fully suited in the EMU, Harris will be lowered into the WETF's 25-foot pool for an underwater contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation. There is no scheduled EVA for the 1993 flight but each spaceflight crew includes astronauts trained for a variety of contingency tasks that could require exiting the shirt-sleeve environment of a Shuttle's cabin.

STS 61-B crewmembers training on the KC-135 in zero-G

NASA Image and Video Library

1985-08-21

STS 61-B crewmembers training on the KC-135 in zero-G. Views include Payload specialist Charles D. Walker attempting to down the lower torso of his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) in zero-G in the KC-135. He is being assisted by other participants in the training (39135); Payload specialist Rodolfo Neri floating in midair during training in the KC-135 (39136,39138); Mission specialist Mary L. Cleave floating in midair during her training aboard the KC-135 (39137); Astronaut Bryan D. O'Connor assists Astronaut Sherwood C. Spring in completing his donning of the EMU in the KC-135 (39139); Technicians aid Spring with his EMU in the KC-135 (39140); O'Connor appears to be leaping up in zero-G aboard the KC-135 (39141); Astronaut Brewster Shaw is assisted by a technician to don his EMU (39142); Shaw is attempting to don the EMU gloves while O'Connor watches (39143); Shaw does jumping jacks while Neri attempts to travel down a rope guideline (39144).

STS-53 MS Clifford, in EMU, dons gloves with technicians' assistance at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-53 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Mission Specialist (MS) Michael R.U. Clifford, wearing extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and communications carrier assembly (CCA), dons gloves with assistance from two technicians. Clifford is preparing for an underwater contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool.

STS-53 MS Voss,in EMU, dons gloves with technicians' assistance at JSC's WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-53 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Mission Specialist (MS) James S. Voss, wearing extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and communications carrier assembly (CCA), dons his gloves with assistance from two technicians. Voss is preparing for an underwater contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool.

STS-48 MS Buchli dons EMU with technicians' assistance prior to JSC WETF dive

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) James F. Buchli, wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and communications carrier assembly (CCA), smiles as he listens to a technician's instructions prior to an underwater extravehicular activity (EMU) session in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Buchli is fully suited with the exception of his helmet as he stands on the WETF platform. He will be lowered into the WETF's 25-foot deep pool and once underwater he will practice contingency EVA operations for his upcoming mission aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103.

Management of the Post-Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Water Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John W.; Etter, David; Rector, Tony; Hill, Terry; Wells, Kevin

2011-01-01

The EMU incorporates two separate water circuits for the rejection of metabolic heat from the astronaut and the cooling of electrical components. The first (the Transport Water Loop) circulates in a semi-closed-loop manner and absorbs heat into a Liquid Coolant and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) warn by the astronaut. The second (the Feed Water Loop) provides water to a cooling device (Sublimator) with a porous plate, and that water subsequently sublimates to space vacuum. The cooling effect from the sublimation of this water translates to a cooling of the LCVG water that circulates through the Sublimator. Efforts are underway to streamline the use of a water processing kit (ALCLR) that is being used to periodically clean and disinfect the Transport Loop Water. Those efforts include a fine tuning of the duty cycle based on a review of prior performance data as well as an assessment of a fixed installation of this kit into the EMU backpack or within on-orbit EMU interface hardware. Furthermore, testing is being conducted to ensure compatibility between the International Space Station (ISS) Water Processor Assembly (WPA) effluent and the EMU Sublimator as a prelude to using the WPA effluent as influent to the EMU Feed Water loop. This work is undertaken to reduce the crew-time and logistics burdens for the EMU, while ensuring the long-term health of the EMU water circuits for a post-Shuttle 6-year service life.

Wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Mario

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

STS-77 TRAINING VIEW --- Wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Mario Runco, mission specialist, prepares to participate in an underwater rehearsal of a contingency Extravehicular Activity (EVA). This type of training routinely takes place in the 25-feet deep pool of the Johnson Space Centers (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Center (WET-F). The training prepares at least two crew members on each flight for procedures to follow outside the spacecraft in event of failure of remote methods to perform various chores.

Development of the Self-Powered Extravehicular Mobility Unit Extravehicular Activity Data Recorder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernard, Craig; Hill, Terry R.; Murray, Sean; Wichowski, Robert; Rosenbush, David

2012-01-01

The Self-Powered Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Data Recorder (SPEEDR) is a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based device designed to collect high-rate EMU Primary Life Support Subsystem (PLSS) data for download at a later time. During EVA, the existing EMU PLSS data downlink capability is one data packet every 2 minutes and is subject to bad packets or loss of signal. Higher-rate PLSS data is generated by the Enhanced Caution and Warning System but is not normally captured or distributed. Access to higher-rate data will increase the capability of EMU anomaly resolution team to pinpoint issues remotely, saving crew time by reducing required call-down Q&A and on-orbit diagnostic activities. With no Space Shuttle flights post Fiscal Year 2011 (FY11), and potentially limited down-mass capability, the ISS crew and ground support personnel will have to be capable of on-orbit operations to maintain, diagnose, repair, and return to service EMU hardware, possibly through 2028. Collecting high-rate EMU PLSS data during both intravehicular activity (IVA) and EVA operations will provide trending analysis for life extension and/or predictive performance. The SPEEDR concept has generated interest as a tool/technology that could be used for other International Space Station subsystems or future exploration-class space suits where hardware reliability/availability is critical and low/variable bandwidth may require store then forward methodology. Preliminary work in FY11 produced a functional prototype consisting of an FPGA evaluation board, custom memory/interface circuit board, and custom software. The SPEEDR concept includes a stand-alone battery that is recharged by a computer Universal Serial Bus (USB) port while data are being downloaded.

US EVA 15 EMU Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-08-07

ISS024-E-011537 (7 Aug. 2010) --- NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock (right), attired in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, and Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin, both Expedition 24 flight engineers, pose for a photo in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station during preparations for the first of three planned spacewalks to remove and replace an ammonia pump module that failed July 31.

Astronaut Edwin Aldrin in EMU verifies fit of Portable Life Support System

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-06-25

Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), verifies fit of the Portable Life Support System (PLSS) strap length during lunar surface training at the Kennedy Space Center. Aldrin is the prime crew lunar module pilot of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Aldrin's PLSS backpack is attached to a lunar weight simulator.

STS-57 MS2 Sherlock dons EMU upper torso with technicians' help at JSC's WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-57 Mission Specialist 2 (MS2) Nancy J. Sherlock, wearing the liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) and an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) lower torso, squats under the EMU upper torso and prepares to raise her arms into the sleeves. Technicians stand on either side of Sherlock and are ready to assist her in donning the upper torso. When fully suited the platform Sherlock is on will be lowered into the 25 foot deep pool located in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. During the underwater simulation, Sherlock will practice extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures.

Comparison of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suited and unsuited isolated joint strength measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maida, James C.; Demel, Kenneth J.; Morgan, David A.; Wilmington, Robert P.; Pandya, Abhilash K.

1996-01-01

In this study the strength of subjects suited in extravehicular mobility units (EMU's) - or Space Shuttle suits - was compared to the strength of unsuited subjects. The authors devised a systematic and complete data set that characterizes isolated joint torques for all major joints of EMU-suited subjects. Six joint motions were included in the data set. The joint conditions of six subjects were compared to increase our understanding of the strength capabilities of suited subjects. Data were gathered on suited and unsuited subjects. Suited subjects wore Class 3 or Class 1 suits, with and without thermal micrometeoroid garments (TMG's). Suited and unsuited conditions for each joint motion were compared. From this the authors found, for example, that shoulder abduction suited conditions differ from each other and from the unsuited condition. A second-order polynomial regression model was also provided. This model, which allows the prediction of suited strength when given unsuited strength information, relates the torques of unsuited conditions to the torques of all suited conditions. Data obtained will enable computer modeling of EMU strength, conversion from unsuited to suited data, and isolated joint strength comparisons between suited and unsuited conditions at any measured angle. From these data mission planners and human factors engineers may gain a better understanding of crew posture, and mobility and strength capabilities. This study also may help suit designers optimize suit strength, and provide a foundation for EMU strength modeling systems.

Extravehicular Mobility Unit Penetration Probability from Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris: Revised Analytical Model and Potential Space Suit Improvements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chase, Thomas D.; Splawn, Keith; Christiansen, Eric L.

2007-01-01

The NASA Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) micrometeoroid and orbital debris protection ability has recently been assessed against an updated, higher threat space environment model. The new environment was analyzed in conjunction with a revised EMU solid model using a NASA computer code. Results showed that the EMU exceeds the required mathematical Probability of having No Penetrations (PNP) of any suit pressure bladder over the remaining life of the program (2,700 projected hours of 2 person spacewalks). The success probability was calculated to be 0.94, versus a requirement of >0.91, for the current spacesuit s outer protective garment. In parallel to the probability assessment, potential improvements to the current spacesuit s outer protective garment were built and impact tested. A NASA light gas gun was used to launch projectiles at test items, at speeds of approximately 7 km per second. Test results showed that substantial garment improvements could be made, with mild material enhancements and moderate assembly development. The spacesuit s PNP would improve marginally with the tested enhancements, if they were available for immediate incorporation. This paper discusses the results of the model assessment process and test program. These findings add confidence to the continued use of the existing NASA EMU during International Space Station (ISS) assembly and Shuttle Operations. They provide a viable avenue for improved hypervelocity impact protection for the EMU, or for future space suits.

Identification and status of design improvements to the NASA Shuttle EMU for International Space Station application.

PubMed

Wilde, R C; McBarron, J W; Faszcza, J J

1997-06-01

To meet the significant increase in EVA demand to support assembly and operations of the International Space Station (ISS), NASA and industry have improved the current Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), or "space suit", configuration to meet the unique and specific requirements of an orbital-based system. The current Shuttle EMU was designed to be maintained and serviced on the ground between frequent Shuttle flights. ISS will require the EMUs to meet increased EVAs out of the Shuttle Orbiter and to remain on orbit for up to 180 days without need for regular return to Earth for scheduled maintenance or refurbishment. Ongoing Shuttle EMU improvements have increased reliability, operational life and performance while minimizing ground and on-orbit maintenance cost and expendable inventory. Modifications to both the anthropomorphic mobility elements of the Space Suit Assembly (SSA) as well as to the Primary Life Support System (PLSS) are identified and discussed. This paper also addresses the status of on-going Shuttle EMU improvements and summarizes the approach for increasing interoperability of the U.S. and Russian space suits to be utilized aboard the ISS.

iss032e025361

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-09-05

ISS032-E-025361 (5 Sept. 2012) --- Having doffed the outer layer of their Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits, Expedition 32 Flight Engineers Sunita Williams of NASA and Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) flex their muscles, celebrating success on their just-completed spacewalk, the second extravehicular activity for them in less than a week. They are still sporting their EMU thermal underwear in the Unity Node 1.

Mechanical counter-pressure vs. gas-pressurized spacesuit gloves: grip and sensitivity.

PubMed

Danaher, Patrick; Tanaka, Kunihiko; Hargens, Alan R

2005-04-01

An elastic mechanical counter pressure (MCP) glove for spacesuits is under development. In this study we compared handgrip and pinch grip strength levels for the MCP glove and the current extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) gas-pressurized glove. We employed handgrip and pinch grip dynamometers to assess strength levels and von Frey monofilaments to evaluate hand sensitivity. Tests were conducted with the gloved hand inserted in an evacuation chamber at 200 mmHg below atmospheric pressure to simulate conditions in space. Average bare hand strength was 463 N and decreased to 240 N for EMU and 250 N for MCP. Pinch grip and key grip testing showed no difference among conditions. However, there was a significant decrease in palmar grip strength from 111 N barehanded to 67 N in both gloves. Barehanded endurance time was 160 s and dropped to 63 and 69 s for EMU and MCP, respectively. Sensitivity was significantly better for MCP compared with the EMU. The MCP glove improved hand sensitivity when compared with the EMU glove and performed as well as the EMU glove in terms of overall handgrip strength, endurance at 25% of maximum handgrip strength, pinch grip, palmar grip, and key grip tests. Improvements in fabric composition and glove design may further improve ergonomic and other functional parameters of the MCP glove.

Lessons Learned From The EMU Fire and How It Impacts CxP Suit Element Development and Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Metts, Jonathan; Hill, Terry

2008-01-01

During testing a Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) pressure garment and life-support backpack was destroyed in a flash fire in the Johnson Space Center's Crew systems laboratory. This slide presentation reviews the accident, probable causes, the lessons learned and the effect this has on the testing and the environment for testing of the Space Suit for the Constellation Program.

EMU Lessons Learned Database

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matthews, Kevin M., Jr.; Crocker, Lori; Cupples, J. Scott

2011-01-01

As manned space exploration takes on the task of traveling beyond low Earth orbit, many problems arise that must be solved in order to make the journey possible. One major task is protecting humans from the harsh space environment. The current method of protecting astronauts during Extravehicular Activity (EVA) is through use of the specially designed Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). As more rigorous EVA conditions need to be endured at new destinations, the suit will need to be tailored and improved in order to accommodate the astronaut. The Objective behind the EMU Lessons Learned Database(LLD) is to be able to create a tool which will assist in the development of next-generation EMUs, along with maintenance and improvement of the current EMU, by compiling data from Failure Investigation and Analysis Reports (FIARs) which have information on past suit failures. FIARs use a system of codes that give more information on the aspects of the failure, but if one is unfamiliar with the EMU they will be unable to decipher the information. A goal of the EMU LLD is to not only compile the information, but to present it in a user-friendly, organized, searchable database accessible to all familiarity levels with the EMU; both newcomers and veterans alike. The EMU LLD originally started as an Excel database, which allowed easy navigation and analysis of the data through pivot charts. Creating an entry requires access to the Problem Reporting And Corrective Action database (PRACA), which contains the original FIAR data for all hardware. FIAR data are then transferred to, defined, and formatted in the LLD. Work is being done to create a web-based version of the LLD in order to increase accessibility to all of Johnson Space Center (JSC), which includes converting entries from Excel to the HTML format. FIARs related to the EMU have been completed in the Excel version, and now focus has shifted to expanding FIAR data in the LLD to include EVA tools and support hardware such as the Pistol Grip Tool (PGT) and the Battery Charger Module (BCM), while adding any recently closed EMU-related FIARs.

US EVA 16 EMU Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-08-11

ISS024-E-011673 (11 Aug. 2010) --- NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson, Expedition 24 flight engineer, attired in her Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, is pictured in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station as the second of three planned spacewalks to remove and replace an ammonia pump module that failed July 31 draws to a close. NASA astronaut Shannon Walker and Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin, both flight engineers, assist Caldwell Dyson with the doffing of her spacesuit.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11692 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, mission specialist, prepares to don his helmet for an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11699 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11702 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11696 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11697 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11698 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11703 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

Cassidy, Barratt and Wakata in Airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-07-27

ISS020-E-025693 (27 July 2009) --- Attired in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, astronaut Christopher Cassidy, STS-127 mission specialist, is pictured in the Quest Airlock of the International Space Station as the mission's fifth and final session of extravehicular activity (EVA) draws to a close. Astronaut Michael Barratt, Expedition 20 flight engineer, photographs the EMU gloves worn by Cassidy while Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Koichi Wakata, mission specialist, assists with the doffing of the spacesuit.

MS Jones and MS Curbeam suited in EMU in the A/L for EVA 3

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-02-07

STS098-349-004 (7-20 February 2001) --- Astronauts Thomas D. Jones (second left) and Robert L. Curbeam, both mission specialists, prepare for one of the three STS-98 sessions of extravehicular activity (EVA). Astronauts Kenneth D. Cockrell (lower left), mission commander, and Mark L. Polansky, mission specialist, assist Jones and Curbeam as they don their Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suits in the airlock of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.

Failure Analysis Results and Corrective Actions Implemented for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit 3011 Water in the Helmet Mishap

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John; Metselaar, Carol; Peyton, Barbara; Rector, Tony; Rossato, Robert; Macias, Brian; Weigel, Dana; Holder, Don

2015-01-01

Water entered the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) helmet during extravehicular activity (EVA) no. 23 aboard the International Space Station on July 16, 2013, resulting in the termination of the EVA approximately 1 hour after it began. It was estimated that 1.5 liters of water had migrated up the ventilation loop into the helmet, adversely impacting the astronaut's hearing, vision, and verbal communication. Subsequent on-board testing and ground-based test, tear-down, and evaluation of the affected EMU hardware components determined that the proximate cause of the mishap was blockage of all water separator drum holes with a mixture of silica and silicates. The blockages caused a failure of the water separator degassing function, which resulted in EMU cooling water spilling into the ventilation loop, migrating around the circulating fan, and ultimately pushing into the helmet. The root cause of the failure was determined to be ground-processing shortcomings of the Airlock Cooling Loop Recovery (ALCLR) Ion Filter Beds, which led to various levels of contaminants being introduced into the filters before they left the ground. Those contaminants were thereafter introduced into the EMU hardware on-orbit during ALCLR scrubbing operations. This paper summarizes the failure analysis results along with identified process, hardware, and operational corrective actions that were implemented as a result of findings from this investigation.

New Lithium-ion Polymer Battery for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Suit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jeevarajan, J. A.; Darcy, E. C.

2004-01-01

The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit currently has a silver-zinc battery that is 20.5 V and 45 Ah capacity. The EMU's portable life support system (PLSS) will draw power from the battery during the entire period of an EVA. Due to the disadvantages of using the silver-zinc battery in terms of cost and performance, a new high energy density battery is being developed for future use, The new battery (Lithium-ion battery or LIB) will consist of Li-ion polymer cells that will provide power to the EMU suit. The battery design consists of five 8 Ah cells in parallel to form a single module of 40 Ah and five such modules will be placed in series to give a 20.5 V, 40 Ah battery. Charging will be accomplished on the Shuttle or Station using the new LIB charger or the existing ALPS (Air Lock Power Supply) charger. The LIB delivers a maximum of 3.8 A on the average, for seven continuous hours, at voltages ranging from 20.5 V to 16.0 V and it should be capable of supporting transient pulses during start up and once every hour to support PLSS fan and pump operation. Figure 1 shows the placement of the battery in the backpack area of the EMU suit. The battery and cells will undergo testing under different conditions to understand its performance and safety characteristics.

Elucidation of penetration enhancement mechanism of Emu oil using FTIR microspectroscopy at EMIRA laboratory of SESAME synchrotron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mansour, Randa S. H.; Sallam, Alsayed A.; Hamdan, Imad I.; Khalil, Enam A.; Yousef, Ibraheem

2017-10-01

It has been proposed that Emu oil possesses skin permeation-enhancing effect. This study aimed to address its possible penetration enhancement mechanism(s) using IR microscopy, in accordance with LPP theory. The penetration of Emu oil through the layers of human skin was accomplished by monitoring oil-IR characteristic feature at 3006 cm- 1. The unsaturated components of Emu oil accumulated at about 270 μm depth of skin surface. The interaction of Emu oil with lipid and protein constituents of SC was investigated in comparison with a commonly used enhancer, IPM. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using PCA and linked with possible enhancement mechanisms. Emu oil treatment caused a change in the slope of the right contour of amide I band of the protein spectral range. This was also clear in the second derivative spectra where the emergence of a new shoulder at higher frequency was evident, suggesting disorganization of keratin α-helix structure. This effect could be a result of disruption of some hydrogen bonds in which amide Cdbnd O and Nsbnd H groups of keratin are involved. The low intensity of the emerged shoulder is also in agreement with formation of weaker hydrogen bonds. IPM did not affect the protein component. No conclusions regarding the effect of penetration enhancers on the SC lipids were obtained. This was due to the overlap of the endogenous (skin) and exogenous (oil) CH stretching and scissoring frequencies. The SC carbonyl stretching peak disappeared as a result of IPM treatment which may reflect some degree of lipid extraction.

Development of the ISS EMU SPEEDR

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernard. Craig; Hill, Terry R.

2011-01-01

The Self Powered EVA EMU Data Recorder (SPEEDR) is an FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) based device designed to collect high-rate EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) PLSS (Primary Life Support Subsystem) data for download at a later time. The existing EMU PLSS data down-link capability during EVA is one data packet every 2 minutes and is subject to bad packets or loss of signal. High-rate PLSS data is generated by the ECWS (Enhanced Caution and Warning System) but is not normally captured or distributed. Access to high-rate data will increase the capability of EMU anomaly resolution team to pinpoint issues remotely, saving crew time by reducing required call-down Q&A and on-orbit diagnostic activities. With no Shuttle flights post FY11, and potentially limited down-mass capability, the ISS crew and ground support personnel will have to be capable of on-orbit operations to maintain, diagnose, repair, and return to service EMU hardware, possibly through 2028. Collecting high-rate EMU PLSS data during both IVA (Intravehicular Activity) and EVA (Extravehicular Activity) operations will provide trending analysis for life extension and/or predictive performance. The SPEEDR concept has generated interest as a tool/technology that could be used for other ISS subsystems or future exploration-class space suits where hardware reliability/availability is critical and low/variable bandwidth may require "store then forward" methodology. Preliminary work in FY11 produced a functional prototype consisting of an FPGA evaluation board, custom memory/interface circuit board, and custom software. The SPEEDR concept includes a stand-alone battery that is recharged by a computer USB (Universal Serial Bus) port while data is being downloaded.

Materials Assessment of Components of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olivas, John D.; Barrera, Enrique V.

1996-01-01

Current research interests for Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) design and development are directed toward enhancements of the Shuttle EMU, implementation of the Mark 3 technology for Shuttle applications, and development of a next generation suit (the X suit) which has applications for prolonged space flight, longer extravehicular activity (EVA), and Moon and Mars missions. In this research project two principal components of the EMU were studied from the vantage point of the materials and their design criteria. An investigation of the flexible materials which make up the lay-up of materials for abrasion and tear protection, thermal insulation, pressure restrain, etc. was initiated. A central focus was on the thermal insulation. A vacuum apparatus for measuring the flexibility of the materials was built to access their durability in vacuum. Plans are to include a Residual Gas Analyzer on the vacuum chamber to measure volatiles during the durability testing. These tests will more accurately simulate space conditions and provide information which has not been available on the materials currently used on the EMU. Durability testing of the aluminized mylar with a nylon scrim showed that the material strength varied in the machine and transverse directions. Study of components of the EMU also included a study of the EMU Bearing Assemblies as to materials selection, engineered materials, use of coatings and flammability issues. A comprehensive analysis of the performance of the current design, which is a stainless steel assembly, was conducted and use of titanium alloys or engineered alloy systems and coatings was investigated. The friction and wear properties are of interest as are the general manufacturing costs. Recognizing that the bearing assembly is subject to an oxygen environment, all currently used materials as well as titanium and engineered alloys were evaluated as to their flammability. An aim of the project is to provide weight reduction since bearing weights constitute 1/3 of the total EMU weight. Our investigations have shown favorable properties using a titanium or nickel base alloy in conjunction with a coating system. Interest lies in developing titanium as a more nonflammable material. Methodology for doing this lies in adding coatings and surface alloying the titanium. This report is brief and does not give all necessary details. The reader should contact the authors as to the detailed study and for viewing of raw data.

Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA): Assessment of the extravehicular mobility unit, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raffaelli, Gary G.

1988-01-01

The results of the Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA) of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Critical Items List (CIL) are presented. The IOA effort performed an independent analysis of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) hardware and system, generating draft failure modes criticalities and potential critical items. To preserve independence, this analysis was accomplished without reliance upon the results contained within the NASA FMEA/CIL documentation. The IOA results were than compared to the most recent proposed Post 51-L NASA FMEA/CIL baseline. A resolution of each discrepancy from the comparison was provided through additional analysis as required. This report documents the results of that comparison for the Orbiter EMU hardware.

Astronaut Sam Gemar, wearing EMU, prepares for training in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1987-03-01

S87-26630 (March 1987) --- Astronaut Charles D. (Sam) Gemar, wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, prepares to be emersed in the 25-ft. deep waters of the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Once underwater, Gemar was able to achieve a neutrally buoyant state and to simulate the floating type activities of an astronaut in microgravity. Gemar began training as an astronaut candidate in the summer of 1985.

Astronaut Joseph Tanner is assisted into his EMU during training

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

Astronaut Joseph R. Tanner, STS-66 mission specialist, is assisted by Boeing suit expert Steve Voyles in donning the gloves for his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) as he prepares to be submerged in a 25-feet deep pool at JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Though no extravehicular activity (EVA) is planned for the mission, at least two astronauts are trained to perform tasks that would require a space walk in the event of failure of remote systems.

Expedition Seven Lu with EMU in Quest airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-05

ISS007-E-14470 (5 September 2003) --- Astronaut Edward T. Lu, Expedition 7 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer, performs routine maintenance on an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit in the Quest airlock on the International Space Station (ISS). The work represents a mid-term checkout and included emptying and refilling the suit’s water tank and loops, cycling relief valves, checking sensors and collecting data, a leak check and running the suit’s fan for two hours to lubricate it.

Expedition Seven Lu with EMU in Quest airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-05

ISS007-E-14473 (5 September 2003) --- Astronaut Edward T. Lu, Expedition 7 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer, performs routine maintenance on an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit in the Quest airlock on the International Space Station (ISS). The work represents a mid-term checkout and included emptying and refilling the suit’s water tank and loops, cycling relief valves, checking sensors and collecting data, a leak check and running the suit’s fan for two hours to lubricate it.

Expedition Seven Lu with EMU in Quest airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-05

ISS007-E-14469 (5 September 2003) --- Astronaut Edward T. Lu, Expedition 7 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer, performs routine maintenance on an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit in the Quest airlock on the International Space Station (ISS). The work represents a mid-term checkout and included emptying and refilling the suit’s water tank and loops, cycling relief valves, checking sensors and collecting data, a leak check and running the suit’s fan for two hours to lubricate it.

Expedition Seven Lu with EMU in Quest airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-05

ISS007-E-14472 (5 September 2003) --- Astronaut Edward T. Lu, Expedition 7 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer, performs routine maintenance on an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit in the Quest airlock on the International Space Station (ISS). The work represents a mid-term checkout and included emptying and refilling the suit’s water tank and loops, cycling relief valves, checking sensors and collecting data, a leak check and running the suit’s fan for two hours to lubricate it.

EVA 1 - Grunsfeld and Smith during RSU changeout

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-12-22

STS-103 mission specialist John M. Grunsfeld (attached to a workstation on the RMS arm) and payload commander Steven L. Smith (free-floating) perform a changeout of the Rate Sensor Units (RSU) in one of the bays of -V3 plane of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This repair was performed during the first of three extravehicular activities (EVAs) of the mission. Grunsfeld is distinguished by having no marks on his EMU and Smith is distinguished by the red strip on the pants of his EMU.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11690 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, prepares to don his helmet for an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11691 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, prepares to don his helmet for an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

MS Grunsfeld wearing EMU in Airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-08

STS109-E-5721 (8 March 2002) --- Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, STS-109 payload commander, attired in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, completed suited is in the Space Shuttle Columbia’s airlock. Grunsfeld and Richard M. Linnehan, mission specialist, were about to participate in STS-109’s fifth space walk. Activities for EVA-5 centered around the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) to install a Cryogenic Cooler and its Cooling System Radiator. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

MS Grunsfeld wearing EMU in Airlock joined by MS Newman and Massimino

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-08

STS109-E-5722 (8 March 2002) --- Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld (center), STS-109 payload commander, attired in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, is photographed with astronauts James H. Newman (left) and Michael J. Massimino, both mission specialists, prior to the fifth space walk. Activities for EVA-5 centered around the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) to install a Cryogenic Cooler and its Cooling System Radiator. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

Elucidation of penetration enhancement mechanism of Emu oil using FTIR microspectroscopy at EMIRA laboratory of SESAME synchrotron.

PubMed

Mansour, Randa S H; Sallam, Alsayed A; Hamdan, Imad I; Khalil, Enam A; Yousef, Ibraheem

2017-10-05

It has been proposed that Emu oil possesses skin permeation-enhancing effect. This study aimed to address its possible penetration enhancement mechanism(s) using IR microscopy, in accordance with LPP theory. The penetration of Emu oil through the layers of human skin was accomplished by monitoring oil-IR characteristic feature at 3006cm -1 . The unsaturated components of Emu oil accumulated at about 270μm depth of skin surface. The interaction of Emu oil with lipid and protein constituents of SC was investigated in comparison with a commonly used enhancer, IPM. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using PCA and linked with possible enhancement mechanisms. Emu oil treatment caused a change in the slope of the right contour of amide I band of the protein spectral range. This was also clear in the second derivative spectra where the emergence of a new shoulder at higher frequency was evident, suggesting disorganization of keratin α-helix structure. This effect could be a result of disruption of some hydrogen bonds in which amide CO and NH groups of keratin are involved. The low intensity of the emerged shoulder is also in agreement with formation of weaker hydrogen bonds. IPM did not affect the protein component. No conclusions regarding the effect of penetration enhancers on the SC lipids were obtained. This was due to the overlap of the endogenous (skin) and exogenous (oil) CH stretching and scissoring frequencies. The SC carbonyl stretching peak disappeared as a result of IPM treatment which may reflect some degree of lipid extraction. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

A prospective, multicenter study of cardiac-based seizure detection to activate vagus nerve stimulation.

PubMed

Boon, Paul; Vonck, Kristl; van Rijckevorsel, Kenou; El Tahry, Riem; Elger, Christian E; Mullatti, Nandini; Schulze-Bonhage, Andreas; Wagner, Louis; Diehl, Beate; Hamer, Hajo; Reuber, Markus; Kostov, Hrisimir; Legros, Benjamin; Noachtar, Soheyl; Weber, Yvonne G; Coenen, Volker A; Rooijakkers, Herbert; Schijns, Olaf E M G; Selway, Richard; Van Roost, Dirk; Eggleston, Katherine S; Van Grunderbeek, Wim; Jayewardene, Amara K; McGuire, Ryan M

2015-11-01

This study investigates the performance of a cardiac-based seizure detection algorithm (CBSDA) that automatically triggers VNS (NCT01325623). Thirty-one patients with drug resistant epilepsy were evaluated in an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) to assess algorithm performance and near-term clinical benefit. Long-term efficacy and safety were evaluated with combined open and closed-loop VNS. Sixty-six seizures (n=16 patients) were available from the EMU for analysis. In 37 seizures (n=14 patients) a ≥ 20% heart rate increase was found and 11 (n=5 patients) were associated with ictal tachycardia (iTC, 55% or 35 bpm heart rate increase, minimum of 100 bpm). Multiple CBSDA settings achieved a sensitivity of ≥ 80%. False positives ranged from 0.5 to 7.2/h. 27/66 seizures were stimulated within ± 2 min of seizure onset. In 10/17 of these seizures, where triggered VNS overlapped with ongoing seizure activity, seizure activity stopped during stimulation. Physician-scored seizure severity (NHS3-scale) showed significant improvement for complex partial seizures (CPS) at EMU discharge and through 12 months (p<0.05). Patient-scored seizure severity (total SSQ score) showed significant improvement at 3 and 6 months. Quality of life (total QOLIE-31-P score) showed significant improvement at 12 months. The responder rate (≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency) at 12 months was 29.6% (n=8/27). Safety profiles were comparable to prior VNS trials. The investigated CBSDA has a high sensitivity and an acceptable specificity for triggering VNS. Despite the moderate effects on seizure frequency, combined open- and closed-loop VNS may provide valuable improvements in seizure severity and QOL in refractory epilepsy patients. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Automatic Vagus Nerve Stimulation Triggered by Ictal Tachycardia: Clinical Outcomes and Device Performance--The U.S. E-37 Trial.

PubMed

Fisher, Robert S; Afra, Pegah; Macken, Micheal; Minecan, Daniela N; Bagić, Anto; Benbadis, Selim R; Helmers, Sandra L; Sinha, Saurabh R; Slater, Jeremy; Treiman, David; Begnaud, Jason; Raman, Pradheep; Najimipour, Bita

2016-02-01

The Automatic Stimulation Mode (AutoStim) feature of the Model 106 Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy System stimulates the left vagus nerve on detecting tachycardia. This study evaluates performance, safety of the AutoStim feature during a 3-5-day Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) stay and long- term clinical outcomes of the device stimulating in all modes. The E-37 protocol (NCT01846741) was a prospective, unblinded, U.S. multisite study of the AspireSR(®) in subjects with drug-resistant partial onset seizures and history of ictal tachycardia. VNS Normal and Magnet Modes stimulation were present at all times except during the EMU stay. Outpatient visits at 3, 6, and 12 months tracked seizure frequency, severity, quality of life, and adverse events. Twenty implanted subjects (ages 21-69) experienced 89 seizures in the EMU. 28/38 (73.7%) of complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures exhibited ≥20% increase in heart rate change. 31/89 (34.8%) of seizures were treated by Automatic Stimulation on detection; 19/31 (61.3%) seizures ended during the stimulation with a median time from stimulation onset to seizure end of 35 sec. Mean duty cycle at six-months increased from 11% to 16%. At 12 months, quality of life and seizure severity scores improved, and responder rate was 50%. Common adverse events were dysphonia (n = 7), convulsion (n = 6), and oropharyngeal pain (n = 3). The Model 106 performed as intended in the study population, was well tolerated and associated with clinical improvement from baseline. The study design did not allow determination of which factors were responsible for improvements. © 2015 The Authors. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Neuromodulation Society.

Development of the ISS EMU Dashboard Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernard, Craig; Hill, Terry R.

2011-01-01

The EMU (Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit) Dashboard was developed at NASA s Johnson Space Center to aid in real-time mission support for the ISS (International Space Station) and Shuttle EMU space suit by time synchronizing down-linked video, space suit data and audio from the mission control audio loops. Once the input streams are synchronized and recorded, the data can be replayed almost instantly and has proven invaluable in understanding in-flight hardware anomalies and playing back information conveyed by the crew to missions control and the back room support. This paper will walk through the development from an engineer s idea brought to life by an intern to real time mission support and how this tool is evolving today and its challenges to support EVAs (Extra-Vehicular Activities) and human exploration in the 21st century.

Astronaut Bonnie Dunbar wearing extravehicular mobility unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Astronaut Bonnie J. Dunbar, wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), is about to be submerged in the weightless environment training facility (WETF) to simulate a contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) for STS 61-A. In this portrait view, Dunbar is not wearing a helmet.

Failure Analysis Results and Corrective Actions Implemented for the EMU 3011 Water in the Helmet Mishap

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John; Metselaar, Carol; Peyton, Barbara; Rector, Tony; Rossato, Robert; Macias, Brian; Weigel, Dana; Holder, Don

2015-01-01

During EVA (Extravehicular Activity) No. 23 aboard the ISS (International Space Station) on 07/16/2013 water entered the EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) helmet resulting in the termination of the EVA (Extravehicular Activity) approximately 1-hour after it began. It was estimated that 1.5-L of water had migrated up the ventilation loop into the helmet, adversely impacting the astronauts hearing, vision and verbal communication. Subsequent on-board testing and ground-based TT and E (Test, Tear-down and Evaluation) of the affected EMU hardware components led to the determination that the proximate cause of the mishap was blockage of all water separator drum holes with a mixture of silica and silicates. The blockages caused a failure of the water separator function which resulted in EMU cooling water spilling into the ventilation loop, around the circulating fan, and ultimately pushing into the helmet. The root cause of the failure was determined to be ground-processing short-comings of the ALCLR (Airlock Cooling Loop Recovery) Ion Filter Beds which led to various levels of contaminants being introduced into the Filters before they left the ground. Those contaminants were thereafter introduced into the EMU hardware on-orbit during ALCLR scrubbing operations. This paper summarizes the failure analysis results along with identified process, hardware and operational corrective actions that were implemented as a result of findings from this investigation.

Astronaut Mario Runco in EMU during training in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-07-26

S95-15847 (26 July 1995) --- Wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Mario Runco Jr., mission specialist, prepares to participate in an underwater rehearsal of a contingency Extravehicular Activity (EVA). This type of training routinely takes place in the 25-feet deep pool of the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Center (WET-F). The training prepares at least two crew members on each flight for procedures to follow outside the spacecraft in event of failure of remote methods to perform various chores.

STS-39 MS Bluford dons EMU lower torso in preparation for dive in JSC's WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1990-07-19

S90-44106 (August 1990) --- Astronaut Guion S. Bluford, mission specialist for STS-39, wearing part of an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) spacesuit, prepares to participate in a training session for the scheduled March 1991 spaceflight. Soon after this picture was taken, Bluford was lowered into water by a hoist device for the underwater rehearsal of a contingency EVA. The scene is in the Johnson Space Center's weightless environment training facility (WET-F) which houses a 25-ft. deep pool (visible in right background).

75 FR 65700 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: R/PPR Evaluation and Measurement Unit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-26

... and Resources Evaluation and Measurement Unit (R/PPR EMU). Form Number: Survey numbers generated as... Evaluation and Measurement Unit, Evaluation Survey Question Bank ACTION: Notice of request for public... with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. Title of Information Collection: R/PPR Evaluation and...

Astronaut James Buchli wearing extravehicular mobility unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Astronaut James F. Buchli, wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), is about to be submerged in the weightless environment training facility (WETF) to simulate a contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) for STS 61-A. In this portrait view, Buchli is wearing a communications carrier assembly (CCA).

From unwitnessed fatality to witnessed rescue: Nonpharmacologic interventions in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

PubMed

Rugg-Gunn, Fergus; Duncan, John; Hjalgrim, Helle; Seyal, Masud; Bateman, Lisa

2016-01-01

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) risk reduction remains a critical aim in epilepsy care. To date, only aggressive medical and surgical efforts to control seizures have been demonstrated to be of benefit. Incomplete understanding of SUDEP mechanisms limits the development of more specific interventions. Periictal cardiorespiratory dysfunction is implicated in SUDEP; postictal electroencephalography (EEG) suppression, coma, and immobility may also play a role. Nocturnal supervision is protective against SUDEP, presumably by permitting intervention in the case of a life-threatening event. Resuscitative efforts were implemented promptly in near-SUDEP cases but delayed in SUDEP deaths in the Mortality in Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Study (MORTEMUS) study. Nursing interventions--including repositioning, oral suctioning, and oxygen administration--reduce seizure duration, respiratory dysfunction, and EEG suppression in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU), but have not been studied in outpatients. Cardiac pacemakers or cardioverter-defibrillator devices may be of benefit in a few select individuals. A role for implantable neurostimulators has not yet been established. Seizure detection devices, including those that monitor generalized tonic-clonic seizure-associated movements or cardiorespiratory parameters, may provide a means to permit timely periictal intervention. However, these and other devices, such as antisuffocation pillows, have not been adequately investigated with respect to SUDEP prevention. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 International League Against Epilepsy.

STS-37 crewmembers move CETA electrical cart along rail in JSC's WETF pool

NASA Image and Video Library

1989-12-06

STS-37 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, Mission Specialist (MS) Jerry L. Ross generates electrical power using hand pedals to move crew and equipment translation aid (CETA) cart along a rail during underwater session in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), Ross operates CETA electrical cart as MS Jerome Apt holds onto the back of the cart. The two crewmembers are practicing a extravehicular activity (EVA) spacewalk they will perform in OV-104's payload bay during STS-37. CETA is a type of railroad hand cart planned as a spacewalker's transportation system along the truss of Space Station Freedom (SSF). SCUBA divers monitor astronauts' underwater activity.

Astronaut Bruce McCandless during an underwater test MMU/FSS in bldg 29 WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1981-08-04

Astronaut Bruce McCandless during an underwater test of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) Flight Support Station (FSS) donning and doffing in the Bldg 29 Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). View is of McCandless wearing the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), stepping into the MMU.

Sensors and Systems for Spacesuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chullen, Cinda

2017-01-01

An AdvancedExtravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is being developed and tested in house at JSC. Multiple programs over the last decade have contributed to the success thus far including the SBIR/STTR program.

EVA 25

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-24

View of Rick Mastracchio,in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU),working to mate spare Pump Module (PM) Quick Disconnects (QDs) during International Space Station (ISS) Extravehicular Activity (EVA) 25. Image was released by astronaut on Twitter.

EMU processing - A myth dispelled

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peacock, Paul R.; Wilde, Richard C.; Lutz, Glenn C.; Melgares, Michael A.

1991-01-01

The refurbishment-and-checkout 'processing' activities entailed by the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs) are currently significantly more modest, at 1050 man-hours, than when Space Shuttle services began (involving about 4000 man-hours). This great improvement in hardware efficiency is due to the design or modification of test rigs for simplification of procedures, as well as those procedures' standardization, in conjunction with an increase in hardware confidence which has allowed the extension of inspection, service, and testing intervals. Recent simplification of the hardware-processing sequence could reduce EMU processing requirements to 600 man-hours in the near future.

STS-104 Crew Training of Jim Reilly in EMU fit check

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-09

JSC2001-E-11704 (9 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, STS-104 mission specialist, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in one of the chambers in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Standing near the doorway are Peggy Berg and Dave Simon, Crew Personnel Representatives (CPR), from the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) at the Johnson Space Center. The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

Regenerable non-venting thermal control subsystem for extravehicular activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roebelen, George J.; Bayes, Stephen A.; Lawson, B. Mike

1986-01-01

Routine and complex EVAs call for more effective heat rejection systems in order to maximize mission productivity; an optimum EVA mobility unit (EMU) thermal control subsystem must require no expendables and introduce no contaminants into the environment, while conforming to minimum size limits and allowing easy regeneration. Attention is presently given to two thermal control subsystems, one of which can be integrated with the existing Space Shuttle Orbiter EMU to provide a 3-hour nonventing heat rejection capability, while the other can furnish the entire heat rejection capability requirement for an 8-hour Space Station EVA.

Astronaut Robert L. Crippen prepares for underwater training session

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Astronaut Robert L. Crippen, STS-7 crew commander, adjusts his extravehicular mobility unit's (EMU) gloves prior to donning his helmet for a training session in the weightless environment test facility (WETF).

Swanson working in Airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-06-05

ISS040-E-007682 (5 June 2014) --- NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman, Expedition 40 flight engineer, uses a computer while working with an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Wiseman in Node 2

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-06-17

ISS040-E-012306 (16 June 2014) --- NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman, Expedition 40 flight engineer, conducts an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) long life battery (LLB) auto-cycle initiate in the Harmony node of the International Space Station.

Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA): Assessment of the extravehicular mobility unit, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raffaelli, Gary G.

1988-01-01

The results of the Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA) of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Critical Items List (CIL) are presented. The IOA effort performed an independent analysis of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) hardware and system, generating draft failure modes criticalities and potential critical items. To preserve independence, this analysis was accomplished without reliance upon the results contained within the NASA FMEA/CIL documentation. The IOA results were then compared to the most recent proposed Post 51-L NASA FMEA/CIL baseline. A resolution of each discrepancy from the comparison was provided through additional analysis as required. This report documents the results of that comparison for the Orbiter EMU hardware. Volume 2 continues the presentation of IOA analysis worksheets and contains the potential critical items list and NASA FMEA to IOA worksheet cross references and recommendations.

Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA): Analysis of the extravehicular mobility unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raffaelli, Gary G.

1986-01-01

The results of the Independent Orbiter Assessment (IOA) of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Critical Items List (CIL) are presented. The IOA approach features a top-down analysis of the hardware to determine failure modes, criticality, and potential critical items (PCIs). To preserve independence, this analysis was accomplished without reliance upon the results contained within the NASA FMEA/CIL documentation. This report documents the independent analysis results corresponding to the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) hardware. The EMU is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for the Shuttle crewmember to perform Extravehicular Activity (EVA) in Earth orbit. Two EMUs are included on each baseline Orbiter mission, and consumables are provided for three two-man EVAs. The EMU consists of the Life Support System (LSS), Caution and Warning System (CWS), and the Space Suit Assembly (SSA). Each level of hardware was evaluated and analyzed for possible failure modes and effects. The majority of these PCIs are resultant from failures which cause loss of one or more primary functions: pressurization, oxygen delivery, environmental maintenance, and thermal maintenance. It should also be noted that the quantity of PCIs would significantly increase if the SOP were to be treated as an emergency system rather than as an unlike redundant element.

Fish-eye view of MS Wolf on middeck

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-10-09

STS112-309-008 (7-18 October 2002) --- Astronaut David A. Wolf, STS-112 mission specialist, is pictured near an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit on the middeck of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.

Ford conducts OBT on computer in the A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-12-05

ISS034-E-005621 (5 Dec. 2012) --- NASA astronaut Kevin Ford, Expedition 34 commander, uses a computer near two Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Ford conducts OBT on computer in the A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-12-05

ISS034-E-005616 (5 Dec. 2012) --- NASA astronaut Kevin Ford, Expedition 34 commander, uses a computer near two Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Composite materials for the extravehicular mobility unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barrera, Enrique V.; Tello, Hector M.

1992-01-01

The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), commonly known as the astronaut space suit assembly (SSA) and primary life support system (PLSS), has evolved through the years to incorporate new and innovative materials in order to meet the demands of the space environment. The space shuttle program which is seeing an increasing level of extravehicular activity (EVA), also called space walks, along with interest in an EMU for Lunar-Mars missions means even more demanding conditions are being placed on the suit and PLSS. The project for this NASA-ASEE Summer Program was to investigate new materials for these applications. The focus was to emphasize the use of composite materials for every component of the EMU to enhance the properties while reducing the total weight of the EMU. To accomplish this, development of new materials called fullerene reinforced materials (FRM's) was initiated. Fullerenes are carbon molecules which when added to a material significantly reduce the weight of that material. The Faculty Fellow worked directly on the development of the fullerene reinforced materials. A chamber for fullerene production was designed and assembled and first generation samples were processed. He also supervised with the JSC Colleague, a study of composite materials for the EMU conducted by the student participant in the NASA-ASEE Program, Hector Tello a Rice University graduate student, and by a NASA Aerospace Technologist (Materials Engineer) Evelyne Orndoff, in the Systems Engineering Analysis Office (EC7), also a Rice University graduate student. Hector Tello conducted a study on beryllium and Be alloys and initiated a study of carbon and glass reinforced composites for space applications. Evelyne Orndoff compiled an inventory of the materials on the SSA. Ms. Orndoff also reviewed SSA material requirements and cited aspects of the SSA design where composite materials might be further considered. Hector Tello spent part of his time investigating the solar radiation sensitivity of anodic coatings. This project was directed toward the effects of ultra-violet radiation on high emissivity anodic coatings. The work of both Evelyne Orndoff and Hector Tello is of interest to the Engineering Directorate at NASA/JSC and is also directed toward their research as Rice University graduate students.

STS-65 Mission Specialist Chiao in EMU prepares for WETF contingency EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

STS-65 Mission Specialist Leroy Chiao, fully suited in an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and helmet, stands on a platform suspended via an overhead crane as he is lowered into a 25-feet deep pool at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC's) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Chiao prepares to be immersed in the pool to practice door and latch contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures. Although no spacewalk is planned for the STS-65 International Microgravity Laboratory 2 (IML-2) mission, NASA always trains some of each mission's crewmembers to perform in-space tasks that would be required in the event of remote system failure. For 14 years, the WETF pool has been used to train astronauts for spacewalks and to evaluate certain hardware and procedures. Chiao's EMU is weighted to enable the astronaut to achieve neutral buoyancy once in the tank. SCUBA-equipped divers already in the pool guide the platform into the water.

Analysis and Design of Phase Change Thermal Control for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Spacesuit Helmet Lights

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bue, Grant C.; Nguyen, Hiep X.; Keller, John R.

2010-01-01

LED Helmet Extravehicular Activity Helmet Interchangeable Portable (LEHIP) lights for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) have been built and tested and are currently being used on the International Space Station. A design is presented of the passive thermal control system consisting of a chamber filled with aluminum foam and wax. A thermal math model of LEHIP was built and correlated by test to show that the thermal design maintains electronic components within hot and cold limits for a 7 hour spacewalk in the most extreme EVA average environments, and do not pose a hazard to the crew or to components of the EMU.

MS Peterson and MS Musgrave in payload bay (PLB) during EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) suited Mission Specialist (MS) Peterson, designated EV2, translates from forward payload bay (PLB) to aft bulkhead worksite along port side sill longeron using tether and slidewire system while MS Musgrave, designated EV1, floats on a tether in center of PLB. Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) Airborne Support Equipment (ASE) forward frame and aft frame tilt actuator (AFTA) table appear in front and behind Musgrave and vertical tail and Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pods appear in background highlighted against the cloudy surface of Earth. EMU mini workstation extravehicular activity (EVA) crewmember safety tether reel floats on Musgrave's waist tether.

STS-65 Mission Specialist Chiao in EMU prepares for WETF contingency EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

STS-65 Mission Specialist Leroy Chiao, fully suited in an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and helmet, prepares to be lowered into a 25-feet deep pool at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC's) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Chiao will practice door and latch contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures once underwater. Mission Specialist Donald A. Thomas will join Chiao in the simulation. The two crewmates will be submerged and made to be neutrally buoyant in order to rehearse the contingency tasks that would require a spacewalk. No spacewalks are scheduled for the STS-65 International Microgravity Laboratory 2 (IML-2) mission.

STS-65 Mission Specialist Chiao in EMU prepares for WETF contingency EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

STS-65 Mission Specialist Leroy Chiao, fully suited in an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and helmet, stands on a platform and prepares to be lowered into a 25-feet deep pool at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC's) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Chiao will practice door and latch contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures once underwater. Mission Specialist Donald A. Thomas will join Chiao in the simulation. The two crewmates will be submerged and made to be neutrally buoyant in order to rehearse the contingency tasks that would require a spacewalk. No spacewalks are scheduled for the STS-65 International Microgravity Laboratory 2 (IML-2) mission.

Carbon Monoxide Accumulation in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Conkin, J.; Norcrosss, J. R.; Alexander, D. J.; Sanders, R. W.; Makowski, M. S.

2016-01-01

Introduction: Life support technology in large closed systems like submarines and space stations catalyzes carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide, which is easily removed. However, in a small system like the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), spacesuit, CO from exogenous (contaminated oxygen (O (sub 2) supply) and endogenous (human metabolism) sources will accumulate in the free suit volume. The free volume becomes a sink for CO that is rebreathed by the astronaut. The accumulation through time depends on many variables: the amount absorbed by the astronaut, the amount produced by the astronaut (between 0.28 and 0.34 ?moles per hour per kilogram)[1], the amount that enters the suit from contaminated O (sub 2), the amount removed through suit leak, the free volume of the suit, and the O (sub 2) partial pressure[2], just to list a few. Contamination of the EMU O (sub 2) supply with no greater than 1 part per million CO was the motivation for empirical measurements from CO pulse oximetry (SpCO) as well as mathematical modeling of the EMU as a rebreather for CO. Methods: We developed a first-order differential mixing equation as well as an iterative method to compute CO accumulation in the EMU. Pre-post measurements of SpCO (Rad-57, Masimo Corporation) from EMU ground training and on-orbit extravehicular activities (EVAs) were collected. Results: Initial modeling without consideration of the astronaut as a sink but only the source of CO showed that after 8 hours breathing 100 percent O (sub 2) with a 10 milliliter per minute (760 millimeters Hg at 21 degrees Centigrade standard) suit leak, an endogenous production rate of 0.23 moles per hour per kilogram for a 70 kilogram person with 42 liters (1.5 cubic feet) free suit volume resulted in a peak CO partial pressure (pCO) of 0.047 millimeters Hg at 4.3 pounds per square inch absolute (222 millimeters Hg). Preliminary results based on a 2008 model[3] with consideration of the astronaut as a sink and source of CO suggests that most of the rebreathed CO stays bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin and; therefore, pCO only increased to 0.002 millimeters Hg in the EMU. Hemoglobin saturation after 8 hours was an insignificant 0.4 percent compared to about 4 percent for cigarette smokers in the general population. This preliminary modeling result supplements 11 pre-post index finger SpCO measurements from EMU ground training (mean 0.5 percent versus 1 percent, probability equal to 0.41 from paired t-test) and 10 on-orbit pre-post EVAs (mean 1.5 percent versus 1.1 percent, probability equal to 0.17 from paired t-test) that showed no consistent increase, at least no increase outside the accuracy of the oximeter (1 percent display resolution with plus or minus 3 percent Standard Deviation). Discussion: Simulations continue, but a preliminary conclusion is that rebreathing endogenous CO accumulating in the EMU is not a serious medical issue during EVA. The absence of CO poisoning signs or symptoms following hundreds of EVAs is also good empirical evidence that corroborates the limited SpCO measurements and preliminary modeling results.

Thermal Performance Testing of EMU and CSAFE Liquid Cooling Gannents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhodes, Richard; Bue, Grant; Meginnis, Ian; Hakam, Mary; Radford, Tamara

2013-01-01

Future exploration missions require the development of a new liquid cooling garment (LCG) to support the next generation extravehicular activity (EVA) suit system. The new LCG must offer greater system reliability, optimal thermal performance as required by mission directive, and meet other design requirements including improved tactile comfort. To advance the development of a future LCG, a thermal performance test was conducted to evaluate: (1) the comparable thermal performance of the EMU LCG and the CSAFE developed engineering evaluation unit (EEU) LCG, (2) the effect of the thermal comfort undergarment (TCU) on the EMU LCG tactile and thermal comfort, and (3) the performance of a torso or upper body only LCG shirt to evaluate a proposed auxiliary loop. To evaluate the thermal performance of each configuration, a metabolic test was conducted using the Demonstrator Spacesuit to create a relevant test environment. Three (3) male test subjects of similar height and weight walked on a treadmill at various speeds to produce three different metabolic loads - resting (300-600 BTU/hr), walking at a slow pace (1200 BTU/hr), and walking at a brisk pace (2200 BTU/hr). Each subject participated in five tests - two wearing the CSAFE full LCG, one wearing the EMU LCG without TCUs, one wearing the EMU LCG with TCUs, and one with the CSAFE shirt-only. During the test, performance data for the breathing air and cooling water systems and subject specific data was collected to define the thermal performance of the configurations. The test results show that the CSAFE EEU LCG and EMU LCG with TCU had comparable performance. The testing also showed that an auxiliary loop LCG, sized similarly to the shirt-only configuration, should provide adequate cooling for contingency scenarios. Finally, the testing showed that the TCU did not significantly hinder LCG heat transfer, and may prove to be acceptable for future suit use with additional analysis and testing.

Furukawa in airlock performing protective maintenance on EMUs

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-09-26

ISS029-E-011030 (26 Sept. 2011) --- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Satoshi Furukawa, Expedition 29 flight engineer, performs protective maintenance on Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station.

Electrophysiological signal analysis and visualization using Cloudwave for epilepsy clinical research.

PubMed

Jayapandian, Catherine P; Chen, Chien-Hung; Bozorgi, Alireza; Lhatoo, Samden D; Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Sahoo, Satya S

2013-01-01

Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder affecting 50-60 million persons worldwide. Electrophysiological data recordings, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), are the gold standard for diagnosis and pre-surgical evaluation in epilepsy patients. The increasing trend towards multi-center clinical studies require signal visualization and analysis tools to support real time interaction with signal data in a collaborative environment, which cannot be supported by traditional desktop-based standalone applications. As part of the Prevention and Risk Identification of SUDEP Mortality (PRISM) project, we have developed a Web-based electrophysiology data visualization and analysis platform called Cloudwave using highly scalable open source cloud computing infrastructure. Cloudwave is integrated with the PRISM patient cohort identification tool called MEDCIS (Multi-modality Epilepsy Data Capture and Integration System). The Epilepsy and Seizure Ontology (EpSO) underpins both Cloudwave and MEDCIS to support query composition and result retrieval. Cloudwave is being used by clinicians and research staff at the University Hospital - Case Medical Center (UH-CMC) Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) and will be progressively deployed at four EMUs in the United States and the United Kingdomas part of the PRISM project.

Use of Aquaporins to Achieve Needed Water Purity on the International Space Station for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Space Suit System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Terry R.; Taylor, Brandon W.

2012-01-01

With the retirement of the U.S. Space Shuttle fleet, the supply of extremely high quality water required for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit cooling on the International Space Station (ISS) will become a significant operational hardware challenge in the very near future. One proposed solution is the use of a filtration system consisting of a semipermeable membrane embedded with aquaporin proteins, a special class of transmembrane proteins that facilitate passive, selective transport of water in vivo. The specificity of aquaporins is such that only water is allowed through the protein structure, and it is this novel property that invites their adaptation for use in water filtration systems, specifically those onboard the ISS for the EMU space suit system. These proteins are also currently being developed for use in terrestrial filtration systems.

The environmental heat flux routine, version 4 (EHFR-4) and Multiple Reflections Routine (MRR), volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietz, J. B.

1973-01-01

The environmental heat flux routine version 4, (EHFR-4) is a generalized computer program which calculates the steady state and/or transient thermal environments experienced by a space system during lunar surface, deep space, or thermal vacuum chamber operation. The specific environments possible for EHFR analysis include: lunar plain, lunar crater, combined lunar plain and crater, lunar plain in the region of spacecraft surfaces, intervehicular, deep space in the region of spacecraft surfaces, and thermal vacuum chamber generation. The EHFR was used for Extra Vehicular Mobility Unit environment analysis of the Apollo 11-17 missions, EMU manned and unmanned thermal vacuum qualification testing, and EMU-LRV interface environmental analyses.

STS-31 MS McCandless and MS Sullivan during JSC WETF underwater simulation

NASA Image and Video Library

1990-03-05

This overall view shows STS-31 Mission Specialist (MS) Bruce McCandless II (left) and MS Kathryn D. Sullivan making a practice space walk in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool. McCandless works with a mockup of the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector which is attached to a grapple fixture on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) mockup. Sullivan manipulates HST hardware on the Support System Module (SSM) forward shell. SCUBA-equipped divers monitor the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) suited crewmembers during this simulated extravehicular activity (EVA). No EVA is planned for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) deployment, but the duo has trained for contingencies which might arise during the STS-31 mission aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Photo taken by NASA JSC photographer Sheri Dunnette.

STS-31 MS McCandless and MS Sullivan during JSC WETF underwater simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

This overall view shows STS-31 Mission Specialist (MS) Bruce McCandless II (left) and MS Kathryn D. Sullivan making a practice space walk in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool. McCandless works with a mockup of the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector which is attached to a grapple fixture on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) mockup. Sullivan manipulates HST hardware on the Support System Module (SSM) forward shell. SCUBA-equipped divers monitor the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) suited crewmembers during this simulated extravehicular activity (EVA). No EVA is planned for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) deployment, but the duo has trained for contingencies which might arise during the STS-31 mission aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Photo taken by NASA JSC photographer Sheri Dunnette.

STS-64 extravehicular activity training view

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut Jerry M. Linenger, STS-64 mission specialist, is assisted by Steve Voyles and Kari Rueter of Boeing Aerospace prior to participating in a rehearsal for a contingency space walk. Voyles and Rueter help Linenger attach the gloves to his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).

Emu Oil Reduces LPS-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide and TNF-α but not Phagocytosis in RAW 264 Macrophages.

PubMed

Miyashita, Tadayoshi; Minami, Kazuhiro; Ito, Minoru; Koizumi, Ryosuke; Sagane, Yoshimasa; Watanabe, Toshihiro; Niwa, Koichi

2018-04-01

Emu is the second-largest extant bird native to Australia. Emu oil, obtained from the emu's fat deposits, is used as an ingredient in cosmetic skincare products. Emu oil has been reported to improve several inflammatory symptoms; however, the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of emu oil on the inflammatory macrophage response in vitro. A murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264, was incubated in culture media supplemented with or without emu oil and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We determined phagocytic activity by measuring the number of fluorescent microspheres taken up by the cells. The phagocytic activity of RAW 264 cells in the presence of LPS was unaffected by emu oil. We also determined production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the culture medium using the Griess reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and the protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) using western blotting. The results indicated that emu oil reduced the LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α, and iNOS expression in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggested that emu oil does not reduce the phagocytic clearance rate of inflammatory matter; however, it does reduce the production of NO and TNF-α in macrophages. These latter products enhance the inflammatory response and emu oil thereby demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties.

Hopkins in the A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-18

View of Mike Hopkins, Expedition 38 Flight Engineer (FE), during remove and replace (R&R) of Hard Upper Torso (HUT) of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), in the airlock (A/L) during preparation for EVA-24. Photo was taken during Expedition 38. Image was released by astronaut on Twitter.

Personal Cooling for Extra-Vehicular Activities on Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pu, Zhengxiang; Kapat, Jay; Chow, Louis; Recio, Jose; Rini, Dan; Trevino, Luis

2004-01-01

Extra-vehicular activities (EVA) on Mars will require suits with sophisticated thermal control systems so that astronauts can work comfortably for extended periods of time. Any use of consumables such as water that cannot be easily replaced should be of particular concern. In this aspect the EVA suits for Mars environment need to be different from the current Space Shuttle Extra Vehicular Mobility Units (EMU) that depend on water sublimation into space for removing heat from suits. Moreover, Mars environment is quite different from what a typical EMU may be exposed to. These variations call for careful analysis and innovative engineering for design and fabrication of an appropriate thermal control system. This paper presents a thermal analysis of astronaut suits for EVA with medium metabolic intensity under a typical hot and a nominal cold environment on Mars. The paper also describes possible options that would allow conservation of water with low usage of electrical power. The paper then presents the conceptual design of a portable cooling unit for one such solution.

Extravehicular mobility unit thermal simulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hixon, C. W.; Phillips, M. A.

1973-01-01

The analytical methods, thermal model, and user's instructions for the SIM bay extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) routine are presented. This digital computer program was developed for detailed thermal performance predictions of the crewman performing a command module extravehicular activity during transearth coast. It accounts for conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer as well as fluid flow and associated flow control components. The program is a derivative of the Apollo lunar surface EMU digital simulator. It has the operational flexibility to accept card or magnetic tape for both the input data and program logic. Output can be tabular and/or plotted and the mission simulation can be stopped and restarted at the discretion of the user. The program was developed for the NASA-JSC Univac 1108 computer system and several of the capabilities represent utilization of unique features of that system. Analytical methods used in the computer routine are based on finite difference approximations to differential heat and mass balance equations which account for temperature or time dependent thermo-physical properties.

Method of multi-mode vibration control for the carbody of high-speed electric multiple unit trains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Dao; Zhou, Jinsong; Sun, Wenjing; Sun, Yu; Xia, Zhanghui

2017-11-01

A method of multi-mode vibration control for the carbody of high-speed electric multiple unit (EMU) trains by using the onboard and suspended equipments as dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) is proposed. The effect of the multi-mode vibration on the ride quality of a high-speed EMU train was studied, and the target modes of vibration control were determined. An equivalent mass identification method was used to determine the equivalent mass for the target modes at the device installation positions. To optimize the vibration acceleration response of the carbody, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the lateral and vertical vibration were designed based on the theory of dynamic vibration absorption. In order to realize the optimized design values of the natural frequencies for the lateral and vertical vibrations simultaneously, a new type of vibration absorber was designed in which a belleville spring and conventional rubber parts are connected in parallel. This design utilizes the negative stiffness of the belleville spring. Results show that, as compared to rigid equipment connections, the proposed method effectively reduces the multi-mode vibration of a carbody in a high-speed EMU train, thereby achieving the control objectives. The ride quality in terms of the lateral and vertical vibration of the carbody is considerably improved. Moreover, the optimal value of the damping ratio is effective in dissipating the vibration energy, which reduces the vibration of both the carbody and the equipment.

Positive Voltage Hazard to EMU Crewman from Currents through Plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kramer, Leonard; Hamilton, Doug; Mikatarian, Ronald; Thomas, Joseph; Koontz, Steven

2010-09-01

The International Space Station(ISS) in its transit through the ionosphere experiences a variable electrical potential between its bonded structure and the overlying ionospheric plasma. The 160 volt solar arrays on ISS are grounded negative and drive structure to negative floating potential(FP) relative to plasma. This potential is a result of the asymmetric collection properties of currents from ions and electrons moderated by geomagnetic; so called v Å~ B induction distributing an additional 20 volts both positive and negative across ISS’s main structural truss element. Since the space suit or extravehicular mobility unit(EMU) does not protect the crewperson from electrical shock, during extra vehicular activity(EVA) the person is exposed to a hazard from the potential when any of the several metallic suit penetrations come in direct contact with ISS structure. The moisture soaked garment worn by the crewperson and the large interior metal contact areas facilitate currents through the crewperson’s body. There are two hazards; Negative and Positive FP. The Negative hazard is the better known risk created by a shock hazard from arcing of anodized material on the EMU. Negative hazard has been controlled by plasma contactor units(PCU) containing a reserve of Xenon gas which is expelled from ISS. The PCU provide a ground path for the negative charge from the structure to flow to exterior plasma bringing ISS FP closer to zero. The understanding has now emerged that the operation of PCUs to protect the crewmen from negative voltage exposes him to low to moderate positive voltage(≤15V). Positive voltage is also a hazard as it focuses electrons onto exposed metal EMU penetrations completing a circuit from plasma through interior contact with the moist crewman’s body and on to ISS ground through any of several secondary isolated metal penetrations. The resulting direct current from positive voltage exposure is now identified as an electrical shock hazard. This paper describes the model of the EMU with a human body in the circuit that has been used by NASA to evaluate the low positive voltage hazard. The model utilizes the electron collection characterization from on orbit Langmuir probe data as representative of electron collection to a positive charged surface with a wide range of on orbit plasma temperature and density conditions. The data has been unified according to nonlinear theoretical temperature and density variation of the electron saturated probe current collection theory and used as a model for the electron collection at EMU surfaces. Vulnerable paths through the EMU connecting through the crewman’s body have been identified along with electrical impedance of the exposed body parts. The body impedance information is merged with the electron collection characteristics in circuit simulation software known as SPICE. The assessment shows that currents can be on the order of 20 mA for a 15 V exposure and of order 4 mA at 3V. These currents formally violate NASA protocol for electric current exposures. However the human factors associated with subjective consequences of noxious stimuli from low voltage exposure during the stressful conditions of EVA are an area of active inquiry.

Constellation Space Suit System Development Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Amy; Aitchison, Lindsay; Daniel, Brian

2007-01-01

The Constellation Program has initiated the first new flight suit development project since the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was developed for the Space Shuttle Program in the 1970s. The Constellation suit system represents a significant challenge to designers in that the system is required to address all space suit functions needed through all missions and mission phases. This is in marked contrast to the EMU, which was designed specifically for micro-gravity space walks. The Constellation suit system must serve in all of the following scenarios: launch, entry and abort crew survival; micro-gravity extravehicular activity (EVA); and lunar (1/6th-gravity) surface EVA. This paper discusses technical efforts performed from May 2006 through February 2007 for the Constellation space suit system pressure garment.

Fully EMU suited MS Peterson and MS Musgrave in airlock

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Fully extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) suited Mission Specialist (MS) Peterson (wearing glasses) and MS Musgrave with service and cooling umbilical (SCU) connected to their displays and control modules (DCMs) participate in airlock prebreathe procedures. Three-fourths of the STS-6 astronaut crew appear in this unusual 35mm frame exposed in the airlock of the Earth-orbiting Challenger, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 099. Musgrave's helmet visor encompasses all the action in the frame. Peterson is reflected on the right side of Musgrave's visor with Pilot Bobko, wearing conventional onboard clothing and photographing, the activity appearing at the center of the frame. The reversed numbers (1 and 2) in the mirrored image represents the extravehicular activity (EVA) designations for the two mission specialists.

STS-55 MS3 Harris, wearing EMU and CCA, prepares for EVA simulation at JSC WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-55 Columbia, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 102, Mission Specialist 3 (MS3) Bernard A. Harris, Jr, suited in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) upper torso and communications carrier assembly (CCA), smiles as he prepares for an underwater simulation in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool. This portrait-like view captures Harris as he checks out his communications equipment. Once fully suited, Harris will be lowered into the WETF's 25-foot deep pool for an underwater contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation. There is no scheduled EVA for the 1993 flight but each spaceflight crew includes astronauts trained for a variety of contingency tasks that could require exiting the shirt-sleeve environment of a Shuttle's cabin.

Suppression of nemo-like kinase by miR-71 in Echinococcus multilocularis.

PubMed

Guo, Xiaola; Zhang, Xueyong; Yang, Jing; Jin, Xiaoliang; Ding, Juntao; Xiang, Haitao; Ayaz, Mazhar; Luo, Xuenong; Zheng, Yadong

2017-12-01

Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes are a causative pathogen for alveolar echinococcosis in human beings, and have been found to express miRNAs including emu-miR-71. miR-71 is evolutionarily conserved and highly expressed across platyhelminths, but little is known about its role. Here it was shown that emu-miR-71 was differentially expressed in protoscoleces and was unlikely to be expressed in neoblasts. The results of the luciferase assay indicated that emu-miR-71 was able to bind in vitro to the 3'-UTR of emu-nlk, encoding a key regulator of cell division, causing significant downregulation of luciferase activity (p < 0.01) compared to the negative control and the construct with mutations in the binding site. Consistent with the decreased luciferase activity, transfection of emu-miR-71 mimics into protoscoleces notably repressed emu-NLK (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate the suppression of emu-nlk by emu-miR-71, potentially involved in the protoscolex development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Emu oil based nano-emulgel for topical delivery of curcumin.

PubMed

Jeengar, Manish Kumar; Rompicharla, Sri Vishnu Kiran; Shrivastava, Shweta; Chella, Naveen; Shastri, Nalini R; Naidu, V G M; Sistla, Ramakrishna

2016-06-15

Curcumin and emu oil derived from emu bird (Dromaius novaehollandiae) has shown promising results against inflammation. However, the delivery of curcumin is hindered due to low solubility and poor permeation. In addition, till date the role of emu oil in drug delivery has not been explored systemically. Hence, the current investigation was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin in combination with emu oil from a nanoemulgel formulation in experimental inflammation and arthritic in vivo models. Nanoemulsion was prepared using emu oil, Cremophor RH 40 and Labrafil M2125CS as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant. The optimized curcumin loaded nanoemulsion with emu oil was incorporated into carbopol gel for convenient application by topical route. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated in carrageenan induced paw edema and FCA induced arthritic rat model in terms of paw swelling, weight indices of the liver and spleen, pathological changes in nuclear factor kappa B, iNOS, COX-2 expression and inflammatory cytokines. Arthritic scoring, paw volume, biochemical, molecular, radiological and histological examinations indicated significant improvement in anti-inflammatory activity with formulations containing curcumin in combination with emu oil compared to pure curcumin. These encouraging results demonstrate the potential of formulations containing curcumin and emu oil combination in rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Topical Emu Oil on Burn Wounds in the Skin of Balb/c Mice

PubMed Central

Afshar, Mohammad; Ghaderi, Reza; Zardast, Mahmoud; Delshad, Parvin

2016-01-01

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of topical Emu oil on the healing of burn wounds and hair follicle restoration in superficial II-degree burns in the skin of Balb/c mice. Thirty-two male Balb/c mice with burns on the back of the neck were divided into two groups: The Emu oil group received topical Emu oil twice daily, whereas the control was left untreated. Skin biopsies were obtained on days 4, 7, 10, and 14 of the experiment. Then the specimens were viewed with Olympus SZX research microscope. The Emu oil treated burns were found to heal more slowly and inflammation lasted longer in this group. The number of hair follicles in the margins of the wounds increased through time in the Emu oil group compared to the control group. Also, the hair follicles in the Emu oil group were in several layers and seemed to be more active and mature. Moreover, Emu oil had a positive effect on fibrogenesis and synthesis of collagen. The findings indicate that although Emu oil delays the healing process, it has a positive effect on wound healing and it increases the number of hair follicles in the margins of the wound. PMID:27069472

Williams uses communication equipment in the Airlock during Expedition 13

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-05-01

ISS013-E-13327 (1 May 2006) --- Astronaut Jeffrey N. Williams, Expedition 13 NASA space station science officer and flight engineer, uses a communication system in the Quest Airlock of the International Space Station. Two Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits are visible in the background.

Increment 18 crew photo

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-19

ISS018-E-033765 (19 Feb. 2009) --- Astronaut Michael Fincke (right), Expedition 18 commander; astronaut Sandra Magnus and cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, both flight engineers, pose for a crew photo between a Russian Orlan spacesuit and an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Harmony node of the International Space Station.

Increment 18 crew photo

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-19

ISS018-E-033767 (19 Feb. 2009) --- Astronaut Michael Fincke (right), Expedition 18 commander; astronaut Sandra Magnus and cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, both flight engineers, pose for a crew photo between a Russian Orlan spacesuit and an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Harmony node of the International Space Station.

75 FR 3960 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-25

..., JPB is considering purchasing non-FRA compliant high-efficiency electric multiple unit (EMU) vehicles...-Climbing Mechanism; Sec. 238.207 Link Between Coupling Mechanism; Sec. 238.211 Collision Posts; and Sec. 238.213 Corner Posts. JPB, which owns and operates the Caltrain commuter rail service between San...

Barratt in airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-02-28

S133-E-007255 (28 Feb. 2011) --- NASA astronaut Michael Barratt, STS-133 mission specialist, is pictured between two Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station while space shuttle Discovery remains docked with the station. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

STS-124 Crewmembers at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-01-23

JSC2008-E-006612 (23 Jan. 2008) --- Attired in a training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, astronaut Ronald J. Garan, STS-124 mission specialist, awaits the start of a training session in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center.

NeuroKinect: A Novel Low-Cost 3Dvideo-EEG System for Epileptic Seizure Motion Quantification

PubMed Central

Cunha, João Paulo Silva; Choupina, Hugo Miguel Pereira; Rocha, Ana Patrícia; Fernandes, José Maria; Achilles, Felix; Loesch, Anna Mira; Vollmar, Christian; Hartl, Elisabeth; Noachtar, Soheyl

2016-01-01

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which affects 0.5–1% of the world population. Its diagnosis relies both on Electroencephalogram (EEG) findings and characteristic seizure−induced body movements − called seizure semiology. Thus, synchronous EEG and (2D)video recording systems (known as Video−EEG) are the most accurate tools for epilepsy diagnosis. Despite the establishment of several quantitative methods for EEG analysis, seizure semiology is still analyzed by visual inspection, based on epileptologists’ subjective interpretation of the movements of interest (MOIs) that occur during recorded seizures. In this contribution, we present NeuroKinect, a low-cost, easy to setup and operate solution for a novel 3Dvideo-EEG system. It is based on a RGB-D sensor (Microsoft Kinect camera) and performs 24/7 monitoring of an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) bed. It does not require the attachment of any reflectors or sensors to the patient’s body and has a very low maintenance load. To evaluate its performance and usability, we mounted a state-of-the-art 6-camera motion-capture system and our low-cost solution over the same EMU bed. A comparative study of seizure-simulated MOIs showed an average correlation of the resulting 3D motion trajectories of 84.2%. Then, we used our system on the routine of an EMU and collected 9 different seizures where we could perform 3D kinematic analysis of 42 MOIs arising from the temporal (TLE) (n = 19) and extratemporal (ETE) brain regions (n = 23). The obtained results showed that movement displacement and movement extent discriminated both seizure MOI groups with statistically significant levels (mean = 0.15 m vs. 0.44 m, p<0.001; mean = 0.068 m3 vs. 0.14 m3, p<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, TLE MOIs were significantly shorter than ETE (mean = 23 seconds vs 35 seconds, p<0.01) and presented higher jerking levels (mean = 345 ms−3 vs 172 ms−3, p<0.05). Our newly implemented 3D approach is faster by 87.5% in extracting body motion trajectories when compared to a 2D frame by frame tracking procedure. We conclude that this new approach provides a more comfortable (both for patients and clinical professionals), simpler, faster and lower-cost procedure than previous approaches, therefore providing a reliable tool to quantitatively analyze MOI patterns of epileptic seizures in the routine of EMUs around the world. We hope this study encourages other EMUs to adopt similar approaches so that more quantitative information is used to improve epilepsy diagnosis. PMID:26799795

Views of the extravehicular activity of Astronaut Stewart during STS 41-B

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

Close up frontal view of Astronaut Robert L. Stewart, mission specialist, as he participates in a extravehicular activity (EVA), a few meters away from the cabin of the shuttle Challenger. The open payload bay is reflected in his helmet visor as he faces the camera. Stewart is wearing the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and one of the manned maneuvering units (MMU) developed for this mission.

Work and Fatigue Characteristics of Unsuited and Suited Humans During Isolated, Isokinetic Joint Motions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gonzalez, L. Javier; Maida, James C.; Miles, Erica H.; Rajulu, S. L.; Pandya, A. K.; Russo, Dane M. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

The effects of a pressurized suit on human performance were investigated. The suit is known as an Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) and is worn by astronauts while working outside of their space craft in low earth orbit. Isolated isokinetic joint torques of three female and three male subjects (all experienced users of the suit) were measured while working at 100% and 80% of their maximum voluntary torque (MVT). It was found that the average decrease in the total amount of work done when the subjects were wearing the EMU was 48% and 41% while working at 100% and 80% MVT, respectively. There is a clear relationship between the MVT and the time and amount of work done until fatigue. In general the stronger joints took longer to fatigue and did more work than the weaker joints. However, it is not clear which joints are most affected by the EMU suit in terms of the amount of work done. The average amount of total work done increased by 5.2% and 20.4% for the unsuited and suited cases, respectively, when the subject went from working at 100% to 80% MVT. Also, the average time to fatigue increased by 9.2% and 25.6% for the unsuited and suited cases, respectively, when the subjects went from working at 100% to 80% MVT. The EMU also decreased the joint range of motion. It was also found that the experimentally measured torque decay could be predicted by a logarithmic equation. The absolute average error in the predictions was found to be 18.3% and 18.9% for the unsuited and suited subject, respectively, working at 100% MVT, and 22.5% and 18.8% for the unsuited and suited subject, respectively, working at 80% MVT. These results could be very useful in the design of future EMU suits, and planning of Extra-Vehicular Activit). (EVA) for the upcoming International Space Station assembly operations.

Reexamination of METMAN, Recommendations on Enhancement of LCVG, and Development of New Concepts for EMU Heat Sink

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Karimi, Amir

1990-01-01

METMAN is a 41-node transient metabolic computer code developed in 1970 and revised in 1989 by Lockheed Engineering and Sciences, Inc. This program relies on a mathematical model to predict the transient temperature distribution in a body influenced by metabolic heat generation and thermal interaction with the environment. A more complex 315-node model is also available that not only simulates the thermal response of a body exposed to a warm environment, but is also capable of describing the thermal response resulting from exposure to a cold environment. It is important to compare the two models for the prediction of the body's thermal response to metabolic heat generation and exposure to various environmental conditions. Discrepancies between the twi models may warrant an investigation of METMAN to ensure its validity for describing the body's thermal response in space environment. The Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment is a subsystem of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). This garment, worn under the pressure suit, contains the liquid cooling tubing and gas ventilation manifolds; its purpose is to alleviate or reduce thermal stress resulting from metabolic heat generation. There is renewed interest in modifying this garment through identification of the locus of maximum heat transfer at body-liquid cooled tubing interface. The sublimator is a vital component of the Primary Life Support System (PLSS) in the EMU. It acts as a heat sink to remove heat and humidity from the gas ventilating circuit and the liquid cooling loop of the LCVG. The deficiency of the sublimator is that the ice, used as the heat sink, sublimates into space. There is an effort to minimize water losses in the feedwater circuit of the EMU. This requires developing new concepts to design an alternative heat sink system. Efforts are directed to review and verify the heat transfer formulation of the analytical model employed by METMAN. A conceptual investigation of regenerative non-venting heat-sink subsystem for the EMU is recommended.

Astronaut Nelson wipes off helmet visor in the middeck of Shuttle Challenger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

Astronaut George D. Nelson, 41-C mission specialist, wipes off his helmet visor in the middeck of Shuttle Challenger. Astronaut James D. van. Hoften, is seen in the background. Both crew members are wearing the liquid cooled undergarments for the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).

STS-122 crew member Stan Love suiting up

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-06-06

JSC2007-E-27733 (6 June 2007) --- Astronaut Stanley G. Love, STS-122 mission specialist, attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, awaits the start of a training session in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center.

Photographic coverage of STS-108 Philippe Perrin

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-02-20

JSC2002-E-08241 (20 February 2002) --- Astronaut Philippe Perrin, STS-111 mission specialist representing CNES, the French Space Agency, is photographed during an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in a Space Station Airlock Test Article (SSATA) in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC).

Photographic coverage of STS-108 Philippe Perrin

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-02-20

JSC2002-E-08243 (20 February 2002) --- Astronaut Philippe Perrin, STS-111 mission specialist representing CNES, the French Space Agency, is photographed during an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) fit check in a Space Station Airlock Test Article (SSATA) in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center (JSC).

Determination of Time Required for Materials Exposed to Oxygen to Return to Reduced Flammability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper, Susana; Hirsch, David; Smith, Sarah

2009-01-01

Increased material flammability due to exposure to high oxygen concentrations is a concern from both a safety and operational perspective. Localized, high oxygen concentrations can occur when exiting a higher oxygen concentration environment due to material saturation, as well as oxygen entrapment between barrier materials. Understanding of oxygen diffusion and permeation and its correlation to flammability risks can reduce the likelihood of fires while improving procedures as NASA moves to longer missions with increased extravehicular activities in both spacecraft and off-Earth habitats. This paper examines the time required for common spacecraft materials exposed to oxygen to return to reduced flammability after removal from the increased oxygen concentration environment. Specifically, NASA-STD-6001A maximum oxygen concentration testing and ASTM F-1927 permeability testing were performed on Nomex 4 HT90-40, Tiburon 5 Surgical Drape, Cotton, Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Liquid-Cooled Ventilation Garment, EMU Thermal Comfort Undergarment, EMU Mosite Foam with Spandex Covering, Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) Outer Cross-section, ACES Liquid Cooled Garment (LCG), ACES O2 Hose Material, Minicel 6 Polyethylene Foam, Minicel Polyethylene Foam with Nomex Covering, Pyrell Polyurethane Foam, and Zotek 7 F-30 Foam.

Impact of Solar Array Position on ISS Vehicle Charging

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alred, John; Mikatarian, Ronald; Koontz, Steve

2006-01-01

The International Space Station (ISS), because of its large structure and high voltage solar arrays, has a complex plasma interaction with the ionosphere in low Earth orbit (LEO). This interaction of the ISS US Segment photovoltaic (PV) power system with the LEO ionospheric plasma produces floating potentials on conducting elements of the ISS structure relative to the local plasma environment. To control the ISS floating potentials, two Plasma Contactor Units (PCUs) are installed on the Z1 truss. Each PCU discharges accumulated electrons from the Space Station structure, thus reducing the potential difference between the ISS structure and the surrounding charged plasma environment. Operations of the PCUs were intended to keep the ISS floating potential to 40 Volts (Reference 1). Exposed dielectric surfaces overlying conducting structure on the Space Station will collect an opposite charge from the ionosphere as the ISS charges. In theory, when an Extravehicular Activity (EVA) crewmember is tethered to structure via the crew safety tether or when metallic surfaces of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) come in contact with conducting metallic surfaces of the ISS, the EMU conducting components, including the perspiration-soaked crewmember inside, can become charged to the Space Station floating potential. The concern is the potential dielectric breakdown of anodized aluminum surfaces on the EMU producing an arc from the EMU to the ambient plasma, or nearby ISS structure. If the EMU arcs, an electrical current of an unknown magnitude and duration may conduct through the EVA crewmember, producing an unacceptable condition. This electrical current may be sufficient to startle or fatally shock the EVA crewmember (Reference 2). Hence, as currently defined by the EVA community, the ISS floating potential for all nominal and contingency EVA worksites and translation paths must have a magnitude less than 40 volts relative to the local ionosphere at all times during EVA. Arcing from the EMU is classified as a catastrophic hazard, which requires two-failure tolerant controls, i.e., three hazard controls. Each PCU is capable of maintaining the ISS floating potential below the requirement during EVA. The two PCUs provide a single failure tolerant control of ISS floating potential. In the event of the failure of one or two PCUs, a combination of solar array shunting and turning the solar arrays into their own wakes will be used to supply control of the plasma hazard (Reference 3). The purpose of this paper is to present on-orbit information that shows that ISS solar array placement with respect to the ISS velocity vector can control solar array plasma charging, and hence, provide an operational control for the plasma hazard. Also, this paper will present on-orbit information that shows that shunting of the ISS solar arrays can control solar array plasma charging, and hence, provide an additional operational control for the plasma hazard.

Amelioration of FCA induced arthritis on topical application of curcumin in combination with emu oil.

PubMed

Jeengar, Manish Kumar; Shrivastava, Shweta; Mouli Veeravalli, S Chandra; Naidu, V G M; Sistla, Ramakrishna

2016-09-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the skin penetration potential of emu oil and the possibility of enhancing the antiarthritic potential of lipophilic bioactive curcumin, which has poor permeability through biological membranes. Solubility and ex vivo skin permeation studies were performed with water, corn oil, and emu oil as a vehicle using curcumin as a model drug. Carrageenan induced inflammation and Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rat models were used to evaluate enhanced antiinflammatory and antiarthritic effect of curcumin in combination of emu oil via topical route. The skin permeation study resulted in the combination of emu oil with curcumin enhancing the flux 1.84 and 4.25 times through the rat skin compared to corn oil and water, respectively. Results of carrageenan induced rat paw edema model demonstrated that percentage of paw inhibition shown by curcumin-emu oil combination was 1.42-fold more compared to the total effect shown by both groups treated with curcumin aqueous suspension and emu oil per se. In Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic model, the combined treatment was effective in bringing significant changes in the functional, biochemical, histopathologic, and radiologic parameters. Topical application of curcumin-emu oil combination resulted in significant reduced levels of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 (P < 0.05, 0.001, and 0.01, respectively) compared to arthritic animals. Topical delivery of curcumin with emu oil holds promise as a noninvasive and efficacious intervention for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis and it assists in further development of a topical formulation of curcumin using emu oil as a vehicle. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and fatigue characteristics of unsuited and suited humans during isolated isokinetic joint motions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gonzalez, L. Javier; Maida, J. C.; Miles, E. H.; Rajulu, S. L.; Pandya, A. K.

2002-01-01

The effects of a pressurized suit on human performance were investigated. The suit is known as an Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) and is worn by astronauts while working outside their spacecraft in a low earth orbit. Isolated isokinetic joint torques of three female and three male subjects (all experienced users of the suit in 1G gravity) were measured while working at 100% and 80% of their maximum voluntary torque (MVT, which is synonymous with maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)). It was found that the average decrease in the total amount of work (the sum of the work in each repetition until fatigue) done when the subjects were wearing the EMU were 48% and 41% while working at 100% and 80% MVT, respectively. There is a clear relationship between the MVT and the time and amount of work done until fatigue. Here, the time to fatigue is defined as the ending time of the repetition for which the computed work done during that repetition dropped below 50% of the work done during the first repetition. In general the stronger joints took longer to fatigue and did more work than the weaker joints. It was found that the EMU decreases the work output at the wrist and shoulder joints the most, due to the EMU joint geometry. The EMU also decreased the joint range of motion. The average total amount of work done by the test subjects increased by 5.2% (20.4%) for the unsuited (suited) case, when the test subjects decreased the level of effort from 100% to 80% MVT. Also, the average time to fatigue increased by 9.2% (25.6%) for the unsuited (suited) case, when the test subjects decreased the level of effort from 100% to 80% MVT. It was also found that the experimentally measured torque decay could be predicted by a logarithmic equation. The absolute average errors in the predictions were found to be 18.3% and 18.9% for the unsuited and suited subjects, respectively, when working at 100% MVT, and 22.5% and 18.8% for the unsuited and suited subjects, respectively, when working at 80% MVT. These results could be very useful in the design of future EMU suits and the planning of Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) for the future International Space Station assembly operations.

MS Grunsfeld at commander's station on forward flight deck

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-08

STS109-E-5720 (8 March 2002) --- Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, STS-109 payload commander, wearing a portion of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, occupies the commander’s station on the forward flight deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

Whitson, Walheim and Love in A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-02-10

S122-E-007662 (10 Feb. 2008) --- Astronauts Peggy Whitson, Expedition 16 commander; Stanley Love and Rex Walheim (bottom), both STS-122 mission specialists, work in the Quest Airlock of the International Space Station while Space Shuttle Atlantis is docked with the station. Two Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits are visible in the image.

Spacsuit donning and doffing in zero-g training for Don Peterson STS-6

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Spacsuit donning and doffing in zero-g training for Don Peterson of the STS-6 crew. The training is being held aboard the KC-135 to simulate weightlessness. He is being assisted to don the lower torso of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) by an ILC technician.

Project Document Change/Revision Log for CSD Originated Document Number CSD-A-945

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chullen, Cinda

1969-01-01

The EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) Garments and associated hardware were evaluated to determine if they are qualified for use in the first Lunar Landing Mission, Apollo XI (s/c 107/LM-5). It has been determined that the subject equipment is qualified for this application as summarized in this report.

STS-116 NBL Training

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-04-21

JSC2006-E-16152 (21 April 2006) --- Astronaut Robert L. Curbeam, STS-116 mission specialist, gets help with the final touches on the training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. Astronaut William A. Oefelein, pilot, assisted Curbeam.

Astronaut training

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-05-19

JSC2000-04867 (19 May 2000) --- Equipped with a shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Daniel C. Burbank is about to participate in an underwater spacewalk rehearsal in the Hydrolab facility at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia. Burbank, STS-106 mission specialist, was joined by astronaut Edward T. Lu (out of frame), for the simulation.

Astronaut Mary Ellen Weber during training session in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-05-01

Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), astronaut Mary Ellen Weber gets help with the final touches of suit donning during a training session at JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Training as a mission specialist for the STS-70 mission, Weber was about to rehearse a contingency space walk.

Astronaut training

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-05-19

JSC2000-04866 (19 May 2000) --- Equipped with a shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Daniel C. Burbank prepares to participate in an underwater spacewalk rehearsal in the Hydrolab facility at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia. Burbank, STS-106 mission specialist, was joined by astronaut Edward T. Lu (out of frame), for the simulation.

Space Shuttle Projects

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-09-09

Astronaut and mission specialist Kalpana Chawla, receives assistance in donning a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, prior to an underwater training session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. This particular training was in preparation for the STS-87 mission. The Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-87) was the fourth flight of the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4) and Spartan-201 satellite, both managed by scientists and engineers from the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Shuttle/ISS EMU Failure History and the Impact on Advanced EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, Colin

2015-01-01

As the Shuttle/ISS EMU Program exceeds 35 years in duration and is still supporting the needs of the International Space Station (ISS), a critical benefit of such a long running program with thorough documentation of system and component failures is the ability to study and learn from those failures when considering the design of the next generation space suit. Study of the subject failure history leads to changes in the Advanced EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) schematic, selected component technologies, as well as the planned manner of ground testing. This paper reviews the Shuttle/ISS EMU failure history and discusses the implications to the AEMU PLSS.

Shuttle/ISS EMU Failure History and the Impact on Advanced EMU PLSS Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, Colin

2011-01-01

As the Shuttle/ISS EMU Program exceeds 30 years in duration and is still successfully supporting the needs of the International Space Station (ISS), a critical benefit of such a long running program with thorough documentation of system and component failures is the ability to study and learn from those failures when considering the design of the next generation space suit. Study of the subject failure history leads to changes in the Advanced EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) schematic, selected component technologies, as well as the planned manner of ground testing. This paper reviews the Shuttle/ISS EMU failure history and discusses the implications to the AEMU PLSS.

Shuttle/ISS EMU Failure History and the Impact on Advanced EMU PLSS Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, Colin

2015-01-01

As the Shuttle/ISS EMU Program exceeds 30 years in duration and is still supporting the needs of the International Space Station (ISS), a critical benefit of such a long running program with thorough documentation of system and component failures is the ability to study and learn from those failures when considering the design of the next generation space suit. Study of the subject failure history leads to changes in the Advanced EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) schematic, selected component technologies, as well as the planned manner of ground testing. This paper reviews the Shuttle/ISS EMU failure history and discusses the implications to the AEMU PLSS.

Development of a Power Electronics Unit for the Space Station Plasma Contactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamley, John A.; Hill, Gerald M.; Patterson, Michael J.; Saggio, Joseph, Jr.; Terdan, Fred; Mansell, Justin D.

1994-01-01

A hollow cathode plasma contactor has been baselined as a charge control device for the Space Station (SS) to prevent deleterious interactions of coated structural components with the ambient plasma. NASA LeRC Work Package 4 initiated the development of a plasma contactor system comprised of a Power Electronics Unit (PEU), an Expellant Management Unit (EMU), a command and data interface, and a Plasma Contactor Unit (PCU). A breadboard PEU was designed and fabricated. The breadboard PEU contains a cathode heater and discharge power supply, which were required to operate the PCU, a control and auxiliary power converter, an EMU interface, a command and telemetry interface, and a controller. The cathode heater and discharge supplies utilized a push-pull topology with a switching frequency of 20 kHz and pulse-width-modulated (PWM) control. A pulse ignition circuit derived from that used in arcjet power processors was incorporated in the discharge supply for discharge ignition. An 8088 based microcontroller was utilized in the breadboard model to provide a flexible platform for controller development with a simple command/data interface incorporating a direct connection to SS Mulitplexer/Demultiplexer (MDM) analog and digital I/O cards. Incorporating this in the flight model would eliminate the hardware and software overhead associated with a 1553 serial interface. The PEU autonomously operated the plasma contactor based on command inputs and was successfully integrated with a prototype plasma contactor unit demonstrating reliable ignition of the discharge and steady-state operation.

xEMU Lite Development Plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriggs, Liana

2017-01-01

Since 2012, the Advanced EVA Development team has been maturing the design for an exploration suit (xEMU) capable of supporting Deep Space Gateway missions with the goal of demonstrating the core system architecture (xEMU Lite) on ISS by the mid-2020s. This presentation will provide a high-level status on progress made since the 2016 EVA Workshop, an overview of the xEMU architecture, and a summary of new development milestones and decision points between now and 2024.

Astronaut Sherlock in EMU and CCA during suit qualification at JSC's WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1992-02-25

S92-29546 (March 1992) --- Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), astronaut Nancy J. Sherlock checks her communications link during a training session at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Training as a mission specialist for the STS-57 mission, Sherlock was rehearsing a contingency spacewalk. Astronauts scheduled for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) duty and those who might be called upon for unscheduled space walk duty frequently use a nearby 25 feet deep pool to practice various chores. The suits used in the training are equipped with communications gear, pressurized and weighted to create a neutral buoyancy in the water tank. EDITOR'S NOTE: Nancy J. Currie (formerly Sherlock) has been assigned as a mission specialist for the STS-70 mission, scheduled for launch in spring of 1995.

STS-57 MS2 Sherlock in EMU is ready for underwater EVA simulation at JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1992-06-25

S92-40376 (March 1992) --- Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), astronaut Nancy J. Sherlock participates in a training session at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Training as a mission specialist for the STS-57 mission, Sherlock was rehearsing a contingency space walk. Astronauts scheduled for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) duty and those who might be called upon for unscheduled space walk duty use a nearby 25 feet deep pool to practice various chores. The suits used in the training are equipped with communications gear, pressurized and weighted to create a neutral buoyancy in the water tank. EDITOR'S NOTE: Nancy J. Currie (formerly Sherlock) has been assigned as a mission specialist for the STS-70 mission, scheduled for launch in spring of 1995.

STS-55 MS3 Bernard A. Harris, Jr in EMU at JSC's WETF for EVA simulation

NASA Image and Video Library

1991-11-08

S91-51058 (Dec 1991) --- Partially attired in a special training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Bernard A. Harris Jr. is pictured before a training session at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Minutes later the STS-55 mission specialist was in a 25-feet deep pool simulating a contingency extravehicular activity (EVA). The platform on which he is standing was used to lower him into the water where, with the aid of weights on his environmentally-controlled pressurized suit, he was able to achieve neutral buoyancy. There is no scheduled EVA for the 1993 flight but each space flight crew includes astronauts trained for a variety of contingency tasks that could require exiting the shirt-sleeve environment of a Shuttle's cabin.

52 Million Points and Counting: A New Stratification Approach for Mapping Global Marine Ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, D. J.; Sayre, R.; Breyer, S.; Butler, K. A.; VanGraafeiland, K.; Goodin, K.; Kavanaugh, M.; Costello, M. J.; Cressie, N.; Basher, Z.; Harris, P. T.; Guinotte, J. M.

2016-12-01

We report progress on the Ecological Marine Units (EMU) project, a new undertaking commissioned by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) as a means of developing a standardized and practical global ecosystems classification and map for the oceans, and thus a key outcome of the GEO Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON). The project is one of four components of the new GI-14 GEO Ecosystems Initiative within the GEO 2016 Transitional Work plan, and for eventual use by the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). The project is also the follow-on to a comprehensive Ecological Land Units project (ELU), also commissioned by GEO. The EMU is comprised of a global point mesh framework, created from 52,487,233 points from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas; spatial resolution is ¼° by ¼° by varying depth; temporal resolution is currently decadal; each point has x, y, z, as well as six attributes of chemical and physical oceanographic structure (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate) that are likely drivers of many ecosystem responses. We implemented a k-means statistical clustering of the point mesh (using the pseudo-F statistic to help determine the numbers of clusters), allowing us to identify and map 37 environmentally distinct 3D regions (candidate `ecosystems') within the water column. These units can be attributed according to their productivity, direction and velocity of currents, species abundance, global seafloor geomorphology (from Harris et al.), and much more. A series of data products for open access will share the 3D point mesh and EMU clusters at the surface, bottom, and within the water column, as well as 2D and 3D web apps for exploration of the EMUs and the original World Ocean Atlas data. Future plans include a global delineation of Ecological Coastal Units (ECU) at a much finer spatial resolution (not yet commenced), as well as global ecological freshwater ecosystems (EFUs; in earliest planning stages). We will also be exploring how to conceptually and spatially connect EMUs, ELUs, and EFUs at the ECU interface.

Caregiver-reported religious beliefs and complementary and alternative medicine use among children admitted to an epilepsy monitoring unit.

PubMed

Beattie, Julia Fleming; Thompson, Matthew D; Parks, Pamela H; Jacobs, Ruth Q; Goyal, Monisha

2017-04-01

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) includes a wide range of practices and products that are generally outside the use of conventional medicine as practiced in Western cultures. Use of CAM in persons with epilepsy is high, even compared to individuals with other chronic health conditions. In this study, we surveyed caregivers of children admitted to a regional epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) in the southeast United States to assess CAM use among patients (N=225). Thirteen percent of respondents indicated current use of CAM by their child, 16% reported past use, and 43% reported interest in future use, most commonly in marijuana as a potential treatment (23%). Over 25% of respondents expressed interest in CAM use related to side effects of anti-epileptic medications. Regarding prayer as a form of CAM, a large majority of respondents in this sample identified as Christian and actively prayed for their child's illness, revealing a high prevalence of spiritual practices in this population. Eighty-one percent of respondents reported that they had not discussed CAM use with their doctor. Discussing CAM use with a health care provider was significantly related to past CAM use (p<.02), but not current use or willingness to try CAM in the future (p>.05). These results have important implications for future practice and support increased communication and patient education, as many anti-epileptic medications interact with certain herbs and supplements, posing a potential health risk and treatment barrier in this population. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Astronaut Russell Schweickart photographed during EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1969-01-01

Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, stands in 'golden slippers' on the Lunar Module 3 porch during his extravehicular activity on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission. This photograph was taken from inside the Lunar Module 'Spider'. The Command/Service Module and Lunar Module were docked. Schweickart is wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU).

STS-114 Media Day at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-02-24

JSC2005-E-07622 (24 February 2005) --- Astronaut Stephen K. Robinson, STS-114 mission specialist, attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, waves at the camera prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. This training session occurred during STS-114 Media Day at the NBL.

Apollo Portable Life Support System

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-06-11

S68-34580 (1968) --- With its exterior removed, the Apollo portable life support system (PLSS) can be easily studied. The PLSS is worn as a backpack over the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), a multi-layered spacesuit used for outside-the-spacecraft activity. JSC photographic frame no. S68-34582 is a close-up view of the working parts of the PLSS.

Astronaut training

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-05-19

JSC2000-04864 (19 May 2000) --- Equipped with a shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Edward T. Lu is about to lowered into the water prior to a spacewalk rehearsal in the Hydrolab facility at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia. Lu, STS-106 mission specialist, was joined by astronaut Daniel C. Burbank (out of frame), for the simulation.

Astronaut Story Musgrave during final stages of exercise in the WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Astronaut Story Musgrave, STS-6 mission specialist, checks a sequence list on his spacesuit during the final stages of suit-donning exercise in the weightless environment test facility (WETF). He is wearing the full extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), including helmet and gloves and is strapped in to the platform for movement into the water.

76 FR 71353 - Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for the DesertXpress Enterprises, LLC High-Speed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-17

..., LLC High-Speed Passenger Train Project AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, Interior. ACTION: Notice of... (ROD) for the DesertXpress Enterprises, LLC High-Speed Passenger Train Project (DesertXpress Project...-managed lands to build an Electrical Multiple Unit (EMU) high-speed passenger rail line in compliance with...

Astronaut William S. McArthur in training for contingency EVA in WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut William S. McArthur, mission specialist, participates in training for contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) for the STS-58 mission. He is wearing the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) minus his helmet. For simulation purposes, McArthur was about to be submerged to a point of neutral buoyancy in the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF).

Improvement of bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin in combination with emu oil.

PubMed

Jeengar, Manish Kumar; Shrivastava, Shweta; Nair, Kala; Singareddy, Sreenivasa Reddy; Putcha, Uday Kumar; Talluri, M V N Kumar; Naidu, V G M; Sistla, Ramakrishna

2014-12-01

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of emu oil on bioavailability of curcumin when co-administered and to evaluate the property that enhances the anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin. Oral bioavailability of curcumin in combination with emu oil was determined by measuring the plasma concentration of curcumin by HPLC. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema model (acute model) and in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis model (chronic model) in male SD rats. The anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin in combination with emu oil has been significantly increased in both acute and chronic inflammatory models as evident from inhibition of increase in paw volume, arthritic score, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The increased anti-inflammatory activity in combination therapy is due to enhanced bioavailability (5.2-fold compared to aqueous suspension) of curcumin by emu oil. Finally, it is concluded that the combination of emu oil with curcumin will be a promising approach for the treatment of arthritis.

Quest airlock with malfunctioning EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-27

ISS036-E-037249 (27 Aug. 2013) --- The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit helmet ? worn by European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano during a July 16 spacewalk that was cut short when the helmet began to fill with water ? is captured in a close-up image in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station. After assembling and powering up the empty suit as if it were about to go out on another spacewalk, Parmitano and NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy (both out of frame), both Expedition 36 flight engineers, observed water once again leaking into the helmet. With the issue reproduced, NASA now has a baseline configuration for the crew to begin swapping out parts for additional tests to pinpoint the problem. There are also opportunities to either launch replacement parts on upcoming cargo flights or return parts to Earth for further study once more is known about the cause of the issue.

Quest airlock with malfunctioning EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-27

ISS036-E-037243 (27 Aug. 2013) --- NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, Expedition 36 flight engineer, works with an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station. Cassidy is performing a checkout of the spacesuit worn by European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano during a July 16 spacewalk that was cut short when its helmet began to fill with water. After assembling and powering up the empty suit as if it were about to go out on another spacewalk, Cassidy and Parmitano (out of frame) observed water once again leaking into the helmet. With the issue reproduced, NASA now has a baseline configuration for the crew to begin swapping out parts for additional tests to pinpoint the problem. There are also opportunities to either launch replacement parts on upcoming cargo flights or return parts to Earth for further study once more is known about the cause of the issue.

Cassidy in Quest airlock with malfunctioning EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-27

ISS036-E-037230 (27 Aug. 2013) --- NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, Expedition 36 flight engineer, works with an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station. Cassidy is performing a checkout of the spacesuit worn by European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano during a July 16 spacewalk that was cut short when its helmet began to fill with water. After assembling and powering up the empty suit as if it were about to go out on another spacewalk, Cassidy and Parmitano (out of frame) observed water once again leaking into the helmet. With the issue reproduced, NASA now has a baseline configuration for the crew to begin swapping out parts for additional tests to pinpoint the problem. There are also opportunities to either launch replacement parts on upcoming cargo flights or return parts to Earth for further study once more is known about the cause of the issue.

Cassidy in Quest airlock with malfunctioning EMU

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-27

ISS036-E-037231 (27 Aug. 2013) --- NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, Expedition 36 flight engineer, works with an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit in the Quest airlock of the International Space Station. Cassidy is performing a checkout of the spacesuit worn by European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano during a July 16 spacewalk that was cut short when its helmet began to fill with water. After assembling and powering up the empty suit as if it were about to go out on another spacewalk, Cassidy and Parmitano (out of frame) observed water once again leaking into the helmet. With the issue reproduced, NASA now has a baseline configuration for the crew to begin swapping out parts for additional tests to pinpoint the problem. There are also opportunities to either launch replacement parts on upcoming cargo flights or return parts to Earth for further study once more is known about the cause of the issue.

STS-57 MS & PLC Low, in EMU and atop the RMS, is maneuvered in OV-105's PLB

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-06-25

The darkness of space forms the backdrop for this extravehicular activity (EVA) scene captured by one of the STS-57 crewmembers in Endeavour's, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105's, crew cabin. Pictured near the recently "captured" European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) at frame center is Mission Specialist (MS) and Payload Commander (PLC) G. David Low. Suited in an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), Low, anchored to the remote manipulator system (RMS) via a portable foot restraint (PFR) (manipulator foot restraint (MFR)), is conducting Detailed Test Objective (DTO) 1210 procedures. Specifically, this activity will assist in refining several procedures being developed to service the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) on mission STS-61 in December 1993. The PFR is attached to the RMS end effector via a PFR attachment device (PAD). Partially visible in the foreground is the Superfluid Helium Onorbit Transfer (SHOOT) payload.

A comparison of the use of urinary cortisol to creatinine ratios and nocturnal salivary cortisol in the evaluation of cyclicity in patients with Cushing's syndrome.

PubMed

Graham, U M; Hunter, S J; McDonnell, M; Mullan, K R; Atkinson, A B

2013-01-01

Cyclical Cushing's syndrome is detected in our center by collecting sequential early morning urine (EMU) samples for cortisol to creatinine ratio over 28 d. The Endocrine Society suggests that nocturnal salivary cortisol (NSC) may be used to assess patients for cyclical Cushing's. However, there is only very limited evidence that it correlates with EMU testing or that it demonstrates cycling over 28 d. We sought to correlate NSC with EMU results collected the following morning and to determine whether NSC could be used to detect cyclical Cushing's. An observation study of 28-d collections for NSC and EMU was performed in a tertiary referral center over 1 yr. A 28-d collection of NSC and EMU was performed in 10 patients with confirmed or suspected Cushing's syndrome. The main outcome of the study was the correlation of salivary and urinary cortisol with graphical assessment of results for cycling. Eleven collections were performed. One patient with cyclical Cushing's completed the collection before and after cabergoline therapy. Two hundred seventy matched salivary and urinary results were correlated (r = 0.79; P < 0.001). In two patients with cyclical Cushing's, EMU and NSC followed a similar cyclical pattern. In one patient with recurrent cyclical Cushing's, cortisol was elevated in both saliva and urine but with more prominent cycles in saliva. NSC correlated well with EMU. NSC detected all cases of cyclical Cushing's. Therefore, NSC may prove to be an additional option or replacement for EMU in detecting cyclical Cushing's syndrome.

Apollo Portable Life Support System

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-06-11

S68-34582 (1968) --- With its exterior removed, the Apollo portable life support system (PLSS) can be easily studied. The PLSS is worn as a backpack over the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) a multi-layered spacesuit used for outside-the-spacecraft activity. JSC photographic frame no. S68-34582 is a wider view of the exposed interior working parts of the PLSS and its removed cover.

Astronaut Mary Ellen Weber during training session in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-05-01

Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), Astronaut Mary Ellen Weber participates in a training session at JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Training as a mission specialist for the STS-70 mission, Weber was about to rehearse a contingency space walk. One of several SCUBA-equipped divers waits to assist in the rehearsal in the water.

STS-64 extravehicular activity training view

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut Jerry M. Linenger, STS-64 mission specialist, is assisted by Steve Voyles and Kari Rueter of Boeing Aerospace prior to participating in a rehearsal for a contingency space walk. Voyles and Rueter help Linenger attache the gloves to his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Minutes later, Linenger was submerged in the 25-feet deep pool in the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF).

Astronaut David Wolf participates in training for contingency EVA in WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut David A. Wolf participates in training for contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) for the STS-58 mission. The mission specialist was about to be submerged to a point of neutral buoyancy in the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). In this view, Wolf is aided by technicians in donning the gloves for his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).

Chinese Spacesuit Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Croog, Lewis

2010-01-01

In 2008, China became only the 3rd nation to perform an Extravehicular Activity (EVA) from a spacecraft. An overview of the Chinese spacesuit and life support system were assessed from video downlinks during their EVA; from those assessments, spacesuit characteristics were identified. The spacesuits were compared against the Russian Orlan Spacesuit and the U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). China's plans for future missions also were presented.

Astronaut Linda Godwin during contingency EVA training in WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut Linda M. Godwin, payload commander, prepares to donn her helmet before being submerged in a 25-feet deep pool at JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). STS-59 crewmembers are using the WETF to train for contingency space walks for the shuttle Endeavour mission. Godwin is wearing the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), communication carrier assembly (CCA) but no helmet.

Magnetoimpedance studies on urine treated Co66Ni7Si7B20 ribbons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotagiri, Ganesh; Markandeyulu, G.; Doble, Mukesh; Nandakumar, V.

2015-11-01

Magnetoimpedance (MI) response of Co66Ni7Si7B20 ribbons treated with artificial urine with protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), artificial urine without protein BSA and healthy male urine was studied as a function of time of incubation. The maximum MI [(MI)m] values of the ribbons treated with artificial urine without protein (RTAU) after 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of incubation are 30% (at 4 MHz), 15% (at 5 MHz), 14% (at 10 MHz) and 8% (at 13 MHz) respectively. On the other hand, the respective (MI)m values of the ribbons treated with artificial urine with protein (RTAUP) are 33% (at 4 MHz), 25% (at 5 MHz), 20% (at 8 MHz) and 15% (12 MHz). However (MI)m values of the ribbons treated with healthy male urine (RTHMU) after 4 h, 5 h, 10 h and 15 h of incubation are 71% (at 3 MHz), 57% (at 3 MHz), 25% (at 6 MHz) and 25% (at 5 MHz), respectively. The saturation magnetization (Ms) values of RTAU after 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of incubation are 71 emu/g, 65 emu/g, 63 emu/g and 60 emu/g respectively whereas, the respective Ms values of RTAUP are 73 emu/g, 69 emu/g, 67 emu/g and 64 emu/g. The Ms values of RTHMU after 4 h, 5 h, 10 h and 15 h of incubation are 96 emu/g, 90 emu/g, 75 emu/g and 75 emu/g respectively. The decrease in Ms and (MI)m values in RTAU and RTAUP compared to as-quenched ribbon is related to the amounts of various elements etched out from the ribbons and increased surface roughness. The Ms and (MI)m values of RTHMU are seen to have increased after 4 h and 5 h of incubation, due to strain relaxation through removal of strain developed during rapid quenching of the ribbons. On the other hand, the Ms and (MI)m values of RTHMU after 10 h and 15 h have decreased due to deterioration of the surface of the ribbons and thus, increase in magnetic (surface) anisotropy. The decrease in (MI)m and MS of RTAU with the time of incubation are more rapid compared to that of RTAUP, probably due to the larger surface anisotropy due to rapid deterioration of the surface of the RTAU than in RTAUP. Asymmetry in MI profiles of RTAU, RTAUP and RTHMU was observed and is attributed to the non-uniform etching of the surface of the ribbons leading to pinning of the domain wall motion.

Development Specification for RV-346/348 Positive Pressure Relief Valves (PPRV)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ralston, Russell L.

2017-01-01

This specification establishes the requirements for design, performance, safety, testing, and manufacture of the RV-346 and RV-348, Positive Pressure Relief Valve (PPRV) as part of the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)(AEMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The RV-346 serves as the Positive Pressure Relief Valve (PPRV), and the RV-348 serves as the Secondary Positive Pressure Relief Valve (SPPRV).

Astronaut John Grunsfeld during EVA training in the WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, STS-67 mission specialist, gives a salute as he is about to be submerged in a 25-feet deep pool in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Wearing a special training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit and assisted by several JSC SCUBA-equipped divers, Grunsfeld was later using the pool to rehearse contingency space walk chores.

Astronaut Edwin Aldrin undergoes zero-gravity training aboard KC-135

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-15

S69-39269 (10 July 1969) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, undergoes zero-gravity training aboard a U.S. Air Force KC-135 jet aircraft from nearby Patrick Air Force Base, Florida. Aldrin is wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), the type of equipment which he will wear on the lunar surface.

STS-114 Media Day at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-02-24

JSC2005-E-07617 (24 February 2005) --- Astronaut Soichi Noguchi, STS-114 mission specialist representing Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, gives a “;thumbs up”; signal prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. This training session occurred during STS-114 Media Day at the NBL.

A Measurement of the Michel Parameters in Leptonic Decays of the Tau

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jessop, Colin P.

2003-05-12

We have measured the spectral shape Michel parameters {rho} and {eta} using leptonic decays of the {tau}, recorded by the CLEO II detector. Assuming e-{mu} universality, we find {rho}{sub e{mu}}= 0.735 {+-} 0.013 {+-} 0.008 and {eta}{sub e{mu}} = 0.015 {+-} 0.061 {+-} 0.062, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic.

Mitigation of EMU Glove Cut Hazard by MMOD Impact Craters on Exposed ISS Handrails

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christiansen, Eric L.; Ryan, Shannon

2009-01-01

Recent cut damages to crewmember extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) gloves during extravehicular activity (EVA) onboard the International Space Station (ISS) has been found to result from contact with sharp edges or pinch points rather than general wear or abrasion. One possible source of cut-hazards are protruding sharp edged crater lips from impact of micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) particles on external metallic handrails along EVA translation paths. During impact of MMOD particles at hypervelocity an evacuation flow develops behind the shock wave, resulting in the formation of crater lips that can protrude above the target surface. In this study, two methods were evaluated to limit EMU glove cut-hazards due to MMOD impact craters. In the first phase, four flexible overwrap configurations are evaluated: a felt-reusable surface insulation (FRSI), polyurethane polyether foam with beta-cloth cover, double-layer polyurethane polyether foam with beta-cloth cover, and multi-layer beta-cloth with intermediate Dacron netting spacers. These overwraps are suitable for retrofitting ground equipment that has yet to be flown, and are not intended to protect the handrail from impact of MMOD particles, rather to act as a spacer between hazardous impact profiles and crewmember gloves. At the impact conditions considered, all four overwrap configurations evaluated were effective in limiting contact between EMU gloves and impact crater profiles. The multi-layer beta-cloth configuration was the most effective in reducing the height of potentially hazardous profiles in handrail-representative targets. In the second phase of the study, four material alternatives to current aluminum and stainless steel alloys were evaluated: a metal matrix composite, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), fiberglass, and a fiber metal laminate. Alternative material handrails are intended to prevent the formation of hazardous damage profiles during MMOD impact and are suitable for flight hardware yet to be constructed. Of the four materials evaluated, only the fiberglass formed a less hazardous damage profile than the baseline metallic target. Although the CFRP laminate did not form any noticeable crater lip, brittle protruding fibers are considered a puncture risk. In parallel with EMU glove redesign efforts, modifications to metallic ISS handrails such as those evaluated in this study provide the means to significantly reduce cut-hazards from MMOD impact craters.

Post-Shuttle EVA Operations on ISS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, William; Witt, Vincent; Chullen, Cinda

2010-01-01

The expected retirement of the NASA Space Transportation System (also known as the Space Shuttle ) by 2011 will pose a significant challenge to Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA) on-board the International Space Station (ISS). The EVA hardware currently used to assemble and maintain the ISS was designed assuming that it would be returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle for refurbishment, or if necessary for failure investigation. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle, a new concept of operations was developed to enable EVA hardware (Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), Airlock Systems, EVA tools, and associated support hardware and consumables) to perform ISS EVAs until 2015, and possibly beyond to 2020. Shortly after the decision to retire the Space Shuttle was announced, the EVA 2010 Project was jointly initiated by NASA and the One EVA contractor team. The challenges addressed were to extend the operating life and certification of EVA hardware, to secure the capability to launch EVA hardware safely on alternate launch vehicles, to protect for EMU hardware operability on-orbit, and to determine the source of high water purity to support recharge of PLSSs (no longer available via Shuttle). EVA 2010 Project includes the following tasks: the development of a launch fixture that would allow the EMU Portable Life Support System (PLSS) to be launched on-board alternate vehicles; extension of the EMU hardware maintenance interval from 3 years (current certification) to a minimum of 6 years (to extend to 2015); testing of recycled ISS Water Processor Assembly (WPA) water for use in the EMU cooling system in lieu of water resupplied by International Partner (IP) vehicles; development of techniques to remove & replace critical components in the PLSS on-orbit (not routine); extension of on-orbit certification of EVA tools; and development of an EVA hardware logistical plan to support the ISS without the Space Shuttle. Assumptions for the EVA 2010 Project included no more than 8 EVAs per year for ISS EVA operations in the Post-Shuttle environment and limited availability of cargo upmass on IP launch vehicles. From 2010 forward, EVA operations on-board the ISS without the Space Shuttle will be a paradigm shift in safely operating EVA hardware on orbit and the EVA 2010 effort was initiated to accommodate this significant change in EVA evolutionary history. 1

Initial development of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales to identify patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

PubMed

Locke, Dona E C; Thomas, Michael L

2011-03-01

Long term video-EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring in an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) will remain the gold standard for differential diagnosis of epilepsy from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. However, neuropsychologists are routinely part of the differential diagnosis team and utilize personality assessment measures to add supportive data for the diagnosis. The most accurate scale on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in terms of differential diagnosis appears to be RC1 (Somatic Complaints) with a classification rate of 68% (Locke et al., 2010). This is not as helpful as neuropsychologists would like. Our aim in the current study was to determine whether another set of MMPI-2-RF items could provide improved classification accuracy. Using a combination of modern psychometric techniques and clinical judgment, we developed two complementary scales based on a physical complaints factor (Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Physical Complaints, PNES-pc) and an attitudes factor (Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Attitudes, PNES-a). The combination of these scales classified 73% of the sample, an improvement over comparable single or combined MMPI-2-RF scales. Cross validation is needed to warrant use in clinical practice. Information on scoring, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios at various levels of endorsement is provided.

Section I Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2016-01-01

Shuttle Flight 41-C, the Solar Max Repair mission, took off on April 6, 1984 from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. As with 41-B, the dress rehearsal for this flight, launch was early in the morning. It occurred at 7:58 CST. The landing also took place at KSC the following Friday, April 13, 1984. This was Challenger's fifth flight. There were two prime EMU's and one back-up short EMU stowed for this flight in the Airlock. The two MMU's were again mounted in their Flight Support Stations in the payload bay. Figure 1 shows the EMU functional schematic while Figure 2 shows the hardware which makes up the EMU. The payload bay configuration for the MMU's appears in Figure 3.

Oxygen Compatibility and Challenge Testing of the PLSS Variable Oxygen Regulator (VOR) for the Advanced EMU

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, Colin; Cox, Marlon; Meginnis, Carly; Falconi, Eric

2017-01-01

The Variable Oxygen Regulator (VOR), a stepper actuated two-stage mechanical regulator, is being developed for the purpose of serving as the Primary Oxygen Regulator (POR) and Secondary Oxygen Regulator (SOR) within the Advanced EMU PLSS, now referred to as the xEMU and xPLSS. Three prototype designs have been fabricated and tested as part of this development. Building upon the lessons learned from the 35 years of Shuttle/ISS EMU Program operation including the fleet-wide EMU Secondary Oxygen Pack (SOP) contamination failure that occurred in 2000, the VOR is being analyzed, designed, and tested for oxygen compatibility with controlled Non-Volatile Residue (NVR) and a representative worst-case hydro-carbon system contamination event (>100mg/sq ft dodecane). This paper discusses the steps taken in testing of VOR 2.0 with for oxygen compatibility and then discusses follow-on design changes implemented in the VOR 3.0 (3rd prototype) as a result.

Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Processed Ultra Emu Oil Versus Placebo in the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rollmann, Denise C.; Novotny, Paul J.; Petersen, Ivy A.

Purpose: The purpose of this single-institution pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of an oil-based skin agent, Ultra Emu Oil, on skin-related toxicity in patients undergoing radiation therapy to the breast or chest wall. Methods and Materials: Patients were randomized 2:1 in a double-blind fashion and were instructed to apply processed Ultra Emu Oil or placebo (cottonseed oil) twice daily during the course of radiation therapy. The oils were applied before the third fraction and continued for 6 weeks after completion of treatment. The primary endpoint was the area under the curve (AUC) of Skindex-16 scale scores overmore » time. Secondary outcomes included maximum grade of radiation dermatitis using the Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) for Adverse Events (CTCAE 3.0), the Skin Toxicity Assessment Tool, quality of life (QOL) measured by Linear Analogue Self-Assessment, and a symptom experience diary (SED). Results: In all, 42 of 45 patients completed the study and were evaluable. The median times to peak rash, skin redness, peeling, and skin swelling were weeks 6, 6, 7, and 7, respectively as measured by the SED. The Skindex AUC scores tended to be lower in emu oil patients than in placebo patients (mean total AUC 7.2 vs 10.4, respectively). This trend was also seen in all the Skindex subdomains. The overall QOL was slightly better in the emu oil group but remained stable throughout the study for both arms. Peak CTC toxicity occurred at week 6. Patients using emu oil appeared slightly worse on maximum CTC grade, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions: This pilot study confirmed the safety of oil-based skin treatments during radiation therapy and suggests a trend for reduced skin toxicity for patients receiving emu oil. A larger study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of emu oil in reducing radiation dermatitis in patients receiving breast radiation.« less

Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Processed Ultra Emu Oil Versus Placebo in the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis.

PubMed

Rollmann, Denise C; Novotny, Paul J; Petersen, Ivy A; Garces, Yolanda I; Bauer, Heather J; Yan, Elizabeth S; Wahner-Roedler, Dietlind; Vincent, Ann; Sloan, Jeff A; Issa Laack, Nadia N

2015-07-01

The purpose of this single-institution pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of an oil-based skin agent, Ultra Emu Oil, on skin-related toxicity in patients undergoing radiation therapy to the breast or chest wall. Patients were randomized 2:1 in a double-blind fashion and were instructed to apply processed Ultra Emu Oil or placebo (cottonseed oil) twice daily during the course of radiation therapy. The oils were applied before the third fraction and continued for 6 weeks after completion of treatment. The primary endpoint was the area under the curve (AUC) of Skindex-16 scale scores over time. Secondary outcomes included maximum grade of radiation dermatitis using the Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) for Adverse Events (CTCAE 3.0), the Skin Toxicity Assessment Tool, quality of life (QOL) measured by Linear Analogue Self-Assessment, and a symptom experience diary (SED). In all, 42 of 45 patients completed the study and were evaluable. The median times to peak rash, skin redness, peeling, and skin swelling were weeks 6, 6, 7, and 7, respectively as measured by the SED. The Skindex AUC scores tended to be lower in emu oil patients than in placebo patients (mean total AUC 7.2 vs 10.4, respectively). This trend was also seen in all the Skindex subdomains. The overall QOL was slightly better in the emu oil group but remained stable throughout the study for both arms. Peak CTC toxicity occurred at week 6. Patients using emu oil appeared slightly worse on maximum CTC grade, but the difference was not significant. This pilot study confirmed the safety of oil-based skin treatments during radiation therapy and suggests a trend for reduced skin toxicity for patients receiving emu oil. A larger study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of emu oil in reducing radiation dermatitis in patients receiving breast radiation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

STS-64 Official Crew Portrait

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

The crewmen assigned to the STS-64 mission include: Astronaut Richard N. Richards (center front), mission commander; L. Blaine Hammond Jr., (front left) pilot and Susan J. Helms (front right) mission specialist. On the back row, from left to right are: Mark C. Lee, Jerry M. Linenger and Carl J. Meade, all mission specialists. All but Lee and Meade are wearing launch and entry suits. Lee and Meade are wearing extravehicular activity units (EMU).

P6 Truss, starboard PV solar array wing deployment

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-12-03

STS097-373-005 (3 December 2000) --- Backdropped against the blackness of space, the deployment of International Space Station (ISS) solar array was photographed with a 35mm camera by astronaut Carlos I. Noriega, mission specialist. Part of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) attached to astronaut Joseph R. Tanner, mission specialist, is visible at bottom center. Tanner and Noriega went on to participate together in three separate space walks.

Usachev in orbiter airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-03-09

STS102-E-5019 (9 March 2001) --- Cosmonaut Yury V. Usachev, representing Rosaviakosmos, checks out two extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suits in the airlock of the Space Shuttle Discovery only hours away from assuming his role as a full fledged International Space Station crew member. Usachev, Expedition Two commander, and two astronauts are scheduled to trade places with two cosmonauts and an astronaut who have been onboard the orbiting outpost since early November 2000.

STS-116 NBL Training

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-04-21

JSC2006-E-16170 (21 April 2006) --- European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Christer Fuglesang and astronaut Robert L. Curbeam (partially obscured), both STS-116 mission specialists, are about to be submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center. Fuglesang and Curbeam are wearing training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit. Divers are in the water to assist the crewmembers during this training session.

Astronauts Thomas D. Akers and Kathryn C. Thornton during WETF training

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-03-05

S93-30238 (5 Mar 1993) --- Wearing training versions of Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU), astronauts Thomas D. Akers (red stripe) and Kathryn C. Thornton use the spacious pool of the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F) to rehearse for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) repair mission. They are working with a full scale mockup of a solar array fixture.

Astronaut Judith Resnik participates in WETF training

NASA Image and Video Library

1984-05-14

S84-33898 (21 May 1984) --- Astronaut Jon A. McBride, 41-G pilot, assists his crewmate, Astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan with the glove portion of her extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) prior to Dr. Sullivan's underwater session in the Johnson Space Center's weightless environment training facility (WET-F). Mission specialists Sullivan and David C. Leestma are scheduled for extravehicular activity (EVA) on the Columbia for NASA's 17th scheduled flight.

Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev receives assistance from suit technician

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

Sergei Krikalev, alternative mission specialist for STS-63, gets help from Dawn Mays, a Boeing suit technician. The cosmonaut was about to participate in a training session at JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Wearing the training version of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, weighted to allow neutral buoyancy in the 25 feet deep WETF pool, Krikalev minutes later was underwater simulating a contingency spacewalk, or extravehicular activity (EVA).

View of Reilly posing for a photo in the A/L during STS-117/Expedition 15 Joint Operations

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-06-15

ISS015-E-12289 (15 June 2007) --- Attired in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, astronaut Jim Reilly, STS-117 mission specialist, gives a "thumbs-up" signal as he awaits the start of the mission's third session of extravehicular activity (EVA) in the Quest Airlock of the International Space Station while Space Shuttle Atlantis was docked with the station.

Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator; An Enhanced Evaporative Cooling Systems for the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit Portable Life Support System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bue, Grant C.; Makinen, Janice V.; Miller, Sean.; Campbell, Colin; Lynch, Bill; Vogel, Matt; Craft, Jesse; Petty, Brian

2014-01-01

Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator - Baseline heat rejection technology for the Portable Life Support System of the Advanced EMU center dot Replaces sublimator in the current EMU center dot Contamination insensitive center dot Can work with Lithium Chloride Absorber Radiator in Spacesuit Evaporator Absorber Radiator (SEAR) to reject heat and reuse evaporated water The Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator (SWME) is being developed to replace the sublimator for future generation spacesuits. Water in LCVG absorbs body heat while circulating center dot Warm water pumped through SWME center dot SWME evaporates water vapor, while maintaining liquid water - Cools water center dot Cooled water is then recirculated through LCVG. center dot LCVG water lost due to evaporation (cooling) is replaced from feedwater The Independent TCV Manifold reduces design complexity and manufacturing difficulty of the SWME End Cap. center dot The offset motor for the new BPV reduces the volume profile of the SWME by laying the motor flat on the End Cap alongside the TCV.

Assessment of Suited Reach Envelope in an Underwater Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, Han; Benson, Elizabeth; Bernal, Yaritza; Jarvis, Sarah; Meginnis, Ian; Rajulu, Sudhakar

2017-01-01

Predicting the performance of a crewmember in an extravehicular activity (EVA) space suit presents unique challenges. The kinematic patterns of suited motions are difficult to reproduce in gravity. Additionally, 3-D suited kinematics have been practically and technically difficult to quantify in an underwater environment, in which crewmembers are commonly trained and assessed for performance. The goal of this study is to develop a hardware and software system to predictively evaluate the kinematic mobility of suited crewmembers, by measuring the 3-D reach envelope of the suit in an underwater environment. This work is ultimately aimed at developing quantitative metrics to compare the mobility of the existing Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) to newly developed space suit, such as the Z-2. The EMU has been extensively used at NASA since 1981 for EVA outside the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. The Z-2 suit is NASA's newest prototype space suit. The suit is comprised of new upper torso and lower torso architectures, which were designed to improve test subject mobility.

Multi-sensor information fusion method for vibration fault diagnosis of rolling bearing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Jing; Yue, Jianhai; Pei, Di

2017-10-01

Bearing is a key element in high-speed electric multiple unit (EMU) and any defect of it can cause huge malfunctioning of EMU under high operation speed. This paper presents a new method for bearing fault diagnosis based on least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) in feature-level fusion and Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory in decision-level fusion which were used to solve the problems about low detection accuracy, difficulty in extracting sensitive characteristics and unstable diagnosis system of single-sensor in rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Wavelet de-nosing technique was used for removing the signal noises. LS-SVM was used to make pattern recognition of the bearing vibration signal, and then fusion process was made according to the D-S evidence theory, so as to realize recognition of bearing fault. The results indicated that the data fusion method improved the performance of the intelligent approach in rolling bearing fault detection significantly. Moreover, the results showed that this method can efficiently improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis.

Antenna Design Considerations for the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bakula, Casey J.; Theofylaktos, Onoufrios

2015-01-01

NASA is designing an Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AEMU)to support future manned missions beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO). A key component of the AEMU is the communications assembly that allows for the wireless transfer of voice, video, and suit telemetry. The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) currently used on the International Space Station (ISS) contains a radio system with a single omni-directional resonant cavity antenna operating slightly above 400 MHz capable of transmitting and receiving data at a rate of about 125 kbps. Recent wireless communications architectures are calling for the inclusion of commercial wireless standards such as 802.11 that operate in higher frequency bands at much higher data rates. The current AEMU radio design supports a 400 MHz band for low-rate mission-critical data and a high-rate band based on commercial wireless local area network (WLAN) technology to support video, communication with non-extravehicular activity (EVA) assets such as wireless sensors and robotic assistants, and a redundant path for mission-critical EVA data. This paper recommends the replacement of the existing EMU antenna with a new antenna that maintains the performance characteristics of the current antenna but with lower weight and volume footprints. NASA has funded several firms to develop such an antenna over the past few years, and the most promising designs are variations on the basic patch antenna. This antenna technology at UHF is considered by the authors to be mature and ready for infusion into NASA AEMU technology development programs.

Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator Integration with the ISS Extravehicular Mobility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Margiott, Victoria; Boyle, Robert

2014-01-01

NASA has developed a Solid Water Membrane Evaporation (SWME) to provide cooling for the next generation spacesuit. One approach to increasing the TRL of the system is to incorporate this hardware with the existing EMU. Several integration issues were addressed to support a potential demonstration of the SWME with the existing EMU. Systems analysis was performed to assess the capability of the SWME to maintain crewmember cooling and comfort as a replacement for sublimation. The materials of the SWME were reviewed to address compatibility with the EMU. Conceptual system placement and integration with the EMU via an EVA umbilical system to ensure crew mobility and Airlock egress were performed. A concept of operation for EVA use was identified that is compatible with the existing system. This concept is extensible as a means to provide cooling for the existing EMU. The cooling system of one of the EMUs on orbit has degraded, with the root cause undetermined. Should there be a common cause resident on ISS, this integration could provide a means to recover cooling capability for EMUs on orbit.

European Space Agency (ESA) Mission Specialist Nicollier trains in JSC's WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1987-01-01

European Space Agency (ESA) Mission Specialist (MS) Claude Nicollier (left) is briefed by Randall S. McDaniel on Space Shuttle extravehicular activity (EVA) tools and equipment prior to donning an extravehicular mobility unit and participating in an underwater EVA simulation in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29 pool. Nicollier is holding the EMU mini workstation. Other equipment on the table includes EVA tool caddies and EVA crewmember safety tethers.

Astronaut John Young collecting samples at North Ray crater during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-04-23

AS16-117-18825 (23 April 1972) --- Astronaut John W. Young, Apollo 16 commander, with a sample bag in his left hand, moves toward the bottom part of the gnomon (center) while collecting samples at the North Ray Crater geological site. Note how soiled Young's Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is during this the third and final Apollo 16 extravehicular activity (EVA). The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is parked at upper left.

Love, Melvin and Walheim in the A/L prior to EVA 3

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-02-15

S122-E-008896 (15 Feb. 2008) --- Astronaut Leland Melvin, STS-122 mission specialist, lends his intravehicular support to the two STS-122 mission specialists assigned to the mission's final spacewalk to perform work on the International Space Station. Equipped with their extravehicular mobility units (EMU) and other gear and just about ready to egress the station and begin the day's external tasks are astronauts Stanley Love (left) and Rex Walheim.

Love, Poindexter and Walheim in the A/L prior to EVA 3

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-02-15

S122-E-008894 (15 Feb. 2008) --- Astronaut Alan Poindexter, STS-122 pilot, lends his intravehicular support to the two STS-122 mission specialists assigned to the mission's final spacewalk to perform work on the International Space Station. Equipped with their extravehicular mobility units (EMU) and other gear and just about ready to egress the station and begin the day's external tasks are astronauts Stanley Love (left) and Rex Walheim.

Love, Frick and Walheim in the A/L prior to EVA 3

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-02-15

S122-E-008897 (15 Feb. 2008) --- Astronaut Steve Frick, STS-122 commander, shares his enthusiasm and support with the two STS-122 mission specialists assigned to the mission's final spacewalk to perform work on the International Space Station. Equipped with their extravehicular mobility units (EMU) and other gear and just about ready to egress the station and begin the day's external tasks are astronauts Stanley Love (left) and Rex Walheim.

STS-109 PLT Carey on middeck with ergometer

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-07

STS109-E-5479 (7 March 2002)-- Astronaut Duane G. Carey, STS-109 pilot, takes a leisurely "spin" on the bicycle ergometer on the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia, while waiting to assist Flight Day 7's assigned space walkers--astronaut James H. Newman and Michael J. Massimino. The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suits of the two can be seen in the background. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

Multisensory temporal function and EEG complexity in patients with epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic events.

PubMed

Noel, Jean-Paul; Kurela, LeAnne; Baum, Sarah H; Yu, Hong; Neimat, Joseph S; Gallagher, Martin J; Wallace, Mark

2017-05-01

Cognitive and perceptual comorbidities frequently accompany epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic events (PNEE). However, and despite the fact that perceptual function is built upon a multisensory foundation, little knowledge exists concerning multisensory function in these populations. Here, we characterized facets of multisensory processing abilities in patients with epilepsy and PNEE, and probed the relationship between individual resting-state EEG complexity and these psychophysical measures in each patient. We prospectively studied a cohort of patients with epilepsy (N=18) and PNEE (N=20) patients who were admitted to Vanderbilt's Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) and weaned off of anticonvulsant drugs. Unaffected age-matched persons staying with the patients in the EMU (N=15) were also recruited as controls. All participants performed two tests of multisensory function: an audio-visual simultaneity judgment and an audio-visual redundant target task. Further, in the cohort of patients with epilepsy and PNEE we quantified resting state EEG gamma power and complexity. Compared with both patients with epilepsy and control subjects, patients with PNEE exhibited significantly poorer acuity in audiovisual temporal function as evidenced in significantly larger temporal binding windows (i.e., they perceived larger stimulus asynchronies as being presented simultaneously). These differences appeared to be specific for temporal function, as there was no difference among the three groups in a non-temporally based measure of multisensory function - the redundant target task. Further, patients with PNEE exhibited more complex resting state EEG patterns as compared to their patients with epilepsy, and EEG complexity correlated with multisensory temporal performance on a subject-by-subject manner. Taken together, findings seem to indicate that patients with PNEE bind information from audition and vision over larger temporal intervals when compared with control subjects as well as patients with epilepsy. This difference in multisensory function appears to be specific to the temporal domain, and may be a contributing factor to the behavioral and perceptual alterations seen in this population. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Space Suit Electrocardiographic Electrode Selection: Are commercial electrodes better than the old Apollo technology?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Redmond, M.; Polk, J. D.; Hamilton, D.; Schuette, M.; Guttromson, J.; Guess, T.; Smith, B.

2005-01-01

The NASA Manned Space Program uses an electrocardiograph (ECG) system to monitor astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA). This ECG system, called the Operational Bioinstrumentation System (OBS), was developed during the Apollo era. Throughout the Shuttle program these electrodes experienced failures during several EVAs performed from the Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) airlocks. An attempt during Shuttle Flight STS-109 to replace the old electrodes with new commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) disposable electrodes proved unsuccessful. One assumption for failure of the STS-109 COTS electrodes was the expansion of trapped gases under the foam electrode pad, causing the electrode to be displaced from the skin. Given that our current electrodes provide insufficient reliability, a number of COTS ECG electrodes were tested at the NASA Altitude Manned Chamber Test Facility. Methods: OBS disposable electrodes were tested on human test subjects in an altitude chamber simulating an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) operating pressure of 4.3 psia with the following goals: (1) to confirm the root cause of the flight certified, disposable electrode failure during flight STS-109. (2) to identify an adequate COTS replacement electrode and determine if further modifications to the electrodes are required. (3) to evaluate the adhesion of each disposable electrode without preparation of the skin with isopropyl alcohol. Results: There were several electrodes that failed the pressure testing at 4.3psia, including the electrodes used during flight STS-109. Two electrodes functioned well throughout all testing and were selected for further testing in an EMU at altitude. A vent hole placed in all electrodes was also tested as a possible solution to prevent gas expansion from causing electrode failures. Conclusions: Two failure modes were identified: (1) foam-based porous electrodes entrapped air bubbles under the pad (2) poor adhesion caused some electrodes to fail

Diagnostic monitoring by infrared imaging of avian embryos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wurzbach, Richard N.

1998-03-01

For large scale chicken and turkey raising operations, automated 'candling' of eggs for monitoring embryonic development is effective and efficient. Candling is accomplished by the transmission of high intensity light such that it penetrates the translucent egg and gives indications of embryonic position and development. When monitoring the development of other species, however, mixed results are obtained with this technique. For instance, the Emu egg is virtually opaque to transmitted visible light, and thus cannot be candled by traditional means. During the development cycle all avian embryos, and for that mater all egg-laying creatures, exhibit changes in shell surface temperatures that indicate on-going development, or a lack of that development. Additionally, such hazards as bacterial or viral growth within the shell produce atypical thermal signatures. Analysis of the shell surface temperatures may be useful in monitoring the development of these embryos. Further applications of IR thermography in farming of avian species may make it an economically viable monitoring technique.

Metal hydride heat pump engineering demonstration and evaluation model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lynch, Franklin E.

1993-01-01

Future generations of portable life support systems (PLSS's) for space suites (extravehicular mobility units or EMU's) may require regenerable nonventing thermal sinks (RNTS's). For purposes of mobility, a PLSS must be as light and compact as possible. Previous venting PLSS's have employed water sublimators to reject metabolic and equipment heat from EMU's. It is desirable for long-duration future space missions to minimize the use of water and other consumables that need to be periodically resupplied. The emission of water vapor also interferes with some types of instrumentation that might be used in future space exploration. The test article is a type of RNTS based on a metal hydride heat pump (MHHP). The task of reservicing EMU's after use must be made less demanding in terms of time, procedures, and equipment. The capability for quick turnaround post-EVA servicing (30 minutes) is a challenging requirement for many of the RNTS options. The MHHP is a very simple option that can be regenerated in the airlock within the 30 minute limit by the application of a heating source and a cooling sink. In addition, advanced PLSS's must provide a greater degree of automatic control, relieving astronauts of the need to manually adjust temperatures in their liquid cooled ventilation garments (LCVG's). The MHHP includes automatic coolant controls with the ability to follow thermal load swings from minimum to maximum in seconds. The MHHP includes a coolant loop subsystem with pump and controls, regeneration equipment for post-EVA servicing, and a PC-based data acquisition and control system (DACS).

SPACESUIT DONNING AND DOFFING - ZERO-G TRAINING - DON PETERSON - STS-6

NASA Image and Video Library

1982-07-14

Spacesuit Donning and Doffing in Zero-G Training for Don Peterson of the STS-6 Crew with Astronaut Jerry Ross assisting; and, apparatus for testing the JSC Mechanically-Induced Settling Technology (MIST) Experiment. The training is being held aboard the KC-135 to simulate weightlessness. He is being assisted to don the lower torso of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) by an ILC Technician. 1. ASTRONAUT ROSS, JERRY L. - ZERO-G SUITING 2. SHUTTLE - EXPERIMENTS (MIST)

STS-103 crewmembers at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-26

S99-08358 (26 July 1999) --- Astronaut Steven L. Smith (right), mission specialist, assists fellow MS, astronaut C. Michael Foale, with the gloves on his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit prior to a rehearsal of some of the STS-103 space walk chores in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). A mockup of part of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) lies at the bottom of the nearby pool to serve as a prop for the rehearsals of Foale and his crewmates.

Astronaut Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper During STS-115 Training

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, STS-115 astronaut and mission specialist, Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper, is about to begin a training session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center in preparation for the STS-115 mission. Launched on September 9, 2006, the STS-115 mission continued assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) with the installation of the truss segments P3 and P4.

International Space Station (ISS)

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-10-25

Astronauts Sunita L. Williams, Expedition 14 flight engineer, and Robert L. Curbeam (partially obscured), STS-116 mission specialist, are about to be submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. Williams and Curbeam are attired in training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit. SCUBA-equipped divers are in the water to assist the crew members in their rehearsal intended to help prepare them for work on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS).

Astronaut Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper During STS-115 Training

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Attired in a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, STS-115 astronaut and mission specialist, Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper, is submerged into the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center for training in preparation for the STS-115 mission. Launched on September 9, 2006, the STS-115 mission continued assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) with the installation of the truss segments P3 and P4.

STS-104 Crew at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-11

JSC2001-E-10911 (13 April 2001) --- Astronaut Michael L. Gernhardt, mission specialist, photographed in the training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis' first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

STS-103 crewmembers at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-26

S99-08359 (26 July 1999) --- Astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, mission specialist, wearing an underwater-adapted training version of the Shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), signals "all's well" prior to going into the water in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). Grunsfeld and other astronauts assigned to STS-103 space walk duty are in training for EVA chores they will handle when they make the third servicing visit to the Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope (HST) since its deployment in April 1990.

Expedition Two Crew photo in Quest airlock

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-07-20

STS104-E-5188 (20 July 2001) --- The Expedition Two crew poses for an in-flight portrait in the newly- delivered Quest Airlock on the International Space Station (ISS). Flanked by two extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suits, are, from left, Susan J. Helms, Yury V. Usachev and James S. Voss. Usachev is commander and Voss and Helms are both flight engineers. This image was recorded by one of the visiting STS-104 crew members using a digital still camera.

STS-109 MS Massimino and Grunsfeld on aft flight deck

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-02

STS109-E-5008 (3 March 2002) --- On the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia, astronauts John M. Grunsfeld (foreground), payload commander, and Michael J. Massimino, mission specialist, go over a checklist concerning the next few days' scheduled space walks. Massimino's extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, which will be called into duty for the second day of extravehicular activity (EVA), is in the background. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

MMU development at the Martin Marietta plant in Denver, Colorado

NASA Image and Video Library

1980-07-25

S80-36889 (24 July 1980) --- Astronaut Bruce McCandless II uses a simulator at Martin Marietta?s space center near Denver to develop flight techniques for a backpack propulsion unit that will be used on Space Shuttle flights. The manned maneuvering unit (MMU) training simulator allows astronauts to "fly missions" against a full scale mockup of a portion of the orbiter vehicle. Controls of the simulator are like those of the actual MMU. Manipulating them allows the astronaut to move in three straight-line directions and in pitch, yaw and roll. One possible application of the MMU is for an extravehicular activity chore to repair damaged tiles on the vehicle. McCandless is wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).

Documentation of STS-88 Node evaluation

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-09-08

S97-11949 (8 Sept 1997) --- Wearing training versions of the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronauts Jerry L. Ross (left), and James Newman perform the first training session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) of the Sonny Carter Training Facility. The training was actually a dress rehearsal of three Extravehicular Activity?s (EVA) the pair will conduct during the July 1998 flight (STS-88) -- the first International Space Station (ISS) assembly mission. During the six-hour training session, the crew practiced hooking up power and data cables between full-scale mockups of the Functional Cargo Block and the United States-built Node 1 (foreground).

Development and Testing of the Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leimkuehler, Thomas O.; Stephan, Ryan A.; Westheimer, David T.

2006-01-01

Sublimators have been used for heat rejection for a variety of space applications including the Apollo Lunar Module and the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Some of the attractive features of sublimators are that they are compact, lightweight, and self-regulating. One of the drawbacks of previous designs has been sensitivity to non-volatile contamination in the feedwater, which can clog relatively small pores (approx.3-6 microns) in the porous plates where ice forms and sublimates. A new design that is less sensitive to contaminants is being developed at the Johnson Space Center. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of the Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator (CIS) Engineering Development Unit (EDU).

Ratite oils promote keratinocyte cell growth and inhibit leukocyte activation

PubMed Central

Bennett, Darin C.; Leung, Gigi; Wang, Eddy; Ma, Sam; Lo, Blanche K. K.; McElwee, Kevin J.; Cheng, Kimberly M.

2015-01-01

Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation and to accelerate wound healing. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. We investigated the effects of ratite oils (6 emu, 3 ostrich, 1 rhea) on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in vitro by culturing the cells in media with oil concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Peking duck, tea tree, and olive oils were used as comparative controls. The same oils at 0.5% concentration were evaluated for their influence on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) survival over 48 hr and their ability to inhibit IFNγ production in PBMCs activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in ELISpot assays. Compared to no oil control, significantly shorter population doubling time durations were observed for HaCaT cells cultured in emu oil (1.51 × faster), ostrich oil (1.46 × faster), and rhea oil (1.64 × faster). Tea tree oil demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity and olive oil significantly prolonged (1.35 × slower) cell population doubling time. In contrast, almost all oils, particularly tea tree oil, significantly reduced PBMC viability. Different oils had different levels of inhibitory effect on IFNγ production with individual emu, ostrich, rhea, and duck oil samples conferring full inhibition. This preliminary investigation suggests that emu oil might promote wound healing by accelerating the growth rate of keratinocytes. Combined with anti-inflammatory properties, ratite oil may serve as a useful component in bandages and ointments for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions. PMID:26217022

A Measurement of the Michel Parameters in Leptonic Decays of the Tau

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ammar, R.; Baringer, P.; Bean, A.

1997-06-01

We have measured the spectral shape Michel parameters {rho} and {eta} using leptonic decays of the {tau} , recorded by the CLEO II detector. Assuming e-{mu} universality in the vectorlike couplings, we find {rho}{sub e{mu}}=0.735{plus_minus}0.013{plus_minus}0.008 and {eta}{sub e{mu}}=-0.015{plus_minus}0.061{plus_minus}0.062 , where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. We also present measurements for the parameters for e and {mu} final states separately. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

Swanson during EVA Tool Configuration in the A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-04-17

ISS039-E-013091 (17 April 2014) --- NASA astronaut Steve Swanson, Expedition 39 flight engineer, is seen in the Quest airlock of the Earth-orbiting International Space Station. He and NASA astronaut Rick Mastracchio, flight engineer, will conduct a spacewalk in the coming week to replace a failed backup computer relay system on the space station's truss. The activity, designated U.S. EVA 26, will be broadcast live on NASA Television. A pair of NASA extravehicular mobility units (EMU) can be seen in the foreground.

STS-48 MS Gemar uses laptop during training session in JSC's MB SMS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-48 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar, wearing lightweight headset, enters data into a portable laptop computer on the middeck of JSC's Motion Based (MB) Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS). Gemar is participating in a preflight familiarization session in the MB-SMS located in the Mission Simulation and Training Facility Bldg 5. Visible to Gemar's right is a stowed extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and on his left are forward locker mockups.

ESA Astronaut Philippe Perrin preparing for an NBL dive.

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-11-26

JSC2001-02945 (26 November 2001) --- Astronaut Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, STS-111 mission specialist, is photographed as the final touches are made on the training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Fellow crewmember Paul S. Lockhart (left), pilot, and crew trainer Joe Cambiaso assist Chang-Diaz. STS-111 will be the 14th shuttle mission to visit the International Space Station (ISS).

Astronaut Russell Schweickart photographed during EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1969-01-01

Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, operates a 70mm Hasselblad camera during his extravehicular activity on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission. The Command/Service Module and the Lunar Module 3 'Spider' are docked. This view was taken form the Command Module 'Gumdrop'. Schweickart, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), is standing in 'golden slippers' on the Lunar Module porch. On his back, partially visible, are a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and an Oxygen Purge System (OPS).

Astronaut Tamara Jernigan during WETF training

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut Tamara E. Jernigan, STS-52 mission specialist, waves to her training staff prior to being submerged in a 25-feet deep pool in the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). Wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit and assisted by several JSC SCUBA-equipped divers, Jernigan joined another STS-52 crew member in using the pool to rehearse contingency space walk chores. She was later named payload commander for the STS-67 mission aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour.

Astronaut Catherine G. Coleman during WETF training

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-01-12

S94-25956 (April 1994) --- Astronaut Catherine G. Coleman, mission specialist, wearing a high-fidelity training version of an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), trains for a contingency space walk at the Johnson Space Center?s (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Coleman has recently been named as one of seven crew members for the U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) mission. The 25-feet deep pool is used to train astronauts for mission specific space walk chores as well as for contingency Extravehicular Activity (EVA) tasks.

STS-109 MS Newman and Massimino in airlock after EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-05

STS109-326-031 (5 March 2002) --- The broad smiles of astronauts Michael J. Massimino (left) and James H. Newman reflect the success of their just-completed lengthy space walk designed to finish the replacement of the solar arrays on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). A day earlier, two other astronauts replaced one of sets of solar panels. The two are in the process of doffing their extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suits on the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia.

STS-114 Media Day at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-02-24

JSC2005-E-07623 (24 February 2005) --- Astronaut Stephen K. Robinson and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi (partially obscured), both STS-114 mission specialists, are about to be submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Noguchi and Robinson are wearing training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit. Divers are in the water to assist the crewmembers during this training session, which occurred during STS-114 Media Day at the NBL.

STS-104 Crew at the NBL

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-13

JSC2001-E-10909 (13 April 2001) --- Astronaut James F. Reilly, mission specialist, gets help with final touches on the training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit prior to being submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The STS-104 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) represents the Space Shuttle Atlantis’ first flight using a new engine and is targeted for a liftoff no earlier than June 14, 2001.

Astronaut David Wolf participates in training for contingency EVA in WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Astronaut David A. Wolf participates in training for contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) for the STS-58 mission. The mission specialist was about to be submerged ito a point of neutral buoyancy in the JSC Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF). In this view, Wolf is displaying the flexibility of his training version of the Shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) by lifting his arms above his head (31701); Wolf waves to the camera before he is submerged in the WETF (31702).

STS-126 suitup

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-02-26

JSC2008-E-015735 (26 Feb. 2008) --- Astronauts Robert S. (Shane) Kimbrough and Stephen G. Bowen (partially obscured), both STS-126 mission specialists, are submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. Kimbrough and Bowen are attired in training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit. SCUBA-equipped divers (out of frame) are in the water to assist the crewmembers in their rehearsal, intended to help prepare them for work on the exterior of the International Space Station.

Ratite oils promote keratinocyte cell growth and inhibit leukocyte activation.

PubMed

Bennett, Darin C; Leung, Gigi; Wang, Eddy; Ma, Sam; Lo, Blanche K K; McElwee, Kevin J; Cheng, Kimberly M

2015-09-01

Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation and to accelerate wound healing. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. We investigated the effects of ratite oils (6 emu, 3 ostrich, 1 rhea) on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in vitro by culturing the cells in media with oil concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Peking duck, tea tree, and olive oils were used as comparative controls. The same oils at 0.5% concentration were evaluated for their influence on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) survival over 48 hr and their ability to inhibit IFNγ production in PBMCs activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in ELISpot assays. Compared to no oil control, significantly shorter population doubling time durations were observed for HaCaT cells cultured in emu oil (1.51×faster), ostrich oil (1.46×faster), and rhea oil (1.64×faster). Tea tree oil demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity and olive oil significantly prolonged (1.35×slower) cell population doubling time. In contrast, almost all oils, particularly tea tree oil, significantly reduced PBMC viability. Different oils had different levels of inhibitory effect on IFNγ production with individual emu, ostrich, rhea, and duck oil samples conferring full inhibition. This preliminary investigation suggests that emu oil might promote wound healing by accelerating the growth rate of keratinocytes. Combined with anti-inflammatory properties, ratite oil may serve as a useful component in bandages and ointments for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions. © 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Use of Aquaporins to Achieve Needed Water Purity On ISS for the EMU Space Suit System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Terry; Taylor ,Brandon W.

2012-01-01

Use of Aquaporins to Achieve Needed Water Purity On ISS for the EMU Space Suit System. With the U.S. Space Shuttle fleet retired, the supply of extremely high-quality water "super-Q" - required for the EMU Space suit cooling on this ISS - will become a significant operational hardware challenge in the very near future. A proposed potential solution is the use of a filtration system consisting of a semi-permeable membrane embedded with aquaporin proteins. Aquaporins are a special class of trans-membrane proteins that facilitate passive transport of water and other substances across a membrane. The specificity of these proteins is such that only water is allowed through the protein structure, and this novel property invites their adaptation for use in water filtration systems, specifically usage on the ISS for the EMU space suit system. These proteins are found in many living systems and have been developed for commercial use today.

The Evolution of Extravehicular Activity Operations to Lunar Exploration Based on Operational Lessons Learned During 2009 NASA Desert RATS Field Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bell, Ernest R., Jr.; Welsh, Daren; Coan, Dave; Johnson, Kieth; Ney, Zane; McDaniel, Randall; Looper, Chris; Guirgis, Peggy

2010-01-01

This paper will present options to evolutionary changes in several philosophical areas of extravehicular activity (EVA) operations. These areas will include single person verses team EVAs; various loss of communications scenarios (with Mission Control, between suited crew, suited crew to rover crew, and rover crew A to rover crew B); EVA termination and abort time requirements; incapacitated crew ingress time requirements; autonomous crew operations during loss of signal periods including crew decisions on EVA execution (including decision for single verses team EVA). Additionally, suggestions as to the evolution of the make-up of the EVA flight control team from the current standard will be presented. With respect to the flight control team, the major areas of EVA flight control, EVA Systems and EVA Tasks, will be reviewed, and suggested evolutions of each will be presented. Currently both areas receive real-time information, and provide immediate feedback during EVAs as well as spacesuit (extravehicular mobility unit - EMU) maintenance and servicing periods. With respect to the tasks being performed, either EMU servicing and maintenance, or the specific EVA tasks, daily revising of plans will need to be able to be smoothly implemented to account for unforeseen situations and findings. Many of the presented ideas are a result of lessons learned by the NASA Johnson Space Center Mission Operations Directorate operations team support during the 2009 NASA Desert Research and Technology Studies (Desert RATS). It is important that the philosophy of both EVA crew operations and flight control be examined now, so that, where required, adjustments can be made to a next generation EMU and EVA equipment that will complement the anticipated needs of both the EVA flight control team and the crews.

CREW PORTRAIT - SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION 41B

NASA Image and Video Library

1983-01-01

S83-40555 (15 October 1983) --- These five astronauts are in training for the STS-41B mission, scheduled early next year. On the front row are Vance D. Brand, commander; and Robert L. Gibson, pilot. Mission specialists (back row, left to right) are Robert L. Stewart, Dr. Ronald E. McNair and Bruce McCandless II. Stewart and McCandless are wearing Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU) space suits. The STS program's second extravehicular activity (EVA) is to be performed on this flight, largely as a rehearsal for a scheduled repair visit to the Solar Maximum Satellite (SMS), on a later mission. The Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) will make its space debut on STS-41B.

Development and Testing of the Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leimkuehler, Thomas O.; Stephan, Ryan A.

2007-01-01

Sublimators have been used for heat rejection for a variety of space applications including the Apollo Lunar Module and the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Some of the attractive features of sublimators are that they are compact, lightweight, and self-regulating. One of the drawbacks of previous designs has been sensitivity to non-volatile contamination in the feedwater, which can clog relatively small pores (approx. 3-6 micrometers) in the porous plates where ice forms and sublimates. A new design that is less sensitive to contaminants is being developed at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of the Contaminant Insensitive Sublimator (CIS) Engineering Development Unit (EDU).

Development of a Pre-Prototype Power Assisted Glove End Effector for Extravehicular Activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

The purpose of this program was to develop an EVA power tool which is capable of performing a variety of functions while at the same time increasing the EVA crewmember's effectiveness by reducing hand fatigue associated with gripping tools through a pressurized EMU glove. The Power Assisted Glove End Effector (PAGE) preprototype hardware met or exceeded all of its technical requirements and has incorporated acoustic feedback to allow the EVA crewmember to monitor motor loading and speed. If this tool is to be developed for flight use, several issues need to be addressed. These issues are listed.

Rapid Cycling CO2 and H2O Removal System for EMU

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alptekin, Gokhan; Cates, Matthew; Dubovik, Margarita; Gershanovich, Yevgenia; Paul, Heather; Thomas, Gretchen

2006-01-01

NASA's planned future missions set stringent demands on the design of the Portable Life Support Systems (PLSS), requiring dramatic reductions in weight, decreased reliance on supplies and greater flexibility on the types of missions. Use of regenerable systems that reduce weight and volume of the EMU is of critical importance to NASA, both for low orbit operations and for long duration manned missions. The CO2 and humidity control unit in the existing PLSS design is relatively large, since it has to remove 8 hours worth of CO2. If the sorbent regeneration can be carried out during the extravehicular activity (EVA) with a relatively high regeneration frequency, the size of the sorbent canister and weight can be significantly reduced. TDA Research, Inc. (TDA) is developing a compact, regenerable sorbent-based system to control CO2 and humidity in the space suit ventilation loop. The sorbent can be regenerated using space vacuum during the EVA, eliminating all duration-limiting elements in the life support system. This paper summarizes the results of the sorbent development and testing, and evaluation efforts. The results of a preliminary system analysis are also included, showing the size and volume reductions provided by the new system.

Flexible Packaging Concept for a Space Suit Portable Life Support Subsystem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, Gretchen; Dillon, Paul; Oliver, Joe; Zapata, Felipe

2009-01-01

Neither the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), the space suit currently used for space shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) missions, nor the Apollo EMU, the space suit successfully used on previous lunar missions, will satisfy the requirements for the next generation Constellation Program (CxP) lunar suit. The CxP system or Constellation Space Suit Element (CSSE) must be able to tolerate more severe environmental and use conditions than any previous system. These conditions include missions to the severely cold lunar poles and up to 100 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) excursions without ground maintenance. Much effort is focused on decreasing the mass and volume of the Portable Life Support Subsystem (PLSS) over previous suit designs in order to accommodate the required increase in functionality. This paper documents the progress of a conceptual packaging effort of a flexible backpack for the CSSE PLSS. The flexible backpack concept relies on a foam protection system to absorb, distribute, and dissipate the energy from falls on the lunar surface. Testing and analysis of the foam protection system concept that was conducted during this effort indicates that this method of system packaging is a viable solution.

Astronaut Russell Schweickart photographed during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-06

AS09-20-3094 (6 March 1969) --- Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, stands in "golden slippers" on the Lunar Module porch during his extravehicular activity on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 Earth-orbital mission. This photograph was taken from inside the Lunar Module "Spider". The Command and Service Modules were docked to the LM. Schweickart is wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Inside the "Spider" was astronaut James A. McDivitt, Apollo 9 crew commander. Astronaut David R. Scott, command module pilot, remained at the controls of the Command Module, "Gumdrop."

Engineer pedals STS-37 CETA electrical cart along track in JSC MAIL Bldg 9A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

McDonnell Douglas engineer Gary Peters operates crew and equipment translation aid (CETA) electrical hand pedal cart in JSC's Mockup and Integration Laboratory (MAIL) Bldg 9A. Peters, wearing extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) boots and positioned in portable foot restraint (PFR), is suspended above CETA cart and track via harness to simulate weightlessness. The electrical cart is moved by electricity generated from turning hand pedals. CETA will be tested in orbit in the payload bay of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, during STS-37.

STS-97 (4A) EVA training in NBL pool

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-10-23

JSC2000-07082 (October 2000)--- Wearing a training version of the shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Joseph R. Tanner, STS-97 mission specialist, simulates a space walk underwater in the giant Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). Tanner was there, along with astronaut Carlos I. Noriega, to rehearse one of three scheduled space walks to make additions to the International Space Station (ISS). The five-man crew in early December will deliver the P6 Integrated Truss Segment, which includes the first US Solar arrays and a power distribution system.

Astronaut Catherine G. Coleman during WETF training

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-08-05

S93-42464 (September 1993) --- Astronaut Catherine G. Coleman, mission specialist for STS-73, dons a high-fidelity training version of an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit at the Johnson Space Center?s (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Coleman, who has recently been named as one of seven crew members for the U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) mission, was about to go underwater in a 25-feet deep pool. The pool is used to train astronauts for mission specific space walk chores as well as for contingency extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks.

Automatic sequencing and control of Space Station airlock operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Himel, Victor; Abeles, Fred J.; Auman, James; Tqi, Terry O.

1989-01-01

Procedures that have been developed as part of the NASA JSC-sponsored pre-prototype Checkout, Servicing and Maintenance (COSM) program for pre- and post-EVA airlock operations are described. This paper addresses the accompanying pressure changes in the airlock and in the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Additionally, the paper focuses on the components that are checked out, and includes the step-by-step sequences to be followed by the crew, the required screen displays and prompts that accompany each step, and a description of the automated processes that occur.

Pilot Fullerton dons EES anti-gravity suit lower torso on middeck

NASA Image and Video Library

1982-03-30

STS003-23-161 (24 March 1982) --- Astronaut C. Gordon Fullerton, STS-3 pilot, dons an olive drab inner garment which complements the space shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit. Since there are no plans for an extravehicular activity (EVA) on the flight, Fullerton is just getting some practice time ?in the field? as he is aboard the Earth-orbiting Columbia. He is in the middeck area of the vehicle. The photograph was taken with a 35mm camera by astronaut Jack R. Lousma, STS-3 commander. Photo credit: NASA

Astronaut Sunita L. Williams Submerges Into Waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2006-01-01

Astronauts Sunita L. Williams, Expedition 14 flight engineer, and Robert L. Curbeam (partially obscured), STS-116 mission specialist, are about to be submerged in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near Johnson Space Center. Williams and Curbeam are attired in training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit. SCUBA-equipped divers are in the water to assist the crew members in their rehearsal intended to help prepare them for work on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS).

STS-99 crewmembers Kavandi and Thiel suit up in EMUs for NBL training

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-05-27

S99-05726 (26 May 1999) --- Astronaut Janet L. Kavandi, mission specialist, is about to be lowered into a deep pool for an underwater training session. The training took place at the Johnson Space Center's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), part of the Sonny Carter Training Center. Kavandi has weights on the training version of her extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) which help to provide neutral buoyancy in the pool. Astronauts Kavandi and Gerhard P.J. Thiele were participating in a rehearsal of a contingency space walk for the STS-99 mission.

View of backup payload specialist Robert Thirsk during Zero-G training

NASA Image and Video Library

1984-07-16

S84-37532 (18 July 1984) --? Robert B. Thirsk, backup payload specialist for 41-G appears to be shaking hands with an unoccupied extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) during a familiarization flight aboard NASA?s KC-135 aircraft. Thirsk, representing Canada?s National Research Council (NRC), serves as backup to Marc Garneau on the seven-member crew for Challenger?s October 1984 flight. This aircraft is used extensively for training and exposing Shuttle crewmembers to weightlessness as well as for evaluation of equipment and experiments scheduled for future flights.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields aboard high-speed electric multiple unit trains.

PubMed

Niu, D; Zhu, F; Qiu, R; Niu, Q

2016-01-01

High-speed electric multiple unit (EMU) trains generate high-frequency electric fields, low-frequency magnetic fields, and high-frequency wideband electromagnetic emissions when running. Potential human health concerns arise because the electromagnetic disturbances are transmitted mainly into the car body from windows, and from there to passengers and train staff. The transmission amount and amplitude distribution characteristics that dominate electromagnetic field emission need to be studied, and the exposure level of electromagnetic field emission to humans should be measured. We conducted a series of tests of the on board electromagnetic field distribution on several high-speed railway lines. While results showed that exposure was within permitted levels, the possibility of long-term health effects should be investigated.

Epilepsy Care in Ontario: An Economic Analysis of Increasing Access to Epilepsy Surgery

PubMed Central

Bowen, James M.; Snead, O. Carter; Chandra, Kiran; Blackhouse, Gord; Goeree, Ron

2012-01-01

Background In August 2011 a proposed epilepsy care model was presented to the Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee (OHTAC) by an Expert Panel on a Provincial Strategy for Epilepsy Care in Ontario. The Expert Panel recommended leveraging existing infrastructure in the province to provide enhanced capacity for epilepsy care. The point of entry for epilepsy care and the diagnostic evaluation for surgery candidacy and the epilepsy surgery would occur at regional and district epilepsy centres in London, Hamilton, Toronto, and Ottawa and at new centres recommended for northern and eastern Ontario. This economic analysis report was requested by OHTAC to provide information about the estimated budgetary impact on the Ontario health care system of increasing access to epilepsy surgery and to examine the cost-effectiveness of epilepsy surgery in both children and adults. Methods A prevalence-based “top-down” health care system budgetary impact model from the perspective of the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care was developed to estimate the potential costs associated with expanding health care services to increase access to epilepsy care in general and epilepsy surgery in particular. A 5-year period (i.e., 2012–2016) was used to project annual costs associated with incremental epilepsy care services. Ontario Health Survey estimates of epilepsy prevalence, published epilepsy incidence data, and Canadian Census results for Ontario were used to approximate the number of individuals with epilepsy in the province. Applying these population estimates to data obtained from a recent field evaluation study that examined patterns of care and costs associated with epilepsy surgery in children, a health care system budget impact was calculated and the total costs and incremental costs associated with increasing access to surgery was estimated. In order to examine the cost-effectiveness of epilepsy surgery in children, a decision analysis compared epilepsy surgery to continued medical management in children with medically intractable epilepsy. Data from the field evaluation were combined with various published data to estimate the costs and outcomes for children with drug-refractory epilepsy over a 20-year period. Outcomes were defined as the number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) accumulated over 20 years following epilepsy surgery. Results There are about 20,981 individuals with medically intractable epilepsy in Ontario. Of these, 9,619 (1,441 children and 8,178 adults) could potentially be further assessed at regional epilepsy centres for suitability for epilepsy surgery, following initial evaluation at a district epilepsy care centre. The health care system impact analysis related to increasing access to epilepsy surgery in the Ontario through the addition of epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) beds with video electroencephalography (vEEG) monitoring (total capacity of 15 pediatric EMU beds and 35 adult EMU beds distributed across the province) and the associated clinical resources is estimated to require an incremental $18.1 million (Cdn) annually over the next 5 years from 2012 to 2016. This would allow for about 675 children and 1050 adults to be evaluated each year for suitability for epilepsy surgery representing a 150% increase in pediatric epilepsy surgery evaluation and a 170% increase in adult epilepsy surgery evaluation. Epilepsy surgery was found to be cost-effective compared to continued medical management in children with drug-refractory epilepsy with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $25,020 (Cdn) to $69,451 (Cdn) per QALY for 2 of the scenarios examined. In the case of choosing epilepsy surgery versus continued medical management in children known to be suitable for surgery, the epilepsy surgery was found to be less costly and provided greater clinical benefit, that is, it was the dominant strategy. Conclusion Epilepsy surgery for medically intractable epilepsy in suitable candidates has consistently been found to provide favourable clinical outcomes and has been demonstrated to be cost-effective in both adult and child patient populations. The first step to increasing access to epilepsy surgery is to provide access to evidence-based care for all patients with epilepsy, both adults and children, through the provision of resources to expand EMU bed capacity and associated clinical personnel across the province of Ontario. Plain Language Summary Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent, unpredictable, and spontaneous seizures, affects approximately 70,000 people in Ontario. About 30% continue to suffer from seizures despite using 2 or more anti-seizure medications. For these individuals epilepsy surgery is a treatment option to stop the seizures or at least reduce their frequency. Awareness of this treatment option is not widespread and people are not commonly referred to those hospitals in Ontario where this surgery is available. A proposal to increase access to epilepsy care and surgery has been made by an expert committee that provided a report to the Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee (OHTAC). In order to address the lack of access of patients with medically intractable epilepsy to the possibility of curative surgical treatment, it is necessary to design a system that provides equal availability of evidence-based treatment for all epilepsy patients in Ontario, both adults and children. To this end, the establishment of district epilepsy care centres and the further development of the existing regional epilepsy care centres in the province have been proposed. This report outlines the estimated additional funds that will be required to implement the proposal. It also examines the cost-effectiveness of referral to these centres and epilepsy surgery. For the 21,000 people in the province with drug-refractory epilepsy, referral to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) located at one of the epilepsy care centres is the first step to determining if epilepsy surgery is an option for them. The expert committee proposal suggests that the number of EMU beds be increased from the current 19 to 50 to allow for the assessment of those individuals with drug-refractory epilepsy. The health care system budget impact model presented in this report estimates that it would cost approximately $18 million (Cdn) each year over the next 5 years to increase the number of EMU beds and expand associated epilepsy care centres to permit the systematic evidence-based care of all Ontarians with epilepsy and evaluate more people for surgery candidacy. This amount would provide appropriate care for patients with epilepsy and ensure that about 675 children and 1050 adults could be assessed each year for suitability for epilepsy surgery. Surgery could then be made available to just over 300 people per year. Epilepsy surgery over the long term is a less expensive treatment alternative for adults and children with medically refractory epilepsy compared with continued drug treatment. In addition, drug treatment does not always work for some patients; nor does it necessarily provide improved quality of life. This report includes a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing referral for assessment for epilepsy surgery with continuing medical management in children with drug-refractory epilepsy. In all the cases examined epilepsy surgery provides good value for money over a 20-year period. Similar studies have found that the benefits from epilepsy surgery outweigh those of continuing medical management in adult patients with medically refractory epilepsy. PMID:23074428

Isolation of Biliverdin Ixa, as Its Dimethyl Ester, from Emu Eggshells

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Halepas, Steven; Hamchand, Randy; Lindeyer, Samuel E. D.; Bru¨ckner, Christian

2017-01-01

A laboratory experiment is described that extracts the tetrapyrrolic teal-colored biliverdin IXa, as its dimethyl ester, from commercially available emu eggshells. The extraction of ~10 mg samples of biliverdin is simple and requires two 3 h lab periods: A two-step acid digestion and liquid-liquid extraction, followed by short silica gel flash…

Women's experiences of transfer from primary maternity unit to tertiary hospital in New Zealand: part of the prospective cohort Evaluating Maternity Units study.

PubMed

Grigg, Celia P; Tracy, Sally K; Schmied, Virginia; Monk, Amy; Tracy, Mark B

2015-12-18

There is worldwide debate regarding the appropriateness and safety of different birthplaces for well women. The Evaluating Maternity Units (EMU) study's primary objective was to compare clinical outcomes for well women intending to give birth in either a tertiary level maternity hospital or a freestanding primary level maternity unit. Little is known about how women experience having to change their birthplace plans during the antenatal period or before admission to a primary unit, or transfer following admission. This paper describes and explores women's experience of these changes-a secondary aim of the EMU study. This paper utilised the six week postpartum survey data, from the 174 women from the primary unit cohort affected by birthplace plan change or transfer (response rate 73%). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study was undertaken in Christchurch, New Zealand, which has an obstetric-led tertiary maternity hospital and four freestanding midwife-led primary maternity units (2010-2012). The 702 study participants were well, pregnant women booked to give birth in one of these facilities, all of whom received continuity of midwifery care, regardless of their intended or actual birthplace. Of the women who had to change their planned place of birth or transfer the greatest proportion of women rated themselves on a Likert scale as unbothered by the move (38.6%); 8.8% were 'very unhappy' and 7.6% 'very happy' (quantitative analysis). Four themes were identified, using thematic analysis, from the open ended survey responses of those who experienced transfer: 'not to plan', control, communication and 'my midwife'. An interplay between the themes created a cumulatively positive or negative effect on their experience. Women's experience of transfer in labour was generally positive, and none expressed stress or trauma with transfer. The women knew of the potential for change or transfer, although it was not wanted or planned. When they maintained a sense control, experienced effective communication with caregivers, and support and information from their midwife, the transfer did not appear to be experienced negatively. The model of continuity of midwifery care in New Zealand appeared to mitigate the negative aspects of women's experience of transfer and facilitate positive birth experiences.

The Effects of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Glove Pressure on Hand Strength

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rajulu, Sudhakar; Mesloh, Miranda; Thompson, Shelby; England, Scott; Benson, Liz

2009-01-01

With the new vision of space travel aimed at traveling back to the Moon and eventually to Mars, NASA is designing a new spacesuit glove. The purpose of this study was to baseline hand strength while wearing the current Extravehicular Activity (EVA) glove, the Phase VI. By varying the pressure in the glove, hand strength could be characterized as a function of spacesuit pressure. This finding is of extreme importance when evaluating missions that require varying suit pressures associated with different operations within NASA's current human spaceflight program, Constellation. This characterization fed directly into the derivation of requirements for the next EVA glove. This study captured three types of maximum hand strength: grip, lateral pinch, and pulp-2 pinch. All three strengths were measured under varying pressures and compared to a bare-hand condition. The resulting standardized data was reported as a percentage of the bare-hand strength. The first wave of tests was performed while the subjects, four female and four male, were wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit supported by a suit stand. This portion of the test collected data from the barehand, suited unpressurized, and suited pressurized (4.3 psi) conditions. In addition, the effects of the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) on hand strength were examined, with the suited unpressurized and pressurized cases tested with and without a TMG. It was found that, when pressurized and with the TMG, the Phase VI glove reduced applied grip strength to a little more than half of the subject s bare-hand strength. The lateral pinch strength remained relatively constant while the pulp-2 pinch strength actually increased with pressure. The TMG was found to decrease maximum applied grip strength by an additional 10% for both pressurized and unpressurized cases, while the pinch strengths saw little to no change. In developing requirements based on human subjects, it is important to attempt to derive results that encompass the variation within the entire population. The current EMU does not accommodate humans at the extremes of the anthropometric spectrum. To account for this and to ensure that these requirements cover the population, another phase of testing will be conducted in a differential pressure glove box. This phase will focus on smaller females and very large males that do not have a properly fitted EMU suit. Instead, they would wear smaller or larger gloves and be tested in the glove box as a means to compare and contrast their strength capabilities against the EMU accommodated hand size subjects. The glove box s ability to change pressures easily will also allow for a wider range of glove pressures to be tested. Compared to the data collected on the subjects wearing the EMU suit, it is expected that there will be similar ratios to bare-hand. It is recommended that this topic be sent to the Physical Ergonomics Board for review.

Injury Risk Assessment of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Phase VI and Series 4000 Gloves During Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Hand Manipulation Tasks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kilby, Melissa

2015-01-01

Functional Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs) with high precision gloves are essential for the success of Extravehicular Activity (EVA). Previous research done at NASA has shown that total strength capabilities and performance are reduced when wearing a pressurized EMU. The goal of this project was to characterize the human-space suit glove interaction and assess the risk of injury during common EVA hand manipulation tasks, including pushing, pinching and gripping objects. A custom third generation sensor garment was designed to incorporate a combination of sensors, including force sensitive resistors, strain gauge sensors, and shear force sensors. The combination of sensors was used to measure the forces acting on the finger nails, finger pads, finger tips, as well as the knuckle joints. In addition to measuring the forces, data was collected on the temperature, humidity, skin conductance, and blood perfusion of the hands. Testing compared both the Phase VI and Series 4000 glove against an ungloved condition. The ungloved test was performed wearing the sensor garment only. The project outcomes identified critical landmarks that experienced higher workloads and are more likely to suffer injuries. These critical landmarks varied as a function of space suit glove and task performed. The results showed that less forces were acting on the hands while wearing the Phase VI glove as compared to wearing the Series 4000 glove. Based on our findings, the engineering division can utilize these methods for optimizing the current space suit glove and designing next generation gloves to prevent injuries and optimize hand mobility and comfort.

Maintaining Adequate CO2 Washout for an Advanced EMU via a New Rapid Cycle Amine Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chullen, Cinda; Conger, Bruce

2012-01-01

Over the past several years, NASA has realized tremendous progress in Extravehicular Activity (EVA) technology development. This has been evidenced by the progressive development of a new Rapid Cycle Amine (RCA) system for the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AEMU) Portable Life Support Subsystem (PLSS). The PLSS is responsible for the life support of the crew member in the spacesuit. The RCA technology is responsible for carbon dioxide (CO2) and humidity control. Another aspect of the RCA is that it is on-back vacuum-regenerable, efficient, and reliable. The RCA also simplifies the PLSS schematic by eliminating the need for a condensing heat exchanger for humidity control in the current EMU. As development progresses on the RCA, it is important that the sizing be optimized so that the demand on the PLSS battery is minimized. As well, maintaining the CO2 washout at adequate levels during an EVA is an absolute requirement of the RCA and associated ventilation system. Testing has been underway in-house at NASA Johnson Space Center and analysis has been initiated to evaluate whether the technology provides exemplary performance in ensuring that the CO2 is removed sufficiently and the ventilation flow is adequate for maintaining CO2 washout in the AEMU spacesuit helmet of the crew member during an EVA. This paper will review the recent developments of the RCA unit, testing planned in-house with a spacesuit simulator, and the associated analytical work along with insights from the medical aspect on the testing. 1

A YBCO RF-squid variable temperature susceptometer and its applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhou, Luwei; Qiu, Jinwu; Zhang, Xianfeng; Tang, Zhimin; Cai, Yimin; Qian, Yongjia

1991-01-01

The Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) susceptibility using a high-temperature radio-frequency (rf) SQUID and a normal metal pick-up coil is employed in testing weak magnetization of the sample. The magnetic moment resolution of the device is 1 x 10(exp -6) emu, and that of the susceptibility is 5 x 10(exp -6) emu/cu cm.

Positive Voltage Hazard to EMU Crewman from Currents through Plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koontz, Steven L.; Kramer, Leonard; Hamilton, Doug; Mikatarian, Ronald

2010-01-01

This paper describes the model of the EMU with a human body in the circuit that has been used by NASA to evaluate the low positive voltage hazard. The model utilizes the electron collection characterization from on orbit Langmuir probe data as representative of electron collection to a positive charged surface with a wide range of on orbit plasma temperature and density conditions. The data has been unified according to non-linear theoretical temperature and density variation of the electron saturated probe current collection theory and used as a model for the electron collection at EMU surfaces. Vulnerable paths through the EMU connecting through the crewman s body have been identified along with electrical impedance of the exposed body parts. The body impedance information is merged with the electron collection characteristics in circuit simulation software (SPICE). The assessment shows that currents can be on the order of 20 mA for a 15 V exposure and of order 4 mA at 3V. These currents formally violate NASA protocol for electric current exposures however the human factors associated with subjective consequences of noxious stimuli from low voltage exposure during the stressful conditions of EVA are an area of active inquiry.

Remote Sensing Derived Fire Frequency, Soil Moisture and Ecosystem Productivity Explain Regional Movements in Emu over Australia

PubMed Central

Madani, Nima; Kimball, John S.; Nazeri, Mona; Kumar, Lalit; Affleck, David L. R.

2016-01-01

Species distribution modeling has been widely used in studying habitat relationships and for conservation purposes. However, neglecting ecological knowledge about species, e.g. their seasonal movements, and ignoring the proper environmental factors that can explain key elements for species survival (shelter, food and water) increase model uncertainty. This study exemplifies how these ecological gaps in species distribution modeling can be addressed by modeling the distribution of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Australia. Emus cover a large area during the austral winter. However, their habitat shrinks during the summer months. We show evidence of emu summer habitat shrinkage due to higher fire frequency, and low water and food availability in northern regions. Our findings indicate that emus prefer areas with higher vegetation productivity and low fire recurrence, while their distribution is linked to an optimal intermediate (~0.12 m3 m-3) soil moisture range. We propose that the application of three geospatial data products derived from satellite remote sensing, namely fire frequency, ecosystem productivity, and soil water content, provides an effective representation of emu general habitat requirements, and substantially improves species distribution modeling and representation of the species’ ecological habitat niche across Australia. PMID:26799732

Remote Sensing Derived Fire Frequency, Soil Moisture and Ecosystem Productivity Explain Regional Movements in Emu over Australia.

PubMed

Madani, Nima; Kimball, John S; Nazeri, Mona; Kumar, Lalit; Affleck, David L R

2016-01-01

Species distribution modeling has been widely used in studying habitat relationships and for conservation purposes. However, neglecting ecological knowledge about species, e.g. their seasonal movements, and ignoring the proper environmental factors that can explain key elements for species survival (shelter, food and water) increase model uncertainty. This study exemplifies how these ecological gaps in species distribution modeling can be addressed by modeling the distribution of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Australia. Emus cover a large area during the austral winter. However, their habitat shrinks during the summer months. We show evidence of emu summer habitat shrinkage due to higher fire frequency, and low water and food availability in northern regions. Our findings indicate that emus prefer areas with higher vegetation productivity and low fire recurrence, while their distribution is linked to an optimal intermediate (~0.12 m3 m(-3)) soil moisture range. We propose that the application of three geospatial data products derived from satellite remote sensing, namely fire frequency, ecosystem productivity, and soil water content, provides an effective representation of emu general habitat requirements, and substantially improves species distribution modeling and representation of the species' ecological habitat niche across Australia.

Radiological Shielding Design for the Neutron High-Resolution Backscattering Spectrometer EMU at the OPAL Reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ersez, Tunay; Esposto, Fernando; Souza, Nicolas R. de

2017-09-01

The shielding for the neutron high-resolution backscattering spectrometer (EMU) located at the OPAL reactor (ANSTO) was designed using the Monte Carlo code MCNP 5-1.60. The proposed shielding design has produced compact shielding assemblies, such as the neutron pre-monochromator bunker with sliding cylindrical block shields to accommodate a range of neutron take-off angles, and in the experimental area - shielding of neutron focusing guides, choppers, flight tube, backscattering monochromator, and additional shielding elements inside the Scattering Tank. These shielding assemblies meet safety and engineering requirements and cost constraints. The neutron dose rates around the EMU instrument were reduced to < 0.5 µSv/h and the gamma dose rates to a safe working level of ≤ 3 µSv/h.

EVA Hazards due to TPS Inspection and Repair

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stewart, Christine E.

2007-01-01

Tile inspection and repair activities have implicit hazards associated with them. When an Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA) crewmember and associated hardware are added into the equation, additional hazards are introduced. Potential hazards to the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), the Orbiter or the crew member themselves are created. In order to accurately assess the risk of performing a TPS inspection or repair, an accurate evaluation of potential hazards and how adequately these hazards are controlled is essential. The EMU could become damaged due to sharp edges, protrusions, thermal extremes, molten metal or impact with the Orbiter. Tools, tethers and the presence of a crew member in the vicinity of the Orbiter Thermal Protection System (TPS) pose hazards to the Orbiter. Hazards such as additional tile or Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) damage from a loose tool, safety tethers, crewmember or arm impact are introduced. Additionally, there are hazards to the crew which should be addressed. Crew hazards include laser injury, electrical shock, inability to return to the airlock for EMU failures or Orbiter rapid safing scenarios, as well as the potential inadvertent release of a crew member from the arm/boom. The aforementioned hazards are controlled in various ways. Generally, these controls are addressed operationally versus by design, as the majority of the interfaces are to the Orbiter and the Orbiter design did not originally account for tile repair. The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), for instance, was originally designed to deploy experiments, and therefore has insufficient design controls for retention of the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS). Although multiple methods to repair the Orbiter TPS exist, the majority of the hazards are applicable no matter which specific repair method is being performed. TPS Inspection performed via EVA also presents some of the same hazards. Therefore, the hazards common to all TPS inspection or repair methods will be addressed.

Genome evolution in Reptilia: in silico chicken mapping of 12,000 BAC-end sequences from two reptiles and a basal bird

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background With the publication of the draft chicken genome and the recent production of several BAC clone libraries from non-avian reptiles and birds, it is now possible to undertake more detailed comparative genomic studies in Reptilia. Of interest in particular are the genomic events that transformed the large, repeat-rich genomes of mammals and non-avian reptiles into the minimalist chicken genome. We have used paired BAC end sequences (BESs) from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) to investigate patterns of sequence divergence, gene and retroelement content, and microsynteny between these species and chicken. Results From a total of 11,967 curated BESs, we successfully mapped 725, 773 and 2597 sequences in alligator, turtle, and emu, respectively, to sites in the draft chicken genome using a stringent BLAST protocol. Most commonly, sequences mapped to a single site in the chicken genome. Of 1675, 1828 and 2936 paired BESs obtained for alligator, turtle, and emu, respectively, a total of 34 (alligator, 2%), 24 (turtle, 1.3%) and 479 (emu, 16.3%) pairs were found to map with high confidence and in the correct orientation and with BAC-sized intermarker distances to single chicken chromosomes, including 25 such paired hits in emu mapping to the chicken Z chromosome. By determining the insert sizes of a subset of BAC clones from these three species, we also found a significant correlation between the intermarker distance in alligator and turtle and in chicken, with slopes as expected on the basis of the ratio of the genome sizes. Conclusion Our results suggest that a large number of small-scale chromosomal rearrangements and deletions in the lineage leading to chicken have drastically reduced the number of detected syntenies observed between the chicken and alligator, turtle, and emu genomes and imply that small deletions occurring widely throughout the genomes of reptilian and avian ancestors led to the ~50% reduction in genome size observed in birds compared to reptiles. We have also mapped and identified likely gene regions in hundreds of new BAC clones from these species. PMID:19607659

Genome evolution in Reptilia: in silico chicken mapping of 12,000 BAC-end sequences from two reptiles and a basal bird.

PubMed

Chapus, Charles; Edwards, Scott V

2009-07-14

With the publication of the draft chicken genome and the recent production of several BAC clone libraries from non-avian reptiles and birds, it is now possible to undertake more detailed comparative genomic studies in Reptilia. Of interest in particular are the genomic events that transformed the large, repeat-rich genomes of mammals and non-avian reptiles into the minimalist chicken genome. We have used paired BAC end sequences (BESs) from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) to investigate patterns of sequence divergence, gene and retroelement content, and microsynteny between these species and chicken. From a total of 11,967 curated BESs, we successfully mapped 725, 773 and 2597 sequences in alligator, turtle, and emu, respectively, to sites in the draft chicken genome using a stringent BLAST protocol. Most commonly, sequences mapped to a single site in the chicken genome. Of 1675, 1828 and 2936 paired BESs obtained for alligator, turtle, and emu, respectively, a total of 34 (alligator, 2%), 24 (turtle, 1.3%) and 479 (emu, 16.3%) pairs were found to map with high confidence and in the correct orientation and with BAC-sized intermarker distances to single chicken chromosomes, including 25 such paired hits in emu mapping to the chicken Z chromosome. By determining the insert sizes of a subset of BAC clones from these three species, we also found a significant correlation between the intermarker distance in alligator and turtle and in chicken, with slopes as expected on the basis of the ratio of the genome sizes. Our results suggest that a large number of small-scale chromosomal rearrangements and deletions in the lineage leading to chicken have drastically reduced the number of detected syntenies observed between the chicken and alligator, turtle, and emu genomes and imply that small deletions occurring widely throughout the genomes of reptilian and avian ancestors led to the ~50% reduction in genome size observed in birds compared to reptiles. We have also mapped and identified likely gene regions in hundreds of new BAC clones from these species.

Engineers test STS-37 CETA electrical hand pedal cart in JSC MAIL Bldg 9A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

McDonnell Douglas engineers Noland Talley (left) and Gary Peters (center) and ILC-Dover engineer Richard Richard Smallcombe prepare test setup for the evaluation of the crew and equipment translation aid (CETA) electrical hand pedal cart in JSC's Mockup and Integration Laboratory (MAIL) Bldg 9A. Peters, wearing extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) boots and positioned in portable foot restraint (PFR), is suspended above CETA cart and track via harness to simulate weightlessness. CETA will be tested in orbit in the payload bay of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, during STS-37.

Swanson prepares to retract the P6 Truss STBD SAW during EVA 2

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-06-13

S117-E-07233 (13 June 2007) --- Astronauts Steven Swanson and Patrick Forrester (out of frame), both STS-117 mission specialists, participate in the mission's second planned session of extravehicular activity (EVA), as construction resumes on the International Space Station. Among other tasks, Forrester and Swanson removed all of the launch locks holding the 10-foot-wide solar alpha rotary joint in place and began the solar array retraction. Tethered to his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, a hockey-stick-shaped tool wrapped in insulating tape, is visible in front of Swanson.

Swanson prepares to retract the P6 Truss STBD SAW during EVA 2

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-06-13

S117-E-07234 (13 June 2007) --- Astronauts Steven Swanson and Patrick Forrester (out of frame), both STS-117 mission specialists, participate in the mission's second planned session of extravehicular activity (EVA), as construction resumes on the International Space Station. Among other tasks, Forrester and Swanson removed all of the launch locks holding the 10-foot-wide solar alpha rotary joint in place and began the solar array retraction. Tethered to his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, a hockey-stick-shaped tool wrapped in insulating tape, is visible in front of Swanson.

Robinson in Destiny laboratory module wearing yellow hard hat

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-07-29

S114-E-5591 (29 July 2005) --- Less than 24 hours away from performing a space walk, when he will be exchanging this gag hardhat for the helmet portion of an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Stephen K. Robinson shares some light humor with his spacewalking colleague, Japanese Aerospace Agency astronaut Soichi Noguchi, out of frame. Before the EVA is scheduled to begin, however, those two will assist in moving supplies from Raffaello. Today marks the second day of joint activities between the astronauts of Discovery and the crewmembers of the International Space Station onboard the orbital outpost.

Spacsuit donning and doffing in zero-g training for Story Musgrave STS-6

NASA Image and Video Library

1982-07-14

S82-33603 (November 1982) --- Astronaut F. Story Musgrave, STS-6 mission specialist, is assisted in a suit donning and doffing exercise in the weightlessness provided by a KC-135 ?zero-gravity? aircraft. Dr. Musgrave and the next mission?s other mission specialist, astronaut Donald H. Peterson, participated in the donning and doffing as a simulation for their preparations aboard the Challenger when they are called upon to perform an extravehicular activity (EVA) which was postponed from NASA?s first operational STS flight earlier this month. The suit is called an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Photo credit: NASA

Mechanisms of Injury and Countermeasures for EVA Associated Upper Extremity Medical Issues: Extended Vent Tube Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jeff; Hoffman, Ron; Harvey, Craig; Bowen, C. K.; Hudy, C. E.; Tuxhorn, Jennifer; Gernhardt, Mike; Scheuring, Richard A.

2007-01-01

The goal of this study is to determine the role that moisture plays in the injury to the fingers and fingernails during EVA training operations in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. Current Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU, with a PLSS) as configured in the NBL was used for all testing and a vent tube was extended down a single arm of the crewmember during the test; vent tube was moved between left and right arm to serve as experimental condition being investigated and the other arm served as control condition.

Astronauts Greg Harbaugh and Joe Tanner suit up for training in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-06-11

S96-12830 (10 June 1996) --- Astronaut Joseph R. Tanner, STS-82 mission specialist assigned to extravehicular activity (EVA) involved with the servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), dons the gloves for his extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit. He is about to be submerged in a 25-ft. deep pool at the Johnson Space Center's weightless environment training facility (WET-F) to participate in simulations for some of the EVA work. Out of frame, astronaut Gregory J. Harbaugh was on the other side of the platform, waiting to join Tanner in the spacewalk rehearsal.

EVA - Don't Leave Earth Without It

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cupples, J. Scott; Smith, Stephen A.

2011-01-01

Modern manned space programs come in two categories: those that need Extravehicular Activity (EVA) and those that will need EVA. This paper discusses major milestones in the Shuttle Program where EVA was used to save payloads, enhance on-orbit capabilities, and build structures in order to ensure success of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) missions. In conjunction, the Extravehicular Mobility Unit s (EMU) design, and hence, its capabilities evolved as its mission evolved. It is the intent that lessons can be drawn from these case studies so that EVA compatibility is designed into future vehicles and payloads.

M.E.366-J embodiment design project: Portable foot restraint

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heaton, Randall; Meyer, Eikar; Schmidt, Davey; Enders, Kevin

1994-01-01

During space shuttle operations, astronauts require support to carry out tasks in the weightless environment. In the past, portable foot restraints (PFR) with orientations adjustable in pitch, roll, and yaw provided this support for payload bay operations. These foot restraints, however, were designed for specific tasks with a load limit of 111.2 Newtons. Since the original design, new applications for foot restraints have been identified. New designs for the foot restraints have been created to boost the operational work load to 444.8 Newtons and decrease setup times. What remains to be designed is an interface between the restraint system and the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) boots. NASA provided a proposed locking device involving a spring-loaded mechanism. This locking mechanism must withstand loads of 1334.4 Newtons in any direction and weigh less than 222.4 Newtons. This paper develops an embodiment design for the interface between the PFR and the EMU boots. This involves design of the locking mechanism and a removable cleat that allows the boot to interface with this mechanism. The design team used the Paul Beitz engineering methodology to present the systematic development, structural analysis, and production considerations of the embodiment design. This methodology provides a basis for understanding the justification behind the decisions made in the design.

Ferromagnetic-Antiferromagnetic Coupling by Distortion of Fe/Mn Oxygen Octahedrons in (BiFeO3 )m (La0.7 Sr0.3 MnO3 )n Superlattices.

PubMed

Xiong, Jie; Lei, Tianyu; Chu, Junwei; Yang, Chao; Wei, Jiake; Zhuo, Mujin; Choi, Eun-Mi; Tao, Bowan; Zhang, Wanli; Wang, Yongqiang; Li, Yanrong

2017-05-01

Interface enhanced magnetism attracts much attention due to its potential use in exploring novel structure devices. Nevertheless, the magnetic behavior at interfaces has not been quantitatively determined. In this study, abnormal magnetic moment reduction is observed in La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 (LSMO)/BiFeO 3 (BFO) superlattices, which is induced by ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling in the interface. With reduced repetition of the superlattice's unit cell [(LSMO) n /(BFO) n ] 60/ n (n = 1, 2, 5, 10) on a SrTiO 3 substrate, magnetic moment reduction from 25.5 emu cc -1 ([(LSMO) 10 /(BFO) 10 ] 6 ) to 1.5 emu cc -1 ([(LSMO) 1 /(BFO) 1 ] 60 ) is obtained. Ab initio simulations show that due to the different magnetic domain formation energies, the magnetic moment orientation tends to be paramagnetic in the FM/AFM interface. The work focuses on the magnetic domain formation energy and provides a pathway to construct artificial heterostructures that can be an effective way to tune the magnetic moment orientation and control the magnetization of ultrathin films. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Optical Breath Gas Extravehicular Activity Sensor for the Advanced Portable Life Support System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, William R.; Casias, Miguel E.; Pilgrim, Jeffrey S.; Chullen, Cinda; Campbell, Colin

2016-01-01

The infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity (EVA) in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) measures and reports the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. It is nearing its end of life and there are a limited number remaining. Meanwhile, the next generation advanced portable life support system (PLSS) now being developed requires CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use. A laser diode (LD) spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is being developed to address both applications by Vista Photonics, Inc. Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. Version 1.0 devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement. The prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)/microcontroller architecture. Version 2.0 devices with improved electronics and significantly reduced wetted volumes were delivered to JSC in 2012. A version 2.5 upgrade recently implemented wavelength stabilized operation, better humidity measurement, and much faster data analysis/reporting. A wholly reconfigured version 3.0 will maintain the demonstrated performance of earlier versions while being backwards compatible with the EMU and offering a radiation tolerant architecture.

Early morning urine collection to improve urinary lateral flow LAM assay sensitivity in hospitalised patients with HIV-TB co-infection.

PubMed

Gina, Phindile; Randall, Philippa J; Muchinga, Tapuwa E; Pooran, Anil; Meldau, Richard; Peter, Jonny G; Dheda, Keertan

2017-05-12

Urine LAM testing has been approved by the WHO for use in hospitalised patients with advanced immunosuppression. However, sensitivity remains suboptimal. We therefore examined the incremental diagnostic sensitivity of early morning urine (EMU) versus random urine sampling using the Determine® lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) in HIV-TB co-infected patients. Consenting HIV-infected inpatients, screened as part of a larger prospective randomized controlled trial, that were treated for TB, and could donate matched random and EMU samples were included. Thus paired sample were collected from the same patient, LF-LAM was graded using the pre-January 2014, with grade 1 and 2 manufacturer-designated cut-points (the latter designated grade 1 after January 2014). Single sputum Xpert-MTB/RIF and/or TB culture positivity served as the reference standard (definite TB). Those treated for TB but not meeting this standard were designated probable TB. 123 HIV-infected patients commenced anti-TB treatment and provided matched random and EMU samples. 33% (41/123) and 67% (82/123) had definite and probable TB, respectively. Amongst those with definite TB LF-LAM sensitivity (95%CI), using the grade 2 cut-point, increased from 12% (5-24; 5/43) to 39% (26-54; 16/41) with random versus EMU, respectively (p = 0.005). Similarly, amongst probable TB, LF-LAM sensitivity increased from 10% (5-17; 8/83) to 24% (16-34; 20/82) (p = 0.001). LF-LAM specificity was not determined. This proof of concept study indicates that EMU could improve the sensitivity of LF-LAM in hospitalised TB-HIV co-infected patients. These data have implications for clinical practice.

Structural phases, magnetic properties and Maxwell-Wagner type relaxation of CoFe2O4/Sr2Co2Fe12O22 ferrite composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patel, Chirag K.; Solanki, Neha P.; Singh, Charanjeet; Jotania, Rajshree B.; Chauhan, Chetna C.; Kulkarni, Shailja D.; Shirsath, Sagar E.

2017-07-01

CoFe2O4 (S:Y-1:0) and Sr2Co2Fe12O22 (S:Y-0:1) ferrites were synthesized separately by using chemical coprecipitation technique and calcined at 1000 °C for 5 h. The mixed ferrite composites (S:Y-3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4 and 7:3) were prepared by physical mixing of individual ferrite powders in required weight proportions. The prepared composites were heated at 1150 °C for 5 h in a muffle furnace and then slowly cooled to room temperature. The prepared ferrites were characterized using various instrumental techniques like FTIR, XRD, SEM, VSM and dielectric measurements. The x-ray diffraction studies of pure Sr2Co2Fe12O22 ferrite sample show the presence of M and Y-type hexagonal phases, while the composites consist of spinel and Y-type phases. FTIR spectra of all samples show two bands of Fe-O stretching vibrations. VSM results of composites reveal that the values of the saturation magnetization (M s) vary from 50.44 emu g-1 to 31.21 emu g-1, while remanent magnetization values found from 11.18 emu g-1 to 3.70 emu g-1. A higher value of coercivity (H c  =  562 emu g-1) is observed in the composite S:Y-3:7 but M r/M s ratio of pure and composites is found to be less than 0.5. The dielectric behavior is explained using Maxwell-Wegner type interfacial polarization and N. Rezlescu’s model.

The Blue Emu

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Descalzi, Doug; Gillett, John; Gordon, Carlton; Keener, ED; Novak, Ken; Puente, Laura

1993-01-01

The primary goal in designing the Blue Emu was to provide an airline with a cost efficient and profitable means of transporting passengers between the major cities in Aeroworld. The design attacks the market where a demand for inexpensive transportation exists and for this reason the Blue Emu is an attractive investment for any airline. In order to provide a profitable aircraft, special attention was paid to cost and economics. For example, in manufacturing, simplicity was stressed in structural design to reduce construction time and cost. Aerodynamic design employed a tapered wing which reduced the induced drag coefficient while also reducing the weight of the wing. Even the propulsion system was selected with cost effectiveness in mind, yet also to maintain the marketability of the aircraft. Thus, in every aspect of the design, consideration was given to economics and marketability of the final product.

Synthesis of polycrystalline CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 powders by auto-combustion method using a novel amino-based gel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Linwen; Yang, Shanshan; Zheng, Mengyao; Wu, Anhua; Chen, Hongbing

2017-12-01

Polycrystalline CoFe2O4/NiFe2O4 powders were prepared by auto-combustion method using a novel amino-based gel. The thermal evolution of gel precursors, as well as the microstructure, morphology and magnetic properties of as-synthesized powders were studied in detail. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy indicated that the ratios of Ni:Fe was close to the theoretical value (Ni:Fe  =  1:2), suggesting high purity of synthesized NiFe2O4 powders. The saturated magnetization (M s) and residual magnetization (M r) of CoFe2O4 were highly dependent upon the annealed temperatures. The M s increased from 77.5 to 84.7 emu g-1, and M r increased from 37.7 emu g-1 to 42.5 emu g-1 by annealing from room temperature to 600 °C. The M s of NiFe2O4 was 38.7 emu g-1, much lower than that of CoFe2O4. The experimental results indicated that this auto-combustion method using amino-based gel was a suitable method for synthesizing high-quality CoFe2O4/NiFe2O4 powders.

Optimization of enzymes-microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides and determination of its antioxidant activity.

PubMed

Yin, Chaomin; Fan, Xiuzhi; Fan, Zhe; Shi, Defang; Gao, Hong

2018-05-01

Enzymes-microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (EMUE) method had been used to extract Lentinus edodes polysaccharides (LEPs). The enzymatic temperature, enzymatic pH, microwave power and microwave time were optimized by response surface methodology. The yields, properties and antioxidant activities of LEPs from EMUE and other extraction methods including hot-water extraction, enzymes-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction were evaluated. The results showed that the highest LEPs yield of 9.38% was achieved with enzymatic temperature of 48°C, enzymatic pH of 5.0, microwave power of 440W and microwave time of 10min, which correlated well with the predicted value of 9.79%. Additionally, LEPs from different extraction methods possessed typical absorption peak of polysaccharides, which meant different extraction methods had no significant effects on type of glycosidic bonds and sugar ring of LEPs. However, SEM images of LEPs from different extraction methods were significantly different. Moreover, the different LEPs all showed antioxidant activities, but LEPs from EMUE showed the highest reducing power when compared to other LEPs. The results indicated LEPs from EMUE can be used as natural antioxidant component in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Maintaining Adequate CO2 Washout for an Advanced EMU via a New Rapid Cycle Amine Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chullen, Cinda

2011-01-01

Over the past several years, NASA has realized tremendous progress in Extravehicular Activity (EVA) technology development. This has been evidenced by the progressive development of a new Rapic Cycle Amine (RCA) system for the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AEMU) Portable Life Support Subsystem (PLSS). The PLSS is responsible for the life support of the crew member in the spacesuit. The RCA technology is responsible for carbon dioxide (CO2) and humidity control. Another aspect of the RCA is that it is on-back vacuum-regenerable, efficient, and reliable. The RCA also simplifies the PLSS schematic by eliminating the need for a condensing heat exchanger for humidity control in the current EMU. As development progresses on the RCA, it is important that the sizing be optimized so that the demand on the PLSS battery is minimized. As well, maintaining the CO2 washout at adequate levels during an EVA is an absolute requirement of the RCA and associated ventilation system. Testing has been underway in-house at NASA Johnson Space Center and analysis has been initiated to evaluate whether the technology provides exemplary performance in ensuring that the CO2 is removed sufficiently enough and the ventilation flow is adequate enough to maintain CO2 1 Project Engineer, Space Suit and Crew Survival Systems Branch, Crew and Thermal Systems Division, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058/EC5. washout in the AEMU spacesuit helmet of the crew member during an EVA. This paper will review the recent developments of the RCA unit, the testing results performed in-house with a spacesuit simulator, and the associated analytical work along with insights from the medical aspect on the testing.

Use of Aquaporins to Achieve Needed Water Purity On ISS for the EMU Space Suit System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Terry R.; Taylor, Brandon W.

2011-01-01

With the U.S. Space Shuttle fleet retired, the supply of extremely high-quality water 'super-Q' - required for the EMU Space suit cooling on this ISS - will become a significant operational hardware challenge in the very near future. A proposed potential solution is the use of a filtration system consisting of a semi-permeable membrane embedded with aquaporin proteins. Aquaporins are a special class of trans-membrane proteins that facilitate passive transport of water and other substances across a membrane. The specificity of these proteins is such that only water is allowed through the protein structure, and this novel property invites their adaptation for use in water filtration systems, specifically usage on the ISS for the EMU space suit system. These proteins are found in many living systems and have been developed for commercial use today.

Astronaut John Young collecting samples at North Ray crater during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-04-23

AS16-117-18826 (23 April 1972) --- Astronaut John W. Young collects samples at the North Ray Crater geological site during the mission's third and final Apollo 16 extravehicular activity (EVA). He has a rake in his hand, and the gnomon is near his foot. Note how soiled Young's Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is. While astronauts Young, commander; and Charles M. Duke Jr., lunar module pilot; descended in the Apollo 16 Lunar Module (LM) "Orion" to explore the Descartes highlands landing site on the moon, astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly II, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Casper" in lunar orbit.

STS-119 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) 1 Swanson in Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-03-19

ISS018-E-041093 (19 March 2009) --- Astronaut Steve Swanson, STS-119 mission specialist, participates in the mission's first scheduled session of extravehicular activity (EVA) as construction and maintenance continue on the International Space Station. During the six-hour, seven-minute spacewalk, Swanson and astronaut Richard Arnold (out of frame), mission specialist, connected bolts to permanently attach the S6 truss segment to S5. The spacewalkers plugged in power and data connectors to the truss, prepared a radiator to cool it, opened boxes containing the new solar arrays and deployed the Beta Gimbal Assemblies containing masts that support the solar arrays.

STS-119 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) 1 Swanson in Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-03-19

ISS018-E-041098 (19 March 2009) --- Astronaut Steve Swanson, STS-119 mission specialist, participates in the mission's first scheduled session of extravehicular activity (EVA) as construction and maintenance continue on the International Space Station. During the six-hour, seven-minute spacewalk, Swanson and astronaut Richard Arnold (out of frame), mission specialist, connected bolts to permanently attach the S6 truss segment to S5. The spacewalkers plugged in power and data connectors to the truss, prepared a radiator to cool it, opened boxes containing the new solar arrays and deployed the Beta Gimbal Assemblies containing masts that support the solar arrays.

Stowed EMUs in A/L

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-04-28

ISS035-E-030111 (28 April 2013) --- This high-angle view in the Quest airlock aboard the Earth-orbiting International Space Station portends a spacewalk for the Expedition 36 crew later in the year. Two extravehicular mobility units (EMU) stand ready for the event. U.S. and Italian flags on the shoulders of the suits signal that the participating astronauts would be representing NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). Actually, NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, now serving as a member of the Expedition 35 crew; and Luca Parmitano of ESA, who is currently still on Earth getting ready for a May launch, are scheduled for two spacewalks together in the summer of this year.

MS Linnehan checks airlock hatch on middeck

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-05

STS109-E-5602 (5 March 2002) --- Astronaut Richard M. Linnehan, mission specialist, checks the airlock hatch as two crewmates on the other side, equipped with extravehicular mobility units (EMU) space suits, start their extravehicular activity (EVA). On the previous day astronauts Linnehan and John M. Grunsfeld replaced the starboard solar array on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This day's space walk went on to see astronauts James H. Newman and Michael J. Massimino replace the port solar array. Grunsfeld's suit, scheduled for two more space walks, is temporarily stowed on the mid deck floor at right. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

Space Shuttle Projects

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-09-01

Five astronauts and a payload specialist take a break from training at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) to pose for the STS-87 crew portrait. Wearing the orange partial pressure launch and entry suits, from the left, are Kalpana Chawla, mission specialist; Steven W. Lindsey, pilot; Kevin R. Kregel, mission commander; and Leonid K. Kadenyuk, Ukrainian payload specialist. Wearing the white Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suits are mission specialists Winston E. Scott (left) and Takao Doi (right). Doi represents Japan’s National Space Development Agency (NASDA). The STS-87 mission launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on November 19, 1997. The primary payload for the mission was the U.S. Microgravity Payload-4 (USMP-4).

Extravehicular Crewman Work System (ECWS) study program: Prebreathe elimination study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilde, R. L.

1981-01-01

The study examined impacts of changing Orbiter cabin pressure and EMU EVA pressure to eliminate pure O2 prebreathing prior to EVA. The investigation defines circumscribing physiological boundaries and identifies changes required within Orbiter to reduce cabin pressure. The study also identifies payload impacts, payload flight assignment constraints, and impacts upon EMU resulting from raising EVA pressure. The study presents the trade-off which optimizes the choice of reduced cabin pressure and increased EVA pressure.

Cis-acting regulatory sequences promote high-frequency gene conversion between repeated sequences in mammalian cells.

PubMed

Raynard, Steven J; Baker, Mark D

2004-01-01

In mammalian cells, little is known about the nature of recombination-prone regions of the genome. Previously, we reported that the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) mu locus behaved as a hotspot for mitotic, intrachromosomal gene conversion (GC) between repeated mu constant (Cmu) regions in mouse hybridoma cells. To investigate whether elements within the mu gene regulatory region were required for hotspot activity, gene targeting was used to delete a 9.1 kb segment encompassing the mu gene promoter (Pmu), enhancer (Emu) and switch region (Smu) from the locus. In these cell lines, GC between the Cmu repeats was significantly reduced, indicating that this 'recombination-enhancing sequence' (RES) is necessary for GC hotspot activity at the IgH locus. Importantly, the RES fragment stimulated GC when appended to the same Cmu repeats integrated at ectopic genomic sites. We also show that deletion of Emu and flanking matrix attachment regions (MARs) from the RES abolishes GC hotspot activity at the IgH locus. However, no stimulation of ectopic GC was observed with the Emu/MARs fragment alone. Finally, we provide evidence that no correlation exists between the level of transcription and GC promoted by the RES. We suggest a model whereby Emu/MARS enhances mitotic GC at the endogenous IgH mu locus by effecting chromatin modifications in adjacent DNA.

Effect of Synthesis Parameter on Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Magnesium Nickel Ferrite (Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4) Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maulia, R.; Putra, R. A.; Suharyadi, E.

2017-05-01

Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by using co-precipitation method and varying the synthesis parameter, i.e. synthesis temperature and NaOH concentration. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that nanoparticles have cubic spinel structures with an additional phase of γ-Fe2O3 and particle size varies within the range of 4.3 - 6.7 nm. This variation is due to the effect of various synthesis parameters. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image showed that the nanoparticles exhibited agglomeration. The observed diffraction ring from selected area electron diffraction showed that the sample was polycrystalline and confirmed the peak appearing in XRD. The coercivities showed an increasing trend with an increase in particle size from 44.7 Oe to 49.6 Oe for variation of NaOH concentration, and a decreasing trend with an increase in particle size from 46.8 to 45.1 Oe for variation of synthesis temperature. The maximum magnetization showed an increasing trend with an increase in the ferrite phase from 3.7 emu/g to 5.4 emu/g possessed in the sample with variations on NaOH concentration. The maximum magnetization for the sample with variations on synthesis temperature varied from 4.4 emu/g to 5.7 emu/g due to its crystal structures.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gayner, Chhatrasal; Kar, Kamal K., E-mail: kamalkk@iitk.ac.in; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016

Polycrystalline lead selenide (PbSe) doped with copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) was prepared to understand its magnetic behaviour and Raman activity. The processing conditions, influence of dopants (magnetically active and non-active) and their respective compositions on the magnetic properties and Raman active mode were studied. A surprising/anomalous room temperature ferromagnetism (hysteresis loop) is noticed in bulk diamagnetic PbSe, which is found to be natural or inherent characteristic of material, and depends on the crystallite size, dopant, and developed strain due to dopant/defects. The magnetic susceptibility (−1.71 × 10{sup −4} emu/mol Oe) and saturated magnetic susceptibility (−2.74 × 10{sup −4} emu/mol Oe) are found tomore » be higher than the earlier reported value (diamagnetic: −1.0 × 10{sup −4} emu/mol Oe) in bulk PbSe. With increase of Cu concentration (2% to 10%) in PbSe, the saturated magnetic susceptibility decreases from −1.22 × 10{sup −4} to −0.85 × 10{sup −4} emu/mol Oe. Whereas for Ni dopant, the saturated magnetic susceptibility increases to −2.96 × 10{sup −4} emu/mol Oe at 2% Ni doped PbSe. But it further decreases with dopant concentration. In these doped PbSe, the shifting of longitudinal (LO) phonon mode was also studied by the Raman spectroscopy. The shifting of LO mode is found to be dopant dependent, and the frequency shift of LO mode is associated with the induced strain that created by the dopants and vacancies. This asymmetry in LO phonon mode (peak shift and shape) may be due to the intraband electronic transition of dopants. The variation in magnetic susceptibility and Raman shifts are sensitive to crystallite size, nature of dopant, concentration of dopants, and induced strain due to dopants.« less

Optical Breath Gas Sensor for Extravehicular Activity Application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, William R.; Casias, Miguel E.; Vakhtin, Andrei B.; Pilgrim, Jeffrey S.; Chullen, Cinda; Falconi, Eric A.; McMillin, Summer

2013-01-01

The function of the infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity in the current space suit is to measure and report the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. The next generation portable life support system (PLSS) requires next generation CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use on the Space Shuttle/International Space Station extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. A laser diode spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy is being developed for this purpose by Vista Photonics, Inc. Two prototype devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in September 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode-based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement and a separate oxygen channel using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. Both prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array/microcontroller architecture. The present development extends and upgrades the earlier hardware to the Advanced PLSS 2.0 test article being constructed and tested at JSC. Various improvements to the electronics and gas sampling are being advanced by this project. The combination of low power electronics with the performance of a long wavelength laser spectrometer enables multi-gas sensors with significantly increased performance over that presently offered in the EMU.

Phase Structures and Magnetic Properties of Graphite Nanosheets and Ni-Graphite Nanocomposite Synthesized by Electrical Explosion of Wire in Liquid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Minh-Thuyet; Kim, Jin-Hyung; Lee, Jung-Goo; Kim, Jin-Chun

2018-03-01

The present work studied on phases and magnetic properties of graphite nanosheets and Ni-graphite nanocomposite synthesized using the electrical explosion of wire (EEW) in ethanol. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the phases and the morphology of the nanopowders obtained. It was found that graphite nanosheets were absolutely fabricated by EEW with a thickness of 29 nm and 3 μm diameter. The as-synthesized Ni-graphite composite powders had a Ni-coating on the surfaces of graphite sheets. The hysteresis loop of the as-exploded, the hydrogen-treated composite nanopowders and the sintered samples were examined with a vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature. The Ni-graphite composite exposed the magnetic behaviors which are attributed to Ni component. The magnetic properties of composite had the improvement from 10.2 emu/g for the as-exploded powders to 15.8 emu/g for heat-treated powders and 49.16 emu/g for sintered samples.

A python framework for environmental model uncertainty analysis

USGS Publications Warehouse

White, Jeremy; Fienen, Michael N.; Doherty, John E.

2016-01-01

We have developed pyEMU, a python framework for Environmental Modeling Uncertainty analyses, open-source tool that is non-intrusive, easy-to-use, computationally efficient, and scalable to highly-parameterized inverse problems. The framework implements several types of linear (first-order, second-moment (FOSM)) and non-linear uncertainty analyses. The FOSM-based analyses can also be completed prior to parameter estimation to help inform important modeling decisions, such as parameterization and objective function formulation. Complete workflows for several types of FOSM-based and non-linear analyses are documented in example notebooks implemented using Jupyter that are available in the online pyEMU repository. Example workflows include basic parameter and forecast analyses, data worth analyses, and error-variance analyses, as well as usage of parameter ensemble generation and management capabilities. These workflows document the necessary steps and provides insights into the results, with the goal of educating users not only in how to apply pyEMU, but also in the underlying theory of applied uncertainty quantification.

Evaluation of Cycle Life and Characterization of YTP 45 Ah Li-Ion Battery for EMU

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deng, Yi; Jeevarajan, Judith; Rehm, Raymond; Bragg, Bobby; Strangways, Brad

2002-01-01

Li-ion batteries, with longer cycle life and higher energy density features, are now more and more attractive and applied in multiple fields. The YTP 45 Ah Li-ion battery has been evaluated here and may be employed in EMU in the future. Evaluations were on: (1) Cycle life tests - 500 cycles total (completed 40 cycles in simulated shuttle use mode and 460 cycles in an accelerated use mode, and recorded differential voltage of individual cell in battery); (2) Characterization test - discharge capacity measurement in environment temperature of -10, 25, 50 C before and after 500 cycles; and (3) Thermal testing - charge and discharge at 50 C and -10 C before and after 500 cycles. The battery showed less than a 9% drop of initial discharge capacity and energy within 500 cycles with 475 cycles 59% DOD plus 25 cycles 100% DOD. The EOD voltage ranged from 16.0 to 18.0 V, which fits the requirement for operating the EMU.

Optimizing the Shunting Schedule of Electric Multiple Units Depot Using an Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

PubMed Central

Jin, Junchen

2016-01-01

The shunting schedule of electric multiple units depot (SSED) is one of the essential plans for high-speed train maintenance activities. This paper presents a 0-1 programming model to address the problem of determining an optimal SSED through automatic computing. The objective of the model is to minimize the number of shunting movements and the constraints include track occupation conflicts, shunting routes conflicts, time durations of maintenance processes, and shunting running time. An enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Finally, an empirical study from Shanghai South EMU Depot is carried out to illustrate the model and EPSO algorithm. The optimization results indicate that the proposed method is valid for the SSED problem and that the EPSO algorithm outperforms the traditional PSO algorithm on the aspect of optimality. PMID:27436998

Corrosion behavior of magnetic ferrite coating prepared by plasma spraying

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yi; Wei, Shicheng, E-mail: wsc33333@163.com; Tong, Hui

Graphical abstract: The saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) of the ferrite coating is 34.417 emu/g while the M{sub s} value of the ferrite powder is 71.916 emu/g. It can be seen that plasma spray process causes deterioration of the room temperature soft magnetic properties. - Highlights: • Spinel ferrite coatings have been prepared by plasma spraying. • The coating consists of nanocrystalline grains. • The saturation magnetization of the ferrite coating is 34.417 emu/g. • Corrosion behavior of the ferrite coating was examined in NaCl solution. - Abstract: In this study, spray dried spinel ferrite powders were deposited on the surfacemore » of mild steel substrate through plasma spraying. The structure and morphological studies on the ferrite coatings were carried out using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. It was showed that spray dried process was an effective method to prepare thermal spraying powders. The coating showed spinel structure with a second phase of LaFeO{sub 3}. The magnetic property of the ferrite samples were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer. The saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) of the ferrite coating was 34.417 emu/g. The corrosion behavior of coating samples was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. EIS diagrams showed three corrosion processes as the coating immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results suggested that plasma spraying was a promising technology for the production of magnetic ferrite coatings.« less

Shallow-Water Nitrox Diving, the NASA Experience

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fitzpatrick, Daniel T.

2009-01-01

NASA s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) contains a 6.2 million gallon, 12-meter deep pool where astronauts prepare for space missions involving space walks (extravehicular activity EVA). Training is conducted in a space suit (extravehicular mobility unit EMU) pressurized to 4.0 - 4.3 PSI for up to 6.5 hours while breathing a 46% NITROX mix. Since the facility opened in 1997, over 30,000 hours of suited training has been completed with no occurrence of decompression sickness (DCS) or oxygen toxicity. This study examines the last 5 years of astronaut suited training runs. All suited runs are computer monitored and data is recorded in the Environmental Control System (ECS) database. Astronaut training runs from 2004 - 2008 were reviewed and specific data including total run time, maximum depth and average depth were analyzed. One hundred twenty seven astronauts and cosmonauts completed 2,231 training runs totaling 12,880 exposure hours. Data was available for 96% of the runs. It was revealed that the suit configuration produces a maximum equivalent air depth of 7 meters, essentially eliminating the risk of DCS. Based on average run depth and time, approximately 17% of the training runs exceeded the NOAA oxygen maximum single exposure limits, with no resulting oxygen toxicity. The NBL suited training protocols are safe and time tested. Consideration should be given to reevaluate the NOAA oxygen exposure limits for PO2 levels at or below 1 ATA.

STS-37 crewmembers test CETA hand cart during training session in JSC's WETF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

STS-37 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, Mission Specialist (MS) Jerry L. Ross and MS Jerome Apt test crew and equipment translation aid (CETA) manual hand over hand cart during underwater session in JSC's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Wearing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), Ross pulls the CETA manual cart along the rail while Apt holds onto the back of the cart. The test will determine how difficult it is to maneuver cargo in such a manner when it is done in space on STS-37. The goal is to find the best method for astronauts to move around the exterior of Space Station Freedom (SSF).

Astronaut Russell Schweickart photographed during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-06

AS09-19-2983 (6 March 1969) --- Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, operates a 70mm Hasselblad camera during his extravehicular activity (EVA) on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 Earth-orbital mission. The Command and Service Modules (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) "Spider" are docked. This view was taken from the Command Module (CM) "Gumdrop". Schweickart, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), is standing in "golden slippers" on the LM porch. On his back, partially visible, are a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and an Oxygen Purge System (OPS). Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Apollo 9 commander, was inside the "Spider". Astronaut David R. Scott, command module pilot, remained at the controls in the CM.

Apollo 9 Mission image - Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-03

Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, operates a 70mm Hasselblad camera during his extravehicular activity on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission. The Command/Service Module and the Lunar Module 3 "Spider" are docked. This view was taken form the Command Module "Gumdrop". Schweickart, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), is standing in "golden slippers" on the Lunar Module porch. On his back, partially visible, are a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and an Oxygen Purge System (OPS). Film magazine was A,film type was SO-368 Ektachrome with 0.460 - 0.710 micrometers film / filter transmittance response and haze filter,80mm lens.

EVA 2 - MS Massimino waves to crewmates

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-05

STS109-E-5606 (5 March 2002) --- Astronaut Michael J. Massimino, mission specialist, waves to crewmates on the other side of the aft flight deck windows on Columbia, while equipped with his extravehicular mobility units (EMU) space suit and standing on the end of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) arm in the shuttle's cargo bay. This day's space walk went on to see astronauts James H. Newman and Massimino replace the port solar array on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), partially visible in the background. On the previous day astronauts John M. Grunsfeld and Richard M. Linnehan replaced the starboard solar array on the giant telescope. The image was recorded with a digital still camera.

The Ivrea zone as a model for the distribution of magnetization in the continental crust

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasilewski, P.; Fountain, D. M.

1982-01-01

Units are identified within the Ivrea zone of northern Italy exhibiting magnetic susceptibilities greater than 0.0005 cgs, saturation magnetization values above 0.009 emu/cu cm, and Curie points as high as 570-580 C. Amphibolites from the granulite-amphibolite facies transition, and the mafic-ultramafic granulite facies lithologies exhibit high values of initial susceptibility and saturation remanence, are laterally continuous, and may be considered as a deep crustal source for long-wavelength anomalies in low-geothermal gradient areas. Evidence is presented which suggests that such mafic-ultramafic bodies as those exposed in the Toce valley were synmetamorphic additions to the base of the crust.

Fabrication of high-performance metal ion doped iron oxide electrode for supercapacitor applications through a novel platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghazadeh, Mustafa; Karimzadeh, Isa

2017-10-01

We provide a novel electrodeposition platform of undoped and Eu3+ doped iron oxide nanoparticles (Eu-IONPs) from an additive-free electrolyte containing Fe(NO3)3, FeCl2 and EuCl3. The prepared IONPs were analyzed using x-ray diffraction, field emission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray techniques, and the obtained data showed successful electrosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (size  ≈  10 nm) doped with about 10 wt% Eu3+ ions. The Eu-IONPs were used as supercapacitor electrode materials, and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. The as-synthesized Eu-IONPs exhibit remarkable pseudocapacitive activities including high specific capacitances of 212.5 and 153.2 F g-1 at 0.5 and 2 A g-1, respectively, and excellent cycling stabilities of 93.9% and 86.5% after 2000 discharging cycles. Furthermore, vibrational sample magnetometer data confirmed better superparamagnetic performance of Eu-IONPs (Ms  =  72.8 emu g-1, Mr  =  0.24 emu g-1 and H Ci  =  3.48 G) as compared with pure IONPs (Ms  =  51.92 emu g-1, Mr  =  0.95 emu g-1 and H Ci  =  14.62 G) due to exhibiting lower Mr and H Ci values. This novel synthetic platform of metal ion doped iron oxide is potentially a convenient way to fabricate high-performance iron oxide electrodes for energy storage systems.

Associated Electron-Muon Events from High-Energy Hadronic Collisions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plaag, Robert Emil

The inclusive reaction p + N (--->) e + (mu) + X was measured at an energy of 38.8 GeV (center of mass). Data representing a total luminosity of 13.4 inverse femtobarns (13.4 x 10('39) cm('-2)) were analyzed. Three associated electron-muon events were observed. The observed signal was 0.02 (+OR-) 0.015 of the Drell-Yan di-muon production. The expected number of e(mu) events from tau lepton pair production and decay was calculated to be 0.5 (+OR-) 0.1. A two sigma upper limit for (lepton family number violating) two body resonant decays to e + (mu) was obtained (<0.020 (+OR-) 0.015 x (sigma)(,Drell-Yan) for masses above 7 GeV at 0.95 C.L.) and interpreted with a physi- cally reasonable model. No prompt e(mu) events attributable to charm production and decay, or bottom production and decay, were seen. This corresponded to a two sigma upper limit for charm pair produc- tion of <300 x (sigma)(,Drell-Yan) for pair masses above 11 GeV. In terms of an absolute cross section, this production limit is <200 picobarn for charm pair masses above 11 GeV. On the other band, the momenta of the three candidate events suggested a possible e('(+OR-))K('(-OR+)) source that acted as a non-prompt source of e(mu) events. A p + N (--->) D + (')D (--->) e + K (--->) e + (mu) interpretation of these candidate events was consistent with the lower limit on charm production obtained with the prompt e(mu) rate.

Effect of Synthesis Temperature and NaOH Concentration on Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siregar, N.; Indrayana, I. P. T.; Suharyadi, E.; Kato, T.; Iwata, S.

2017-05-01

Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized through coprecipitation method by varying NaOH concentrations from 0.5 M to 6 M and synthesis temperatures from 30 to 120 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates samples consisting of multiphase structures such as spinel of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, α-MnO2, ZnO, λ-MnO2, and γ-Fe2O3. The crystallite size of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 is in the range of 14.1 to 26.7 nm. The Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image shows that sample was agglomerate. The hysteresis loops confirm that nanoparticles are soft magnetic materials with low coercivity (H c) in the range of 45.9 to 68.5 Oe. Those values increased relatively with increasing particles size. For NaOH concentration variation, the maximum magnetization of the sample increased from 10.4 emu/g to 11.6 emu/g with increasing ferrite content. Meanwhile, the maximum magnetization increased from 7.9 to 15.7 emu/g for samples with various synthesis temperature. The highest coercivity of 68.5 Oe was attained for a sample of 6 M NaOH under 90 °C. The highest magnetization of 15.7 emu/g was achieved for a sample of 1.5 M NaOH under 120 °C caused by the maximum crystallinity of sample.

Optical Breath Gas Sensor for Extravehicular Activity Application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, William R.; Casias, Miguel E.; Vakhtin, Andrei B.; Pilgrim, Jeffrey S> ; Chullen, Cinda; Falconi, Eric A.

2012-01-01

The function of the infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity (EVA) in the current space suit is to measure and report the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. The next generation Portable Life Support System (PLSS) requires next generation CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use on the Shuttle/International Space Station extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. A laser diode (LD) spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is being developed for this purpose by Vista Photonics, Inc. Two prototype devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in September 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement and a separate oxygen (O2) channel using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). Both prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)/microcontroller architecture. Based on the results of the initial instrument development, further prototype development and testing of instruments leveraging the lessons learned were desired. The present development extends and upgrades the earlier hardware to the Advanced PLSS 2.0 test article being constructed and tested at JSC. Various improvements to the electronics and gas sampling are being advanced by this project. The combination of low power electronics with the performance of a long wavelength laser spectrometer enables multi-gas sensors with significantly increased performance over that presently offered in the EMU. .

Magnetic studies of nickel ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anumol, C. N.; Chithra, M.; Sahoo, Subasa C., E-mail: subasa@cukerala.ac.in

2016-05-06

Ni-ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel technique by varying the solvent concentration. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the phase purity in the samples. The lattice constant and grain size were found to be in the range of 0.833-0.834 nm and 14-26 nm respectively. There was no systematic variation in magnetization value with the solvent concentration and grain size. The highest magnetization, remanence and coercivity values of 60 emu/g, 12 emu/g and 180 Oe respectively were observed at 300K in the present study for the sample prepared in 75ml of solvent. The observed magnetization value is 20% higher than the bulk value of 50more » emu/g. The magnetization, coercivity and remanence values were enhanced at 60K compared to those at 300K. The observed high magnetization value in the nanoparticles can be explained on the basis of modified cation distribution in the lattice sites. The enhanced magnetic properties at 60K may be understood due to the reduced thermal fluctuation and increased anisotropy at low temperature.« less

Magnetic properties of the layered III-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor Ga{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}Te

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pekarek, T. M.; Edwards, P. S.; Olejniczak, T. L.

2016-05-15

Magnetic properties of single crystalline Ga{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}Te (x = 0.05) have been measured. GaTe and related layered III-VI semiconductors exhibit a rich collection of important properties for THz generation and detection. The magnetization versus field for an x = 0.05 sample deviates from the linear response seen previously in Ga{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}Se and Ga{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}S and reaches a maximum of 0.68 emu/g at 2 K in 7 T. The magnetization of Ga{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}Te saturates rapidly even at room temperature where the magnetization reaches 50% of saturation in a field of only 0.2 T. In 0.1 T atmore » temperatures between 50 and 400 K, the magnetization drops to a roughly constant 0.22 emu/g. In 0 T, the magnetization drops to zero with no hysteresis present. The data is consistent with Van-Vleck paramagnetism combined with a pronounced crystalline anisotropy, which is similar to that observed for Ga{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}Se. Neither the broad thermal hysteresis observed from 100-300 K in In{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}Se nor the spin-glass behavior observed around 10.9 K in Ga{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}S are observed in Ga{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}Te. Single crystal x-ray diffraction data yield a rhombohedral space group bearing hexagonal axes, namely R3c. The unit cell dimensions were a = 5.01 Å, b = 5.01 Å, and c = 17.02 Å, with α = 90°, β = 90°, and γ = 120° giving a unit cell volume of 369 Å{sup 3}.« less

Optical Breath Gas Extravehicular Activity Sensor for the Advanced Portable Life Support System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, William R.; Casias, Miguel E.; Pilgrim, Jeffrey S.; Chullen, Cinda; Campbell, Colin

2016-01-01

The function of the infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity (EVA) in the current space suit is to measure and report the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. The next generation portable life support system (PLSS) requires highly accurate CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use on the International Space Station extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Further, that accuracy needs to be provided over the full operating pressure range of the suit (3 to 25 psia). Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. A laser diode (LD) sensor based on infrared absorption spectroscopy is being developed for this purpose by Vista Photonics, Inc. Version 1.0 prototype devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in September 2011. The prototypes were upgraded with more sophisticated communications and faster response times to version 2.0 and delivered to JSC in July 2012. The sensors incorporate a laser diode based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement. The prototypes are controlled digitally with an field-programmable gate array microcontroller architecture. Based on the results of the iterative instrument development, further prototype development and testing of instruments were performed leveraging the lessons learned where feasible. The present development extends and upgrades the earlier hardware for the advanced PLSS 2.5 prototypes for testing at JSC. The prototypes provide significantly enhanced accuracy for water vapor measurement and eliminate wavelength drift affecting the earlier versions. Various improvements to the electronics and gas sampling are currently being advanced including the companion development of engineering development units that will ultimately be capable of radiation tolerance. The combination of low power electronics with the performance of a long wavelength laser spectrometer enables multi-gas sensors with significantly increased performance over that presently offered in the EMU.

Assessment and Management of the Risks of Debris Hits During Space Station EVAs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pate-Cornell, Elisabeth; Sachon, Marc

1997-01-01

The risk of EVAs is critical to the decision of whether or not to automate a large part of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). Furthermore, the choice of the technologies of the space suit and the life support system will determine (1) the immediate safety of these operations, and (2) the long-run costs and risks of human presence in space, not only in lower orbit (as is the case of the ISS) but also perhaps, outside these orbits, or on the surface of other planets. The problem is therefore both an immediate one and a long-term one. The fundamental question is how and when to shift from the existing EMU system (suit, helmet, gloves and life support system) to another type (e.g. a hard suit), given the potential trade-offs among life-cycle costs, risks to the astronauts, performance of tasks, and uncertainties about new systems' safety inherent to such a shift in technology. A more immediate issue is how to manage the risks of EVAs during the construction and operation of the ISS in order to make the astronauts (in the words of the NASA Administrator) "as safe outside as inside". For the moment (June 1997), the plan is to construct the Space Station using the low-pressure space suits that have been developed for the space shuttle. In the following, we will refer to this suit assembly as EMU (External Maneuvering Unit). It is the product of a long evolution, starting from the U.S. Air Force pilot suits through the various versions and changes that occurred for the purpose of NASA space exploration, in particular during the Gemini and the Apollo programs. The Shuttle EMU is composed of both soft fabrics and hard plates. As an alternative to the shuttle suit, at least two hard suits were developed by NASA: the AX5 and the MRKIII. The problem of producing hard suits for space exploration is very similar to that of producing deep-sea diving suits. There was thus an opportunity to develop a suit that could be manufactured for both purposes with the economies of scale that could be gained from a two-branch manufacturing line (space and deep sea). Of course, the space suit would need to be space qualified. Some of the problems in adopting one of the hard suits were first that the testing had to be completed, and second that it required additional storage space. The decision was made not to develop a hard suit in time for the construction and operation of the ISS. Instead, to improve the safety of the current suit, it was decided to reinforce the soft parts of the shuttle EMU with KEVLAR linings to strengthen it against debris impacts. Test results, however, show that this advanced suit design has little effect on the penetration characteristics.

The embodiment design of the heat rejection system for the portable life support system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stuckwisch, Sue; Francois, Jason; Laughlin, Julia; Phillips, Lee; Carrion, Carlos A.

1994-01-01

The Portable Life Support System (PLSS) provides a suitable environment for the astronaut in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), and the heat rejection system controls the thermal conditions in the space suit. The current PLSS sublimates water to the space environment; therefore, the system loses mass. Since additional supplies of fluid must be available on the Space Shuttle, NASA desires a closed heat rejecting system. This document presents the embodiment design for a radiative plate heat rejection system without mass transfer to the space environment. This project will transform the concept variant into a design complete with material selection, dimensions of the system, layouts of the heat rejection system, suggestions for manufacturing, and financial viability.

MS Grunsfeld and Linnehan on middeck after EVA 1

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-03-04

STS109-349-027 (4 March 2002) --- Astronauts John M. Grunsfeld and Richard M. Linnehan, STS-109 payload commander and mission specialist, respectively, wearing the liquid cooling and ventilation garment that complements the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, are photographed on the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia after the mission’s first session of extravehicular activity (EVA). The EVA-1 team replaced one of the telescope’s two second-generation solar arrays, which is also known as SA2, and a Diode Box Assembly. The solar array was replaced with a new, third-generation solar array, which is called SA3. The space walkers also did some prep work for STS-109’s other space walks.

Astronaut Russell Schweickart photographed during EVA

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-06

AS09-19-2994 (6 March 1969) --- Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot, is photographed from the Command Module (CM) "Gumdrop" during his extravehicular activity (EVA) on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 Earth-orbital mission. He holds, in his right hand, a thermal sample which he is retrieving from the Lunar Module (LM) exterior. The Command and Service Modules (CSM) and LM "Spider" are docked. Schweickart, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), is standing in "golden slippers" on the LM porch. Visible on his back are the Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and Oxygen Purge System (OPS). Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Apollo 9 commander, was inside the "Spider". Astronaut David R. Scott, command module pilot, remained at the controls in the CM "Gumdrop".

STS-119 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) 1 Arnold in Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-03-19

ISS018-E-041104 (19 March 2009) --- Astronaut Richard Arnold, STS-119 mission specialist, participates in the mission's first scheduled session of extravehicular activity (EVA) as construction and maintenance continue on the International Space Station. During the six-hour, seven-minute spacewalk, Arnold and astronaut Steve Swanson (out of frame), mission specialist, connected bolts to permanently attach the S6 truss segment to S5. The spacewalkers plugged in power and data connectors to the truss, prepared a radiator to cool it, opened boxes containing the new solar arrays and deployed the Beta Gimbal Assemblies containing masts that support the solar arrays. The blackness of space and Earth?s horizon provide the backdrop for the scene.

Z-2 Prototype Space Suit Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Amy; Rhodes, Richard; Graziosi, David; Jones, Bobby; Lee, Ryan; Haque, Bazle Z.; Gillespie, John W., Jr.

2014-01-01

NASA's Z-2 prototype space suit is the highest fidelity pressure garment from both hardware and systems design perspectives since the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was developed in the late 1970's. Upon completion the Z-2 will be tested in the 11 foot human-rated vacuum chamber and the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the NASA Johnson Space Center to assess the design and to determine applicability of the configuration to micro-, low- (asteroid), and planetary- (surface) gravity missions. This paper discusses the 'firsts' that the Z-2 represents. For example, the Z-2 sizes to the smallest suit scye bearing plane distance for at least the last 25 years and is being designed with the most intensive use of human models with the suit model.

Astronaut David Wolf participates in training for contingency EVA in WETF

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-04-03

S93-31701 (3 April 1993) --- Displaying the flexibility of his training version of the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut David A. Wolf participates in training for contingency Extravehicular Activity (EVA) for the STS-58 mission. Behind Wolf, sharing the platform with him was astronaut Shannon W. Lucid. For simulation purposes, the two mission specialists were about to be submerged to a point of neutral buoyancy in the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Though the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-2) mission does not include a planned EVA, all crews designate members to learn proper procedures to perform outside the spacecraft in the event of failure of remote means to accomplish those tasks.

NBL experimental photographic support: STS-111-UF2

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-12-05

JSC2001-02996 (December 2001) --- Astronauts Philippe Perrin and Franklin R. Chang-Diaz practice procedures to be used during space walks scheduled to perform work on the International Space Station (ISS). The two STS-111 mission specialists, wearing training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, make use of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) giant pool to rehearse their assigned chores. While the Space Shuttle Endeavour is docked to the orbital outpost, two space walks are scheduled to hook up the mobile base system, the second part of the mobile platform for the station’s Canadarm2 robotic arm and other assembly tasks. Perrin represents CNES, the French Space Agency. STS-111 will be the 14th shuttle mission to visit the orbital outpost.

NBL experimental photographic support: STS-111-UF2

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-12-05

JSC2001-02995 (December 2001) --- Astronauts Philippe Perrin and Franklin R. Chang-Diaz practice procedures to be used during space walks scheduled to perform work on the International Space Station (ISS). The two STS-111 mission specialists, wearing training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit, make use of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) giant pool to rehearse their assigned chores. While the Space Shuttle Endeavour is docked to the orbital outpost, two space walks are scheduled to hook up the mobile base system, the second part of the mobile platform for the station’s Canadarm2 robotic arm and other assembly tasks. Perrin represents CNES, the French Space Agency. STS-111 will be the 14th shuttle mission to visit the orbital outpost.

EVA Physiology and Medical Considerations Working in the Suit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parazynski, Scott

2012-01-01

This "EVA Physiology and Medical Considerations Working in the Suit" presentation covers several topics related to the medical implications and physiological effects of suited operations in space from the perspective of a physician with considerable first-hand Extravehicular Activity (EVA) experience. Key themes include EVA physiology working in a pressure suit in the vacuum of space, basic EVA life support and work support, Thermal Protection System (TPS) inspections and repairs, and discussions of the physical challenges of an EVA. Parazynski covers the common injuries and significant risks during EVAs, as well as physical training required to prepare for EVAs. He also shares overall suit physiological and medical knowledge with the next generation of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) system designers.

EVA Crewmembers emerging from the air lock into the middeck.

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-01-19

STS054-06-019 (17 Jan. 1993) --- Astronaut Susan J. Helms almost squeezes into the tight quarters of Endeavour's airlock to share space with her fellow mission specialists -- both attired in extravehicular mobility units (EMU) spacesuits. Astronauts Mario Runco Jr. (hands on outer edge of hatch) and Gregory J. Harbaugh spent four-plus hours on the extravehicular activity (EVA) on January 17, 1993. Helms trained with the pair for several months in preparation for the EVA. From the shirt-sleeved environment of Endeavour, she maintained communications with the two throughout the spacewalk. Also onboard NASA's newest Shuttle for the six-day mission were astronauts John H. Casper, mission commander; and Donald R. McMonagle, pilot. The photograph was taken with a 35mm camera.

Can the Presence of Crystalluria Predict Stone Formation in Patients with Cystinuria?

PubMed

Wong, Kathie A; Pardy, Caroline; Pillay, Soma; Athanasiou, Thanos; Rottenberg, Giles; Bultitude, Matthew; Chandra, Ashish; Thomas, Kay

2016-05-01

To determine the feasibility of crystalluria as a biomarker for stone disease in patients with cystinuria. All patients attending a multidisciplinary cystinuria clinic provided early morning urine (EMU) and clinic urine (CU) samples for crystal measurement over a 2-year period (August 1, 2010, to July 31, 2012). Association between presence of crystals, presence of stone(s), and new stone growth (NSG) was determined using the chi-square test. Crystal numbers in EMU and CU were compared in patients with stones/NSG and no stones/stable disease using the Mann-Whitney U test. There was a statistically significant difference between the presence of crystalluria and presence of stones for CU (chi-square test = 5.86, df = 1, p = 0.02) but not EMU (chi-square test = 1.92, df = 1, p = 0.17) and between the presence of crystalluria and NSG for CU (chi-square test = 8.10, df = 1, p = 0.004) but not EMU (chi-square test = 1.32, df = 1, p = 0.25). Patients with stones and NSG have higher levels of crystalluria in CU than patients with no stones or stable disease (stones, median = 41, interquartile range [IQR] = 600 vs median = 0, IQR = 21, p = 0.01; NSG, median = 49, IQR = 525 vs median = 0, IQR = 40, p = 0.01). The presence of crystalluria in CU samples is associated with the presence of stones. Crystalluria is comparable to ultrasound and may serve as a useful adjunct to predict whether a patient with cystinuria has stones, which could guide the frequency of clinic review and imaging.

Effect of chitosan coating on the structural and magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 and Mn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mdlalose, W. B.; Mokhosi, S. R.; Dlamini, S.; Moyo, T.; Singh, M.

2018-05-01

We report the influence of polymer coatings on structural and magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 and Mn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nanoferrites synthesized by glycol thermal technique and then coated with chitosan viz. CHI-MnFe2O4 and CHI-Mn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. The powder XRD patterns of naked nanoferrites confirmed single-phase spinel cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 13 nm, while the coated samples exhibited an average particle size of 15 nm. We observed a reduction in lattice parameters with coating. HRTEM results correlated well with XRD results. 57Fe Mössbauer spectra showed ordered magnetic spin states in both nanoferrites. This study shows that coatings have significant effects on the structural and magnetic properties of Mn-nanoferrites. Magnetization studies performed at room temperature in fields up to 14 kOe revealed the superparamagnetic nature of both naked and coated nanoparticles with spontaneous magnetizations at room temperature of 49.2 emu/g for MnFe2O4, 23.6 emu/g for coated CHI-MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, 63.2 emu/g for Mn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 and 33.2 emu/g for coated CHI-Mn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles. We observed reduction in coercive fields due to coating. Overall, chitosan-coated manganese and manganese-cobalt nanoferrites present as suitable candidates for biomedical applications owing to physicochemical, and magnetic properties exhibited.

Spacesuit Soft Upper Torso Sizing Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Graziosi, David; Splawn, Keith

2011-01-01

The passive sizing system consists of a series of low-profile pulleys attached to the front and back of the shoulder bearings on a spacesuit soft upper torso (SUT), textile cord or stainless steel cable, and a modified commercial ratchet mechanism. The cord/cable is routed through the pulleys and attached to the ratchet mechanism mounted on the front of the spacesuit within reach of the suited subject. Upon actuating the ratchet mechanism, the shoulder bearing breadth is changed, providing variable upper torso sizing. The active system consists of a series of pressurizable nastic cells embedded into the fabric layers of a spacesuit SUT. These cells are integrated to the front and back of the SUT and are connected to an air source with a variable regulator. When inflated, the nastic cells provide a change in the overall shoulder bearing breadth of the spacesuit and thus, torso sizing. The research focused on the development of a high-performance sizing and actuation system. This technology has application as a suit-sizing mechanism to allow easier suit entry and more accurate suit fit with fewer torso sizes than the existing EMU (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) suit system. This advanced SUT will support NASA s Advanced EMU Evolutionary Concept of a two-sizes-fit-all upper torso for replacement of the current EMU hard upper torso (HUT). Both the passive and nastic sizing system approaches provide astronauts with real-time upper torso sizing, which translates into a more comfortable suit, providing enhanced fit resulting in improved crewmember performance during extravehicular activity. These systems will also benefit NASA by reducing flight logistics as well as overall suit system cost. The nastic sizing system approach provides additional structural redundancy over existing SUT designs by embedding additional coated fabric and uncoated fabric layers. Two sizing systems were selected to build into a prototype SUT: one active and one passive. From manned testing, it was found that both systems offer good solutions to sizing a SUT to fit a crewmember. This new system provided improved suit don/doff over existing spacesuit designs as well as providing better fit at suit operational pressure resulting in improved comfort and mobility. It was found that a SUT with a sizing system may solve several problems that have plagued existing HUT designs, and that a SUT with a sizing system may be a viable option for advanced suit architectures.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of rare-earth free MnBi alloy: A high-energy hard magnetic material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar; Prakash, H. R.; Ram, S.; Pradhan, D.

2018-04-01

MnBi is a rare-earth free high-energy magnetic material useful for the permanent magnet based devices. In a simple method, a MnBi alloy was prepared by arc melting method using Mn and Bi metals in 60:40 atomic ratio. In terms of the X-ray diffraction, a crystalline MnBi phase is formed with Bi as impurity phase of the as-prepared alloy. FESEM image of chemically etched sample shows small grains throughout the alloy. SEAD pattern and lattice image were studied to understand the internal microstructure of the alloy. The thermomagnetic curves measured in ZFC-FC cycles over 5-380 K temperatures at 500 Oe field, shows the induced magnetization of 5-25 % in the sample. The coercivity values, 7.455 kOe (13.07 emu/g magnetization) at 380 K, and 5.185k Oe (14.75 emu/g magnetization) at 300 K, are observed in the M-H hysteresis loops. A decreased value 0.181kOe (18.05 emu/g magnetization) appears at 100 K due to the change in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The results are useful to fabricate small MnBi magnets for different permanent magnets based devices.

Prospects for discovering pulsars in future continuum surveys using variance imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, S.; Johnston, S.; Hobbs, G.

2017-12-01

In our previous paper, we developed a formalism for computing variance images from standard, interferometric radio images containing time and frequency information. Variance imaging with future radio continuum surveys allows us to identify radio pulsars and serves as a complement to conventional pulsar searches that are most sensitive to strictly periodic signals. Here, we carry out simulations to predict the number of pulsars that we can uncover with variance imaging in future continuum surveys. We show that the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) survey can find ∼30 normal pulsars and ∼40 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) over and above the number known today, and similarly an all-sky continuum survey with SKA-MID can discover ∼140 normal pulsars and ∼110 MSPs with this technique. Variance imaging with EMU and SKA-MID will detect pulsars with large duty cycles and is therefore a potential tool for finding MSPs and pulsars in relativistic binary systems. Compared with current pulsar surveys at high Galactic latitudes in the Southern hemisphere, variance imaging with EMU and SKA-MID will be more sensitive, and will enable detection of pulsars with dispersion measures between ∼10 and 100 cm-3 pc.

Magnetic properties of Ni nanoparticles embedded in silica matrix (KIT-6) synthesized via novel chemical route

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dalavi, Shankar B.; Panda, Rabi N., E-mail: rnp@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in; Raja, M. Manivel

2015-06-24

Thermally stable Ni nanoparticles have been embedded in mesoporous silica matrix (KIT-6) via novel chemical reduction method by using superhydride as reducing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirms that pure and embedded Ni nanoparticles crystallize in face centered cubic (fcc) structure. Crystallite sizes of pure Ni, 4 wt% and 8 wt% Ni in silica were estimated to be 6.0 nm, 10.4 nm and 10.5 nm, respectively. Morphology and dispersion of Ni in silica matrix were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Magnetic study shows enhancement of magnetic moments of Ni nanoparticles embedded in silica matrix compared with that of pure Ni. The resultmore » has been interpreted on the basis of size reduction and magnetic exchange effects. Saturation magnetization values for pure Ni, 4 wt% and 8 wt% Ni in silica were found to be 15.77 emu/g, 5.08 emu/g and 2.00 emu/g whereas coercivity values were 33.72 Oe, 92.47 Oe and 64.70 Oe, respectively. We anticipate that the observed magnetic properties may find application as soft magnetic materials.« less

Ratite production as an agricultural enterprise.

PubMed

Gillespie, J M; Schupp, A R

1998-11-01

The ratite industry remains in the market introduction stage of evolution; basic information on markets and production is limited. It is uncertain when, or perhaps whether, either the ostrich or emu industries will progress to the market growth stage. Until significant expansion occurs, ratite operations are likely to be faced with low or even nonexistant profits. It is the authors' observation that the ostrich industry is making slow but significant progress toward introducing products into potential growth markets. The fact that ostrich products were in demand prior to the ostrich being introduced into North America has helped the industry. The future of the emu industry appears to be much less certain. In the authors' opinion, in order for the emu industry to become profitable and grow, significant promotion of emu meat and immediate resolution of the value of the oil must be achieved. Meat sales alone will not carry emu production as a profitable commercial enterprise. Veterinarians can derive significant conclusions from this information. Currently, ratite production is composed of firms generating losses or minimal profits. South African producers are receiving approximately the same amount for a slaughter ostrich as North American producers. It is unlikely that North American ostrich prices will increase significantly. Prices of ostrich breeders of $2,000 to $4,000 per pair and $400 to $450 for slaughter birds are likely to remain the same for some time. Given that world demand has increased at a slower rate than supply, prices may decrease further. Breeder and slaughter birds will continue to require significant veterinary care; however, the producer will be forced to perform more farm treatments, given the negligible margins. Based on the differences in efficiency of existing operations, there are ample opportunities for veterinarians and extension services to assist producers. Vertical coordination in the ratite industry may evolve slowly in the future, especially in the arid regions of the country; however, economies of size in ratite slaughter are likely to remain uncaptured in the short run, limiting the rate at which vertical coordination evolves. If significant opportunities develop for veterinarians in vertically integrated ratite firms, the emphasis, as with other intensive livestock operations, will be preventative rather than therapeutic medicine, and will involve the integration of nutrition, management, genetics, and the control of disease.

Degradation of Carbazole by Microbial Cells Immobilized in Magnetic Gellan Gum Gel Beads▿

PubMed Central

Wang, Xia; Gai, Zhonghui; Yu, Bo; Feng, Jinhui; Xu, Changyong; Yuan, Yong; Lin, Zhixin; Xu, Ping

2007-01-01

Polycyclic aromatic heterocycles, such as carbazole, are environmental contaminants suspected of posing human health risks. In this study, we investigated the degradation of carbazole by immobilized Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 cells. Four kinds of polymers were evaluated as immobilization supports for Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. After comparison with agar, alginate, and κ-carrageenan, gellan gum was selected as the optimal immobilization support. Furthermore, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and the average particle size was about 20 nm with 49.65-electromagnetic-unit (emu) g−1 saturation magnetization. When the mixture of gellan gel and the Fe3O4 nanoparticles served as an immobilization support, the magnetically immobilized cells were prepared by an ionotropic method. The biodegradation experiments were carried out by employing free cells, nonmagnetically immobilized cells, and magnetically immobilized cells in aqueous phase. The results showed that the magnetically immobilized cells presented higher carbazole biodegradation activity than nonmagnetically immobilized cells and free cells. The highest biodegradation activity was obtained when the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 9 mg ml−1 and the saturation magnetization of magnetically immobilized cells was 11.08 emu g−1. Additionally, the recycling experiments demonstrated that the degradation activity of magnetically immobilized cells increased gradually during the eight recycles. These results support developing efficient biocatalysts using magnetically immobilized cells and provide a promising technique for improving biocatalysts used in the biodegradation of not only carbazole, but also other hazardous organic compounds. PMID:17827304

STS-54 Commander Casper at airlock hatch on CCT middeck during JSC training

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-54 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, Commander John H. Casper manipulates the airlock hatch and its equalization valves on the middeck of JSC's Crew Compartment Trainer (CCT). Casper is rehearsing the sequence of events necessary for extravehicular activity (EVA) egress for the upcoming STS-54 mission. Visible in the airlock is an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Two of the STS-54 crewmembers will don EMUs and egress through the EV hatch into the payload bay (PLB) after Casper closes the intravehicular (IV) hatch behind them. The EVA crewmembers will spend four-plus hours on a planned spacewalk to evaluate EVA techniques and gear for the Space Station Freedom (SSF). The CCT is located in JSC's Mockup and Integration Laboratory (MAIL) Bldg 9NE.

Computer Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Hazard for Space Station Astronauts during Extravehicular Activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwu, Shian U.; Kelley, James S.; Panneton, Robert B.; Arndt, G. Dickey

1995-01-01

In order to estimate the RF radiation hazards to astronauts and electronics equipment due to various Space Station transmitters, the electric fields around the various Space Station antennas are computed using the rigorous Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) techniques. The Method of Moments (MoM) was applied to the UHF and S-band low gain antennas. The Aperture Integration (AI) method and the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) method were used to compute the electric field intensities for the S- and Ku-band high gain antennas. As a result of this study, The regions in which the electric fields exceed the specified exposure levels for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) electronics equipment and Extravehicular Activity (EVA) astronaut are identified for various Space Station transmitters.

Growth, structure, and properties of epitaxial thin films of first-principles predicted multiferroic Bi2FeCrO6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nechache, Riad; Harnagea, Catalin; Pignolet, Alain; Normandin, François; Veres, Teodor; Carignan, Louis-Philippe; Ménard, David

2006-09-01

The authors report the structural and physical properties of epitaxial Bi2FeCrO6 thin films on epitaxial SrRuO3 grown on (100)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser ablation. The 300nm thick films exhibit both ferroelectricity and magnetism at room temperature with a maximum dielectric polarization of 2.8μC /cm2 at Emax=82kV/cm and a saturated magnetization of 20emu/cm3 (corresponding to ˜0.26μB per rhombohedral unit cell), with coercive fields below 100Oe. The results confirm the predictions made using ab initio calculations about the existence of multiferroic properties in Bi2FeCrO6.

Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Hardware & Operations Overview

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, Sandra; Marmolejo, Jose

2014-01-01

The objectives of this presentation are to: Define Extravehicular Activity (EVA), identify the reasons for conducting an EVA, and review the role that EVA has played in the space program; Identify the types of EVAs that may be performed; Describe some of the U.S. Space Station equipment and tools that are used during an EVA, such as the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER), the International Space Station (ISS) Joint Airlock and Russian Docking Compartment 1 (DC-1), and EVA Tools & Equipment; Outline the methods and procedures of EVA Preparation, EVA, and Post-EVA operations; Describe the Russian spacesuit used to perform an EVA; Provide a comparison between U.S. and Russian spacesuit hardware and EVA support; and Define the roles that different training facilities play in EVA training.

STS-121: Discovery Spacewalk Overview Briefing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2006-01-01

The briefing began with the introduction of Tomas Gonzalez-Torres (Lead Extra Vehicular Activity Officer). The spacewalk team included Pierce Sellers (EV-1), Mike Fossum (EV-2) and Mark Kelly (coordinator and pilot). Three new EMU's (space suits) were provided with hardware upgrades (warning systems). The 1st EVA would take place on flight day 5 and would include the exchange of the 3 EMU's. The 1st task was the installation of the blade locker, a device used to prevent severing of cables. The team will also install the Interface Umbilical System (IUS) which is an extension cord for the mobile transporter. EVA-2 task will be to replace the old Trailing Umbilical System (TUS) with a new one.

Structural and magnetic studies of half-metallic Heusler alloy Cr2CoSi nanoparticle synthesized by mechanical-alloying method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, G.; Asvini, V.; Kalaiezhily, R. K.; Ravichandran, K.

2018-05-01

Heusler Alloy based Cr2CoSi nanoparticles were synthesized by using ball milling. X-ray diffractions studies were used to characterize the crystal structure of Cr2CoSi nanoparticles and magnetic properties were studied using VSM. XRD data analysis confirms the Heusler alloy phase showing the L21 structure. Magnetic properties are measured for synthesized samples having coercivity Hc = 389 Oe, with high saturation magnetization value Ms = 8.64 emu/g and remenance value Mr = 2.93 emu/g. Synthesized Heusler alloy Cr2CoSi nanoparticles can be potential materials for use in Spin polarized based spin sensors, spin devices, magnetic sensors and transducer applications.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons profiles of spent drilling fluids deposited at Emu-Uno, Delta State, Nigeria.

PubMed

Iwegbue, Chukwujindu M A

2011-10-01

The concentrations and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in spent drilling fluid deposited at Emu-Uno, Delta State of Nigeria. The total concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the spent drilling fluid deposits ranged between 40 and 770 μg kg(-1). The PAHs profile were predominantly 2- and 3-rings with acenaphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene being the predominant PAHs. The prevalence of 2- and 3-rings PAHs in the spent drilling fluid deposits indicate contamination of the drilling fluids with crude oil during drilling. Incorporation of spent drilling fluids into the soil has serious implication for soil, surface water and groundwater quality. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Strain and Ni substitution induced ferromagnetism in LaCoO3 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Ashok; Kumar, Vinod; Kumar, Rajesh; Kumar, Ravi

2018-05-01

We have grown epitaxial strained films of LaCoO3 and LaCo0.7Ni0.3O3 on LaAlO3 (100) substrate via pulsed laser deposition. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements show that, unlike its bulk counterpart, the ground state of the strained LaCoO3 on LAO is ferromagnetic. The saturation magnetization has been found increase strongly from a value of 118 emu/cm3 to 350 emu/ cm3 for Ni substituted thin film. Present study reveals that strain can stabilize FM order in these thin films down to low temperature, which can further be tuned to higher saturation magnetization with the Ni substitution.

Threshold and Other Properties of U Particle Production in e{sup +}e{sup -} Annihilation

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Perl, M. L.

1976-05-01

The anomalous e..mu.. events produced in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation, e{sup +} + e{sup -} ..-->.. e/sup + -/ + ..mu..{sup - +} + missing energy, (1) was explained as the decay products of a pair of U particles produced in the reaction e{sup +} + e{sup -} ..-->.. U{sup +} + U{sup -}. (2) New data is presented on the U particles in the energy region just above their production threshold and results of a study of the nature of the particles carrying off the missing energy in Eq. (1). While presenting these new results the present status of knowledge of the anomalous e..mu.. events and their U particle explanation is briefly reviewed. (JFP)

Integration issues of a plasma contactor Power Electronics Unit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pinero, Luis R.; York, Kenneth W.; Bowers, Glen E.

1995-01-01

A hollow cathode-based plasma contactor is baselined on International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) for spacecraft charge control. The plasma contactor system consists of a hollow cathode assembly (HCA), a power electronics unit (PEU), and an expellant management unit (EMU). The plasma contactor has recently been required to operate in a cyclic mode to conserve xenon expellant and extend system life. Originally, a DC cathode heater converter was baselined for a continuous operation mode because only a few ignitions of the hollow cathode were expected. However, for cyclic operation, a DC heater supply can potentially result in hollow cathode heater component failure due to the DC electrostatic field. This can prevent the heater from attaining the proper cathode tip temperature for reliable ignition of the hollow cathode. To mitigate this problem, an AC cathode heater supply was therefore designed, fabricated, and installed into a modified PEU. The PEU was tested using resistive loads and then integrated with an engineering model hollow cathode to demonstrate stable steady-state operation. Integration issues such as the effect of line and load impedance on the output of the AC cathode heater supply and the characterization of the temperature profile of the heater under AC excitation were investigated.

Space Shuttle Projects

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-04-01

STS-79 was the fourth in a series of NASA docking missions to the Russian Mir Space Station, leading up to the construction and operation of the International Space Station (ISS). As the first flight of the Spacehab Double Module, STS-79 encompassed research, test and evaluation of ISS, as well as logistics resupply for the Mir Space Station. STS-79 was also the first NASA-Mir American crew member exchange mission, with John E. Blaha (NASA-Mir-3) replacing Shannon W. Lucid (NASA-Mir-2) aboard the Mir Space Station. The lettering of their names either up or down denotes transport up to the Mir Space Station or return to Earth on STS-79. The patch is in the shape of the Space Shuttle’s airlock hatch, symbolizing the gateway to international cooperation in space. The patch illustrates the historic cooperation between the United States and Russia in space. With the flags of Russia and the United States as a backdrop, the handshake of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) which are suited crew members symbolizes mission teamwork, not only of the crew members but also the teamwork between both countries space personnel in science, engineering, medicine and logistics.

Selection of Environmentally Friendly Solvents for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Secondary Oxygen Pack Cold Trap Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steele, John; Chullen, Cinda; Morenz, Jesse; Stephenson, Curtis

2010-01-01

Freon-113(TradeMark) has been used as a chemistry lab sampling solvent at NASA/JSC for EMU (extravehicular Mobility Unit) SOP (Secondary Oxygen Pack) oxygen testing Cold Traps utilized at the USA (United Space Alliance) Houston facility. Similar testing has occurred at the HSWL (Hamilton Sundstrand Windsor Locks) facility. A NASA Executive Order bans the procurement of all ODS (ozone depleting substances), including Freon-113 by the end of 2009. In order to comply with NASA direction, HSWL began evaluating viable solvents to replace Freon-113 . The study and testing effort to find Freon-113 replacements used for Cold Trap sampling is the subject of this paper. Test results have shown HFE-7100 (a 3M fluorinated ether) to be an adequate replacement for Freon-113 as a solvent to remove and measure the non-volatile residue collected in a Cold Trap during oxygen testing. Furthermore, S-316 (a Horiba Instruments Inc. high molecular weight, non-ODS chlorofluorocarbon) was found to be an adequate replacement for Freon-113 as a solvent to reconstitute non-volatile residue removed from a Cold Trap during oxygen testing for subsequent HC (hydrocarbon) analysis via FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).

STS-79 Mission Insignia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1996-01-01

STS-79 was the fourth in a series of NASA docking missions to the Russian Mir Space Station, leading up to the construction and operation of the International Space Station (ISS). As the first flight of the Spacehab Double Module, STS-79 encompassed research, test and evaluation of ISS, as well as logistics resupply for the Mir Space Station. STS-79 was also the first NASA-Mir American crew member exchange mission, with John E. Blaha (NASA-Mir-3) replacing Shannon W. Lucid (NASA-Mir-2) aboard the Mir Space Station. The lettering of their names either up or down denotes transport up to the Mir Space Station or return to Earth on STS-79. The patch is in the shape of the Space Shuttle's airlock hatch, symbolizing the gateway to international cooperation in space. The patch illustrates the historic cooperation between the United States and Russia in space. With the flags of Russia and the United States as a backdrop, the handshake of Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) which are suited crew members symbolizes mission teamwork, not only of the crew members but also the teamwork between both countries space personnel in science, engineering, medicine and logistics.

Development of Extravehicular Visor Assembly (EVVA)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Kristine

2017-01-01

For the next generation of NASA's space suits, being able to enable an architecture for microgravity and planetary capabilities is required. To support these future missions, we will need exemplary support hardware to be designed, such as a new extravehicular visor assembly (EVVA). This EVVA will carry out its heritage mission of protecting the astronauts' eyes from harmful radiation, giving needed shade, and providing thermal protection, while also incorporating new designs that maximize overhead visibility and incorporate new technology. It will be designed to adapt with xEMU lite, a next-generation suit architecture Completed market research and literature reviews center dotSet up a NASA@Workchallenge "Incorporating Active TintableElectronic Coatings into Next Generation Space Suit Visor." center dotContacted Boeing and AlphaMicron to understand COTS solutions on the market and how they could be applied to the space suit design. oFound that there are many advantages to an active coating because of reduced mechanisms, an inherent dust tolerant design, and auto-sense capabilities. However, the COTS designs are not currently compatible with the xEMU lite form factor, the space environment, and the xEMU lite power requirement. COTS designs can also fail in the off/transparent state. center dotPursuing low TRL funding sources for future development for exploration EVA space suit Boeing 787

Magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Mn-Al-C powders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kohmoto, O.; Kageyama, N.; Kageyama, Y.; Haji, H.; Uchida, M.; Matsushima, Y.

2011-01-01

We have prepared supersaturated-solution Mn-Al-C alloy powders by mechanical alloying using a planetary high-energy mill. The starting materials were pure Mn, Al and C powers. The mechanically-alloyed powders were subjected to a two-step heating. Although starting particles are Al and Mn with additive C, the Al peak disappears with MA time. With increasing MA time, transition from α-Mn to β-Mn does not occur; the α-Mn structure maintains. At 100 h, a single phase of supersaturated-solution α-Mn is obtained. The lattice constant of α-Mn decreases with increasing MA time. From the Scherrer formula, the crystallite size at 500 h is obtained as 200Å, which does not mean amorphous state. By two-step heating, high magnetization (66 emu/g) was obtained from short-time-milled powders (t=10 h). The precursor of the as-milled powder is not a single phase α-Mn but contains small amount of fcc Al. After two-step heating, the powder changes to τ-phase. Although the saturation magnetization increases, the value is less than that by conventional bulk MnAl (88 emu/g). Meanwhile, long-time-milled powder of single α-Mn phase results in low magnetization (5.2 emu/g) after two-step heating.

Effect of post-annealing on the magnetic properties of sputtered Mn56Al44 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Nanhe Kumar; Husain, Sajid; Barwal, Vineet; Behera, Nilamani; Chaudhary, Sujeet

2018-05-01

Mn56Al44 (MnAl) thin films of constant thickness (˜30nm) were grown on naturally oxidized Si substrates using DC-magnetron sputtering. Effect of deposition parameters such as sputtering power, substrate temperature (Ts), and post-annealing temperature have been systematically invstigated. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the presence of mixed phases, namely the τ- and β-MnAl. The highest saturation magnetization (MS) was found to be 65emu/cc using PPMS-VSM in film grown at Ts=500°C. The magnetic ordering was found to get significantly improved by performing post-annealing of these as-grwon at 400°C for 1 hr in the presence of out-of-plane magnetic field of ˜1500Oe in vacuum. In particular, at room temperature (RT), the MS got enhanced after magnetic annealing from 65emu/cc to 500 emu/cc in MnAl films grown at Ts=500°C. This sample exhibited a magneto-resistance of ˜1.5% at RT. The tuning of the structural and magnetic properties of MnAl binary alloy thin films as established here by varying the growth parameters is critical with regards to the prospective applications of MnAl, a metastable ferromagnetic system which possesses the highest perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at RT till date.

Efficient removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol from aqueous solutions using magnetic activated carbon.

PubMed

Saucier, Caroline; Karthickeyan, P; Ranjithkumar, V; Lima, Eder C; Dos Reis, Glaydson S; de Brum, Irineu A S

2017-02-01

Activated carbon (AC)/CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites, MAC-1 and MAC-2, were prepared by a simple pyrolytic method using a mixture of iron(III)/cobalt(II) benzoates and iron(III)/cobalt(II) oxalates, respectively, and were used as efficient adsorbents for the removal of amoxicillin (AMX) and paracetamol (PCT) of aqueous effluents. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sizes of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles formed from benzoates of iron(III)/cobalt(II) and oxalates of iron(III)/cobalt(II) precursors were in the ranges of 5-80 and 6-27 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetization (M s ), remanence (M r ) and coercivity (H c ) of the MAC-2 nanocomposites were found to be 3.07 emu g -1 , 1.36 emu g -1 and 762.49 Oe; for MAC-1, they were 0.2989 emu g -1 , 0.0466 emu g -1 and 456.82 Oe. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies were investigated, and the results showed that the as-prepared nanocomposites MAC-1 and MAC-2 could be utilized as an efficient, magnetically separable adsorbent for environmental cleanup. The maximum sorption capacities obtained were 280.9 and 444.2 mg g -1 of AMX for MAC-1 and MAC-2, respectively, and 215.1 and 399.9 mg g -1 of PCT using MAC-1 and MAC-2, respectively. Both adsorbents were successfully used for simulated hospital effluents, removing at least 93.00 and 96.77% for MAC-1 and MAC-2, respectively, of a mixture of nine pharmaceuticals with high concentrations of sugars, organic components and saline concentrations.

A Multi-Purpose Modular Electronics Integration Node for Exploration Extravehicular Activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hodgson, Edward; Papale, William; Wichowski, Robert; Rosenbush, David; Hawes, Kevin; Stankiewicz, Tom

2013-01-01

As NASA works to develop an effective integrated portable life support system design for exploration Extravehicular activity (EVA), alternatives to the current system s electrical power and control architecture are needed to support new requirements for flexibility, maintainability, reliability, and reduced mass and volume. Experience with the current Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) has demonstrated that the current architecture, based in a central power supply, monitoring and control unit, with dedicated analog wiring harness connections to active components in the system has a significant impact on system packaging and seriously constrains design flexibility in adapting to component obsolescence and changing system needs over time. An alternative architecture based in the use of a digital data bus offers possible wiring harness and system power savings, but risks significant penalties in component complexity and cost. A hybrid architecture that relies on a set of electronic and power interface nodes serving functional models within the Portable Life Support System (PLSS) is proposed to minimize both packaging and component level penalties. A common interface node hardware design can further reduce penalties by reducing the nonrecurring development costs, making miniaturization more practical, maximizing opportunities for maturation and reliability growth, providing enhanced fault tolerance, and providing stable design interfaces for system components and a central control. Adaptation to varying specific module requirements can be achieved with modest changes in firmware code within the module. A preliminary design effort has developed a common set of hardware interface requirements and functional capabilities for such a node based on anticipated modules comprising an exploration PLSS, and a prototype node has been designed assembled, programmed, and tested. One instance of such a node has been adapted to support testing the swingbed carbon dioxide and humidity control element in NASA s advanced PLSS 2.0 test article. This paper will describe the common interface node design concept, results of the prototype development and test effort, and plans for use in NASA PLSS 2.0 integrated tests.

Substrate effect on the room-temperature ferromagnetism in un-doped ZnO films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhan, Peng; Wang, Weipeng; Xie, Zheng; Li, Zhengcao; Zhang, Zhengjun; Zhang, Peng; Wang, Baoyi; Cao, Xingzhong

2012-07-01

Room-temperature ferromagnetism was achieved in un-doped ZnO films on silicon and quartz substrates. Photoluminescence measurement and positron annihilation analysis suggested that the ferromagnetism was originated from singly occupied oxygen vacancies (roughly estimated as ˜0.55 μB/vacancy), created in ZnO films by annealing in argon. The saturated magnetization of ZnO films was enhanced from ˜0.44 emu/g (on quartz) to ˜1.18 emu/g (on silicon) after annealing at 600 °C, as silicon acted as oxygen getter and created more oxygen vacancies in ZnO films. This study clarified the origin of ferromagnetism in un-doped ZnO and provides an idea to enhance the ferromagnetism.

The Moho as a magnetic boundary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasilewski, P. J.; Thomas, H. H.; Mayhew, M. A.

1979-01-01

Magnetic data are presented for mantle derived rocks: peridtites from St. Pauls rocks, dunite xenoliths from the kaupulehu flow in Hawaii, as well as peridolite, dunite and eclogite xenoliths from Roberts Victor, Dutoitspan, Kilbourne Hole, and San Carlos diatremes. The rocks are paramagnetic or very weakly ferromagnetic at room temperature. Saturation magnetization values range from 0.013 emu/gm to less than 0.001 emu/gm. A review of pertinent literature dealing with analysis of the minerals in mantle xenoliths provides evidence that metals and primary Fe3O4 are absent, and that complex CR, Mg, Al, and Fe spinels dominate the oxide mineralogy. All of the available evidence supports the magnetic results, indicating that the seismic MOHO is a magnetic boundary.

Mechanisms of spin-flipping and metal-insulator transition in nano-Fe3O4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dito Fauzi, Angga; Aziz Majidi, Muhammad; Rusydi, Andrivo

2017-04-01

Fe3O4 is a half-metallic ferrimagnet with {{T}\\text{C}}˜ 860 K exhibiting metal-insulator transition (MIT) at  ˜120 K. In bulk form, the saturation magnetization is 0.6 Tesla (˜471 emu cm-3). A recent experimental study has shown that the saturation magnetization of nano-Fe3O4 thin films can achieve up to  ˜760 emu cm-3, attributed to spin-flipping of Fe ions at tetrahedral sites assisted by oxygen vacancies (V O). Such a system has shown to have higher MIT temperature (˜150 K). The spin-flipping is a new phenomenon in Fe3O4, while the MIT is a long-standing one. Here, we propose a model and calculations to investigate the mechanisms of both phenomena. Our results show that, for the system without V O, the ferrimagnetic configuration is energetically favorable. Remakably, upon inclusion of V O, the ground-state configuration switches into ferromagnetic. As for the MIT, by proposing temperature dependences of some hopping integrals in the model, we demonstrate that the system without and with V O undergo the MIT in slightly different ways, leading to higher MIT temperature for the system with V O, in agreement with the experimental data. Our results also show that the MIT in both systems occur concomitantly with the redistribution of electrons among the three Fe ions in each Fe3O4 formula unit. As such temperature dependences of hopping integrals may arise due to dynamic Jahn-Teller effects, our phenomenological theory may provide a way to reconcile existing theories relating the MIT to the structural transition and the charge ordering.

Thermal Performance Testing of EMU and CSAFE Liquid Cooling Garments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhodes, Richard; Bue, Grant; Hakam, Mark; Radford, Tamara

2013-01-01

Future exploration missions require the development of a new liquid cooling garment (LCG) that offers greater system reliability, is more comfortable, and maximizes thermal performance. To inform the development of a future LCG a thermal performance test was conducted to evaluate three factors: (1) the effect of the thermal comfort undergarment (TCU) on tactile and thermal comfort, (2) the comparable thermal performance of an CSAFE developed engineering evaluation unit (EEU) LCG, which uses a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) wicking garment as the base, and (3) the performance of a torso or upper body only LCG configuration to evaluate a proposed auxiliary loop configuration. To evaluate the thermal performance of each configuration a metabolic suit test was conducted, utilizing suited subjects to generate metabolic heat by walking on a treadmill at various speeds. Three (3) test subjects of similar height and weight produced a metabolic load for five tests by either resting (300-600 BTU/hr), walking at a slow pace (1200 BTU/hr), and walking at a brisk pace (2200 BTU/hr). During the test, data was collected that would allow us to track the heat transfer to the LCG and ventilation system to determine the thermal performance of the LCG configurations. Four different test configurations were tested, with one configuration tested twice. The test results show that the CSAFE EEU LCG and EMU LCG had comparable performance. The testing also showed that an auxiliary loop LCG, sized similarly to the shirt-only configuration, should provide adequate cooling for contingency scenarios. Finally, the testing showed the previous analysis that assumed a UA deterioration from the TCU was too conservative and the TCU may prove to be acceptable for future development with additional analysis and testing.

Creating a Lunar EVA Work Envelope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, Brand N.; Howard, Robert; Rajulu, Sudhakar; Smitherman, David

2009-01-01

A work envelope has been defined for weightless Extravehicular Activity (EVA) based on the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), but there is no equivalent for planetary operations. The weightless work envelope is essential for planning all EVA tasks because it determines the location of removable parts, making sure they are within reach and visibility of the suited crew member. In addition, using the envelope positions the structural hard points for foot restraints that allow placing both hands on the job and provides a load path for reacting forces. EVA operations are always constrained by time. Tasks are carefully planned to ensure the crew has enough breathing oxygen, cooling water, and battery power. Planning first involves computers using a virtual work envelope to model tasks, next suited crew members in a simulated environment refine the tasks. For weightless operations, this process is well developed, but planetary EVA is different and no work envelope has been defined. The primary difference between weightless and planetary work envelopes is gravity. It influences anthropometry, horizontal and vertical mobility, and reaction load paths and introduces effort into doing "overhead" work. Additionally, the use of spacesuits other than the EMU, and their impacts on range of motion, must be taken into account. This paper presents the analysis leading to a concept for a planetary EVA work envelope with emphasis on lunar operations. There is some urgency in creating this concept because NASA has begun building and testing development hardware for the lunar surface, including rovers, habitats and cargo off-loading equipment. Just as with microgravity operations, a lunar EVA work envelope is needed to guide designers in the formative stages of the program with the objective of avoiding difficult and costly rework.

Approximate Entropies for Stochastic Time Series and EKG Time Series of Patients with Epilepsy and Pseudoseizures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vyhnalek, Brian; Zurcher, Ulrich; O'Dwyer, Rebecca; Kaufman, Miron

2009-10-01

A wide range of heart rate irregularities have been reported in small studies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy [TLE]. We hypothesize that patients with TLE display cardiac dysautonomia in either a subclinical or clinical manner. In a small study, we have retrospectively identified (2003-8) two groups of patients from the epilepsy monitoring unit [EMU] at the Cleveland Clinic. No patients were diagnosed with cardiovascular morbidities. The control group consisted of patients with confirmed pseudoseizures and the experimental group had confirmed right temporal lobe epilepsy through a seizure free outcome after temporal lobectomy. We quantified the heart rate variability using the approximate entropy [ApEn]. We found similar values of the ApEn in all three states of consciousness (awake, sleep, and proceeding seizure onset). In the TLE group, there is some evidence for greater variability in the awake than in either the sleep or proceeding seizure onset. Here we present results for mathematically-generated time series: the heart rate fluctuations ξ follow the γ statistics i.e., p(ξ)=γ-1(k) ξ^k exp(-ξ). This probability function has well-known properties and its Shannon entropy can be expressed in terms of the γ-function. The parameter k allows us to generate a family of heart rate time series with different statistics. The ApEn calculated for the generated time series for different values of k mimic the properties found for the TLE and pseudoseizure group. Our results suggest that the ApEn is an effective tool to probe differences in statistics of heart rate fluctuations.

New insight in magnetic saturation behavior of nickel hierarchical structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Ji; Zhang, Jianxing; Liu, Chunting; Chen, Kezheng

2017-09-01

It is unanimously accepted that non-ferromagnetic inclusions in a ferromagnetic system will lower down total saturation magnetization in unit of emu/g. In this study, ;lattice strain; was found to be another key factor to have critical impact on magnetic saturation behavior of the system. The lattice strain determined assembling patterns of primary nanoparticles in hierarchical structures and was intimately related with the formation process of these architectures. Therefore, flower-necklace-like and cauliflower-like nickel hierarchical structures were used as prototype systems to evidence the relationship between assembling patterns of primary nanoparticles and magnetic saturation behaviors of these architectures. It was found that the influence of lattice strain on saturation magnetization outperformed that of non-ferromagnetic inclusions in these hierarchical structures. This will enable new insights into fundamental understanding of related magnetic effects.

Space to Space Advanced EMU Radio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maicke, Andrew

2016-01-01

The main task for this project was the development of a prototype for the Space to Space Advanced EMU Radio (SSAER). The SSAER is an updated version of the Space to Space EMU Radio (SSER), which is the current radio used by EMUs (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) for communication between suits and with the ISS. The SSER was developed in 1999, and it was desired to update the design used in the system. Importantly, besides replacing out-of-production parts it was necessary to decrease the size of the radio due to increased volume constraints with the updated Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 2.5, which will be attached on future space suits. In particular, it was desired to fabricate a PCB for the front-end of the prototype SSAER system. Once this board was manufactured and all parts assembled, it could then be tested for quality of operation as well as compliancy with the SSER required specifications. Upon arrival, a small outline of the target system was provided, and it was my responsibility to take that outline to a finished, testable board. This board would include several stages, including frequency mixing, amplification, modulation, demodulation, and handled both the transmit and receive lines of the radio. I developed a new design based on the old SSER system and the outline provided to me, and found parts to fit the tasks in my design. It was also important to consider the specifications of the SSER, which included the system noise figure, gain, and power consumption. Further, all parts needed to be impedance matched, and spurious signals needed to be avoided. In order to fulfill these two requirements, it was necessary to perform some calculations using a Smith Chart and excel analysis. Once all parts were selected, I drew the schematics for the system in Altium Designer. This included developing schematic symbols, as well as layout. Once the schematic was finished, it was then necessary to lay the parts out onto a PCB using Altium. Similar to the schematic design, in order to accomplish this it was necessary to develop component land patterns and add component 3D models. All of this was achieved, and the PCB is currently in review. After it is finished being reviewed, this board will be sent out for manufacture. All electronic components used in the PCB have been acquired, and once the board arrives they will be soldered onto the board using a machine in building 44. Finally, the board will be tested for performance on-site. This will likely be accomplished by the end of the internship.

The Ecological Marine Units Project as a Framework for Collaborative Data Exploration, Distribution, and Knowledge Building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, Dawn; Sayre, Roger; Breyer, Sean; Butler, Kevin; VanGraafeiland, Keith; Goodin, Kathy; Kavanaugh, Maria; Costello, Mark; Cressie, Noel; Basher, Zeenatul; Harris, Peter; Guinotte, John

2017-04-01

A data-derived, ecological stratification-based ecosystem mapping approach was recently demonstrated by Sayre et al. for terrestrial ecosystems, resulting in a standardized map of nearly 4000 global ecological land units (ELUs) at a base spatial resolution of 250 m. The map was commissioned by the Group on Earth Observations for eventual use by the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), and was also a contribution to the Climate Data Initiative of US President Barack Obama. We now present a similar environmental stratification approach for extending a global ecosystems map into the oceans through the delineation of analog global ecological marine units (EMUs). EMUs are comprised of a global point mesh framework, created from over 52 million points from NOAA's World Ocean Atlas with a spatial resolution of ¼ by ¼ degree ( 27 x 27 km at the equator) at varying depths and a temporal resolution that is currently decadal. Each point carries attributes of chemical and physical oceanographic structure (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate) that are likely drivers of many marine ecosystem responses. We used a k-means statistical clustering algorithm to identify physically distinct, relatively homogenous, volumetric regions within the water column (the EMUs). Backwards stepwise discriminant analysis determined if all of six variables contributed significantly to the clustering, and a pseudo F-statistic gave us an optimum number of clusters worldwide at 37. Canonical discriminant analysis verified that all 37 clusters were significantly different from one another. A major intent of the EMUs is to support marine biodiversity conservation assessments, economic valuation studies of marine ecosystem goods and services, and studies of ocean acidification and other impacts (e.g., pollution, resource exploitation, etc.). As such, they represent a rich geospatial accounting framework for these types of studies, as well as for scientific research on species distributions and their relationships to the marine physical environment. To further benefit the community and facilitate collaborate knowledge building, data products are shared openly and interoperably via www.esri.com/ecological-marine-units. This includes provision of 3D point mesh and EMU clusters at the surface, bottom, and within the water column in varying formats via download, web services or web apps, as well as generic algorithms and GIS workflows that scale from global to regional and local. A major aim is for the community members to may move the research forward with higher-resolution data from their own field studies or areas of interest, with the original EMU project team assisting with GIS implementation (especially via a new online discussion forum), or hosting of additional data products as needed.

Summary and Recommendations for Future Work. Chapter 12

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cucinotta, Francis A.; Shavers, Mark R.; Saganti, Premkumar B.; Miller, Jack

2003-01-01

The safety of astronauts is the primary concern of all space missions. Space radiation has been identified as a major concern for ISS, and minimizing radiation risks during EVA is a principle component of NASA s radiation protection program. The space suit plays a critical role in shielding astronauts from EVA radiation exposures. In cooperation with the JSC Extravehicular Activity Project Office, and the Space Radiation Health Project Office, the NASA EMU and RSA Orlan space suits were taken to the LLUPTF for a series of measurements with proton and electron beams to simulate exposures during EVA operations. Additional tests with material layouts of the EMU suit sleeve were made in collaboration with NASA LaRC at the LBNL 88-inch cyclotron and at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron.

Post-Shuttle EVA Operations on ISS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, Bill; Witt, Vincent; Chullen, Cinda

2010-01-01

The EVA hardware used to assemble and maintain the ISS was designed with the assumption that it would be returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle for ground processing, refurbishment, or failure investigation (if necessary). With the retirement of the Space Shuttle, a new concept of operations was developed to enable EVA hardware (EMU, Airlock Systems, EVA tools, and associated support equipment and consumables) to perform ISS EVAs until 2016 and possibly beyond to 2020. Shortly after the decision to retire the Space Shuttle was announced, NASA and the One EVA contractor team jointly initiated the EVA 2010 Project. Challenges were addressed to extend the operating life and certification of EVA hardware, secure the capability to launch EVA hardware safely on alternate launch vehicles, and protect EMU hardware operability on orbit for long durations.

The structure and stratigraphy of deepwater Sarawak, Malaysia: Implications for tectonic evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madon, Mazlan; Kim, Cheng Ly; Wong, Robert

2013-10-01

The structural-stratigraphic history of the North Luconia Province, Sarawak deepwater area, is related to the tectonic history of the South China Sea. The Sarawak Basin initiated as a foreland basin as a result of the collision of the Luconia continental block with Sarawak (Sarawak Orogeny). The foreland basin was later overridden by and buried under the prograding Oligocene-Recent shelf-slope system. The basin had evolved through a deep foreland basin ('flysch') phase during late Eocene-Oligocene times, followed by post-Oligocene ('molasse') phase of shallow marine shelf progradation to present day. Seismic interpretation reveals a regional Early Miocene Unconformity (EMU) separating pre-Oligocene to Miocene rifted basement from overlying undeformed Upper Miocene-Pliocene bathyal sediments. Seismic, well data and subsidence analysis indicate that the EMU was caused by relative uplift and predominantly submarine erosion between ˜19 and 17 Ma ago. The subsidence history suggests a rift-like subsidence pattern, probably with a foreland basin overprint during the last 10 Ma. Modelling results indicate that the EMU represents a major hiatus in the sedimentation history, with an estimated 500-2600 m of missing section, equivalent to a time gap of 8-10 Ma. The EMU is known to extend over the entire NW Borneo margin and is probably related to the Sabah Orogeny which marks the cessation of sea-floor spreading in the South China Sea and collision of Dangerous Grounds block with Sabah. Gravity modelling indicates a thinned continental crust underneath the Sarawak shelf and slope and supports the seismic and well data interpretation. There is a probable presence of an overthrust wedge beneath the Sarawak shelf, which could be interpreted as a sliver of the Rajang Group accretionary prism. Alternatively, magmatic underplating beneath the Sarawak shelf could equally explain the free-air gravity anomaly. The Sarawak basin was part of a remnant ocean basin that was closed by oblique collision along the NW Borneo margin. The closure started in the Late Eocene in Sarawak and moved progressively northeastwards into Sabah until the Middle Miocene. The present-day NW Sabah margin may be a useful analogue for the Oligocene-Miocene Sarawak foreland basin.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Jing; Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331; Hu, Chenguo, E-mail: hucg@cqu.edu.cn

Graphical abstract: The flower-shaped barium vanadate was obtained for the first time. The photoluminescence and magnetic properties of the barium vanadate nanoflowers were investigated at room temperature. Research highlights: {yields} In the paper, the flower-shaped barium vanadate were obtained for the first time. The CHM method used here is new and simple for preparation of barium vanadate. {yields} The photoluminescence and magnetic properties of the barium vanadate nanoflowers were investigated at room temperature. The strong bluish-green emission was observed. {yields} The ferromagnetic behavior of the barium vanadate nanoflowers was found with saturation magnetization of about 83.50 x 10{sup -3} emu/g,more » coercivity of 18.89 Oe and remnant magnetization of 4.63 x 10{sup -3} emu/g. {yields} The mechanisms of PL and magnetic property of barium vanadate nanoflowers have been discussed. -- Abstract: The flower-shaped barium vanadate has been obtained by the composite hydroxide mediated (CHM) method from V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and BaCl{sub 2} at 200 {sup o}C for 13 h. XRD and XPS spectrum of the as-synthesized sample indicate it is hexagonal Ba{sub 3}V{sub 2}O{sub 8} with small amount of Ba{sub 3}VO{sub 4.8} coexistence. Scan electron microscope and transmission electron microscope display that the flower-shaped crystals are composed of nanosheets with thickness of {approx}20 nm. The UV-visible spectrum shows that the barium vanadate sample has two optical gaps (3.85 eV and 3.12 eV). Photoluminescence spectrum of the barium vanadate flowers exhibits a visible light emission centered at 492 and 525 nm which might be attributed to VO{sub 4} tetrahedron with T{sub d} symmetry in Ba{sub 3}V{sub 2}O{sub 8}. The ferromagnetic behavior of the barium vanadate nanoflowers has been found with saturation magnetization of about 83.50 x 10{sup -3} emu/g, coercivity of 18.89 Oe and remnant magnetization of 4.63 x 10{sup -3} emu/g, which is mainly due to the presence of a non-orthovanadate phase with spin S = 1/2.« less

Ictal SPECT using an attachable automated injector: clinical usefulness in the prediction of ictal onset zone.

PubMed

Lee, Jung-Ju; Lee, Sang Kun; Choi, Jang Wuk; Kim, Dong-Wook; Park, Kyung Il; Kim, Bom Sahn; Kang, Hyejin; Lee, Dong Soo; Lee, Seo-Young; Kim, Sung Hun; Chung, Chun Kee; Nam, Hyeon Woo; Kim, Kwang Ki

2009-12-01

Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a valuable method for localizing the ictal onset zone in the presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy. Conventional methods used to localize the ictal onset zone have problems with time lag from seizure onset to injection. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of a method that we developed, which involves an attachable automated injector (AAI), in reducing time lag and improving the ability to localize the zone of seizure onset. Patients admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2008, were included. The definition of ictal onset zone was made by comprehensive review of medical records, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), data from video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring, and invasive EEG monitoring if available. We comprehensively evaluated the time lag to injection and the image patterns of ictal SPECT using traditional visual analysis, statistical parametric mapping-assisted, and subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to an MRI-assisted means of analysis. Image patterns were classified as localizing, lateralizing, and nonlateralizing. The whole number of patients was 99: 48 in the conventional group and 51 in the AAI group. The mean (SD) delay time to injection from seizure onset was 12.4+/-12.0 s in the group injected by our AAI method and 40.4+/-26.3 s in the group injected by the conventional method (P=0.000). The mean delay time to injection from seizure detection was 3.2+/-2.5 s in the group injected by the AAI method and 21.4+/-9.7 s in the group injected by the conventional method (P=0.000). The AAI method was superior to the conventional method in localizing the area of seizure onset (36 out of 51 with AAI method vs. 21 out of 48 with conventional method, P=0.009), especially in non-temporal lobe epilepsy (non-TLE) patients (17 out of 27 with AAI method vs. 3 out of 13 with conventional method, P=0.041), and in lateralizing the seizure onset hemisphere (47 out of 51 with AAI method vs. 33 out of 48 with conventional method, P=0.004). The AAI method was superior to the conventional method in reducing the time lag of tracer injection and in localizing and lateralizing the ictal onset zone, especially in patients with non-TLE.

Green Synthesis of NiFe2O4 Spinel-Structured Nanoparticles Using Hydrangea paniculata Flower Extract with Excellent Magnetic Property

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karunakaran, Gopalu; Jagathambal, Matheswaran; Van Minh, Nguyen; Kolesnikov, Evgeny; Kuznetsov, Denis

2018-05-01

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) spinel-structured nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a green synthesis approach using Hydrangea paniculata flower extract. Green synthesis of NPs was preliminary monitored by a color change. Further confirmation was carried out using different techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic crystalline system (fcc) of NiFe2O4. Energy-dispersive spectrum analysis showed the presence of iron, nickel, oxygen, and carbon. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the agglomerating nature of the NPs (30-50 nm). The specific surface area was found to be 46.73 m2/g, revealing the average size D of NPs to be 24 nm. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the spherical, oval, and irregular shapes of the NPs with a size range between 10 nm and 45 nm, and an average size of 28 nm. The magnetization of the obtained NiFe2O4 NPs in a high magnetic field of 20 kOe was found to be 20 emu/g. The values of remanent magnetization (M r) and coercive field (H c) were found to be 1.1 emu/g and 28 Oe, respectively. In the process of magnetization reversal (with a small value of M r/M s, 0.055), NiFe2O4 NPs had a loop with low energy loss, showing that the obtained NiFe2O4 NPs were soft magnetic materials. The magnetization curve with a sigmoidal shape indicated that the obtained NiFe2O4 NPs are super-paramagnetic material. In addition, the comparison of green synthesis with the methods available in the literature proved that the green synthesis is the best method. Thus, it is clear that green synthesis is a novel eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of magnetic NiFe2O4 NPs.

Z-2 Suit Support Stand and MKIII Suit Center of Gravity Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Tuan Q.

2014-01-01

NASA's next generation spacesuits are the Z-Series suits, made for a range of possible exploration missions in the near future. The prototype Z-1 suit has been developed and assembled to incorporate new technologies that has never been utilized before in the Apollo suits and the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). NASA engineers tested the Z-1 suit extensively in order to developed design requirements for the new Z-2 suit. At the end of 2014, NASA will be receiving the new Z-2 suit to perform more testing and to further develop the new technologies of the suit. In order to do so, a suit support stand will be designed and fabricated to support the Z-2 suit during maintenance, sizing, and structural leakage testing. The Z-2 Suit Support Stand (Z2SSS) will be utilized for these purposes in the early testing stages of the Z-2 suit.

Comparison of thermal insulation performance of fibrous materials for the advanced space suit.

PubMed

Paul, Heather L; Diller, Kenneth R

2003-10-01

The current multi-layer insulation used in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) will not be effective in the atmosphere of Mars due to the presence of interstitial gases. Alternative thermal insulation means have been subjected to preliminary evaluation by NASA to attempt to identify a material that will meet the target conductivity of 0.005 W/m-K. This study analyzes numerically the thermal conductivity performance for three of these candidate insulating fiber materials in terms of various denier (size), interstitial void fractions, interstitial void media, and orientations to the applied temperature gradient to evaluate their applicability for the new Mars suit insulation. The results demonstrate that the best conductive insulation is achieved for a high-void-fraction configuration with a grooved fiber cross section, aerogel void medium, and the fibers oriented normal to the heat flux vector. However, this configuration still exceeds the target thermal conductivity by a factor of 1.5.

Z-2 Prototype Space Suit Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Amy; Rhodes, Richard; Graziosi, David; Jones, Bobby; Lee, Ryan; Haque, Bazle Z.; Gillespie, John W., Jr.

2014-01-01

NASA's Z-2 prototype space suit is the highest fidelity pressure garment from both hardware and systems design perspectives since the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was developed in the late 1970's. Upon completion it will be tested in the 11' humanrated vacuum chamber and the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the NASA Johnson Space Center to assess the design and to determine applicability of the configuration to micro-, low- (asteroid), and planetary- (surface) gravity missions. This paper discusses the 'firsts' the Z-2 represents. For example, the Z-2 sizes to the smallest suit scye bearing plane distance for at least the last 25 years and is being designed with the most intensive use of human models with the suit model. The paper also provides a discussion of significant Z-2 configuration features, and how these components evolved from proposal concepts to final designs.

Z-2 Prototype Space Suit Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Amy; Rhodes, Richard; Graziosi, David

2014-01-01

NASA's Z-2 prototype space suit is the highest fidelity pressure garment from both hardware and systems design perspectives since the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was developed in the late 1970's. Upon completion it will be tested in the 11' human-rated vacuum chamber and the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the NASA Johnson Space Center to assess the design and to determine applicability of the configuration to micro-, low- (asteroid), and planetary- (surface) gravity missions. This paper discusses the 'firsts' the Z-2 represents. For example, the Z-2 sizes to the smallest suit scye bearing plane distance for at least the last 25 years and is being designed with the most intensive use of human models with the suit model. The paper also provides a discussion of significant Z-2 configuration features, and how these components evolved from proposal concepts to final designs.

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Kun; Xu, Guo-Qing; Zheng, Chun-Hua

2016-04-01

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability, improving the adhesion utilization, and achieving deep energy recovery. There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear, uncertain, and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions. This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking, and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability. Then, applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated, and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed, which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control. The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performance without the wheel-rail contact information. Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The enhancement in optical and magnetic properties of Na-doped LaFeO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Devi, E.; Kalaiselvi, B. J.

2018-04-01

La1-xNaxFeO3(x=0.00 and 0.05) were synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion method. No evidence of impurity phase and the peak (121) slightly shift towards lower angle is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The UV-visible spectra show strong absorption peak centered at approximately 231 nm and the calculated optical band gap are found to be 2.73eV, 2.36eV for x = 0.00 and 0.05, respectively. The M-H loop of pure sample is anti-ferromagnetic, whereas those of the Na doped sample shows enhanced ferromagnetic behavior. The remnant magnetization (Mr), saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercive field (Hc) of Na-doped sample are enhanced to 1.06emu/g, 5.39emu/g and 182.84kOe, respectively.

Shape control of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles under different chain length of reducing agents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ngoi, Kuan Hoon; Chia, Chin-Hua, E-mail: chia@ukm.edu.my; Zakaria, Sarani

2015-09-25

We report on the effect of using reducing agents with different chain-length on the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in 1-octadecene. This modification allows us to control the shape of nanoparticles into spherical and cubic iron oxide nanoparticles. The highly monodisperse 14 nm spherical nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-dodecanediol and average 14 nm edge-length cubic iron oxide nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-tetradecanediol. The structural characterization such as transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows similar properties between two particles with different shapes. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) shows no significant difference between sphericalmore » and cubic nanoparticles, which are 36 emu/g and 37 emu/g respectively and superparamagnetic in nature.« less

Micro structural analysis and magnetic characteristics of rare earth substituted cobalt ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tapdiya, Swati; Singh, Sarika; Kulshrestha, Shobha; Shrivastava, A. K.

2018-05-01

A series of ultrafine nanoparticles of Gd3+ doped Co-ferrites CoGdxFe2-xO4 (x=0.0, 0.05 and 0.10) were prepared by wet chemical co-precipitation method using nitrates of respective metal ions. Structural and morphology studies were performed using XRD, SEM and EDAX. Indexed XRD patterns confirm the formation of cubic spinel phase. Average crystallite sizes found to be decreases with trivalent rare earth ion substitution. Lattice constant (a) and lattice strain increases with increase in Gd3+ concentration due to large ionic radii (0.94nm) of Gd3+ replacing Fe3+ (0.64nm). SEM images show the spherical morphology and uniform growth of nanoparticles. Magnetic studies show that magnetization (Ms), decreases with increase in Gd3+ concentration from 50.16 emu/gm to 31.26 emu/gm.

Radiation tests of the EMU spacesuit for the International SpaceStation using energetic protons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zeitlin, C.; Heilbronn, L.; Miller, J.

2001-06-04

Measurements using silicon detectors to characterize theradiation transmitted through the EMU spacesuit and a human phantom havebeen performed using 155 and 250 MeV proton beams at the Loma LindaUniversity Medical Center (LLUMC). The beams simulate radiationencountered in space, where trapped protons having kinetic energies onthe order of 100 MeV are copious. Protons with 100 MeV kinetic energy andabove can penetrate many centimeters of water of other light materials,so that astronauts exposed to such energetic particles will receive dosesto their internal organs. This dose can be enhanced or reduced byshielding - either from the spacesuit or the self-shielding of the bodymore » -but minimization of the risk depends on details of the incident particleflux (in particular the energy spectrum) and on the dose responses of thevarious critical organs.« less

The Effects of Bismuth Oxide on Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Mg-Al Ferrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nekouee, Kh. A.; Rahimi, A. H.; Haghighi, M. Alineghad; Ehsani, N.

2018-04-01

In the present paper, the effects of bismuth oxide as an additive on microstructure and magnetic properties of Mg0.9Mn0.1Al0.4Fe1.6O4 were investigated. Mg-Mn-Al ferrite powders were prepared by the conventional solid state synthesis method. Two different amounts of bismuth oxide (2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.%) were utilized as the sintering aid and their microstructure and physical properties were compared to those of the sample without additives. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that crystal lattice distortion due to the microstructural constraints as the result from incorporation of bismuth oxide into the microstructure was developed by adding bismuth oxide. XRD Rietveld refinement was used to define the cation distribution and to refine the lattice parameter and oxygen parameter for the sample without bismuth oxide as (Mg0.16Mn0.02Al0.15Fe0.77)A(Mg0.74Mn0.08Al0.25Fe0.83)BO4 and 8.3308 Å and 0.2542, respectively. Microstructure studies show that a bismuth rich liquid phase forms during the sintering at 1250°C, which enhances the densification of sintered bodies up to 13% (a relative density of 93%). Magnetization of sintered samples were increased from 21.1 emu/g to 26.2 emu/g upon addition of 2.5 wt.% bismuth oxide and then decreased to 24.9 emu/g when 5 wt.% bismuth oxide was added.

Search for lepton-flavor violating decays of heavy resonances and quantum black holes to e$$\\mu$$ final states in proton-proton collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}=$$ 13 TeV

DOE PAGES

Sirunyan, Albert M; et al.

2018-04-13

A search is reported for heavy resonances decaying into emore » $$\\mu$$ final states in proton-proton collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at $$\\sqrt{s}=$$ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$$^{-1}$$. The search focuses on resonance masses above 200 GeV. With no evidence found for physics beyond the standard model in the e$$\\mu$$ mass spectrum, upper limits are set at 95% confidence level on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for this lepton-flavor violating signal. Based on these results, resonant $$\\tau$$ sneutrino production in R-parity violating supersymmetric models is excluded for masses below 1.7 TeV, for couplings $$\\lambda_{132}=\\lambda_{231}=\\lambda'_{311}=0.01$$. Heavy Z$'$ gauge bosons with lepton-flavor violating transitions are excluded for masses up to 4.4 TeV. The e$$\\mu$$ mass spectrum is also interpreted in terms of non-resonant contributions from quantum black-hole production in models with one to six extra spatial dimensions, and lower mass limits are found between 3.6 and 5.6 TeV. In all interpretations used in this analysis, the results of this search improve previous limits by about 1 TeV. These limits correspond to the most sensitive values obtained at colliders.« less

High magnetization Fe-Co and Fe-Ni submicron and nanosize particles by thermal decomposition and hydrogen reduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cui, B. Z.; Marinescu, M.; Liu, J. F.

2014-05-01

This paper reports morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of air-stable soft magnetic FexCo100-x (x = 65, 50, and 34) and Fe50Ni50 (at. %) submicron and nanosize particles fabricated by template-free thermal decomposition of nitrates of Fe, Co, and Ni and subsequent hydrogen reduction. The particle compositions were tuned by modification of the precursor solution concentrations. The as-synthesized Fe-Co and Fe50Ni50 particles have body centered cubic and face centered cubic poly-nanocrystalline structures, respectively. The Fe-Co and Fe50Ni50 particles have particle sizes in the range of 28-200 nm and 70-480 nm, and average grain sizes of 16-29 nm and 20-24 nm, respectively. The particle and grain sizes were controlled by tuning particle composition, and the temperature and time of hydrogen reduction. Saturation magnetization Ms as high as 207-224 emu/g and intrinsic coercivity Hci of 59-228 Oe were obtained in the Fe-Co particles reduced at 550 °C for 90 min. Of special note, the Ms of 224 emu/g (˜2.3 T) obtained in the Fe65Co35 particles is among the highest values for Fe-Co particles reported so far. Ms of 135-137 emu/g and Hci of 59-111 Oe were obtained in the Fe50Ni50 particles reduced at 500 or 550 °C for 20 min.

Freeze Tolerant Radiator for an Advanced EMU

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Copeland, Robert J.; Elliott, Jeannine; Weislogel, Mark

2004-01-01

During an Extravehicular Activity (EVA), the astronaut s metabolic heat and the heat produced by the Portable Life Support Unit (PLSS) must be rejected. This heat load is currently rejected by a sublimator, which vents up to eight pounds of water each EVA. However, for advanced space missions of the future, water venting to space needs to be minimized because resupply impacts from earth will be prohibitive. If this heat load could be radiated to space from the PLSS, which has enough surface area to radiate most of the heat, the amount of water now vented could be greatly reduced. Unfortunately, a radiator rejects heat at a relatively constant rate, but the astronauts generate a variable heat load depending on how hard they are working. Without a way to vary the heat removal rate, the astronaut would experience cold discomfort or even frostbite. A proven method allowing a radiator to be turned-down is to sequentially allow tubes that carry the heat transfer fluid to the radiator to freeze. A drawback of current freezable radiators using this method is that they are far to heavy for use on a PLSS, because they use heavy construction to prevent the tubes from bursting as they freeze and thaw. This creates the need for a large radiator to reject most of the heat but with a lightweight tube that doesn t burst as it freezes and thaws. The new freezable radiator for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) has features to accommodate the expansion of the radiator fluid when it freezes, and still have the high tube to fin conductance needed to minimize the number and weight of the tubes. Radiator fluid candidates are water and a propylene glycol-water mixture. This design maintains all materials within their elastic limits so that large volume changes can be achieved without breaking the tube. This concept couples this elastic expansion with an extremely lightweight, extremely high conductivity carbon fiber fin that can carry the heat needed to thaw a frozen tube. By using most of the exposed surface area of the PLSS as a radiator, the system can reject about 75% of the highest heat load, and reduce the loss of water through sublimation by a factor of four. The proposed radiator and a small water tank can be no heavier than the current system.

Extravehicular mobility unit subcritical liquid oxygen storage and supply system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, John; Martin, Timothy; Hodgson, ED

1992-01-01

The storage of life support oxygen in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit in the liquid state offers some advantages over the current method of storing the oxygen as a high pressure gas. Storage volume is reduced because of the increased density associated with liquid. The lower storage and operating pressures also reduce the potential for leakage or bursting of the storage tank. The potential for combustion resulting from adiabatic combustion of the gas within lines and components is substantially reduced. Design constraints on components are also relaxed due to the lower system pressures. A design study was performed to determine the requirements for a liquid storage system and prepare a conceptual design. The study involved four tasks. The first was to identify system operating requirements that influence or direct the design of the system. The second was to define candidate storage system concepts that could possibly satisfy the requirements. An evaluation and comparison of the candidate concepts was conducted in the third task. The fourth task was devoted to preparing a conceptual design of the recommended storage system and to evaluate concerns with integration of the concept into the EMU. The results are presented.

Chemical synthesis of L10 Fe-Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deepchand, Vimal; Abel, Frank M.; Tzitzios, Vasileios; Hadjipanayis, George C.

2018-05-01

This work focuses on the study of the magnetic and structural properties of chemically synthesized FePt1-xNix nanoparticles, with Ni content x in the range 0.2-0.4. We report the effect of Ni substitution on the L10 structure, on both the as-synthesized and annealed nanoparticles. A decrease in nanoparticle size as well as in chemical order is observed with an increase in Ni content, for both the as-made and annealed nanoparticles. The results also show that the post annealing procedure at 700oC significantly enhanced the L10 ordering of the nanoparticles. Substitution of nickel leads to a decrease in coercivity from 14.9 kOe in FePt to 0.8 kOe for FePt0.6Ni0.4 alloy, while the magnetization at 3 T is increased from 48 emu/g to 88 emu/g.

Controlled nanocrystallinity in Gd nanobowls leads to magnetization of 226 emu/g

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ertas, Y. N.; Bouchard, L.-S.

2017-03-01

Gadolinium (Gd) metal is of great interest in applications such as contrast-enhanced MRI and magnetic cooling. However, it is generally difficult to produce oxide-free and highly magnetic Gd nanoparticles due to the aggressively reactive nature of Gd with oxygen. Herein, we utilized a nanofabrication route and optimization of experimental conditions to produce highly magnetic air-stable oxide-free Gd nanoparticles. The nanobowls displayed the highest saturation magnetization to date for Gd, reaching 226.4 emu/g at 2 K. The crystalline composition of Gd is found to affect the observed magnetization values: the higher magnetization is observed for nanoparticles that have a lower content of the paramagnetic face-centered cubic (fcc) phase and a greater content of the ferromagnetic hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase. The relative fcc content was found to depend on the deposition rate of the Gd metal during the nanofabrication process, thereby correlating with altered magnetization.

Magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite synthesized by mechanical alloying

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dedi, Idayanti, Novrita; Kristiantoro, Tony; Alam, Ginanjar Fajar Nur; Sudrajat, Nanang

2018-05-01

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) is a well-known hard magnetic material with high coercivity and moderate magnetization. These properties, along with their great physical and chemical stability, make CoFe2O4 suitable for many applications such as generator, audio, video-tape etc. In this study, the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite synthesized via the mechanical alloying using α-Fe2O3 of Hot Strip Mill (HSM) waste and cobalt carbonate as the precursors have been investigated. Structural and magnetic properties were systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern exhibited the single phase of cobalt ferrite when the sintering temperature was 1000 °C. Permagraph measurements of the sintered sample revealed a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 77-83 emu/g and coercivity (Hc) of 575 Oe which closely to the magnetic properties of references; Ms = 47.2-56.7 emu/g and Hc =233-2002 Oe.

Plasma-assisted synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of Fe/C core shell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shinde, K. P.; Ranot, M.; Choi, C. J.; Kim, H. S.; Chung, K. C.

2017-07-01

Pure and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles with an average diameter of 25 nm were synthesized by using the DC plasma arc discharge method. Fe core nanoparticles were encapsulated with carbon layer, which is acting as protection layer against both oxidation and chemical reaction. The morphology and the Fe/C core/shell structure of the nanoparticles were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The x-ray diffraction study showed that the α-Fe phase exists with γ-Fe as an impurity. The studied samples have been interrelated with the variation of saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercive field with the amount of carbon coating. The pure α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization = 172 emu/g, and coercive field = 150 Oe, on the other hand few layer carbon coated α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization =169 emu/g with higher coercive field 398 Oe.

Room temperature ferromagnetism in Fe-doped CeO2 nanoparticles.

PubMed

Maensiri, Santi; Phokha, Sumalin; Laokul, Paveena; Seraphin, Supapan

2009-11-01

RT ferromagnetism was observed in nanoparticles of Fe-doped CeO2 (i.e., Ce(0.97)Fe(0.03)O2) synthesized by a sol-gel method. The undoped and Fe-doped CeO2 were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and VSM. The undoped samples and Ce(0.97)Fe(0.03)O2 precursor exhibit a diamagnetic behavior. The 673 K-calcined Ce(0.97)Fe(0.03)O2 sample is paramagnetic whereas 773 and 873 K-calcined Ce(0.97)Fe(0.03)O2 samples are ferromagnetism having the magnetizations of 4.65 x 10(-3) emu/g and 6.20 x 10(-3) emu/g at 10 kOe, respectively. Our results indicate that the ferromagnetic property is intrinsic to the Fe-doped CeO2 system and is not a result of any secondary magnetic phase or cluster formation.

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4})/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ribbon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ardiyanti, Harlina; Suharyadi, Edi, E-mail: esuharyadi@ugm.ac.id; Kato, Takeshi

2016-04-19

Ribbon of magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4})/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated with various concentration of PVA synthesized by co-precipitation method. Particle size of nanoparticles Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} sample and ribbon Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/PVA 25% sample is about 9.34 nm and 11.29 nm, respectively. The result of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) showed that saturation magnetization value decreased from 76.99 emu/g to 15.01 emu/g and coercivity increased from 49.30 Oe to 158.35 Oe as increasing concentration of PVA. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that encapsulated PVA given decreasing agglomeration, controlled shape of nanoparticles Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} more spherical and dispersed. Surfacemore » roughness decreased with increasing concentration of PVA.« less

Building Surface Science Capacity to Serve the Automobile Industry in Southeastern Michigan, final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, Weidian

This project, “Building Surface Science Capacity to Serve the Automobile Industry in Southeastern Michigan” was carried out in two phases: (1) the 2009 – 2012 renovation of space in the new EMU Science Complex, which included the Surface Science Laboratory (SSL), a very vigorous research lab at EMU that carries on a variety of research projects to serve the auto and other industries in Michigan; and (2) the 2013 purchase of several pieces of equipment to further enhance the research capability of the SSL. The funding granted by the DoE was proposed to “renovate the space in the Science Complexmore » to include SSL and purchase equipment for tribological and electrochemical impedance measurements in the lab, thus SSL will serve the auto and other industries in Michigan better.” We believe we have fully accomplished the mission.« less

Synthesis of Bifunctional Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanoparticles by an Ultrasound Assisted Chemical Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Dung Tien; Sai, Doanh Cong; Luu, Quynh Manh; Tran, Hong Thi; Quach, Truong Duy; Kim, Dong Hyun; Nguyen, Nam Hoang

2017-06-01

Bifunctional magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs)—Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag were successfully synthesized by an ultrasound assisted chemical method. Silver ions were absorbed and then reduced by sodium borohydride on the surface of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized silica-coated magnetic NPs, then they were reduced under the influence of a 200 W ultrasonic wave for 60 min. When the amount of precursor silver ions increased, the relative intensity of diffraction peaks of silver crystals in all samples increased with the atomic ratio of silver/iron increasing from 0.208 to 0.455 and saturation magnetization ( M s) decreasing from 44.68 emu/g to 34.74 emu/g. The NPs have superparamagnetic properties and strong surface plasmon absorption at 420 nm, which make these particles promising for biomedical applications.

Magnetic field dissipation in D-sheets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burlaga, L. F.; Scudder, J. D.

1973-01-01

The effects of magnetic field annihilation at a tangential or rotational discontinuity in a resistive plasma are examined. The magnetic field intensity profile depends on (1) the field intensities far from the current sheet (+ and - infinity), (2) the angle between the two intensities, and (3) the electrical resistivity. For a tangential discontinuity, the theory predicts a depression in B, centered at the discontinuity, and it predicts a monotonic transition. The theory provides satisfactory fits to the magnetic field intensity and proton temperature profiles observed for two extremely broad D-sheets in the solar wind. Assuming a diffusion time 10 days, one obtains effective resistivities or approximately = 3 x 10 to the 12th power and 2 x 10 to the 13th power emu for the D-sheets. Either resistivity at directional discontinuities is much lower than 10 to the 12th power emu or annihilation does not always occur at discontinuities.

Emu Dreaming: An Introduction to Australian Aboriginal Astronomy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Norris, Ray P.; Norris, Cilla M.

2009-07-01

Each of the 400 different Aboriginal cultures in Australia has a distinct mythology, ceremonies, and art forms, some of which have a strong astronomical component. Many share common traditions such as the "emu in the sky" constellation of dark clouds, and stories about the Sun, Moon , Orion, and the Pleiades. Several use the rising and setting of particular stars to indicate the time to harvest a food source, and some link the Sun and Moon to tides, and even explain eclipses as a conjunction of the Sun and Moon. Thse traditions reveal a depth and complexity of Aboriginal cultures which are not widely appreciated by outsiders. This book explores the wonderful mystical Aboriginal astronomical stories and traditions, and the way in which these are used for practical applications such as navigation and harvesting. It also describes the journey of exploration which is opening Western eyes to this treasury of ancient Aboriginal knowledge.

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) and silica-encapsulated nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shofiah, Siti; Muflihatun, Suharyadi, Edi

2016-04-01

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) and silica encapsulated nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles comparable sizes have been studied in detail. NiFe2O4 were prepared by co-precipitation methods. Crystalline size is 4.8 ± 0.2 nm became 1.6 ± 0.1 nm and 10.6 ± 0.3 nm after encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica decreased agglomeration, controlled shape of nanoparticles more spherical and dispersed. Coercivity of NiFe2O4 was 46.2 Oe and then increased after encapsulated PEG-4000 to 47.8 Oe can be related to the multi-domains of NiFe2O4 as influence the crystalline size was decreased. Meanwhile, after encapsulated silica, coercivity of NiFe2O4 became 93 Oe as influence the crystalline size was increased at single-domains due to its strong shape anisotropy. Magnetization value decreased from 5.7 emu/g to 5.3 emu/g and 3.6 emu/g after encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica, respectively. The remanent magnetization showed decreasing when saturation magnetization decreased, and conversely. However, it also depends on presence of α-Fe2O3 phases and their material non magnetic of encapsulating. Based on the result, The magnetic properties exhibit a strong dependence on the crystalline size as influence PEG-4000 and silica encapsulated NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.

Vitamin A and vitamin E isoforms stability and peroxidation potential of all-in-one admixtures for parenteral nutrition.

PubMed

Guidetti, Mariacristina; Sforzini, Annalisa; Bersani, Germana; Corsini, Catia; Grossi, Gabriele; Zolezzi, Carola; Fasano, Cinzia; Pironi, Loris

2008-05-01

In all-in-one admixtures (AIOs), vitamins can be degraded and lipid can be peroxidized by light exposure, oxygen action, and multiple chemical interactions. We investigated the impact of three commercial lipid emulsions and two multivitamin preparations on vitamin A and vitamin E chemical stability and lipid peroxidation potential of AIOs. A soybean oil (Soy), soybean/medium-chain triacylglycerol oil (MCT), and olive/soybean oil (Olive)-based emulsion (all 20%), and a lyophilized (Lyo) and emulsified (Emu) multivitamin compounds, were tested. Two AIOs for each lipid emulsion were prepared, the former with Lyo and the latter with Emu. The concentrations of retinol palmitate, alpha-gamma-delta-tocopherol, and malondialdehyde were analyzed in AIOs, immediately (T0) and 24 hours (T24) after compounding. Retinol palmitate, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were more stable in MCT-AIOs than in both Soy-AIOs and Olive-AIOs (p < 0.013; p < 0.001 respectively). Furthermore alpha-tocopherol was more stable in Lyo-AIOs than in Emu-AIOs (p < 0.004). Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased differently among the admixtures; however the concentrations were similar in all AIOs at T24. The differences in retinol palmitate stability were due both to lipid emulsions per se and to interaction between lipid emulsions and multivitamin preparations. The alpha-gamma-tocopherol stability depended on both lipid emulsions and multivitamin preparations. In tested AIOs there was a different degradation rate of fat-soluble vitamins to keep the same lipid peroxidation level, since MDA concentrations at T24 were similar among AIOs.

Modulation of magnetic interaction in Bismuth ferrite through strain and spin cycloid engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yadav, Rama Shanker; Reshi, Hilal Ahmad; Pillai, Shreeja; Rana, D. S.; Shelke, Vilas

2016-12-01

Bismuth ferrite, a widely studied room temperature multiferroic, provides new horizons of multifunctional behavior in phase transited bulk and thin film forms. Bismuth ferrite thin films were deposited on lattice mismatched LaAlO3 substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction confirmed nearly tetragonal (T-type) phase of thin film involving role of substrate induced strain. The film thickness of 56 nm was determined by X-ray reflectivity measurement. The perfect coherence and epitaxial nature of T- type film was observed through reciprocal space mapping. The room temperature Raman measurement of T-type bismuth ferrite thin film also verified phase transition with appearance of only few modes. In parallel, concomitant La and Al substituted Bi1-xLaxFe0.95Al0.05O3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) bulk samples were synthesized using solid state reaction method. A structural phase transition into orthorhombic (Pnma) phase at x = 0.3 was observed. The structural distortion at x = 0.1, 0.2 and phase transition at x = 0.3 substituted samples were also confirmed by changes in Raman active modes. The remnant magnetization moment of 0.199 emu/gm and 0.28 emu/gm were observed for x = 0.2 and 0.3 bulk sample respectively. The T-type bismuth ferrite thin film also showed high remnant magnetization of around 20emu/cc. The parallelism in magnetic behavior between T-type thin film and concomitant La and Al substituted bulk samples is indication of modulation, frustration and break in continuity of spiral spin cycloid.

The influence of PEG-4000 and silica on crystal structure and magnetic properties of magnesium ferrite (MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Puspitarum, Deska Lismawenning; Hermawan, Agung; Suharyadi, Edi, E-mail: esuharyadi@ugm.ac.id

2016-04-19

In this paper, reports the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) and silica on crystal structure and magnetic properties of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles which is synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The particle size of before coated MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} was around 10.5 nm, and became 5.2 nm after PEG-4000 coating and 18.8 nm after silica coating. After coating, there were appeared new phases, α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} (antiferromagnetic), SiO{sub 2} and γ-FeO(OH) which are paramagnetics. The second phase sample decreased responses to the external field. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) morphology analysis on nanoparticles which was coated with PEG 4000 showed that the particles becomemore » more spherical, more dispersive, and less aglomerated. The magnetic hysteresis loops which was investigated with Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) indicated that coercivity of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} was 120.7 Oe, and then decreased to 40.9 Oe after coating and 34.7 Oe for coating with PEG-4000 and silica, respectively. At 15 kOe, the magnetization value decreased from 2.69 emu/g to 0.96 emu/g after coating with PEG-4000 and increased 2.82 emu/g after silica coating. The result revealed the coating with both PEG-4000 and silica influence the magnetic properties of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.« less

Space Suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 2.0 Pre-Installation Acceptance (PIA) Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watts, Carly; Vogel, Matthew

2016-01-01

Following successful completion of the space suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 1.0 development and testing in 2011, the second system-level prototype, PLSS 2.0, was developed in 2012 to continue the maturation of the advanced PLSS design which is intended to reduce consumables, improve reliability and robustness, and incorporate additional sensing and functional capabilities over the current Space Shuttle/International Space Station Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) PLSS. PLSS 2.0 represents the first attempt at a packaged design comprising first generation or later component prototypes and medium fidelity interfaces within a flight-like representative volume. Pre-Installation Acceptance (PIA) is carryover terminology from the Space Shuttle Program referring to the series of test sequences used to verify functionality of the EMU PLSS prior to installation into the Space Shuttle airlock for launch. As applied to the PLSS 2.0 development and testing effort, PIA testing designated the series of 27 independent test sequences devised to verify component and subsystem functionality, perform in situ instrument calibrations, generate mapping data to define set-points for control algorithms, evaluate hardware performance against advanced PLSS design requirements, and provide quantitative and qualitative feedback on evolving design requirements and performance specifications. PLSS 2.0 PIA testing was carried out from 3/20/13 - 3/15/14 using a variety of test configurations to perform test sequences that ranged from stand-alone component testing to system-level testing, with evaluations becoming increasingly integrated as the test series progressed. Each of the 27 test sequences was vetted independently, with verification of basic functionality required before completion. Because PLSS 2.0 design requirements were evolving concurrently with PLSS 2.0 PIA testing, the requirements were used as guidelines to assess performance during the tests; after the completion of PIA testing, test data served to improve the fidelity and maturity of design requirements as well as plans for future advanced PLSS functional testing.

Space Suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 2.0 Pre-Installation Acceptance (PIA) Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anchondo, Ian; Cox, Marlon; Meginnis, Carly; Westheimer, David; Vogel, Matt R.

2016-01-01

Following successful completion of the space suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 1.0 development and testing in 2011, the second system-level prototype, PLSS 2.0, was developed in 2012 to continue the maturation of the advanced PLSS design. This advanced PLSS is intended to reduce consumables, improve reliability and robustness, and incorporate additional sensing and functional capabilities over the current Space Shuttle/International Space Station Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) PLSS. PLSS 2.0 represents the first attempt at a packaged design comprising first generation or later component prototypes and medium fidelity interfaces within a flight-like representative volume. Pre-Installation Acceptance (PIA) is carryover terminology from the Space Shuttle Program referring to the series of test sequences used to verify functionality of the EMU PLSS prior to installation into the Space Shuttle airlock for launch. As applied to the PLSS 2.0 development and testing effort, PIA testing designated the series of 27 independent test sequences devised to verify component and subsystem functionality, perform in situ instrument calibrations, generate mapping data, define set-points, evaluate control algorithms, evaluate hardware performance against advanced PLSS design requirements, and provide quantitative and qualitative feedback on evolving design requirements and performance specifications. PLSS 2.0 PIA testing was carried out in 2013 and 2014 using a variety of test configurations to perform test sequences that ranged from stand-alone component testing to system-level testing, with evaluations becoming increasingly integrated as the test series progressed. Each of the 27 test sequences was vetted independently, with verification of basic functionality required before completion. Because PLSS 2.0 design requirements were evolving concurrently with PLSS 2.0 PIA testing, the requirements were used as guidelines to assess performance during the tests; after the completion of PIA testing, test data served to improve the fidelity and maturity of design requirements as well as plans for future advanced PLSS functional testing.

9 CFR 145.61 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.61 Definitions. Except where the context...

9 CFR 145.62 - Participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.62 Participation. Participating flocks of...

9 CFR 145.62 - Participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.62 Participation. Participating flocks of...

9 CFR 145.61 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.61 Definitions. Except where the context...

9 CFR 145.61 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.61 Definitions. Except where the context...

9 CFR 145.62 - Participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.62 Participation. Participating flocks of...

9 CFR 145.61 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.61 Definitions. Except where the context...

9 CFR 145.61 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.61 Definitions. Except where the context...

9 CFR 145.62 - Participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.62 Participation. Participating flocks of...

9 CFR 145.62 - Participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.62 Participation. Participating flocks of...

Electrical, Magnetic and Microwave Absorption Properties of M-type Barium Hexaferrites (BaFe12-2x CoxNixO19)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Susilawati; Doyan, A.; Khair, H.; Taufik, M.; Wahyudi

2018-04-01

M-type barium hexaferrites synthesis with Co-Ni doping ion (BaFe12-2x CoxNixO19) based on natural iron sand of Loang Balok beach, Lombok, Indonesia, to be applied as a microwave absorbent material using co-precipitation method. The materials used in the synthesis process are magnetite minerals (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4), 12M HCl, NH4OH 37%, CoCl2.6H2O and NiCl2.6H2O. This research to investigate the effect of doping ion concentration variation (x = 0.0, 0.6 and 1.0) and calcination temperature (T = 80, 600, and 800°C) on electrical and magnetic properties and microwave absorption as well. The samples were characterized using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Network Vector Analyzer (VNA). The result from VSM showed that the coercivity value decreased when doping ion concentration and calcination temperature increased (0.151 Tesla at 600°C for x = 0.0 and 0.044 Tesla at 800°C for x = 1.0. The value of magnetic saturation and the magnetic remanence increased with increasing ion concentration (Ms = 0.327 emu/g at x = 0.0 increased to 35.4 emu/g at x = 1.0) and Mr = 0.148 emu/g for x = 0.0 increased to 15.6 emu/g at x=1.0, this indicates that the sample has been soft magnetic. The result from VNA showed that the electrical conductivity values measured in the range 8.0-15.0 GHz indicate that the sample is a semiconductor (6.149 x 10-6 -5.975 x 10-4 S/cm). It also showed that the microwave absorption properties increased at higher concentration of doping ions and the calcination temperature would increase the value of Reflection Loss (RL). The maximum RL value of the sample is -14.47 dB at 12.38 GHz, and the absorption coefficient of 96.43%. These results indicate that the BaFe12-2x CoxNixO19 sample can be applied as a microwave absorbent material on X-band to Ku-band frequency.

STS_135_NLB

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-03-22

NASA astronaut Sandy Magnus is helped out of her training EMU after training for spacewalk in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) on Tuesday, March 22, 2011, in Houston. In the background, a test is performed on the Orion capsule. ( NASA Photo / Houston Chronicle, Smiley N. Pool )

An Approach to the Evaluation of Hypermedia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knussen, Christina; And Others

1991-01-01

Discusses methods that may be applied to the evaluation of hypermedia, based on six models described by Lawton. Techniques described include observation, self-report measures, interviews, automated measures, psychometric tests, checklists and criterion-based techniques, process models, Experimentally Measuring Usability (EMU), and a naturalistic…

High-resolution vector magnetometry: Piezo-spin-polarization effect and in-plane strain-induced dominating uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in a 200-nm-thick Ni thin film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benito, L.

2018-04-01

Owing to its high-sensitivity, reliability, fast, versatile and cost-effective operation, vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM) are massively popular characterization instruments at Magnetism laboratories worldwide. Nevertheless, the inherent appearance of synchronous noise represents a major drawback, which critically limits the fine probing of nanometer-sized media. I here report on an innovative approach to eliminate synchronous noise in VSM. This consists of fitting engineered mechanical devices that absorbs vibration energy, dissipating that into heat. Complementarily, a novel transversal pick-up coil system is also presented and analyzed; this detection system has been engineered to enhance the noise-to-signal ratio and optimized for measuring small size thin film samples. The implementation of a combined mechanical and electromagnetic approach enables to notably enhance the VSM performance, achieving a sensitivity better than 1 ×10-6 emu and a resolution below 5 ×10-8 emu, so that the magnetization vector in nanostructured media can be accurately mapped out down to cryogenic temperatures. I lastly show precision magnetometry measurements carried out in an epitaxial (0 0 1)-oriented 200 nm-thick Ni thin film. The analysis reveals the arising of an in-plane dominating strain-induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, K2ef = - 6.455kJ m - 3 , and a stunning piezo-spin-polarization effect resulting in a remarkable 10% modulation of the magnetization vector, ∼ 27 emu/cm3, with respect to the cubic lattice axes. Both effects are attributed to the likely existence of an orthorhombic lattice distortion, i.e.εxx -εyy ≈ - 2 ×10-3 . This categorical link enables to assign the observed anisotropic spin-polarization in the Ni overlayer to a two-ion magnetoelastic coupling effect.

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) and silica-encapsulated nickel ferrite (NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shofiah, Siti, E-mail: esuharyadi@ugm.ac.id; Muflihatun,; Suharyadi, Edi

2016-04-19

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) and silica encapsulated nickel ferrite (NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles comparable sizes have been studied in detail. NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} were prepared by co-precipitation methods. Crystalline size is 4.8 ± 0.2 nm became 1.6 ± 0.1 nm and 10.6 ± 0.3 nm after encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica decreased agglomeration, controlled shape of nanoparticles more spherical and dispersed. Coercivity of NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} was 46.2 Oe and then increased after encapsulated PEG-4000 to 47.8 Oe can be related to the multi-domains of NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}more » as influence the crystalline size was decreased. Meanwhile, after encapsulated silica, coercivity of NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} became 93 Oe as influence the crystalline size was increased at single-domains due to its strong shape anisotropy. Magnetization value decreased from 5.7 emu/g to 5.3 emu/g and 3.6 emu/g after encapsulated PEG-4000 and silica, respectively. The remanent magnetization showed decreasing when saturation magnetization decreased, and conversely. However, it also depends on presence of α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phases and their material non magnetic of encapsulating. Based on the result, The magnetic properties exhibit a strong dependence on the crystalline size as influence PEG-4000 and silica encapsulated NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.« less

EMU Suit Performance Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cowley, Matthew S.; Benson, Elizabeth; Harvill, Lauren; Rajulu, Sudhakar

2014-01-01

Introduction: Designing a planetary suit is very complex and often requires difficult trade-offs between performance, cost, mass, and system complexity. To verify that new suit designs meet requirements, full prototypes must be built and tested with human subjects. However, numerous design iterations will occur before the hardware meets those requirements. Traditional draw-prototype-test paradigms for research and development are prohibitively expensive with today's shrinking Government budgets. Personnel at NASA are developing modern simulation techniques that focus on a human-centric design paradigm. These new techniques make use of virtual prototype simulations and fully adjustable physical prototypes of suit hardware. This is extremely advantageous and enables comprehensive design down-selections to be made early in the design process. Objectives: The primary objective was to test modern simulation techniques for evaluating the human performance component of two EMU suit concepts, pivoted and planar style hard upper torso (HUT). Methods: This project simulated variations in EVA suit shoulder joint design and subject anthropometry and then measured the differences in shoulder mobility caused by the modifications. These estimations were compared to human-in-the-loop test data gathered during past suited testing using four subjects (two large males, two small females). Results: Results demonstrated that EVA suit modeling and simulation are feasible design tools for evaluating and optimizing suit design based on simulated performance. The suit simulation model was found to be advantageous in its ability to visually represent complex motions and volumetric reach zones in three dimensions, giving designers a faster and deeper comprehension of suit component performance vs. human performance. Suit models were able to discern differing movement capabilities between EMU HUT configurations, generic suit fit concerns, and specific suit fit concerns for crewmembers based on individual anthropometry

Results and Analysis from Space Suit Joint Torque Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matty, Jennifer

2010-01-01

A space suit's mobility is critical to an astronaut's ability to perform work efficiently. As mobility increases, the astronaut can perform tasks for longer durations with less fatigue. Mobility can be broken down into two parts: range of motion (ROM) and torque. These two measurements describe how the suit moves and how much force it takes to move. Two methods were chosen to define mobility requirements for the Constellation Space Suit Element (CSSE). One method focuses on range of motion and the second method centers on joint torque. A joint torque test was conducted to determine a baseline for current advanced space suit joint torques. This test utilized the following space suits: Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES), I-Suit, D-Suit, Enhanced Mobility (EM)- ACES, and Mark III (MK-III). Data was collected data from 16 different joint movements of each suit. The results were then reviewed and CSSE joint torque requirement values were selected. The focus of this paper is to discuss trends observed during data analysis.

The Effects of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Glove Pressure on Tactility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, Shelby; Miranda, Mesloh; England, Scott; Benson, Elizabeth; Rajulu, Sudhakar

2010-01-01

The purpose of the current study was to quantify finger tactility, while wearing a Phase VI Extravehicular Activity (EVA) glove. Subjects were fully suited in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit. Data was collected under three conditions: bare-handed, gloved at 0 psi, and gloved at 4.3 psi. In order to test tactility, a series of 30 tactile stimuli (bumps) were created that varied in both height and width. With the hand obscured, subjects applied pressure to each bump until detected tactilely. The amount of force needed to detect each bump was recorded using load cells located under a force-plate. The amount of force needed to detect a bump was positively related to width, but inversely related to height. In addition, as the psi of the glove increased, more force was needed to detect the bump. In terms of application, it was possible to determine the optimal width and height a bump needs to be for a specific amount of force applied for tactility.

STS-46 MS Hoffman and MS Chang-Diaz wear masks during pre-breathe on OV-104

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-46 Mission Specialist (MS) and Payload Commander (PLC) Jeffrey A. Hoffman and MS Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, wearing breathing apparatus masks, pose on the forward flight deck of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, during pre-breathe session. With the possibility of an extravehicular activity (EVA) being added to the STS-46 agenda, the astronauts reported to this station and began the 'pre-breathe' process when problems developed during the extension of the Tethered Satellite System 1 (TSS-1). When the human body is exposed to a sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure (for instance, from the 10.2 ppsi in the crew cabin to the 4.5 ppsi of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU)), nitrogen traces in the bloodstream will expand. This expansion can create tiny bubbles and potential for the 'bends'. In order to lessen the effect, an astronaut must 'pre-breathe' pure oxygen (the same pure oxygen he will breathe in the suit) to help 'purge' nitrogen from his bloodstream before exerting himself

Artist concept of STS-49 Endeavour, OV-105, INTELSAT VI astronaut capture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-49 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) VI artist concept drawing of on-orbit repair and boost sequence shows extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) suited astronaut, positioned on remote manipulator system (RMS) manipulator foot restraint (MFR), attaching capture bar to INTELSAT VI aft side. When in place, the capture bar grapple fixture will be used to pull the satellite into OV-105's payload bay (PLB). This view illustrates part of the sequence of events NASA plans to unfold on the first voyage of OV-105 during the rescue of the errant INTELSAT VI satellite. Once inside the PLB, a perigee stage will be attached to INTELSAT. With its new motor, INTELSAT VI will be released from OV-105's PLB and when a safe distance away be boosted into a 45,000-transfer orbit. It will then be maneuvered into its proper position 22,300 miles above Earth. Photo credit: Hughes Aircraft Co. and NASA.

High Performance Mars Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Terrier, Douglas; Clayton, Ronald; Whitlock, David; Conger, Bruce

2015-01-01

EVA space suit mobility in micro-gravity is enough of a challenge and in the gravity of Mars, improvements in mobility will enable the suited crew member to efficiently complete EVA objectives. The idea proposed is to improve thermal efficiencies of the liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) in the torso area in order to free up the arms and legs by removing the liquid tubes currently used in the ISS EVA suit in the limbs. By using shaped water tubes that greatly increase the contact area with the skin in the torso region of the body, the heat transfer efficiency can be increased to provide the entire liquid cooling requirement and increase mobility by freeing up the arms and legs. Additional potential benefits of this approach include reduced LCVG mass, enhanced evaporation cooling, increased comfort during Mars EVA tasks, and easing of the overly dry condition in the helmet associated with the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) ventilation loop currently under development.

The properties of and analytical methods for detection of LiOH and Li2CO3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Selvaduray, Guna

1991-01-01

Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used as a CO2 absorbent in the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The first objective was to survey parameters that may be used to indicate conversion of LiOH to Li2CO3, and compile a list of all possible properties, including physical, chemical, structural, and electrical, that may serve to indicate the occurrence of reaction. These properties were compiled for the reactant (LiOH), the intermediate monohydrate compound (LiOH.H2O), and the final product (Li2CO3). The second objective was to survey measurement and analytical techniques which may be used in conjunction with each of the properties identified above, to determine the extent of conversion of LiOH to Li2CO3. Both real-time and post-run techniques were of interest. The techniques were also evaluated in terms of complexity, technology readiness, materials/equipment availability, and cost, where possible.

Effects of sintering atmosphere and temperature on structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite nano-particles: Magnetic enhancement by a reducing atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholizadeh, Ahmad; Jafari, Elahe

2017-01-01

In this work, effects of sintering atmosphere and temperature on structural and magnetic properties of Ni0.3Cu0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles prepared by citrate precursor method have been studied. The structural characterization of the samples by X-ray powder diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy is evidence for formation of a cubic structure with no presence of impurity phase. Calculated values of crystallite size and unit cell parameter show an increase with sintering temperature under different atmospheres. Variation of saturation magnetization with sintering temperature and atmosphere can be attributed to change of three factors: magnetic core size, inversion parameter and the change of Fe3+-ion concentration due to the presence of Fe4+ and Fe2+ ions. The saturation magnetization gradually grows with sintering temperature due to increase of magnetic core size and a maximum 63 emu/g was achieved at 600 °C under carbon monoxide-ambient atmosphere.

Structural and magnetic characterization of Ti doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Jaswinder; Kumar, Sunil; Kaur, Randeep; Agrawal, P.; Singh, Mandeep; Singh, Anupinder

2018-05-01

Synthesis of Co1-xTixFe2O4 solid solutions for 0.1≤x≤0.4 using the solid-state-reaction rate has been done. The prepared samples were characterized by using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Magnetic studies have been done using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirmed that Cobalt Ferrite spinel cubic structure in all prepared samples. The lattice parameter `a' increases with increase in the concentration of Ti. SEM micrograph shows good grain growth in all samples. Magnetic Study reveals that the M-H curves of all the prepared samples taken at room temperature are very well saturated. The maximum value of remnant magnetization (Mr ˜13.9 emu/g) and saturation magnetization (Ms ˜74.4 emu/g) has been observed for x =0.2 sample. Coercivity does not show any regular variation with increase in the molar concentration of Ti in CoFe2O4 at A-site.

Mitigation of EMU Cut Glove Hazard from Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Impacts on ISS Handrails

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ryan, Shannon; Christiansen, Eric L.; Davis, Bruce A.; Ordonez, Erick

2009-01-01

Recent cut damages sustained on crewmember gloves during extravehicular activity (ISS) onboard the International Space Station (ISS) have been caused by contact with sharp edges or a pinch point according to analysis of the damages. One potential source are protruding sharp edged crater lips from micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impacts on metallic handrails along EVA translation paths. A number of hypervelocity impact tests were performed on ISS handrails, and found that mm-sized projectiles were capable of inducing crater lip heights two orders of magnitude above the minimum value for glove abrasion concerns. Two techniques were evaluated for mitigating the cut glove hazard of MMOD impacts on ISS handrails: flexible overwraps which act to limit contact between crewmember gloves and impact sites, and; alternate materials which form less hazardous impact crater profiles. In parallel with redesign efforts to increase the cut resilience of EMU gloves, the modifications to ISS handrails evaluated in this study provide the means to significantly reduce cut glove risk from MMOD impact craters

The Moho as a magnetic boundary. [Earth crust-mantle boundary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasilewski, P. J.; Thomas, H. H.; Mayhew, M. A.

1979-01-01

Magnetism in the crust and the upper mantle and magnetic results indicating that the seismic Moho is a magnetic boundary are considered. Mantle derived rocks - peridotites from St. Pauls rocks, dunite xenoliths from the Kaupulehu flow, and peridotite, dunite, and eclogite xenoliths from Roberts Victor and San Carlos diatremes - are weakly magnetic with saturation magnetization values from 0.013 emu/gm to less than 0.001 emu/gm which is equivalent to 0.01 to 0.001 wt% Fe304. Literature on the minerals in mantle xenoliths shows that metals and primary Fe304 are absent, and that complex Cr, Mg, Al, and Fe spinels are dominant. These spinels are non-magnetic at mantle temperatures, and the crust/mantle boundary can be specified as a magnetic mineralogy discontinuity. The new magnetic results indicate that the seismic Moho is a magnetic boundary, the source of magnetization is in the crust, and the maximum Curie isotherm depends on magnetic mineralogy and is located at depths which vary with the regional geothermal gradient.

Comparison and functionalization study of microemulsion-prepared magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

PubMed

Okoli, Chuka; Sanchez-Dominguez, Margarita; Boutonnet, Magali; Järås, Sven; Civera, Concepción; Solans, Conxita; Kuttuva, Gunaratna Rajarao

2012-06-05

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) for protein binding and separation were obtained from water-in-oil (w/o) and oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsions. Characterization of the prepared nanoparticles have been performed by TEM, XRD, SQUID magnetometry, and BET. Microemulsion-prepared magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ME-MION) with sizes ranging from 2 to 10 nm were obtained. Study on the magnetic properties at 300 K shows a large increase of the magnetization ~35 emu/g for w/o-ME-MION with superparamagnetic behavior and nanoscale dimensions in comparison with o/w-ME-MION (10 emu/g) due to larger particle size and anisotropic property. Moringa oleifera coagulation protein (MOCP) bound w/o- and o/w-ME-MION showed an enhanced performance in terms of coagulation activity. A significant interaction between the magnetic nanoparticles and the protein can be described by changes in fluorescence emission spectra. Adsorbed protein from MOCP is still retaining its functionality even after binding to the nanoparticles, thus implying the extension of this technique for various applications.

Preparation of Nano-sized Bismuth-Doped Fe3O4 as an Excellent Magnetic Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghazadeh, Mustafa; Karimzadeh, Isa; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza

2018-03-01

Nano-sized Bi3+-doped iron oxide (n-Bi-IO) particles were prepared through a one-pot electrochemical procedure, and the product was evaluated using x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Based on the analyses, the average size of the n-Bi-IO was determined to be 10 nm. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) evaluations revealed that the specific capacitance of the material reached 235 F g-1 at a discharge condition of 0.2 A g-1. n-Bi-IO had a 94.2% capacity retention after 2000 GCD cycles. Further vibrating sample magnetometery analyses showed that the product has enhanced superparamagnetic qualities (i.e. M r = 0.15 emu g-1 and H Ci = 2.71 G) in comparison to iron oxide nanoparticles (i.e. M r = 0.95 emu g-1 and H Ci = 14.62 G). Given the results, the product is considered to be a promising material for developing high performance supercapacitor electrodes.

EMuJoy: software for continuous measurement of perceived emotions in music.

PubMed

Nagel, Frederik; Kopiez, Reinhard; Grewe, Oliver; Altenmüller, Eckart

2007-05-01

An adequate study of emotions in music and film should be based on the real-time measurement of self-reported data using a continuous-response method. The recording system discussed in this article reflects two important aspects of such research: First, for a better comparison of results, experimental and technical standards for continuous measurement should be taken into account, and second, the recording system should be open to the inclusion of multimodal stimuli. In light of these two considerations, our article addresses four basic principles of the continuous measurement of emotions: (1) the dimensionality of the emotion space, (2) data acquisition (e.g., the synchronization of media and the self-reported data), (3) interface construction for emotional responses, and (4) the use of multiple stimulus modalities. Researcher-developed software (EMuJoy) is presented as a freeware solution for the continuous measurement of responses to different media, along with empirical data from the self-reports of 38 subjects listening to emotional music and viewing affective pictures.

Magneto-plasmonic Au-Coated Co nanoparticles synthesized via hot-injection method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Souza, João B., Jr.; Varanda, Laudemir C.

2018-02-01

A synthetic procedure is described for the obtaining of superparamagnetic Co nanoparticles (NPs) via hot-injection method in the presence of sodium borohydride. The Co NPs obtained have an average diameter of 5.3 nm and saturation magnetization of 115 emu g-1. A modified Langevin equation is fitted to the magnetization curves using a log-normal distribution for the particle diameter and an effective field to account for dipolar interactions. The calculated magnetic diameter of the Co NPs is 0.6 nm smaller than TEM-derived values, implying a magnetic dead layer of 0.3 nm. The magnetic core is coated with Au to prevent oxidation, resulting in water-stable magneto-plasmonic Co/Au core/shell NPs with saturation of 71.6 emu g-1. The coating adds a localized surface plasmon resonance property with absorbance in the so-called ‘therapeutic window’ (690-900 nm), suitable for biomedical applications. It is suggested that these multifunctional NPs are distinguished as a potential platform for applied and fundamental research.

Single European currency and Monetary Union. Macroeconomic implications for pharmaceutical spending.

PubMed

Kanavos, P

1998-01-01

This article examines the potential implications of introducing a single currency among the Member States of the European Union for national pharmaceutical prices and spending. In doing so, it provides a brief account of the direct effects of introducing a single currency on pharmaceutical business. These are static in nature and include the elimination of exchange rate volatility and transaction costs, increased price transparency and limited potential for parallel trade. It subsequently analyses the potential medium and long term macroeconomic policy choices facing the Member States and their impact on pharmaceutical spending following the introduction of a single currency. These include policy directions in order to meet the Maastricht convergence criteria in the run-up to forming an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the implications of EMU on national macroeconomic policy thereafter. This article argues that the necessity for tight fiscal policies across the EU and, in particular, in those Member States facing high budget deficits and overall debt levels, will continue to exert considerable downward pressure on pharmaceutical spending.

High saturation magnetization of γ-Fe2O3 nano-particles by a facile one-step synthesis approach

PubMed Central

Cao, Derang; Li, Hao; Pan, Lining; Li, Jianan; Wang, Xicheng; Jing, Panpan; Cheng, Xiaohong; Wang, Wenjie; Wang, Jianbo; Liu, Qingfang

2016-01-01

We have demonstrated the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nano-particles through a facile and novel calcination process in the air. There is no pH regulation, gas atmosphere, additive, centrifugation or other complicated procedures during the preparing process. A detailed formation process of the nano-particles is proposed, and DMF as a polar solvent may slower the reaction process of calcination. The structures, morphologies, and magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 nano-particles were investigated systematically, and the pure γ-Fe2O3 nano-particles obtained at 200 °C display uniform morphology good magnetic property. The saturation magnetization of obtained pure γ-Fe2O3 is about 74 emu/g, which is comparable with bulk material (76 emu/g) and larger than other results. In addition, the photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue is also studied, which shows proper photocatalytic activity. PMID:27581732

9 CFR 145.63 - Terminology and classification; flocks and products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and products. 145.63 Section 145.63 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.63...

9 CFR 145.63 - Terminology and classification; flocks and products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and products. 145.63 Section 145.63 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR BREEDING POULTRY Special Provisions for Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, and Cassowary Breeding Flocks and Products § 145.63...

Shared performance monitor in a multiprocessor system

DOEpatents

Chiu, George; Gara, Alan G; Salapura, Valentina

2014-12-02

A performance monitoring unit (PMU) and method for monitoring performance of events occurring in a multiprocessor system. The multiprocessor system comprises a plurality of processor devices units, each processor device for generating signals representing occurrences of events in the processor device, and, a single shared counter resource for performance monitoring. The performance monitor unit is shared by all processor cores in the multiprocessor system. The PMU is further programmed to monitor event signals issued from non-processor devices.

Implementation of a Portable Personal EKG Signal Monitoring System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Tan-Hsu; Chang, Ching-Su; Chen, Yung-Fu; Lee, Cheng

This research develops a portable personal EKG signal monitoring system to help patients monitor their EKG signals instantly to avoid the occurrence of tragedies. This system is built with two main units: signal pro-cessing unit and monitoring and evaluation unit. The first unit consists of EKG signal sensor, signal amplifier, digitalization circuit, and related control circuits. The second unit is a software tool developed on an embedded Linux platform (called CSA). Experimental result indicates that the proposed system has the practical potential for users in health monitoring. It is demonstrated to be more convenient and with greater portability than the conventional PC-based EKG signal monitoring systems. Furthermore, all the application units embedded in the system are built with open source codes, no licensed fee is required for operating systems and authorized applications. Thus, the building cost is much lower than the traditional systems.

A University/School Collaboration Model for Systemic Change through Site-Based Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hackmann, Donald G.; Berry, James E.

The Eastern Michigan University (EMU) Collaborative School Improvement Program was established in 1978 within the College of Education's Office of Collaborative Education. The program assists local district personnel with school improvement and staff development activities through training teachers, administrators, board members, and other staff…

An Interdisciplinary International Business Degree at Eastern Michigan University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Victor, David A.

2008-01-01

In January 2006, the College of Business at Eastern Michigan University (EMU) instituted a cross-disciplinary program in international business (IB). Business communication is a major component of the program. Moreover, the need for business communication in other languages contributed greatly to the cross-disciplinary nature of the program. This…

40 CFR 60.1320 - How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1320 Section 60.1320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which Construction is Commenced After... Monitoring Requirements § 60.1320 How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit? (a) If...

40 CFR 60.1320 - How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1320 Section 60.1320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which Construction is Commenced After... Monitoring Requirements § 60.1320 How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit? (a) If...

40 CFR 60.1320 - How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1320 Section 60.1320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which Construction is Commenced After... Monitoring Requirements § 60.1320 How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit? (a) If...

40 CFR 60.1320 - How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1320 Section 60.1320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which Construction is Commenced After... Monitoring Requirements § 60.1320 How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit? (a) If...

40 CFR 60.1320 - How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1320 Section 60.1320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which Construction is Commenced After... Monitoring Requirements § 60.1320 How do I monitor the load of my municipal waste combustion unit? (a) If...

Rapid deployable global sensing hazard alert system

DOEpatents

Cordaro, Joseph V; Tibrea, Steven L; Shull, Davis J; Coleman, Jerry T; Shuler, James M

2015-04-28

A rapid deployable global sensing hazard alert system and associated methods of operation are provided. An exemplary system includes a central command, a wireless backhaul network, and a remote monitoring unit. The remote monitoring unit can include a positioning system configured to determine a position of the remote monitoring unit based on one or more signals received from one or more satellites located in Low Earth Orbit. The wireless backhaul network can provide bidirectional communication capability independent of cellular telecommunication networks and the Internet. An exemplary method includes instructing at least one of a plurality of remote monitoring units to provide an alert based at least in part on a location of a hazard and a plurality of positions respectively associated with the plurality of remote monitoring units.

Shared performance monitor in a multiprocessor system

DOEpatents

Chiu, George; Gara, Alan G.; Salapura, Valentina

2012-07-24

A performance monitoring unit (PMU) and method for monitoring performance of events occurring in a multiprocessor system. The multiprocessor system comprises a plurality of processor devices units, each processor device for generating signals representing occurrences of events in the processor device, and, a single shared counter resource for performance monitoring. The performance monitor unit is shared by all processor cores in the multiprocessor system. The PMU comprises: a plurality of performance counters each for counting signals representing occurrences of events from one or more the plurality of processor units in the multiprocessor system; and, a plurality of input devices for receiving the event signals from one or more processor devices of the plurality of processor units, the plurality of input devices programmable to select event signals for receipt by one or more of the plurality of performance counters for counting, wherein the PMU is shared between multiple processing units, or within a group of processors in the multiprocessing system. The PMU is further programmed to monitor event signals issued from non-processor devices.

Radiation Tests of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Space Suit for the International Space Station Using Energetic Protons. Chapter 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zeitlin, C.; Heilbronn, L.; Miller, J.; Shavers, M.

2003-01-01

Measurements using silicon detectors to characterize the radiation transmitted through the EMU space suit and a human phantom have been performed using 155 and 250 MeV proton beams at LLUMC. The beams simulate radiation encountered in space, where trapped protons having kinetic energies on the order of 100 MeV are copious. Protons with 100 MeV kinetic energy and above can penetrate many centimeters of water or other light materials, so that astronauts exposed to such energetic particles will receive doses to their internal organs. This dose can be enhanced or reduced by shielding - either from the space suit or the self-shielding of the body - but minimization of the risk depends on details of the incident particle flux (in particular the energy spectrum) and on the dose responses of the various critical organs. Data were taken to characterize the beams and to calibrate the detectors using the beam in a treatment room at LLUPTF, in preparation for an experiment with the same beams incident on detectors placed in a human phantom within the EMU suit. Nuclear interactions of high-energy protons in various materials produce a small flux of highly ionizing, low-energy secondary radiation. Secondaries are of interest for their biological effects, since they cause doses and especially dose-equivalents to increase relative to the values expected simply from ionization energy loss along the Bragg curve. Because many secondaries have very short ranges, they are best measured in passive track detectors such as CR-39. The silicon detector data presented here are intended to supplement the CR-39 data in regions where silicon has greater sensitivity, in particular the portion of the LET spectrum below 5 keV/micron. The results obtained in this study suggest that optimizing the radiation shielding properties of space suits is a formidable task. The naive assumption that adding mass can reduce risk is not supported by the data, which show that reducing the dose delivered at or near the skin by low-energy particles may increase the dose delivered by energetic particles to points deeper in the body.

The exercise and environmental physiology of extravehicular activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cowell, Stephenie A.; Stocks, Jodie M.; Evans, David G.; Simonson, Shawn R.; Greenleaf, John E.

2002-01-01

Extravehicular activity (EVA), i.e., exercise performed under unique environmental conditions, is indispensable for supporting daily living in weightlessness and for further space exploration. From 1965-1996 an average of 20 h x yr(-1) were spent performing EVA. International Space Station (ISS) assembly will require 135 h x yr(-1) of EVA, and 138 h x yr(-1) is planned for post-construction maintenance. The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), used to protect astronauts during EVA, has a decreased pressure of 4.3 psi that could increase astronauts' risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Exercise in and repeated exposure to this hypobaria may increase the incidence of DCS, although weightlessness may attenuate this risk. Exercise thermoregulation within the EMU is poorly understood; the liquid cooling garment (LCG), worn next to the skin and designed to handle thermal stress, is manually controlled. Astronauts may become dehydrated (by up to 2.6% of body weight) during a 5-h EVA, further exacerbating the thermoregulatory challenge. The EVA is performed mainly with upper body muscles; but astronauts usually exercise at only 26-32% of their upper body maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). For a given ground-based work task in air (as opposed to water), the submaximal VO2 is greater while VO2max and metabolic efficiency are lower during ground-based arm exercise as compared with leg exercise, and cardiovascular responses to exercise and training are also different for arms and legs. Preflight testing and training, whether conducted in air or water, must account for these differences if ground-based data are extrapolated for flight requirements. Astronauts experience deconditioning during microgravity resulting in a 10-20% loss in arm strength, a 20-30% loss in thigh strength, and decreased lower-body aerobic exercise capacity. Data from ground-based simulations of weightlessness such as bed rest induce a 6-8% decrease in upper-body strength, a 10-16% loss in thigh extensor strength, and a 15-20% decrease in lower-body aerobic exercise capacity. Changes in EVA support systems and training based on a greater understanding of the physiological aspects of exercise in the EVA environment will help to insure the health, safety, and efficiency of working astronauts.

Analysis of Human-Spacesuit Interaction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, Neha

2015-01-01

Astronauts sustain injuries of various natures such as finger delamination, joint pain, and redness due to their interaction with the space suit. The role of the Anthropometry and Biomechanics Facility is to understand the biomechanics, environmental variables, and ergonomics of the suit. This knowledge is then used to make suggestions for improvement in future iterations of the space suit assembly to prevent injuries while allowing astronauts maneuverability, comfort, and tactility. The projects I was involved in were the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit stiffness study and the glove feasibility study. The EMU project looked at the forces exerted on the shoulder, arm, and wrist when subjects performed kinematic tasks with and without a pressurized suit. The glove study consisted of testing three conditions - the Series 4000 glove, the Phase VI glove, and the no glove condition. With more than forty channels of sensor data total, it was critical to develop programs that could analyze data with basic descriptive statistics and generate relevant graphs to help understand what happens within the space suit and glove. In my project I created a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in MATLAB that would help me visualize what each sensor was doing within a task. The GUI is capable of displaying overlain plots and can be synchronized with video. This was helpful during the stiffness testing to visualize how the forces on the arm acted while the subject performed tasks such as shoulder adduction/abduction and bicep curls. The main project of focus, however, was the glove comparison study. I wrote MATLAB programs which generated movies of the strain vectors during specific tasks. I also generated graphs that summarized the differences between each glove for the strain, shear and FSR sensors. Preliminary results indicate that the Phase VI glove places less strain and shear on the hand. Future work includes continued data analysis of surveys and sensor data. In the end, the ideal glove is one that provides more tactility for the astronauts but lessens injuries. Often times, a more tactile glove transmits forces better to the hand; thus, achieving a balance of both a tactile and safe glove is the main challenge present.

The exercise and environmental physiology of extravehicular activity.

PubMed

Cowell, Stephenie A; Stocks, Jodie M; Evans, David G; Simonson, Shawn R; Greenleaf, John E

2002-01-01

Extravehicular activity (EVA), i.e., exercise performed under unique environmental conditions, is indispensable for supporting daily living in weightlessness and for further space exploration. From 1965-1996 an average of 20 h x yr(-1) were spent performing EVA. International Space Station (ISS) assembly will require 135 h x yr(-1) of EVA, and 138 h x yr(-1) is planned for post-construction maintenance. The extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), used to protect astronauts during EVA, has a decreased pressure of 4.3 psi that could increase astronauts' risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Exercise in and repeated exposure to this hypobaria may increase the incidence of DCS, although weightlessness may attenuate this risk. Exercise thermoregulation within the EMU is poorly understood; the liquid cooling garment (LCG), worn next to the skin and designed to handle thermal stress, is manually controlled. Astronauts may become dehydrated (by up to 2.6% of body weight) during a 5-h EVA, further exacerbating the thermoregulatory challenge. The EVA is performed mainly with upper body muscles; but astronauts usually exercise at only 26-32% of their upper body maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). For a given ground-based work task in air (as opposed to water), the submaximal VO2 is greater while VO2max and metabolic efficiency are lower during ground-based arm exercise as compared with leg exercise, and cardiovascular responses to exercise and training are also different for arms and legs. Preflight testing and training, whether conducted in air or water, must account for these differences if ground-based data are extrapolated for flight requirements. Astronauts experience deconditioning during microgravity resulting in a 10-20% loss in arm strength, a 20-30% loss in thigh strength, and decreased lower-body aerobic exercise capacity. Data from ground-based simulations of weightlessness such as bed rest induce a 6-8% decrease in upper-body strength, a 10-16% loss in thigh extensor strength, and a 15-20% decrease in lower-body aerobic exercise capacity. Changes in EVA support systems and training based on a greater understanding of the physiological aspects of exercise in the EVA environment will help to insure the health, safety, and efficiency of working astronauts.

Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Vocabulary Size of ELT Students at EMU in Northern Cyprus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalajahi, Seyed Ali Rezvani; Pourshahian, Bahar

2012-01-01

This research study aimed at exploring the relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size of 125 undergraduate English Language Teaching students at Eastern Mediterranean University. This research study was a correlational survey study of descriptive nature. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, the…

9 CFR 145.63 - Terminology and classification; flocks and products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Official State Agency and approved by the Service in lieu of annual blood testing. (b) U.S. Avian Influenza... program for the prevention and control of avian influenza. It is intended to determine the presence of avian influenza in all ostrich, emu, rhea, and cassowary breeding flocks through routine serological...

9 CFR 145.63 - Terminology and classification; flocks and products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Official State Agency and approved by the Service in lieu of annual blood testing. (b) U.S. Avian Influenza... program for the prevention and control of avian influenza. It is intended to determine the presence of avian influenza in all ostrich, emu, rhea, and cassowary breeding flocks through routine serological...

9 CFR 145.63 - Terminology and classification; flocks and products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Official State Agency and approved by the Service in lieu of annual blood testing. (b) U.S. Avian Influenza... program for the prevention and control of avian influenza. It is intended to determine the presence of avian influenza in all ostrich, emu, rhea, and cassowary breeding flocks through routine serological...

Exploring a Monetary Union among Nations through Active Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goma, Ophelia D.

2002-01-01

This article presents a classroom project that employs various techniques of active learning including role-playing, collaborative group work and writing. The project explores the recent creation of the European Monetary Union (EMU) with special emphasis on the introduction of the euro. The project assumes that the Americas have begun preliminary…

MEDCIS: Multi-Modality Epilepsy Data Capture and Integration System

PubMed Central

Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Cui, Licong; Lhatoo, Samden; Schuele, Stephan U.; Sahoo, Satya S.

2014-01-01

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading mode of epilepsy-related death and is most common in patients with intractable, frequent, and continuing seizures. A statistically significant cohort of patients for SUDEP study requires meticulous, prospective follow up of a large population that is at an elevated risk, best represented by the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) patient population. Multiple EMUs need to collaborate, share data for building a larger cohort of potential SUDEP patient using a state-of-the-art informatics infrastructure. To address the challenges of data integration and data access from multiple EMUs, we developed the Multi-Modality Epilepsy Data Capture and Integration System (MEDCIS) that combines retrospective clinical free text processing using NLP, prospective structured data capture using an ontology-driven interface, interfaces for cohort search and signal visualization, all in a single integrated environment. A dedicated Epilepsy and Seizure Ontology (EpSO) has been used to streamline the user interfaces, enhance its usability, and enable mappings across distributed databases so that federated queries can be executed. MEDCIS contained 936 patient data sets from the EMUs of University Hospitals Case Medical Center (UH CMC) in Cleveland and Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) in Chicago. Patients from UH CMC and NMH were stored in different databases and then federated through MEDCIS using EpSO and our mapping module. More than 77GB of multi-modal signal data were processed using the Cloudwave pipeline and made available for rendering through the web-interface. About 74% of the 40 open clinical questions of interest were answerable accurately using the EpSO-driven VISual AGregagator and Explorer (VISAGE) interface. Questions not directly answerable were either due to their inherent computational complexity, the unavailability of primary information, or the scope of concept that has been formulated in the existing EpSO terminology system. PMID:25954436

Influence of Cu-Cr substitution on structural, morphological, electrical and magnetic properties of magnesium ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yonatan Mulushoa, S.; Murali, N.; Tulu Wegayehu, M.; Margarette, S. J.; Samatha, K.

2018-03-01

Cu-Cr substituted magnesium ferrite materials (Mg1 - xCuxCrxFe21 - xO4 with x = 0.0-0.7) have been synthesized by the solid state reaction method. XRD analysis revealed the prepared samples are cubic spinel with single phase face centered cubic. A significant decrease of ∼41.15 nm in particle size is noted in response to the increase in Cu-Cr substitution level. The room temperature resistivity increases gradually from 0.553 × 105 Ω cm (x = 0.0) to 0.105 × 108 Ω cm (x = 0.7). Temperature dependent DC-electrical resistivity of all the samples, exhibits semiconductor like behavior. Cu-Cr doped materials can be suitable to limit the eddy current losses. VSM result shows pure and doped magnesium ferrite particles show soft ferrimagnetic nature at room temperature. The saturation magnetization of the samples decreases initially from 34.5214 emu/g for x = 0.0 to 18.98 emu/g (x = 0.7). Saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity are decreased with doping, which may be due to the increase in grain size.

Solution Combustion Synthesis of Ni/NiO/ZnO Nanocomposites for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Under Ultraviolet Irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biglari, Z.; Masoudpanah, S. M.; Alamolhoda, S.

2018-02-01

In this work, Ni/NiO/ZnO nanocomposites were synthesized by the one-pot solution combustion synthesis method. Phase evolution investigated by the x-ray diffraction method showed that the ZnO and NiO contents can be tuned by addition of a zinc precursor. The microstructure characterized by electron microscopy exhibited granular morphology with a particle size of 1.1 μm decreasing to 90 nm as a function of the amounts of ZnO and NiO phases. Specific surface area determined by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms increased from 1.4 m2/g to 25.6 m2/g with the increase of oxide phases. However, the saturation magnetization decreased from 51.3 emu/g to 25.9 emu/g in the presence of antiferromagnetic NiO and nonmagnetic ZnO phases. Photodegradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light exhibited the maximum efficiency in the sample containing 16.25 wt.% of ZnO and 21.25 wt.% of NiO, and may be due to the synergic effect between ZnO and NiO.

Preparation and Characterization of a Superparamagnetic Polymer Nanocomposite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brenner, N.; Isseroff, R.; Rafailovich, M.; Rudomen, G.; Gambino, R.; Liang, S. S.; Sunil, D.; Si, M.; Collazo, L.; Pernodet, N.; Fang, X.

2006-03-01

Fe(CO)5 decomposition produced ferro- and superparamagnetic polymer nanocomposites. Fe(CO)5 and Cloisite 20A clay were combined in a closed vial for 12 hours, then opened to air for 2 hours. Mössbauer analysis indicated formation of Fe2O3 on clay; mass analysis indicated 12% Fe in clay. A Brabender mixed Fe2O3/clays with PMMA and EVA at ratios by mass of 9:4:36 and 1:1:4 respectively (Fe(CO)5:clay:polymer). TEM displayed Fe2O3 nanoparticles, 3.3 ^+ 0.8 nm in diameter, adsorbed on exfoliated clay platelet surfaces in polymer matrices. VSM data indicated superparamagnetism with moments of 510.3 emu/g(Fe2O3) (PMMA) and 8.46 emu/g(Fe2O3) (EVA). DMA showed 37% decreased dynamic modulus (EVA) and 11% (PMMA) due to Fe2O3. TGA indicated PMMA stability to 400^oC (9.3% mass residual) and EVA to 435^oC (11% mass residual). Cell adhesion tests showed Fe2O3/clay enhanced proliferation, promising applications in bone implants.

Seasonal and daily changes in the behaviour of the adult emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) under farm conditions.

PubMed

Bucław, M; Szczerbińska, D

2017-10-01

1. The aim of this study was to present selected elements of emu behaviour in three different seasons (the non-breeding season, the pre-breeding season and the breeding season) and in the morning and afternoon. The study focused on feed, water and sand intake; plumage care; resting; agonistic behaviour and other activities, mostly standing still, aimless walking or observing the surroundings. 2. The troop consisted of 11 emus (5 females and 6 males) aged 12 years, kept in a free-range system. Observations were carried out during a period of 3 weeks in each season, during which 60-min observation sessions took place on 3 randomly chosen days. 3. A significant effect was found of each season on the behaviour patterns related to feeding, sand intake, plumage care, resting and agonistic behaviour. 4. Time of day affected the behaviour associated with the collection of food and water, foraging, pecking and ingesting sand and plumage preening. 5. Most of the time, regardless of season and time of day, the emus were standing still, walking aimlessly or observing the surrounding area.

Removal of less biodegradable dissolved organic matters in water by superconducting magnetic separation with magnetic mesoporous carbon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kondo, K.; Jin, T.; Miura, O.

2010-11-01

Less biodegradable dissolved organic matters in water as typified by humic substances are known as precursors of carcinogenic trihalomethanes, and are removed about 60% by current advanced water treatments. However, further increase of the removal ratio is demand. In this study, magnetic mesoporous carbon (MMPC), which can adsorb the substances physically and be efficiently collected by using superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS), has been synthesized with coconut-shell-based activated carbon and ferric nitrate solution by the gas activation method. The MMPC has the maximum magnetization value of 30.7 emu/g and an adsorption ability of 87% to 10 mg/L humic acid in a short time. The standard MMPC having a magnetization of 6.43 emu/g was able to be separated at magnetic field of 2 T. Used MMPC regained the adsorption ability to 93.1% by N2 reactivation heat treatment. These results show promise for application of current water treatments by superconducting HGMS, which is suitable for high-speed water treatment without secondary wastes.

Synthesis of magnetic activated carbon/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite and its application in the removal of acid yellow 17 dye from water.

PubMed

Ranjithkumar, V; Sangeetha, S; Vairam, S

2014-05-30

The adsorption of acid yellow 17 dye on activated carbon/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite prepared by simple pyrolytic method using iron(II) gluconate was investigated by batch technique. The composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The size of iron oxide nanoparticles formed from iron(II) gluconate precursor is in the range 5-17nm. The saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) of the magnetic carbon nanocomposite is 5.6emu/g, 1.14emu/g and 448Oe, respectively. The adsorption data are found to fit well with Langmuir and, fairly well with Freundlich and Tempkin isotherms at higher concentration of dye (40-100mg/L). Kinetics data indicate that the adsorption of dye follows pseudo-second order kinetics model. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.