Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the hypoxia marker 18F-HX4 in monkeys and humans determined by using whole-body PET/CT.

PubMed

Doss, Mohan; Zhang, James J; Bélanger, Marie-José; Stubbs, James B; Hostetler, Eric D; Alpaugh, Katherine; Kolb, Hartmuth C; Yu, Jian Q

2010-12-01

F-HX4 is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to determine the biodistribution and estimate the radiation dose of F-HX4 using whole-body PET/computed tomography (CT) scans in monkeys and humans. Successive whole-body PET/CT scans were done after the injection of F-HX4 in four healthy humans (422±142 MBq) and in three rhesus monkeys (189±3 MBq). Biodistribution was determined from PET images and organ doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM software. The bladder, liver, and kidneys showed the highest percentage of the injected radioactivity for humans and monkeys. For humans, approximately 45% of the activity is eliminated by bladder voiding in 3.6 h, and for monkeys 60% is in the bladder content after 3 h. The critical organ is the urinary bladder wall with the highest absorbed radiation dose of 415±18 (monkeys) and 299±38 μGy/MBq (humans), in the 4.8-h bladder voiding interval model. The average value of effective dose for the adult male was estimated at 42±4.2 μSv/MBq from monkey data and 27±2 μSv/MBq from human data. Bladder, kidneys, and liver have the highest uptake of injected F-HX4 activity for both monkeys and humans. The urinary bladder wall receives the highest dose of F-HX4 and is the critical organ. Thus, patients should be encouraged to maintain adequate hydration and void frequently. The effective dose of F-HX4 is comparable with that of other F-based imaging agents.

MLF1-interacting protein is mainly localized in nucleolus through N-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal.

PubMed

Suzuki, Hideaki; Arakawa, Yasuhiro; Ito, Masaki; Saito, Shinobu; Takeda, Nobuakira; Yamada, Hisashi; Horiguchi-Yamada, Junko

2007-01-01

The myelodysplasia/myeloid leukemia factor 1-interacting protein (MLF1LP, also called KLIP1 and CENP-50) is reported to localize in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. To investigate the functions of MLF1IP, its subnuclear localization was studied. MLF1IP was tagged with green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Fibrillarin was tagged with red fluorescent protein (DsRed). EGFP-tagged MLF1IP deletion vectors were also constructed. Plasmid-constructs were transfected into human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells or monkey kidney fibroblast COS-7 cells, and the localization was studied by either confocal fluorescence microscopy or fluorescence microscopy. Ectopically expressed MLF1IP was localized mainly in the nucleolus. In some cells, small dot-like particles of MLF1IP fluorescence were observed in the nucleoplasm. Co-staining of fibrillarin disclosed that MLF1IP was co-localized with fibrillarin in the nucleolus. Deletion mutants of MLF1IP revealed that the N-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) was responsible for nucleolar targeting. MLF1IP was localized mainly in the nucleolus through the N-terminal bipartite NLS and partly in the nucleoplasm featuring small dot-like particles. These findings suggest that MLF1IP may have multi-functions and its different localizations may contribute to carcinogenesis.

Comparative Sensitivity of Tissue Cultures to Rubella Virus: Use of Guinea Pig Cells for Virus Titration

PubMed Central

Horta-Barbosa, L.; Warren, Joel

1969-01-01

A series of 19 different primary and serial tissue cultures were investigated for their sensitivity to virulent or attenuated rubella virus (RV). Primary guinea pig tissues, a serial passage of baby hamster kidney, and primary human amnion were comparable to African green monkey kidney tissue cultures in their sensitivity. In general, primary human tissues were relatively insusceptible to the Gilchrist strain of RV. RV interfered with the growth of vesicular stomatitis virus. Based on this finding, it was possible to develop an assay method in guinea pig tissue cultures by using VSV as the challenge virus. This system appeared to be comparable in sensitivity to the use of primary monkey kidney tissue cultures for the detection of small amounts of RV and offers the advantages of economy, rapidity, and safety. PMID:4979943

Selection of attenuated dengue 4 viruses by serial passage in primary kidney cells. II. Attributes of virus cloned at different dog kidney passage levels.

PubMed

Halstead, S B; Marchette, N J; Diwan, A R; Palumbo, N E; Putvatana, R

1984-07-01

Uncloned dengue (DEN) 4 (H-241) which had been passaged 15, 30 and 50 times in primary dog kidney (PDK) cells were subjected to two successive terminal dilution procedures. In the first (3Cl), virus was diluted in 10-fold steps in 10 replicate tubes. An infected tube from a dilution row with three or fewer virus-infected tubes was selected for two further passages. In the second (TD3), virus was triple terminal diluted using 2-fold dilution steps and selecting one positive tube out of 10. Both procedures selected virus population which differed from antecedents. Plaque size of PDK 15 was medium, PDK 30, small and PDK 50, pin-point. PDK 19-3Cl were medium and 56-3Cl, 24-TD3, 35-TD3 and 61-TD3 were all small. All cloned virus replication was completely shut-off at 38.5 degrees C; PDK 15 and 30 continued to replicate at this temperature. Uncloned viruses showed a graduated decrease in monkey virulence with PDK passage; cloned viruses were either avirulent for monkeys (19-3Cl, 56-31Cl, 24-TD3 and 35-TD3) or produced revertant large plaque parental-type viremia (35-3Cl and 61-TD3). Those cloned viruses which exhibited temperature sensitivity, reduced monkey virulence and stability after monkey passage may be suitable as vaccine candidates for evaluation in human beings.

Endogenous New World primate type C viruses isolated from owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) kidney cell line.

PubMed Central

Todaro, G J; Sherr, C J; Sen, A; King, N; Daniel, M D; Fleckenstein, B

1978-01-01

A type C virus (OMC-1) detected in a culture of owl monkey kidney cells resembled typical type C viruses morphologically, but was slightly larger than previously characterized mammalian type C viruses. OMC-1 can be transmitted to bat lung cells and cat embryo fibroblasts. The virions band at a density of 1.16 g/ml in isopycnic sucrose density gradients and contain reverse transcriptase and a 60-65S RNA genome composed of approximately 32S subunits. The reverse transcriptase is immunologically and biochemically distinct from the polymerases of othe retroviruses. Radioimmunoassays directed to the interspecies antigenic determinants of the major structure proteins of other type C viruses do not detect a related antigen in OMC-1. Nucleic acid hybridization experiments using labeled viral genomic RNA or proviral cDNA transcripts to normal cellular DNA of different species show that OMC-1 is an endogenous virus with multiple virogene copies (20-50 per haploid genome) present in normal owl monkey cells and is distinct from previously isolated type C and D viruses. Sequences related to the OMC-1 genome can be detected in other New World monkeys. Thus, similar to the Old World primates (e.g., baboons as a prototype), the New World monkeys contain endogenous type C viral genes that appear to have been transmitted in the primate germ line. Images PMID:76312

[The history of kidney transplantation].

PubMed

Hatzinger, M; Stastny, M; Grützmacher, P; Sohn, M

2016-10-01

The history of kidney transplantation is a history of many unsuccessful efforts and setbacks, but also the history of perseverance, pioneering spirit, and steadfast courage. The first successful transplantation of a dog kidney was done by the Austrian Emerich Ullmann (1861-1937) in 1902. The kidney was connected to the carotid artery of the dog and the ureter ended freely. The organ produced urine for a couple of days before it died. In 1909, there were efforts to transplant human kidneys from deceased patients to monkeys and in the following year the first xenotransplantation in humans was completed. Different kinds of donors were tried: dogs, monkeys, goats and lambs, all without success. In 1939, the first transplantation from a deceased human donor was done by the Russion Yurii Voronoy, the patient survived for only a couple of days, and the organ never worked. In 1953, the first temporarily successful transplantation of a human kidney was performed by Jean Hamburger in Paris. A 16-year-old boy received the kidney of his mother as living donor transplantation. Then in 1954, a milestone was made with the first long-term successful kidney transplantation by Joseph Murray: the transplantation was done between monozygotic twins; the organ survived for 8 years. For his efforts in kidney transplantation, Murray was honored with the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1990. In 1962, the first kidney transplantation between genetically nonrelated patients was done using immunosuppression and in 1963 the first kidney transplantation in Germany was done by Reinhard Nagel and Wilhelm Brosig in Berlin. The aim of this article is to present the history of kidney transplantation from the beginning until today.

Continuous exposure of animals to methylisobutylketone

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vernot, E. H.; Macewen, J. D.; Harris, E. S.

1971-01-01

Continuous exposure of dogs, monkeys, mice, and rats to MIBK for two weeks and all animals except mice for 90 days resulted in measurable adverse effects only in the case of rats. Rat kidney weights and kidney to body weight ratios were significantly elevated after exposure to 410 mg/cu m for two weeks, and kidney and liver organ weights and organ to body weight ratios were elevated after exposure to 820 mg/cu m for two weeks and to 410 mg/cu m for 90 days.

Formation of tamoxifen-DNA adducts in multiple organs of adult female cynomolgus monkeys dosed with tamoxifen for 30 days.

PubMed

Schild, Laura J; Divi, Rao L; Beland, Frederick A; Churchwell, Mona I; Doerge, Daniel R; Gamboa da Costa, Gonçalo; Marques, M Matilde; Poirier, Miriam C

2003-09-15

The use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) is associated with an increase in endometrial cancer. TAM-induced endometrial carcinogenesis may proceed through a genotoxin-mediated pathway, although the detection of endometrial TAM-DNA adducts in exposed women is still controversial. In this study, a monkey model has been used to investigate the question of TAM-DNA adduct formation in primates. Two methods have been used to determine TAM-DNA adducts: a TAM-DNA chemiluminescence immunoassay (TAM-DNA CIA), using an antiserum that has specificity for (E)-alpha-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-tamoxifen (dG-TAM) and (E)-alpha-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-N-desmethyltamoxifen (dG-desmethyl-TAM) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS) coupled with on-line sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mature (19 year old) cynomolgus monkeys were given either vehicle control (n = 1) or TAM (n = 3) twice daily for a total dose of 2 mg of TAM/kg body weight (bw)/day for 30 days by naso-gastric intubation. Tissues were harvested, and DNA was isolated from uterus, ovary, liver, brain cortex, and kidney. By TAM-DNA CIA, values for uterine TAM-DNA adducts in two monkeys were 0.9 and 1.7 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, whereas values for ovarian TAM-DNA adducts in the same animals were 0.4 and 0.5 adducts/10(8) nucleotides. Liver, brain cortex, and kidney DNA samples from the three exposed monkeys had TAM-DNA levels of 2.1-4.2 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, 0.4-5.0 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, and 0.7-2.1 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, respectively. By HPLC-ES-MS/MS, the levels of TAM-DNA adducts detected in all tissues were comparable with those observed by TAM-DNA CIA. Thus, values for uterine TAM-DNA adducts ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, whereas values for ovarian TAM-DNA adducts, measurable in two monkeys, were 0.2 and 0.3 adducts/10(8) nucleotides. Liver DNA contained the highest TAM-DNA adduct levels (7.0-11.1 adducts/10(8) nucleotides), whereas brain cortex DNA contained lower adduct levels (0.6-4.8 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) and the lowest levels were measured in the kidney (0.2-0.4 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). This study indicates that cynomolgus monkeys are capable of metabolizing TAM to genotoxic intermediates that form TAM-DNA adducts in multiple tissues.

COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE AND X-RAY IRRADIATION ON MULTIPLICATION OF POLIOVIRUS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kritchevsky, D.; Manson, L.A.; Hartzell, R.W. Jr.

1963-01-01

An attenuated strain of poliomyelitis virus (CHAT) will not grow in monkey kidney cells at 40 un. Concent 85% C. When deuterium oxide (25 to 40%) is present in the medium, replication of CHAT virus will take place at 40 un. Concent 85% C. Since both deuterium oxide treatment and irradiation with x rays yield giant cells, the 2 treatments have been compared for their ability to support the growth of CHAT poliovirus at 40 un. Concent 85% C. At several levels of x irradiation, monkey kidney cells will not support the growth of CHAT virus at 40 un. Concentmore » 85% C. When D/sub 2/O is added to he medium of the x- irradiated cells at 40 un. Concent 85% C, replication of CHAT virus is observed. The effect is not due to cell size or number. (auth)« less

Molecular analyses of oral polio vaccine samples.

PubMed

Poinar, H; Kuch, M; Pääbo, S

2001-04-27

It has been suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and thus the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) it causes, was inadvertently introduced to humans by the use of an oral polio vaccine (OPV) during a vaccination campaign launched by the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in the Belgian Congo in 1958 and 1959. The "OPV/AIDS hypothesis" suggests that the OPV used in this campaign was produced in chimpanzee kidney epithelial cell cultures rather than in monkey kidney cell cultures, as stated by H. Koprowski and co-workers, who produced the OPV. If chimpanzee cells were indeed used, this would lend support to the OPV/AIDS hypothesis, since chimpanzees harbor a simian immunodeficiency virus, widely accepted to be the origin of HIV-1. We analyzed several early OPV pools and found no evidence for the presence of chimpanzee DNA; by contrast, monkey DNA is present.

The Aristotelian kidney.

PubMed

Marandola, P; Musitelli, S; Jallous, H; Speroni, A; de Bastiani, T

1994-01-01

Aristotle incorrectly observed the absence of the kidney in fish and birds and deduced that it was not essential for the existence of a living organism. This underlies his observations on structure and function of the kidney. From examination of rhesus monkeys he generalized that the right kidney is higher than the left. Aristotle did not consider that the renal pelvis is divided by a filter membrane into 2 chambers, and wrote that no blood reaches the renal pelvis. The theory of the 'filter kidney' cannot thus be attributed to Aristotle. The function of the kidney was described as being to separate the surplus liquid from the blood inside the renal meat (not in the renal pelvis) and to transform this liquid into what Aristotle called residuum, i.e. the urine. Aristotle also considered that the kidneys acted to anchor the blood vessels to the body. He only briefly considered renal pathology.

[Explantation method of isolating a persistent tick-borne encephalitis virus from the organs of infected monkeys].

PubMed

Levina, L S; Pogodina, V V

1981-01-01

The method of explantation was used to examine 63 organs from M. rhesus monkeys 92-783 days after intracerebral and subcutaneous inoculation with the Vasilchenko, Aina/1448 and 41/65 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus. The optimal time for examination of the explants by tests of the hemagglutinating, cytopathogenic activity of the virus and its pathogenicity for mice was found to be the 15th day of cultivation. A comparative study of the properties of 3 isolates obtained from explants of the spleen, liver and subcortical cerebral ganglia 202 and 307 days after inoculation of monkeys was carried out. The isolates differed from the parental TBE virus strains by their capacity to form small plaques in PEKV cell cultures (pig embryo kidney cells in versen medium).

Pathobiological and Behavioral Effects of Lead Intoxication in the Infant Rhesus Monkey

PubMed Central

Allen, J. R.; McWey, P. J.; Suomi, S. J.

1974-01-01

When infant rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead via the addition of lead acetate (0.5–9 mg/kg body weight) to their formula or by the consumption of lead particles from lead-based surrogate mothers, they developed symptoms of lead intoxication within 6 weeks. Seizures, muscular tremors, and altered social interaction were the predominant changes. Visual impairment was also apparent in the more severely affected animals. In the animals showing obvious symptoms lead levels varied between 300 to 500 μg/100 ml of blood. Even in those animals having blood lead levels below 100 μg, hyperactivity and insomnia were observed. When the exposure to lead was eliminated, seizures subsided and visual impairment was reduced; however, the abnormal social interaction persisted. These animals also experienced a gradual decline in hematocrit and hemoglobin values during the period of examination. Liver and kidney biopsies obtained from these lead-exposed animals revealed characteristic intranuclear inclusions. When adolescent and adult monkeys were exposed to doses of lead acetate similar to those employed in the infant experiments, lead levels in excess of 200 μg/100 ml of blood were recorded. However, there were no obvious behavioral abnormalities observed. There were, however, numerous lead inclusion bodies in kidney biopsy specimens from these animals. These data suggest that, like man, the infant nonhuman primate is much more susceptible to lead intoxication than is the adult. The clinical and behavioral changes recorded in these infant rhesus monkeys suggest their use as an experimental model to evaluate lead intoxication. ImagesFIGURE 6. PMID:4208658

Intra-renal arterial injection of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in a rhesus Macaque mulatta monkey model.

PubMed

Moghadasali, Reza; Azarnia, Mahnaz; Hajinasrollah, Mostafa; Arghani, Hassan; Nassiri, Seyed Mahdi; Molazem, Mohammad; Vosough, Ahmad; Mohitmafi, Soroush; Najarasl, Mostafa; Ajdari, Zahra; Yazdi, Reza Salman; Bagheri, Mohsen; Ghanaati, Hossein; Rafiei, Behrooz; Gheisari, Yousof; Baharvand, Hossein; Aghdami, Nasser

2014-06-01

Clinically, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially devastating condition for which no specific therapy improves efficacy of the repair process. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are proven to be beneficial for the renal repair process after AKI in different experimental rodent models, but their efficacy in large animals and humans remains unknown. This study aims to assess the effect of autologous rhesus Macaque mulatta monkey BM-MSC transplantation in cisplatin-induced AKI. We chose a model of AKI induced by intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg cisplatin. BM-MSCs were transplanted through intra-arterial injection. The animals were followed for survival, biochemistry analysis and pathology. Transplantation of 5 × 10(6) cells/kg ameliorated renal function during the first week, as shown by significantly lower serum creatinine and urea values and higher urine creatinine and urea clearance without hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, proteinuria and polyuria up to 84 d compared with the vehicle and control groups. The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled cells were found in both the glomeruli and tubules. BM-MSCs markedly accelerated Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells in response to cisplatin-induced damage, as revealed by higher numbers of Foxp3+ cells within the tubuli of these monkeys compared with cisplatin-treated monkeys in the control and vehicle groups. These data demonstrate that BM-MSCs in this unique large-animal model of cisplatin-induced AKI exhibited recovery and protective properties. Copyright © 2014 International Society for Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Regulation of the intronic promoter of rat estrogen receptor alpha gene, responsible for truncated estrogen receptor product-1 expression.

PubMed

Schausi, Diane; Tiffoche, Christophe; Thieulant, Marie-Lise

2003-07-01

We have characterized the intronic promoter of the rat estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene, responsible for the lactotrope-specific truncated ER product (TERP)-1 isoform expression. Transcriptional regulation was investigated by transient transfections using 5'-deletion constructs. TERP promoter constructs were highly active in MMQ cells, a pure lactotrope cell line, whereas a low basal activity was detected in alphaT3-1 gonadotrope cells or in COS-7 monkey kidney cells. Serial deletion analysis revealed that 1) a minimal -693-bp region encompassing the TATA box is sufficient to allow lactotrope-specific expression; 2) the promoter contains strong positive cis-acting elements both in the distal and proximal regions, and 3) the region spanning the -1698/-1194 region includes repressor elements. Transient transfection studies, EMSAs, and gel shifts demonstrated that estrogen activates the TERP promoter via an estrogen-responsive element (ERE1) located within the proximal region. Mutation of ERE1 site completely abolishes the estradiol-dependent transcription, indicating that ERE1 site is sufficient to confer estrogen responsiveness to TERP promoter. In addition, ERalpha action was synergized by transfection of the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1. EMSAs showed that a single Pit-1 DNA binding element in the vicinity of the TATA box is sufficient to confer response by the TERP promoter. In conclusion, we demonstrated, for the first time, that TERP promoter regulation involves ERE and Pit-1 cis-elements and corresponding trans-acting factors, which could play a role in the physiological changes that occur in TERP-1 transcription in lactotrope cells.

Pharmacodynamics and subchronic toxicity in mice and monkeys of ISIS 388626, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2.

PubMed

Zanardi, Thomas A; Han, Su-Cheol; Jeong, Eun Ju; Rime, Soyub; Yu, Rosie Z; Chakravarty, Kaushik; Henry, Scott P

2012-11-01

ISIS 388626, a 2'-methoxyethyl (MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) mRNA, is in clinical trials for the management of diabetes. SGLT2 plays a pivotal role in renal glucose reabsorption, and inhibition of SGLT2 is anticipated to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic subjects by increasing urinary glucose elimination. To selectively inhibit SGLT2 in the kidney, ISIS 388626 was designed as a "shortmer" ASO, consisting of only 12 nucleotides with two 2'-MOE-modified nucleotides at the termini. Mice and monkeys received up to 30 mg/kg/week ISIS 388626 via subcutaneous injection for 6 or 13 weeks. Dose-dependent decreases in renal SGLT2 mRNA expression were observed, which correlated with dose-related increases in glucosuria without concomitant hypoglycemia. There were no histologic changes in the kidney attributed to SGLT2 inhibition after 6 or 13 weeks of treatment. The remaining changes observed in these studies were typical of those produced in these species by the administration of oligonucleotides, correlated with high doses of ISIS 388626, and were unrelated to the inhibition of SGLT2 expression. The kidney contained the highest concentration of ISIS 388626, and dose-dependent basophilic granule accumulation in tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, which is evidence of oligonucleotide accumulation in these cells, was the only histologic change identified. No changes in kidney function were observed. These results revealed only readily reversible changes after the administration of ISIS 388626 and support the continued investigation of the safety and efficacy of ISIS 388626 in human trials.

Cross-species transmission of a novel adenovirus associated with a fulminant pneumonia outbreak in a new world monkey colony.

PubMed

Chen, Eunice C; Yagi, Shigeo; Kelly, Kristi R; Mendoza, Sally P; Tarara, Ross P; Canfield, Don R; Maninger, Nicole; Rosenthal, Ann; Spinner, Abigail; Bales, Karen L; Schnurr, David P; Lerche, Nicholas W; Chiu, Charles Y

2011-07-01

Adenoviruses are DNA viruses that naturally infect many vertebrates, including humans and monkeys, and cause a wide range of clinical illnesses in humans. Infection from individual strains has conventionally been thought to be species-specific. Here we applied the Virochip, a pan-viral microarray, to identify a novel adenovirus (TMAdV, titi monkey adenovirus) as the cause of a deadly outbreak in a closed colony of New World monkeys (titi monkeys; Callicebus cupreus) at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). Among 65 titi monkeys housed in a building, 23 (34%) developed upper respiratory symptoms that progressed to fulminant pneumonia and hepatitis, and 19 of 23 monkeys, or 83% of those infected, died or were humanely euthanized. Whole-genome sequencing of TMAdV revealed that this adenovirus is a new species and highly divergent, sharing <57% pairwise nucleotide identity with other adenoviruses. Cultivation of TMAdV was successful in a human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line, but not in primary or established monkey kidney cells. At the onset of the outbreak, the researcher in closest contact with the monkeys developed an acute respiratory illness, with symptoms persisting for 4 weeks, and had a convalescent serum sample seropositive for TMAdV. A clinically ill family member, despite having no contact with the CNPRC, also tested positive, and screening of a set of 81 random adult blood donors from the Western United States detected TMAdV-specific neutralizing antibodies in 2 individuals (2/81, or 2.5%). These findings raise the possibility of zoonotic infection by TMAdV and human-to-human transmission of the virus in the population. Given the unusually high case fatality rate from the outbreak (83%), it is unlikely that titi monkeys are the native host species for TMAdV, and the natural reservoir of the virus is still unknown. The discovery of TMAdV, a novel adenovirus with the capacity to infect both monkeys and humans, suggests that adenoviruses should be monitored closely as potential causes of cross-species outbreaks.

Thermosensitive nanospheres with a gold layer revealed as low-cytotoxic drug vehicles.

PubMed

Qin, Jian; Jo, Yun Suk; Ihm, Jong Eun; Kim, Do Kyung; Muhammed, Mamoun

2005-09-27

In this paper, the positive effect of a gold layer on cell viability is demonstrated by examining the results given by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfop henyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and two-color cell fluorescence viability (TCCV) assay. These cytotoxicity tests were performed with human cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa cell line) and transformed African green monkey kidney fibroblast cells (Cos-7 cell line). To fabricate the nanostructures as drug vehicles, first, poly(l,l-lactide-co-ethylene glycol) (PLLA-PEG) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-D,D-lactide) (PNIPAAm-PDLA) were synthesized, and then two kinds of thermosensitive nanospheres comprising "shell-in-shell" structures without a gold layer (PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA) and with a gold layer (Au@PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA) were constructed by a modified double-emulsion method (MDEM). Both of them displayed a unique thermosensitive character exhibiting the lower critical solubility temperature (LCST) at 36.7 degrees C which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The release profiles of entrapped bovine serum albumin (BSA) were monitored at 22 and 37 degrees C, respectively, to reveal the thermal dependence on the release rate. In cell viability tests, both PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA and Au@PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA showed excellent cell viability, and furthermore, Au@PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA, particularly at high doses, exhibited more enhanced cell viability than PLLA-PEG@PNIPAAm-PDLA. This effect is mainly attributed to the gold layer which binds the protein molecules first and consequently facilitates transmembrane uptake of essential nutrients in the cell media, resulting in favorable cell proliferation.

Passive diffusion of naltrexone into human and animal cells and upregulation of cell proliferation.

PubMed

Cheng, Fan; McLaughlin, Patricia J; Banks, William A; Zagon, Ian S

2009-09-01

Naltrexone (NTX) is a potent opioid antagonist that promotes cell proliferation by upregulating DNA synthesis through displacement of the tonically active inhibitory peptide, opioid growth factor (OGF) from its receptor (OGFr). To investigate how NTX enters cells, NTX was fluorescently labeled [1-(N)-fluoresceinyl NTX thiosemicarbazone; FNTX] to study its uptake by living cultured cells. When human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-1) was incubated with FNTX for as little as 1 min, cells displayed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of FNTX as determined by fluorescent deconvolution microscopy, with enrichment of fluorescent signal in the nucleus and nucleolus. The same temporal-spatial distribution of FNTX was detected in a human pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2), African green monkey kidney cell line (COS-7), and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). FNTX remained in cells for as long as 48 h. FNTX was internalized in SCC-1 cells when incubation occurred at 4 degrees C, with the signal being comparable to that recorded at 37 degrees C. A 100-fold excess of NTX or a variety of other opioid ligands did not alter the temporal-spatial distribution of FNTX. Neither fluorescein-labeled dextran nor fluorescein alone entered the cells. To study the effect of FNTX on DNA synthesis, cells incubated with FNTX at concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-8) M had a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine index that was 39-82% greater than for vehicle-treated cells and was comparable to that of unlabeled NTX (37-70%). Taken together, these results suggested that NTX enters cells by passive diffusion in a nonsaturable manner.

Vesicoureteral reflux in the primate IV: does reflux harm the kidney

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, J.A.; Fischman, N.H.; Thomas, R.

1982-09-01

It has been said that vesicoureteral reflux causes renal scarring because of intrarenal reflux. We studied reflux in the monkey because of its similarity to man, especially in regard to the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux and chronic pyelonephritis. High pressure moderate grade reflux was produced and renal function followed by means of quantitative renal camera studies using /sup 131/I hippuran. There was no change in renal function from sterile reflux even when intrarenal reflux occurred. When, however, infection was introduced, renal function decreased. We concluded that sterile moderate vesicoureteral or intrarenal reflux does not harm the kidney.

9 CFR 113.55 - Detection of extraneous agents in Master Seed Virus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... MSV that is found unsatisfactory by any prescribed test. (a) At least a 1.0 ml aliquot per cell... monkey kidney) cell line; (2) Embryonic cells, neonatal cells, or a cell line of the species for which...) and (a)(2) of this section. Cell lines used shall have been found satisfactory when tested as...

Non-linear relationships between aflatoxin B1 levels and the biological response of monkey kidney vero cells

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during preharvest, storage and processing periods. Once consumed, AF accumulates in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. At least 20 different types of AFs have been identified, and of these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most ubiqui...

Pharmacokinetic studies of a novel trioxane antimalarial (99/411) in rats and monkeys using LC-MS/MS.

PubMed

Pandey, Saurabh; Gautam, Nagsen; Kushwaha, Hari Narayan; Singh, Shio Kumar

2016-12-01

The pharmacokinetic profile of 99/411, a novel anti-malarial drug, was established in rats (12 mg/kg of body weight) and monkeys (20 mg/kg of body weight). Following oral administration, the presence of 99/411 was rapidly determined in rat plasma, tissues, urine, feces and monkey plasma using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The tissue distribution studies in rats indicated that the drug was partially distributed in all major tissues and plasma, and peak concentration levels were achieved within 0.5-4 h. Area under the curve in different rat tissues and plasma was found in order of blood > lung > intestine > heart > muscle > brain > kidney > spleen > liver. The total recoveries (within 86 h) of 99/411 were <0.0017% and <0.08% in urine and feces, respectively. The peak plasma concentration was 3499 ng/mL in rats after ~2 h of oral administration and 697-767 ng/mL in monkeys after ~6 h of oral administration. No plasma accumulation was observed in both male and female monkeys, even after multiple dosing. The preclinical pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution data are expected to assist in future clinical explorations of 99/411 as a promising anti-malarial agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Histopathology of Incidental Findings in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis) Used in Toxicity Studies

PubMed Central

Sato, Junko; Doi, Takuya; Kanno, Takeshi; Wako, Yumi; Tsuchitani, Minoru; Narama, Isao

2012-01-01

The purpose of our publication is to widely communicate pictures of spontaneous findings occurring in cynomolgus monkeys. Focal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is commonly seen in the general organs. The frequency and severity of these lesions may be influenced by the administration of drugs with an effect on the immune system. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the lamina propria of the stomach is also frequently seen in cynomolgus monkeys, and it is caused mainly by a Helicobacter pylori infection. Various degrees of brown pigments are observed in various organs, and it is possible to distinguish the material of the pigments by its morphological features and site. A focal/segmental glomerular lesion is occasionally seen in a section of the kidney, and the minimal lesion has no influence on the urinalysis. We showed the common glomerular lesions in HE-stained sections, as well as in PAM- or PAS-stained sections, for understanding the details. Young and pubertal monkeys are usually used in toxicity studies; therefore, understanding various maturation stages of the genital system is important. In particular, the female genital system needs to be understood in the morphology, because their cyclic changes are different from other laboratory animals. Thus, we present the normal features of the cyclic changes of the female genital organs. Furthermore, we provide more information on spontaneous findings in cynomolgus monkeys for exact diagnoses in toxicity studies. PMID:22481861

Species-specific inflammatory responses as a primary component for the development of glomerular lesions in mice and monkeys following chronic administration of a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide.

PubMed

Frazier, Kendall S; Sobry, Cécile; Derr, Victoria; Adams, Mike J; Besten, Cathaline Den; De Kimpe, Sjef; Francis, Ian; Gales, Tracy L; Haworth, Richard; Maguire, Shaun R; Mirabile, Rosanna C; Mullins, David; Palate, Bernard; Doorten, Yolanda Ponstein-Simarro; Ridings, James E; Scicchitano, Marshall S; Silvano, Jérémy; Woodfine, Jennie

2014-07-01

Chronic administration of drisapersen, a 2'-OMe phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (AON) to mice and monkeys resulted in renal tubular accumulation, with secondary tubular degeneration. Glomerulopathy occurred in both species with species-specific characteristics. Glomerular lesions in mice were characterized by progressive hyaline matrix accumulation, accompanied by the presence of renal amyloid and with subsequent papillary necrosis. Early changes involved glomerular endothelial hypertrophy and degeneration, but the chronic glomerular amyloid and hyaline alterations in mice appeared to be species specific. An immune-mediated mechanism for the glomerular lesions in mice was supported by early inflammatory changes including increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and other immunomodulatory genes within the renal cortex, increased stimulation of CD68 protein, and systemic elevation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In contrast, kidneys from monkeys given drisapersen chronically showed less severe glomerular changes characterized by increased mesangial and inflammatory cells, endothelial cell hypertrophy, and subepithelial and membranous electron-dense deposits, with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of complement and complement-related fragments. Lesions in monkeys resembled typical features of C3 glomerulopathy, a condition described in man and experimental animals to be linked to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Thus, inflammatory/immune mechanisms appear critical to glomerular injury with species-specific sensitivities for mouse and monkey. The lower observed proinflammatory activity in humans as compared to mice and monkeys may reflect a lower risk of glomerular injury in patients receiving AON therapy. © 2014 by The Author(s).

Renal evaluation of Aotus azarai infulatus by ultrasonography and serum chemistry profile.

PubMed

Lins, Fernanda Luiza de Miranda Lins e; Monteiro, Frederico Ozanan Barros; Takeshita, Rafaela Sayuri Cicalise; da Silva, Gilmara Abreu; Faturi, Cristian; Palha, Maria das Dores Correia; Monteiro, Maria Vivina Barros; Coutinho, Leandro Nassar; Kugelmeier, Tatiana; de Castro, Paulo Henrique Gomes

2012-05-01

This study aimed to characterize anatomical and biochemical properties of owl monkey kidneys in order to provide normal reference values. Sixty-nine Aotus azarai infulatus (45 males and 24 females) were divided into four different age groups (AG1: 3 months-1 year; AG2: 2-3 years; AG3: 4-6 years; and AG4: over 7 years old). The monkeys were evaluated with a serum chemistry profile, focusing on serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and with ultrasound. Mean body mass differed among the age groups. This significance was attributed to AG1 body mass being significantly lower than in AG2 and that in both AG2 and AG3 being significantly lower than in the two older age groups (AG3 and AG4). SCr and BUN concentrations differed significantly between the sexes and SCr level correlated positively with age. In contrast, renal measurements did not differ between males and females. Left and right renal volumes did not differ significantly within age groups, or among AG2, AG3, and AG4. Renal volumes in AG1, however, while not differing from those in AG2, did differ significantly from those in AG3 and AG4. In conclusion, this study provides ultrasonographic reference values for the morphology the kidneys in A. a. infulatus. Evidence is also provided that SCr and BUN levels in owl monkeys are influenced by the sex and age of the individual, factors that should be considered when interpreting test results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The PapG-adhesin at the tip of P-fimbriae provides Escherichia coli with a competitive edge in experimental bladder infections of cynomolgus monkeys

PubMed Central

1995-01-01

Human urinary tract infection is an infectious disease that depends on a series of host-microbial interactions. The bacteria first colonize the colon and then the periurethral/vaginal areas; they ascend to and infect first the bladder and then the kidneys. Expression of Escherichia coli P-fimbriae constitutes the strongest correlation to renal pathogenicity, but is also related to first-time cystitis in children. The role of P-fimbriae in the preceding steps in the infectious process is unknown. To examine this, we constructed, from a P-fimbriated E. coli strain with a class II G-adhesin preferentially binding to globoside, one isogenic mutant lacking the G-adhesin and another isogenic mutant in which we replaced the papG class II allele with a class III adhesin preferentially binding to the Forssman antigen. We report here the comparison of the adhesin knockout mutant (DS17-8) and the class-switch mutant (DS17-1) with the wild-type (DS17) for in vivo colonization of the gut, vagina, and bladder of cynomolgus monkeys. It was recently shown that the class II tip G-adhesin is a prerequisite for acute pyelonephritis to occur in the monkey model in the absence of other kidney-specific adhesins or obstruction of the urinary flow. Here we show that it is not required for bladder infection but gives a competitive advantage in mixed infections. In the vagina and colon, the G-adhesin gives no competitive advantage. PMID:7500014

Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of 14C-APX001 after Single-Dose Administration to Rats and Monkeys

PubMed Central

Mansbach, Robert; Shaw, Karen J; Hodges, Michael R; Coleman, Samantha; Fitzsimmons, Michael E

2017-01-01

Abstract Background APX001 is a small-molecule therapeutic agent in clinical development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFI). Methods The absorption, distribution and excretion profiles of [14C]APX001-derived radioactivity were determined in rats (albino and pigmented) and monkeys. Rats (some implanted with bile duct cannulae) were administered a single 100 mg/kg oral dose or a 30 mg/kg intravenous (IV) dose. Monkeys were administered a single 6 mg/kg IV dose. Samples of blood, urine, feces and bile, as well as carcasses, were collected through 168 hours after dosing. Samples were analyzed for total radioactivity content by liquid scintillation counting, and carcasses were analyzed by quantitative whole-body autoradiography. Results [14C]APX001-derived radioactivity was rapidly and extensively absorbed and extensively distributed to most tissues for both routes of administration in both species. In rats, tissues with the highest radioactivity Cmax values included bile, abdominal fat, reproductive fat, subcutaneous fat, and liver, but radioactivity was also detected in tissues associated with IFI, including lung, brain and eye. In monkeys, the highest Cmax values were in bile, urine, uveal tract, bone marrow, abdominal fat, liver, and kidney cortex. Liver and kidney were the tissues with highest radioactivity, but as in the rat, radioactivity was also detected in lung, brain and eye tissues. In pigmented rats, radiocarbon was densely distributed into pigmented tissue and more slowly cleared than from other tissues. Mean recovery of radioactivity in rats was approximately 95–100%. In bile duct-intact rats, >90% of radioactivity was recovered in feces. In cannulated rats, biliary excretion of radioactivity was the major route of elimination and accounted for 88.8% of the dose, whereas urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity was minor and accounted for 2.56% and 5.42% of the dose, respectively. In monkeys, the overall recovery of radioactivity was 87.6%, and was eliminated in feces (49.8% of dose) and to a lesser extent in urine (20.6% of dose). Conclusion Together, the results indicate that APX001-related radioactivity is extensively distributed to major tissues (including tissues relevant to IFI) in both rats and monkeys and cleared primarily by biliary/fecal excretion. Disclosures R. Mansbach, Amplyx Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Consultant, Consulting fee; K. J. Shaw, Amplyx Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Employee, Salary; M. R. Hodges, Amplyx Pharmaceuticals: Employee, Salary; S. Coleman, Covance Laboratories: Employee, Salary; M. E. Fitzsimmons, Covance Laboratories: Employee, Salary

Continuous animal exposure to dichloromethane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macewen, J. D.; Vernot, E. H.; Haun, C. C.

1972-01-01

Continuous exposures of dogs, monkeys, rats and mice to 5000 ppm and 1000 ppm of dichloromethane vapor (CH2Cl2) produced severe toxic effects on dogs, rats and mice. Dogs died after 3 weeks exposure to 1000 ppm and after 6 weeks exposure to 5000 ppm. Thirty percent of the mice also succumbed during four weeks exposure to 5000 ppm CH2Cl2. Although rats survived 14 weeks exposure to 5000 ppm, they experienced subnormal weight gains. Significant gross and histopathological hepatic lesions were noted in all 3 species at death or experimental termination in 14 weeks. In addition, rats showed abnormal kidney histopathology. Fat stains disclosed mild fatty increase in monkey livers after 14 weeks exposure to 1000 ppm CH2Cl2.

9 CFR 113.53 - Requirements for ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (African green monkey kidney) cell line and of primary cells or a cell line of the same species of origin... origin used for production of biologics. 113.53 Section 113.53 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND... ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics. Each lot of ingredient of animal origin which...

9 CFR 113.53 - Requirements for ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... (African green monkey kidney) cell line and of primary cells or a cell line of the same species of origin... origin used for production of biologics. 113.53 Section 113.53 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND... ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics. Each lot of ingredient of animal origin which...

9 CFR 113.53 - Requirements for ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (African green monkey kidney) cell line and of primary cells or a cell line of the same species of origin... origin used for production of biologics. 113.53 Section 113.53 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND... ingredients of animal origin used for production of biologics. Each lot of ingredient of animal origin which...

The examination of urine samples for pathogenic microbes by the luciferase assay for ATP. 1: The effect of the presence of fungi, fungal like bacteria and kidney cells in urine samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bush, V. N.

1973-01-01

A method for accurately determining urinary tract infections in man is introduced. The method is based on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in urine samples after removing nonbacterial ATP. Adenosine triphosphate concentration is measured from the bioluminescent reaction of luciferase when mixed with ATP. An examination was also made of the effectiveness of rupturing agents on monkey kidney cells Candia albicans, a Rhodotorula species, and a Streptomyces species in determining whether these cells could contribute ATP to the bacterial ATP value of a urine sample.

Prevention of Influenza and other Respiratory Diseases

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-01

Virus isolation was attempted from throat washings collected in beef extract broth. These were stored at approximately -50 In a refrigerator at Lowry... throat cultures and blood specimens with individual Informed consent. Cooperation was remarkably good. Throat cultures were taken from...more rapidly in Rhesus monkey kidney tissue culture than did the A/Denver/77 strains. Viruses were isolated from 9 of 13 throat washings from

Two separable functional domains of simian virus 40 large T antigen: carboxyl-terminal region of simian virus 40 large T antigen is required for efficient capsid protein synthesis.

PubMed Central

Tornow, J; Polvino-Bodnar, M; Santangelo, G; Cole, C N

1985-01-01

The carboxyl-terminal portion of simian virus 40 large T antigen is essential for productive infection of CV-1 and CV-1p green monkey kidney cells. Mutant dlA2459, lacking 14 base pairs at 0.193 map units, was positive for viral DNA replication, but unable to form plaques in CV-1p cells (J. Tornow and C.N. Cole, J. Virol. 47:487-494, 1983). In this report, the defect of dlA2459 is further defined. Simian virus 40 late mRNAs were transcribed, polyadenylated, spliced, and transported in dlA2459-infected cells, but the level of capsid proteins produced in infected CV-1 green monkey kidney cells was extremely low. dlA2459 large T antigen lacks those residues known to be required for adenovirus helper function, and the block to productive infection by dlA2459 occurs at the same stage of infection as the block to productive adenovirus infection of CV-1 cells. These results suggest that the adenovirus helper function is required for productive infection by simian virus 40. Mutant dlA2459 was able to grow on the Vero and BSC-1 lines of African green monkey kidney cells. Additional mutants affecting the carboxyl-terminal portion of large T were prepared. Mutant inv2408 contains an inversion of the DNA between the BamHI and BclI sites (0.144 to 0.189 map units). This inversion causes transposition of the carboxyl-terminal 26 amino acids of large T antigen and the carboxyl-terminal 18 amino acids of VP1. This mutant was viable, even though the essential information absent from dlA2459 large T antigen has been transferred to the carboxyl terminus of VP1 of inv2408. The VP1 polypeptide carrying this carboxyl-terminal portion of large T could overcome the defect of dlA2459. This indicates that the carboxyl terminus of large T antigen is a separate and separable functional domain. Images PMID:2982029

The Duffy binding protein (PkDBPαII) of Plasmodium knowlesi from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo show different binding activity level to human erythrocytes.

PubMed

Lim, Khai Lone; Amir, Amirah; Lau, Yee Ling; Fong, Mun Yik

2017-08-11

The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi is a major cause of human malaria in Malaysia. This parasite uses the Duffy binding protein (PkDBPαII) to interact with the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) receptor on human and macaque erythrocytes to initiate invasion. Previous studies on P. knowlesi have reported distinct Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo PkDBPαII haplotypes. In the present study, the differential binding activity of these haplotypes with human and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) erythrocytes was investigated. The PkDBPαII of Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo were expressed on the surface of COS-7 cells and tested with human and monkey erythrocytes, with and without anti-Fy6 (anti-Duffy) monoclonal antibody treatment. Binding activity level was determined by counting the number of rosettes formed between the transfected COS-7 cells and the erythrocytes. Anti-Fy6 treatment was shown to completely block the binding of human erythrocytes with the transfected COS-7 cells, thus verifying the specific binding of human DARC with PkDBPαII. Interestingly, the PkDBPαII of Peninsular Malaysia displayed a higher binding activity with human erythrocytes when compared with the Malaysian Borneo PkDBPαII haplotype (mean number of rosettes formed = 156.89 ± 6.62 and 46.00 ± 3.57, respectively; P < 0.0001). However, no difference in binding activity level was seen in the binding assay using M. fascicularis erythrocytes. This study is the first report of phenotypic difference between PkDBPαII haplotypes. The biological implication of this finding is yet to be determined. Therefore, further studies need to be carried out to determine whether this differential binding level can be associated with severity of knowlesi malaria in human.

Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Efficacy Studies of Oral DB868 in a First Stage Vervet Monkey Model of Human African Trypanosomiasis

PubMed Central

Thuita, John K.; Wolf, Kristina K.; Murilla, Grace A.; Liu, Qiang; Mutuku, James N.; Chen, Yao; Bridges, Arlene S.; Mdachi, Raymond E.; Ismail, Mohamed A.; Ching, Shelley; Boykin, David W.; Hall, James Edwin; Tidwell, Richard R.; Paine, Mary F.; Brun, Reto; Wang, Michael Zhuo

2013-01-01

There are no oral drugs for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness). A successful oral drug would have the potential to reduce or eliminate the need for patient hospitalization, thus reducing healthcare costs of HAT. The development of oral medications is a key objective of the Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development (CPDD). In this study, we investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of a new orally administered CPDD diamidine prodrug, 2,5-bis[5-(N-methoxyamidino)-2-pyridyl]furan (DB868; CPD-007-10), in the vervet monkey model of first stage HAT. DB868 was well tolerated at a dose up to 30 mg/kg/day for 10 days, a cumulative dose of 300 mg/kg. Mean plasma levels of biomarkers indicative of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) were not significantly altered by drug administration. In addition, no kidney-mediated alterations in creatinine and urea concentrations were detected. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma confirmed that DB868 was orally available and was converted to the active compound DB829 in both uninfected and infected monkeys. Treatment of infected monkeys with DB868 began 7 days post-infection. In the infected monkeys, DB829 attained a median Cmax (dosing regimen) that was 12-fold (3 mg/kg/day for 7 days), 15-fold (10 mg/kg/day for 7 days), and 31-fold (20 mg/kg/day for 5 days) greater than the IC50 (14 nmol/L) against T. b. rhodesiense STIB900. DB868 cured all infected monkeys, even at the lowest dose tested. In conclusion, oral DB868 cured monkeys with first stage HAT at a cumulative dose 14-fold lower than the maximum tolerated dose and should be considered a lead preclinical candidate in efforts to develop a safe, short course (5–7 days), oral regimen for first stage HAT. PMID:23755309

Fatal Angiostrongylus dujardini infection in callitrichid monkeys and suricates in an Italian zoological garden.

PubMed

Eleni, Claudia; Di Cesare, Angela; Cavicchio, Paolo; Tonnicchia, Maria Cristina; Meoli, Roberta; di Regalbono, Antonio Frangipane; Paoletti, Barbara; Pietrobelli, Mario; De Liberato, Claudio

2016-08-01

This paper reports four fatal cases of metastrongylid nematode Angiostrongylus dujardini infection observed in a Saguinus oedipus and a Callimico goeldii monkey and in two suricates (Suricata suricatta). All animals were kept in captivity in a zoo of central Italy. The two monkeys died with no premonitory signs, while the two-month-old suricates showed malaise, anorexia and tachypnea for a few days prior to death. Cardiomegaly and/or granulomatous pneumonia were the major anatomo-pathological findings. Inflammatory lesions were observed in the liver, heart and kidney of the suricates at histology. A. dujardini diagnosis was confirmed through both morphological identification of adult worms recovered at necropsy and molecular characterization of larvae in tissue samples. Callitrichidae and suricates are active predators and maintain their hunting behaviour in captivity and it is then likely that they were exposed to infection by preying on parasitized gastropods, intermediate hosts of A. dujardini, entering zoo enclosures from the surrounding environment. This is the first report of A. dujardini in Italy and in S. suricatta. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Renal uptake and tolerability of a 2'-O-methoxyethyl modified antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 113715) in monkey.

PubMed

Henry, Scott P; Johnson, Mark; Zanardi, Thomas A; Fey, Robert; Auyeung, Diana; Lappin, Patrick B; Levin, Arthur A

2012-11-15

The primary target organ for uptake of systemically administered phosphorothioate oligonucleotides is the kidney cortex and the proximal tubular epithelium in particular. To determine the effect of oligonucleotide uptake on renal function, a detailed renal physiology study was performed in cynomolgus monkeys treated with 10-40 mg/kg/week ISIS 113715 for 4 weeks. The concentrations of oligonucleotide in the kidney cortex ranged from 1400 to 2600 μg/g. These concentrations were associated with histologic changes in proximal tubular epithelial cells that ranged from the appearance of cytoplasmic basophilic granules to atrophic and degenerative changes at higher concentrations. However, there were no renal functional abnormalities as determined by the typical measurements of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, or urine specific gravity. Nor were there changes in glomerular filtration rate, or renal blood flow. Specific urinary markers of tubular epithelial cell damage, such as N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and α-glutathione-s-transferase were not affected. Tubular function was further evaluated by monitoring the urinary excretion of amino acids, β(2)-microglobulin, or glucose. Renal function was challenged by administering a glucose load and by examining concentrating ability after a 4-h water deprivation. Neither challenge produced any evidence of change in renal function. The only change observed was a low incidence of increased urine protein/creatinine ratio in monkeys treated with ≥40 mg/kg/week which was rapidly reversible. Collectively, these data indicate that ISIS 113715-uptake by the proximal tubular epithelium has little or no effect on renal function at concentrations of 2600 μg/g. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Various heterologous cells exhibit interferon induced transfer of viral resistance.

PubMed

Hughes, T K; Blalock, J E; Baron, S

1978-01-01

Previously it was shown that cocultivation of mouse L and human WISH or baby hamster kidney cells in the presence of mouse interferon resulted in decreased viral yield from both cell species. We now show that this phenomenon also occurs when rabbit kidney and human WISH cells, with their corresponding interferons, are cocultivated with human WISH and baby hamster kidney cells, respectively. This finding increases the number of donor cell types to three. The related finding that monkey VERO and chick embryo cells can be recipients of transferred resistance expands the number of heterologous recipient cell species capable of receiving transferred resistence to five. Not all cell types tested have been shown to function in this transfer system. The fact that VERO cells, which do not produce interferon, are capable of receiving transferred resistence is significant because it indicates that the mechanism of transfer does not involve production or interferon by the recipient cells.

Adaptation of plastic surfaces for tissue culture by glow discharge.

PubMed Central

Amstein, C F; Hartman, P A

1975-01-01

Plastic petri dishes and microtitration plates were electrically charged by a glow discharge unit installed in a vacuum evaporator. Charged and uncharged plates, as well as plates commercially treated for tissue culture, were inoculated with Vero and BHK-21 cell lines; secondary cultures of monkey kidney, chicken lung, canine kidney, and embryonic bovine kidney; and primary chicken embryo fibroblasts and chicken lung cells. All cell cultures grew normally on petri plates charged with the covers open. Growth rate and cell density compared favorably with growth on the commercial tissue culture plates; cell growth was somewhat less dense, however, on plates charged with the covers closed. Charged plates could be sterilized by ultraviolet light and ethylene oxide with no adverse effects on cell growth. Cells inoculated onto plates charged up to 7 months before inoculation grew as well as on freshly charged plates. Images PMID:818106

EFFECTS OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE UPON POLIOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carp, R.I.; Kritchevsky, D.; Koprowski, H.

1960-09-01

The effects of deuterium oxide on the multiplication of CHAT, an attenuated type of poliomyeliths virus, was studied in cells of HeLa and of monkey kidney cells in primary cultures. Yields of virus obtained from deuterated cells were consistently higher than those obtained from controls. The incorporation of deuterium oxide in the growth media resulted in an increase in the average plague size of polio virus. (C.H.)

Tolerance of Vascularized Islet-Kidney Transplants in Rhesus Monkeys

PubMed Central

Pathiraja, Vimukthi; Villani, Vincenzo; Tasaki, Masayuki; Matar, Abraham J.; Duran-Struuck, Raimon; Yamada, Rei; Moran, Shannon G.; Clayman, Eric S.; Hanekamp, John; Shimizu, Akira; Sachs, David H.; Huang, Christene A.; Yamada, Kazuhiko

2016-01-01

We have previously reported that transplantation (Tx) of prevascularized donor islets as composite Islet-Kidneys (IK) reversed diabetic hyperglycemia in both miniature swine and baboons. In order to enhance this strategy's potential clinical applicability, we have now combined this approach with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) Tx in an attempt to induce tolerance in non-human primates. IKs were prepared by isolating islets from 70% partial pancreatectomies and injecting them beneath the autologous renal capsule of five rhesus monkey donors at least 3 months before allogeneic IKTx. HSCTx was performed following mobilization and leukapheresis of the donors, and conditioning of the recipients with total body irradiation, T-cell depletion and cyclosporine. One IK was harvested for histologic analysis and four were transplanted into diabetic recipients. IKTx was performed either 20–22 (n=3) or 208 (n=1) days after HSCTx. All animals accepted IKs without rejection. All recipients required >20 U/day of insulin before IKTx to maintain less than 200mg/dl, whereas after IKTx 3 animals required minimal doses of insulin (1–3 U/day) and one animal was insulin-free. These results constitute a proof-of-principle that this IK tolerance strategy may provide a cure for both end-stage renal disease and diabetes without the need for immunosuppression. PMID:27376692

Relationship of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and proteinuria to cardiomyopathy in the owl monkey (Aotus vociferans)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gozalo, Alfonso S.; Chavera, Alfonso; Montoya, Enrique J.

2008-02-01

The purpose of this study was to determine serum reference values for crea- tine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydroge- nase (LDH) in captive-born and wild-caught owl monkeys to assess their usefulness for diagnosing myocardial disease. Urine samples were also collected and semi-quantitative tests performed. There was no statistically significant difference between CK, AST, and LDH when comparing both groups. However, when comparing monkeys with proteinuria to those without proteinuria, a statistically significant difference in CK value was observed (P = 0.021). In addition, the CK/AST ratio revealed that 29% of the animals included in this study hadmore » values suggesting cardiac infarction. Grossly, cardiac concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and small, pitted kidneys were the most common findings. Microscopically, myocardial fibrosis, contraction band necrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of coronary arteries, medium-sized renal arteries, and afferent glomerular arteriolae were the most significant lesions, along with increased mesangial matrix and hypercellularity of glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule, and peritubular space fibroplasia. These findings suggest that CK, AST, and LDH along with urinalysis provide a reliable method for diagnosing cardiomyopathies in the owl monkey. In addition, CK/AST ratio, proteinuria, and the observed histological and ultrastructural changes suggest that Aotus vociferans suffer from arterial hypertension and chronic myocardial infarction.« less

The effect of α2-δ and other accessory subunits on expression and properties of the calcium channel α1G

PubMed Central

Dolphin, A C; Wyatt, C N; Richards, J; Beattie, R E; Craig, P; Lee, J-H; Cribbs, L L; Volsen, S G; Perez-Reyes, E

1999-01-01

The effect has been examined of the accessory α2-δ and β subunits on the properties of α1G currents expressed in monkey COS-7 cells and Xenopus oocytes. In immunocytochemical experiments, the co-expression of α2-δ increased plasma membrane localization of expressed α1G and conversely, the heterologous expression of α1G increased immunostaining for endogenous α2-δ, suggesting an interaction between the two subunits. Heterologous expression of α2-δ together with α1G in COS-7 cells increased the amplitude of expressed α1G currents by about 2-fold. This finding was confirmed in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. The truncated δ construct did not increase α1G current amplitude, or increase its plasma membrane expression. This indicates that it is the exofacial α2 domain that is involved in the enhancement by α2-δ. β1b also produced an increase of functional expression of α1G, either in the absence or the presence of heterologously expressed α2-δ, whereas the other β subunits had much smaller effects. None of the accessory subunits had any marked influence on the voltage dependence or kinetics of the expressed α1G currents. These results therefore suggest that α2-δ and β1b interact with α1G to increase trafficking of, or stabilize, functional α1G channels expressed at the plasma membrane. PMID:10432337

The Potential and Electric Fields of a Conducting Sphere in the Presence of a Charged Conducting Plane

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

polynomials : Po(cos 8) = 1 , P1(cos 8) = cos 0 P 2(cos 8) = (3 cos 20 - 1)/2 P3 (cos 8) = [(5 cos28 - 3) cos 0]/2 8 and the general relations, p/(-cos...AP DD Form 1473. JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified Foreword Thirty- some years ago Nick...1) and P. (cos 8) , (2) where n = 0, 1, 2, ..., and the Pn(cos 0) are the Legendre polynomials [13]. For convenience, we list the first few Legendre

Prevention of renal scarring from pyelonephritis in nonhuman primates by vaccination with a synthetic Escherichia coli serotype O8 oligosaccharide-protein conjugate.

PubMed Central

Roberts, J A; Kaack, M B; Baskin, G; Svenson, S B

1993-01-01

Rhesus monkeys were vaccinated with a synthetic Escherichia coli serotype O8 oligosaccharide-protein conjugate. Using our experimental pyelonephritis monkey model, we tested whether such immunization was protective against the renal damage from inflammation following experimental infection with a P-fimbriated O-antigenically homologous E. coli strain. The vaccination did not significantly alter the duration of bacteriuria or interfere with the infection. However, the vaccine was efficient in renal protection, as vaccinated animals showed significantly less intratubular infiltration of neutrophils (P < 0.02) and the degree of renal scarring was also significantly less in these animals (P > 0.005) than in the control animals. Total kidney involvement in the vaccinated animals was 16.9%, compared with 32.5% in the control animals (P = 0.07). PMID:8225595

( sup 3 H)-DOB(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine) and ( sup 3 H) ketanserin label two affinity states of the cloned human 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Branchek, T.; Adham, N.; Macchi, M.

1990-11-01

The binding properties of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptor have been the subject of much interest and debate in recent years. The hallucinogenic amphetamine derivative 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOB) has been shown to bind to a small number of binding sites with properties very similar to (3H)ketanserin-labeled 5-HT2 receptors, but with much higher agonist affinities. Some researchers have interpreted this as evidence for the existence of a new subtype of 5-HT2 receptor (termed 5-HT2A), whereas others have interpreted these data as indicative of agonist high affinity and agonist low affinity states for the 5-HT2 receptor. In this investigation, a cDNA clone encoding themore » serotonin 5-HT2 receptor was transiently transfected into monkey kidney Cos-7 cells and stably transfected into mouse fibroblast L-M(TK-) cells. In both systems, expression of this single serotonin receptor cDNA led to the appearance of both (3H)DOB and (3H)ketanserin binding sites with properties that matched their binding characteristics in mammalian brain homogenates. Addition of guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido) triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) to this system caused a rightward shift and steepening of agonist competition curves for (3H) ketanserin binding, converting a two-site binding curve to a single low affinity binding state. Gpp(NH)p addition also caused a 50% decrease in the number of high affinity (3H)DOB binding sites, with no change in the dissociation constant of the remaining high affinity states. These data on a single human 5-HT2 receptor cDNA expressed in two different transfection host cells indicate that (3H)DOB and (3H)ketanserin binding reside on the same gene product, apparently interacting with agonist and antagonist conformations of a single human 5-HT2 receptor protein.« less

Identification of the functional interleukin-22 (IL-22) receptor complex: the IL-10R2 chain (IL-10Rbeta ) is a common chain of both the IL-10 and IL-22 (IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, IL-TIF) receptor complexes.

PubMed

Kotenko, S V; Izotova, L S; Mirochnitchenko, O V; Esterova, E; Dickensheets, H; Donnelly, R P; Pestka, S

2001-01-26

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-related T cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF; provisionally designated IL-22) is a cytokine with limited homology to IL-10. We report here the identification of a functional IL-TIF receptor complex that consists of two receptor chains, the orphan CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, the second chain of the IL-10 receptor complex. Expression of the CRF2-9 chain in monkey COS cells renders them sensitive to IL-TIF. However, in hamster cells both chains, CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, must be expressed to assemble the functional IL-TIF receptor complex. The CRF2-9 chain (or the IL-TIF-R1 chain) is responsible for Stat recruitment. Substitution of the CRF2-9 intracellular domain with the IFN-gammaR1 intracellular domain changes the pattern of IL-TIF-induced Stat activation. The CRF2-9 gene is expressed in normal liver and kidney, suggesting a possible role for IL-TIF in regulating gene expression in these tissues. Each chain, CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, is capable of binding IL-TIF independently and can be cross-linked to the radiolabeled IL-TIF. However, binding of IL-TIF to the receptor complex is greater than binding to either receptor chain alone. Sharing of the common IL-10R2 chain between the IL-10 and IL-TIF receptor complexes is the first such case for receptor complexes with chains belonging to the class II cytokine receptor family, establishing a novel paradigm for IL-10-related ligands similar to the shared use of the gamma common chain (gamma(c)) by several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.

Cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in BSO-exposed renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: sex, age, and species.

PubMed

Lu, Yongke; Kawashima, Akira; Horii, Ikuo; Zhong, Laifu

2005-01-01

Cisplatin (CP)-induced kidney damage and effects of DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) on it are species- and age-different. It remains unclear whether CP-induced cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC), the main target cells of CP, is also species- and age-different; and whether CP-induced cytotoxicity varies with the difference in age and species, if any, is one of the questions. In the present study, the effects of BSO on CP-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of RTEC isolated from monkeys and different age and sex rats were studied. The RTEC were isolated from 3-week-old, 2-month-old, or 5-month-old rats, and 6-8 year-old monkeys. After subculturing, RTEC was inoculated into type I collagen-coated 96-well culture plates; after preincubation, 40 microM BSO was added, 16 hours later, varying concentrations of CP were added. At that time, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to test cell viability. The concentrations of CP that inhibited 50% cell growth (IC50) of RTEC from rats and monkeys were 1.11 and 3.03 mM at 8 hours, and 0.51 and 1.24 mM at 24 hours, respectively. The BSO made the IC50s of RTEC from rats and monkeys lower, down to 0.07 and 0.48 mM at 8 hours, and 0.02 and 0.11 mM at 24 hours, respectively. The IC50s of RTEC from different sex and age rats were almost same. These results suggested that CP-induced cytotoxicity was concentration- and time-dependent, with species-dependent differences, rat RTEC were more susceptible to CP than monkey RTEC, rat RTEC were more dependent on glutathione (GSH) during the stress state were than monkey cells; CP-induced cytotoxicity was without sex- and age-dependent differences in rat RTEC.

Traditional Chinese medicine etiology and pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Chinese rhesus macaques.

PubMed

Li, Maoqing; Fu, Linchun; Hu, Yinjie; Zhang, Miaomiao; He, Jinyang; Chen, Zhixi; Chen, Jinyan

2012-12-01

To investigate the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) etiology and pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by 18-month observation of Chinese rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac239. Thirty-five healthy Chinese rhesus macaques were divided into a model group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 5). The model was established by inoculating monkeys intravenously with SIVmac239. Changes in TCM symptoms after SIV infection within 18 months were then observed and recorded. Routine blood tests, SIV viral load, T-lymphocyte subsets, plasma triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (Cor) were tested periodically during the experiment. During the acute infection period of SIV, model monkeys temporarily showed clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, dysphoria and slight weight loss. Decrease percentages of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were observed but levels of T3, T4, Cor, and ACTH were relatively unchanged. Monkeys in the model group during the early and middle periods of infection showed no obvious symptoms, except few monkeys exhibited transient diarrhea and reduced food intake. All variables at this stage showed normal fluctuations. In the middle period model group monkeys showed chronic and persistent diarrhea, weight loss, reduced food intake and low levels of T3 and Cor. In the late period, symptoms including emaciation, weight loss, listlessness, crouching in corners and low levels of T3 appeared. The results suggest that the rhesus monkey SIV/SAIDS model can be applied to research on TCM etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS. According to this model, the etiology of disease is the SIV virus. The pathogenesis manifests as the invasion of SIV virus, incubation of the virus, balance between virus and healthy "Qi", damage to spleen and kidney as the disease progressed, exhaustion of vitality and finally the failure of five zang and six fu organs.

Core Outcome Set–STAndards for Reporting: The COS-STAR Statement

PubMed Central

Kirkham, Jamie J.; Gorst, Sarah; Altman, Douglas G.; Blazeby, Jane M.; Clarke, Mike; Devane, Declan; Moher, David; Schmitt, Jochen; Tugwell, Peter; Tunis, Sean; Williamson, Paula R.

2016-01-01

Background Core outcome sets (COS) can enhance the relevance of research by ensuring that outcomes of importance to health service users and other people making choices about health care in a particular topic area are measured routinely. Over 200 COS to date have been developed, but the clarity of these reports is suboptimal. COS studies will not achieve their goal if reports of COS are not complete and transparent. Methods and Findings In recognition of these issues, an international group that included experienced COS developers, methodologists, journal editors, potential users of COS (clinical trialists, systematic reviewers, and clinical guideline developers), and patient representatives developed the Core Outcome Set–STAndards for Reporting (COS-STAR) Statement as a reporting guideline for COS studies. The developmental process consisted of an initial reporting item generation stage and a two-round Delphi survey involving nearly 200 participants representing key stakeholder groups, followed by a consensus meeting. The COS-STAR Statement consists of a checklist of 18 items considered essential for transparent and complete reporting in all COS studies. The checklist items focus on the introduction, methods, results, and discussion section of a manuscript describing the development of a particular COS. A limitation of the COS-STAR Statement is that it was developed without representative views of low- and middle-income countries. COS have equal relevance to studies conducted in these areas, and, subsequently, this guideline may need to evolve over time to encompass any additional challenges from developing COS in these areas. Conclusions With many ongoing COS studies underway, the COS-STAR Statement should be a helpful resource to improve the reporting of COS studies for the benefit of all COS users. PMID:27755541

C-type lectins do not act as functional receptors for filovirus entry into cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matsuno, Keita; Nakayama, Eri; Noyori, Osamu

2010-12-03

Research highlights: {yields} Filovirus glycoprotein (GP) having a deficient receptor binding region were generated. {yields} Mutant GPs mediated virus entry less efficiently than wild-type GP. {yields} Mutant GPs bound to C-type lectins but not mediated entire steps of cellular entry. {yields} C-type lectins do not independently mediate filovirus entry into cells. {yields} Other molecule(s) are required for C-type lectin-mediated entry of filoviruses. -- Abstract: Cellular C-type lectins have been reported to facilitate filovirus infection by binding to glycans on filovirus glycoprotein (GP). However, it is not clearly known whether interaction between C-type lectins and GP mediates all the steps ofmore » virus entry (i.e., attachment, internalization, and membrane fusion). In this study, we generated vesicular stomatitis viruses pseudotyped with mutant GPs that have impaired structures of the putative receptor binding regions and thus reduced ability to infect the monkey kidney cells that are routinely used for virus propagation. We found that infectivities of viruses with the mutant GPs dropped in C-type lectin-expressing cells, parallel with those in the monkey kidney cells, whereas binding activities of these GPs to the C-type lectins were not correlated with the reduced infectivities. These results suggest that C-type lectin-mediated entry of filoviruses requires other cellular molecule(s) that may be involved in virion internalization or membrane fusion.« less

COS Target Acquisition Guidelines, Recommendations, and Interpretation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keyes, Charles (Tony) D.; Penton, Steven V.

2010-06-01

Based upon analysis of SMOV and Cycle 17 observations through April 2010, this ISR expands, updates, and supersedes recommendations and information provided about target acquisitions (TA) in the COS Instrument Handbook version 2. This ISR provides an overview of COS TA, presents general guidelines and recommendations for crafting COS TAs, establishes COS TA centering accuracy requirements to achieve COS photometric, velocity, and resolution objectives, and summarizes the performance of the COS on-board TA modes as compared to these centering requirements. Updated TA strategy recommendations are given where appropriate, a user-oriented table lists where to find important quantities for the analysis and interpretation of COS TAs, and a brief appendix with additional supporting information is included. An overview of COS TA strategies is provided in Section 2 and Table 1; important updates to ACQ/SEARCH requirements and SEARCH-SIZE recommendations as a function of target coordinate accuracy are given in Tables 2 and 3; COS TA performance by mode is described in Section 5; important header keywords that are useful for evaluating the quality of COS TAs are listed in Table 5 along with where to find them; Table 6 gives a summary of COS TA modes, options, and recommended values; Section 7 summarizes updated recommendations and guidelines for COS TA; and Appendix A provides additional useful COS TA information.

Estimating the contribution of bryophytes to the atmospheric COS budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gimeno, Teresa; Ogee, Jerome; Wingate, Lisa

2017-04-01

In the past decade, global biogeochemical modellers have embraced enthusiastically the potential of carbonyl sulphide (COS) as a tracer for gross primary productivity (GPP). COS is the most abundant sulphur-containing gas in the atmosphere, it is produced mainly in the ocean and it is consumed by the biosphere, with terrestrial vegetation being the most important contributor. Plant COS uptake is proportional to photosynthetic CO2 withdraw and that is why measurements of the biosphere-atmosphere COS flux can serve a proxy for GPP. Plant COS uptake is mediated by the light-independent enzyme carbonic anhydrase that irreversibly hydrolyses COS into H2S, which is quickly utilised as a sulphur source. Currently, there are no described plant-processes with COS as a by-product and hence the atmospheric-plant COS flux is assumed unidirectional. So far, we had focused on characterizing plant COS uptake dynamics on vascular plants and previous studies are consistent with the unidirectional flux assumption. However, although early works on sulphur metabolism suggested non-vascular plants might not abide to this assumption, we lack estimates of COS uptake dynamics for non-vascular communities. Bryophytes are key constituents of biocrusts and non-vascular photoautrophic communities and in temperate and cold latitudes contribute significantly to ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling. We expect that in these ecosystems the coupling between COS and CO2 uptake will be influenced by specific environmental cues that control gas-exchange in bryophytes. We expect tissue hydration to be the most influential driver on COS uptake. In contrast, light would constrain CO2 but not COS uptake and therefore we expect greater uncoupling of COS and CO2 in the dark than in vascular plants. We characterized COS and CO2 uptake dynamics in two broadly distributed bryophytes, with contrasting life forms and evolutionary origins: the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the feather moss Scleropodium purum. We measured CO2 and COS uptake with varying hydration status, light and temperatures. Our results showed that COS uptake is limited by either excess or low tissue water content, similar to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. We found that COS uptake continued in the dark, despite impaired photosynthesis. We demonstrate that the COS flux in bryophytes is not unidirectional and that COS emissions are temperature and not light driven. Our results also suggest that both the uptake and the emission components are subject to seasonal regulation, with both uptakes limited in winter by low temperatures. Our results serve as a first approximation to model seasonal COS fluxes from air temperature and humidity in bryophyte-dominated ecosystems in high latitudes. We suggest that bryophytes might have an unexpected contribution to the ecosystem COS budget: during the day, when photosynthesis dominates the CO2 flux, COS emission are enhanced by warmer temperatures, while COS uptake is limited by tissue hydration and bryophytes act a net COS source; at night when the temperatures are cool and humidity is high, COS uptake dominates and bryophytes would act a net COS sink, while continuing to emit CO2 from respiration.

Bryophyte gas-exchange dynamics along varying hydration status reveal a significant carbonyl sulphide (COS) sink in the dark and COS source in the light.

PubMed

Gimeno, Teresa E; Ogée, Jérôme; Royles, Jessica; Gibon, Yves; West, Jason B; Burlett, Régis; Jones, Sam P; Sauze, Joana; Wohl, Steven; Benard, Camille; Genty, Bernard; Wingate, Lisa

2017-08-01

Carbonyl sulphide (COS) is a potential tracer of gross primary productivity (GPP), assuming a unidirectional COS flux into the vegetation that scales with GPP. However, carbonic anhydrase (CA), the enzyme that hydrolyses COS, is expected to be light independent, and thus plants without stomata should continue to take up COS in the dark. We measured net CO 2 (A C ) and COS (A S ) uptake rates from two astomatous bryophytes at different relative water contents (RWCs), COS concentrations, temperatures and light intensities. We found large A S in the dark, indicating that CA activity continues without photosynthesis. More surprisingly, we found a nonzero COS compensation point in light and dark conditions, indicating a temperature-driven COS source with a Q 10 (fractional change for a 10°C temperature increase) of 3.7. This resulted in greater A S in the dark than in the light at similar RWC. The processes underlying such COS emissions remain unknown. Our results suggest that ecosystems dominated by bryophytes might be strong atmospheric sinks of COS at night and weaker sinks or even sources of COS during daytime. Biotic COS production in bryophytes could result from symbiotic fungal and bacterial partners that could also be found on vascular plants. © 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.

Overcoming uncertainty with carbonyl sulfide-based GPP estimates: observing and modeling soil COS fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whelan, M.; Hilton, T. W.; Berry, J. A.; Berkelhammer, M. B.; Desai, A. R.; Rastogi, B.; Campbell, J. E.

2015-12-01

Significant carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange by soils limits the applicability of net ecosystem COS flux observations as a proxy for stomatal trace gas exchange. High frequency measurements of COS over urban and natural ecosystems offer a potential window into processes regulating the carbon and water cycle: photosynthetic carbon uptake and stomatal conductance. COS diffuses through plant stomata and is irreversibly consumed by enzymes involved in photosynthesis. In certain environments, the magnitude of soil COS fluxes may constitute one-quarter of COS uptake by plants. Here we present a way of anticipating conditions when anomalously large soil COS fluxes are likely to occur and be taken into account. Previous studies have pointed to either a tendency for soil uptake of COS from the atmosphere with a soil moisture optimum, or exponential COS production coincident with temperature. Data from field and laboratory studies were used to deconvolve the two processes. CO2 and COS fluxes were observed from forest, desert, grassland, and agricultural soils under a range of temperature and soil moisture conditions. We demonstrate how to estimate temperature and soil moisture impacts on COS soil production based on our cross-site incubations. By building a model of soil COS exchange that combines production and consumption terms, we offer a framework for interpreting the two disparate conclusions about soil COS exchange in previous studies. Such a construction should be used in ecosystem and continental scale modeling of COS fluxes to anticipate where the influence of soil COS exchange needs to be accounted for, resulting in greater utility of carbonyl sulfide as a tracer of plant physiological processes.

Transcriptional regulation of human retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR-{alpha}) by Wilms` tumour gene product

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goodyer, P.R.; Torban, E.; Dehbi, M.

1994-09-01

The Wilms` tumor gene encodes a 47-49 kDa transcription factor expressed in kidney, gonads and mesothelium during embryogenesis. Inherited mutations of WT1 lead to aberrant urogenital development and Wilms` tumor, but the role of WT1 in development is not fully understood. Since the human RAR-{alpha} gene contains a potential WT1 binding site at its 5{prime} end, we studied the effect of WT1 co-transfection on expression of an RAR-{alpha} promoter/CAT reporter construct in COS cells. COS cells were plated at 5X10{sup 5} cells/dish in DMEM with 10% FBS and transfected by the Ca/PO4 method with an expression plasmid containing the full-lengthmore » WT1 (-/-) cDNA under the control of the CMV promoter, plasmid containing the RAR-{alpha} promoter (-519 to +36)/CAT reporter and TK/growth hormone plasmid to control for efficiency of transfection. CAT/GH activity at 48 hours was inhibited by co-transfection with increasing amounts of WT1 (-/-); maximum inhibition = 5% of control. WT1 co-transfection did not affect expression of TKGH, nor of a CMV-CAT vector. Expression of WT1 protein in tranfected COS cells was demonstrated by Western blotting. Minimal inhibiton of RAR-{alpha}/CAT activity was seen when cells were co-transfected with vectors containing WT1 deletion mutants, alternate WT1 splicing variants, or WT1 (-/-) cDNA bearing a mutation identified in a patient with Drash syndrome. Gel shift assays indicated binding of WT1 to RAR-{alpha} cDNA but not to an RAR-{alpha} deletion mutant lacking the GCGGGGGGCG site. These observations suggest that WT1 may function to regulate RAR-{alpha} expression during normal development.« less

Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Development: The COS-STAD recommendations.

PubMed

Kirkham, Jamie J; Davis, Katherine; Altman, Douglas G; Blazeby, Jane M; Clarke, Mike; Tunis, Sean; Williamson, Paula R

2017-11-01

The use of core outcome sets (COS) ensures that researchers measure and report those outcomes that are most likely to be relevant to users of their research. Several hundred COS projects have been systematically identified to date, but there has been no formal quality assessment of these studies. The Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Development (COS-STAD) project aimed to identify minimum standards for the design of a COS study agreed upon by an international group, while other specific guidance exists for the final reporting of COS development studies (Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Reporting [COS-STAR]). An international group of experienced COS developers, methodologists, journal editors, potential users of COS (clinical trialists, systematic reviewers, and clinical guideline developers), and patient representatives produced the COS-STAD recommendations to help improve the quality of COS development and support the assessment of whether a COS had been developed using a reasonable approach. An open survey of experts generated an initial list of items, which was refined by a 2-round Delphi survey involving nearly 250 participants representing key stakeholder groups. Participants assigned importance ratings for each item using a 1-9 scale. Consensus that an item should be included in the set of minimum standards was defined as at least 70% of the voting participants from each stakeholder group providing a score between 7 and 9. The Delphi survey was followed by a consensus discussion with the study management group representing multiple stakeholder groups. COS-STAD contains 11 minimum standards that are the minimum design recommendations for all COS development projects. The recommendations focus on 3 key domains: the scope, the stakeholders, and the consensus process. The COS-STAD project has established 11 minimum standards to be followed by COS developers when planning their projects and by users when deciding whether a COS has been developed using reasonable methods.

Soil fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in a boreal forest in southern Finland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Wu; Kooijmans, Linda M. J.; Maseyk, Kadmiel; Chen, Huilin; Mammarella, Ivan; Vesala, Timo; Levula, Janne; Keskinen, Helmi; Seibt, Ulli

2018-02-01

Soil is a major contributor to the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon monoxide (CO). COS is a tracer with which to quantify terrestrial photosynthesis based on the coupled leaf uptake of COS and CO2, but such use requires separating soil COS flux, which is unrelated to photosynthesis, from ecosystem COS uptake. For CO, soil is a significant natural sink that influences the tropospheric CO budget. In the boreal forest, magnitudes and variabilities of soil COS and CO fluxes remain poorly understood. We measured hourly soil fluxes of COS, CO, and CO2 over the 2015 late growing season (July to November) in a Scots pine forest in Hyytiälä, Finland. The soil acted as a net sink of COS and CO, with average uptake rates around 3 pmol m-2 s-1 for COS and 1 nmol m-2 s-1 for CO. Soil respiration showed seasonal dynamics controlled by soil temperature, peaking at around 4 µmol m-2 s-1 in late August and September and dropping to 1-2 µmol m-2 s-1 in October. In contrast, seasonal variations of COS and CO fluxes were weak and mainly driven by soil moisture changes through diffusion limitation. COS and CO fluxes did not appear to respond to temperature variation, although they both correlated well with soil respiration in specific temperature bins. However, COS : CO2 and CO : CO2 flux ratios increased with temperature, suggesting possible shifts in active COS- and CO-consuming microbial groups. Our results show that soil COS and CO fluxes do not have strong variations over the late growing season in this boreal forest and can be represented with the fluxes during the photosynthetically most active period. Well-characterized and relatively invariant soil COS fluxes strengthen the case for using COS as a photosynthetic tracer in boreal forests.

Job preferences among clinical officers in public sector facilities in rural Kenya: a discrete choice experiment.

PubMed

Takemura, Toshio; Kielmann, Karina; Blaauw, Duane

2016-01-08

Clinical officers (COs), a mid-level cadre of health worker, are the backbone of healthcare provision in rural Kenya. However, the vacancy rate for COs in rural primary healthcare facilities is high. Little is known about factors motivating COs' preferences for rural postings. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) questionnaire was used with 57 COs at public health facilities in nine districts of Nyanza Province, Kenya. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of formative qualitative interviews with COs (n = 5) and examined how five selected job attributes influenced COs' preferences for working in rural areas. Conditional logit models were employed to examine the relative importance of different job attributes. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed five important job attributes influencing COs' preferences: quality of the facility, educational opportunities, housing, monthly salary and promotion. Analysis of the DCE indicated that a 1-year guaranteed study leave after 3 years of service would have the greatest impact on retention, followed by good quality health facility infrastructure and equipment and a 30% salary increase. Sub-group analysis shows that younger COs demonstrated a significantly stronger preference for study leave than older COs. Female COs placed significantly higher value on promotion than male COs. Although both financial incentives and non-financial incentives were effective in motivating COs to stay in post, the study leave intervention was shown to have the strongest impact on COs' retention in our study. Further research is required to examine appropriate interventions at each career stage that might boost COs' professional identity and status but without leading to larger deficits in the availability of generalist COs.

Holographic Interferometry of Oil Films and Droplets in Water with a Single-Beam Mirror-Type Scheme

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

A simple scheme of holographic interferometry is shown in Fig. 1. A beam from an He-Ne laser (wave- length 0.632/ym), expanded by a lens (F-5cm...1 March 2011 r\\i rii cos 9 - ra2cos9f fii cos 9 + n2cos9, 2nj cos 9 t\\2 = 1 + r\\2 nx cos 9 + n2cos9, (3) Here 9r is the transmission angle ...which is related to the incidence angle by cos 9, — .11 - I tii sin9\\2 n% It follows from Eq. (3) that, for n2 > «i (as in our case of the air

CD105+-mesenchymal stem cells migrate into osteoarthritis joint: An animal model.

PubMed

Fernandez-Pernas, Pablo; Rodríguez-Lesende, Iván; de la Fuente, Alexandre; Mateos, Jesús; Fuentes, Isaac; De Toro, Javier; Blanco, Fco J; Arufe, M C

2017-01-01

Mesenchymal stem cells are being the focus of connective tissue technology and regenerative medicine, presenting a good choice cell source for improving old and well recognized techniques of cartilage defect repair. For instance, the autologous chondrocyte transplantation using new concepts of regenerative medicine. The present study investigated the risk of xenogenicity of human synovial membrane-derived MSCs, injected into the monkeys using intravenous and intra-articular administration. The animal models used were adult monkeys Rhesus which had been injured into the left knee to create an Osteoarthritis (OA) animal model. CD105+-MSCs were injected twice into the OA monkeys with an interval of one week between them. The animals were euthanized one month after treatment. Immunohistochemistry analysis of different organs: spleen, heart, fat, liver, gut, pancreas, lung, skeletal muscle and kidney from the animals revealed that CD105+-MSCs migrated towards the injured knee joint. MSCs naive were found statistically significant increased in the injured knee in front of healthy one. CD105+-MSCs were negatives for CD68 and the area where CD105+-MSCs were found presented SDF-1 increased levels in front of healthy knee. We concluded that a characterized MSCs subset could be a safe alternative for cell therapy in clearly localized pathologies.

CD105+-mesenchymal stem cells migrate into osteoarthritis joint: An animal model

PubMed Central

Fernandez-Pernas, Pablo; Rodríguez-Lesende, Iván; de la Fuente, Alexandre; Mateos, Jesús; Fuentes, Isaac; De Toro, Javier; Blanco, Fco J.

2017-01-01

Mesenchymal stem cells are being the focus of connective tissue technology and regenerative medicine, presenting a good choice cell source for improving old and well recognized techniques of cartilage defect repair. For instance, the autologous chondrocyte transplantation using new concepts of regenerative medicine. The present study investigated the risk of xenogenicity of human synovial membrane-derived MSCs, injected into the monkeys using intravenous and intra-articular administration. The animal models used were adult monkeys Rhesus which had been injured into the left knee to create an Osteoarthritis (OA) animal model. CD105+-MSCs were injected twice into the OA monkeys with an interval of one week between them. The animals were euthanized one month after treatment. Immunohistochemistry analysis of different organs: spleen, heart, fat, liver, gut, pancreas, lung, skeletal muscle and kidney from the animals revealed that CD105+-MSCs migrated towards the injured knee joint. MSCs naive were found statistically significant increased in the injured knee in front of healthy one. CD105+-MSCs were negatives for CD68 and the area where CD105+-MSCs were found presented SDF-1 increased levels in front of healthy knee. We concluded that a characterized MSCs subset could be a safe alternative for cell therapy in clearly localized pathologies. PMID:29190645

Cashew Nut Positioning during Stone Tool Use by Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus).

PubMed

Falótico, Tiago; Luncz, Lydia V; Svensson, Magdalena S; Haslam, Michael

2016-01-01

Wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil, regularly use stone tools to break open cashew nuts (Anacardium spp.). Here we examine 2 approaches used by the capuchins to position the kidney-shaped cashew nuts on an anvil before striking with a stone tool. Lateral positioning involves placing the nut on its flatter, more stable side, therefore requiring less attention from the monkey during placement. However, the less stable and never previously described arched position, in which the nut is balanced with its curved side uppermost, requires less force to crack the outer shell. We observed cashew nut cracking in a field experimental setting. Only 6 of 20 adults, of both sexes, were observed to deliberately place cashew nuts in an arched position, which may indicate that the technique requires time and experience to learn. We also found that use of the arched position with dry nuts, but not fresh, required, in 63% of the time, an initial processing to remove one of the cashew nut lobes, creating a more stable base for the arch. This relatively rare behaviour appears to have a complex ontogeny, but further studies are required to establish the extent to which social learning is involved. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a tracer for canopy photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance: potential and limitations

PubMed Central

Wohlfahrt, Georg; Brilli, Federico; Hörtnagl, Lukas; Xu, Xiaobin; Bingemer, Heinz; Hansel, Armin; Loreto, Francesco

2012-01-01

The theoretical basis for the link between the leaf exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O) and the assumptions that need to be made in order to use COS as a tracer for canopy net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, are reviewed. The ratios of COS to CO2 and H2O deposition velocities used to this end are shown to vary with the ratio of the internal to ambient CO2 and H2O mole fractions and the relative limitations by boundary layer, stomatal and internal conductance for COS. It is suggested that these deposition velocity ratios exhibit considerable variability, a finding that challenges current parameterizations, which treat these as vegetation-specific constants. COS is shown to represent a better tracer for CO2 than H2O. Using COS as a tracer for stomatal conductance is hampered by our present poor understanding of the leaf internal conductance to COS. Estimating canopy level CO2 and H2O fluxes requires disentangling leaf COS exchange from other ecosystem sources/sinks of COS. We conclude that future priorities for COS research should be to improve the quantitative understanding of the variability in the ratios of COS to CO2 and H2O deposition velocities and the controlling factors, and to develop operational methods for disentangling ecosystem COS exchange into contributions by leaves and other sources/sinks. To this end, integrated studies, which concurrently quantify the ecosystem-scale CO2, H2O and COS exchange and the corresponding component fluxes, are urgently needed. We investigate the potential of carbonyl sulfide (COS) for being used as a tracer for canopy net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance by examining the theoretical basis of the link between leaf COS, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O) exchange. Our analysis identifies several limitations that need to be overcome to this end, however at present we lack appropriate ecosystem-scale field measurements for assessing their practical significance. It however appears that COS represents a better tracer for CO2 than H2O. Concurrent measurements of ecosystem scale COS, CO2 and H2O exchange are advocated. PMID:22017586

Variability of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide at a semi-arid urban site in western India.

PubMed

Mallik, Chinmay; Chandra, Naveen; Venkataramani, S; Lal, Shyam

2016-05-01

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a major precursor for sulfate aerosols that play a critical role in climate regulation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of COS measurements as a reliable means to constrain biospheric carbon assimilation. In a scenario of limited availability of COS data around the globe, we present gas-chromatographic measurements of atmospheric COS mixing ratios over Ahmedabad, a semi-arid, urban region in western India. These measurements, being reported for the first time over an Indian site, enable us to understand the diurnal and seasonal variation in atmospheric COS with respect to its natural, anthropogenic and photochemical sources and sinks. The annual mean COS mixing ratio over Ahmedabad is found to be 0.83±0.43ppbv, which is substantially higher than free tropospheric values for the northern hemisphere. Inverse correlation of COS with soil and skin temperature, suggests that the dry soil of the semi-arid study region is a potential sink for atmospheric COS. Positive correlations of COS with NO2 and CO during post-monsoon and the COS/CO slope of 0.78pptv/ppbv reveals influence of diesel combustion and tire wear. The highest concentrations of COS are observed during pre-monsoon; COS/CO2 slope of 44.75pptv/ppmv combined with information from air mass back-trajectories reveal marshy wetlands spanning over 7500km(2) as an important source of COS in Ahmedabad. COS/CO2 slopes decrease drastically (8.28pptv/ppmv) during post-monsoon due to combined impact of biospheric uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improved chemically defined basal medium (CMRL-1969) for primary monkey kidney and human diploid cells.

PubMed

Healy, G M; Teleki, S; von Seefried, A; Walton, M J; Macmorine, H G

1971-01-01

An improved tissue culture basal medium, CMRL-1969, supplemented with serum, has been evaluated by measuring the growth responses of primary cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells (PMKC) and of an established culture of a human diploid cell strain (HDCS). Medium H597, an early modification of medium 199 which has been used successfully in the preparation of poliomyelitis vaccine for 15 years, was used for comparison. In addition, parallel testing was done with Basal Medium Eagle (BME) widely used for the growth of HDCS. The improvements in basal medium CMRL-1969 are attributed to changes in amino acid concentrations, in vitamin composition, and, in particular, to enhanced buffering capacity. The latter has been achieved by the use of free-base amino acids and by increasing the dibasic sodium phosphate. The new medium has already been used to advantage for the production of polioviruses in PMKC where equivalent titers were obtained from cultures initiated with 70% of the number of cells required with earlier media. The population-doubling time was reduced in this system. Also, with small inocula of HDCS, the time required to obtain maximum cell yield was shorter with CMRL-1969 than with BME. Both media were supplemented with 10% calf serum. Maximum cell yields after repeated subcultivation in the new basal medium were greatly increased and the stability of the strain, as shown by chromosomal analysis, was not affected. Basal medium CMRL-1969 can be prepared easily in liquid or powdered form.

Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates the stimulating activities of chitosan oligosaccharide on macrophages.

PubMed

Zhang, Pei; Liu, Weizhi; Peng, Yanfei; Han, Baoqin; Yang, Yan

2014-11-01

The in vivo and in vitro immunostimulating properties of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan and the mechanisms mediating the effects were investigated. Our data showed that the highly active chitosanase isolated could hydrolyze chitosan to the polymerization degree of 3-8. The resulting COS was an efficient immunostimulator. COS markedly enhanced the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by macrophages was significantly increased after incubation with COS. Oral administration of COS in mice could increase spleen index and serum immunoglobin G (IgG) contents. COS was labeled with FITC to study the pinocytosis by macrophages. Results showed that FITC-COS was phagocyted by macrophages and anti-murine TLR4 antibody completely blocked FITC-COS pinocytosis. RT-PCR indicated that COS treatment of macrophages significantly increased TLR4 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels. When cells were pretreated with anti-murine TLR4 antibody, the effect of COS on TLR4 and iNOS mRNA induction was decreased. COS-induced NO secretion by macrophages was also markedly decreased by anti-murine TLR4 antibody pretreatment. In conclusion, the present study revealed that COS possesses potent immune-stimulating properties by activating TLR4 on macrophages. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new mechanistic framework to predict OCS fluxes in soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sauze, Joana; Ogee, Jérôme; Launois, Thomas; Kesselmeier, Jürgen; Van Diest, Heidi; Wingate, Lisa

2015-04-01

A better description of the amplitude of photosynthetic and respiratory gross CO2 fluxes at large scales is needed to improve our predictions of the current and future global CO2 cycle. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most abundant sulphur gas in the atmosphere and has been proposed as a new tracer of gross photosynthesis, as the uptake of COS from the atmosphere is dominated by the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme abundant in leaves that also catalyses CO2 hydration during photosynthesis. However, soils also exchange COS with the atmosphere and there is growing evidence that this flux must also be accounted for in atmospheric budgets. In this context a new mechanistic description of soil-atmosphere COS exchange is clearly needed. Soils can take up COS from the atmosphere as the soil biota also contain CA, and COS emissions from soils have also been reported in agricultural fields or anoxic soils. Previous studies have also shown that soil COS fluxes present an optimum soil water content and soil temperature. Here we propose a new mechanistic framework to predict the fluxes of COS between the soils and the atmosphere. We describe the COS soil budget by a first-order reaction-diffusion-production equation, assuming that the hydrolysis of COS by CA is total and irreversible. To describe COS diffusion through the soil matrix, we use different formulations of soil air-filled pore space and temperature, depending on the turbulence level above the soil surface. Using this model we are able to explain the observed presence of an optimum temperature for soil COS uptake and show how this optimum can shift to cooler temperatures in the presence of soil COS emissions. Our model can also explain the observed optimum with soil moisture content previously described in the literature (e.g. Van Diest & Kesselmeier, 2008) as a result of diffusional constraints on COS hydrolysis. These diffusional constraints are also responsible for the response of COS uptake to soil weight and depth observed by Kesselmeier et al. (1999). In order to simulate the exact COS uptake rates and patterns observed on several soils collected from a range of biomes (Van Diest & Kesselmeier, 2008) different CA activities had to be evoked in each soil type, coherent with the expected soil microbial population size and diversity. A better description of the drivers governing soil CA activity and COS emissions from soils is needed before incorporating our new mechanistic model of soil-atmosphere COS uptake in large-scale ecosystem models and COS atmospheric budgets.

GROMOS polarizable charge-on-spring models for liquid urea: COS/U and COS/U2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Zhixiong; Bachmann, Stephan J.; van Gunsteren, Wilfred F.

2015-03-01

Two one-site polarizable urea models, COS/U and COS/U2, based on the charge-on-spring model are proposed. The models are parametrized against thermodynamic properties of urea-water mixtures in combination with the polarizable COS/G2 and COS/D2 models for liquid water, respectively, and have the same functional form of the inter-atomic interaction function and are based on the same parameter calibration procedure and type of experimental data as used to develop the GROMOS biomolecular force field. Thermodynamic, dielectric, and dynamic properties of urea-water mixtures simulated using the polarizable models are closer to experimental data than using the non-polarizable models. The COS/U and COS/U2 models may be used in biomolecular simulations of protein denaturation.

A Top-Down Performance Analysis of a Pegasus-Based Space Strike System

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

284): AP 1 O. coCO 4., cos 2 =~ +I Q ( QbO - 2) cos2 Cbo 28 This equation is useful for determining free-flight range for any set of burnout con...it may therefore be expressed in the manner given by Eq (26): cot1 - Qbo cos 2 Obo2 Qbo cos ¢ bo1 - cos2 kbo (27) Since \\/f1-cos7 Obo = sin Obo and...in general, cos a sin a = 1/2 x sin 2a, then Eq (27) can be further simplified to ’’ 2 cot - = 2csc20b, - cot Obo (28) 2 Qbo Rearranging tcrms results

Degradation and emission of carbonyl sulfide, an atmospheric trace gas, by fungi isolated from forest soil.

PubMed

Masaki, Yoshihito; Ozawa, Rie; Kageyama, Kei; Katayama, Yoko

2016-09-01

Soil is thought to be important both as a source and a sink of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in the troposphere, but the mechanism affecting COS uptake, especially for fungi, remains uncertain. Fungal isolates that were collected randomly from forest soil showed COS-degrading ability at high frequencies: 38 out of 43 isolates grown on potato dextrose agar showed degradation of 30 ppmv COS within 24 h. Of these isolates, eight degraded 30 ppmv of COS to below the detection limit within 2 h. These isolates also showed an ability to degrade COS included in ambient air (around 500 pptv) and highly concentrated (12 500 ppmv) level, even though the latter is higher than the lethal level for mammals. COS-degrading activity was estimated by using ergosterol as a biomass index for fungi. Trichoderma sp. THIF08 had the highest COS-degrading activity of all the isolates. Interestingly, Umbelopsis/Mortierella spp. THIF09 and THIF13 were unable to degrade 30 ppmv COS within 24 h, and actually emitted COS during the cultivation in ambient air. These results indicate a fungal contribution to the flux of COS between the terrestrial and atmospheric environments. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Carbonyl sulfide removal with compost and wood chip biofilters, and in the presence of hydrogen sulfide.

PubMed

Sattler, Melanie L; Garrepalli, Divya R; Nawal, Chandraprakash S

2009-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an odor-causing compound and hazardous air pollutant emitted frequently from wastewater treatment facilities and chemical and primary metals industries. This study examined the effectiveness of biofiltration in removing COS. Specific objectives were to compare COS removal efficiency for various biofilter media; to determine whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is frequently produced along with COS under anaerobic conditions, adversely impacts COS removal; and to determine the maximum elimination capacity of COS for use in biofilter design. Three laboratory-scale polyvinyl chloride biofilter columns were filled with up to 28 in. of biofilter media (aged compost, fresh compost, wood chips, or a compost/wood chip mixture). Inlet COS ranged from 5 to 46 parts per million (ppm) (0.10-9.0 g/m3 hr). Compost and the compost/wood chip mixture produced higher COS removal efficiencies than wood chips alone. The compost and compost/wood chip mixture had a shorter stabilization times compared with wood chips alone. Fresh versus aged compost did not impact COS removal efficiency. The presence of H2S did not adversely impact COS removal for the concentration ratios tested. The maximum elimination capacity is at least 9 g/m3 hr for COS with compost media.

Monkey alcohol tissue research resource: banking tissues for alcohol research.

PubMed

Daunais, James B; Davenport, April T; Helms, Christa M; Gonzales, Steven W; Hemby, Scott E; Friedman, David P; Farro, Jonathan P; Baker, Erich J; Grant, Kathleen A

2014-07-01

An estimated 18 million adults in the United States meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis of alcohol abuse or alcoholism, a disorder ranked as the third leading cause of preventable death. In addition to brain pathology, heavy alcohol consumption is comorbid with damage to major organs including heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Much of what is known about risk for and consequences of heavy consumption derive from rodent or retrospective human studies. The neurobiological effects of chronic intake in rodent studies may not easily translate to humans due to key differences in brain structure and organization between species, including a lack of higher-order cognitive functions, and differences in underlying prefrontal cortical neural structures that characterize the primate brain. Further, rodents do not voluntarily consume large quantities of ethanol (EtOH) and they metabolize it more rapidly than primates. The basis of the Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource (MATRR) is that nonhuman primates, specifically monkeys, show a range of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol (>3.0 g/kg or a 12 drink equivalent per day) over long periods of time (12 to 30 months) with concomitant pathological changes in endocrine, hepatic, and central nervous system (CNS) processes. The patterns and range of alcohol intake that monkeys voluntarily consume parallel what is observed in humans with alcohol use disorders and the longitudinal experimental design spans stages of drinking from the EtOH-naïve state to early exposure through chronic abuse. Age- and sex-matched control animals self-administer an isocaloric solution under identical operant procedures. The MATRR is a unique postmortem tissue bank that provides CNS and peripheral tissues, and associated bioinformatics from monkeys that self-administer EtOH using a standardized experimental paradigm to the broader alcohol research community. This resource provides a translational platform from which we can better understand the disease processes associated with alcoholism. Copyright © 2014 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.

Neurogenic regulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption.

PubMed

DiBona, G F

1977-08-01

The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian (rat, dog, and monkey) renal tubular epithelial cells. Low-level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. Antinatriuresis was prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Rat kidney micropuncture studies have localized a site of enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption to the proximal tubule. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney on renal nerve stimulation (angiotensin II, prostaglandin) was excluded by experiments with appropriate blocking agents. The possible effects of anesthesia and uncertainties about the completeness of surgical renal denervation and other tubular segmental sites of action are critically analyzed. The clinical implications of this mechanism in pathologic conditions of sodium and water retention are discussed and and a prospectus for future work is presented.

Identification of yeast genes that confer resistance to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) using chemogenomics

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is an abundant, and renewable natural polymer. COS has higher antimicrobial properties than chitosan and is presumed to act by disrupting/permeabilizing the cell membranes of bacteria, yeast and fungi. COS is relatively non-toxic to mammals. By identifying the molecular and genetic targets of COS, we hope to gain a better understanding of the antifungal mode of action of COS. Results Three different chemogenomic fitness assays, haploinsufficiency (HIP), homozygous deletion (HOP), and multicopy suppression (MSP) profiling were combined with a transcriptomic analysis to gain insight in to the mode of action and mechanisms of resistance to chitosan oligosaccharides. The fitness assays identified 39 yeast deletion strains sensitive to COS and 21 suppressors of COS sensitivity. The genes identified are involved in processes such as RNA biology (transcription, translation and regulatory mechanisms), membrane functions (e.g. signalling, transport and targeting), membrane structural components, cell division, and proteasome processes. The transcriptomes of control wild type and 5 suppressor strains overexpressing ARL1, BCK2, ERG24, MSG5, or RBA50, were analyzed in the presence and absence of COS. Some of the up-regulated transcripts in the suppressor overexpressing strains exposed to COS included genes involved in transcription, cell cycle, stress response and the Ras signal transduction pathway. Down-regulated transcripts included those encoding protein folding components and respiratory chain proteins. The COS-induced transcriptional response is distinct from previously described environmental stress responses (i.e. thermal, salt, osmotic and oxidative stress) and pre-treatment with these well characterized environmental stressors provided little or any resistance to COS. Conclusions Overexpression of the ARL1 gene, a member of the Ras superfamily that regulates membrane trafficking, provides protection against COS-induced cell membrane permeability and damage. We found that the ARL1 COS-resistant over-expression strain was as sensitive to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and Terbinafine as the wild type cells and that when COS and Fluconazole are used in combination they act in a synergistic fashion. The gene targets of COS identified in this study indicate that COS’s mechanism of action is different from other commonly studied fungicides that target membranes, suggesting that COS may be an effective fungicide for drug-resistant fungal pathogens. PMID:22727066

Positive resources for combating depressive symptoms among Chinese male correctional officers: perceived organizational support and psychological capital.

PubMed

Liu, Li; Hu, Shu; Wang, Lie; Sui, Guoyuan; Ma, Lei

2013-03-19

Although correctional officers (COs) clearly suffer from depression, positive resources for combating depression have been rarely studied in this population. The purpose of the study was to examine the associations of perceived organizational support (POS) and psychological capital (PsyCap) with depressive symptoms among Chinese COs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a province of northeast China during March-April 2011. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1900 male COs from four male prisons. Depressive symptoms, POS, and PsyCap (self efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism) were measured anonymously. A total of 1428 effective respondents with 953 frontline COs (FL-COs) and 475 non-frontline COs (NFL-COs) became our final sample. Hierarchical linear regression was performed to explore the factors associated with depressive symptoms. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were used to examine the mediating roles of PsyCap and its four components. The level of depressive symptoms of FL-COs was significantly higher than that of NFL-COs (t = 2.28, p = 0.023). There were significant negative associations of POS, PsyCap, hope, resilience, and optimism with depressive symptoms among FL-COs. In NFL-COs, POS, PsyCap, and optimism were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. POS was positively associated with PsyCap and its four components among both FL-COs and NFL-COs. For FL-COs, PsyCap (a*b = -0.143, BCa 95% CI: -0.186, -0.103, p < 0.05), resilience (a*b = -0.052, BCa 95% CI: -0.090, -0.017, p < 0.05), and optimism (a*b = -0.053, BCa 95% CI: -0.090, -0.016, p < 0.05) significantly mediated the association between POS and depressive symptoms. For NFL-COs, PsyCap (a*b = -0.126, BCa 95% CI: -0.186, -0.065, p < 0.05) and optimism (a*b = -0.066, BCa 95% CI: -0.116, -0.008, p < 0.05) significantly mediated the association. Perceived organizational support and psychological capital could be positive resources for combating depressive symptoms in Chinese male COs. Psychological capital and its components (resilience and optimism) partially mediate the association between perceived organizational support and depressive symptoms. Therefore, organizational support and psychological capital investment (especially resilience and optimism) should be included in depression preventions and treatments targeting Chinese male COs.

Characterization of Organic Anion Transporter 2 (SLC22A7): A Highly Efficient Transporter for Creatinine and Species-Dependent Renal Tubular Expression.

PubMed

Shen, Hong; Liu, Tongtong; Morse, Bridget L; Zhao, Yue; Zhang, Yueping; Qiu, Xi; Chen, Cliff; Lewin, Anne C; Wang, Xi-Tao; Liu, Guowen; Christopher, Lisa J; Marathe, Punit; Lai, Yurong

2015-07-01

The contribution of organic anion transporter OAT2 (SLC22A7) to the renal tubular secretion of creatinine and its exact localization in the kidney are reportedly controversial. In the present investigation, the transport of creatinine was assessed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells that stably expressed human OAT2 (OAT2-HEK) and isolated human renal proximal tubule cells (HRPTCs). The tubular localization of OAT2 in human, monkey, and rat kidney was characterized. The overexpression of OAT2 significantly enhanced the uptake of creatinine in OAT2-HEK cells. Under physiologic conditions (creatinine concentrations of 41.2 and 123.5 µM), the initial rate of OAT2-mediated creatinine transport was approximately 11-, 80-, and 80-fold higher than OCT2, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1, and MATE2K, respectively, resulting in approximately 37-, 1850-, and 80-fold increase of the intrinsic transport clearance when normalized to the transporter protein concentrations. Creatinine intracellular uptake and transcellular transport in HRPTCs were decreased in the presence of 50 µM bromosulfophthalein and 100 µM indomethacin, which inhibited OAT2 more potently than other known creatinine transporters, OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins MATE1 and MATE2K (IC50: 1.3 µM vs. > 100 µM and 2.1 µM vs. > 200 µM for bromosulfophthalein and indomethacin, respectively) Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that OAT2 protein was localized to both basolateral and apical membranes of human and cynomolgus monkey renal proximal tubules, but appeared only on the apical membrane of rat proximal tubules. Collectively, the findings revealed the important role of OAT2 in renal secretion and possible reabsorption of creatinine and suggested a molecular basis for potential species difference in the transporter handling of creatinine. Copyright © 2015 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

GROMOS polarizable charge-on-spring models for liquid urea: COS/U and COS/U2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, Zhixiong; Bachmann, Stephan J.; Gunsteren, Wilfred F. van, E-mail: wfvgn@igc.phys.chem.ethz.ch

2015-03-07

Two one-site polarizable urea models, COS/U and COS/U2, based on the charge-on-spring model are proposed. The models are parametrized against thermodynamic properties of urea-water mixtures in combination with the polarizable COS/G2 and COS/D2 models for liquid water, respectively, and have the same functional form of the inter-atomic interaction function and are based on the same parameter calibration procedure and type of experimental data as used to develop the GROMOS biomolecular force field. Thermodynamic, dielectric, and dynamic properties of urea-water mixtures simulated using the polarizable models are closer to experimental data than using the non-polarizable models. The COS/U and COS/U2 modelsmore » may be used in biomolecular simulations of protein denaturation.« less

Catalytic ozonation of petroleum refinery wastewater utilizing Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O 3 catalyst.

PubMed

Chen, Chunmao; Yoza, Brandon A; Wang, Yandan; Wang, Ping; Li, Qing X; Guo, Shaohui; Yan, Guangxu

2015-04-01

There is of great interest to develop an economic and high-efficient catalytic ozonation system (COS) for the treatment of biologically refractory wastewaters. Applications of COS require options of commercially feasible catalysts. Experiments in the present study were designed to prepare and investigate a novel manganese-iron-copper oxide-supported alumina-assisted COS (Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3-COS) for the pretreatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. The highly dispersed composite metal oxides on the catalyst surface greatly promoted the performance of catalytic ozonation. Hydroxyl radical mediated oxidation is a dominant reaction in Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3-COS. Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3-COS enhanced COD removal by 32.7% compared with a single ozonation system and by 8-16% compared with Mn-Fe/Al2O3-COS, Mn-Cu/Al2O3-COS, and Fe-Cu/Al2O3-COS. The O/C and H/C ratios of oxygen-containing polar compounds significantly increased after catalytic ozonation, and the biodegradability of petroleum refinery wastewater was significantly improved. This study illustrates potential applications of Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3-COS for pretreatment of biologically refractory wastewaters.

Existence and stability of circular orbits in static and axisymmetric spacetimes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Junji; Pang, Xiankai; Yang, Nan

2018-04-01

The existence and stability of timelike and null circular orbits (COs) in the equatorial plane of general static and axisymmetric (SAS) spacetime are investigated in this work. Using the fixed point approach, we first obtained a necessary and sufficient condition for the non-existence of timelike COs. It is then proven that there will always exist timelike COs at large ρ in an asymptotically flat SAS spacetime with a positive ADM mass and moreover, these timelike COs are stable. Some other sufficient conditions on the stability of timelike COs are also solved. We then found the necessary and sufficient condition on the existence of null COs. It is generally shown that the existence of timelike COs in SAS spacetime does not imply the existence of null COs, and vice-versa, regardless whether the spacetime is asymptotically flat or the ADM mass is positive or not. These results are then used to show the existence of timelike COs and their stability in an SAS Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dilaton spacetimes whose metric is not completely known. We also used the theorems to deduce the existence of timelike and null COs in some known SAS spacetimes.

COS-STAR: a reporting guideline for studies developing core outcome sets (protocol).

PubMed

Kirkham, Jamie J; Gorst, Sarah; Altman, Douglas G; Blazeby, Jane; Clarke, Mike; Devane, Declan; Gargon, Elizabeth; Williamson, Paula R

2015-08-22

Core outcome sets can increase the efficiency and value of research and, as a result, there are an increasing number of studies looking to develop core outcome sets (COS). However, the credibility of a COS depends on both the use of sound methodology in its development and clear and transparent reporting of the processes adopted. To date there is no reporting guideline for reporting COS studies. The aim of this programme of research is to develop a reporting guideline for studies developing COS and to highlight some of the important methodological considerations in the process. The study will include a reporting guideline item generation stage which will then be used in a Delphi study. The Delphi study is anticipated to include two rounds. The first round will ask stakeholders to score the items listed and to add any new items they think are relevant. In the second round of the process, participants will be shown the distribution of scores for all stakeholder groups separately and asked to re-score. A final consensus meeting will be held with an expert panel and stakeholder representatives to review the guideline item list. Following the consensus meeting, a reporting guideline will be drafted and review and testing will be undertaken until the guideline is finalised. The final outcome will be the COS-STAR (Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Reporting) guideline for studies developing COS and a supporting explanatory document. To assess the credibility and usefulness of a COS, readers of a COS development report need complete, clear and transparent information on its methodology and proposed core set of outcomes. The COS-STAR guideline will potentially benefit all stakeholders in COS development: COS developers, COS users, e.g. trialists and systematic reviewers, journal editors, policy-makers and patient groups.

Towards the understanding of biogeochemical processes involved in the release of carbonyl sulfide (COS) from soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behrendt, Thomas; Catao, Elisa; Bunk, Rüdiger; Yi, Zhigang; Greule, Markus; Keppler, Frank; Kesselmeier, Jürgen; Trumbore, Susan

2017-04-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is present in the atmosphere in low mixing ratio ( 500ppt). It is relevant in climate change through the effect in aerosol formation. Soils can act as source of COS, e.g. by microbial degradation of thiocyanate from plant material. On the other side it is known that COS can be consumed via various enzymatic pathways. Assuming that biogenic processes dominate over chemical reactions we extracted nucleic acids and performed amplicon sequencing for bacteria (16S rRNA) and fungi (ITS region) from a mid-latitude agricultural maize soil which was previously incubated under ambient COS and COS fumigation ( 1000ppt). The mixing ratios of COS have been measured online from soil samples in a dynamic chamber system under laboratory conditions by an integrated cavity output spectroscopy (IOCS) analyzer (Los Gatos Research Inc., USA). Additionally stable carbon isotope values (δ13C values) of COS were measured using a pre-concentration method and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Under low COS mixing ratio ( 50ppt) δ13C +4.7 ‰ for spruce forest ( 23°C), and -24.4‰ for mid-latitude cornfield ( 22°C), respectively. Linking gas release rates of (COS, CO2, CO, NO) to isotopic signatures of COS and molecular results might allow us to indicate bacterial s-compound degradation related to the higher activity of β-Proteobacteria and of the family Acetobacteraceae from the α-Proteobacteria phylum, potentially involved with the hydrolysis of thiocyanate in the soil releasing COS. Furthermore, our study reports the first COS data for rainforest and desert soils which are in the order of 0.5 pmol gdw-1 h-1 and 2 pmol gdw-1 h-1, respectively.

Nonadiabatic laser-induced alignment of molecules: Reconstructing ⟨ θ⟩ directly from ⟨ θ2D⟩ by Fourier analysis.

PubMed

Søndergaard, Anders Aspegren; Shepperson, Benjamin; Stapelfeldt, Henrik

2017-07-07

We present an efficient, noise-robust method based on Fourier analysis for reconstructing the three-dimensional measure of the alignment degree, ⟨cos 2 θ⟩, directly from its two-dimensional counterpart, ⟨cos 2 θ 2D ⟩. The method applies to nonadiabatic alignment of linear molecules induced by a linearly polarized, nonresonant laser pulse. Our theoretical analysis shows that the Fourier transform of the time-dependent ⟨cos 2 θ 2D ⟩ trace over one molecular rotational period contains additional frequency components compared to the Fourier transform of ⟨cos 2 θ⟩. These additional frequency components can be identified and removed from the Fourier spectrum of ⟨cos 2 θ 2D ⟩. By rescaling of the remaining frequency components, the Fourier spectrum of ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ is obtained and, finally, ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ is reconstructed through inverse Fourier transformation. The method allows the reconstruction of the ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ trace from a measured ⟨cos 2 θ 2D ⟩ trace, which is the typical observable of many experiments, and thereby provides direct comparison to calculated ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ traces, which is the commonly used alignment metric in theoretical descriptions. We illustrate our method by applying it to the measurement of nonadiabatic alignment of I 2 molecules. In addition, we present an efficient algorithm for calculating the matrix elements of cos 2 θ 2D and any other observable in the symmetric top basis. These matrix elements are required in the rescaling step, and they allow for highly efficient numerical calculation of ⟨cos 2 θ 2D ⟩ and ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ in general.

Global uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by terrestrial vegetation: Estimates corrected by deposition velocities normalized to the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandoval-Soto, L.; Stanimirov, M.; von Hobe, M.; Schmitt, V.; Valdes, J.; Wild, A.; Kesselmeier, J.

2005-06-01

COS uptake by trees, as observed under dark/light changes and under application of the plant hormone abscisic acid, exhibited a strong correlation with the CO2 assimilation rate and the stomatal conductance. As the uptake of COS occurred exclusively through the stomata we compared experimentally derived and re-evaluated deposition velocities (Vd; related to stomatal conductance) for COS and CO2. We show that Vd of COS is generally significantly larger than that of CO2. We therefore introduced this attribute into a new global estimate of COS fluxes into vegetation. The new global estimate of the COS uptake based on available net primary productivity data (NPP) ranges between 0.69-1.40 Tga-1. However, as a COS molecule is irreversibly split in contrast to CO2 which is released again by respiration processes, we took into account the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) representing the true CO2 leaf flux the COS uptake has to be related to. Such a GPP based deposition estimate ranged between 1.4--2.8 Tga-1 (0.73-1.50 TgSa-1). We believe that in order to obtain accurate global COS sink estimates such a GPP-based estimate corrected by the different deposition velocities of COS and CO2 must be taken into account.

Protein phosphorylations in poliovirus infected cells.

PubMed

James, L A; Tershak, D R

1981-01-01

In vivo phosphorylation of proteins that are associated with polysomes of poliovirus-infected VERO (African green monkey kidney) and HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cells differed from phosphorylations observed with uninfected cells that were fed fresh medium. With both types of cells infection stimulated phosphorylation of proteins with molecular weights of 40 000-41 000, 39 000, 34 000, 32 000, and 24 000. Similarities of phosphorylations in VERO and HeLa cells suggest that they are a specific consequence of infection and might serve a regulatory function during protein synthesis.

Hormesis and the salk polio vaccine.

PubMed

Calabrese, Edward J

2012-01-01

The production of the Salk vaccine polio virus by monkey kidney cells was generated using the synthetic tissue culture medium, Mixture 199. In this paper's retrospective assessment of this process, it was discovered that Mixture 199 was modified by the addition of ethanol to optimize animal cell survival based on experimentation that revealed a hormetic-like biphasic response relationship. This hormesis-based optimization procedure was then applied to all uses of Mixture 199 and modifications of it, including its application to the Salk polio vaccine during preliminary testing and in its subsequent major societal treatment programs.

Inhibition of the Ras-ERK pathway in mitotic COS7 cells is due to the inability of EGFR/Raf to transduce EGF signaling to downstream proteins.

PubMed

Shi, Huaiping; Zhang, Tianying; Yi, Yongqing; Ma, Yue

2016-06-01

Although previous studies have shown that Ras-ERK signaling in mitosis is closed due to the inhibition of signal transduction, the events involved in the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the Ras-ERK signaling pathway in mitotic COS7 cells. The results demonstrated that treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) failed to increase the endocytosis of EGF-EGFR (EGF receptor) complexes in mitotic COS7 cells, although a large amount of endosomes were found in asynchronous COS7 cells. Clathrin expression levels in mitotic COS7 cells were inhibited whereas caveolin expression levels in mitotic COS7 cells were almost unaffected. Y1068 and Y1086 residues of EGFR in the mitotic COS7 cells were activated. However, Grb2 and Shc in the mitotic COS7 cells did not bind to activated EGFR. Ras activity was inhibited in the mitotic COS7 cells whereas its downstream protein, Raf, was obviously phosphorylated by EGF in mitosis. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also increased the phosphorylation levels of Raf in the mitotic COS7 cells. Nevertheless, Raf phosphorylation in mitosis was significantly inhibited by AG1478. Lastly, activation of EGF-mediated MEK and ERK in the mitotic COS7 cells was obviously inhibited. In summary, our results suggest that the Ras-ERK pathway is inhibited in mitotic COS7 cells which may be the dual result of the difficulty in the transduction of EGF signaling by EGFR or Raf to downstream proteins.

Followup Study of Transfer Students from C.O.S. to California State University, Fresno, & California Poly-Technic State University, San Luis Obispo, Fall 1984.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Webb, Elaine

A study was conducted at College of the Sequoias (COS) to assess the academic success of students transferring to California State University, Fresno (Fresno State), and California Poly-Technic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal-Poly). The study focused on the number of units completed at COS, grade point average (GPA) at COS, COS units…

A prospective field evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay: Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in pools of Culiseta melanura

USGS Publications Warehouse

Scott, T.W.; Olson, J.G.; Lewis, T.E.; Carpenter, J.W.; Lorenz, L.H.; Lembeck, L.A.; Joseph, S.R.; Pagac, B.B.

1987-01-01

A prospective field study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) compared to virus isolation in cell culture for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in naturally infected mosquitoes. A total of 10,811 adult female Culiseta melanura were collected in light traps during 1985 from four locations in Maryland. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was isolated from 5 of 495 mosquito pools in African green monkey kidney and baby hamster kidney cell cultures. All five virus-infected pools were detected by the EIA, and all 490 uninfected pools were correctly scored as not containing virus. The EIA did not produce false positive or false negative results. Results support the assertion of previous researchers that the antigen detection EIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple alternative to traditional bioassays for the detection of EEE virus in mosquitoes.

IgA antibasement membrane nephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage.

PubMed

Border, W A; Baehler, R W; Bhathena, D; Glassock, R J

1979-07-01

Goodpasture's syndrome has characteristically been described as being mediated by IgG antibodies. We have recently seen a 55-year-old man who developed renal failure and hemoptysis; a renal biopsy showed linear deposits of IgA and C3 involving glomerular and tubular basement membrane. Serologic tests for detecting (IgG) antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative. Elution studies of kidney and lung showed the presence of an IgA antibasement membrane antibody only. The patient's serum contained IgA, but not IgG, antibodies reactive with glomerular and tubular basement membrane of normal human kidney and alveolar basement membrane of normal human lung. Attempts to transfer disease with the patient's IgA antibody to a monkey and to Lewis and Brown-Norway rats were unsuccessful. Immunoglobulin A antibasement membrane antibody must be considered in the design of immunoserologic procedures for the diagnosis of Goodpasture's syndrome.

Possibilities of vaccine manufacture in human diploid cell strains with a serum replacement factor.

PubMed

Candal, F J; George, V G; Ades, E W

1991-07-01

Cell lines MDCK (canine kidney), BGM (Buffalo green monkey kidney) and human embryonic lung fibroblast will support viral growth efficiently in medium without serum. Both MRC-5 and WI-38 cell strains have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for manufacturing viral vaccines against cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus. In this study we examine these two cell lines and viruses for their ability to grow in medium containing a serum replacement. The serum substitute used is LPSR-1 (low protein serum replacement). Using LPSR-1 in defined medium, we demonstrate multipassage cell growth and viral cultivation and replication equivalent to those obtained in medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). Viral growth after complete elimination of FBS varies and depends on cell line and virus. Serum substitutes can eliminate FBS in the viral growth phase of vaccine production and reduce costs.

Improving core outcome set development: qualitative interviews with developers provided pointers to inform guidance.

PubMed

Gargon, Elizabeth; Williamson, Paula R; Young, Bridget

2017-06-01

The objective of the study was to explore core outcome set (COS) developers' experiences of their work to inform methodological guidance on COS development and identify areas for future methodological research. Semistructured, audio-recorded interviews with a purposive sample of 32 COS developers. Analysis of transcribed interviews was informed by the constant comparative method and framework analysis. Developers found COS development to be challenging, particularly in relation to patient participation and accessing funding. Their accounts raised fundamental questions about the status of COS development and whether it is consultation or research. Developers emphasized how the absence of guidance had affected their work and identified areas where guidance or evidence about COS development would be useful including, patient participation, ethics, international development, and implementation. They particularly wanted guidance on systematic reviews, Delphi, and consensus meetings. The findings raise important questions about the funding, status, and process of COS development and indicate ways that it could be strengthened. Guidance could help developers to strengthen their work, but over specification could threaten quality in COS development. Guidance should therefore highlight common issues to consider and encourage tailoring of COS development to the context and circumstances of particular COS. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA species for mammalian dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenases.

PubMed Central

Arimitsu, E; Aoki, S; Ishikura, S; Nakanishi, K; Matsuura, K; Hara, A

1999-01-01

Cynomolgus and Japanese monkey kidneys, dog and pig livers and rabbit lens contain dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.20) associated with high carbonyl reductase activity. Here we have isolated cDNA species for the dimeric enzymes by reverse transcriptase-PCR from human intestine in addition to the above five animal tissues. The amino acid sequences deduced from the monkey, pig and dog cDNA species perfectly matched the partial sequences of peptides digested from the respective enzymes of these animal tissues, and active recombinant proteins were expressed in a bacterial system from the monkey and human cDNA species. Northern blot analysis revealed the existence of a single 1.3 kb mRNA species for the enzyme in these animal tissues. The human enzyme shared 94%, 85%, 84% and 82% amino acid identity with the enzymes of the two monkey strains (their sequences were identical), the dog, the pig and the rabbit respectively. The sequences of the primate enzymes consisted of 335 amino acid residues and lacked one amino acid compared with the other animal enzymes. In contrast with previous reports that other types of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, carbonyl reductases and enzymes with either activity belong to the aldo-keto reductase family or the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase showed no sequence similarity with the members of the two protein families. The dimeric enzyme aligned with low degrees of identity (14-25%) with several prokaryotic proteins, in which 47 residues are strictly or highly conserved. Thus dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase has a primary structure distinct from the previously known mammalian enzymes and is suggested to constitute a novel protein family with the prokaryotic proteins. PMID:10477285

Comparison of antibody responses and virus shedding following administration of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccines prepared either in monkey or human diploid cell substrates.

PubMed Central

Freestone, D. S.; Kelly, A.; Ferris, R.; Simmons, R. L.; Bowker, C.; Letley, E.; Bye, C.

1980-01-01

Nineteen (22.9%) of 83 sera collected before vaccination from adult volunteers aged 21-64 years were without neutralizing antibody to poliomyelitis at levels of 0.15 i.u./ml for types I and II and 0.1 i.u./ml for type III. Some correlations were found between the history of previous vaccination and the presence of antibody but these were not well defined. Vaccination with a single dose of trivalent oral polio vaccine elicited fourfold or greater antibody responses to one or more poliomyelitis types in 53 (63.9%) volunteers, the percentage antibody resposnes being inversely related to the titre of antibody present before vaccination. Types I, II or III poliomyelitis virus were recovered from 76.8% of faecal samples collected 1 week after vaccination. The percentage recovery progressively declined thereafter until virus was recovered from 10.5% of samples collected 6 weeks after vaccination. Type for type, the titres and percentages of antibody responses and virus shedding in faeces were similar following trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccines whether prepared in monkey or human diploid cell substrates. Some change in reproductive capacity temperature (r.c.t./40) marker was found in faecal isolates from volunteers vaccinated with monkey kidney and human diploid grown vaccines but no change in 'd' marker was found. PMID:6243327

Absence of proton channels in COS-7 cells expressing functional NADPH oxidase components.

PubMed

Morgan, Deri; Cherny, Vladimir V; Price, Marianne O; Dinauer, Mary C; DeCoursey, Thomas E

2002-06-01

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is an enzyme of phagocytes that produces bactericidal superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) via an electrogenic process. Proton efflux compensates for the charge movement across the cell membrane. The proton channel responsible for the H(+) efflux was thought to be contained within the gp91(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, but recent data do not support this idea (DeCoursey, T.E., V.V. Cherny, D. Morgan, B.Z. Katz, and M.C. Dinauer. 2001. J. Biol. Chem. 276:36063-36066). In this study, we investigated electrophysiological properties and superoxide production of COS-7 cells transfected with all NADPH oxidase components required for enzyme function (COS(phox)). The 7D5 antibody, which detects an extracellular epitope of the gp91(phox) protein, labeled 96-98% of COS(phox) cells. NADPH oxidase was functional because COS(phox) (but not COS(WT)) cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or arachidonic acid (AA) produced superoxide anion. No proton currents were detected in either wild-type COS-7 cells (COS(WT)) or COS(phox) cells studied at pH(o) 7.0 and pH(i) 5.5 or 7.0. Anion currents that decayed at voltages positive to 40 mV were the only currents observed. PMA or AA did not elicit detectable H(+) current in COS(WT) or COS(phox) cells. Therefore, gp91(phox) does not function as a proton channel in unstimulated cells or in activated cells with a demonstrably functional oxidase.

Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide in a mountain grassland and relationships to the carbon dioxide exchange

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spielmann, Felix M.; Kitz, Florian; Hammerle, Albin; Gerdel, Katharina; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2016-04-01

The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been proposed as a tracer for canopy gross primary production (GPP), canopy transpiration and stomatal conductance of plant canopies in the last few years. COS enters the plant leaf through the stomata and diffuses through the intercellular space, the cell wall, the plasma membrane and the cytosol like CO2. It is then catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in a one-way reaction to H2S and CO2. This one-way flux into the leaf makes COS a promising tracer for the GPP. However there is growing evidence, that plant leaves aren't the only contributors to the ecosystem flux of COS. Therefor the COS uptake of soil microorganisms also containing CA and abiotic COS production might have to be accounted for when using COS as a tracer at the ecosystem scale. The overarching objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the ecosystem-scale exchange of COS, CO2 and H2O and thus to test for the potential of COS to be used as a tracer for the plant canopy CO2 and H2O exchange. More specifically we aimed at quantifying the contribution of the soil to the ecosystem-scale COS exchange in order to understand complications that may arise due to a non-negligible soil COS exchange. In May 2015 we set up our quantum cascade laser (QCL) (Aerodyne Research Inc., MA, USA) at a temperate mountain grassland in Stubai Valley close to the village of Neustift, Austria. Our site lies at the valley bottom and is an intensively managed mountain grassland, which is cut 3-4 times a year. With the QCL we were able to measure concurrently the concentrations of COS, CO2, H2O (and CO) at a frequency of 10 Hz with minimal noise. This allowed us to conduct ecosystem-scale eddy covariance measurements. The eddy covariance flux measurements revealed that the COS uptake continues at night, which we confirmed was not caused by soil microorganisms, as the soil exchange was close to neutral during nighttime. Instead, the nocturnal COS uptake appears to be caused by incomplete stomatal closure and continuing catalytic CA activity in the absence of light. The resulting data also revealed a weaker correlation between COS- and CO2-fluxes than expected, which hints to further COS-exchange mechanisms at our site. To disentangle sources and sinks within and below the canopy, we measured vertical within-canopy profiles of COS and CO2 and inferred the vertical distribution of sources and sinks by means of an inverse Lagrangian analysis. The resulting data confirmed that soils at our site are sources for COS during daytime and close to neutral during nighttime and place the major COS/CO2 sink in the central part of the canopy, where a large amount of leaf area still receives enough light. Taken together our results suggest that using COS as a tracer for canopy CO2 and H2O exchange may be less straight forward than previously thought and that further work is required to better understand the ecosystem-scale COS exchange and its drivers.

Choosing Important Health Outcomes for Comparative Effectiveness Research: An Updated Review and Identification of Gaps.

PubMed

Gorst, Sarah L; Gargon, Elizabeth; Clarke, Mike; Smith, Valerie; Williamson, Paula R

2016-01-01

The COMET (Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials) Initiative promotes the development and application of core outcome sets (COS), including relevant studies in an online database. In order to keep the database current, an annual search of the literature is undertaken. This study aimed to update a previous systematic review, in order to identify any further studies where a COS has been developed. Furthermore, no prioritization for COS development has previously been undertaken, therefore this study also aimed to identify COS relevant to the world's most prevalent health conditions. The methods used in this updated review followed the same approach used in the original review and the previous update. A survey was also sent to the corresponding authors of COS identified for inclusion in this review, to ascertain what lessons they had learnt from developing their COS. Additionally, the COMET database was searched to identify COS that might be relevant to the conditions with the highest global prevalence. Twenty-five reports relating to 22 new studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Further improvements were identified in relation to the description of the scope of the COS, use of the Delphi technique, and the inclusion of patient participants within the development process. Additionally, 33 published and ongoing COS were identified for 13 of the world's most prevalent conditions. The development of a reporting guideline and minimum standards should contribute towards future improvements in development and reporting of COS. This study has also described a first approach to identifying gaps in existing COS, and to priority setting in this area. Important gaps have been identified, on the basis of global burden of disease, and the development and application of COS in these areas should be considered a priority.

Ice core carbonyl sulfide measurements from a new South Pole ice core (SPICECORE)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydin, M.; Nicewonger, M. R.; Saltzman, E. S.

2017-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most abundant sulfur gas in the troposphere with a present-day mixing ratio of about 500 ppt. Direct and indirect emissions from the oceans are the predominant sources of atmospheric COS. The primary removal mechanism is uptake by terrestrial plants during photosynthesis. Because plants do not respire COS, atmospheric COS levels are linked to terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). Ancient air trapped in polar ice cores has been used to reconstruct COS records of the past atmosphere, which can be used to infer past GPP variability and potential changes in oceanic COS emission. We are currently analyzing samples from a newly drilled intermediate depth ice core from South Pole, Antarctica (SPICECORE). This core is advantageous for studying COS because the cold temperatures of South Pole ice lead to very slow rates of in situ loss due to hydrolysis. One hundred and eighty-four bubbly ice core samples have been analyzed to date with gas ages ranging from about 9.2 thousand (733 m depth) to 75 years (126 m depth) before present. After a 2% correction for gravitational enrichment in the firn, the mean COS mixing ratio for the data set is 312±15 ppt (±1s), with the data set median also equal to 312 ppt. The only significant long-term trend in the record is a 5-10% increase in COS during the last 2-3 thousand years of the Holocene. The SPICECORE data agree with previously published ice core COS records from other Antarctic sites during times of overlap, confirming earlier estimates of COS loss rates to in situ hydrolysis in ice cores. Antarctic ice core data place strict constraints on the COS mixing ratio and its range of variability in the southern hemisphere atmosphere during the last several millennia. Implications for the atmospheric COS budget will be discussed.

Removal of carbonyl sulfide using activated carbon adsorption.

PubMed

Sattler, Melanie L; Rosenberk, Ranjith Samuel

2006-02-01

Wastewater treatment plant odors are caused by compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptans, and carbonyl sulfide (COS). One of the most efficient odor control processes is activated carbon adsorption; however, very few studies have been conducted on COS adsorption. COS is not only an odor causing compound but is also listed in the Clean Air Act as a hazardous air pollutant. Objectives of this study were to determine the following: (1) the adsorption capacity of 3 different carbons for COS removal; (2) the impact of relative humidity (RH) on COS adsorption; (3) the extent of competitive adsorption of COS in the presence of H2S; and (4) whether ammonia injection would increase COS adsorption capacity. Vapor phase react (VPR; reactivated), BPL (bituminous coal-based), and Centaur (physically modified to enhance H2S adsorption) carbons manufactured by Calgon Carbon Corp. were tested in three laboratory-scale columns, 6 in. in depth and 1 in. in diameter. Inlet COS concentrations varied from 35 to 49 ppmv (86-120 mg/m3). RHs of 17%, 30%, 50%, and 90% were tested. For competitive adsorption studies, H2S was tested at 60 ppmv, with COS at 30 ppmv. COS, RH, H2S, and ammonia concentrations were measured using an International Sensor Technology Model IQ-350 solid state sensor, Cole-Parmer humidity stick, Interscan Corp. 1000 series portable analyzer, and Drager Accuro ammonia sensor, respectively. It was found that the adsorption capacity of Centaur carbon for COS was higher than the other two carbons, regardless of RH. As humidity increased, the percentage of decrease in adsorption capacity of Centaur carbon, however, was greater than the other two carbons. The carbon adsorption capacity for COS decreased in proportion to the percentage of H2S in the gas stream. More adsorption sites appear to be available to H2S, a smaller molecule. Ammonia, which has been found to increase H2S adsorption capacity, did not increase the capacity for COS.

Carbonyl sulfide exchange in a temperate loblolly pine forest grown under ambient and elevated CO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White, M. L.; Zhou, Y.; Russo, R. S.; Mao, H.; Talbot, R.; Varner, R. K.; Sive, B. C.

2009-08-01

Vegetation, soil and ecosystem level carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange was observed at Duke Forest, a temperate loblolly pine forest, grown under ambient (Ring 1, R1) and elevated (Ring 2, R2) carbon dioxide (CO2). During calm meteorological conditions, ambient COS mixing ratios at the top of the forest canopy followed a distinct diurnal pattern in both CO2 growth regimes, with maximum COS mixing ratios during the day (R1=380±4 pptv and R2=373±3 pptv, daytime mean ±standard error) and minimums at night (R1=340±6 pptv and R2=346±5 pptv, nighttime mean ±standard error) reflecting a significant nighttime sink. Nocturnal vegetative uptake (-11 to -21 pmol m-2 s-1, negative values indicate uptake from the atmosphere) dominated nighttime net ecosystem COS flux estimates (-10 to -30 pmol m-2 s-1) in both CO2 regimes. In comparison, soil uptake (-0.8 to -1.7 pmol m-2 s-1) was a minor component of net ecosystem COS flux. In both CO2 regimes, loblolly pine trees exhibited substantial COS consumption overnight (50% of daytime rates) that was independent of CO2 assimilation. This suggests current estimates of the global vegetative COS sink, which assume that COS and CO2 are consumed simultaneously, may need to be reevaluated. Ambient COS mixing ratios, species specific diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance, temperature and canopy position were the major factors influencing the vegetative COS flux at the branch level. While variability in branch level vegetative COS consumption measurements in ambient and enhanced CO2 environments could not be attributed to CO2 enrichment effects, estimates of net ecosystem COS flux based on ambient canopy mixing ratio measurements suggest less nighttime uptake of COS in R2, the CO2 enriched environment.

Carbonyl sulfide exchange in a temperate loblolly pine forest grown under ambient and elevated CO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White, M. L.; Zhou, Y.; Russo, R. S.; Mao, H.; Talbot, R.; Varner, R. K.; Sive, B. C.

2010-01-01

Vegetation, soil and ecosystem level carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange was observed at Duke Forest, a temperate loblolly pine forest, grown under ambient (Ring 1, R1) and elevated (Ring 2, R2) CO2. During calm meteorological conditions, ambient COS mixing ratios at the top of the forest canopy followed a distinct diurnal pattern in both CO2 growth regimes, with maximum COS mixing ratios during the day (R1=380±4 pptv and R2=373±3 pptv, daytime mean ± standard error) and minimums at night (R1=340±6 pptv and R2=346±5 pptv, nighttime mean ± standard error) reflecting a significant nighttime sink. Nocturnal vegetative uptake (-11 to -21 pmol m-2s-1, negative values indicate uptake from the atmosphere) dominated nighttime net ecosystem COS flux estimates (-10 to -30 pmol m-2s-1) in both CO2 regimes. In comparison, soil uptake (-0.8 to -1.7 pmol m-2 s-1) was a minor component of net ecosystem COS flux. In both CO2 regimes, loblolly pine trees exhibited substantial COS consumption overnight (50% of daytime rates) that was independent of CO2 assimilation. This suggests current estimates of the global vegetative COS sink, which assume that COS and CO2 are consumed simultaneously, may need to be reevaluated. Ambient COS mixing ratios, species specific diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance, temperature and canopy position were the major factors influencing the vegetative COS flux at the branch level. While variability in branch level vegetative COS consumption measurements in ambient and enhanced CO2 environments could not be attributed to CO2 enrichment effects, estimates of net ecosystem COS flux based on ambient canopy mixing ratio measurements suggest less nighttime uptake of COS in R2, the CO2 enriched environment.

Use of carbon oxysulfide, a structural analog of CO sub 2 , to study active CO sub 2 transport in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, A.G.; Espie, G.S.; Canvin, D.T.

1989-07-01

Carbon oxysulfide (carbonyl sulfide, COS) is a close structural analog of CO{sub 2}. Although hydrolysis of COS (to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S) does occur at alkaline pH (> 9), at pH 8.0 the rate of hydrolysis is slow enough to allow investigation of COS as a possible substrate and inhibitor of the active CO{sub 2} transport system of Synechococcus UTEX 625. A light-dependent uptake of COS was observed that was inhibited by CO{sub 2} and the ATPase inhibitor diethylstilbestrol. The COS taken up by the cells could not be recovered when the lights were turned off or when acidmore » was added. Bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase catalyzed the stoichiometric hydrolysis of COS to H{sub 2}S. The active transport of CO{sub 2} was inhibited by COS in an apparently competitive manner. When Na{sup +}-dependent HCO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} transport was allowed in the presence of COS, the extracellular (CO{sub 2}) rose considerably above the equilibrium level. This CO{sub 2} appearing in the medium was derived from the dehydration of transported HCO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} and was leaked from the cells. In the presence of COS the return to the cells of this leaked CO{sub 2} was inhibited. These results showed that the Na{sup +}-dependent HCO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} transport was not inhibited by COS, whereas active CO{sub 2} transport was inhibited. The steady state rate of CO{sub 2} fixation was, however, inhibited about 50% in the presence of COS. This inhibition can be at least partially explained by the significant leakage of CO{sub 2} from the cells that occurred when CO{sub 2} uptake was inhibited by COS. Neither CS{sub 2} nor N{sub 2}O acted like COS. It is concluded that COS is an effective and selective inhibitor of active CO{sub 2} transport.« less

Interaction of the receptor FGFRL1 with the negative regulator Spred1.

PubMed

Zhuang, Lei; Villiger, Peter; Trueb, Beat

2011-09-01

FGFRL1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. It plays an essential role during branching morphogenesis of the metanephric kidneys, as mice with a targeted deletion of the Fgfrl1 gene show severe kidney dysplasia. Here we used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that FGFRL1 binds with its C-terminal, histidine-rich domain to Spred1 and to other proteins of the Sprouty/Spred family. Members of this family are known to act as negative regulators of the Ras/Raf/Erk signaling pathway. Truncation experiments further showed that FGFRL1 interacts with the SPR domain of Spred1, a domain that is shared by all members of the Sprouty/Spred family. The interaction could be verified by coprecipitation of the interaction partners from solution and by codistribution at the cell membrane of COS1 and HEK293 cells. Interestingly, Spred1 increased the retention time of FGFRL1 at the plasma membrane where the receptor might interact with ligands. FGFRL1 and members of the Sprouty/Spred family belong to the FGF synexpression group, which also includes FGF3, FGF8, Sef and Isthmin. It is conceivable that FGFRL1, Sef and some Sprouty/Spred proteins work in concert to control growth factor signaling during branching morphogenesis of the kidneys and other organs. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Global uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by terrestrial vegetation: Estimates corrected by deposition velocities normalized to the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandoval-Soto, L.; Stanimirov, M.; von Hobe, M.; Schmitt, V.; Valdes, J.; Wild, A.; Kesselmeier, J.

2005-01-01

COS uptake by trees, as observed under dark/light changes and under application of the plant hormone abscisic acid, exhibited a strong correlation with the CO2 assimilation rate and the stomatal conductance. As the uptake of COS occurred exclusively through the stomata we compared experimentally derived and re-evaluated deposition velocities (Vd for COS and CO2). We show that Vd of COS is generally significantly larger than that of CO2. We therefore introduced this attribute into a new global estimate of COS fluxes into vegetation. The global COS uptake by vegetation as estimated by the new model ranges between 0.69-1.40 Tg a-1, based on the Net Primary Productivity (NPP). Taking into account Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) the deposition estimate ranges between 1.37-2.81 Tg a-1 (0.73-1.50 Tg S a-1). We believe that in order to obtain accurate and reliable global NPP-based estimates for the COS flux into vegetation, the different deposition velocities of COS and CO2 must be taken into account.

Investigations on stomatal uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS, OCS) and deposition velocities result in new estimates of global COS deposition to vegetation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandoval-Soto, L.; Stanimirov, M.; Valdez, J.; von Hobe, M.; Schmitt, V.; Wild, A.; Kesselmeier, J.

2003-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS, OCS) is a highly stable reduced sulfur gas species in the atmosphere. Due to its inertness within the troposphere it can be transported into the stratosphere where it contributes to form SO2 and sulfate aerosol. Additionally it may be involved in heterogeneous reactions in stratospheric ozone chemistry. One of the major sinks for this trace gas is the vegetation. Based on investigations with trees under a light and dark regime and reacting to the hormone abscisic acid we demonstrated the stomatal uptake of COS to be the dominating pathway for COS deposition to plant surfaces. Taking into account deposition velocities of COS, which are higher than for CO2, we recalculated the global COS deposition to vegetation based on a new refined estimation model.

Improved Chemically Defined Basal Medium (CMRL-1969) for Primary Monkey Kidney and Human Diploid Cells 1

PubMed Central

Healy, G. M.; Teleki, S.; Seefried, A. V.; Walton, M. J.; Macmorine, H. G.

1971-01-01

An improved tissue culture basal medium, CMRL-1969, supplemented with serum, has been evaluated by measuring the growth responses of primary cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells (PMKC) and of an established culture of a human diploid cell strain (HDCS). Medium H597, an early modification of medium 199 which has been used successfully in the preparation of poliomyelitis vaccine for 15 years, was used for comparison. In addition, parallel testing was done with Basal Medium Eagle (BME) widely used for the growth of HDCS. The improvements in basal medium CMRL-1969 are attributed to changes in amino acid concentrations, in vitamin composition, and, in particular, to enhanced buffering capacity. The latter has been achieved by the use of free-base amino acids and by increasing the dibasic sodium phosphate. The new medium has already been used to advantage for the production of polioviruses in PMKC where equivalent titers were obtained from cultures initiated with 70% of the number of cells required with earlier media. The population-doubling time was reduced in this system. Also, with small inocula of HDCS, the time required to obtain maximum cell yield was shorter with CMRL-1969 than with BME. Both media were supplemented with 10% calf serum. Maximum cell yields after repeated subcultivation in the new basal medium were greatly increased and the stability of the strain, as shown by chromosomal analysis, was not affected. Basal medium CMRL-1969 can be prepared easily in liquid or powdered form. PMID:4322279

Carbonyl sulfide exchange in soils for better estimates of ecosystem carbon uptake

DOE PAGES

Whelan, Mary E.; Hilton, Timothy W.; Berry, Joseph A.; ...

2016-03-21

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) measurements are one of the emerging tools to better quantify gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux in the global carbon cycle. COS is a gas with a similar structure to CO 2; COS uptake is thought to be a proxy for GPP. However, soils are a potential source or sink of COS. This study presents a framework for understanding soil–COS interactions. Excluding wetlands, most of the few observations of isolated soils that have been made show small uptake of atmospheric COS. Recently, a series of studies at an agricultural site in the central United States foundmore » soil COS production under hot conditions an order of magnitude greater than fluxes at other sites. To investigate the extent of this phenomenon, soils were collected from five new sites and incubated in a variety of soil moisture and temperature states. We found that soils from a desert, an oak savannah, a deciduous forest, and a rainforest exhibited small COS fluxes, behavior resembling previous studies. However, soil from an agricultural site in Illinois, >800 km away from the initial central US study site, demonstrated comparably large soil fluxes under similar conditions. These new data suggest that, for the most part, soil COS interaction is negligible compared to plant uptake of COS. We present a model that anticipates the large agricultural soil fluxes so that they may be taken into account. Furthermore, while COS air-monitoring data are consistent with the dominance of plant uptake, improved interpretation of these data should incorporate the soil flux parameterizations suggested here.« less

Catalytic hydrolysis of COS over CeO2 (110) surface: A density functional theory study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Xin; Ning, Ping; Wang, Chi; Li, Kai; Tang, Lihong; Sun, Xin

2017-08-01

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the reaction pathways for catalytic hydrolysis of COS over CeO2 (110) surface using Dmol3 model. The thermodynamic stability analysis for the suggested routes of COS hydrolysis to CO2 and H2S was evaluated. The absolute values of adsorption energy of H2O-CeO2 are higher than that of COS-CeO2. Meanwhile, the adsorption energy and geometries show that H2O is easier adsorbed on the surface of CeO2 (110) than COS. H2O plays a role as a bridge in the process of joint adsorption. H2O forms more Cesbnd Osbnd H groups on the CeO2 (110) surface. CeO2 decreases the maximum energy barrier by 76.15 kcal/mol. The migration of H from H2O to COS is the key for the hydrolysis reaction. Csbnd O channel is easier to occur than Csbnd S channel. Experimental result shows that adding of CeO2 can increase COS removal rate and prolong the 100% COS removal rate from 180 min to 210 min. The difference between Fe2O3 and CeO2 for the hydrolysis of COS is characterized in the atomic charge transfer and the formation of Hsbnd O bond and Hsbnd S bond. The transfer effect of H in H2O to S in COS over CeO2 decreases the energy barriers of hydrolysis reaction, and enhances the reaction activity of COS hydrolysis.

Biotechnological approaches for field applications of chitooligosaccharides (COS) to induce innate immunity in plants.

PubMed

Das, Subha Narayan; Madhuprakash, Jogi; Sarma, P V S R N; Purushotham, Pallinti; Suma, Katta; Manjeet, Kaur; Rambabu, Samudrala; Gueddari, Nour Eddine El; Moerschbacher, Bruno M; Podile, Appa Rao

2015-03-01

Plants have evolved mechanisms to recognize a wide range of pathogen-derived molecules and to express induced resistance against pathogen attack. Exploitation of induced resistance, by application of novel bioactive elicitors, is an attractive alternative for crop protection. Chitooligosaccharide (COS) elicitors, released during plant fungal interactions, induce plant defenses upon recognition. Detailed analyses of structure/function relationships of bioactive chitosans as well as recent progress towards understanding the mechanism of COS sensing in plants through the identification and characterization of their cognate receptors have generated fresh impetus for approaches that would induce innate immunity in plants. These progresses combined with the application of chitin/chitosan/COS in disease management are reviewed here. In considering the field application of COS, however, efficient and large-scale production of desired COS is a challenging task. The available methods, including chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and chemical or biotechnological synthesis to produce COS, are also reviewed.

Learning to provide children with a secure base and a safe haven: The Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) group intervention.

PubMed

Kim, Monica; Woodhouse, Susan S; Dai, Chenchen

2018-05-21

Insecure attachment is linked to a host of negative child outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) is a manualized, video-based, eight unit, group parenting intervention to promote children's attachment security. COS-P was designed to be easily implemented, so as to make attachment interventions more widely available to families. We present the theoretical background of COS-P, research evidence supporting the COS approach, as well as a description of the COS-P intervention protocol. The case example of "Alexa," mother of three children (aged 7, 6, and 4 years), illustrates how parents can make use of the COS-P intervention to better understand children's needs, build skills in observing and interpreting children's signals, learn to recognize and regulate their own responses to their children, and learn new ways of responding to children's needs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

N-Acetylchitooligosaccharide is a potent angiogenic inhibitor both in vivo and in vitro

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Zheng; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039; Zheng, Lanhong

2007-05-25

N-Acetylchitooligosaccharide (N-acetyl-COs) was prepared by N-acetylation of chitooligosaccharide (COs). In vitro study using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) revealed that both N-acetyl-COs and COs inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs by inducing apoptosis. Treatment of HUVECs by N-acetyl-COs resulted in a significant reduction of density of the migration cells and repressed tubulogenesis process. The antiangiogenic effects of the oligosaccharides were further evaluated using in vivo zebrafish angiogenesis model, and the results showed that both oligosaccharides inhibited the growth of subintestinal vessels (SIV) of zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner, as observed by endogenous alkaline phosphatase (EAP) staining assay. In contrast,more » no cytotoxicity was found when treating the NIH3T3 and several other cancer cells with the oligosaccharides. Our results also confirmed the antiangiogenic activity of N-acetyl-COs was significantly stronger than the parent oligosaccharide, COs.« less

An important missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Domestic coal combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Qianqian; Zhang, Chenglong; Mu, Yujing; Cheng, Ye; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Liu, Chengtang; Song, Min; Tian, Di; Liu, Pengfei; Liu, Junfeng; Xue, Chaoyang; Ye, Can

2016-08-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions generated from prevailing domestic coal stoves fueled with raw bituminous coal were studied under alternation cycles of flaming and smoldering combustion. The measurements in the laboratory and the farmer's house indicated that COS and CO emissions mainly occurred under the condition of flame extinguishment after coal loading, whereas SO2 emissions were mainly generated through combustion with flame. The COS emission factors for the domestic stoves in the laboratory and the farmer's house were recorded as 0.57 ± 0.10 g COS kg-1 and 1.43 ± 0.32 g COS kg-1, being approximately a factor of 50 and 125 greater than that generated from coal power plants, respectively. Based on the COS emission factors measured in this study, COS emission from only domestic coal combustion in China would be at least 30.5 ± 5.6 Gg S yr-1 which was 1 magnitude greater than the current COS estimation from the total coal combustion in China.

Best practices for controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF

PubMed Central

Jungheim, Emily S.; Meyer, Melissa; Broughton, Darcy E.

2015-01-01

As applications for IVF have expanded over the years, so too have approaches to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for IVF. With this expansion and improved knowledge of basic reproductive biology, there is increasing interest in how COS practice influences IVF outcomes, and whether or not specific treatment scenarios call for personalized approaches to COS. For the majority of women undergoing COS and their treating physicians, the goal is to achieve a healthy live birth through IVF in a fresh cycle. Opinions on how COS strategy best leads to this common goal varies among centers as many clinicians base COS strategy not on evidence obtained through prospective randomized trials, but rather through observational studies and experience. Overall, when it comes to COS most clinicians recognize the approach should not be “one size fits all”, but rather a patient-centered approach that takes the existing evidence into consideration. The pages that follow outline the existing evidence for best practices in COS for IVF highlighting how these practices may be incorporated into a patient-centered approach. PMID:25734345

Physicochemical properties of chitooligosaccharide prepared by using chitosanase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KPU 2123

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fawzya, Y. N.; Rahmawati, A.; Patantis, G.

2018-03-01

Study on the physicochemical properties of chitooligosaccharide (COS) prepared by hydrolysis of chitosan using chitosanase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KPU 2123 has been carried out. Hydrolysis process was conducted by reacting the soluble chitosan with 8 U·g-1 chitosan of chitosanase for 0; 8; 16 and 24 h incubation and stopped by addition of 0.25 M NaOH until reached pH 7. The COS was obtained as supernatant after being centrifugation. The liquid COS were then freeze-dried and analyzed their physicochemical properties, which comprised yield, viscosity, moisture and ash content, the degree of deacetylation (DD), as well as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) content and analyses of COS by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The optimum hydrolysis time was found to be 16 h with the COS viscosity was 8.50 ± 0.87 cPs. The high COS yield was related to high ash content, i.e. 251.70 ± 77.97 % and 50.45 ± 3.19 % (db), respectively. There was lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) metals detected, i.e. 4.4 ppm and 0.1 ppm, respectively. However, they still met the requirement of Pb and As content in a commercial COS referred. Based on the COS properties, desalination process should be applied in the preparation of COS by enzymatic method.

Chitooligosaccharides protect human embryonic hepatocytes against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.

PubMed

Xu, Qingsong; Ma, Pan; Yu, Weiting; Tan, Chengyu; Liu, Hongtao; Xiong, Chuannan; Qiao, Ying; Du, Yuguang

2010-06-01

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) has many biological activities, such as antitumor activity and hepatoprotective effect. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of COS against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress on human embryonic hepatocytes (L02 cells) and its scavenging activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical in vitro. The results showed that the lost cell viability induced by H2O2 was markedly restored after 24 h pre-incubation with COS (0.1-0.4 mg/ml). This rescue effect could be related to the antioxidant property of COS, in which we showed that the radical scavenging activity of COS reached 80% at concentration of 2 mg/ml. In addition, COS could prevent cell apoptosis induced by H2O2, as shown by the inhibition of the cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Furthermore, we have utilized confocal laser microscopy to observe cellular uptake of COS, an important step for COS to exert its effects on target cells. Taken together, our findings suggested that COS could effectively protect L02 cells against oxidative stress, which might be useful in clinical setting during the treatment of oxidative stress-related liver damages.

Chitooligosaccharide: An evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products.

PubMed

Phil, Lucas; Naveed, Muhammad; Mohammad, Imran Shair; Bo, Li; Bin, Di

2018-06-01

Being the most versatile biopolymer, chitooligosaccharide/chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has been extensively studied for a range of exceptional biological activities and potential developments of novel medical devices and systems in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. While possessing intrinsic biocompatibility, mucoadhesiveness, and non-toxicity it gained more interests in the biomedical development of novel systems, devices, and pharmaceutical formulations. The bioactive relativity of chitosan and COS are of highly significant and thus explored in this paper while highlighting its multiple biological activities and promising biomedical applications. More emphasis is on the molecular weight, degree of acetylation/deacetylation, degree of polymerization and reactive groups in relation to chitin and chitosan. Despite COS wide acceptance and utilization, the associated viscosity and instability are crucial factors that posed a great challenge to researchers. The apparent reason attributed to instability and viscosity could be the presence intrinsic variable oligomers within COS. Due to lack of data on safety and impurity analysis of thermal exposure of COS, we hypothesized that different molecules could be generated with thermal treatment of COS, thus finally suggested a prospective determination of thermal degradation product(s)in COS. Hence the aim of this paper is to highlight COS physicochemical and biological significance with reference to its recent developments and propose a further chemical analysis thermal treated COS. This could trigger future researchers for possible isolation and characterization of distinct biomolecules from COS. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

Does catatonia influence the phenomenology of childhood onset schizophrenia beyond motor symptoms?

PubMed

Bonnot, Olivier; Tanguy, Marie-Laure; Consoli, Angèle; Cornic, Françoise; Graindorge, Catherine; Laurent, Claudine; Tordjman, Sylvie; Cohen, David

2008-04-15

Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) and catatonia (C) are rare and severe psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the phenomenology of COS with and without catatonia. We examined 33 cases consecutively referred to two major public university hospitals in Paris. There were 18 cases of COS (age=15.9+/-0.8 years) and 15 of COS+C (age=15.4+/-1.4 years). Patients were referred over the course of 3 and 9 years, respectively. Psychiatric assessment included socio-demographic, clinical and psychometric variables: the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scales for the Assessment of Positive (SAPS) and Negative Symptoms (SANS), and a catatonia rating scale. Patients with COS+C appeared to be more severely ill at admission and discharge compared with COS in nearly all clinical scores. They also exhibited significantly longer episode duration (50.8 weeks+/-4.8 vs 20.6+/-19.5). On the basis of multivariate logistic regression, the only clinical measure which significantly predicted group membership was the SANS Affective Flattening score (odds ratio=1.24; 95% CI=1.06-1.43). Our findings strongly suggest that catatonic COS differs from COS in ways that extend beyond motor symptoms. The SANS and SAPS scales, commonly used in schizophrenia, are not detailed enough to accurately describe catatonia in COS. The use of a catatonia rating scale is recommended to enhance recognition of and research into COS with catatonia.

Carbonyl sulfide during the late Holocene from measurements in Antarctic ice cores (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydin, M.; Fudge, T. J.; Verhulst, K. R.; Waddington, E. D.; Saltzman, E. S.

2013-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most abundant sulfur gas in the troposphere with a global average mixing ratio of about 500 parts per trillion (ppt) and a lifetime of 3 years. It is produced by a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. Oceans are the largest source, emitting COS and precursors carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide. The most important removal process of COS is uptake by terrestrial plants during photosynthesis. Interest in the atmospheric variability of COS is primarily due to its potential value as a proxy for changes in gross primary productivity of the land biosphere. Ice core COS records may provide the long term observational basis needed to explore climate driven changes in terrestrial productivity and the resulting impacts, for example, on atmospheric CO2 levels. Previous measurements in a South Pole ice core established the preindustrial COS levels at ~30% of the modern atmosphere and revealed that atmospheric COS increased at an average rate of 1.8 ppt per 100 years over the last 2,000 years [Aydin et al., 2008]. We have since measured COS in 5 additional ice cores from 4 different sites in Antarctica. These measurements display a site-dependent downcore decline in COS, apparently driven by in situ hydrolysis. The reaction is strongly temperature dependent, with the hydrolysis lifetimes (e-folding) ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. We implement a novel technique that uses ice and heat flow models to predict temperature histories for the ice core samples from different sites and correct for the COS lost to in situ hydrolysis assuming first order kinetics. The 'corrected' COS records confirm the trend observed previously in the COS record from the South Pole ice core. The new, longer record suggests the slow increase in atmospheric COS may have started about 5,000 years ago and continued for 4,500 years until levels stabilized about 500 years ago. Atmospheric CO2 was also rising during this time period, suggesting the atmospheric levels of both trace gases might have changed as a response to a long-term decline in terrestrial productivity during the late Holocene.

Stomatal control of leaf fluxes of carbonyl sulfide and CO2 in a Typha freshwater marsh

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Wu; Maseyk, Kadmiel; Lett, Céline; Seibt, Ulli

2018-06-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an emerging tracer to constrain land photosynthesis at canopy to global scales, because leaf COS and CO2 uptake processes are linked through stomatal diffusion. The COS tracer approach requires knowledge of the concentration normalized ratio of COS uptake to photosynthesis, commonly known as the leaf relative uptake (LRU). LRU is known to increase under low light, but the environmental controls over LRU variability in the field are poorly understood due to scant leaf scale observations. Here we present the first direct observations of LRU responses to environmental variables in the field. We measured leaf COS and CO2 fluxes at a freshwater marsh in summer 2013. Daytime leaf COS and CO2 uptake showed similar peaks in the mid-morning and late afternoon separated by a prolonged midday depression, highlighting the common stomatal control on diffusion. At night, in contrast to CO2, COS uptake continued, indicating partially open stomata. LRU ratios showed a clear relationship with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), converging to 1.0 at high PAR, while increasing sharply at low PAR. Daytime integrated LRU (calculated from daytime mean COS and CO2 uptake) ranged from 1 to 1.5, with a mean of 1.2 across the campaign, significantly lower than the previously reported laboratory mean value (˜ 1.6). Our results indicate two major determinants of LRU - light and vapor deficit. Light is the primary driver of LRU because CO2 assimilation capacity increases with light, while COS consumption capacity does not. Superimposed upon the light response is a secondary effect that high vapor deficit further reduces LRU, causing LRU minima to occur in the afternoon, not at noon. The partial stomatal closure induced by high vapor deficit suppresses COS uptake more strongly than CO2 uptake because stomatal resistance is a more dominant component in the total resistance of COS. Using stomatal conductance estimates, we show that LRU variability can be explained in terms of different patterns of stomatal vs. internal limitations on COS and CO2 uptake. Our findings illustrate the stomata-driven coupling of COS and CO2 uptake during the most photosynthetically active period in the field and provide an in situ characterization of LRU - a key parameter required for the use of COS as a photosynthetic tracer.

Effects of chitooligosaccharide supplementation on performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broiler chickens.

PubMed

Zhou, T X; Chen, Y J; Yoo, J S; Huang, Y; Lee, J H; Jang, H D; Shin, S O; Kim, H J; Cho, J H; Kim, I H

2009-03-01

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with chitooligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broilers. A total of 480 broilers with an average initial BW of 45.04 g per chick were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 4 dietary treatments (20 broilers per pen with 6 pens per treatment): 1) CON (basal diet), 2) ANT (basal diet + 44 mg/kg of avilamycin), 3) COS0.2 (basal diet + 14 g/kg of COS), 4) COS0.4 (basal diet + 28 g/kg of COS). The experiment lasted for 5 wk and avilamycin was administered from d 0 to 21. Growth performance was measured on d 0, 21, and 35, and all other response criteria were measured on d 35. No change in feed conversion (G:F) was observed in response to any of the treatments throughout the experimental period (P > 0.05). However, BW gain and feed intake were greater (P < 0.05) in broilers provided with feed supplemented with COS than in those in the control group. In addition, broilers had significantly greater (P < 0.05) red blood cell and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations when they were provided with the COS0.4 diet, whereas the triglyceride concentration was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers in the COS0.2 treatment group. No other blood characteristics were affected by the treatments. Additionally, as the dietary COS concentration increased, the liver weight increased (P < 0.05). Conversely, as the concentrations of dietary COS increased, abdominal fat decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, meat yellowness decreased (P < 0.05) as the concentration of COS increased. Finally, the breast meat and abdominal fat of birds provided with feed supplemented with COS had a lower (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acid concentration but a greater concentration of total monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) than that of birds in the control. In conclusion, COS can improve the performance and breast meat quality of broilers while increasing the red blood cell and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in blood. In addition, COS can induce a decrease in abdominal fat and improve meat quality.

From COS ecosystem fluxes to GPP: integrating soil, branch and ecosystem fluxes.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kooijmans, L.; Maseyk, K. S.; Vesala, T.; Mammarella, I.; Baker, I. T.; Seibt, U.; Sun, W.; Aalto, J.; Franchin, A.; Kolari, P.; Keskinen, H.; Levula, J.; Chen, H.

2016-12-01

The close coupling of Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) and CO2 due to a similar uptake pathway into plant stomata makes COS a promising new tracer that can potentially be used to partition the Net Ecosystem Exchange into gross primary production (GPP) and respiration. Although ecosystem-scale measurements have been made at several sites, the contribution of different ecosystem components to the total COS budget is often unknown. Besides that, the average Leaf Relative Uptake (LRU) ratio needs to be better determined to accurately translate COS ecosystem fluxes into GPP estimates when the simple linear correlation between GPP estimates and COS plant uptake is used. We performed two campaigns in the summer of 2015 and 2016 at the SMEAR II site in Hyytiälä, Finland to provide better constrained COS flux data for boreal forests. A combination of COS measurements were made during both years, i.e. atmospheric profile concentrations up to 125 m, eddy-covariance fluxes and soil chamber fluxes. In addition to these, branch chamber measurements were done in 2016 in an attempt to observe the LRU throughout the whole season. The LRU ratio shows an exponential correlation with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) but is constant for PAR levels above 500 µmol m-2 s-1. Mid-day LRU values are 1.0 (aspen) and 1.5 (pine). The correlation between LRU and PAR can be explained by the fact that COS is hydrolyzed with the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and is not light dependent, whereas the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 is. We observed nighttime fluxes on the order of 25-30 % of the daily maximum COS uptake. Soils are a small sink of COS and contribute to 3 % of the total ecosystem COS flux during daytime. In a comparison between observed and simulated fluxes from the Simple Biosphere (SiB) model, the modelled COS and CO2 ecosystem fluxes are on average 40 % smaller than the observed fluxes, however, the Ecosystem Relative Uptake (ERU) ratios are identical at a value of 1.9 ± 0.2, which can be explained by 40 % smaller modelled stomatal conductance. The full budget of COS will be considered by scaling up the soil and branch measurements to the ecosystem level.

Hormesis and the Salk Polio Vaccine

PubMed Central

Calabrese, Edward J.

2011-01-01

The production of the Salk vaccine polio virus by monkey kidney cells was generated using the synthetic tissue culture medium, Mixture 199. In this paper’s retrospective assessment of this process, it was discovered that Mixture 199 was modified by the addition of ethanol to optimize animal cell survival based on experimentation that revealed a hormetic-like biphasic response relationship. This hormesis-based optimization procedure was then applied to all uses of Mixture 199 and modifications of it, including its application to the Salk polio vaccine during preliminary testing and in its subsequent major societal treatment programs. PMID:22423232

Long Term Mortality and Cancer Risk in Irradiated Rhesus Monkeys

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

Reticuloendothelium Acute leukemia 32.7 M Electron 1.6 15.0 Subcutis (Leg) Fibrosarcoma 40.5 M Proton 55 8.0 Brain Glioblastoma 42.9 M Electron 1.6 15.0...Subcutis (Leg) Fibrosarcoma 54.3 M Proton 55 6.0 Subcutis (Leg) Fibrosarcoma 54.5 M Proton 55 6.0 Brain Glioblastoma 54.8 M Electron 1.6 15.0 Kidney...55 4.0 Brain Glioblastoma 93.5 F Proton 55 6.0 Brain Glioblastoma 99.7 M Proton Mixed 12.0 Subcutis (Leg) Fibrosarcoma 108.1 M Proton 55 6.0 Mucosa

Radiation enhanced reactivation of herpes simplex virus: effect of caffeine.

PubMed

Hellman, K B; Lytle, C D; Bockstahler, L E

1976-09-01

Ultaviolet enhanced (Weigle) reactivation of UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus in UV-irradiated CV-1 monkey kidney cell monolayers was decreased by caffeine. X-ray enhanced reactivation of UV-irradiated virus in X-irradiated monolayers (X-ray reactivation) and UV- or X-ray-inactivated capacity of the cells to support unirradiated virus plaque formation were unaffected by caffeine. The results suggest that a caffeine-sensitive process is necessary for the expression of Weigle reactivation for herpes virus. Since cafeine did not significantly affect X-ray reactivation, different mechanisms may be responsible for the expression of Weigle reactivation and X-ray reactivation.

Cloning of nascent monkey DNA synthesized early in the cell cycle.

PubMed

Kaufmann, G; Zannis-Hadjopoulos, M; Martin, R G

1985-04-01

To study the structure and complexity of animal cell replication origins, we have isolated and cloned nascent DNA from the onset of S phase as follows: African green monkey kidney cells arrested in G1 phase were serum stimulated in the presence of the DNA replication inhibitor aphidicolin. After 18 h, the drug was removed, and DNA synthesis was allowed to proceed in vivo for 1 min. Nuclei were then prepared, and DNA synthesis was briefly continued in the presence of Hg-dCTP. The mercury-labeled nascent DNA was purified in double-stranded form by extrusion (M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos, M. Perisco, and R. G. Martin, Cell 27:155-163, 1981) followed by sulfhydryl-agarose affinity chromatography. Purified nascent DNA (ca. 500 to 2,000 base pairs) was treated with mung bean nuclease to remove single-stranded ends and inserted into the NruI site of plasmid pBR322. The cloned fragments were examined for their time of replication by hybridization to cellular DNA fractions synthesized at various intervals of the S phase. Among five clones examined, four hybridized preferentially with early replicating fractions.

Development of a new live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in human diploid cells.

PubMed

Sassani, A; Mirchamsy, H; Shafyi, A; Ahourai, P; Razavi, J; Gholami, M R; Mohammadi, A; Ezzi, A; Rahmani, M; Fateh, G

1991-07-01

A new live attenuated mumps vaccine was developed in human diploid cells. The S-12 virus was isolated from a 10-year-old girl showing typical symptoms of mumps infection, the diagnosis was confirmed by a pediatrician. The virus was isolated in green monkey kidney cells, without passage in chick embryo cavity or chick embryo fibroblasts. Attenuation of the wild virus was performed by serial passages in human diploid cells (MRC-5). The attenuated virus was characterized by identity tests, as well as by a reduction in plaque size, as marker tests. The virus was free from adventitious agents and safe for laboratory animals as well as for monkeys. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the S-12 virus for man was investigated by administration of a monovalent vaccine to 20 seronegative adult male volunteers and 30 children aged 1 to 5 years without history of mumps infection or vaccination. Seroconversion was obtained in 95% of the vaccinees. The new vaccine has the advantage of not requiring specific pathogen-free eggs, and being free from avian proteins and therefore can be used in sensitized patients.

In situ soil COS exchange of a temperate mountain grassland under simulated drought.

PubMed

Kitz, Florian; Gerdel, Katharina; Hammerle, Albin; Laterza, Tamara; Spielmann, Felix M; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2017-03-01

During recent years, carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas with a similar diffusion pathway into leaves as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), but with no known "respiration-like" leaf source, has been discussed as a promising new approach for partitioning net ecosystem-scale CO 2 fluxes into photosynthesis and respiration. The utility of COS for flux partitioning at the ecosystem scale critically depends on the understanding of non-leaf sources and sinks of COS. This study assessed the contribution of the soil to ecosystem-scale COS fluxes under simulated drought conditions at temperate grassland in the Central Alps. We used transparent steady-state flow-through chambers connected to a quantum cascade laser spectrometer to measure the COS and CO 2 gas exchange between the soil surface and the atmosphere. Soils were a source of COS during the day, emissions being mainly driven by incoming solar radiation and to a lesser degree soil temperature. Soil water content had a negligible influence on soil COS exchange and thus the drought and control treatment were statistically not significantly different. Overall, daytime fluxes were large (12.5 ± 13.8 pmol m -2  s -1 ) in their magnitude and consistently positive compared to the previous studies, which predominantly used dark chambers. Nighttime measurements revealed soil COS fluxes around zero, as did measurements with darkened soil chambers during daytime reinforcing the importance of incoming solar radiation. Our results suggest that abiotic drivers play a key role in controlling in situ soil COS fluxes of the investigated grassland.

Carbonyl sulfide produced by abiotic thermal and photodegradation of soil organic matter from wheat field substrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whelan, Mary E.; Rhew, Robert C.

2015-01-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a reduced sulfur gas that is taken up irreversibly in plant leaves proportionally with CO2, allowing its potential use as a tracer for gross primary production. Recently, wheat field soil at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in Lamont, Oklahoma, was found to be a measureable source of COS to the atmosphere. To understand the mechanism of COS production, soil and root samples were collected from the site and incubated in the laboratory over a range of temperatures (15-34°C) and light conditions (light and dark). Samples exhibited mostly COS net uptake from the atmosphere in dark and cool (<22-25°C) trials. COS emission was observed during dark incubations at high temperatures (>25°C), consistent with field observations, and at a lower temperature (19°C) when a full spectrum lamp (max wavelength 600 nm) was applied. Sterilized soil and root samples yielded only COS production that increased with temperature, supporting the hypothesis that (a) COS production in these samples is abiotic, (b) production is directly influenced by temperature and light, and (c) some COS consumption in soil and root samples is biotic.

Metallic CoS2 nanowire electrodes for high cycling performance supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Ren; Faber, Matthew S.; Dziedzic, Rafal; Wen, Zhenhai; Jin, Song; Mao, Shun; Chen, Junhong

2015-12-01

We report metallic cobalt pyrite (CoS2) nanowires (NWs) prepared directly on current collecting electrodes, e.g., carbon cloth or graphite disc, for high-performance supercapacitors. These CoS2 NWs have a variety of advantages for supercapacitor applications. Because the metallic CoS2 NWs are synthesized directly on the current collector, the good electrical connection enables efficient charge transfer between the active CoS2 materials and the current collector. In addition, the open spaces between the sea urchin structure NWs lead to a large accessible surface area and afford rapid mass transport. Moreover, the robust CoS2 NW structure results in high stability of the active materials during long-term operation. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the CoS2 NWs enable large specific capacitance (828.2 F g-1 at a scan rate of 0.01 V s-1) and excellent long term cycling stability (0-2.5% capacity loss after 4250 cycles at 5 A g-1) for pseudocapacitors. This example of metallic CoS2 NWs for supercapacitor applications expands the opportunities for transition metal sulfide-based nanostructures in emerging energy storage applications.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gokumakulapalle, Madhuri; Mei, Ya-Fang, E-mail: ya-fang.mei@umu.se

The use of continuous cell lines derived from the African green monkey kidney (AGMK) has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. However, to date, these cells have not been used to facilitate the creation of human adenoviruses because most human adenoviruses undergo abortive infections in them. Here, we report the susceptibility of AGMK-derived cells to adenovirus 11p (Ad11p) infection. First, we showed that CD46 molecules, which act as receptors for Ad11p, are expressed in AGMK cells. We then monitored Ad11p replication by measuring GFP expression as an indicator of viral transcription. We found that AGMK-derived cells were asmore » capable as carcinoma cells at propagating full-length replication-competent Ad11p (RCAd11p) DNA. Of the AGMK cell lines tested, Vero cells had the greatest capacity for adenovirus production. Thus, AGMK cells can be used to evaluate RCAd11p-mediated gene delivery, and Vero cells can be used for the production of RCAd11pGFP vectors at relatively high yields. - Highlights: • Africa green monkey cell lines were monitored for human adenovirus 11p GFP vector infection. • Human CD46 molecules were detectable in these monkey cell lines. • Adenovirus 11p GFP vector can be propagated in Vero cells increases the safety of Ad11p-based vectors for clinical trials. • To use Vero cells for preparation of Ad11p vector avoids the potential inclusion of oncogenes from tumor cells.« less

Cycle 24 HST+COS Target Acquisition Monitor Summary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penton, Steven V.; White, James

2018-06-01

HST/COS calibration program 14847 (P14857) was designed to verify that all three COS Target Acquisition (TA) modes were performing nominally during Cycle 24. The program was designed not only to determine if any of the COS TA flight software (FSW) patchable constants need updating but also to determine the values of any required parameter updates. All TA modes were determined to be performing nominally during the Cycle 24 calendar period of October 1, 2016 - October 1, 2017. No COS SIAF, TA subarray, or FSW parameter updates were required as a result of this program.

Standardization of Hall Thruster Efficiency Analysis: Methodology and Historical Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-25

and (5). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mvm ><><−=−= ∫ − θ cos m dθ θsin θcos θ θmπ ____π/2 π/2 vvT && (1) where, by definition ( ) ( )dθ θsin θmπm π...cos VI θ cos m 2 1 η m m mvm m m mvm v v v v v v && (7) ( ) energy in jet ___ 2 2__ thrust ηΦ P P θ cos η...m mvm v v (8) where, by definition ( ) ( )∫∫ +∞ ∞− +∞ ∞− = vvvvvv d d 2 ___ 2 ff (9

The Control of Human Arm Movement: Models and Mechanical Constraints

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

joints o linear joint angle sensors These assumptions may be refined as needed (e.g., muscle geometry may be included), but such additional complexity... C +y (2.4) 26 where W_ = (a, a2 Y = (1 0 1 O )T, = , 9 and cos( o ’) cos(o4) cos(q1) sin( o ) sin(44) sin(01) C 1= (2.5) coS(qS) coS(02) coS(0b) The least...squares solution is o = (CTC)-1CT(-y). A unique solution is guaranteed provided that the columns of C are independent. Observe that the columns of C

Computation of the Quantities Describing the Lunar Librations in the Astronomical Almanac

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

this system ~e ( COS( -(3) cost >. + 180’ - tt)) cost -(3) sine>. + 180’ - tt) sin(-(3) , (1) Consid~r neXt, point M referred to axes OX’’z’ iIi...now write (7) as the three equl\\tions " cos b cos(1 + LM - tt) = cosj3 cost >. - tt - N) cos b sin(1 + LM - tt) ,= cos Lcosj3si,n(>’,- tt -’N) ,- sin...8217?’~ on . .the sel~~~centric sphere. The geocentric right ascension and declination of the Moon are 0:, 0 and so the right ascension and declination of

INHALATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBONYL SULFIDE (COS) PRODUCES BRAIN LESIONS AND ALTERED BRAINSTEM AUDITORY (BAER) AND SOMATOSENSORY (SEP) EVOKED POTENTIALS IN FISHCER 344N RATS.

EPA Science Inventory

Because of the amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS) emissions and the lack of toxicological data, COS was listed in the Clean Air Act of 1990 as a Hazardous Air Pollutant. In 1999 COS was nominated by the US EPA to the National Toxicology Program for additional toxicological investig...

The influence of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the use of carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a photosynthetic tracer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, W.; Maseyk, K. S.; Lett, C.; Seibt, U.

2017-12-01

Using carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a tracer to derive gross primary productivity (GPP) estimates requires knowledge of the relationship between leaf COS and CO2 uptake, which is typically embodied in a parameter called leaf relative uptake (LRU) ratio, defined as the concentration normalized COS:CO2 flux ratio. Previous laboratory and field studies have found light as the key environmental driver of LRU due to differential light responses of COS and CO2 uptake imposed by stomatal regulation. But the influences on LRU from other environmental drivers, particularly vapor pressure deficit (VPD) that affects stomatal conductance, remain elusive. Here we show that VPD is an important determinant of the COS-CO2 uptake relationship in a water-stressed ecosystem. We measured leaf COS and CO2 fluxes from a coast live oak with automated leaf chambers in spring 2013 in a southern Californian woodland. In this semiarid ecosystem, both leaf COS and CO2 uptake responded to VPD and showed a midday depression caused by reduced stomatal conductance. Above a moderate light level ( 500 µmol m-2 s-1), COS uptake decreased with light, whereas CO2 uptake saturated. As a result of the VPD-limited COS uptake, LRU value became smaller than 1.0 at high light (> 1000 µmol m-2 s-1), strongly deviating from previous laboratory values that converge to 1.6. Hence, failure to consider VPD influence may result in overestimated LRU value and underestimated CO2 uptake in this ecosystem. Using a coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model, we show that the VPD control on LRU is in accordance with the response of stomatal conductance to VPD. Our results highlight that incorporating the VPD effect into the prediction of LRU value is crucial to the implementation of COS-based photosynthesis estimates in semiarid ecosystems.

Immunosuppression With CD40 Costimulatory Blockade Plus Rapamycin for Simultaneous Islet-Kidney Transplantation in Nonhuman Primates.

PubMed

Oura, T; Hotta, K; Lei, J; Markmann, J; Rosales, I; Dehnadi, A; Kawai, K; Ndishabandi, D; Smith, R-N; Cosimi, A B; Kawai, T

2017-03-01

The lack of a reliable immunosuppressive regimen that effectively suppresses both renal and islet allograft rejection without islet toxicity hampers a wider clinical application of simultaneous islet-kidney transplantation (SIK). Seven MHC-mismatched SIKs were performed in diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Two recipients received rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction followed by daily tacrolimus and rapamycin (ATG/Tac/Rapa), and five recipients were treated with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rapamycin (aCD40/Rapa). Anti-inflammatory therapy, including anti-interleukin-6 receptor mAb and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α mAb, was given in both groups. The ATG/Tac/Rapa recipients failed to achieve long-term islet allograft survival (19 and 26 days) due to poor islet engraftment and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. In contrast, the aCD40/Rapa regimen provided long-term islet and kidney allograft survival (90, 94, >120, >120, and >120 days), with only one recipient developing evidence of allograft rejection. The aCD40/Rapa regimen was also tested in four kidney-alone transplant recipients. All four recipients achieved long-term renal allograft survival (100% at day 120), which was superior to renal allograft survival (62.9% at day 120) with triple immunosuppressive regimen (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids). The combination of anti-CD40 mAb and rapamycin is an effective and nontoxic immunosuppressive regimen that uses only clinically available agents for kidney and islet recipients. © Copyright 2016 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of the Integrin Marker 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 Determined from Whole-Body PET/CT in a Non-Human Primate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shuanglong; Vorobyova, Ivetta; Park, Ryan; Conti, Peter S.

2017-10-01

Introduction: 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 is a positron emission radiotracer taken up by integrin αvβ3, which is overexpressed in many malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 in a non-human primate with positron emission tomography and to estimate the absorbed doses in major organs for human. Materials and methods: Whole-body PET imaging was done in a Siemens Biograph scanner in a male macaque monkey. After an i.v. injection of 13.1–19.7 MBq/kg of 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2, whole body scan was collected for a total duration of 180 min. Attenuation and scatter corrections were applied to reconstruction of the whole-body emission scan. After image reconstruction, three-dimensional volumes of interest (VOI) were hand-drawn on the PET transaxial or coronal slices of the frame where the organ was most conspicuous. Time-activity curves for each VOI were obtained, and residence time of each organ was calculated by integration of the time-activity curves. Human absorbed doses were estimated using the standard human model in OLINDA/EXM software. Results: Injection of 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 was well tolerated in the macaque monkey, with no serious tracer-related adverse events observed. 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 was cleared rapidly from the blood pool, with a 12.1-min biological half-time. Increased 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 uptake was observed in the kidneys, and bladder, with mean percentage injected dose (ID%) values at 1 h after injection approximately 35.50 ± 6.47 and 36.89 ± 5.48, respectively. The calculated effective dose was 15.30 ± 2.21 µSv/MBq, and the kidneys had the highest absorbed dose at 108.43 ± 16.41 µGy/MBq using the non-voiding model. For an injected activity of 925 MBq 64Cu for human, the effective dose would be 14.2 ± 2.1 mSv. Discussion: Due to the limitation of the monkey number, we evaluated 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 in the same monkey of three imaging sessions. Measured absorbed doses and effective doses of 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 are comparable to other reported RGD-derived radiopharmaceuticals labeled with 64Cu and 18F. Therefore, 64Cu-BaBaSar-RGD2 can be safely injected into humans for studying integrin αvβ3 expression non-invasively.

Chitin Oligosaccharide (COS) Reduces Antibiotics Dose and Prevents Antibiotics-Caused Side Effects in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) Patients with Spinal Fusion Surgery.

PubMed

Qu, Yang; Xu, Jinyu; Zhou, Haohan; Dong, Rongpeng; Kang, Mingyang; Zhao, Jianwu

2017-03-14

Antibiotics are always considered for surgical site infection (SSI) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. However, the use of antibiotics often causes the antibiotic resistance of pathogens and side effects. Thus, it is necessary to explore natural products as drug candidates. Chitin Oligosaccharide (COS) has anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria functions. The effects of COS on surgical infection in AIS surgery were investigated. A total of 312 AIS patients were evenly and randomly assigned into control group (CG, each patient took one-gram alternative Azithromycin/Erythromycin/Cloxacillin/Aztreonam/Ceftazidime or combined daily), experiment group (EG, each patient took 20 mg COS and half-dose antibiotics daily), and placebo group (PG, each patient took 20 mg placebo and half-dose antibiotics daily). The average follow-up was one month, and infection severity and side effects were analyzed. The effects of COS on isolated pathogens were analyzed. SSI rates were 2%, 3% and 8% for spine wounds and 1%, 2% and 7% for iliac wound in CG, EG and PG ( p < 0.05), respectively. COS reduces the side effects caused by antibiotics ( p < 0.05). COS improved biochemical indexes and reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. COS reduced the antibiotics dose and antibiotics-caused side effects in AIS patients with spinal fusion surgery by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. COS should be developed as potential adjuvant for antibiotics therapies.

Cheiro-Oral Syndrome: A Clinical Analysis and Review of Literature

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Purpose After a century, cheiro-oral syndrome (COS) was harangued and emphasized for its localizing value and benign course in recent two decades. However, an expanding body of case series challenged when COS may arise from an involvement of ascending sensory pathways between cortex and pons and terminate into poor outcome occasionally. Materials and Methods To analyze the location, underlying etiologies and prognosis in 76 patients presented with COS collected between 1989 and 2007. Results Four types of COS were categorized, namely unilateral (71.1%), typically bilateral (14.5%), atypically bilateral (7.9%) and crossed COS (6.5%). The most common site of COS occurrence was at pons (27.6%), following by thalamus (21.1%) and cortex (15.8%). Stroke with small infarctions or hemorrhage was the leading cause. Paroxysmal paresthesia was predicted for cortical involvement and bilateral paresthesia for pontine involvement, whereas crossed paresthesia for medullary involvement. However, the majority of lesions cannot be localized by clinical symptoms alone, and were demonstrated only by neuroimaging. Deterioration was ensued in 12% of patients, whose lesions were large cortical infarction, medullary infarction, and bilateral subdural hemorrhage. Conclusion COS arises from varied sites between medulla and cortex, and is usually caused by small stroke lesion. Neurological deterioration occurs in 12% of patients and relates to large vessel occlusion, medullary involvement or cortical stroke. Since the location and deterioration of COS cannot be predicted by clinical symptoms alone, COS should be considered an emergent condition for aggressive investigation until fatal cause is substantially excluded. PMID:20046417

Novel DNA packaging recognition in the unusual bacteriophage N15

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feiss, Michael; Geyer, Henriette, E-mail: henriettegeyer@gmail.com; Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin

Phage lambda's cosB packaging recognition site is tripartite, consisting of 3 TerS binding sites, called R sequences. TerS binding to the critical R3 site positions the TerL endonuclease for nicking cosN to generate cohesive ends. The N15 cos (cos{sup N15}) is closely related to cos{sup λ}, but whereas the cosB{sup N15} subsite has R3, it lacks the R2 and R1 sites and the IHF binding site of cosB{sup λ}. A bioinformatic study of N15-like phages indicates that cosB{sup N15} also has an accessory, remote rR2 site, which is proposed to increase packaging efficiency, like R2 and R1 of lambda. N15more » plus five prophages all have the rR2 sequence, which is located in the TerS-encoding 1 gene, approximately 200 bp distal to R3. An additional set of four highly related prophages, exemplified by Monarch, has R3 sequence, but also has R2 and R1 sequences characteristic of cosB–λ. The DNA binding domain of TerS-N15 is a dimer. - Highlights: • There are two classes of DNA packaging signals in N15-related phages. • Phage N15's TerS binding site: a critical site and a possible remote accessory site. • Viral DNA recognition signals by the λ-like bacteriophages: the odd case of N15.« less

Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8.

PubMed

Li, Shuhua; Qian, Xiaohua; Yuan, Zhengan; Sun, Xiaodong; Li, Chongshan; Tang, Xian; Yang, Yanji; Gong, Xiangzhen; Cao, Guangwen

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000-2012. Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain. Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site. Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

COS2025: Extending the Lifetime of the FUV channel of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph to 2025

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rafelski, Marc; De Rosa, Gisella; Fischer, William J.; Fix, Mees; Fox, Andrew; Indriolo, Nick; James, Bethan; Magness, Camellia; Oliveira, Cristina M.; Penton, Steven V.; Plesha, Rachel; Roman-Duval, Julia; Sahnow, David J.; Sankrit, Ravi; Snyder, Elaine M.; Taylor, Joanna M.; White, James

2018-01-01

The Hubble Space Telescope's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) Far-Ultraviolet (FUV) microchannel plate detector's efficiency at converting incoming photons into detectable events decreases with usage. This depletion of the detector's gain (i.e. gain sag) results in unusable regions of the COS/FUV detector. In order to mitigate this gain sag, a number of strategies have been employed over the past 8 years of operations, ranging from moving to different lifetime positions, to managing the high voltage to extract a smaller amount of charge, to re-distributing the cenwave usage so that Ly-alpha does not produce a gain-sag hole in a given location. We are now at a point where none of the strategies above will, without any other changes, allow us to continue operating the COS/FUV detector to 2025. To address this a new COS2025 policy was developed, with the goal of retaining full science capability of COS/FUV to 2025. We present an overview of the COS2025 policy, which places restrictions on the G130M cenwaves allowed at Lifetime Position 4 (LP4). We also present a tool which allows users to visualize the COS/FUV wavelength ranges to help users prepare their proposals in the light of the restrictions on the G130M cenwaves.

Measurements of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide during the NASA Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation Project: Implications for the global COS budget

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, James E.; Bandy, Alan R.; Thornton, Donald C.; Bates, Timothy S.

1993-01-01

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide COS concentrations were measured by three analytical systems during the Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE 3) project. The three systems all used cryogenic sample preconcentration and gas chromatographic (GC) separation but differed in the method of detection. The FPD system used a flame photometric detector, the MS system used a mass selective detector, and the ECD-S system used a fluorinating catalyst followed by an electron capture detector. With the FPD system, we found a mean COS concentration of 510 ppt over the North Atlantic and 442 ppt over the Tropical Atlantic. With the ECD-S system, we found a mean COS concentration of 489 ppt over the North Atlantic and 419 ppt over the Tropical Atlantic. All three systems registered a latitudinal gradient in atmospheric COS of between 1.6 and 2.0 ppt per degree of latitude, with increasing COS concentrations northward which was similar to the gradient measured by Bingemer et al. (1990). It is difficult to reconcile the measured latitudinal concentration gradient with present theories of the global COS budget since the largest sink of COS is thought to be a flux to land plants, most of which are in the northern hemisphere.

Protective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Irradiation Injury in Mice.

PubMed

Zhai, Xingchen; Yang, Xin; Zou, Pan; Shao, Yong; Yuan, Shoujun; Abd El-Aty, A M; Wang, Jing

2018-02-01

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), hydrolyzed products of chitosan, was found to display various biological activities. Herein, we assessed the immunostimulatory activity of COS both in in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro cytotoxicity studies to murine macrophage RAW264.7 revealed that COS is safe even at the maximum tested concentration of 1000 μg/mL. It also stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and enhances the phagocytosis in COS-stimulated RAW264.7. We have shown that the COS could significantly (P < 0.05) restore the reduced immune organs indices, phagocytic index, lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. COS can also improve the survival rate in irradiation injury mice and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the spleen indices and up-regulates the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in splenocytes. In sum, the aforementioned results suggest that COS might has the potential to be used as an immunostimulatory agent in patients with immune dysfunctions or be a model for functional food development. COS might has the potential to be used as an immunostimulatory agent in patients with immune dysfunctions or be a model for functional food development. © 2018 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Overview of measles and mumps vaccine: origin, present, and future of vaccine production.

PubMed

Betáková, T; Svetlíková, D; Gocník, M

2013-01-01

Measles and mumps are common viral childhood diseases that can cause serious complications. Vaccination remains the most efficient way to control the spread of these viruses. The manufacturing capability for viral vaccines produced in embryonated hen eggs and conventional/classical cell substrates, such as chicken embryo fibroblast or primary dog kidney cell substrates, is no longer sufficient. This limitation can be overcome by utilizing other recognized cell substrates such as Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), Vero (monkey origin) cells, MRC-5 (human diploid) or as an alternative, introducing new cell substrates of human or avian origin. A very important factor in vaccine production is the safety and immunogenicity of the final vaccine, where the proper choice of cell substrate used for virus propagation is made. All substrates used in vaccine production must be fully characterized to avoid the contamination of hidden unknown pathogens which is difficult to achieve in primary cell substrates.

Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine.

PubMed

Bhamarapravati, N; Sutee, Y

2000-05-26

The development of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine is currently the best strategy to obtain a vaccine against dengue viruses. The Mahidol University group developed candidate live attenuated vaccines by attenuation through serial passages in certified primary cell cultures. Dengue serotype 1, 2 and 4 viruses were developed in primary dog kidney cells, whereas dengue serotype 3 was serially passaged in primary African green monkey kidney cells. Tissue culture passaged strain viruses were subjected to biological marker studies. Candidate vaccines have been tested as monovalent (single virus), bivalent (two viruses), trivalent (three viruses) and tetravalent (all four serotype viruses) vaccines in Thai volunteers. They were found to be safe and immunogenic in both adults and children. The Mahidol live attenuated dengue 2 virus was also tested in American volunteers and resulted in good immune response indistinguishable from those induced in Thai volunteers. The master seeds from the four live attenuated virus strains developed were provided to Pasteur Merieux Connaught of France for production on an industrial scale following good manufacturing practice guidelines.

One step hydrothermal synthesis of 3D CoS2@MoS2-NG for high performance supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Qi; Chen, Yizhi; Zhu, Wenkun; Zhang, Ling; Yang, Xiaoyong; Duan, Tao

2018-07-01

A three-dimensional (3D) MoS2 coated CoS2-nitrogen doped graphene (NG) (CoS2@MoS2-NG) hybrid has been synthesized by a one step hydrothermal method as supercapacitor (SC) electrode material for the first time. Such a composite consists of NG embedded with stacked CoS2@MoS2 sheets. With a 3D skeleton, it prevents the agglomeration of CoS2@MoS2 nanoparticles, resulting in sound conductivity, rich porous structures and a large surface area. The results indicate that CoS2@MoS2-NG has higher specific capacitance (198 F g‑1 at 1 A g‑1), better rate performance (with about 56.57% from 1 to 16 A g‑1) and an improved cycle stability (with about 96.97% after 1000 cycles). It is an ideal candidate for SC electrode materials.

One step hydrothermal synthesis of 3D CoS2@MoS2-NG for high performance supercapacitors.

PubMed

Meng, Qi; Chen, Yizhi; Zhu, Wenkun; Zhang, Ling; Yang, Xiaoyong; Duan, Tao

2018-07-20

A three-dimensional (3D) MoS 2 coated CoS 2 -nitrogen doped graphene (NG) (CoS 2 @MoS 2 -NG) hybrid has been synthesized by a one step hydrothermal method as supercapacitor (SC) electrode material for the first time. Such a composite consists of NG embedded with stacked CoS 2 @MoS 2 sheets. With a 3D skeleton, it prevents the agglomeration of CoS 2 @MoS 2 nanoparticles, resulting in sound conductivity, rich porous structures and a large surface area. The results indicate that CoS 2 @MoS 2 -NG has higher specific capacitance (198 F g -1 at 1 A g -1 ), better rate performance (with about 56.57% from 1 to 16 A g -1 ) and an improved cycle stability (with about 96.97% after 1000 cycles). It is an ideal candidate for SC electrode materials.

[Characteristics of cationic polymers PEI-CyD, PEI-PHPA, PEE-PHPA and PEI25kD in vitro and in vivo].

PubMed

Yao, Qi; Jin, Xue; Hu, Tian-nan; Wang, Qi-wen; Wang, Xun-shi; Hu, Qi-da; Xu, Sang; Zhou, Jun; Tang, Gu-ping

2012-11-01

To study the characteristics of cationic polymers polyethylenimine-β-cyclodextrin (PEI-CyD), polyethylenimine-poly-(3-hydroxypropyl)-aspartamide (PEI-PHPA), N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine-Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine-aspartamide (PEE-PHPA) in vitro and in vivo. PEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA were synthesized and the chemistry structure of PEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA was confirmed by (1)H-NMR. The particle size and zeta potential of these polymers were measured, and capacity of plasmid DNA condensation was tested. The inhibition of COS-7, A549, HEK293 and C6 cells was measured by MTT assay. The transfection efficiency was determined in HEK293 cell lines. The toxicity, tissue distribution and transfection efficiency of cationic polymers were tested in vivo. When the N/P of polymers/DNA at 30, the particle sizes were close 250 nm and the zeta-potential were near 35 mv. They were able to condense DNA at N/P ratio < 5. The MTT assay showed that the IC(50) of PEE-PHPA was 21.5, 20.2, 7.30 and 37.1 μg/ml, and that of PEI25kD was 15.8, 18.3, 11.4 and 36.7 μg/ml in C6, COS-7, A549 and HEK293cell lines, respectively. The cell viability of PEI-CyD and PEI-PHPA in above cell lines was over 60%. They had high transfection efficiency in HEK293 cell lines. The LD(50) of PEI25Kd, PEI-CyD, PEI-PHPA and PEE-PHPA in vivo was 19.50, 100.4, 521.2 and 630.0, respectively by intraperitoneal (ip) injection. The contractions of these polymers were higher in kidney than in other organs and tissues.PEE-PHPA had slight effect on kidney and liver function. PEE and PEI25kD have higher transfection efficiency and higher toxicity; while PC and PHPA-PEI have lower toxicity and higher transfection efficiency to be used as non-viral gene vector.

Soil emission and uptake of carbonyl sulfide at a temperate mountain grassland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitz, Florian; Hammerle, Albin; Laterza, Tamara; Spielmann, Felix M.; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2016-04-01

Flux partitioning, i.e. inferring gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration from the measured net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange, is one uncertainty in modelling the carbon cycle and in times where robust models are needed to assess future global changes a persistent problem. A promising new approach is to derive GPP by measuring carbonyl sulfide (COS), the most abundant sulfur-containing trace gas in the atmosphere, with a mean concentration of about 500 pptv in the troposphere. This is possible because COS and CO2 enter the leaf via a similar pathway and are processed by the same enzyme (carbonic anhydrase). A prerequisite to use COS as a proxy for canopy photosynthesis is a robust estimation of COS sources and sinks in an ecosystem. Past studies described soils either as a sink or source, depending on properties like soil temperature and soil water content. The main aim of this study was to quantify the soil COS exchange and its drivers of a temperate mountain grassland in order to aid the use of COS as tracer for canopy CO2 and water vapor exchange. We conducted a field campaign with a Quantum cascade laser at a temperate mountain grassland to estimate the soil COS fluxes under ambient conditions and while simulating a drought. We used self-built fused silica (i.e. light-transparent) soil chambers to avoid COS emissions from built-in materials and to assess the impact of radiation. Vegetation was removed within the chambers, therefor more radiation reached the soil surface compared to natural conditions. This might be the reason for highly positive fluxes during daytime more similar to agricultural study sites. To further investigate this large soil COS source we conducted within canopy concentration measurements near the soil surface and still recorded fluxes confirming the soil as a COS source during daytime. Results from the drought experiment suggested a strong impact of incoming radiation on soil COS fluxes followed by soil temperature, whereas the influence of soil water content (SWC) seemed to be negligible, even though the SWC dropped significantly due to rain exclusion. These results were bolstered by soil nighttime fluxes around zero and measurements with non-transparent chambers exhibiting much smaller fluxes compared to transparent ones. In the case that other ecosystems react in a similar fashion and biotic processes are negligible when parameterizing soil COS fluxes, we are a step closer to using COS as a proxy for GPP.

Three-column osteotomy surgery versus standard surgical management for the correction of adult spinal deformity: a cohort study.

PubMed

Ji, Xinran; Chen, Hua; Zhang, Yiling; Zhang, Lihai; Zhang, Wei; Berven, Sigurd; Tang, Peifu

2015-02-03

The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the surgical data, clinical outcomes, and complications between three-column osteotomy (3-COS) and standard surgical management (SSM) for the treatment of adult spine deformity (ASD). A total of 112 patients who underwent consecutive 3-COS (n = 48) and SSM (n = 64) procedures for ASD correction at a single institution from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed in this study. The outcomes were assessed using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 scores. The complications of patients with 3-COS and SSM were also compared. No significant differences were found in patient characteristics between SSM and 3-COS groups. Surgical data and radiographic parameters showed that the patients of the 3-COS group suffered more severe ASD than those of the SSM group. The distribution of surgical complications revealed that SSM group underwent more complications than 3-COS groups with no significant differences. At final follow-up, the total SRS-22 score of SSM was not significant between pre-operation and post-operation. However, the total SRS-22 score of 3-COS at final follow-up was significantly higher than pre-operation. For severe ASD patients with high grade pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and PI/lumbar lordosis (LL) mismatch and who have subjected to spine surgeries more than twice before, 3-COS might be more effective than SSM in improving the clinical outcomes. However, due to the higher reoperation rate of 3-COS, SSM may be more appropriate than SSM for correcting the not serious ASD patients.

Electronic coupling induced high performance of N, S-codoped graphene supported CoS2 nanoparticles for catalytic reduction and evolution of oxygen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Bohong; Jiang, Zhongqing; Zhou, Lingshan; Deng, Binglu; Jiang, Zhong-Jie; Huang, Jianlin; Liu, Meilin

2018-06-01

A simple synthetic method is developed for the synthesis of CoS2/N, S-codoped graphene. The result shows the existence of a strong electronic coupling between CoS2 and N, S-codoped graphene. The pyrrolic and pyridinic type nitrogen and S in the form of C-S-C in N, S-codoped graphene are found to be the anchoring sites of the CoS2 nanoparticles. As a bifunctional catalyst, the CoS2/N, S-codoped graphene exhibits an oxygen reduction onset potential of 0.963 V vs. RHE and delivers an oxygen evolution overpotential of 393 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2. Its oxygen reduction and evolution catalytic activities are comparable to those of the Pt/C and the state-of-art RuO2/C, respectively. Most impressively, the CoS2/N, S-codoped graphene exhibits a potential gap of 771 mV. This value is lower than those of most bifuntional catalysts reported, clearly indicating its potential use as the bifunctional catalyst to replace the noble-metal based catalysts for practical applications. Additionally, our results also suggest a great importance to prepare a single pure phase CoS2 in improving the catalytic bifunctionality of the CoS2/N, S-codoped graphene. The primary Zn-air battery with CoS2/N, S-codoped graphene shows a higher discharge peak power density than that with Pt/C.

Constraining surface carbon fluxes using in situ measurements of carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berkelhammer, M.; Asaf, D.; Still, C.; Montzka, S.; Noone, D.; Gupta, M.; Provencal, R.; Chen, H.; Yakir, D.

2014-02-01

Understanding the processes that control the terrestrial exchange of carbon is critical for assessing atmospheric CO2 budgets. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is taken up by vegetation during photosynthesis following a pathway that mirrors CO2 but has a small or nonexistent emission component, providing a possible tracer for gross primary production. Field measurements of COS and CO2 mixing ratios were made in forest, senescent grassland, and riparian ecosystems using a laser absorption spectrometer installed in a mobile trailer. Measurements of leaf fluxes with a branch-bag gas-exchange system were made across species from 10 genera of trees, and soil fluxes were measured with a flow-through chamber. These data show (1) the existence of a narrow normalized daytime uptake ratio of COS to CO2 across vascular plant species of 1.7, providing critical information for the application of COS to estimate photosynthetic CO2 fluxes and (2) a temperature-dependent normalized uptake ratio of COS to CO2 from soils. Significant nighttime uptake of COS was observed in broad-leafed species and revealed active stomatal opening prior to sunrise. Continuous high-resolution joint measurements of COS and CO2 concentrations in the boundary layer are used here alongside the flux measurements to partition the influence that leaf and soil fluxes and entrainment of air from above have on the surface carbon budget. The results provide a number of critical constraints on the processes that control surface COS exchange, which can be used to diagnose the robustness of global models that are beginning to use COS to constrain terrestrial carbon exchange.

30 CFR 250.1900 - Must I have a SEMS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Environmental Management Program for Offshore Operations and Facilities (API RP 75) (as incorporated by... conflicts between the requirements of this subpart and API RP 75; COS-2-01, COS-2-03, or COS-2-04; or ISO...

30 CFR 250.1900 - Must I have a SEMS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Environmental Management Program for Offshore Operations and Facilities (API RP 75) (as incorporated by... conflicts between the requirements of this subpart and API RP 75; COS-2-01, COS-2-03, or COS-2-04; or ISO...

Modelling Experimental Procedures for Manipulator Calibration

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

C - ( ~ cosW -sir4 0(12)rz (’ im 4n cos 0 0 1 cosO 0 sinO 0 0 i 0 0 (13) -sinG 0 cos6 0 i o 0 0 1 foos4 -sint 0 01 F0t z,4) snCJ cos€ 0 01 (14) 0 0...s4ses* c ( c * s s c *- c s* (21) -sO cOs* cOcp o 0 0 0 With the orientation now specified by RPY(0, O ,*), it is only necessary to specify the translations... computed based on the nominal parameters and the it set of joint angles and stored in TE" where C refers to the calculated value. Recall that

Summary of the COS Cycle 22 Calibration Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sonnentrucker, Paule; Becker, George; Bostroem, Azalee; Debes, John H.; Ely, Justin; Fox, Andrew; Lockwood, Sean; Oliveira, Cristina; Penton, Steven; Proffitt, Charles; Roman-Duval, Julia; Sahnow, David; Sana, Hugues; Taylor, Jo; Welty, Alan D.; Wheeler, Thomas

2016-09-01

We summarize the calibration activities for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope during Cycle 22 which ran from November 2014 through October 2015. We give an overview of the COS calibration plan, COS usage statistics and we briefly describe major changes with respect to the previous cycle. High-level executive summaries for each calibration program comprising Cycle 22 are also given here. Results of the analysis attached to each program are published in separate ISRs.

Effect of Forsythia suspensa extract and chito-oligosaccharide alone or in combination on performance, intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity and immune characteristics of weaned piglets.

PubMed

Zhao, Panfeng; Piao, Xiangshu; Zeng, Zhikai; Li, Ping; Xu, Xiao; Wang, Hongliang

2017-06-01

We investigated the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS), alone or together, on performance and health status of weaned piglets. The treatments included a basal diet and three diets with 160 mg/kg COS, 100 mg/kg FSE, or 100 mg/kg FSE and 160 mg/kg COS. Supplementation with COS or FSE alone improved (P < 0.01) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio compared with the basal diet in the first 2 weeks. On day 14, COS or FSE supplementation separately produced stronger (P < 0.01) serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activities and lower serum endotoxin (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (P < 0.01) concentrations, generated higher (P < 0.01) serum complement 4 concentration, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and serum-specific ovalbumin antibody level than the basal diet. No differences in oxidative injury and immunity indices were detected on day 28. The combined FSE and COS produced similar results compared with FSE or COS when given alone. These data indicate FSE or COS can increase performance by modulating intestinal permeability, antioxidant status and immune function in younger pigs. There appears to be similar advantage in feeding the additives in combination over those obtained from feeding them separately. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Plant Uptake of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide in Coast Redwood Forests

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Campbell, J. E.; Whelan, M. E.; Berry, J. A.; Hilton, T. W.; Zumkehr, A.; Stinecipher, J.; Lu, Y.; Kornfeld, A.; Seibt, U.; Dawson, T. E.; Montzka, S. A.; Baker, I. T.; Kulkarni, S.; Wang, Y.; Herndon, S. C.; Zahniser, M. S.; Commane, R.; Loik, M. E.

2017-12-01

The future resilience of coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) is now of critical concern due to the detection of a 33% decline in California coastal fog over the 20th century. However, ecosystem-scale measurements of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are challenging in coast redwood forests, making it difficult to anticipate the impacts of future changes in fog. To address this methodological problem, we explore coastal variations in atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS), which could potentially be used as a tracer of these ecosystem processes. We conducted atmospheric flask campaigns in coast redwood sites, sampling at surface heights and in the canopy ( 70 m), at the University of California Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve and Big Basin State Park. We simulated COS atmosphere-biosphere exchange with a high-resolution 3-D model to interpret these data. Flask measurements indicated a persistent daytime drawdown between the coast and the downwind forest (45 ± 6 ppt COS) that is consistent with the expected relationship between COS plant uptake, stomatal conductance, and gross primary production. Other sources and sinks of COS that could introduce noise to the COS tracer technique (soils, anthropogenic activity, nocturnal plant uptake, and surface hydrolysis on leaves) are likely to be small relative to daytime COS plant uptake. These results suggest that COS measurements may be useful for making ecosystem-scale estimates of carbon, water, and energy exchange in coast redwood forests.

Recombination Between Guanidine-resistant and Dextran Sulfate-resistant Mutants of Type 1 Poliovirus

PubMed Central

Sergiescu, Dina; Aubert-Combiescu, Andrei; Crainic, Radu

1969-01-01

Mixed infection of monkey kidney cells with two mutants of the LSc2ab strain of poliovirus, one resistant to guanidine and the other resistant to both dextran sulfate and 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (HBB), yielded progeny in which the number of guardexr particles exceeded by a factor of 7 to 10 the expected number of similar particles occurring through spontaneous mutation; recombination would explain the fairly high excess of doubly mutant particles that was obtained. Scoring of HBB resistance in 50 guardexr clones suggested that, during recombination, resistance to dextran sulfate is not associated with HBB resistance. Images PMID:4305674

Eddy covariance carbonyl sulfide flux measurements with a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerdel, Katharina; Spielmann, Felix M.; Hammerle, Albin; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2016-04-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most abundant sulfur containing trace gas present in the troposphere at concentrations of around 500 ppt. Recent interest in COS by the ecosystem-physiological community has been sparked by the fact that COS co-diffuses into plant leaves pretty much the same way as carbon dioxide (CO2) does, but in contrast to CO2, COS is not known to be emitted by plants. Thus uptake of COS by vegetation has the potential to be used as a tracer for canopy gross photosynthesis, which cannot be measured directly, however represents a key term in the global carbon cycle. Since a few years, quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometers (QCLAS) are commercially available with the precision, sensitivity and time response suitable for eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements. While there exist a handful of published reports on EC flux measurements in the recent literature, no rigorous investigation of the applicability of QCLAS for EC COS flux measurements has been carried out so far, nor have been EC processing and QA/QC steps developed for carbon dioxide and water vapor flux measurements within FLUXNET been assessed for COS. The aim of this study is to close this knowledge gap, to discuss critical steps in the post-processing chain of COS EC flux measurements and to devise best-practice guidelines for COS EC flux data processing. To this end we collected EC COS (and CO2, H2O and CO) flux measurements above a temperate mountain grassland in Austria over the vegetation period 2015 with a commercially available QCLAS. We discuss various aspects of EC data post-processing, in particular issues with the time-lag estimation between sonic anemometer and QCLAS signals and QCLAS time series detrending, as well as QA/QC, in particular flux detection limits, random flux uncertainty, the interaction of various processing steps with common EC QA/QC filters (e.g. detrending and stationarity tests), u*-filtering, etc.

DNA Packaging Specificity of Bacteriophage N15 with an Excursion into the Genetics of a Cohesive End Mismatch

PubMed Central

Feiss, Michael; Young Min, Jea; Sultana, Sawsan; Patel, Priyal; Sippy, Jean

2015-01-01

During DNA replication by the λ-like bacteriophages, immature concatemeric DNA is produced by rolling circle replication. The concatemers are processed into mature chromosomes with cohesive ends, and packaged into prohead shells, during virion assembly. Cohesive ends are generated by the viral enzyme terminase, which introduces staggered nicks at cos, an approx. 200 bp-long sequence containing subsites cosQ, cosN and cosB. Interactions of cos subsites of immature concatemeric DNA with terminase orchestrate DNA processing and packaging. To initiate DNA packaging, terminase interacts with cosB and nicks cosN. The cohesive ends of N15 DNA differ from those of λ at 2/12 positions. Genetic experiments show that phages with chromosomes containing mismatched cohesive ends are functional. In at least some infections, the cohesive end mismatch persists through cyclization and replication, so that progeny phages of both allelic types are produced in the infected cell. N15 possesses an asymmetric packaging specificity: N15 DNA is not packaged by phages λ or 21, but surprisingly, N15-specific terminase packages λ DNA. Implications for genetic interactions among λ-like bacteriophages are discussed. PMID:26633301

Cosmic Origins Spectrograph : Target Acquisition Performance and Updated Guidelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penton, Steven V.; Keyes, C.; Osterman, S.; Sahnow, D.; Soderblom, D.; COS IDT Team; STScI COS Team

2010-01-01

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is a slit-less spectrograph with a very small aperture (radius = 1.25"). To achieve the desired wavelength accuracy of <15 km/s, HST+COS must center the target to within 0.1” of the center of the aperture. This is the angle subtended by a typical AAS poster when viewed from over 1400 miles away. During SMOV we have fine-tuned the COS target acquisition (TA) procedures to exceed this accuracy for all three COS TA modes; NUV imaging, NUV spectroscopic, and FUV spectroscopic. We will compare all COS TA modes in terms of centering accuracy, efficiency (elapsed time), and required signal-to-noise for all targets suitable for use with COS. We will also provide updated recommendations for the options of all TA modes (e.g., SCAN-SIZE and NUM-POS of ACQ/PEAKD). We have observed in SMOV that HST is providing an excellent initial 1-σ blind pointing accuracy of ±0.4” in both the along-dispersion and cross-dispersion directions. We will discuss the implications of this, and other lessons learned in SMOV, on Cycle 17 and 18 HST+COS TAs.

Metallic CoS₂ nanowire electrodes for high cycling performance supercapacitors.

PubMed

Ren, Ren; Faber, Matthew S; Dziedzic, Rafal; Wen, Zhenhai; Jin, Song; Mao, Shun; Chen, Junhong

2015-12-11

We report metallic cobalt pyrite (CoS2) nanowires (NWs) prepared directly on current collecting electrodes, e.g., carbon cloth or graphite disc, for high-performance supercapacitors. These CoS2 NWs have a variety of advantages for supercapacitor applications. Because the metallic CoS2 NWs are synthesized directly on the current collector, the good electrical connection enables efficient charge transfer between the active CoS2 materials and the current collector. In addition, the open spaces between the sea urchin structure NWs lead to a large accessible surface area and afford rapid mass transport. Moreover, the robust CoS2 NW structure results in high stability of the active materials during long-term operation. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the CoS2 NWs enable large specific capacitance (828.2 F g(-1) at a scan rate of 0.01 V s(-1)) and excellent long term cycling stability (0-2.5% capacity loss after 4250 cycles at 5 A g(-1)) for pseudocapacitors. This example of metallic CoS2 NWs for supercapacitor applications expands the opportunities for transition metal sulfide-based nanostructures in emerging energy storage applications.

Enhanced immune response to inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine by conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides.

PubMed

Zhang, Guiqiang; Jia, Peiyuan; Cheng, Gong; Jiao, Siming; Ren, Lishi; Ji, Shaoyang; Hu, Tao; Liu, Hongtao; Du, Yuguang

2017-06-15

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) conjugation on the immunogenicity of porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV2) vaccine. Two conjugates (PCV2-COS-1 and PCV2-COS-2) were designed by covalent conjugation of an inactivated PCV2 vaccine with COS, and administered to C57BL/6 mice three times at two-week intervals. The results indicate that, as compared to PCV2 alone group, the PCV2-COS conjugates remarkably enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by promoting T lymphocyte proliferation and initiating a mixed Th1/Th2 response, including the elevated production of PCV-2 specific antibodies and up-regulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Noticeably, the immunization with PCV2-COS-1 conjugate displayed similar or even better immune-stimulating effects than that by PCV2/ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant) and showed no infection or pathological signs at injection sites of the mice. Presumably, the covalent linkage of PCV2 vaccine to COS might be a viable strategy to increase the efficacy against PCV2-associated diseases. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Liver myofibroblasts of murine origins express mesothelin: Identification of novel rat mesothelin splice variants*

PubMed Central

G. Lavoie, Elise; Dranoff, Jonathan A.

2017-01-01

Liver myofibroblasts are specialized effector cells that drive hepatic fibrosis, a hallmark process of chronic liver diseases, leading to progressive scar formation and organ failure. Liver myofibroblasts are increasingly recognized as heterogeneous with regards to their origin, phenotype, and functions. For instance, liver myofibroblasts express cell markers that are universally represented such as, ItgαV and Pdgfrβ, or restricted to a given subpopulation such as, Lrat exclusively expressed in hepatic stellate cells, and Gpm6a in mesothelial cells. To study liver myofibroblasts in vitro, we have previously generated and characterized a SV40-immortalized polyclonal rat activated portal fibroblast cell line called RGF-N2 expressing multiple mesothelin mRNA transcripts. Mesothelin, a cell-surface molecule expressed in normal mesothelial cells and overexpressed in several cancers such as, mesothelioma and cholangiocarcinoma, was recently identified as a key regulator of portal myofibroblast proliferation, and fibrosis progression in the setting of chronic cholestatic liver disease. Here, we identify novel mesothelin splice variants expressed in rat activated portal fibroblasts. RGF-N2 portal fibroblast cDNA was used as template for insertion of hemagglutinin tag consensus sequence into the complete open reading frame of rat mesothelin variant coding sequences by extension PCR. Purified amplicons were subsequently cloned into an expression vector for in vitro translation and transfection in monkey COS7 fibroblasts, before characterization of fusion proteins by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. We show that rat activated portal fibroblasts, hepatic stellate cells, and cholangiocarcinoma cells express wild-type mesothelin and additional splice variants, while mouse activated hepatic stellate cells appear to only express wild-type mesothelin. Notably, rat mesothelin splice variants differ from the wild-type isoform by their protein properties and cellular distribution in transfected COS7 fibroblasts. We conclude that mesothelin is a marker of activated murine liver myofibroblasts. Mesothelin gene expression and regulation may be critical in liver myofibroblasts functions and fibrosis progression. PMID:28898276

Tidal Torques: A Critical Review of Some Techniques

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

12 . DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT...rheologies has been explained in Efroimsky and Lainey (2007).) 2 Trivia In this section, we shall briefly recall how a satellite-generated potential in...perturbation. The angle γ can be expressed via spherical coordinates as: cos γ = R · r ∗ Rr∗ = sin φ sin φ∗ + cosφ cosφ∗ cos(λ− λ∗), ( 12 ) (R, φ, λ) being the

Effects of gravity and blood volume shifts on cardiogenic oscillations in respired gas.

PubMed

Montmerle, Stéphanie; Linnarsson, Dag

2005-09-01

During the cardiac cycle, cardiogenic oscillations of expired gas (x) concentrations (COS([x])) are generated. At the same time, there are heart-synchronous cardiogenic oscillations of airway flow (COS(flow)), where inflow occurs during systole. We hypothesized that both phenomena, although primarily generated by the heartbeat, would react differently to the cephalad blood shift caused by inflation of an anti-gravity (anti-G) suit and to changes in gravity. Twelve seated subjects performed a rebreathing-breath-holding-expiration maneuver with a gas mixture containing O2 and He at normal (1 G) and moderately increased gravity (2 G); an anti-G suit was inflated to 85 mmHg in each condition. When the anti-G suit was inflated, COS(flow) amplitude increased (P = 0.0028) at 1 G to 186% of the control value without inflation (1-G control) and at 2 G to 203% of the control value without inflation (2-G control). In contrast, the amplitude of COS of the concentration of the blood-soluble gas O2 (COS([O2/He])), an index of the differences in pulmonary perfusion between lung units, declined to 75% of the 1-G control value and to 74% of the 2-G control value (P = 0.0030). There were no significant changes in COS(flow) or COS([O2/He]) amplitudes with gravity. We conclude that the heart-synchronous mechanical agitation of the lungs, as expressed by COS(flow), is highly dependent on peripheral-to-central blood shifts. In contrast, COS([blood-soluble gas]) appears relatively independent of this mechanical agitation and seems to be determined mainly by differences in intrapulmonary perfusion.

Three-dimensional brain growth abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia visualized by using tensor-based morphometry.

PubMed

Gogtay, Nitin; Lu, Allen; Leow, Alex D; Klunder, Andrea D; Lee, Agatha D; Chavez, Alex; Greenstein, Deanna; Giedd, Jay N; Toga, Arthur W; Rapoport, Judith L; Thompson, Paul M

2008-10-14

Earlier studies revealed progressive cortical gray matter (GM) loss in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) across both lateral and medial surfaces of the developing brain. Here, we use tensor-based morphometry to visualize white matter (WM) growth abnormalities in COS throughout the brain. Using high-dimensional elastic image registration, we compared 3D maps of local WM growth rates in COS patients and healthy children over a 5-year period, based on analyzing longitudinal brain MRIs from 12 COS patients and 12 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and scan interval. COS patients showed up to 2.2% slower growth rates per year than healthy controls in WM (P = 0.02, all P values corrected). The greatest differences were in the right hemisphere (P = 0.006). This asymmetry was attributable to a right slower than left hemisphere growth rate mapped in COS patients (P = 0.037) but not in healthy controls. WM growth rates reached 2.6% per year in healthy controls (P = 0.0002). COS patients showed only a 1.3% per year trend for growth in the left hemisphere (P = 0.066). In COS, WM growth rates were associated with improvement in the Children's Global Assessment Scale (R = 0.64, P = 0.029). Growth rates were reduced throughout the brain in COS, but this process appeared to progress in a front-to-back (frontal-parietal) fashion, and this effect was not attributable to lower IQ. Growth rates were correlated with functional prognosis and were visualized as detailed 3D maps. Finally, these findings also confirm that the progressive GM deficits seen in schizophrenia are not the result of WM overgrowth.

Cortical brain development in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia.

PubMed

Gogtay, Nitin; Greenstein, Deanna; Lenane, Marge; Clasen, Liv; Sharp, Wendy; Gochman, Pete; Butler, Philip; Evans, Alan; Rapoport, Judith

2007-07-01

Cortical gray matter (GM) loss is marked and progressive in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) during adolescence but becomes more circumscribed by early adulthood. Nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands could help evaluate whether the cortical GM abnormalities are familial/trait markers. To map cortical development in nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands. Using an automated measurement and prospectively acquired anatomical brain magnetic resonance images, we mapped cortical GM thickness in healthy full siblings (n = 52, 113 scans; age 8 through 28 years) of patients with COS, contrasting them with age-, sex-, and scan interval-matched healthy controls (n = 52, 108 scans). The false-discovery rate procedure was used to control for type I errors due to multiple comparisons. An ongoing COS study at the National Institute of Mental Health. Fifty-two healthy full siblings of patients with COS, aged 8 through 28 years, and 52 healthy controls. Longitudinal trajectories of cortical GM development in healthy siblings of patients with COS compared with matched healthy controls and exploratory measure of the relationship between developmental GM trajectories and the overall functioning as defined by the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score. Younger, healthy siblings of patients with COS showed significant GM deficits in the left prefrontal and bilateral temporal cortices and smaller deficits in the right prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices compared with the controls. These cortical deficits in siblings disappeared by age 20 years and the process of deficit reduction correlated with overall functioning (GAS scores) at the last scan. Prefrontal and temporal GM loss in COS appears to be a familial/trait marker. Amelioration of regional GM deficits in healthy siblings was associated with higher global functioning (GAS scores), suggesting a relationship between brain plasticity and functional outcome for these nonpsychotic, nonspectrum siblings.

In situ preparation of NiS2/CoS2 composite electrocatalytic materials on conductive glass substrates with electronic modulation for high-performance counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Faxin; Wang, Jiali; Zheng, Li; Zhao, Yaqiang; Huang, Niu; Sun, Panpan; Fang, Liang; Wang, Lei; Sun, Xiaohua

2018-04-01

The electrocatalytic composite materials of honeycomb structure NiS2 nanosheets loaded with metallic CoS2 nanoparticles are in situ prepared on F doped SnO2 conductive glass (FTO) substrates used as counter electrodes of DSSCs through chemical bath deposition (CBD) and sulfidizing process. Single crystalline NiS2 honeycomb structure array lay a foundation for the large surface area of NiS2/CoS2 composite CEs. The formed NiS2/CoS2 nanointerface modulates electronic structure of composite CEs from the synergetic interactions between CoS2 nanoparticles and NiS2 nanosheets, which dramatically improves the electrocatalytic activity of NiS2/CoS2 composite CEs; Metallic CoS2 nanoparticles covering NiS2 nanosheets electrodes adjusts the electrodes' structure and then reduces the series resistance (Rs) and the Nernst diffusion resistance (Zw) of counter electrodes. The improvement of these areas greatly enhances the electrocatalytic performance of CEs and the short circuit current density (Jsc) and Fill factor (FF) of DSSCs. Impressively, the DSSC based on NiS2/CoS2-0.1 CE shows the best photovoltaic performance with photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 8.22%, which is 24.36% higher than that (6.61%) of the DSSC with Pt CE. And the NiS2/CoS2-0.1 CE also displays a good stability in the iodine based electrolyte. This work indicates that rational construction of composite electrocatalytic materials paves an avenue for high-performance counter electrodes of DSSCs.

Differential priming effects of color-opponent subliminal stimulation on visual magnetic responses.

PubMed

Hoshiyama, Minoru; Kakigi, Ryusuke; Takeshima, Yasuyuki; Miki, Kensaku; Watanabe, Shoko

2006-10-01

We investigated the effects of subliminal stimulation on visible stimulation to demonstrate the priority of facial discrimination processing, using a unique, indiscernible, color-opponent subliminal (COS) stimulation. We recorded event-related magnetic cortical fields (ERF) by magnetoencephalography (MEG) after the presentation of a face or flower stimulus with COS conditioning using a face, flower, random pattern, and blank. The COS stimulation enhanced the response to visible stimulation when the figure in the COS stimulation was identical to the target visible stimulus, but more so for the face than for the flower stimulus. The ERF component modulated by the COS stimulation was estimated to be located in the ventral temporal cortex. We speculated that the enhancement was caused by an interaction of the responses after subthreshold stimulation by the COS stimulation and the suprathreshold stimulation after target stimulation, such as in the processing for categorization or discrimination. We also speculated that the face was processed with priority at the level of the ventral temporal cortex during visual processing outside of consciousness.

Enzymatic Synthesis and Purification of Galactosylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides Reducing Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88.

PubMed

Yan, Ya Lu; Hu, Ying; Simpson, David J; Gänzle, Michael G

2017-06-28

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 causes diarrhea in weaned piglets and represent a suitable model system for ETEC causing childhood diarrhea. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides against ETEC K88 adhesion to porcine erythrocytes with two bioassays. Galactosylated chitosan-oligosaccharides (Gal-COS) were synthesized through transgalactosylation by β-galactosidase. Fractions 2-5 of Gal-COS were obtained through cation exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Fractions 2-5 of acetylated Gal-COS were obtained through chemical acetylation followed by size exclusion chromatography. Gal-COS F2 containing the largest oligosaccharides had the highest antiadhesion activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.22 g/L, followed by F3 and F4. Acetylation of Gal-COS decreased their ability to reduce ETEC K88 adhesion. The composition of active oligosaccharides was determined with LC-MS. Galactosylation of COS produces oligosaccharides which reduce ETEC K88 adhesion; moreover, resulting oligosaccharides match the composition of human milk oligosaccharides, which prevent adhesion of multiple pathogens.

Monitoring of CoS 2 reactions using high-temperature XRD coupled with gas chromatography (GC)

DOE PAGES

Rodriguez, Mark A.; Coker, Eric Nicholas; Griego, James J. M.; ...

2016-04-18

High-temperature X-ray diffraction with concurrent gas chromatography (GC) was used to study cobalt disulfide cathode pellets disassembled from thermal batteries. When CoS 2 cathode materials were analyzed in an air environment, oxidation of the K(Br, Cl) salt phase in the cathode led to the formation of K 2SO 4 that subsequently reacted with the pyrite-type CoS 2 phase leading to cathode decomposition between ~260 and 450 °C. Here, independent thermal analysis experiments, i.e. simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry/mass spectrometry (MS), augmented the diffraction results and support the overall picture of CoS 2 decomposition. Both gas analysis measurements (i.e. GC andmore » MS) from the independent experiments confirmed the formation of SO 2 off-gas species during breakdown of the CoS 2. In contrast, characterization of the same cathode material under inert conditions showed the presence of CoS 2 throughout the entire temperature range of analysis.« less

Insight into resolution enhancement in generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy.

PubMed

Ma, Lu; Sikirzhytski, Vitali; Hong, Zhenmin; Lednev, Igor K; Asher, Sanford A

2013-03-01

Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) can be used to enhance spectral resolution in order to help differentiate highly overlapped spectral bands. Despite the numerous extensive 2D-COS investigations, the origin of the 2D spectral resolution enhancement mechanism(s) is not completely understood. In the work here, we studied the 2D-COS of simulated spectra in order to develop new insights into the dependence of 2D-COS spectral features on the overlapping band separations, their intensities and bandwidths, and their band intensity change rates. We found that the features in the 2D-COS maps that are derived from overlapping bands were determined by the spectral normalized half-intensities and the total intensity changes of the correlated bands. We identified the conditions required to resolve overlapping bands. In particular, 2D-COS peak resolution requires that the normalized half-intensities of a correlating band have amplitudes between the maxima and minima of the normalized half-intensities of the overlapping bands.

Insight into Resolution Enhancement in Generalized Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

Ma, Lu; Sikirzhytski, Vitali; Hong, Zhenmin; Lednev, Igor K.; Asher, Sanford A.

2014-01-01

Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D COS) can be used to enhance spectral resolution in order to help differentiate highly overlapped spectral bands. Despite the numerous extensive 2D COS investigations, the origin of the 2D spectral resolution enhancement mechanism(s) are not completely understood. In the work here we studied the 2D COS of simulated spectra in order to develop new insights into the dependence of the 2D COS spectral features on the overlapping band separations, their intensities and bandwidths, and their band intensity change rates. We find that the features in the 2D COS maps that derive from overlapping bands are determined by the spectral normalized half-intensities and the total intensity changes of the correlated bands. We identify the conditions required to resolve overlapping bands. In particular, 2D COS peak resolution requires that the normalized half-intensities of a correlating band have amplitudes between the maxima and minima of the normalized half-intensities of the overlapping bands. PMID:23452492

Preclinical pharmacokinetics of the novel PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and prediction of its pharmacokinetics and efficacy in human.

PubMed

Salphati, Laurent; Pang, Jodie; Plise, Emile G; Chou, Bilin; Halladay, Jason S; Olivero, Alan G; Rudewicz, Patrick J; Tian, Qingping; Wong, Susan; Zhang, Xiaolin

2011-12-01

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a major determinant of cell cycling and proliferation. Its deregulation is associated with the development of many cancers. GDC-0941, a potent and selective inhibitor of PI3K, was characterised preclinically in in vitro and in vivo studies. Plasma protein binding was extensive, with free fraction less than 7%, and blood-to-plasma ratio ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 among the species tested. GDC-0941 human hepatic clearance was predicted to be moderate by liver microsomal incubations. GDC-0941 had high permeability in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The clearance of GDC-0941 was high in mouse (63.7 mL/min/kg), rat (49.3 mL/min/kg) and cynomolgus monkey (58.6 mL/min/kg), and moderate in dog (11.9 mL/min/kg). The volume of distribution ranged from 2.52 L/kg in rat to 2.94 L/kg in monkey. Oral bioavailability ranged from 18.6% in monkey to 77.9% in mouse. Predicted human clearance and volume of distribution using allometry were 6 mL/min/kg and 2.9 L/kg, respectively. The human efficacious doses were predicted based on results from preclinical pharmacokinetic studies and xenograft models. GDC-0941 preclinical characterisation and predictions of its properties in human supported its progression towards clinical development. GDC-0941 is currently in phase II clinical trials.

Complex of simian virus 40 large-T antigen and host 53,000-molecular-weight protein in monkey cells.

PubMed Central

Harlow, E; Pim, D C; Crawford, L V

1981-01-01

Mouse cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) have been shown to contain a complex of the virus-coded large-T antigen with a host 53,000-molecular-weight (53K) protein. Initial attempts to detect a similar complex in lytically infected cells were unsuccessful, and it therefore seemed that the complex might be peculiar to transformed or abortively transformed nonpermissive cells. Immunoprecipitation of [32P]phosphate-labeled extracts of SV40-infected CV-1 African green monkey kidney cells with antibodies specific for large-T or the 53K protein revealed that the large-T-53K protein complex was formed during lytic infections. Only a minor fraction of the large-T present was associated with 53K protein, and large-T and the 53K host protein cosedimented during centrifugation through sucrose gradients. We used monospecific sera and monoclonal antibodies to study the rate of synthesis and phosphorylation of the 53K protein during lytic infections. Infection of CV-1 cells with SV40 increased the rate of synthesis of the 53K protein fivefold over that in mock-infected cells. At the same time, the rate of phosphorylation of the 53K protein increased more than 30-fold compared with control cultures. Monkey cells transformed by UV-irradiated SV40 (Gluzman et al., J. Virol. 22:256-266, 1977) also contained the large-T-53K protein complex. The formation of the complex is therefore not a peculiarity of SV40-transformed rodent cells but is a common feature of SV40 infections. Images PMID:6163871

Comparison of surface roughness and bacterial adhesion between cosmetic contact lenses and conventional contact lenses.

PubMed

Ji, Yong Woo; Cho, Young Joo; Lee, Chul Hee; Hong, Soon Ho; Chung, Dong Yong; Kim, Eung Kweon; Lee, Hyung Keun

2015-01-01

To compare physical characteristics of cosmetic contact lenses (Cos-CLs) and conventional contact lenses (Con-CLs) that might affect susceptibility to bacterial adhesion on the contact lens (CL) surface. Surface characteristics of Cos-CLs and Con-CLs made from the same material by the same manufacturer were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. To determine the extent and rate of bacterial adhesion, Cos-CL and Con-CL were immersed in serum-free Roswell Park Memorial Institute media containing Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the rate of removal of adherent bacteria was evaluated using hand rubbing or immersion in multipurpose disinfecting solutions (MPDS). The mean surface roughness (root mean square and peak-to-valley value) measured by AFM was significantly higher for Cos-CL than for Con-CL. At each time point, significantly more S. aureus and P. aeruginosa adhered to Cos-CL than to Con-CL, which correlated with the surface roughness of CL. In Cos-CL, bacteria were mainly found on the tinted surface rather than on the noncolored or convex areas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa attached earlier than S. aureus to all types of CL. However, P. aeruginosa was more easily removed from the surface of CL than S. aureus by hand rubbing or MPDS soaking. Increased surface roughness is an important physical factor for bacterial adhesion in Cos-CL, which may explain why rates of bacterial keratitis rates are higher in Cos-CL users in CL physical characteristics.

The Oceanic Cycle and Global Atmospheric Budget of Carbonyl Sulfide.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weiss, Peter Scott

1995-01-01

A significant portion of stratospheric air chemistry is influenced by the existence of carbonyl sulfide (COS). This ubiquitous sulfur gas represents a major source of sulfur to the stratosphere where it is converted to sulfuric acid aerosol particles. Stratospheric aerosols are climatically important because they scatter incoming solar radiation back to space and are able to increase the catalytic destruction of ozone through gas phase reactions on particle surfaces. COS is primarily formed at the surface of the earth, in both marine and terrestrial environments, and is strongly linked to natural biological processes. However, many gaps in the understanding of the global COS cycle still exist, which has led to a global atmospheric budget that is out of balance by a factor of two or more, and a lack of understanding of how human activity has affected the cycling of this gas. The goal of this study was to focus on COS in the marine environment by investigating production/destruction mechanisms and recalculating the ocean-atmosphere flux. Analytical work was carried out using the electron capture sulfur detector (ECD-S) for gas chromatography. This system was optimized for COS so that air and seawater-equilibrated air samples could be directly injected without preconcentration. This research was carried out on two cruises aboard the NOAA ship Surveyor during long meridional transects between 55^circN and 70 ^circS along 140^circ W in the Pacific Ocean. The major findings of these research activities are: (1) Photoproduction of COS is at a maximum between 313 and 336 nm in natural sunlit waters. Tropical water surface and column production rates are 68 pM/day and 360 nmol/m^2/day, respectively. Antarctic surface and column production rates are 101 pM/day and 620 nmol/m^2/day, respectively. (2) Wide regions of the open ocean were found to be undersaturated with respect to atmospheric equilibrium of COS. The global open ocean sea-air flux of COS was found to be -0.032 (-0.010 to -0.054) which represents a very weak sink of atmospheric COS. (3) Daily COS concentration losses in surface waters were used to determine seawater lifetimes, which agreed to hydrolysis lifetimes to within 15%. (4) Atmospheric COS mixing ratios displayed <5% interhemispheric ratio. However, seasonal variation in the northern hemisphere may have been as high as 10%. (5) A simple steady-state model was developed to predict seasonal cycles of atmospheric COS.

Spontaneous and Drug-induced Arteritis/Polyarteritis in the Göttingen Minipig-Review.

PubMed

Dincer, Zuhal; Piccicuto, Virginie; Walker, Ursula Junker; Mahl, Andreas; McKeag, Sean

2018-02-01

Arteritis/polyarteritis occurs spontaneously in many species used in preclinical toxicology studies. In Göttingen minipigs, arteritis/polyarteritis is an occasionally observed background change. In the minipig, this finding differs in frequency and nature from age-related polyarteritis nodosa in rats or monkeys, and Beagle pain syndrome in dogs. In minipigs, it can be present in a single small- or medium-sized artery of an organ or a few organs and is most commonly recorded in the cardiac and extracardiac blood vessels, vagina, oviduct, rectum, epididymis, spinal cord, pancreas, urinary bladder, kidneys, and stomach. The etiology is unknown although it has been considered in minipigs as well as in rats, dogs, and monkeys to be possibly immune mediated. This background change is important with respect to its nature and distribution in the minipig in order to distinguish it from drug-induced vascular changes, which might occur in similar locations and have similar morphologic features. This review summarizes the morphology, incidence, and predilection sites of arteritis as a spontaneously occurring background change and as a drug-induced vasculopathy in the minipig, and also describes the main aspects to consider when evaluating vascular changes in Göttingen minipig toxicity studies and their human relevance.

Multisystemic Eosinophilia Resembling Hypereosinophilic Syndrome in a Colony-Bred Owl Monkey (Aotus vociferans)

PubMed Central

Gozalo, Alfonso S; Rosenberg, Helene F; Elkins, William R; Montoya, Enrique J; Weller, Richard E

2009-01-01

In animals, multisystemic eosinophilic disease is a rare condition characterized by eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in various organs. This disorder resembles the human disease known as hypereosinophilic syndrome, a condition defined by prolonged peripheral eosinophilia in the absence of recognizable etiology and associated with end-organ damage. In this report we describe a research-naïve, colony-born, juvenile female owl monkey (Aotus vociferans) who presented clinically with severe respiratory distress and histologically with multiple end-organ infiltration with phenotypically mature eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. No tumors or infectious agents were noted either macroscopically or microscopically. Cultures from lung samples revealed no bacteria or fungi. Histologic examination of lung, heart, thymus, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, and colon revealed no migrating nematode larvae, other parasites, or foreign material that might trigger eosinophilia, nor was there any evidence of or history consistent with an allergic etiology. Given that we ruled out most exogenous and endogenous triggers of eosinophilia, the signs, symptoms, and pathologic findings support the diagnosis of multisystemic eosinophilic disease. To our knowledge, this report is the first description of presumptive hypereosinophilic syndrome in a nonhuman primate. PMID:19476722

Identification of UGT2B9*2 and UGT2B33 isolated from female rhesus monkey liver.

PubMed

Dean, Brian; Arison, Byron; Chang, Steve; Thomas, Paul E; King, Christopher

2004-06-01

Two UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT2B9(*)2 and UGT2B33) have been isolated from female rhesus monkey liver. Microsomal preparations of the cell lines expressing the UGTs catalyzed the glucuronidation of the general substrate 7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin in addition to selected estrogens (beta-estradiol and estriol) and opioids (morphine, naloxone, and naltrexone). UGT2B9(*)2 displayed highest efficiency for beta-estradiol-17-glucuronide production and did not catalyze the glucuronidation of naltrexone. UGT2B33 displayed highest efficiency for estriol and did not catalyze the glucuronidation of beta-estradiol. UGT2B9(*)2 was found also to catalyze the glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone, 16-epiestriol, and hyodeoxycholic acid, while UGT2B33 was capable of conjugating 4-hydroxyestrone, androsterone, diclofenac, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Three glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol, and corticosterone) were not substrates for glucuronidation by liver or kidney microsomes or any expressed UGTs. Our current data suggest the use of beta-estradiol-3-glucuronidation, beta-estradiol-17-glucuronidation, and estriol-17-glucuronidation to assay UGT1A01, UGT2B9(*)2, and UGT2B33 activity in rhesus liver microsomes, respectively.

Unusual CoS2 ellipsoids with anisotropic tube-like cavities and their application in supercapacitors.

PubMed

Zhang, Lei; Wu, Hao Bin; Lou, Xiong Wen

2012-07-14

Unusual CoS(2) ellipsoids with anisotropic tube-like cavities have been synthesized from the simultaneous thermal decomposition and sulfidation of a preformed cobalt carbonate precursor. The as-prepared CoS(2) ellipsoids show interesting supercapacitive properties with high capacitance and good cycling performance.

CARBONYL SULFIDE INHALATION PRODUCES BRAIN LESIONS IN F344 RATS.

EPA Science Inventory

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an intermediate in the production of pesticides and herbicides, and is a metabolite of the neurotoxicant carbon disulfide. The potential neurotoxicity of inhaled COS was investigated in F344 rats. Male rats were exposed to 0, 75, 150, 300, or 600 ppm COS...

33 CFR 110.58 - Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. 110.58 Section 110.58 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Special Anchorage Areas § 110.58 Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. (a) Area A...

33 CFR 110.58 - Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. 110.58 Section 110.58 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Special Anchorage Areas § 110.58 Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. (a) Area A...

33 CFR 110.58 - Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. 110.58 Section 110.58 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Special Anchorage Areas § 110.58 Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. (a) Area A...

33 CFR 110.58 - Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. 110.58 Section 110.58 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Special Anchorage Areas § 110.58 Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. (a) Area A...

33 CFR 110.58 - Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. 110.58 Section 110.58 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Special Anchorage Areas § 110.58 Cos Cob Harbor, Greenwich, Conn. (a) Area A...

Characterization of Ionosphere Waveguide Propagation by Monitoring HAARP HF Transmissions in Antarctica

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-17

hhh hhhh hh (7а)  .)cos(cos)sincoscos( cos)coscossin( cos 1sin 0 2)(22 0 2)( 00 )( 00 )()( 00 )( 00)(22 0 2 0 )( 2,1         s x i...z i xz si z i xxs xz s hhhh hhh hh   7b) Here the top sign stands for )(1 s , while the lower sign stands for )(2 s . It is also taken into

Optimal Guidance of a Relay MAV for ISR Support Beyond Line-of-Sight

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

Pythagoras Theorem : 1 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 sin 4 4 cos c E c E O E E O E O EE r BE r rr r r r r θ θ = − ⎡ ⎤ = −⎢ ⎥+ −⎣ ⎦ 1 22 2 2 2 4 4 cos cos 4 4 cos...points such that the sum of the distances from two fixed points is constant, is an ellipse. Thus, the following is of some interest. Theorem 1 The Locus

Journal of Superconductivity. Volume 8, Number 4. Special Issue: Miami University Workshop on High-Temperature Superconductivity. Part 1,

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-08-01

Onellion Shadow Bands in Models of Correlated Electrons 475 Adriana Moreo, Stephan Haas, and Elbio Dagotto Electronic Properties of CuO 2 Planes 479...witlh each band, in agreement with experiments. lattice constant a, c(k) = -2t [cos(k/a) + cos(kya)] 3. CALCULATIONS +4t’ cos( ka ) cos(kya). (4) Using...C 170, 291 (1990). Journal of Superconductivity, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1995 Shadow Bands in Models of Correlated Electrons Adriana Moreo’, Stephan Haas

Photosynthetic Control of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide during the Growing Season

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, J. Elliott; Carmichael, Gregory R.; Chai, T.; Mena-Carrasco, M.; Tang, Y.; Blake, D. R.; Blake, N. J.; Vay, Stephanie A.; Collatz, G. James; Baker, I.;

Effects of chito-oligosaccharide supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum composition in broiler chickens.

PubMed

Li, X J; Piao, X S; Kim, S W; Liu, P; Wang, L; Shen, Y B; Jung, S C; Lee, H S

2007-06-01

A total of 196 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments in a study conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth, nutrient digestibility, and serum composition. The experimental diets consisted of an unsupplemented control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and fish meal or similar diets supplemented with either chlortetracycline, 50 mg/kg of COS, or 100 mg/kg of COS. Each treatment was fed to 7 replicate pens of birds, with 7 birds per pen. Broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, cecal microbial concentrations, and serum indices were measured at the end of the starter (d 21) and grower phases (d 42). During the starter period and overall, broilers fed 50 or 100 mg/kg of COS had better (P<0.05) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion than the control birds. The performance of birds fed chlortetracycline was generally intermediate between that of the control and the 2 COS treatments. Compared with the birds in the control or chlortetracycline treatments, the birds receiving 100 mg/kg of COS had better nutrient digestibility of DM, energy, calcium, and phosphorus; higher (P<0.05) concentrations of cecal Lactobacillus; and lower (P<0.05) serum triglyceride and total cholesterol during the starter phase. During the grower phase, the birds fed 100 mg/kg of COS had higher (P<0.05) calcium digestibility and CP retention than those fed the chlortetracycline treatment, and lower concentrations of cecal Escherichia coli than birds in the control treatment. The serum growth hormone level in birds fed 50 mg/kg of COS was higher (P<0.05) than in the other treatments. The birds fed 100 mg/kg of COS had lower (P<0.05) serum triglyceride, higher (P<0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher serum total protein content than birds in the other treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with COS appeared to improve the average daily gain of broilers by increasing the average daily feed intake and nutrient digestibility and modulating the concentrations of cecal microbial flora. Additionally, COS increased serum protein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased serum triglyceride.

Microbial, Physical and Chemical Drivers of COS and 18O-CO2 Exchange in Soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meredith, L. K.; Boye, K.; Whelan, M.; Pang, E.; von Sperber, C.; Brueggemann, N.; Berry, J. A.; Welander, P. V.

2015-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 are potential tools for differentiating the contributions of photosynthesis and respiration to the balance of global carbon cycling. These processes are coupled at the leaf level via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which hydrolyzes CO2 in the first biochemical step of the photosynthetic pathway (CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+) and correspondingly structural analogue COS (COS + H2O → CO2 + H2S). CA also accelerates the exchange of oxygen isotopes between CO2 and H2O leading to a distinct isotopic imprint [1]. The biogeochemical cycles of these tracers include significant, yet poorly characterized soil processes that challenge their utility for probing the carbon cycle. In soils, microbial CA also hydrolyze COS and accelerate O isotope exchange between CO2 and soil water. Soils have been observed to emit COS by undetermined processes. To account for these soil processes, measurements are needed to identify the key microbial, chemical, and physical factors. In this study, we survey COS and δ18O exchange in twenty different soils spanning a variety of biomes and soil properties. By comparing COS fluxes and δ18O-CO2 values emitted from moist soils we investigate whether the same types of CA catalyze these two processes. Additionally, we seek to identify the potential chemical drivers of COS emissions by measuring COS fluxes in dry soils. These data are compared with soil physical (bulk density, volumetric water content, texture), chemical (pH, elemental analysis, sulfate, sulfur K-edge XANES), and microbial measurements (biomass and phylogeny). Furthermore, we determine the abundance and diversity of CA-encoding genes to directly link CA with measured soil function. This work will define the best predictors for COS fluxes and δ18O-CO2 values from our suite of biogeochemical measurements. The suitability of identified predictor variables can be tested in follow-up studies and applied for modeling purposes. References: [1] Von Sperber, C., Weiler, M. and Brüggemann, N.: The effect of soil moisture, soil particle size, litter layer and carbonic anhydrase on the oxygen isotopic composition of soil-released CO2, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 66(3), doi:10.1111/ejss.12241, 2015.

Sulfur isotopic fractionation of carbonyl sulfide during degradation by soil bacteria and enzyme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamezaki, Kazuki; Hattori, Shohei; Ogawa, Takahiro; Toyoda, Sakae; Kato, Hiromi; Katayama, Yoko; Yoshida, Naohiro

2017-04-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an atmospheric trace gas that possess great potential for tracer of carbon cycle (Campbell et al., 2008). COS is taken up by vegetation during photosynthesis like absorption of carbon dioxide but COS can not emit by respiration of vegetation, suggesting possible tracer for gross primary production. However, some studies show the COS-derived GPP is larger than the estimates by using carbon dioxide flux because COS flux by photolysis and soil flux are not distinguished (e.g. Asaf et al., 2013). Isotope analysis is a useful tool to trace sources and transformations of trace gases. Recently our group developed a promising new analytical method for measuring the stable sulfur isotopic compositions of COS using nanomole level samples: the direct isotopic analytical technique of on-line gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) using fragmentation ions S+ enabling us to easily analyze sulfur isotopes in COS (Hattori et al., 2015). Soil is thought to be important as both a source and a sink of COS in the troposphere. In particular, soil has been reported as a large environmental sink for atmospheric COS. Bacteria isolated from various soils actively degrade COS, with various enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase and COSase (Ogawa et al., 2013) involved in COS degradation. However, the mechanism and the magnitude of bacterial contribution in terms of a sink for atmospheric COS is still uncertain. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively evaluate this contribution using COS sulfur isotope analysis. We present isotopic fractionation constants for COS by laboratory incubation experiments during degradation by soil bacteria and COSase. Incubation experiments were conducted using strains belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Williamsia, Cupriavidus, and Thiobacillus, isolated from natural soil or activated sludge and enzyme purified from a bacteria. As a result, the isotopic compositions of OCS were increased during degradation of OCS, indicating that reaction for OC32S was faster than that for OC33S and OC34S (Kamezaki et al., 2016). Although OCS degradation rates divided by cell numbers were different among strains of the same genus, the isotopic fractionation constants for same genus showed no significant differences. At the presentation, we discuss the mechanism of isotopic fractionation for OCS during degradation by comparing soil bacteria with enzyme. References Asaf, D., Rotenberg, E., Tatarinov, F., Dicken, U., Montzka, S. A., Yakir, D. Nat. Geosci., 6, 186-190, 2013 Campbell, J. E., Carmichael, G. R., Chai, T., Mena-Carrasco, M., Tang, Y., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Vay, S. A., Collatz, G. J., Baker, I., Berry, J. A., Montzka, S. A., Sweeney, C., Schnoor, J. L., Stanier, C. O., Science, 332, 1085-1088, 2008. Hattori, S., Toyoda, A., Toyoda, S., Ishino, S., Ueno, Y., Yoshida, N. Anal. Chem., 87, 477-484, 2015. Ogawa, T., Noguchi, K., Saito, M., Nagahata, Y., Kato, H., Ohtaki, A., Nakayama, H., Dohmae, N., Matsushita, Y., Odaka, M., Yohda, M., Nyunoya, H., Katayama, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 3818-3825, 2013. Kamezaki, K., Hattori, S., Ogawa, T., Toyoda, S., Kato, H., Katayama, Y., Yoshida, N. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 3537-3544, 2016.

Tailoring charge density and hydrogen bonding of imidazolium copolymers for efficient gene delivery.

PubMed

Allen, Michael H; Green, Matthew D; Getaneh, Hiwote K; Miller, Kevin M; Long, Timothy E

2011-06-13

Conventional free radical polymerization with subsequent postpolymerization modification afforded imidazolium copolymers with controlled charge density and side chain hydroxyl number. Novel imidazolium-containing copolymers where each permanent cation contained one or two adjacent hydroxyls allowed precise structure-transfection efficiency studies. The degree of polymerization was identical for all copolymers to eliminate the influence of molecular weight on transfection efficiency. DNA binding, cytotoxicity, and in vitro gene transfection in African green monkey COS-7 cells revealed structure-property-transfection relationships for the copolymers. DNA gel shift assays indicated that higher charge densities and hydroxyl concentrations increased DNA binding. As the charge density of the copolymers increased, toxicity of the copolymers also increased; however, as hydroxyl concentration increased, cytotoxicity remained constant. Changing both charge density and hydroxyl levels in a systematic fashion revealed a dramatic influence on transfection efficiency. Dynamic light scattering of the polyplexes, which were composed of copolymer concentrations required for the highest luciferase expression, showed an intermediate DNA-copolymer binding affinity. Our studies supported the conclusion that cationic copolymer binding affinity significantly impacts overall transfection efficiency of DNA delivery vehicles, and the incorporation of hydroxyl sites offers a less toxic and effective alternative to more conventional highly charged copolymers.

Cobalt Sulfide Quantum Dot Embedded N/S-Doped Carbon Nanosheets with Superior Reversibility and Rate Capability for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Guo, Qiubo; Ma, Yifan; Chen, Tingting; Xia, Qiuying; Yang, Mei; Xia, Hui; Yu, Yan

2017-12-26

Metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their large specific capacities. The practical applications of metal sulfides in sodium-ion batteries, however, are still limited due to their large volume expansion, poor cycling stability, and sluggish electrode kinetics. In this work, a two-dimensional heterostructure of CoS x (CoS and Co 9 S 8 ) quantum dots embedded N/S-doped carbon nanosheets (CoS x @NSC) is prepared by a sol-gel method. The CoS x quantum dots are in situ formed within ultrafine carbon nanosheets without further sulfidation, thus resulting in ultrafine CoS x particle size and embedded heterostructure. Meanwhile, enriched N and S codoping in the carbon nanosheets greatly enhances the electrical conductivity for the conductive matrix and creates more active sites for sodium storage. As a result, the hybrid CoS x @NSC electrode shows excellent rate capability (600 mAh g -1 at 0.2 A g -1 and 500 mAh g -1 at 10 A g -1 ) and outstanding cycling stability (87% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 A g -1 ), making it promising as an anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. A CoS x @NSC//Na 0.44 MnO 2 full cell is demonstrated, and it can deliver a specific capacity of 414 mAh g -1 (based on the mass of CoS x @NSC) at a current density of 0.2 A g -1 .

Scaling up carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes from leaf and soil to the canopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fulin; Yakir, Dan

2016-04-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) with atmospheric concentrations around 500 ppt is an analog of CO2 which can potentially serve as powerful and much needed tracer of photosynthetic CO2 uptake, and global gross primary production (GPP). However, questions remain regarding the application of this approach due to uncertainties in the contributions of different ecosystem components to the canopy scale fluxes of COS. We used laser quantum cascade spectroscopy in combination with soil and branch chambers, and eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange fluxes of COS and CO2 (NEE) in citrus orchard during the driest summer month to test our ability to integrate the chamber measurements into the ecosystem fluxes. The results indicated that: 1) Soil fluxes showed clear gradient from continuous uptake under the trees in wet soil of up to -4 pmol m-2s-1 (CO2 emission of ~0.5 umol m-2s-1) to emission in dry hot and exposed soil between rows of trees of up to +3 pmol m-2s-1 (CO2 emission of ~11 umol m-2s-1). In all cases a clear correlation between fluxes and soil temperature was observed. 2) At the leaf scale, midday uptake was ~5.5 pmol m-2s-1 (CO2 uptake of ~1.8 umol m-2s-1). Some nighttime COS uptake was observed in the citrus leaves consistent with nocturnal leaf stomatal conductance. Leaf relative uptake (LRU) of COS vs. CO2 was not constant over the diurnal cycle, but showed exponential correlation with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during the daytime. 3) At the canopy scale mid-day summer flux reached -12.0 pmol m-2s-1 (NEE ~6 umol m-2s-1) with the diurnal patterns of COS fluxes following those of CO2 fluxes during the daytime, but with small COS uptake fluxes maintained also during the night when significant CO2 emission fluxes were observed. The canopy-scale fluxes always indicated COS uptake, irrespective of the soil emission effects. GPP estimates were consistent with conventional indirect estimates based on NEE and nocturnal measurements. Scaling up from soil and leaf chamber to canopy scale was possible by estimating LAI, and differential consideration of soil surface components (shaded vs. exposed fractions). 4) Diurnal changes in the atmospheric concentrations of COS and CO2 above the canopy showed complex patterns with opposite trends after sunrise that could be explain by the development of the planetary boundary layer 5) COS-based estimate of GPP can be improved by adopting light dependent LRU, around the mean value of ~1.6, and correcting for soil COS fluxes based on soil temperature and canopy cover estimates, and coupled COS/CO2 concentration measurements provide useful information on boundary layer dynamics.

75 FR 68534 - Federal Home Loan Bank Liabilities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-08

... book-entry procedures for COs, as new part 1270 of the FHFA regulations. The proposed rule would also... and book-entry procedures for COs into a single new part 1270 of the FHFA regulations. See 12 CFR... ``Office of Finance'' that now appears in the part 987 regulations concerning book-entry procedures for COs...

Modulation of the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor and heparanase activity by purified λ-carrageenan oligosaccharides.

PubMed

Niu, Ting-Ting; Zhang, Dong-Sheng; Chen, Hai-Min; Yan, Xiao-Jun

2015-07-10

Inhibitors of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis are increasingly emerging as promising agents for cancer therapy. Here, we report λ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (λ-COs), highly-sulfated oligosaccharides acting as a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) antagonist and heparanase inhibitor. λ-COs with degree of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 8 degraded by λ-carrageenase were separated and purified. The structures were identified by mass spectrometry. The activities of λ-COs are closely related with DP. λ-COs showed no cytotoxicity, but inactivated bFGF-induced cell proliferation; among them, λ-carraheptaose showed highest capability. Only λ-carraheptaose can effectively bind to bFGF. Binding kinetics showed that λ-carraheptaose and suramin had different binding modes, i.e., suramin displayed a fast association and fast dissociation, but λ-carraheptaose exhibited a slow association and slow dissociation. In addition, λ-COs showed the highest heparanase inhibitory ability and abolished the endothelial cell invasion. Thus, λ-COs may provide a tool to develop of new carbohydrate-based therapeutics against cancer and angiogenesis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lack of Gender Influence on Cortical and Subcortical Gray Matter Development in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

PubMed Central

Weisinger, Brian; Greenstein, Deanna; Mattai, Anand; Clasen, Liv; Lalonde, Francois; Feldman, Sara; Miller, Rachel; Tossell, Julia W.; Vyas, Nora S.; Stidd, Reva; David, Christopher; Gogtay, Nitin

2013-01-01

Background: Progressive cortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities are an established feature of schizophrenia and are more pronounced in rare, severe, and treatment refractory childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) cases. The effect of sex on brain development in schizophrenia is poorly understood and studies to date have produced inconsistent results. >Methods: Using the largest to date longitudinal sample of COS cases (n = 104, scans = 249, Male/Female [M/F] = 57/47), we compared COS sex differences with sex differences in a sample of matched typically developing children (n = 104, scans = 244, M/F = 57/47), to determine whether or not sex had differential effects on cortical and subcortical brain development in COS. Results: Our results showed no significant differential sex effects in COS for either GM cortical thickness or subcortical volume development (sex × diagnosis × age interaction; false discovery rate q = 0.05). Conclusion: Sex appears to play a similar role in cortical and subcortical GM development in COS as it does in normally developing children. PMID:21613381

Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: On-Orbit Performance of Target Acquisitions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penton, Steven V.

2010-07-01

COS is a slit-less spectrograph with a very small aperture (R=1.2500). To achieve the desired wavelength accuracies, HST+COS must center the target to within 0.100 of the center of the aperture for the FUV channel, and 0.0400 for NUV. During SMOV and early Cycle 17 we fine-tuned the COS target acquisition (TA) procedures to exceed this accuracy for all three COS TA modes; NUV imaging, NUV spectroscopic, and FUV spectroscopic. In Cycle 17, we also adjusted the COSto- FGS offsets in the SIAF file. This allows us to recommend skipping the time consuming ACQ/SEARCH in cases where the target coordinates are well known. Here we will compare the on-orbit performance of all COS TA modes in terms of centering accuracy, efficiency, and required signal-to-noise (S/N).

Concurrent CO2 and COS fluxes across major biomes in Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spielmann, Felix M.; Kitz, Florian; Hammerle, Albin; Gerdel, Katharina; Ibrom, Andreas; Kolle, Olaf; Migliavacca, Mirco; Moreno, Gerardo; Noe, Steffen M.; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2017-04-01

The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been proposed as a tracer for canopy gross primary production (GPP), canopy transpiration and stomatal conductance of plant canopies in the last few years. COS enters the plant leaf through the stomata and diffuses through the intercellular space, the cell wall, the plasma membrane and the cytosol like carbon dioxide (CO2). It is then catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in a one-way reaction to hydrogen sulfide and CO2. This one-way flux into the leaf makes COS a promising tracer for the GPP. However, this approach assumes that the ratio of the deposition velocities between COS and CO2 is constant, which must be determined in field experiments covering a wide variety of ecosystems. The overarching objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the ecosystem-scale exchange of COS and CO2 and thus, to test for the potential of COS to be used as a universal tracer for the plant canopy CO2 exchange. Between spring 2015 and summer 2016 we set up our quantum cascade laser at different field sites across Europe. These sites included a managed temperate mountain grassland (AUT), a savanna (ESP), a temperate beech forest (DEN) and a hemiboreal forest (EST). On each of these sites, we conducted ecosystem scale eddy covariance and soil chamber measurements. Since the soil COS flux contribution, especially in grass dominated ecosystems, could not be neglected, we had to derive the actual canopy COS fluxes for all the measurement sites. Using these fluxes we compared the ecosystem relative uptake (ERU) of the sites and searched for factors affecting its variability. We then used the influential factors to scale the ERU to be comparable under different field sites and conditions. Furthermore we also calculated the GPP using conventional CO2 flux partitioning and compared the results with the approach of using the leaf relative uptake.

A review of patient and carer participation and the use of qualitative research in the development of core outcome sets.

PubMed

Jones, Janet E; Jones, Laura L; Keeley, Thomas J H; Calvert, Melanie J; Mathers, Jonathan

2017-01-01

To be meaningful, a core outcome set (COS) should be relevant to all stakeholders including patients and carers. This review aimed to explore the methods by which patients and carers have been included as participants in COS development exercises and, in particular, the use and reporting of qualitative methods. In August 2015, a search of the Core Outcomes Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database was undertaken to identify papers involving patients and carers in COS development. Data were extracted to identify the data collection methods used in COS development, the number of health professionals, patients and carers participating in these, and the reported details of qualitative research undertaken. Fifty-nine papers reporting patient and carer participation were included in the review, ten of which reported using qualitative methods. Although patients and carers participated in outcome elicitation for inclusion in COS processes, health professionals tended to dominate the prioritisation exercises. Of the ten qualitative papers, only three were reported as a clear pre-designed part of a COS process. Qualitative data were collected using interviews, focus groups or a combination of these. None of the qualitative papers reported an underpinning methodological framework and details regarding data saturation, reflexivity and resource use associated with data collection were often poorly reported. Five papers reported difficulty in achieving a diverse sample of participants and two reported that a large and varied range of outcomes were often identified by participants making subsequent rating and ranking difficult. Consideration of the best way to include patients and carers throughout the COS development process is needed. Additionally, further work is required to assess the potential role of qualitative methods in COS, to explore the knowledge produced by different qualitative data collection methods, and to evaluate the time and resources required to incorporate qualitative methods into COS development.

A review of patient and carer participation and the use of qualitative research in the development of core outcome sets

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Background To be meaningful, a core outcome set (COS) should be relevant to all stakeholders including patients and carers. This review aimed to explore the methods by which patients and carers have been included as participants in COS development exercises and, in particular, the use and reporting of qualitative methods. Methods In August 2015, a search of the Core Outcomes Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database was undertaken to identify papers involving patients and carers in COS development. Data were extracted to identify the data collection methods used in COS development, the number of health professionals, patients and carers participating in these, and the reported details of qualitative research undertaken. Results Fifty-nine papers reporting patient and carer participation were included in the review, ten of which reported using qualitative methods. Although patients and carers participated in outcome elicitation for inclusion in COS processes, health professionals tended to dominate the prioritisation exercises. Of the ten qualitative papers, only three were reported as a clear pre-designed part of a COS process. Qualitative data were collected using interviews, focus groups or a combination of these. None of the qualitative papers reported an underpinning methodological framework and details regarding data saturation, reflexivity and resource use associated with data collection were often poorly reported. Five papers reported difficulty in achieving a diverse sample of participants and two reported that a large and varied range of outcomes were often identified by participants making subsequent rating and ranking difficult. Conclusions Consideration of the best way to include patients and carers throughout the COS development process is needed. Additionally, further work is required to assess the potential role of qualitative methods in COS, to explore the knowledge produced by different qualitative data collection methods, and to evaluate the time and resources required to incorporate qualitative methods into COS development. PMID:28301485

Transactions of the Army Conference on Applied Mathematics and Computing (8th) Held in Ithaca, New York on 19-22 June 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

Shamos, M I , "Computational Geometry", Ph.D Thesis , Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven CT, 1978. [53] Steiglitz, K., An...431) whose real and imaginary parts are given by 222 mj cos OmJ + Az -mL cos 2 ML + MS Cos 2MS (432) mj sinO 0M cose OM = L sin aML cos ML + m S sin 9...Aequationes Math. 14, 1976, 271-291. 5. Greenwell, C.E., Finite element methods for partial integro-differential equations, Ph.D. Thesis , University of

Dynamics and Control of a Minimally Actuated Biomimetic Vehicle: Part 1 - Aerodynamic Model (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-01

B L     LW Downstroke rcp B LWD =     xWPcp sinα+∆x B L xWPcp sinφLW cosα− y WP cp cosφLW − w 2 xWPcp cosφLW cosα + y WP cp sinφLW +∆z B L...associated with each wing and stroke are given by MBRWU = rcp B RWU × FBRWU MBRWD = rcp B RWD × FBRWD MBLWU = rcp B LWU × FBLWU MBLWD = rcp B LWD × FBLWD (14

Chitosan oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 2-6 induces apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells.

PubMed

Zou, Pan; Yuan, Shoujun; Yang, Xin; Zhai, Xingchen; Wang, Jing

2018-01-05

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer, and yet there is a lack of effective therapeutic method with low side effects. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) is derived from chitosan after chitin deacetylation, and attracts more interests due to smaller molecular weight and soluble property. Previously, COS, mainly absorbed through intestinal epithelia, has been reported to exhibit many bioactivities, especially its anti-tumor effect. Recent references pay little attention to molecular weight distribution which is crucial for understanding its biological behavior. Here, we studied reducing sugar content and degree of polymerization (DP) of COS. 86.73% reducing sugar exists in COS sample and the content of chitosan fractions with 2-6 is 85.8%. COS suppressed the growth of HCT116 cells in vitro and in vivo, and the inhibition rate of tumor weight in vivo was high up to 58.6%. Moreover, the morphology observation, flow cytometry analysis and mRNA expression were applied to study the apoptosis related mechanism. COS treatment promoted mitosis, late stage apoptosis and S cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells, and enhanced the mRNA expression of BAK and reduce BCL-2 and BCL-x L . These findings may provide an important clue for clinical applications of COS as anti-tumor drug or pharmaceutic adjuvant in the future. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on microbiota composition of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) determined by culture-dependent and independent methods during chilled storage.

PubMed

Jia, Shiliang; Liu, Xiaochang; Huang, Zhan; Li, Yan; Zhang, Longteng; Luo, Yongkang

2018-03-02

This study evaluated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on the changes in quality and microbiota of silver carp fillets stored at 4 °C. During storage, 1% (w/v) COS treated samples maintained good quality, as evidenced by retarding sensory deterioration, inhibiting microbial growth, attenuating the production of total volatile basic nitrogen, putrescine, cadaverine and hypoxanthine, and delaying degradation of inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine ribonucleotide. Meanwhile, variability in the predominant microbiota in different samples was investigated by culture-dependent and -independent methods. Based on sensory analysis, shelf-life of silver carp fillets was 4 days for the control and 6 days for COS treated samples. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas, followed by Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, and Shewanella were dominated in the control samples at day 4 and contributed to fish spoilage at day 6. However, COS inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Shewanella significantly. Consequently, Acinetobacter followed by Pseudomonas became the predominant microbiota in COS treated samples at day 6. With the growth of Pseudomonas, COS treated samples were spoiled at day 8. Therefore, COS improved the quality of fillets and prolonged the shelf life of silver carp fillets by 2 days during chilled storage, which was mainly due to their modulating effects on microbiota. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Magnetic heading reference

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garner, H. D. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

Devices are disclosed for vectorially summing two signals. In a first embodiment, the vectorial summation is implemented by a mechanical sin/cos mechanism in which a crank drives two linear potentiometers out of phase. In a second embodiment, a polarized light resolver generates the sin and cos functions. In a third embodiment, a printed circuit resolver generates the sin and cos functions.

Methanol exposure does not produce oxidatively damaged DNA in lung, liver or kidney of adult mice, rabbits or primates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCallum, Gordon P.; Siu, Michelle; Sweeting, J. Nicole

2011-01-15

In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests indicate methanol (MeOH) is not mutagenic, but carcinogenic potential has been claimed in one controversial long-term rodent cancer bioassay that has not been replicated. To determine whether MeOH could indirectly damage DNA via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanisms, we treated male CD-1 mice, New Zealand white rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys with MeOH (2.0 g/kg ip) and 6 h later assessed oxidative damage to DNA, measured as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) by HPLC with electrochemical detection. We found no MeOH-dependent increases in 8-oxodG in lung, liver or kidney of any species. Chronic treatment of CD-1 micemore » with MeOH (2.0 g/kg ip) daily for 15 days also did not increase 8-oxodG levels in these organs. These results were corroborated in DNA repair-deficient oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) knockout (KO) mice, which accumulated 8-oxodG in lung, kidney and liver with age, but exhibited no increase following MeOH, despite a 2-fold increase in renal 8-oxodG in Ogg1 KO mice following treatment with a ROS-initiating positive control, the renal carcinogen potassium bromate (KBrO{sub 3}; 100 mg/kg ip). These observations suggest that MeOH exposure does not promote the accumulation of oxidatively damaged DNA in lung, kidney or liver, and that environmental exposure to MeOH is unlikely to initiate carcinogenesis in these organs by DNA oxidation.« less

Amplifying recombination genome-wide and reshaping crossover landscapes in Brassicas

PubMed Central

Falque, Matthieu; Trotoux, Gwenn; Eber, Frédérique; Nègre, Sylvie; Gilet, Marie; Huteau, Virginie; Lodé, Maryse; Jousseaume, Thibaut; Dechaumet, Sylvain; Morice, Jérôme; Coriton, Olivier; Rousseau-Gueutin, Mathieu

2017-01-01

Meiotic recombination by crossovers (COs) is tightly regulated, limiting its key role in producing genetic diversity. However, while COs are usually restricted in number and not homogenously distributed along chromosomes, we show here how to disrupt these rules in Brassica species by using allotriploid hybrids (AAC, 2n = 3x = 29), resulting from the cross between the allotetraploid rapeseed (B. napus, AACC, 2n = 4x = 38) and one of its diploid progenitors (B. rapa, AA, 2n = 2x = 20). We produced mapping populations from different genotypes of both diploid AA and triploid AAC hybrids, used as female and/or as male. Each population revealed nearly 3,000 COs that we studied with SNP markers well distributed along the A genome (on average 1 SNP per 1.25 Mbp). Compared to the case of diploids, allotriploid hybrids showed 1.7 to 3.4 times more overall COs depending on the sex of meiosis and the genetic background. Most surprisingly, we found that such a rise was always associated with (i) dramatic changes in the shape of recombination landscapes and (ii) a strong decrease of CO interference. Hybrids carrying an additional C genome exhibited COs all along the A chromosomes, even in the vicinity of centromeres that are deprived of COs in diploids as well as in most studied species. Moreover, in male allotriploid hybrids we found that Class I COs are mostly responsible for the changes of CO rates, landscapes and interference. These results offer the opportunity for geneticists and plant breeders to dramatically enhance the generation of diversity in Brassica species by disrupting the linkage drag coming from limits on number and distribution of COs. PMID:28493942

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of CoS2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Venkateshalu, Sandhya; Rangappa, Dinesh; Grace, Andrews Nirmala

A Cobalt disulfide-reduced graphene oxide (CoS2-RGO) nanocomposite was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and the prepared nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques like XRD, SEM and FTIR. The results of these techniques indicated the uniform deposition of CoS2 nanoparticles on Graphene sheets. Further, the prepared nanocomposites were tested for its activity towards energy storage and the test results showed a specific capacitance of 28F/g in an aqueous 20% KOH electrolyte at a current density of 0.5A/g. All these materials showed highly reversible charge-discharge cycles. The overall electrochemical performance of this composite is shown to be drastically improved when compared to bare CoS2 nanoparticles. Thus with the good electrochemical properties, CoS2-RGO nanocomposites could be effectively used as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rodriguez, Mark A.; Coker, Eric Nicholas; Griego, James J. M.

High-temperature X-ray diffraction with concurrent gas chromatography (GC) was used to study cobalt disulfide cathode pellets disassembled from thermal batteries. When CoS 2 cathode materials were analyzed in an air environment, oxidation of the K(Br, Cl) salt phase in the cathode led to the formation of K 2SO 4 that subsequently reacted with the pyrite-type CoS 2 phase leading to cathode decomposition between ~260 and 450 °C. Here, independent thermal analysis experiments, i.e. simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry/mass spectrometry (MS), augmented the diffraction results and support the overall picture of CoS 2 decomposition. Both gas analysis measurements (i.e. GC andmore » MS) from the independent experiments confirmed the formation of SO 2 off-gas species during breakdown of the CoS 2. In contrast, characterization of the same cathode material under inert conditions showed the presence of CoS 2 throughout the entire temperature range of analysis.« less

A vertex similarity index for better personalized recommendation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Ling-Jiao; Zhang, Zi-Ke; Liu, Jin-Hu; Gao, Jian; Zhou, Tao

2017-01-01

Recommender systems benefit us in tackling the problem of information overload by predicting our potential choices among diverse niche objects. So far, a variety of personalized recommendation algorithms have been proposed and most of them are based on similarities, such as collaborative filtering and mass diffusion. Here, we propose a novel vertex similarity index named CosRA, which combines advantages of both the cosine index and the resource-allocation (RA) index. By applying the CosRA index to real recommender systems including MovieLens, Netflix and RYM, we show that the CosRA-based method has better performance in accuracy, diversity and novelty than some benchmark methods. Moreover, the CosRA index is free of parameters, which is a significant advantage in real applications. Further experiments show that the introduction of two turnable parameters cannot remarkably improve the overall performance of the CosRA index.

Chitooligosaccharides--preparation with the aid of pectinase isozyme from Aspergillus niger and their antibacterial activity.

PubMed

Kittur, Farooqahamed S; Vishu Kumar, Acharya B; Varadaraj, Mandyam C; Tharanathan, Rudrapatnam N

2005-05-02

An isozyme of pectinase from Aspergillus niger with polygalacturonase activity caused chitosanolysis at pH 3.5, resulting in low-molecular weight chitosan (86%), chitooligosaccharides (COs, 4.8%) and monomers (2.2%). HPLC showed the presence of COs with DP ranging from 2 to 6. Charcoal-Celite chromatography and re-N-acetylation of the COs followed by CD, IR, MALDI-TOF-MS and FAB-MS analyses revealed an abundance of chitobiose, chitotriose and chitotetraose. The COs-monomeric mixture showed a bactericidal effect towards Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli more efficiently than native chitosan. Among the chitooligomers, the hexamer showed maximum antibacterial effect followed by the penta-, tetra-, tri- and dimers. Of the two monomers, only GlcN showed slight bacterial growth inhibition. SEM revealed bactericidal action patterns of COs-monomeric mixture towards B. cereus and E. coli.

Kid-1, a putative renal transcription factor: regulation during ontogeny and in response to ischemia and toxic injury.

PubMed Central

Witzgall, R; O'Leary, E; Gessner, R; Ouellette, A J; Bonventre, J V

1993-01-01

We have identified a new putative transcription factor from the rat kidney, termed Kid-1 (for kidney, ischemia and developmentally regulated gene 1). Kid-1 belongs to the C2H2 class of zinc finger genes. Its mRNA accumulates with age in postnatal renal development and is detected predominantly in the kidney. Kid-1 mRNA levels decline after renal injury secondary to ischemia or folic acid administration, two insults which result in epithelial cell dedifferentiation, followed by regenerative hyperplasia and differentiation. The low expression of Kid-1 early in postnatal development, and when renal tissue is recovering after injury, suggests that the gene product is involved in establishment of a differentiated phenotype and/or regulation of the proliferative response. The deduced protein contains 13 C2H2 zinc fingers at the COOH end in groups of 4 and 9 separated by a 32-amino-acid spacer. There are consensus sites for phosphorylation in the NH2 terminus non-zinc finger region as well as in the spacer region between zinc fingers 4 and 5. A region of the deduced protein shares extensive homology with a catalytic region of Raf kinases, a feature shared only with TFIIE among transcription factors. To determine whether Kid-1 can modulate transcription, a chimeric construct encoding the Kid-1 non-zinc finger region (sense or antisense) and the DNA-binding region of GAL4 was transfected into COS and LLC-PK1 cells together with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmid containing GAL4 binding sites, driven by either a minimal promoter or a simian virus 40 enhancer. CAT activity was markedly inhibited in cells transfected with the sense construct compared with the activity in cells transfected with the antisense construct. To our knowledge, this pattern of developmental regulation, kidney expression, and regulation of transcription is unique among the C2H2 class of zinc finger-containing DNA-binding proteins. Images PMID:8382778

Cross-species pharmacokinetic comparison from mouse to man of a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide, ISIS 301012, targeting human apolipoprotein B-100.

PubMed

Yu, Rosie Z; Kim, Tae-Won; Hong, An; Watanabe, Tanya A; Gaus, Hans J; Geary, Richard S

2007-03-01

The pharmacokinetics of a 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified oligonucleotide, ISIS 301012 [targeting human apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100)], was characterized in mouse, rat, monkey, and human. Plasma pharmacokinetics following parental administration was similar across species, exhibiting a rapid distribution phase with t(1/2alpha) of several hours and a prolonged elimination phase with t(1/2beta) of days. The prolonged elimination phase represents equilibrium between tissues and circulating drug due to slow elimination from tissues. Absorption was nearly complete following s.c. injection, with bioavailability ranging from 80 to 100% in monkeys. Plasma clearance scaled well across species as a function of body weight alone, and this correlation was improved when corrected for plasma protein binding. In all of the animal models studied, the highest tissue concentrations of ISIS 301012 were observed in kidney and liver. Urinary excretion was less than 3% in monkeys and human in the first 24 h. ISIS 301012 is highly bound to plasma proteins, probably preventing rapid removal by renal filtration. However, following 25 mg/kg s.c. administration in mouse and 5-mg/kg i.v. bolus administration in rat, plasma concentrations of ISIS 301012 exceeded their respective protein binding capacity. Thus, urinary excretion increased to 16% or greater within the first 24 h. Albeit slow, urinary excretion of ISIS 301012 and its shortened metabolites is the ultimate elimination pathway of this compound, as demonstrated by 32% of dose recovered in total excreta by 14 days in a rat mass balance study. The pharmacokinetics of ISIS 301012 in human is predictable from the pharmacokinetics measured in animals. The pharmacokinetic properties of ISIS 301012 provide guidance for clinical development and support infrequent dose administration.

The Transcriptional Regulator, CosR, Controls Compatible Solute Biosynthesis and Transport, Motility and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae

PubMed Central

Shikuma, Nicholas J.; Davis, Kimberly R.; Fong, Jiunn N. C.; Yildiz, Fitnat H.

2012-01-01

SUMMARY Vibrio cholerae inhabits aquatic environments and colonizes the human digestive tract to cause the disease cholera. In these environments, V. cholerae copes with fluctuations in salinity and osmolarity by producing and transporting small, organic, highly soluble molecules called compatible solutes, which counteract extracellular osmotic pressure. Currently, it is unclear how V. cholerae regulates the expression of genes important for the biosynthesis or transport of compatible solutes in response to changing salinity or osmolarity conditions. Through a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the salinity response of V. cholerae, we identified a transcriptional regulator we name CosR for compatible solute regulator. The expression of cosR is regulated by ionic strength and not osmolarity. A transcriptome analysis of a ΔcosR mutant revealed that CosR represses genes involved in ectoine biosynthesis and compatible solute transport in a salinity-dependent manner. When grown in salinities similar to estuarine environments, CosR activates biofilm formation and represses motility independently of its function as an ectoine regulator. This is the first study to characterize a compatible solute regulator in V. cholerae and couples the regulation of osmotic tolerance with biofilm formation and motility. PMID:22690884

Neuroimaging Findings from Childhood Onset Schizophrenia Patients and their Non-Psychotic Siblings

PubMed Central

Ordóñez, Anna E.; Luscher, Zoe; Gogtay, Nitin

2015-01-01

Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), with onset of psychosis before age 13, is a rare form of schizophrenia that represents a more severe and chronic form of the adult onset illness. In this review we examine structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of COS and non-psychotic siblings of COS patients in the context of studies of schizophrenia as a whole. Studies of COS to date reveal progressive loss of gray matter volume and cortical thinning, ventricular enlargement, progressive decline in cerebellar volume and a significant but fixed deficit in hippocampal volume. COS is also associated with a slower rate of white matter growth and disrupted local connectivity strength. Sibling studies indicate that non-psychotic siblings of COS patients share many of these brain abnormalities, including decreased cortical thickness and disrupted white matter growth, yet these abnormalities normalize with age. Cross-sectional and longitudinal neuroimaging studies remain some of the few methods for assessing human brain function and play a pivotal role in the quest for understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia as well as other psychiatric disorders. Parallel studies in non-psychotic siblings provide a unique opportunity to understand both risk and resilience in schizophrenia. PMID:25819937

Neuroimaging findings from childhood onset schizophrenia patients and their non-psychotic siblings.

PubMed

Ordóñez, Anna E; Luscher, Zoe I; Gogtay, Nitin

2016-06-01

Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), with onset of psychosis before age 13, is a rare form of schizophrenia that represents a more severe and chronic form of the adult onset illness. In this review we examine structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of COS and non-psychotic siblings of COS patients in the context of studies of schizophrenia as a whole. Studies of COS to date reveal progressive loss of gray matter volume and cortical thinning, ventricular enlargement, progressive decline in cerebellar volume and a significant but fixed deficit in hippocampal volume. COS is also associated with a slower rate of white matter growth and disrupted local connectivity strength. Sibling studies indicate that non-psychotic siblings of COS patients share many of these brain abnormalities, including decreased cortical thickness and disrupted white matter growth, yet these abnormalities normalize with age. Cross-sectional and longitudinal neuroimaging studies remain some of the few methods for assessing human brain function and play a pivotal role in the quest for understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia as well as other psychiatric disorders. Parallel studies in non-psychotic siblings provide a unique opportunity to understand both risk and resilience in schizophrenia. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Chitosan oligosaccharide induces resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus in Arabidopsis via the salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway

PubMed Central

Jia, Xiaochen; Meng, Qingshan; Zeng, Haihong; Wang, Wenxia; Yin, Heng

2016-01-01

Chitosan is one of the most abundant carbohydrate biopolymers in the world, and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), which is prepared from chitosan, is a plant immunity regulator. The present study aimed to validate the effect of COS on inducing resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Arabidopsis and to investigate the potential defence-related signalling pathways involved. Optimal conditions for the induction of TMV resistance in Arabidopsis were COS pretreatment at 50 mg/L for 1 day prior to inoculation with TMV. Multilevel indices, including phenotype data, and TMV coat protein expression, revealed that COS induced TMV resistance in wild-type and jasmonic acid pathway- deficient (jar1) Arabidopsis plants, but not in salicylic acid pathway deficient (NahG) Arabidopsis plants. Quantitative-PCR and analysis of phytohormone levels confirmed that COS pretreatment enhanced the expression of the defence-related gene PR1, which is a marker of salicylic acid signalling pathway, and increased the amount of salicylic acid in WT and jar1, but not in NahG plants. Taken together, these results confirm that COS induces TMV resistance in Arabidopsis via activation of the salicylic acid signalling pathway. PMID:27189192

Chitosan oligosaccharide induces resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus in Arabidopsis via the salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway.

PubMed

Jia, Xiaochen; Meng, Qingshan; Zeng, Haihong; Wang, Wenxia; Yin, Heng

2016-05-18

Chitosan is one of the most abundant carbohydrate biopolymers in the world, and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), which is prepared from chitosan, is a plant immunity regulator. The present study aimed to validate the effect of COS on inducing resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Arabidopsis and to investigate the potential defence-related signalling pathways involved. Optimal conditions for the induction of TMV resistance in Arabidopsis were COS pretreatment at 50 mg/L for 1 day prior to inoculation with TMV. Multilevel indices, including phenotype data, and TMV coat protein expression, revealed that COS induced TMV resistance in wild-type and jasmonic acid pathway- deficient (jar1) Arabidopsis plants, but not in salicylic acid pathway deficient (NahG) Arabidopsis plants. Quantitative-PCR and analysis of phytohormone levels confirmed that COS pretreatment enhanced the expression of the defence-related gene PR1, which is a marker of salicylic acid signalling pathway, and increased the amount of salicylic acid in WT and jar1, but not in NahG plants. Taken together, these results confirm that COS induces TMV resistance in Arabidopsis via activation of the salicylic acid signalling pathway.

Combining in situ and laboratory measurements of soil-atmosphere carbonyl sulfide fluxes from four different biomes across Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitz, Florian; Gomez-Brandon, Maria; Hammerle, Albin; Spielmann, Felix M.; Insam, Heribert; Ibrom, Andreas; Migliavacca, Mirco; Moreno, Gerardo; Noe, Steffen M.; Wohlfahrt, Georg

2017-04-01

Flux partitioning, the quantification of photosynthesis and respiration, is a major uncertainty in modelling the carbon cycle and in times when robust models are needed to assess future global changes a persistent problem. A promising new approach is to derive gross primary production (GPP) from measurements of the carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux, the most abundant sulfur-containing trace gas in the atmosphere, with a mean concentration of about 500 pptv in the troposphere. This is possible because COS and CO2 enter the leaf via a similar pathway and are processed by the same enzyme (carbonic anhydrase). A prerequisite for using COS as a proxy for photosynthesis is a robust estimation of all non-leaf sources and sinks in an ecosystem. Past studies described soils either as a sink or source, depending on their properties like soil temperature and soil water content. In 2016 we conducted field campaigns in Austria (managed temperate mountain grassland), Spain (savannah), Denmark (temperate beech forest) and Estonia (hemiboreal forest) to estimate the soil-atmosphere COS fluxes under ambient conditions in different biomes. We used self-built fused silica soil chambers to avoid COS emissions from built-in materials and to assess the impact of radiation. At the grassland sites (Austria, Spain) vegetation was removed below the chambers, therefor more radiation reached the soil surface compared to natural conditions. The grassland sites were characterized by highly positive COS fluxes during daytime and COS fluxes around zero during nighttime. In contrast, the soils at the forest sites (Denmark, Estonia), characterized by less radiation on the soil surface, acted as a sink for COS. The impact of other abiotic factors, like soil water content and soil temperature, varied between the ecosystems. In addition to the field measurements soil and litter samples were taken at the study sites and used to measure COS fluxes under controlled conditions in the lab. Results from the temperate mountain grassland in Austria suggest high initial but rapidly decreasing COS emission from soil mixed with litter, but uptake by soil alone. Those lab measurements were followed up by genetical analyses to link the fluxes to the soil microbial communities present in the samples.

Supercapacitors incorporating hollow cobalt sulfide hexagonal nanosheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Zusing; Chen, Chia-Ying; Chang, Huan-Tsung

We have prepared hollow cobalt sulfide (CoS) hexagonal nanosheets (HNSs) from Co(NO 3) 2 and thioacetamide in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) at 100 °C under alkaline condition. The as-prepared hollow CoS HNSs have an average edge length ca. 110 ± 27 nm and an outer shell of 16 ± 4 nm in thickness from 500 counts. The CoS HNSs are deposited onto transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates through a drop-dry process to prepare two types of supercapacitors (SCs); high rate and large per-area capacitance. The electrolyte used in this study is KOH (aq). The CoS HNSs (8 μg cm -2) electrodes exhibit excellent capacity properties, including high energy density (13.2 h kg -1), power density (17.5 kW kg -1), energy deliverable efficiency (81.3-85.3%), and stable cycle life (over 10,000 cycles) at a high discharge current density of 64.6 A g -1. With their fast charging and discharging rates (<3 s), the CoS HNSs show characteristics of high-rate SCs. The CoS HNS SCs having high mass loading (9.7 mg cm -2) provide high per-area capacitance of 1.35 F cm -2 and per-mass capacitance of 138 F g -1, respectively, showing characteristics of SCs with large per-area capacitance. Our results have demonstrated the potential of the CoS HNS electrodes hold great practical potential in many fields such as automobile and computer industries.

Pharmacogenetic algorithm for individualized controlled ovarian stimulation (iCOS) in assisted reproductive technology cycles.

PubMed

Roque, Matheus; Bianco, Bianca; Christofolini, Denise M; Cordts, Emerson B; Vilarino, Fabia L; Carvalho, Waldemar; Valle, Marcello; Sampaio, Marcos; Geber, Selmo; Esteves, Sandro C; Barbosa, Caio P

2018-06-14

Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is crucial for optimizing in vitro fertilization (IVF) / intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) success. Multiple factors influence the ovarian response to COS, making predictions about oocyte yields not so straightforward. As a result, the ovarian response may be poor or suboptimal, or even excessive, all of which have negative consequences for the affected patient. There is a group of patients that present with a suboptimal response to COS despite normal biomarkers of ovarian reserve, such as AFC and AMH. These patients have a lower number of retrieved oocytes than what was expected based on their ovarian reserve, thus showing the inadequacy of using only the traditional ovarian reserve biomarkers to predict the ovarian response. Suboptimal response to COS might be related to ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins modulated by genetic factors. The understanding of the gene polymorphisms related to reproductive function can help to improve the clinical management of this patient population and to explain some of the individual patient variability in response to COS. The development of a pharmacogenetic approach concerning COS in the context of assisted reproduction seems attractive as it might help to understand the relationship between genetic variants and ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins. The patient ́s genetic profile could be used to select the most appropriate gonadotropin type, predict the optimal dosage for each drug, develop a cost-effective treatment plan, maximize the success rates, and lastly, decrease the time-to-pregnancy.

Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) on growth, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

PubMed

Lin, Shi-Mei; Jiang, Yu; Chen, Yong-Jun; Luo, Li; Doolgindachbaporn, Sompong; Yuangsoi, Bundit

2017-11-01

The effects of oral administration of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS), single or combined, on the growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of M. salmoides were investigated. Largemouth bass juvenile were divided into 4 groups and each group was fed with diets supplemented with or without immunostimulant for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, five fish per tank were sampled for immunity determination, ten fish per tank were challenged by A. hydrophila. The results showed that the largemouth bass fed with two immunostimulants alone or in combination significantly enhanced the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR), decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR) between dietary COS and dietary APS. In addition, both COS and APS upregulated respiratory burst activity (RBA), phagocytic activity (PA), lysozyme activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Meanwhile, COS also exhibited a increase in total leukocyte count, nitric oxide (NO) content and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity compared to the control. When challenged with A. hydrophila, the mortality of groups fed with COS and/or APS was lower than the control (P < 0.05). Under the experimental conditions, dietary APS and COS had a synergistic effect on lysozme activity, iNOS activity, NO content and disease resistance of fish (P < 0.05). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electron microscopic features of nasal mucosa treated with topical and circumostial injection of mitomycin C: implications in dacryocystorhinostomy.

PubMed

Ali, Mohammad Javed; Baig, Farhana; Lakshman, Mekala; Naik, Milind N

2015-01-01

To evaluate the ultrastructural effects of topical and circumostial injection of mitomycin C (COS-MMC) on nasal mucosa and compare them with the controls. The study also aimed at classifying the subcellular effects in detail. The nasal mucosa of 6 patients were subjected to 0.02% of mitomycin C for 3 minutes (3 patients) and 0.02% COS-MMC (3 patients) as per standard protocol, during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Normal nasal mucosa from untreated areas (2 each from topical and COS-MMC groups) were taken as controls after harvesting the treated areas. Full thickness tissues (5 mm × 5 mm) were collected for transmission electron microscopy, and ultrastructural effects were evaluated. Both topical and COS-MMC showed significant and distinct ultrastructural changes involving the epithelial, glandular, vascular, and fibrocollagenous tissues compared with the controls. There were profound changes within fibroblasts with intracellular edema, pleomorphic and vesicular mitochondria, dilated smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and chromatin condensation. In addition, COS-MMC samples showed subepithelial hypocellularity with limited disorganization of structure. The changes in both the MMC groups were restricted to treated areas only. Both topical and COS-MMC show profound changes in nasal mucosa with more marked changes in COS-MMC group. These changes being limited in nature may help in enhancing the success of dacryocystorhinostomy by preventing cicatricial changes of the ostium, especially in high-risk cases such as revision and post-traumatic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Pharmacokinetics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Biodegradable Macromolecular Blood-Pool Contrast Agent PG-Gd in Non-Human Primates: A Pilot Study

PubMed Central

Tian, Mei; Wen, Xiaoxia; Jackson, Edward F.; Ng, Chaan; Uthamanthil, Rajesh; Liang, Dong; Gelovani, Juri G.; Li, Chun

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate poly(L-glutamic acid)-benzyl-DTPA-Gd (PG-Gd), a new biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, for its pharmacokinetics and MRI enhancement in nonhuman primates. Studies were performed in rhesus monkeys at intravenous doses of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.08 mmol Gd/kg. T1-weighted MR images were acquired at 1.5T using fast spoiled gradient recalled echo and fast spin echo imaging protocols. The small-molecule contrast agent Magnevist was used as a control. PG-Gd in the monkey showed a bi-exponential disposition. The initial blood concentrations within 2 hours of PG-Gd administration were much higher than for those of Magnevist. The high blood concentration of PG-Gd was consistent with the MR imaging data, which showed prolonged circulation of PG-Gd in the blood pool. Enhancement of blood vessels and organs with a high blood perfusion (heart, liver, and kidney) was clearly visualized at 2 hours after contrast injection at the three doses used. A greater than proportional increase of the area under the blood concentration-time curve was observed when the administered single dose was increased from 0.01 mmol/kg to 0.08 mmol/kg. By 2 days after PG-Gd injection, the contrast agent was mostly cleared from all major organs, including kidney. The mean residence time was 15 hours at the 0.08 mmol/kg dose. A similar pharmacokinetic profile was observed in mice, with a mean residence time of 5.4 hours and a volume of distribution at steady-state of 85.5 mL/kg, indicating that the drug was mainly distributed in the blood compartment. Based on this pilot study, further investigations on potential systemic toxicity of PG-Gd in both rodents and large animals are needed before testing this agent in humans. PMID:21861289

The use of qualitative methods to inform Delphi surveys in core outcome set development.

PubMed

Keeley, T; Williamson, P; Callery, P; Jones, L L; Mathers, J; Jones, J; Young, B; Calvert, M

2016-05-04

Core outcome sets (COS) help to minimise bias in trials and facilitate evidence synthesis. Delphi surveys are increasingly being used as part of a wider process to reach consensus about what outcomes should be included in a COS. Qualitative research can be used to inform the development of Delphi surveys. This is an advance in the field of COS development and one which is potentially valuable; however, little guidance exists for COS developers on how best to use qualitative methods and what the challenges are. This paper aims to provide early guidance on the potential role and contribution of qualitative research in this area. We hope the ideas we present will be challenged, critiqued and built upon by others exploring the role of qualitative research in COS development. This paper draws upon the experiences of using qualitative methods in the pre-Delphi stage of the development of three different COS. Using these studies as examples, we identify some of the ways that qualitative research might contribute to COS development, the challenges in using such methods and areas where future research is required. Qualitative research can help to identify what outcomes are important to stakeholders; facilitate understanding of why some outcomes may be more important than others, determine the scope of outcomes; identify appropriate language for use in the Delphi survey and inform comparisons between stakeholder data and other sources, such as systematic reviews. Developers need to consider a number of methodological points when using qualitative research: specifically, which stakeholders to involve, how to sample participants, which data collection methods are most appropriate, how to consider outcomes with stakeholders and how to analyse these data. A number of areas for future research are identified. Qualitative research has the potential to increase the research community's confidence in COS, although this will be dependent upon using rigorous and appropriate methodology. We have begun to identify some issues for COS developers to consider in using qualitative methods to inform the development of Delphi surveys in this article.

Curve of Spee and its relationship to vertical eruption of teeth among different malocclusion groups.

PubMed

Veli, Ilknur; Ozturk, Mehmet Ali; Uysal, Tancan

2015-03-01

Our objectives were to assess the depth of the curve of Spee (COS) in different malocclusion groups, to relate this to the eruption of anterior or posterior teeth quantitatively, and to determine whether the depth of the COS is affected by the vertical eruption of anterior or posterior teeth. Two hundred conventional lateral cephalograms and 3-dimensional models of untreated patients (70 boys, mean age: 16.4 ± 1.4 years; 130 young women, mean age: 18.1 ± 1.8 years) were included and assigned to 4 malocclusion groups as Class I, Class II Division 1, Class II Division 2, and Class III. The depth of the COS, overjet, and overbite were measured on 3-dimensional models. The perpendicular distance between the incisal tip of the mandibular central incisor (L1-MP), the deepest point of the COS (S-MP), and the distobuccal cusp tip of the mandibular second molar (L7-MP) to the mandibular plane were calculated and proportioned with each other. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated, and multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. Also, multivariate analysis of variance was performed at the P <0.05 level. The mesiobuccal cusp of the first molar was the deepest part of the COS in all groups, with a maximum depth of 2.44 ± 0.73 mm in the Class II Division 1 subjects and a minimum depth of 1.76 ± 0.94 in the Class III subjects. The depth of the COS changed as follows: Class II Division 1 > Class II Division 2 > Class I > Class III malocclusion groups. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the depth of the COS and L1-MP/S-MP (r = 0.541) and L7-MP/S-MP (r = 0.269) in the Class I and Class III subjects, and between the depth of the COS and overjet (r = 0.483) and L7-MP/S-MP (r = 0.289) in the Class II Division 1 subjects. All variables except overjet had positive correlations with the depth of the COS in Class II Division 2 subjects. The multivariate analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences in overjet, overbite, L1-MP/S-MP, L7-MP/S-MP, and the depth of the COS (P <0.001) among the groups. Although the overjet differed, vertical eruption of the anterior teeth did not differ among the different malocclusion groups and had a significant contribution to the depth of the COS in subjects with Class I and Class III malocclusions. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Isolation and characterization of an equine rotavirus.

PubMed Central

Hoshino, Y; Wyatt, R G; Greenberg, H B; Kalica, A R; Flores, J; Kapikian, A Z

1983-01-01

A rotavirus, designated as the H-1 strain, was isolated from a diarrheic foal in primary African green monkey kidney cells and MA104 cells. This cell culture-adapted strain hemagglutinated erythrocytes of human group O, rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and sheep. It was found to be similar, if not identical, to porcine rotaviruses (strains OSU, EE, and A-580) by plaque reduction neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests, and, in addition, it was found to belong to subgroup 1. This equine rotavirus has an RNA electrophoretic migration pattern which was distinct from those of the three strains of porcine rotavirus. The serological relationship established by plaque reduction neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests between the equine (H-1) and porcine (OSU, EE, and A-580) rotaviruses is an example of a rotavirus of the same serotype being isolated from different species. The H-1 strain was distinct from four human rotavirus serotypes (Wa, DS-1, P, and St. Thomas 4) as well as from bovine rotavirus NCDV, simian rotavirus MMU18006, and canine rotavirus CU-1 by plaque reduction neutralization tests. This equine isolate (H-1) was found to be related antigenically to canine CU-1 and bovine NCDV rotaviruses in a one-way fashion by hemagglutination inhibition tests. Images PMID:6313746

Degradation of chitosan hydrogel dispersed in dilute carboxylic acids by solution plasma and evaluation of anticancer activity of degraded products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chokradjaroen, Chayanaphat; Rujiravanit, Ratana; Theeramunkong, Sewan; Saito, Nagahiro

2018-01-01

Chitosan is a polysaccharide that has been extensively studied in the field of biomedicine, especially its water-soluble degraded products called chitooligosaccharides (COS). In this study, COS were produced by the degradation of chitosan hydrogel dispersed in a dilute solution (i.e., 1.55 mM) of various kinds of carboxylic acids using a non-thermal plasma technology called solution plasma (SP). The degradation rates of chitosan were influenced by the type of carboxylic acids, depending on the interaction between chitosan and each carboxylic acid. After SP treatment, the water-soluble degraded products containing COS could be easily separated from the water-insoluble residue of chitosan hydrogel by centrifugation. The production yields of the COS were mostly higher than 55%. Furthermore, the obtained COS products were evaluated for their inhibitory effect as well as their selectivity against human lung cancer cells (H460) and human lung normal cells (MRC-5).

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Treated Rice Infected with Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus.

PubMed

Yang, Anming; Yu, Lu; Chen, Zhuo; Zhang, Shanxue; Shi, Jing; Zhao, Xiaozhen; Yang, Yuanyou; Hu, Deyu; Song, Baoan

2017-05-18

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) has spread from thesouth of China to the north of Vietnam in the past few years and severelyinfluenced rice production. Its long incubation period and early symptoms are not evident; thus, controlling it is difficult. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a green plant immunomodulator. Early studies showed that preventing and controlling SRBSDV have a certain effect and reduce disease infection rate, but its underlying controlling and preventing mechanism is unclear. In this study, label-free proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rice after COS treatment. The results showed that COS can up-regulate the plant defense-related proteins and down-regulate the protein expression levels of SRBSDV. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time PCR test results showed that COS can improve defense gene expression in rice. Moreover, COS can enhance the defense enzymatic activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade pathway, and enhance the rice disease resistance.

Separable Roles for a Caenorhabditis elegans RMI1 Homolog in Promoting and Antagonizing Meiotic Crossovers Ensure Faithful Chromosome Inheritance

PubMed Central

Jagut, Marlène; Hamminger, Patricia; Woglar, Alexander; Millonigg, Sophia; Paulin, Luis; Mikl, Martin; Dello Stritto, Maria Rosaria; Tang, Lois; Habacher, Cornelia; Tam, Angela; Gallach, Miguel; von Haeseler, Arndt; Villeneuve, Anne M.; Jantsch, Verena

2016-01-01

During the first meiotic division, crossovers (COs) between homologous chromosomes ensure their correct segregation. COs are produced by homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair of programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). As more DSBs are induced than COs, mechanisms are required to establish a regulated number of COs and to repair remaining intermediates as non-crossovers (NCOs). We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans RMI1 homolog-1 (RMH-1) functions during meiosis to promote both CO and NCO HR at appropriate chromosomal sites. RMH-1 accumulates at CO sites, dependent on known pro-CO factors, and acts to promote CO designation and enforce the CO outcome of HR-intermediate resolution. RMH-1 also localizes at NCO sites and functions in parallel with SMC-5 to antagonize excess HR-based connections between chromosomes. Moreover, RMH-1 also has a major role in channeling DSBs into an NCO HR outcome near the centers of chromosomes, thereby ensuring that COs form predominantly at off-center positions. PMID:27011106

Peak growing season gross uptake of carbon in North America is largest in the Midwest USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilton, Timothy W.; Whelan, Mary E.; Zumkehr, Andrew; Kulkarni, Sarika; Berry, Joseph A.; Baker, Ian T.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Sweeney, Colm; Miller, Benjamin R.; Elliott Campbell, J.

2017-06-01

Gross primary production (GPP) is a first-order uncertainty in climate predictions. Large-scale CO2 observations can provide information about the carbon cycle, but are not directly useful for GPP. Recently carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) has been proposed as a potential tracer for regional and global GPP. Here we present the first regional assessment of GPP using COS. We focus on the North American growing season--a global hotspot for COS air-monitoring and GPP uncertainty. Regional variability in simulated vertical COS concentration gradients was driven by variation in GPP rather than other modelled COS sources and sinks. Consequently we are able to show that growing season GPP in the Midwest USA significantly exceeds that of any other region of North America. These results are inconsistent with some ecosystem models, but are supportive of new ecosystem models from CMIP6. This approach provides valuable insight into the accuracy of various ecosystem land models.

The transcriptional regulator, CosR, controls compatible solute biosynthesis and transport, motility and biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae.

PubMed

Shikuma, Nicholas J; Davis, Kimberly R; Fong, Jiunn N C; Yildiz, Fitnat H

2013-05-01

Vibrio cholerae inhabits aquatic environments and colonizes the human digestive tract to cause the disease cholera. In these environments, V. cholerae copes with fluctuations in salinity and osmolarity by producing and transporting small, organic, highly soluble molecules called compatible solutes, which counteract extracellular osmotic pressure. Currently, it is unclear how V. cholerae regulates the expression of genes important for the biosynthesis or transport of compatible solutes in response to changing salinity or osmolarity conditions. Through a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the salinity response of V. cholerae, we identified a transcriptional regulator we name CosR for compatible solute regulator. The expression of cosR is regulated by ionic strength and not osmolarity. A transcriptome analysis of a ΔcosR mutant revealed that CosR represses genes involved in ectoine biosynthesis and compatible solute transport in a salinity-dependent manner. When grown in salinities similar to estuarine environments, CosR activates biofilm formation and represses motility independently of its function as an ectoine regulator. This is the first study to characterize a compatible solute regulator in V. cholerae and couples the regulation of osmotic tolerance with biofilm formation and motility. © 2012 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Work-related stress among correctional officers: A qualitative study.

PubMed

Viotti, Sara

2016-01-25

Correctional officers (COs) are exposed to various factors likely to jeopardize their health and safety. Even if numerous studies have been focused on work-related stress among COs, few studies have been carried out in Italy. Indentify the work-related factors and comprehend how they negatively affect the COs' psychological health in the Italian penal system. A qualitative approach was employed. Twenty-eight COs employed in a detention block of an Italian jail were interviewed face-to-face. For the analyses of the text, Template Analysis technique was followed. The analyses of the text highlighted six macro-categories and thirteen categories hierarchically linked to them: A) Intrinsic work-related factors with six categories: demanding contact with prisoners, high level of responsibility, health risks, critical events, lack of intellectual and social stimulation, and conflict value; B) Factors related to the type of contract and work organization: challenging working hours contrasted with social time, and relocation; C) Social factors: relationships with colleagues and hierarchy; D) Organizational factors: organizational injustice, E) External factors: negative social image; F) Physical environmental factors: physical structure of the prison building. The results indicated that COs are at high risk of stress. More specifically, the analyses highlighted that the most stressful part of the COs' job concerns their relationship with the inmates.

Cognitive correlates of gray matter abnormalities in adolescent siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia

PubMed Central

Wagshal, Dana; Knowlton, Barbara Jean; Cohen, Jessica Rachel; Bookheimer, Susan Yost; Bilder, Robert Martin; Fernandez, Vindia Gisela; Asarnow, Robert Franklin

2015-01-01

Patients with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) display widespread gray matter (GM) structural brain abnormalities. Healthy siblings of COS patients share some of these structural abnormalities, suggesting that GM abnormalities are endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Another possible endophenotype for schizophrenia that has been relatively unexplored is corticostriatal dysfunction. The corticostriatal system plays an important role in skill learning. Our previous studies have demonstrated corticostriatal dysfunction in COS siblings with a profound skill learning deficit and abnormal pattern of brain activation during skill learning. This study investigated whether structural abnormalities measured using volumetric brain morphometry (VBM) were present in siblings of COS patients and whether these were related to deficits in cognitive skill learning. Results revealed smaller GM volume in COS siblings relative to controls in a number of regions, including occipital, parietal, and subcortical regions including the striatum, and greater GM volume relative to controls in several subcortical regions. Volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum were related to performance differences between groups on the weather prediction task, a measure of cognitive skill learning. Our results support the idea that corticostriatal and cerebellar impairment in unaffected siblings of COS patients are behaviorally relevant and may reflect genetic risk for schizophrenia. PMID:25541139

Protocol for the development of a Core Outcome Set (COS) for hemorrhoidal disease: an international Delphi study.

PubMed

van Tol, R R; Melenhorst, J; Dirksen, C D; Stassen, L P S; Breukink, S O

2017-07-01

Over the last decade, many studies were performed regarding treatment options for hemorrhoidal disease. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) should have well-defined primary and secondary outcomes. However, the reported outcome measures are numerous and diverse. The heterogeneity of outcome definition in clinical trials limits transparency and paves the way for bias. The development of a core outcome set (COS) helps minimizing this problem. A COS is an agreed minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specific disease. The aim of this project is to generate a COS regarding the outcome of treatment after hemorrhoidal disease. A Delphi study will be performed by an international steering group healthcare professionals and patients with the intention to create a standard outcome set for future clinical trials for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. First, a literature review will be conducted to establish which outcomes are used in clinical trials for hemorrhoidal disease. Secondly, both healthcare professionals and patients will participate in several consecutive rounds of online questionnaires and a face-to-face meeting to refine the content of the COS. Development of a COS for hemorrhoidal disease defines a minimum outcome-reporting standard and will improve the quality of research in the future.

Field measurements on the exchange of carbonyl sulfide between lichens and the atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuhn, U.; Wolf, A.; Gries, C.; , T. H. Nash, III; Kesselmeier, J.

The exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between lichens and the atmosphere was investigated under natural field conditions. Using dynamic enclosures flushed with ambient air, we demonstrate that lichens act as a major sink for atmospheric COS in the investigated ecosystem. Diel courses of the exchange are shown in an open oak woodland ecosystem at a rural site in central California. The measurements were distributed over a variety of weather conditions during the dry (May/June) and the wet season (Nov/Dec). The physiological parameters (CO 2 exchange and thallus hydration status) plus environmental variables (temperature, irradiance, atmospheric humidity and ambient COS mixing ratio) were recorded. Lichens are capable of continuous uptake of COS in the dark as well as in the light, depending mainly on their moisture status. Results indicate that the uptake is additionally dependent on temperature and COS ambient mixing ratio. Enzyme inactivation by high temperature denaturation demonstrate that the uptake is under physiological control. Light and thus photosynthetic activity do not have a direct influence on the uptake rate. Under these field investigations the COS uptake on a dry weight basis ranged between 0.015 and 0.071 pmol g-1 s-1. On a thallus surface area basis the sink strength is comparable to the uptake by higher vegetation.

Gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory and atmospheric transport of carbonyl sulfide in the U.S.: U.S. Anthropogenic COS Source and Transport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zumkehr, Andrew; Hilton, Timothy W.; Whelan, Mary

Carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS), the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the troposphere, has recently emerged as a potentially important atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Atmospheric inverse modeling studies may be able to use existing tower, airborne, and satellite observations of COS to infer information about photosynthesis. However, such analysis relies on gridded anthropogenic COS source estimates that are largely based on industry activity data from over three decades ago. Here we use updated emission factor data and industry activity data to develop a gridded inventory with a 0.1 degree resolution for the U.S. domain. The inventory includesmore » the primary anthropogenic COS sources including direct emissions from the coal and aluminum industries as well as indirect sources from industrial carbon disulfide emissions. Compared to the previously published inventory, we found that the total anthropogenic source (direct and indirect) is 47% smaller. Using this new gridded inventory to drive the STEM/WRF atmospheric transport model, we found that the anthropogenic contribution to COS variation in the troposphere is small relative to the biosphere influence, which is encouraging of carbon cycle applications in this region. Additional anthropogenic sectors with highly uncertain emission factors require further field measurements.« less

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, James C.; Froning, Cynthia S.; Osterman, Steve; Ebbets, Dennis; Heap, Sara H.; Leitherer, Claus; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Savage, Blair D.; Sembach, Kenneth; Shull, J. Michael;

Spatial determinants of the mandibular curve of Spee in modern and archaic Homo.

PubMed

Laird, Myra F; Holton, Nathan E; Scott, Jill E; Franciscus, Robert G; Marshall, Steven D; Southard, Thomas E

2016-10-01

The curve of Spee (COS) is a mesio-distally curved alignment of the canine through distal molar cusp tips in certain mammals including modern humans and some fossil hominins. In humans, the alignment varies from concave to flat, and previous studies have suggested that this difference reflects craniofacial morphology, including the degree of alveolar prognathism. However, the relationship between prognathism and concavity of the COS has not been tested in craniofacially variant populations. We tested the hypothesis that greater alveolar prognathism covaries with a flatter COS in African-American and European-American populations. We further examined this relationship in fossil Homo including Homo neanderthalensis and early anatomically modern Homo sapiens, which are expected to extend the amount of variation in the COS from the extant sample. These hypotheses were tested using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Landmarks were recorded from the skulls of 166 African-Americans, 123 European-Americans, and 10 fossil hominin mandible casts. Landmarks were subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis, principal components analysis, and two-block partial least squares analysis. We documented covariation between the COS and alveolar prognathism such that relatively prognathic individuals have a flatter COS. Mandibular data from the fossil hominin taxa generally confirm and extend this correlation across a greater range of facial size and morphology in Homo. Our results suggest that the magnitude of the COS is related to a suite of features associated with alveolar prognathism in modern humans and across anthropoids. We also discuss the implications for spatial interactions between the dental arches. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Green, James C.; Froning, Cynthia S.; Osterman, Steve; Ebbets, Dennis; Heap, Sara H.; Leitherer, Claus; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Savage, Blair D.; Sembach, Kenneth; Shull, J. Michael; Siegmund, Oswald H. W.; Snow, Theodore P.; Spencer, John; Stern, S. Alan; Stocke, John; Welsh, Barry; Béland, Stéphane; Burgh, Eric B.; Danforth, Charles; France, Kevin; Keeney, Brian; McPhate, Jason; Penton, Steven V.; Andrews, John; Brownsberger, Kenneth; Morse, Jon; Wilkinson, Erik

2012-01-01

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is a moderate-resolution spectrograph with unprecedented sensitivity that was installed into the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 2009 May, during HST Servicing Mission 4 (STS-125). We present the design philosophy and summarize the key characteristics of the instrument that will be of interest to potential observers. For faint targets, with flux F λ ≈ 1.0 × 10-14 erg cm-2 s-1 Å-1, COS can achieve comparable signal to noise (when compared to Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph echelle modes) in 1%-2% of the observing time. This has led to a significant increase in the total data volume and data quality available to the community. For example, in the first 20 months of science operation (2009 September-2011 June) the cumulative redshift pathlength of extragalactic sight lines sampled by COS is nine times than sampled at moderate resolution in 19 previous years of Hubble observations. COS programs have observed 214 distinct lines of sight suitable for study of the intergalactic medium as of 2011 June. COS has measured, for the first time with high reliability, broad Lyα absorbers and Ne VIII in the intergalactic medium, and observed the He II reionization epoch along multiple sightlines. COS has detected the first CO emission and absorption in the UV spectra of low-mass circumstellar disks at the epoch of giant planet formation, and detected multiple ionization states of metals in extra-solar planetary atmospheres. In the coming years, COS will continue its census of intergalactic gas, probe galactic and cosmic structure, and explore physics in our solar system and Galaxy.

Comparing fractional anisotropy in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia, their healthy siblings, and normal volunteers through DTI.

PubMed

Moran, Marcel E; Luscher, Zoe I; McAdams, Harrison; Hsu, John T; Greenstein, Deanna; Clasen, Liv; Ludovici, Katharine; Lloyd, Jonae; Rapoport, Judith; Mori, Susumu; Gogtay, Nitin

2015-01-01

Diffusion tensor imaging is a neuroimaging method that quantifies white matter (WM) integrity and brain connectivity based on the diffusion of water in the brain. White matter has been hypothesized to be of great importance in the development of schizophrenia as part of the dysconnectivity model. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), is a rare, severe form of the illness that resembles poor outcome adult-onset schizophrenia. We hypothesized that COS would be associated with WM abnormalities relative to a sample of controls. To evaluate WM integrity in this population 39 patients diagnosed with COS, 39 of their healthy (nonpsychotic) siblings, and 50 unrelated healthy volunteers were scanned using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence during a 1.5 T MRI acquisition. Each DTI scan was processed via atlas-based analysis using a WM parcellation map, and diffeomorphic mapping that shapes a template atlas to each individual subject space. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of WM integrity was averaged over each of the 46 regions of the atlas. Eleven WM regions were examined based on previous reports of WM growth abnormalities in COS. Of those regions, patients with COS, and their healthy siblings had significantly lower mean FA in the left and right cuneus as compared to the healthy volunteers (P < .005). Together, these findings represent the largest DTI study in COS to date, and provide evidence that WM integrity is significantly impaired in COS. Shared deficits in their healthy siblings might result from increased genetic risk. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center 2014.

Comparing Fractional Anisotropy in Patients With Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia, Their Healthy Siblings, and Normal Volunteers Through DTI

PubMed Central

Moran, Marcel E.; Luscher, Zoe I.; McAdams, Harrison; Hsu, John T.; Greenstein, Deanna; Clasen, Liv; Ludovici, Katharine; Lloyd, Jonae; Rapoport, Judith; Mori, Susumu; Gogtay, Nitin

2015-01-01

Background: Diffusion tensor imaging is a neuroimaging method that quantifies white matter (WM) integrity and brain connectivity based on the diffusion of water in the brain. White matter has been hypothesized to be of great importance in the development of schizophrenia as part of the dysconnectivity model. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), is a rare, severe form of the illness that resembles poor outcome adult-onset schizophrenia. We hypothesized that COS would be associated with WM abnormalities relative to a sample of controls. Methods: To evaluate WM integrity in this population 39 patients diagnosed with COS, 39 of their healthy (nonpsychotic) siblings, and 50 unrelated healthy volunteers were scanned using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence during a 1.5 T MRI acquisition. Each DTI scan was processed via atlas-based analysis using a WM parcellation map, and diffeomorphic mapping that shapes a template atlas to each individual subject space. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of WM integrity was averaged over each of the 46 regions of the atlas. Eleven WM regions were examined based on previous reports of WM growth abnormalities in COS. Results: Of those regions, patients with COS, and their healthy siblings had significantly lower mean FA in the left and right cuneus as compared to the healthy volunteers (P < .005). Together, these findings represent the largest DTI study in COS to date, and provide evidence that WM integrity is significantly impaired in COS. Shared deficits in their healthy siblings might result from increased genetic risk. PMID:25217482

Chitosan oligosaccharide improves the therapeutic efficacy of sitagliptin for the therapy of Chinese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PubMed

Zhao, Lijie; Sun, Tingli; Wang, Lina

2017-01-01

Sitagliptin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients but its side effects are undesirable. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is expected to improve the therapeutic result as a natural product. A total of 200 elderly T2DM patients were evenly assigned into four groups: sitagliptin group (SG), receiving sitagliptin 100 mg/day; COS group (CG), receiving COS 100 mg/day; combination therapy of sitagliptin and COS group (SCG), receiving both sitagliptin and COS 100 mg/day; and placebo group (PG), receiving placebo 100 mg/day. After 42-week therapy, biochemical indices and clinical parameters for the alterations from start points were analyzed. The related molecular mechanism was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot at cell level. Lower risk of hypoglycemia was found in the SCG group when compared with SG and other groups ( P <0.05). More patients from the SCG group than other groups attained hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction >2.5% ( P <0.05). Weight reduction of 1.2±0.9, 2.6±0.8, 4.7±1.3, and 0.9±0.6 kg was observed in the patients from SG, CG, SCG, and PG groups, respectively ( P <0.05). The combined treatment of COS and sitagliptin presented better therapeutic results by improving insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, adiponectin levels, and glucagon-like peptide 1 and reducing side effects, insulin resistance, HbA1c, body mass index, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) ( P <0.05). qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis also showed that COS treatment reduced the levels of resistin, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased the level of adiponectin. The combination of COS and sitagliptin provided better glycemic control with fewer side effects and with more weight reduction in the elderly participants with T2DM.

Chitosan oligosaccharide improves the therapeutic efficacy of sitagliptin for the therapy of Chinese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

PubMed Central

Zhao, Lijie; Sun, Tingli; Wang, Lina

2017-01-01

Sitagliptin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients but its side effects are undesirable. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is expected to improve the therapeutic result as a natural product. A total of 200 elderly T2DM patients were evenly assigned into four groups: sitagliptin group (SG), receiving sitagliptin 100 mg/day; COS group (CG), receiving COS 100 mg/day; combination therapy of sitagliptin and COS group (SCG), receiving both sitagliptin and COS 100 mg/day; and placebo group (PG), receiving placebo 100 mg/day. After 42-week therapy, biochemical indices and clinical parameters for the alterations from start points were analyzed. The related molecular mechanism was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot at cell level. Lower risk of hypoglycemia was found in the SCG group when compared with SG and other groups (P<0.05). More patients from the SCG group than other groups attained hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction >2.5% (P<0.05). Weight reduction of 1.2±0.9, 2.6±0.8, 4.7±1.3, and 0.9±0.6 kg was observed in the patients from SG, CG, SCG, and PG groups, respectively (P<0.05). The combined treatment of COS and sitagliptin presented better therapeutic results by improving insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, adiponectin levels, and glucagon-like peptide 1 and reducing side effects, insulin resistance, HbA1c, body mass index, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) (P<0.05). qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis also showed that COS treatment reduced the levels of resistin, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased the level of adiponectin. The combination of COS and sitagliptin provided better glycemic control with fewer side effects and with more weight reduction in the elderly participants with T2DM. PMID:28721055

Biophysical characterization and structural determination of the potent cytotoxic Psathyrella asperospora lectin.

PubMed

Ribeiro, João P; Ali Abol Hassan, Mohamed; Rouf, Razina; Tiralongo, Evelin; May, Tom W; Day, Christopher J; Imberty, Anne; Tiralongo, Joe; Varrot, Annabelle

2017-05-01

A lectin with strong cytotoxic effect on human colon cancer HT29 and monkey kidney VERO cells was recently identified from the Australian indigenous mushroom Psathyrella asperospora and named PAL. We herein present its biochemical and structural analysis using a multidisciplinary approach. Glycan arrays revealed binding preference towards N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and, to a lesser extent, towards sialic acid (Neu5Ac). Submicromolar and millimolar affinity was measured by surface plasmon resonance for GlcNAc and NeuAc, respectively. The structure of PAL was resolved by X-ray crystallography, elucidating both the protein's amino acid sequence as well as the molecular basis rationalizing its binding specificity. Proteins 2017; 85:969-975. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A RADIOBIOLOGICAL ANALOGY BETWEEN MEASLES VIRUS AND TEMPERATE PHAGES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ackerman, P.H.; Black, F.L.

1961-02-01

Measles virus was found to be more resistant to ultraviolet (uv) than to ionizing radiations. The capacity of monkey kidney cells to grow unirradiated measles virus or measles virus irradiated with gamma rays was not affected appreciably by uv irradiation of the cells. However, the capacity of cells to grow uv irradiated virus was reduced by uv irradiation of the cells. In contrast, uv irradiation of cells did not affect their capacity to grow uv- treated polio virus. These effects of radiation on the measles virus system are analogous to effects on the phage P22 system and are compatible withmore » the hypothesis of cellular repair of damaged virus previously suggested for the temperate phage. (auth)« less

Current practice in Latin America of flexible ureterorenoscopy with laser for treating kidney stones.

PubMed

Manzo, B O; Bertacchi, M; Lozada, E; Rasguido, A; Aleman, E; Cabrera, M; Rodríguez, A; Manzo, G; Sánchez, H; Blasco, J

2016-05-01

The use of flexible ureterorenoscopy for treating kidney stones has increased in recent years, with considerable worldwide variation in the surgical technique and indications. To determine the current practice, technique variations, use and indications of flexible ureterorenoscopy for treating kidney stones in Latin American. We sent (by email and web link) an anonymous questionnaire with 30 questions on flexible ureterorenoscopy for treating kidney stones to Latin American urologists from January 2015 to July 2015. We collected the responses through the Survey Monkey system. A total of 283 urologists in 15 Latin American countries participated (response rate, 10.8%); 254 answered the questionnaire completely; 52.8% were urologists from Mexico and 11% were from Argentina; 11.8% of the responders stated that they performed >100 cases per year; 15.2% considered ureterorenoscopy as the treatment of choice for stones >2cm, and 19.6% performed ureterorenoscopy in single stages for calculi measuring >2.5cm. Some 78.4% use fluoroscopy, 69.1% use a ureteral sheath in all cases, 55.8% place double-J catheters at the end of surgery, 37.3% considered a stone-free state to be 0 fragments, and 41.2% use plain radiography to assess the stone-free condition. Most participating urologists consider flexible ureterorenoscopy as the first-choice treatment for stones <2cm; a small percentage of these urologists perform >100 ureterorenoscopies per year. More than half of the urologists routinely used fluoroscopy and ureteral access sheath; the most common method for determining the stone-free state is plain abdominal radiography. Copyright © 2015 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Kidney Versus Islet Allograft Survival After Induction of Mixed Chimerism With Combined Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation.

PubMed

Oura, Tetsu; Ko, Dicken S C; Boskovic, Svjetlan; O'Neil, John J; Chipashvili, Vaja; Koulmanda, Maria; Hotta, Kiyohiko; Kawai, Kento; Nadazdin, Ognjenka; Smith, R Neal; Cosimi, A B; Kawai, Tatsuo

2016-01-01

We have previously reported successful induction of transient mixed chimerism and long-term acceptance of renal allografts in MHC mismatched nonhuman primates. In this study, we attempted to extend this tolerance induction approach to islet allografts. A total of eight recipients underwent MHC mismatched combined islet and bone marrow (BM) transplantation after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Three recipients were treated after a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen that included low-dose total body and thymic irradiation, horse Atgam (ATG), six doses of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and a 1-month course of cyclosporine (CyA) (Islet A). In Islet B, anti-CD8 mAb was administered in place of CyA. In Islet C, two recipients were treated with Islet B, but without ATG. The results were compared with previously reported results of eight cynomolgus monkeys that received combined kidney and BM transplantation (Kidney A) following the same conditioning regimen used in Islet A. The majority of kidney/BM recipients achieved long-term renal allograft survival after induction of transient chimerism. However, prolonged islet survival was not achieved in similarly conditioned islet/BM recipients (Islet A), despite induction of comparable levels of chimerism. In order to rule out islet allograft loss due to CyA toxicity, three recipients were treated with anti-CD8 mAb in place of CyA. Although these recipients developed significantly superior mixed chimerism and more prolonged islet allograft survival (61, 103, and 113 days), islet function was lost soon after the disappearance of chimerism. In Islet C recipients, neither prolonged chimerism nor islet survival was observed (30 and 40 days). Significant improvement of mixed chimerism induction and islet allograft survival were achieved with a CyA-free regimen that included anti-CD8 mAb. However, unlike the kidney allograft, islet allograft tolerance was not induced with transient chimerism. Induction of more durable mixed chimerism may be necessary for induction of islet allograft tolerance.

Sin(x)**2 + cos(x)**2 = 1. [programming identities using comparative combinatorial substitutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoutemyer, D. R.

1977-01-01

Attempts to achieve tasteful automatic employment of the identities sin sq x + cos sq x = 1 and cos sq h x -sin sq h x = 1 in a manner which truly minimizes the complexity of the resulting expression are described. The disappointments of trigonometric reduction, trigonometric expansion, pattern matching, Poisson series, and Demoivre's theorem are related. The advantages of using the method of comparative combinatorial substitutions are illustrated.

Testing the Linearity of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph FUV Channel Thermal Correction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fix, Mees B.; De Rosa, Gisella; Sahnow, David

2018-05-01

The Far Ultraviolet Cross Delay Line (FUV XDL) detector on the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is subject to temperature-dependent distortions. The correction performed by the COS calibration pipeline (CalCOS) assumes that these changes are linear across the detector. In this report we evaluate the accuracy of the linear approximations using data obtained on orbit. Our results show that the thermal distortions are consistent with our current linear model.

KSC-08pd2189

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center roll the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, into the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

A Core Outcome Set for the Benefits and Adverse Events of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: The BARIACT Project.

PubMed

Coulman, Karen D; Hopkins, James; Brookes, Sara T; Chalmers, Katy; Main, Barry; Owen-Smith, Amanda; Andrews, Robert C; Byrne, James; Donovan, Jenny L; Mazza, Graziella; Reeves, Barnaby C; Rogers, Chris A; Thompson, Janice L; Welbourn, Richard; Wordsworth, Sarah; Blazeby, Jane M

2016-11-01

Bariatric and metabolic surgery is used as a treatment for patients with severe and complex obesity. However, there is a need to improve outcome selection and reporting in bariatric surgery trials. A Core Outcome Set (COS), an agreed minimum set of outcomes reported in all studies of a specific condition, may achieve this. Here, we present the development of a COS for BARIAtric and metabolic surgery Clinical Trials-the BARIACT Study. Outcomes identified from systematic reviews and patient interviews informed a questionnaire survey. Patients and health professionals were surveyed three times and asked to rate the importance of each item on a 1-9 scale. Delphi methods provided anonymised feedback to participants. Items not meeting predefined criteria were discarded between rounds. Remaining items were discussed at consensus meetings, held separately with patients and professionals, where the COS was agreed. Data sources identified 2,990 outcomes, which were used to develop a 130-item questionnaire. Round 1 response rates were moderate but subsequently improved to above 75% for other rounds. After rounds 2 and 3, 81 and 14 items were discarded, respectively, leaving 35 items for discussion at consensus meetings. The final COS included nine items: "weight," "diabetes status," "cardiovascular risk," "overall quality of life (QOL)," "mortality," "technical complications of the specific operation," "any re-operation/re-intervention," "dysphagia/regurgitation," and "micronutrient status." The main limitation of this study was that it was based in the United Kingdom only. The COS is recommended to be used as a minimum in all trials of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Adoption of the COS will improve data synthesis and the value of research data. Future work will establish methods for the measurement of the outcomes in the COS.

The 'Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol' (ORBITAL) framework: protocol to determine a core outcome set for efficacy and effectiveness trials of alcohol screening and brief intervention.

PubMed

Shorter, G W; Heather, N; Bray, Jeremy W; Giles, E L; Holloway, A; Barbosa, C; Berman, A H; O'Donnell, A J; Clarke, M; Stockdale, K J; Newbury-Birch, D

2017-12-22

The evidence base to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of alcohol brief interventions (ABI) is weakened by variation in the outcomes measured and by inconsistent reporting. The 'Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol' (ORBITAL) project aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) and reporting guidance for its use in future trials of ABI in a range of settings. An international Special Interest Group was convened through INEBRIA (International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs) to inform the development of a COS for trials of ABI. ORBITAL will incorporate a systematic review to map outcomes used in efficacy and effectiveness trials of ABI and their measurement properties, using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) criteria. This will support a multi-round Delphi study to prioritise outcomes. Delphi panellists will be drawn from a range of settings and stakeholder groups, and the Delphi study will also be used to determine if a single COS is relevant for all settings. A consensus meeting with key stakeholder representation will determine the final COS and associated guidance for its use in trials of ABI. ORBITAL will develop a COS for alcohol screening and brief intervention trials, with outcomes stratified into domains and guidance on outcome measurement instruments. The standardisation of ABI outcomes and their measurement will support the ongoing development of ABI studies and a systematic synthesis of emerging research findings. We will track the extent to which the COS delivers on this promise through an exploration of the use of the guidance in the decade following COS publication.

Supplementation of the sow diet with chitosan oligosaccharide during late gestation and lactation affects hepatic gluconeogenesis of suckling piglets.

PubMed

Xie, Chunyan; Guo, Xiaoyun; Long, Cimin; Fan, Zhiyong; Xiao, Dingfu; Ruan, Zheng; Deng, Ze-yuan; Wu, Xin; Yin, Yulong

2015-08-01

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has a blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats and is widely used as a dietary supplement. However, the effect of COS on the offspring of supplemented mothers is unknown. This experiment investigates the effect of supplementing sows during gestation and lactation on the levels of plasma glucose on suckling piglets. From day 85 of gestation to day 14 of lactation, 40 pregnant sows were divided into two treatment groups and fed either a control diet or a control diet containing 30mgCOS/kg. One 14 day old piglet per pen was selected to collect plasma and tissue (8pens/diet). Performance, hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and proteins expression, amino acids contents in sow milk, hepatic glycogen and free fatty acid were determined. Results showed that supplementation of the maternal diet with COS improved daily gain and weaning weight (P<0.05), and the concentration of amino acids in sow milk (P<0.05). Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with COS increased (P<0.05) mRNA expression levels and activities of PEPCK-C, PEPCK-M and G6Pase in the liver of piglets compared with piglets from control fed sows. Correspondingly, the level of plasma glucose was higher (P<0.001) and hepatic glycogen was lower (P<0.05) in piglets from COS fed sows when compared with that in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the diet with COS during late gestation and lactation reduced piglet hypoglycemia by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and improved the growth rate of suckling piglets. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Choosing important health outcomes for comparative effectiveness research: An updated systematic review and involvement of low and middle income countries.

PubMed

Davis, Katherine; Gorst, Sarah L; Harman, Nicola; Smith, Valerie; Gargon, Elizabeth; Altman, Douglas G; Blazeby, Jane M; Clarke, Mike; Tunis, Sean; Williamson, Paula R

2018-01-01

Core outcome sets (COS) comprise a minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all trials for a specific health condition. The COMET (Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials) Initiative maintains an up to date, publicly accessible online database of published and ongoing COS. An annual systematic review update is an important part of this process. This review employed the same, multifaceted approach that was used in the original review and the previous two updates. This approach has identified studies that sought to determine which outcomes/domains to measure in clinical trials of a specific condition. This update includes an analysis of the inclusion of participants from low and middle income countries (LMICs) as identified by the OECD, in these COS. Eighteen publications, relating to 15 new studies describing the development of 15 COS, were eligible for inclusion in the review. Results show an increase in the use of mixed methods, including Delphi surveys. Clinical experts remain the most common stakeholder group involved. Overall, only 16% of the 259 COS studies published up to the end of 2016 have included participants from LMICs. This review highlights opportunities for greater public participation in COS development and the involvement of stakeholders from a wider range of geographical settings, in particular LMICs.

Influence of solvents in the preparation of cobalt sulfide for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anil Kumar, Yedluri; Srinivasa Rao, S.; Punnoose, Dinah; Venkata Tulasivarma, Chebrolu; Gopi, Chandu V. V. M.; Prabakar, Kandasamy; Kim, Hee-Je

2017-09-01

In this study, cobalt sulfide (CoS) electrodes are synthesized using various solvents such as water, ethanol and a combination of the two via a facile chemical bath deposition method on Ni foam. The crystalline nature, chemical states and surface morphology of the prepared CoS nanoparticles are characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transition electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of CoS electrodes are also evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. When used as an electrode for a supercapacitor, CoS prepared with ethanol as a solvent exhibits a capacitance of 41.36 F g-1 at 1.5 A g-1, which is significantly better than that prepared using water and water/ethanol-based solvents (31.66 and 18.94 F g-1 at 1.5 A g-1, respectively). This superior capacitance is attributed to the ideal surface morphology of the solvent, which allows for easy diffusion of electrolyte ions into the inner region of the electrode. High electrical conduction enables a high rate capability. These results suggest that CoS nanoparticles are highly promising for energy storage applications as well as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, water splitting and solar cells, among others. These results show that CoS is a promising positive electrode material for practical supercapacitors.

How to measure the linear polarization of gluons in unpolarized proton using the heavy-quark pair leptoproduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Efremov, A. V.; Ivanov, N. Ya.; Teryaev, O. V.

2018-02-01

We study the azimuthal cos ⁡ φ and cos ⁡ 2 φ asymmetries in heavy-quark pair leptoproduction, lN →l‧ Q Q bar X, as probes of linearly polarized gluons inside unpolarized proton, where the azimuth φ is the angle between the lepton scattering plane (l ,l‧) and the heavy quark production plane (N , Q). First, we determine the maximal values for the cos ⁡ φ and cos ⁡ 2 φ asymmetries allowed by the photon-gluon fusion with unpolarized gluons; these predictions are large, (√{ 3 } - 1) / 2 and 1/3, respectively. Then we calculate the contribution of the transverse-momentum dependent gluonic counterpart of the Boer-Mulders function, h1⊥g, describing the linear polarization of gluons inside unpolarized proton. Our analysis shows that the maximum values of the azimuthal distributions depend strongly on the gluon polarization; they vary from 0 to 1 depending on h1⊥g. We conclude that the azimuthal cos ⁡ φ and cos ⁡ 2 φ asymmetries in heavy-quark pair leptoproduction are predicted to be large and very sensitive to the contribution of linearly polarized gluons. For this reason, future measurements of the azimuthal distributions in charm and bottom production at the proposed EIC and LHeC colliders seem to be very promising for determination of the linear polarization of gluons inside unpolarized proton.

Over-expression of mammalian sialidase NEU3 reduces Newcastle disease virus entry and propagation in COS7 cells.

PubMed

Anastasia, Luigi; Holguera, Javier; Bianchi, Anna; D'Avila, Francesca; Papini, Nadia; Tringali, Cristina; Monti, Eugenio; Villar, Enrique; Venerando, Bruno; Muñoz-Barroso, Isabel; Tettamanti, Guido

2008-03-01

The paramyxovirus Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) binds to sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates, sialoglycoproteins and sialoglycolipids (gangliosides) of host cell plasma membrane through its hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (sialidase) HN glycoprotein. We hypothesized that the modifications of the cell surface ganglioside pattern determined by over-expression of the mammalian plasma-membrane associated, ganglioside specific, sialidase NEU3 would affect the virus-host cell interactions. Using COS7 cells as a model system, we observed that over-expression of the murine MmNEU3 did not affect NDV binding but caused a marked reduction in NDV infection and virus propagation through cell-cell fusion. Moreover, since GD1a was greatly reduced in COS7 cells following NEU3-over-expression, we added [(3)H]-labelled GD1a to COS7 cells under conditions that block intralysosomal metabolic processing, and we observed a marked increase of GD1a cleavage to GM1 during NDV infection, indicating a direct involvement of the virus sialidase and host cell GD1a in NDV infectivity. Therefore, the decrease of GD1a in COS7 cell membrane upon MmNEU3 over-expression is likely to be instrumental to NDV reduced infection. Evidence was also provided for the preferential association of NDV-HN at 4 degrees C to detergent resistant microdomains (DRMs) of COS7 cells plasma membranes.

Influence of solvents in the preparation of cobalt sulfide for supercapacitors

PubMed Central

Srinivasa Rao, S.; Punnoose, Dinah; Venkata Tulasivarma, Chebrolu; Gopi, Chandu V. V. M.; Prabakar, Kandasamy; Kim, Hee-Je

2017-01-01

In this study, cobalt sulfide (CoS) electrodes are synthesized using various solvents such as water, ethanol and a combination of the two via a facile chemical bath deposition method on Ni foam. The crystalline nature, chemical states and surface morphology of the prepared CoS nanoparticles are characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transition electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of CoS electrodes are also evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. When used as an electrode for a supercapacitor, CoS prepared with ethanol as a solvent exhibits a capacitance of 41.36 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1, which is significantly better than that prepared using water and water/ethanol-based solvents (31.66 and 18.94 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1, respectively). This superior capacitance is attributed to the ideal surface morphology of the solvent, which allows for easy diffusion of electrolyte ions into the inner region of the electrode. High electrical conduction enables a high rate capability. These results suggest that CoS nanoparticles are highly promising for energy storage applications as well as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, water splitting and solar cells, among others. These results show that CoS is a promising positive electrode material for practical supercapacitors. PMID:28989753

Nitrogen-based drugs are not essential for blockade of monoamine transporters.

PubMed

Madras, B K; Pristupa, Z B; Niznik, H B; Liang, A Y; Blundell, P; Gonzalez, M D; Meltzer, P C

1996-12-01

In brain, monoamine transporters are principal targets of widely used therapeutic drugs including antidepressants, methylphenidate (Ritalin), and the addictive drug cocaine. Without exception, these transport blocking agents contain an amine nitrogen. A prevalent view and untested premise is that an amine nitrogen is needed to bind to the same counterion on the transporter as does the amine nitrogen of the monoamine neurotransmitter. We report that several compounds without nitrogen (8-oxa-bicyclo-3-aryl-[3.2.1] octanes, or aryloxatropanes) are active at monoamine transporters. One of these, tropoxane (0-914), bound with high affinity to the dopamine (IC50: 3.35 +/- 0.39 nM), serotonin (IC50: 6.52 +/- 2.05 nM), and norepinephrine (IC50: 20.0 +/- 0.3 nM) transporters in monkey brain, the human striatal dopamine transporter (IC50: 5.01 +/- 1.74 nM), and blocked dopamine transport (IC50: 7.2 +/- 3.0 nM) in COS-7 cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter. These unique compounds require a revision of current concepts of the drug binding domains on monoamine transporters, open avenues for discovery of a new generation of drugs and raise the issue of whether mammalian transporters and receptors may respond to, as yet, undiscovered non-amine bearing neurotransmitters or drugs.

N-Glycosylation of the alpha subunit does not influence trafficking or functional activity of the human organic solute transporter alpha/beta

PubMed Central

Soroka, Carol J; Xu, Shuhua; Mennone, Albert; Lam, Ping; Boyer, James L

2008-01-01

Background The organic solute transporter (OSTα-OSTβ) is a heteromeric transporter that is expressed on the basolateral membrane of epithelium in intestine, kidney, liver, testis and adrenal gland and facilitates efflux of bile acids and other steroid solutes. Both subunits are required for plasma membrane localization of the functional transporter but it is unclear how and where the subunits interact and whether glycosylation is required for functional activity. We sought to examine these questions for the human OSTα-OSTβ transporter using the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and COS7 cells transfected with constructs of human OSTα-FLAG and OSTβ-Myc. Results Tunicamycin treatment demonstrated that human OSTα is glycosylated. In COS7 cells Western blotting identified the unglycosylated form (~31 kD), the core precursor form (~35 kD), and the mature, complex glycoprotein (~40 kD). Immunofluorescence of both cells indicated that, in the presence of OSTβ, the alpha subunit could still be expressed on the plasma membrane after tunicamycin treatment. Furthermore, the functional uptake of 3H-estrone sulfate was unchanged in the absence of N-glycosylation. Co-immunoprecipitation indicates that the immature form of OSTα interact with OSTβ. However, immunoprecipitation of OSTβ using an anti-Myc antibody did not co-precipitate the mature, complex glycosylated form of OSTα, suggesting that the primary interaction occurs early in the biosynthetic pathway and may be transient. Conclusion In conclusion, human OSTα is a glycoprotein that requires interaction with OSTβ to reach the plasma membrane. However, glycosylation of OSTα is not necessary for interaction with the beta subunit or for membrane localization or function of the heteromeric transporter. PMID:18847488

Processing of N-linked oligosaccharide depends on its location in the anion exchanger, AE1, membrane glycoprotein.

PubMed

Li, J; Quilty, J; Popov, M; Reithmeier, R A

2000-07-01

The human erythrocyte anion exchanger (AE)1 (Band 3) contains a single complex N-linked oligosaccharide that is attached to Asn(642) in the fourth extracellular loop of this polytopic membrane protein, while other isoforms (AE2, AE3 and trout AE1) are N-glycosylated on the preceding extracellular loop. Human AE1 expressed in transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 or COS-7 cells contained a high-mannose oligosaccharide. The lack of oligosaccharide processing was not due to retention of AE1 in the endoplasmic reticulum since biotinylation assays showed that approx. 30% of the protein was expressed at the cell surface. Moving the N-glycosylation site to the preceding extracellular loop in an AE1 glycosylation mutant (N555) resulted in processing of the oligosaccharide and production of a complex form of AE1. A double N-glycosylation mutant (N555/N642) contained both a high-mannose and a complex oligosaccharide chain. The complex form of the N555 mutant could be biotinylated showing that this form of the glycoprotein was at the cell surface. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the N555 mutant was efficiently converted from a high-mannose to a complex oligosaccharide with a half-time of approx. 4 h, which reflected the time course of trafficking of AE1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. The turnover of the complex form of the N555 mutant occurred with a half-life of approx. 15 h. The results show that the oligosaccharide attached to the endogenous site in extracellular loop 4 in human AE1 is not processed in HEK-293 or COS-7 cells, while the oligosaccharide attached to the preceding loop is converted into the complex form.

Prominin-1 Localizes to the Open Rims of Outer Segment Lamellae in Xenopus laevis Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

PubMed Central

Han, Zhou; Anderson, David W.

2012-01-01

Purpose. Prominin-1 expresses in rod and cone photoreceptors. Mutations in the prominin-1 gene cause retinal degeneration in humans. In this study, the authors investigated the expression and subcellular localization of xlProminin-1 protein, the Xenopus laevis ortholog of prominin-1, in rod and cone photoreceptors of this frog. Methods. Antibodies specific for xlProminin-1 were generated. Immunoblotting was used to study the expression and posttranslational processing of xlProminin-1 protein. Immunocytochemical light and electron microscopy and transgenesis were used to study the subcellular distribution of xlProminin-1. Results. xlProminin-1 is expressed and is subject to posttranslational proteolytic processing in the retina, brain, and kidney. xlProminin-1 is differently expressed and localized in outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors of X. laevis. Antibodies specific for the N or C termini of xlProminin-1 labeled the open rims of lamellae of cone outer segments (COS) and the open lamellae at the base of rod outer segments (ROS). By contrast, anti–peripherin-2/rds antibody, Xper5A11, labeled the closed rims of cone lamellae adjacent to the ciliary axoneme and the rims of the closed ROS disks. The extent of labeling of the basal ROS by anti–xlProminin-1 antibodies varied with the light cycle in this frog. The entire ROS was also faintly labeled by both antibodies, a result that contrasts with the current notion that prominin-1 localizes only to the basal ROS. Conclusions. These findings suggest that xlProminin-1 may serve as an anti–fusogenic factor in the regulation of disk morphogenesis and may help to maintain the open lamellar structure of basal ROS and COS disks in X. laevis photoreceptors. PMID:22076989

Plant immunity induced by COS-OGA elicitor is a cumulative process that involves salicylic acid.

PubMed

van Aubel, Géraldine; Cambier, Pierre; Dieu, Marc; Van Cutsem, Pierre

2016-06-01

Plant innate immunity offers considerable opportunities for plant protection but beside flagellin and chitin, not many molecules and their receptors have been extensively characterized and very few have successfully reached the field. COS-OGA, an elicitor that combines cationic chitosan oligomers (COS) with anionic pectin oligomers (OGA), efficiently protected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in greenhouse against powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica). Leaf proteomic analysis of plants sprayed with COS-OGA showed accumulation of Pathogenesis-Related proteins (PR), especially subtilisin-like proteases. qRT-PCR confirmed upregulation of PR-proteins and salicylic acid (SA)-related genes while expression of jasmonic acid/ethylene-associated genes was not modified. SA concentration and class III peroxidase activity were increased in leaves and appeared to be a cumulative process dependent on the number of sprayings with the elicitor. These results suggest a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) mechanism of action of the COS-OGA elicitor and highlight the importance of repeated applications to ensure efficient protection against disease. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The interaction of E. coli integration host factor and lambda cos DNA: multiple complex formation and protein-induced bending.

PubMed Central

Kosturko, L D; Daub, E; Murialdo, H

1989-01-01

The interaction of E. coli's integration Host Factor (IHF) with fragments of lambda DNA containing the cos site has been studied by gel-mobility retardation and electron microscopy. The cos fragment used in the mobility assays is 398 bp and spans a region from 48,298 to 194 on the lambda chromosome. Several different complexes of IHF with this fragment can be distinguished by their differential mobility on polyacrylamide gels. Relative band intensities indicate that the formation of a complex between IHF and this DNA fragment has an equilibrium binding constant of the same magnitude as DNA fragments containing lambda's attP site. Gel-mobility retardation and electron microscopy have been employed to show that IHF sharply bends DNA near cos and to map the bending site. The protein-induced bend is near an intrinsic bend due to DNA sequence. The position of the bend suggests that IHF's role in lambda DNA packaging may be the enhancement of terminase binding/cos cutting by manipulating DNA structure. Images PMID:2521383

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campbell, J. E.; Berry, J. A.; Seibt, U.

Growth in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) may provide a feedback for climate change, but there is still strong disagreement on the extent to which biogeochemical processes may suppress this GPP growth at the ecosystem to continental scales. The consequent uncertainty in modeling of future carbon storage by the terrestrial biosphere constitutes one of the largest unknowns in global climate projections for the next century. Here we provide a global, measurement-based estimate of historical GPP growth using long-term atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) records derived from ice core, firn, and ambient air samples. We interpret these records using a model thatmore » relates changes in the COS concentration to changes in its sources and sinks, the largest of which is proportional to GPP. The COS history was most consistent with simulations that assume a large historical GPP growth. Carbon-climate models that assume little to no GPP growth predicted trajectories of COS concentration over the anthropogenic era that differ from those observed. Continued COS monitoring may be useful for detecting ongoing changes in GPP while extending the ice core record to glacial cycles could provide further opportunities to evaluate earth system models.« less

Rice straw burning in Southeast Asia as a source of CO and COS to the atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Ba Cuong; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos; Putaud, Jean-Philippe

1994-08-01

Atmospheric samples were collected during rice straw burning at four different locations in Viet Nam during the dry and wet seasons (March 1992, February 1993, and August 1992, respectively). The samples were analyzed for CO2, CO, and COS. The emission ratios relative to CO2 for rice straw burning during the dry season were comparable to those observed on samples collected during burning of savanna in Africa or forest in the United States. On the contrary, during the wet season the emission ratios for CO and COS relative to CO2 were 2 to 10 times higher. With these emission ratios and estimates of rice production from southeastern Asia, we estimated that burning of rice straw emits annually about 2.1 Tmol of CO (25 Tg C) and 0.6 Gmol of COS (0.02 Tg S) to the atmosphere. Taking into account these new results, CO and COS fluxes from biomass burning could be reevaluated by 5-21% and 10-67%, respectively, with regard to previous estimates of these gas emissions from all biomass burning activities.

Determination of the Deacetylation Degree of Chitooligosaccharides

PubMed Central

Fu, Chuhan; Wu, Sihui; Liu, Guihua; Guo, Jiao; Su, Zhengquan

2017-01-01

The methods for determination of chitosan content recommended in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia are not applicable for evaluation of the extent of deacetylation (deacetylation degree, DD) in chitooligosaccharides (COS). This study explores two different methods for assessment of DD in COS having relatively high and low molecular weights: an acid-base titration with bromocresol green indicator and a first order derivative UV spectrophotometric method for assessment of DD in COS. The accuracy of both methods as a function of molecular weight was also investigated and compared to results obtained using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Our study demonstrates two simple, fast, widely adaptable, highly precise, accurate, and inexpensive methods for the effective determination of DD in COS, which have the potential for widespread commercial applications in developing country. PMID:29068401

Exact Solutions of Schrödinger Equation with Improved Ring-Shaped Non-Spherical Harmonic Oscillator and Coulomb Potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ndem Ikot, Akpan; Akpan, Ita O.; Abbey, T. M.; Hassanabadi, Hassan

2016-05-01

We propose improved ring shaped like potential of the form, V(r, θ) = V(r) + (ħ2/2Mr2)[(β sin2 θ + γ cos2 θ + λ) / sin θ cos θ]2 and its exact solutions are presented via the Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The angle dependent part V(θ) = (ħ2 / 2 Mr2)[(β sin2 θ + γ cos2 θ + λ) / sin θ cos θ]2, which is reported for the first time embodied the novel angle dependent (NAD) potential and harmonic novel angle dependent potential (HNAD) as special cases. We discuss in detail the effects of the improved ring shaped like potential on the radial parts of the spherical harmonic and Coulomb potentials.

KSC-08pd2182

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center remove the top from the transportation canister in which the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, arrived. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2190

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center roll the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, into position in the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility for instrument testing. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2185

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center prepare to lift the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, from its transportation canister. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2181

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center open the transportation canister in which the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, is protected. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2184

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center prepare to remove the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, from its transportation canister. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2180

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center receive the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, secured in its transportation canister, in the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2183

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center examine the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, after the top from its transportation canister is removed. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

A perchlorate sensitive iodide transporter in frogs

PubMed Central

Carr, Deborah L.; Carr, James A.; Willis, Ray E.; Pressley, Thomas A.

2008-01-01

Nucleotide sequence comparisons have identified a gene product in the genome database of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) as a probable member of the solute carrier family of membrane transporters. To confirm its identity as a putative iodide transporter, we examined the function of this sequence after heterologous expression in mammalian cells. A green monkey kidney cell line transfected with the Xenopus nucleotide sequence had significantly greater 125I uptake than sham-transfected control cells. The uptake in carrier-transfected cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of perchlorate, a competitive inhibitor of mammalian Na+/iodide symporter. Tissue distributions of the sequence were also consistent with a role in iodide uptake. The mRNA encoding the carrier was found to be expressed in the thyroid gland, stomach, and kidney of tadpoles from X. laevis, as well as the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. The ovaries of adult X. laevis also were found to express the carrier. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the putative X. laevis iodide transporter is orthologous to vertebrate Na+-dependent iodide symporters. We conclude that the amphibian sequence encodes a protein that is indeed a functional Na+/iodide symporter in Xenopus laevis, as well as Rana catesbeiana. PMID:18275962

Size-dependent cellular uptake mechanism and cytotoxicity toward calcium oxalate on Vero cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Xin-Yuan; Gan, Qiong-Zhi; Ouyang, Jian-Ming

2017-02-01

Urinary crystals with various sizes are present in healthy individuals and patients with kidney stone; however, the cellular uptake mechanism of calcium oxalate of various sizes has not been elucidated. This study aims to compare the internalization of nano-/micron-sized (50 nm, 100 nm, and 1 μm) calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) crystals in African green monkey renal epithelial (Vero) cells. The internalization and adhesion of COM and COD crystals to Vero cells were enhanced with decreasing crystal size. Cell death rate was positively related to the amount of adhered and internalized crystals and exhibited higher correlation with internalization than that with adhesion. Vero cells mainly internalized nano-sized COM and COD crystals through clathrin-mediated pathways as well as micron-sized crystals through macropinocytosis. The internalized COM and COD crystals were distributed in the lysosomes and destroyed lysosomal integrity to some extent. The results of this study indicated that the size of crystal affected cellular uptake mechanism, and may provide an enlightenment for finding potential inhibitors of crystal uptake, thereby decreasing cell injury and the occurrence of kidney stones.

Facile Synthesis of Novel Networked Ultralong Cobalt Sulfide Nanotubes and Its Application in Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Liu, Sangui; Mao, Cuiping; Niu, Yubin; Yi, Fenglian; Hou, Junke; Lu, Shiyu; Jiang, Jian; Xu, Maowen; Li, Changming

2015-11-25

Ultralong cobalt sulfide (CoS(1.097)) nanotube networks are synthesized by a simple one-step solvothermal method without any surfactant or template. A possible formation mechanism for the growth processes is proposed. Owing to the hollow structure and large specific area, the novel CoS(1.097) materials present outstanding electrochemical properties. Electrochemical measurements for supercapacitors show that the as-prepared ultralong CoS(1.097) nanotube networks exhibit high specific capacity, good capacity retention, and excellent Coulombic efficiency.

A Non-Linear Simulation for an Autonomous Unmanned Air Vehicle

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-01

4D cos T cos 4D cos T r These equations can now be integrated to find the time history of the Euler angles . 2. Quaternions Another choice for the...is associated with the Euler angles . Quaternions haxe been in 15 use for quite some time. having been discovered by Euler in a search for complex... quaternions has the following advantages over Euler angles in repre- senting spatial orientation of a rigid body: "* Four states required to express the

Optimal Dynamic Soaring for Full Size Sailplanes

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

began with a brief overview of the motivation behind this research, the history of the sport of soaring, and an explanation of traditional static...defined below. sin( ) XFu Rv Qw g m θ • = − − + (43) sin( )cos( ) YFv Ru Pw g m φ θ • = − + + + (44) cos( ) cos( ) ZFw Qu Pv g m φ θ...Figure 52. LAMARS Facility LAMARS was chosen as a build up to the final flight simulator because of its successful 30 year history of simulating

Inhalational exposure to carbonyl sulfide produces altered brainstem auditory and somatosensory-evoked potentials in Fischer 344N rats.

PubMed

Herr, David W; Graff, Jaimie E; Moser, Virginia C; Crofton, Kevin M; Little, Peter B; Morgan, Daniel L; Sills, Robert C

2007-01-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS), a chemical listed by the original Clean Air Act, was tested for neurotoxicity by a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Toxicology Program and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborative investigation. Previous studies demonstrated that COS produced cortical and brainstem lesions and altered auditory neurophysiological responses to click stimuli. This paper reports the results of expanded neurophysiological examinations that were an integral part of the previously published experiments (Morgan et al., 2004, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 200, 131-145; Sills et al., 2004, Toxicol. Pathol. 32, 1-10). Fisher 334N rats were exposed to 0, 200, 300, or 400 ppm COS for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks, or to 0, 300, or 400 ppm COS for 2 weeks using whole-body inhalation chambers. After treatment, the animals were studied using neurophysiological tests to examine: peripheral nerve function, somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) (tail/hindlimb and facial cortical regions), brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs), and visual flash-evoked potentials (2-week study). Additionally, the animals exposed for 2 weeks were examined using a functional observational battery (FOB) and response modification audiometry (RMA). Peripheral nerve function was not altered for any exposure scenario. Likewise, amplitudes of SEPs recorded from the cerebellum were not altered by treatment with COS. In contrast, amplitudes and latencies of SEPs recorded from cortical areas were altered after 12-week exposure to 400 ppm COS. The SEP waveforms were changed to a greater extent after forelimb stimulation than tail stimulation in the 2-week study. The most consistent findings were decreased amplitudes of BAER peaks associated with brainstem regions after exposure to 400 ppm COS. Additional BAER peaks were affected after 12 weeks, compared to 2 weeks of treatment, indicating that additional regions of the brainstem were damaged with longer exposures. The changes in BAERs were observed in the absence of altered auditory responsiveness in FOB or RMA. This series of experiments demonstrates that COS produces changes in brainstem auditory and cortical somatosensory neurophysiological responses that correlate with previously described histopathological damage.

The comparison of composite aircraft field repair method (cafrm) with traditional aircraft repair technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whelan, Mary Elizabeth

The sulfur biogeochemical cycle includes biotic and abiotic processes important to global climate, atmospheric chemistry, food security, and the study of related cycles. The largest flux of sulfur on Earth is weathering from the continents into the sulfate-rich oceans; one way in which sulfur can be returned to land is through transport of reduced sulfur gases via the atmosphere. Here I developed a method for quantifying low-level environmental fluxes of several sulfur-containing gases, H2S, COS, CH3SCH 3 (DMS), and HSCH3, between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. COS is the most prevalent reduced sulfur gas in the atmosphere, considered to be inert in the troposphere except for its uptake in plant leaves and to a smaller extent aerobic soils. This dissertation reports two surprising cases that go against conventional thinking about the sulfur cycle. We found that the common salt marsh plant Batis maritima can mediate net COS production to the atmosphere. We also found that an aerobic wheat field soil produces COS abiotically when incubated in the dark at > 25 °C and at lower temperatures under light conditions. We then sought to separately quantify plant and soil sulfur gas fluxes by undertaking a year-long field campaign in a grassland with a Mediterranean climate, where green plants were present only half of the year. We measured in situ soil fluxes of COS and DMS during the non- growing dry season, using water additions to simulate soil fluxes of the growing, wet season. COS and CO2 are consumed in a predictable ratio by enzymes involved in photosynthetic pathways; however, while CO2 is released by back diffusion and autorespiration, COS is usually not generated by plants. Using measurements during the growing season, we were then able to calculate gross primary production by using the special relationship between CO2 and COS. This dissertation has developed a greater understanding of the vagaries of the atmospheric-terrestrial sulfur cycle and explored using that cycle as a tool for studying the carbon cycle.

Delayed Development of Brain Connectivity in Adolescents With Schizophrenia and Their Unaffected Siblings.

PubMed

Zalesky, Andrew; Pantelis, Christos; Cropley, Vanessa; Fornito, Alex; Cocchi, Luca; McAdams, Harrison; Clasen, Liv; Greenstein, Deanna; Rapoport, Judith L; Gogtay, Nitin

2015-09-01

Abnormalities in structural brain connectivity have been observed in patients with schizophrenia. Mapping these abnormalities longitudinally and understanding their genetic risk via sibship studies will provide crucial insight into progressive developmental changes associated with schizophrenia. To identify corticocortical connections exhibiting an altered developmental trajectory in adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and to determine whether similar alterations are found in patients' unaffected siblings. Using prospective structural brain magnetic resonance imaging, large-scale corticocortical connectivity was mapped from ages 12 to 24 years in 109 patients with COS (272 images), 86 of their unaffected siblings (184 images), and 102 healthy controls (262 images) over a 20-year period beginning January 1, 1991, through April 30, 2011, as part of the ongoing COS study at the National Institute of Mental Health. Structural connectivity between pairs of cortical regions was estimated using a validated technique based on across-subject covariation in magnetic resonance imaging-derived cortical thickness measurements. Compared with normally developing controls, significant left-hemisphere occipitotemporal deficits in cortical thickness correlations were found in patients with COS as well as their healthy siblings (P < .05). Deficits in siblings normalized by mid-adolescence, whereas patients with COS showed significantly longer maturational delays, with cortical thickness correlations between the left temporal lobe and left occipital cortex not showing evidence of development until early adulthood. The normalization of deficits with age in patients with COS correlated with improvement in symptoms. Compared with controls, left-hemisphere occipitotemporal thickness correlations in a subgroup of patients with high positive symptoms were significantly reduced from age 14 to 18 years (P < .05); however, other patients with low positive symptoms showed no significant deficits. Delayed maturation of occipitotemporal connectivity appears to be a trait marker in patients with COS, with a milder endophenotype in unaffected siblings associated with resilience to developing schizophrenia. These findings indicate genetically influenced and connection-specific developmental abnormalities in the schizophrenia connectome, and lead to the hypothesis that visual hallucinations in patients with COS may be because of delayed development of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, a prominent occipitotemporal fiber.

Short poly-glutamine repeat in the androgen receptor in New World monkeys.

PubMed

Hiramatsu, Chihiro; Paukner, Annika; Kuroshima, Hika; Fujita, Kazuo; Suomi, Stephen J; Inoue-Murayama, Miho

2017-12-01

The androgen receptor mediates various physiological and developmental functions and is highly conserved in mammals. Although great intraspecific length polymorphisms in poly glutamine (poly-Q) and poly glycine (poly-G) regions of the androgen receptor in humans, apes and several Old World monkeys have been reported, little is known about the characteristics of these regions in New World monkeys. In this study, we surveyed 17 species of New World monkeys and found length polymorphisms in these regions in three species (common squirrel monkeys, tufted capuchin monkeys and owl monkeys). We found that the poly-Q region in New World monkeys is relatively shorter than that in catarrhines (humans, apes and Old World monkeys). In addition, we observed that codon usage for poly-G region in New World monkeys is unique among primates. These results suggest that the length of polymorphic regions in androgen receptor genes have evolved uniquely in New World monkeys.

Hubble COS Spectroscopy of the Dwarf Nova CW Mon: The White Dwarf in Quiescence?

PubMed

Hause, Connor; Sion, Edward M; Godon, Patrick; Boris, T Gänsicke; Szkody, Paula; de Martino, Domitilla; Pala, Anna

2017-08-01

We present a synthetic spectral analysis of the HST COS spectrum of the U Geminorum-type dwarf nova CW Mon, taken during quiescence as part of our COS survey of accreting white dwarfs in Cataclysmic Variables. We use synthetic photosphere and optically thick accretion disk spectra to model the COS spectrum as well as archival IUE spectra obtained decades ago when the system was in an even deeper quiescent state. Assuming a reddening of E(B-V)=0.06, an inclination of 60° (CW Mon has eclipses of the accretion disk, and a white dwarf mass of 0.8 M ⊙ , our results indicate the presence of a 22-27,000 K white dwarf and a low mass accretion rate [Formula: see text], for a derived distance o ~200 to ~300 pc.

Search for periodicities near 59 s in the COS-B gamma-ray data of 2CG195+04 (Geminga)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buccheri, R.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Bennett, K.; Bignami, G. F.; Caraveo, P. A.; Hermsen, W.; Mayer-Hasselwander, H. A.; Sacco, B.

1985-01-01

The COS-B data relating to five observations in the general direction of Geminga, spanning 6.7 years, were searched for pulsation near 59 s. The SAS-2 indication is not confirmed. An indication of a 59 s pulsation in the gamma ray emission from 2CG195+04 (Geminga) was reported. Early analysis of COS-B data supported the result while later improved statistics did not confirm it. Subsequently, detection of a 59 s pulsation in the emission from the direction of Geminga at ultra high gamma and X-rays was reported. Geminga was identified with the X-ray source 1E0630+128. The final COS-B data on Geminga which was observed five times for a total of 214 days are reported.

KSC-08pd2191

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center roll the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, into position in the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility for instrument testing and integration with the Flight Support System carrier. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2186

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center lift the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, from its transportation canister onto a dolly for its move into the clean room. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2188

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center roll the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, from the airlock, where it was removed from the shipping container, to the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2187

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the airlock of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center lower the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, onto a dolly for its move into the clean room. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-08pd2192

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center prepare the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, for instrument testing and integration with the Flight Support System carrier in the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. COS's far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of STS-125 is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

An official American Thoracic Society policy statement: managing conscientious objections in intensive care medicine.

PubMed

Lewis-Newby, Mithya; Wicclair, Mark; Pope, Thaddeus; Rushton, Cynda; Curlin, Farr; Diekema, Douglas; Durrer, Debbie; Ehlenbach, William; Gibson-Scipio, Wanda; Glavan, Bradford; Langer, Rabbi Levi; Manthous, Constantine; Rose, Cecile; Scardella, Anthony; Shanawani, Hasan; Siegel, Mark D; Halpern, Scott D; Truog, Robert D; White, Douglas B

2015-01-15

Intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians sometimes have a conscientious objection (CO) to providing or disclosing information about a legal, professionally accepted, and otherwise available medical service. There is little guidance about how to manage COs in ICUs. To provide clinicians, hospital administrators, and policymakers with recommendations for managing COs in the critical care setting. This policy statement was developed by a multidisciplinary expert committee using an iterative process with a diverse working group representing adult medicine, pediatrics, nursing, patient advocacy, bioethics, philosophy, and law. The policy recommendations are based on the dual goals of protecting patients' access to medical services and protecting the moral integrity of clinicians. Conceptually, accommodating COs should be considered a "shield" to protect individual clinicians' moral integrity rather than as a "sword" to impose clinicians' judgments on patients. The committee recommends that: (1) COs in ICUs be managed through institutional mechanisms, (2) institutions accommodate COs, provided doing so will not impede a patient's or surrogate's timely access to medical services or information or create excessive hardships for other clinicians or the institution, (3) a clinician's CO to providing potentially inappropriate or futile medical services should not be considered sufficient justification to forgo the treatment against the objections of the patient or surrogate, and (4) institutions promote open moral dialogue and foster a culture that respects diverse values in the critical care setting. This American Thoracic Society statement provides guidance for clinicians, hospital administrators, and policymakers to address clinicians' COs in the critical care setting.

FeS2 /CoS2 Interface Nanosheets as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

PubMed

Li, Yuxuan; Yin, Jie; An, Li; Lu, Min; Sun, Ke; Zhao, Yong-Qin; Gao, Daqiang; Cheng, Fangyi; Xi, Pinxian

2018-05-28

Electrochemical water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen, as an important reaction for renewable energy storage, needs highly efficient and stable catalysts. Herein, FeS 2 /CoS 2 interface nanosheets (NSs) as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting are reported. The thickness and interface disordered structure with rich defects of FeS 2 /CoS 2 NSs are confirmed by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy clarifies that FeS 2 /CoS 2 NSs with sulfur vacancies, which can further increase electrocatalytic performance. Benefiting from the interface nanosheets' structure with abundant defects, the FeS 2 /CoS 2 NSs show remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance with a low overpotential of 78.2 mV at 10 mA cm -2 and a superior stability for 80 h in 1.0 m KOH, and an overpotential of 302 mV at 100 mA cm -2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). More importantly, the FeS 2 /CoS 2 NSs display excellent performance for overall water splitting with a voltage of 1.47 V to achieve current density of 10 mA cm -2 and maintain the activity for at least 21 h. The present work highlights the importance of engineering interface nanosheets with rich defects based on transition metal dichalcogenides for boosting the HER and OER performance. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The influence of water vapor on atmospheric exchange measurements with an ICOS* based Laser absorption analyzer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bunk, Rüdiger; Quan, Zhi; Wandel, Matthias; Yi, Zhigang; Bozem, Heiko; Kesselmeier, Jürgen

2014-05-01

Carbonyl sulfide and carbon monoxide are both atmospheric trace gases of high interest. Recent advances in the field of spectroscopy have enabled instruments that measure the concentration of the above and other trace gases very fast and with good precision. Increasing the effective path length by reflecting the light between two mirrors in a cavity, these instruments reach impressive sensitivities. Often it is possible to measure the concentration of more than one trace gas at the same time. The OCS/CO2 Analyzer by LGR (Los Gatos Research, Inc.) measures the concentration of water vapor [H2O], carbonyl sulfide [COS], carbon dioxide [CO2] and carbon monoxide [CO] simultaneously. For that the cavity is saturated with light, than the attenuation of light is measured as in standard absorption spectroscopy. The instrument proved to be very fast with good precision and to be able to detect even very low concentrations, especially for COS (as low as 30ppt in the case of COS). However, we observed a rather strong cross sensitivity to water vapor. Altering the water vapor content of the sampled air with two different methods led to a change in the perceived concentration of COS, CO and CO2. This proved especially problematic for enclosure (cuvette) measurements, where the concentrations of one of the above species in an empty cuvette are compared to the concentration of another cuvette containing a plant whose exchange of trace gases with the atmosphere is of interest. There, the plants transpiration leads to a large difference in water vapor content between the cuvettes and that in turn produces artifacts in the concentration differences between the cuvettes for the other above mentioned trace gases. For CO, simultaneous measurement with a UV-Emission Analyzer (AL 5002, Aerolaser) and the COS/CO Analyzer showed good agreement of perceived concentrations as long as the sample gas was dry and an increasing difference in perceived concentration when the sample gas was humidified. The difference in perceived CO concentration showed a clear correlation to the water vapor content in the sample air. For COS we could show that changes in water vapor also impacted on the perceived COS concentrations; the raise of the water vapor concentration would lead to an increasing underestimation of the COS concentration. Drying the air using a Nafion Dryer before entering the COS/CO Analyzer eliminated any water vapor induced artifacts and showed no adverse effects on the quality of the conducted measurements. *Integrated cavity output spectroscopy

Partnering to develop a continuing professional development program in a low-resource setting: Cambodia.

PubMed

Mack, Heather G; Meng, Ngy; Parsons, Tanya; Schlenther, Gerhard; Murray, Neil; Hart, Richard

2017-08-01

To design and implement a continuing professional development (CPD) program for Cambodian ophthalmologists. Partnering (twinning) between the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO) and the Cambodian Ophthalmological Society (COS). Practicing ophthalmologists in Cambodia. A conjoint committee comprising 4 ophthalmologists from RANZCO and 3 ophthalmologists from COS was established, supported by a RANZCO administrative team experienced in CPD administration. CPD requirements and recording were adapted from the RANZCO CPD framework. Cambodian ophthalmologists were surveyed during program implementation and after handover to COS. At the end of the 3-year program at handover to COS, a CPD program and online recording system was established. All 47 (100%) practicing ophthalmologists in Cambodia were registered for CPD, and 21/47 (45%) were actively participating in the COS CPD program online recording. Surveys of attitudes toward CPD demonstrated no significant change. Partnering was moderately effective in establishing a CPD program for Cambodian ophthalmologists. Uptake of CPD may have been limited by lack of a requirement for CPD for continuing medical licensure in Cambodia. Follow-up will be necessary to demonstrate CPD program longevity. Copyright © 2017 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of CoS2 under pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Zhong-Ying; Yang, Yan; Zhang, Jian-Min

2018-05-01

The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of CoS2 under pressure have been investigated by the first-principles calculations. The lattice constant and volume decrease with increasing pressure. The CoS2 is stable and behaves a brittle characteristic under the pressures of 0-5 GPa. The CoS2 presents metallic characteristic under the pressures of 1-5 GPa although it is nearly half-metal (HM) under the pressure of 0 GPa. The lowest conduction bands for spin-up and spin-down channels shift towards higher and lower energy region, respectively, with the pressure increasing from 0 to 5 GPa. In spin-up channel the conduction band minimum (CBM) is mainly contributed by Co-3d(eg) orbitals at R point but the valence band maximum (VBM) is contributed by Co-3d(t2g) orbitals near M point. While in spin-down channel the CBM is contributed by S-3p orbitals at Γ point but the VBM is contributed by Co-3d(t2g) orbitals near X point. The CoS2 is still suitable to be used in the supercapacitor under the environmental pressures of 0-5 GPa due to the high conductivity.

Covariance of dynamic strain responses for structural damage detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, X. Y.; Wang, L. X.; Law, S. S.; Nie, Z. H.

2017-10-01

A new approach to address the practical problems with condition evaluation/damage detection of structures is proposed based on the distinct features of a new damage index. The covariance of strain response function (CoS) is a function of modal parameters of the structure. A local stiffness reduction in structure would cause monotonous increase in the CoS. Its sensitivity matrix with respect to local damages of structure is negative and narrow-banded. The damage extent can be estimated with an approximation to the sensitivity matrix to decouple the identification equations. The CoS sensitivity can be calibrated in practice from two previous states of measurements to estimate approximately the damage extent of a structure. A seven-storey plane frame structure is numerically studied to illustrate the features of the CoS index and the proposed method. A steel circular arch in the laboratory is tested. Natural frequencies changed due to damage in the arch and the damage occurrence can be judged. However, the proposed CoS method can identify not only damage happening but also location, even damage extent without need of an analytical model. It is promising for structural condition evaluation of selected components.

Chromatin Structure and the Cell Cycle

PubMed Central

Pederson, Thoru

1972-01-01

Pancreatic DNase I is used to probe the structure of chromatin isolated from synchronized HeLa cells. The degree to which DNA in chromatin is protected from DNase attack varies during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle. In addition, the DNase sensitivity of chromatin from contact-inhibited African green monkey kidney cells differs from that of actively dividing, subconfluent cultures. These cell cycle-dependent chromatin changes were observed consistently at all enzyme concentrations (5000-fold range) and incubation times (15 min-2 hr) tested. The results indicate that the degree of complexing between DNA and chromosomal proteins changes during interphase, and they suggest that the chromosome coiling cycle of visible mitosis may extend in more subtle form over the entire cell cycle. PMID:4626402

EFFECTS OF HEAVY WATER ON POLIOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION: RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON MECHANISM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kritchevsky, D.; Carp, R.I.; Koprowski, H.

1961-07-15

The CHAT strain of type I polio virus was grown on monkey kidney cell monolayers maintained in normal growth medium, in deuterium oxide, and irradiated by 300 r of x radiation. Duplicate cultures were kept at 35 and 40 deg C. Preliminary observations indicated the effect of deuterium oxide on plague size is more pronounced than that of x rays. Different plaque ratios were obtained for virus grown in deuterium oxide at 37 and 40 deg C. Mechanisms by which deuterium oxide influenced virus growth appeared to involve the extent of randomization of the virus structure and to be manifestmore » either by altering the stability of the hydrogen bonding in the molecule or by affecting the transition temperature of the helix-random coil transformation. (C.H.)« less

Rotavirus infection in wild marsupials (Didelphis marsupialis) of the Amazon region.

PubMed

Linhares, A C; Pereira, J D; Nakauth, C M; Gabbay, Y B

1986-01-01

Rotavirus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in faecal specimens collected from two (1.35%) of 148 marsupials trapped in the Amazon jungle environment. The positive samples were both from the "common opossum", Didelphis marsupialis. No infections were found in the stools of 198 animals belonging to other mammalian species: the latter included small rodents, chiropterans and primates. Electron microscopic examination of one (MA 5928) rotavirus-positive specimen showed a large number of empty particles. However, both rotavirus strains grew when inoculated in MA 104 cells (foetal Rhesus monkey kidney cells) producing clear cytopathogenic effect; indirect immunofluorescence technique of these cells showed a typical granular cytoplasmic fluorescence. The electrophoretic profile of strain MA 5928 showed a high grade of homology with that of SA 11, but also showed minor differences.

The Seismic Design of Waterfront Retaining Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-01

a higher posi- tion along the back of the wall than the static active earth pressure force due to the concentration of soil mass comprising the...inertia force k.’W acting downward). = tan-1 [. ] (by eq 35) - 5.35- KAB = CO2 (30-5. 35)cos (5.35)cosZ(0)cos(5.35+3)f1 + /sin(30+3)sin(30-5. 35-6...distance between the anchor and the sheet pile. Two anchored bulkheads were in place in the harbor of San Antonio, Chile , during the very large earthquake

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hatta, Yoshitaka; Xiao, Bo-Wen; Yuan, Feng

We present a full evaluation of the deeply virtual Compton scattering cross section in the dipole framework in the small-x region. The result features the cosφ and cos2φ azimuthal angular correlations, which have been missing in previous studies based on the dipole model. In particular, the cos2φ term is generated by the elliptic gluon Wigner distribution of which the measurement at the planned electron-ion collider provides important information about the gluon tomography at small x. Here, we also show the consistency with the standard collinear factorization approach based on the quark and gluon generalized parton distributions.

COS Science Data Buffer Check/Self-Tests for CS Buffer RAM and DIB RAM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Welty, Alan

2009-07-01

The COS Science Buffer RAM is checked for bit flips during SAA passages. This is followed by a Control Section {CS} self-test consisting of writing/reading a specified bit pattern from each memory location in Buffer RAM and a similar test for DIB RAM. The DIB must be placed in BOOT mode for its self-test. The CS Buffer RAM self-test as well as the bit flip tests are all done with the CS in Operate.Supports Activity COS-03

The First Example of an Organogallium Compound Containing a Ga-Te Bond: Synthesis, Properties and Molecular Structure of ((Me3CCH2)2GaTePh)2

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-12

Government *This document has been approved for public release and sale ; its distribution is unlimited S v r DL/1113/89/1 TECHNICAL REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST...thermal parameter defined as (4/3) (a2B(1,1) + b2B (2,2) + c 2B(3,3) + ab(cos Y)B(1,2) + ac(cos B)B(1,3) + bc(cos a)B(2,3)]. -16- Captions for Figures

cos ( 4 φ ) azimuthal anisotropy in small- x DIS dijet production beyond the leading power TMD limit

DOE PAGES

Dumitru, Adrian; Skokov, Vladimir

2016-07-25

Here we determine the first correction to the quadrupole operator in high-energy QCD beyond the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) limit of Weizsäcker-Williams and linearly polarized gluon distributions. These functions give rise to isotropic, respectively, ~cos2more » $$\\phi$$ angular distributions in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) dijet production. On the other hand, the correction produces a ~cos4$$\\phi$$ angular dependence which is suppressed by one additional power of the dijet transverse momentum scale (squared) P 2.« less

A chief of service rotation as an alternative approach to pediatric otolaryngology inpatient care.

PubMed

Adil, Eelam; Xiao, Roy; McGill, Trevor; Rahbar, Reza; Cunningham, Michael

2014-09-01

Maintaining an outpatient practice and providing high-quality inpatient care pose significant challenges to the traditional call team approach. To introduce a unique rotating hospitalist inpatient program and assess its clinical, educational, and financial impact. The chief of service (COS) program requires 1 attending physician to rotate weekly as chief of the inpatient service with no conflicting elective duties. This was a retrospective internal billing data review performed at a tertiary pediatric hospital. A total of 1241 patients were evaluated by the COS from October 2012 through October 2013. All patients were treated by the inpatient service under the supervision of the COS. A retrospective analysis of patient encounters and procedures, including International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, locations of service, clinicians, service dates, and average weekly relative value units (RVUs). Over the study period, the COS was involved in the care of 1241 patients, generating 2786 billable patient encounters. The COS averaged 11.2 patient encounters per day. The most common reasons for consultation were respiratory distress, dysphagia, and stridor. Of patient encounters, 63.0% resulted in a procedure; 82.8% of those procedures were performed in the operating room with the most common being lower airway endoscopy (340 [19.4%]). The average weekly RVUs for the COS (232) were comparable with those of the average weekly outpatient clinic and procedural RVUs of the other otolaryngology faculty in the group (240). The COS program was created to meet the clinical, educational, and organizational demands of a high-volume and high-acuity inpatient service. It is a financially sustainable model with unique advantages, particularly for the staff who maintain their outpatient practices without disruption and for the trainees who have the opportunity to work closely with the entire faculty. Patients are provided supervised evaluations and continuity of care. This rotating hospitalist program is a viable alternative to the full-time hospitalist staff model.

Functional analysis of aldehyde oxidase using expressed chimeric enzyme between monkey and rat.

PubMed

Itoh, Kunio; Asakawa, Tasuku; Hoshino, Kouichi; Adachi, Mayuko; Fukiya, Kensuke; Watanabe, Nobuaki; Tanaka, Yorihisa

2009-01-01

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa. Each subunit consists of about 20 kDa 2Fe-2S cluster domain storing reducing equivalents, about 40 kDa flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain and about 85 kDa molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) domain containing a substrate binding site. In order to clarify the properties of each domain, especially substrate binding domain, chimeric cDNAs were constructed by mutual exchange of 2Fe-2S/FAD and MoCo domains between monkey and rat. Chimeric monkey/rat AO was referred to one with monkey type 2Fe-2S/FAD domains and a rat type MoCo domain. Rat/monkey AO was vice versa. AO-catalyzed 2-oxidation activities of (S)-RS-8359 were measured using the expressed enzyme in Escherichia coli. Substrate inhibition was seen in rat AO and chimeric monkey/rat AO, but not in monkey AO and chimeric rat/monkey AO, suggesting that the phenomenon might be dependent on the natures of MoCo domain of rat. A biphasic Eadie-Hofstee profile was observed in monkey AO and chimeric rat/monkey AO, but not rat AO and chimeric monkey/rat AO, indicating that the biphasic profile might be related to the properties of MoCo domain of monkey. Two-fold greater V(max) values were observed in monkey AO than in chimeric rat/monkey AO, and in chimeric monkey/rat AO than in rat AO, suggesting that monkey has the more effective electron transfer system than rat. Thus, the use of chimeric enzymes revealed that 2Fe-2S/FAD and MoCo domains affect the velocity and the quantitative profiles of AO-catalyzed (S)-RS-8359 2-oxidation, respectively.

42. INTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING DETAIL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. INTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING DETAIL OF SWITCH LEVERS - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Automatic Signalization System, Long Island Sound shoreline between Stamford & New Haven, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: A Review

PubMed Central

Zhao, Shunzheng; Yi, Honghong; Tang, Xiaolong; Jiang, Shanxue; Gao, Fengyu; Zhang, Bowen; Zuo, Yanran; Wang, Zhixiang

2013-01-01

Catalytic hydrolysis technology of carbonyl sulfide (COS) at low temperature was reviewed, including the development of catalysts, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanism of COS hydrolysis. It was indicated that the catalysts are mainly involved metal oxide and activated carbon. The active ingredients which can load on COS hydrolysis catalyst include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and nanometal oxides. The catalytic hydrolysis of COS is a first-order reaction with respect to carbonyl sulfide, while the reaction order of water changes as the reaction conditions change. The controlling steps are also different because the reaction conditions such as concentration of carbonyl sulfide, reaction temperature, water-air ratio, and reaction atmosphere are different. The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is base-catalyzed reaction, and the force of the base site has an important effect on the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide. PMID:23956697

Hubble COS Spectroscopy of the Dwarf Nova CW Mon: The White Dwarf in Quiescence?1

PubMed Central

Hause, Connor; Sion, Edward M.; Godon, Patrick; Boris, T. Gänsicke; Szkody, Paula; de Martino, Domitilla; Pala, Anna

2018-01-01

We present a synthetic spectral analysis of the HST COS spectrum of the U Geminorum-type dwarf nova CW Mon, taken during quiescence as part of our COS survey of accreting white dwarfs in Cataclysmic Variables. We use synthetic photosphere and optically thick accretion disk spectra to model the COS spectrum as well as archival IUE spectra obtained decades ago when the system was in an even deeper quiescent state. Assuming a reddening of E(B−V)=0.06, an inclination of 60° (CW Mon has eclipses of the accretion disk, and a white dwarf mass of 0.8M⊙, our results indicate the presence of a 22–27,000 K white dwarf and a low mass accretion rate (M˙≲10−10M⊙/yr), for a derived distance o ~200 to ~300 pc. PMID:29430023

Langevin equation with time dependent linear force and periodic load force: stochastic resonance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sau Fa, Kwok

2017-11-01

The motion of a particle described by the Langevin equation with constant diffusion coefficient, time dependent linear force (ω (1+α \\cos ({ω }1t))x) and periodic load force ({A}0\\cos ({{Ω }}t)) is investigated. Analytical solutions for the probability density function (PDF) and n-moment are obtained and analysed. For {ω }1\\gg α ω the influence of the periodic term α \\cos ({ω }1t) is negligible to the PDF and n-moment for any time; this result shows that the statistical averages such as n-moments and the PDF have no access to some information of the system. For small and intermediate values of {ω }1 the influence of the periodic term α \\cos ({ω }1t) to the system is also analysed; in particular the system may present multiresonance. The solutions are obtained in a direct and pedagogical manner readily understandable by graduate students.

Improvements to the Hubble Space Telescope COS/FUV Wavelength Calibration at Lifetime Position 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plesha, Rachel; Ake, Thomas B.; De Rosa, Gisella; Oliveira, Cristina M.; Penton, Steven V.; Snyder, Elaine M.

2018-06-01

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) was installed on the Hubble Space Telescope in 2009, and the FUV detector is currently operating at the 4th lifetime position (LP4). The COS team at the Space Telescope Science Institute has been improving the wavelength calibration of the FUV channel at each lifetime position. For the LP4 solution we obtained special calibration data as well as new lamp spectra to update the lamp template used at LP4 with the goal of achieving a wavelength calibration accuracy of ± 3 pixels. Additionally, we derived a new solution for the G130M/1222 cenwave which we expect to be more frequently used at this lifetime position due to the COS2025 policy in place on the other G130M settings. Here we present the results and methodology behind the wavelength calibration solutions at LP4.

New and old ways to control meiotic recombination.

PubMed

Phadnis, Naina; Hyppa, Randy W; Smith, Gerald R

2011-10-01

The unique segregation of homologs, rather than sister chromatids, at the first meiotic division requires the formation of crossovers (COs) between homologs by meiotic recombination in most species. Crossovers do not form at random along chromosomes. Rather, their formation is carefully controlled, both at the stage of formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that can initiate COs and during the repair of these DSBs. Here, we review control of DSB formation and two recently recognized controls of DSB repair: CO homeostasis and CO invariance. Crossover homeostasis maintains a constant number of COs per cell when the total number of DSBs in a cell is experimentally or stochastically reduced. Crossover invariance maintains a constant CO density (COs per kb of DNA) across much of the genome despite strong DSB hotspots in some intervals. These recently uncovered phenomena show that CO control is even more complex than previously suspected. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

KSC-08pd2321

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center uses black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2325

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center uses black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2324

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center uses black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2320

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –The outside of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS, is seen before black light inspection in the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2322

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center uses black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2323

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center uses black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Analysis of torsional spectra of molecules with two internal C/3v/ rotors. III - Far-infrared and gas phase Raman spectra of dimethylamine-d0, -d3, and -d6

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Durig, J. R.; Griffin, M. G.; Groner, P.

1977-01-01

The Raman spectra of gaseous dimethylamine-d0, -d3, and -d6 have been recorded between 0 and 4000/cm. The far-infrared spectra have been recorded between 300 and 100/cm. Considerable torsional data are reported and used to characterize the torsional potential function based on a semi-rigid model. The average effective V3 for the dimethylamines was found to be 1052 plus or minus 12/cm. The cos-cos coupling term was approximately 15% of the effective V3, whereas the sine-sine coupling term was of an order of magnitude smaller for (CH3)2NH and (CD3)2NH. However, for the mixed isotope the sine-sine term was found to be negligible and the cos-cos about one-half the value obtained for the other two isotopes.

The susceptibility of rhesus monkeys to motion sickness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corcoran, Meryl L.; Daunton, Nancy G.; Fox, Robert A.

1990-01-01

The susceptibility of rhesus monkeys to motion sickness was investigated using test conditions that are provocative for eliciting motion sickness in squirrel monkeys. Ten male rhesus monkeys and ten male Bolivian squirrel monkeys were rotated in the vertical axis at 150 deg/s for a maximum duration of 45 min. Each animal was tested in two conditions, continuous rotation and intermittent rotation. None of the rhesus monkeys vomited during the motion tests but all of the squirrel monkeys did. Differences were observed between the species in the amount of activity that occurred during motion test, with the squirrel monkeys being significantly more active than the rhesus monkeys. These results, while substantiating anecdotal reports of the resistance of rhesus monkeys to motion sickness, should be interpreted with caution because of the documented differences that exist between various species with regard to stimuli that are provocative for eliciting motion sickness.

A mutli-technique search for the most primitive CO chondrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexander, C. M. O'D.; Greenwood, R. C.; Bowden, R.; Gibson, J. M.; Howard, K. T.; Franchi, I. A.

2018-01-01

As part of a study to identify the most primitive COs and to look for weakly altered CMs amongst the COs, we have conducted a multi-technique study of 16 Antarctic meteorites that had been classified as primitive COs. For this study, we have determined: (1) the bulk H, C and N abundances and isotopes, (2) bulk O isotopic compositions, (3) bulk modal mineralogies, and (4) for some selected samples the abundances and compositions of their insoluble organic matter (IOM). Two of the 16 meteorites do appear to be CMs - BUC 10943 seems to be a fairly typical CM, while MIL 090073 has probably been heated. Of the COs, DOM 08006 appears to be the most primitive CO identified to date and is quite distinct from the other members of its pairing group. The other COs fall into two groups that are less primitive than DOM 08006 and ALH 77307, the previously most primitive CO. The first group is composed of members of the DOM 08004 pairing group, except DOM 08006. The second group is composed of meteorites belonging to the MIL 03377 and MIL 07099 pairing groups. These two pairing groups should probably be combined. There is a dichotomy in the bulk O isotopes between the primitive (all Antarctic finds) and the more metamorphosed COs (mostly falls). This dichotomy can only partly be explained by the terrestrial weathering experienced by the primitive Antarctic samples. It seems that the more equilibrated samples interacted to a greater extent with 16O-poor material, probably water, than the more primitive meteorites.

Developing an OMERACT Core Outcome Set for Assessing Safety Components in Rheumatology Trials: The OMERACT Safety Working Group.

PubMed

Klokker, Louise; Tugwell, Peter; Furst, Daniel E; Devoe, Dan; Williamson, Paula; Terwee, Caroline B; Suarez-Almazor, Maria E; Strand, Vibeke; Woodworth, Thasia; Leong, Amye L; Goel, Niti; Boers, Maarten; Brooks, Peter M; Simon, Lee S; Christensen, Robin

2017-12-01

Failure to report harmful outcomes in clinical research can introduce bias favoring a potentially harmful intervention. While core outcome sets (COS) are available for benefits in randomized controlled trials in many rheumatic conditions, less attention has been paid to safety in such COS. The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Filter 2.0 emphasizes the importance of measuring harms. The Safety Working Group was reestablished at the OMERACT 2016 with the objective to develop a COS for assessing safety components in trials across rheumatologic conditions. The safety issue has previously been discussed at OMERACT, but without a consistent approach to ensure harms were included in COS. Our methods include (1) identifying harmful outcomes in trials of interventions studied in patients with rheumatic diseases by a systematic literature review, (2) identifying components of safety that should be measured in such trials by use of a patient-driven approach including qualitative data collection and statistical organization of data, and (3) developing a COS through consensus processes including everyone involved. Members of OMERACT including patients, clinicians, researchers, methodologists, and industry representatives reached consensus on the need to continue the efforts on developing a COS for safety in rheumatology trials. There was a general agreement about the need to identify safety-related outcomes that are meaningful to patients, framed in terms that patients consider relevant so that they will be able to make informed decisions. The OMERACT Safety Working Group will advance the work previously done within OMERACT using a new patient-driven approach.

Adding "Circle of Security - Parenting" to treatment as usual in three Swedish infant mental health clinics. Effects on parents' internal representations and quality of parent-infant interaction.

PubMed

Risholm Mothander, Pia; Furmark, Catarina; Neander, Kerstin

2018-06-01

This study presents effects of adding Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) to an already established comprehensive therapeutic model for early parent-child intervention in three Swedish infant mental health (IMH) clinics. Parents' internal representations and quality of parent-infant interaction were studied in a clinical sample comprised of 52 parent-infant dyads randomly allocated to two comparable groups. One group consisted of 28 dyads receiving treatment as usual (TAU) supplemented with COS-P in a small group format, and another group of 24 dyads receiving TAU only. Assessments were made at baseline (T1), 6 months after inclusion (T2) and 12 months after inclusion (T3). Changes over time were explored in 42 dyads. In the COS-P group, the proportion of balanced representations, as assessed with Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI), significantly increased between T1 and T3. Further, the proportion of emotionally available interactions, as assessed with Emotional Availability scales (EA), significantly increased over time in the COS-P group. Improvements in the TAU-group were close to significant. Limitations of the study are mainly related to the small sample size. Strength is the real world character of the study, where COS-P was implemented in a clinical context not otherwise adapted to research. We conclude by discussing the value of supplementing TAU with COS-P in IMH treatment. © 2017 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology published by Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Improved mucoadhesion and cell uptake of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide surface-modified polymer nanoparticles for mucosal delivery of proteins.

PubMed

Dyawanapelly, Sathish; Koli, Uday; Dharamdasani, Vimisha; Jain, Ratnesh; Dandekar, Prajakta

2016-08-01

The main aim of the present study was to compare mucoadhesion and cellular uptake efficiency of chitosan (CS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) surface-modified polymer nanoparticles (NPs) for mucosal delivery of proteins. We have developed poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs, surface-modified COS-PLGA NPs and CS-PLGA NPs, by using double emulsion solvent evaporation method, for encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Surface modification of NPs was confirmed using physicochemical characterization methods such as particle size and zeta potential, SEM, TEM and FTIR analysis. Both surface-modified PLGA NPs displayed a slow release of protein compared to PLGA NPs. Furthermore, we have explored the mucoadhesive property of COS as a material for modifying the surface of polymeric NPs. During in vitro mucoadhesion test, positively charged COS-PLGA NPs and CS-PLGA NPs exhibited enhanced mucoadhesion, compared to negatively charged PLGA NPs. This interaction was anticipated to improve the cell interaction and uptake of NPs, which is an important requirement for mucosal delivery of proteins. All nanoformulations were found to be safe for cellular delivery when evaluated in A549 cells. Moreover, intracellular uptake behaviour of FITC-BSA loaded NPs was extensively investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. As we hypothesized, positively charged COS-PLGA NPs and CS-PLGA NPs displayed enhanced intracellular uptake compared to negatively charged PLGA NPs. Our results demonstrated that CS- and COS-modified polymer NPs could be promising carriers for proteins, drugs and nucleic acids via nasal, oral, buccal, ocular and vaginal mucosal routes.

Sulfur fertilization and fungal infections affect the exchange of H(2)S and COS from agricultural crops.

PubMed

Bloem, Elke; Haneklaus, Silvia; Kesselmeier, Jürgen; Schnug, Ewald

2012-08-08

The emission of gaseous sulfur (S) compounds by plants is related to several factors, such as the plant S status or fungal infection. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is either released or taken up by the plant depending on the ambient air concentration and the plant demand for S. On the contrary, carbonyl sulfide (COS) is normally taken up by plants. In a greenhouse experiment, the dependence of H(2)S and COS exchange with ambient air on the S status of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and on fungal infection with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was investigated. Thiol contents were determined to understand their influence on the exchange of gaseous S compounds. The experiment revealed that H(2)S emissions were closely related to pathogen infections as well as to S nutrition. S fertilization caused a change from H(2)S consumption by S-deficient oilseed rape plants to a H(2)S release of 41 pg g(-1) (dw) min(-1) after the addition of 250 mg of S per pot. Fungal infection caused an even stronger increase of H(2)S emissions with a maximum of 1842 pg g(-1) (dw) min(-1) 2 days after infection. Healthy oilseed rape plants acted as a sink for COS. Fungal infection caused a shift from COS uptake to COS releases. The release of S-containing gases thus seems to be part of the response to fungal infection. The roles the S-containing gases may play in this response are discussed.

41. INTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING SWITCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

41. INTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING SWITCH LEVER ASSEMBLAGE AND DISPLAY BOARD - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Automatic Signalization System, Long Island Sound shoreline between Stamford & New Haven, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

45. EXTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOLWER, COS COB, SHOWING BARS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. EXTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOLWER, COS COB, SHOWING BARS AND PIPES LEADING TO SWITCHES - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Automatic Signalization System, Long Island Sound shoreline between Stamford & New Haven, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

43. OBLIQUE VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING SWITCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. OBLIQUE VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING SWITCH LEVER ASSEMBLAGE AND DISPLAY BOARD - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Automatic Signalization System, Long Island Sound shoreline between Stamford & New Haven, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

Survey indicated that core outcome set development is increasingly including patients, being conducted internationally and using Delphi surveys.

PubMed

Biggane, Alice M; Brading, Lucy; Ravaud, Philippe; Young, Bridget; Williamson, Paula R

2018-02-17

There are numerous challenges in including patients in a core outcome set (COS) study, these can vary depending on the patient group. This study describes current efforts to include patients in the development of COS, with the aim of identifying areas for further improvement and study. Using the COMET database, corresponding authors of COS projects registered or published from 1 January 2013 to 2 February 2017 were invited via a personalised email to participate in a short online survey. The survey and emails were constructed to maximise the response rate by following the academic literature on enhancing survey responses. Personalised reminder emails were sent to non-responders. This survey explored the frequency of patient input in COS studies, who was involved, what methods were used and whether or not the COS development was international. One hundred and ninety-two COS developers were sent the survey. Responses were collected from 21 February 2017 until 7 May 2017. One hundred and forty-six unique developers responded, yielding a 76% response rate and data in relation to 195 unique COSs (as some developers had worked on multiple COSs). Of focus here are their responses regarding 162 COSs at the published, completed or ongoing stages of development. Inclusion of patient participants was indicated in 87% (141/162) of COSs in the published completed or ongoing stages and over 94% (65/69) of ongoing COS projects. Nearly half (65/135) of COSs included patient participants from two or more countries and 22% (30/135) included patient participants from five or more countries. The Delphi survey was reported as being used singularly or in combination with other methods in 85% (119/140) of projects. Almost a quarter (16/65) of ongoing studies reported using a combination of qualitative interviews, Delphi survey and consensus meeting. These findings indicated that the Delphi survey is the most popular method of facilitating patient participation, while the combination of qualitative interviews, Delphi survey and consensus meetings is the most popular combination of methods. The increased inclusion of patient participants in the development of COSs is encouraging, as is the international approach to COS development that some developers are adopting.

Phylogenetic analysis of HERV-K LTR-like elements in primates: presence in some new world monkeys and evidence of recent parallel evolution in these species and in homo sapiens.

PubMed

Kim, H S; Wadekar, R V; Takenaka, O; Hyun, B H; Crow, T J

1999-01-01

Solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the human endogenous retroviruses K family (HERV-K) have been found to be coexpressed with sequences of closely located genes. We identified forty-three HERV-K LTR-like elements in primates (African great apes, two Old World monkeys, and two New World monkeys) and analyzed them along with human-specific HERV-K LTRs. We report detection of HERV-K LTR-like elements from New World monkeys, as represented by the squirrel monkey and the night monkey, for the first time. Analysis revealed a high degree of sequence homology with human-specific HERV-K LTRs. A phylogenetic tree obtained by the neighbor-joining method revealed that five sequence (SMS-1, 2, 5, 6, 7) from the squirrel monkey and three sequences (NM6-4, 5, 9) from the night monkey are more closely related to human-specific HERV-K LTRs than they are to those of apes (the chimpanzee and gorilla) and Old World monkeys (the African green monkey and rhesus monkey). The findings are consistent with the concept the HERV-K LTR-like elements have proliferated independently and recently in the genome of primates, and that such proliferation has been more recent in Homo sapiens and in these representatives of New World monkeys than in some Old World monkeys.

Nonidentity of Some Simian Virus 40-induced Enzymes with Tumor Antigen

PubMed Central

Kit, Saul; Melnick, Joseph L.; Anken, Milton; Dubbs, Del Rose; de Torres, R. A.; Kitahara, Tsunehiro

1967-01-01

The complement-fixing tumor (T) antigen induced by simian virus 40 (SV40) has been prepared from SV40-infected cell cultures, from infected cell cultures treated at the time of infection with 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), and from SV40-transformed cells. Upon partial purification, the T antigen exhibited the following properties: it was tightly adsorbed by calcium phosphate gel, it was precipitated by acetic acid at pH 5 or by ammonium sulfate at about 20 to 32% saturation, and it had a molecular weight greater than 250,000, as estimated by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. In contrast, deoxycytidylate (dCMP) deaminase, thymidylate (dTMP) kinase, and thymidine (dT) kinase were less strongly bound to calcium phosphate and were not precipitated at pH 5; these enzymes also had much lower molecular weights than the T antigen, as did dihydrofolic (FH2) reductase. Furthermore, higher ammonium sulfate concentrations were required to precipitate dCMP deaminase, dTMP kinase, and FH2 reductase activities than to precipitate the T antigen. Another difference was that the T antigen was not stabilized, but dCMP deaminase, dTMP kinase, and dT kinase, were stabilized, respectively, by dCTP, dTMP, and dT or dTTP. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity resembled the T antigen in adsorption to calcium phosphate, in precipitation by ammonium sulfate or at pH 5, and in the rate of inactivation when incubated at 38 C. However, the polymerase activity could be partly separated from the T antigen by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. The cell fraction containing partially purified T antigen also contained a soluble complement-fixing antigen (presumably a subunit of the viral capsid) which reacted with hyperimmune monkey sera. The latter antigen was present in very low titers or absent from cell extracts prepared from SV40-infected monkey kidney cell cultures which had been treated with ara-C at the time of infection, or from SV40-transformed mouse kidney (mKS) or hamster tumor (H-50) cells. The T antigen, however, was present in usual amounts in SV40-transformed cells or ara-C treated, infected cells. PMID:4316227

Induction of allograft tolerance through costimulatory blockade: first selection of drugs in vitro.

PubMed

Vierboom, Michel P M; Ossevoort, Miriam; Sick, Ella A; Haanstra, Krista; Jonker, Margreet

2003-01-01

The development of an in vitro assay predicting the chances of graft survival after treatment with immunoregulatory agents is a major topic in transplantation. Antibodies (Abs) interfering in the costimulatory pathway are promising candidates for the induction of tolerance. To evaluate these antibodies for clinical use studies non-human primates are the only feasible option due to species specificity of the antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, isolated from a large panel of rhesus monkeys, were used in a unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction to evaluate the ability of antibodies blocking the costimulatory pathway, to affect both primary and secondary proliferative and cytolytic allospecific immune responses in vitro. These blocking antibodies were also used in protocols prolonging allograft survival in a life-supporting kidney allotransplant model in rhesus macaques. The ultimate aim is to establish a correlation between parameters obtained in vitro and the success of transplantation in vivo. The combination of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 resulted in a complete abrogation of the primary alloresponse as measured in a proliferation assay. Adding anti-CD40 significantly reduced this inhibitory effect although the in vivo effects of this antibody have been shown to be beneficial. The secondary response was most prominently inhibited by the combination of anti-CD80/86. Paradoxically, anti-CD40 alone markedly inhibited the secondary proliferative response, but did not add to the inhibitory effect of the combination of anti-CD80/86. The cytolytic response was inhibited maximally only when CsA was added to the combination of anti-CD80/86. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies alone without immunosuppressive drugs was sufficient to maintain graft survival during the time of treatment in most animals. However, rejection was initiated as soon as the treatment ceased and no tolerance, resulting in long-term graft and patient survival, was established. The complete inhibition of primary alloresponses and the partial inhibition of secondary proliferative alloresponses correlate with prolonged graft survival during treatment, but have no predictive value for the success of tolerance induction for kidney allografts in rhesus monkeys.

Canine distemper virus isolated from a monkey efficiently replicates on Vero cells expressing non-human primate SLAM receptors but not human SLAM receptor.

PubMed

Feng, Na; Liu, Yuxiu; Wang, Jianzhong; Xu, Weiwei; Li, Tiansong; Wang, Tiecheng; Wang, Lei; Yu, Yicong; Wang, Hualei; Zhao, Yongkun; Yang, Songtao; Gao, Yuwei; Hu, Guixue; Xia, Xianzhu

2016-08-02

In 2008, an outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in monkeys was reported in China. We isolated CDV strain (subsequently named Monkey-BJ01-DV) from lung tissue obtained from a rhesus monkey that died in this outbreak. We evaluated the ability of this virus on Vero cells expressing SLAM receptors from dog, monkey and human origin, and analyzed the H gene of Monkey-BJ01-DV with other strains. The Monkey-BJ01-DV isolate replicated to the highest titer on Vero cells expressing dog-origin SLAM (10(5.2±0.2) TCID50/ml) and monkey-origin SLAM (10(5.4±0.1) TCID50/ml), but achieved markedly lower titers on human-origin SLAM cells (10(3.3±0.3) TCID50/ml). Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length H gene showed that Monkey-BJ01-DV was highly related to other CDV strains obtained during recent CDV epidemics among species of the Canidae family in China, and these Monkey strains CDV (Monkey-BJ01-DV, CYN07-dV, Monkey-KM-01) possessed a number of amino acid specific substitutions (E276V, Q392R, D435Y and I542F) compared to the H protein of CDV epidemic in other animals at the same period. Our results suggested that the monkey origin-CDV-H protein could possess specific substitutions to adapt to the new host. Monkey-BJ01-DV can efficiently use monkey- and dog-origin SLAM to infect and replicate in host cells, but further adaptation may be required for efficient replication in host cells expressing the human SLAM receptor.

NASA to launch European cosmic ray experimental satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Europe's first observatory satellite (COS-B) designed for extraterrestrial gamma radiation study and launched on a Delta rocket for the European Space Agency (ESA) by NASA is briefly described. The COS-B's mission objectives are given along with launch operations.

44. EXTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING BARS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. EXTERIOR VIEW, GREEN SWITCH TOWER, COS COB, SHOWING BARS LINKING SWITCH LEVERS AND PIPES LEADING TO SWITCHES - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Automatic Signalization System, Long Island Sound shoreline between Stamford & New Haven, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

Axisymmetric Optical Membrane Modeling Based on Experimental Results

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-01

polymers; one such was NASA’s Inflatable Antenna Experiment (IAE), which is a pressurized lenticular about 14 meters in diameter. It was designed...2cos2θ Astigmatism with axis at +/- 45 deg 5 ρ 2sin2θ Astigmatism with axis at +/- 0 or 90 deg 6 (3 ρ 2-2) ρ cosθ Primary coma along y axis...7 (3 ρ 2-2) ρ sinθ Primary coma along x axis 51 8 6 ρ 4-6 ρ 2+1 Primary spherical aberration 9 ρ 3cos(3θ ) Triangular astigmatism , base on y axis

Relationship of In-Cylinder Gaseous and Particulate Concentration to Radiative Heat Transfer in Direct Injection-Type Diesel Combustion.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-15

spectral reflectivities, a,.,, are included in the expression for the radiosity of surface 1, Bk1, as (I I l cos eI I(0)) 4 B cos e e 2 + B 2 cos 92 i...OAAG29-83-K-0042 (Scientific Program Officer, Dr. David M. Mann). NOMENCLATURE A band absorptance a constant determining species distribution 8 radiosity ...Fig. 1), the radiosity of the surface 1, 81, i.e., to compute the thermal and optical is expressed as properties of the species and to implement

Analysis of the COS/NUV Extraction Box Heights

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Synder, Elaine M.; Sonnentrucker, Paule

2017-08-01

We present a diagnostic test of the extraction box heights (EBHs) used when extracting NUV spectroscopic data. This study was motivated by a discrepancy between the EBH used by the COS Exposure Time Calculator during observation planning (8 pixels) and the COS calibration pipeline (CALCOS) during the creation of the final spectra (57 pixels). In this Instrument Science Report, we study the effects of decreasing the EBH on the net counts and signal-to-noise ratio for CALCOS-reduced spectra of many different targets. We also provide detailed instructions for users who wish to perform a custom extraction for their data

Evaluation of the Variable Reluctance Transducer/Carrier Amplifier Method of Measuring Low Pneumatic Pressures in Aerodynamic and Propulsion Testing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

in ZT position, adjust Rx and VT to give the following conditions simul taneously: a) Vc to be specifiied value * RMS Volts. b) VRX Vz. 3. Record: RX...conditions simultaneously: a) V to be specified value as before.c b) VRX Vc. 2. Record: Rx = Q_ ; VT = ; VR =Vc (Volts). C. CALCULATE VOLTAGE AND...2 _V2 cos 8 = cos (180-,) = VRX V2 . VT 2VRX* V Z =R (cos + isino) = Rz + JWTLZ (OHMS) VT x10 (MILLIAMPERES) E(Rx+Rz)2 + LZ2 󈧏 2 • =TLz COIL "Q

Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy (44th) Held in Columbus, Ohio on 12- 16 June 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

California, 94025. FC4. A PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR THE RKR INTEGRAL ........................ 15 min.(9:21) D. L. HUESTIS, Molecular Physics...above have been analyzed further. We define effective constants by the following equations : Beff(v4 ,o) - B - B + nb(i/2)<cos(67)> + b<P72 > DJeff(v4...a) - D J - DJ + ndj(l/2)<cos(6j)> +edj<P72> D J K - D J K + "djk(l/2)<cos(6y)> + djk<Py 2>. In these equations , <..> are the diagonal values of

The Traveling Wave Amplifier as a Bistable Oscillator

DTIC Science & Technology

1956-01-01

2n)t + 5/4 e V m Vtt Cos(m-2n)t + 5/16 e vm VA Gos(m+4n)t + 5/16 e vm Vtt Cos(m-4n)t Again Collecting Terms E 0 = 1/2 b Vrt +l/2bVfi + 3/8 d Vrft...3 ( ~ c V ft + 5/8 e VA + 15/4 e V ~ V J ’ + 15/8 e V in V n) + Cos2mt (1/2 b Vfn + 1/2 d Vrt + 3/2 d V~ V~) III-3 Again Collecting Terms (Cont’d

Community-Engaged Strategies to Promote Relevance of Research Capacity-Building Efforts Targeting Community Organizations.

PubMed

Cunningham, Jennifer; Miller, Stephania T; Joosten, Yvonne; Elzey, Jared D; Israel, Tiffany; King, Christine; Luther, Patrick; Vaughn, Yolanda; Wilkins, Consuelo H

2015-10-01

The study goal is to highlight strategies for promoting relevance of research capacity-building efforts targeting community organizations (CO)s. Two community partners, representing two COs, were invited to participate in CO research development trainings, Community Research Forums (Forum)s. Their contributions were documented via Forum document review. Forum participants, representatives from other COs, completed post-Forum surveys to identify additional training needs and rate Forum impact relative to their training expectations. A content-based analysis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize needs assessment- and impact-related survey responses, respectively. Community partners were involved in eight Forum-related activities including marketing (planning), facilitation (implementation), and manuscript coauthorship (dissemination). Eighty-one individuals, representing 55 COs, attended the Forums. Needs assessment responses revealed a desire for additional assistance with existing Forum topics (e.g., defining research priorities) and a need for new ones (e.g., promoting organizational buy in for research). Ninety-one percent of participants agreed that the Forum demonstrated the value of research to COs and how to create a research agenda. Including community partners in all Forum phases ensured that CO perspectives were integrated throughout. Post-Forum needs and impact assessment results will help in tailoring, where needed, future training topics and strategies, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Placing learning needs in context: distance learning for clinical officers in Tanzania.

PubMed

Brigley, Stephen; Hosein, Ian; Myemba, Irnei

2009-04-01

Poor public health indicators in Tanzania have led to the upgrading of nursing and clinical personnel who currently have just core training. Clinical officers (COs) have 3 years training in basic and applied medicine and are responsible for healthcare of large and dispersed rural populations. UNESCO-Wales has funded colleagues in Wales (UK) to assist the upgrade of COs. An inquiry into their learning needs and the Tanzanian context has produced a framework for design of a module for COs on sexually transmissible infections and HIV & AIDS by distance learning. Face-to-face discussions were held with the Ministry of Health, healthcare workers, educators and administrators in Tanzania; a review of training documents was carried out; and a follow-up questionnaire issued to COs. The discussions and review highlighted teacher-centred approaches, and management, infrastructure and resources obstacles to curriculum change. Principal learning needs of COs around STIs were: counselling, syndromic management, drugs management, laboratory diagnosis, health education, resources, staffing and service morale. Placing learning needs in context in dialogue with Tanzanian colleagues was an advance on simple transfer of educational technologies and expertise. The inquiry resulted in a draft study guide and resources pack that were positively reviewed by Tanzanian tutors. Management and resources issues raised problems of sustainability in the module implementation.

Reaching clinically relevant outcome measures for new pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy of atopic eczema.

PubMed

Chalmers, Joanne; Deckert, Stefanie; Schmitt, Jochen

2015-06-01

This article describes the core outcome set (COS) for atopic eczema trials. COS describe a minimum set of outcomes to be assessed in a defined situation. COS are required to overcome the current situation of different trials using different endpoints with unclear/insufficient measurement properties resulting in incomparable trials. The global multi-stakeholder Harmonising Outcomes Measures for Eczema initiative developed the Harmonising Outcomes Measures for Eczema roadmap as a generic framework for COS development. Following the establishment of a panel representing all stakeholders, a core set of outcome domains need to be selected based on systematic reviews and consensus methods. Outcome measurement instruments to assess these core domains need to be valid, reliable, and feasible. There is broad global consensus that clinical signs, quality of life, symptoms, and long-term control of flares form the COS for atopic eczema trials. The Eczema Area and Severity Index is recommended to assess clinical signs in atopic eczema trials. Systematic reviews to identify adequate outcome measurement instruments for the other core outcome domains are underway. Clinical signs should be assessed in all atopic eczema trials by at least the Eczema Area and Severity Index. Quality of life, symptoms, and flares should also be assessed in all atopic eczema trials by a valid, reliable, and feasible instrument.

Comparison of computer assisted surgery with conventional technique for treatment of abaxial distal phalanx fractures in horses: an in vitro study.

PubMed

Rossol, Melanie; Gygax, Diego; Andritzky-Waas, Juliane; Zheng, Guoyan; Lischer, Christoph J; Zhang, Xuan; Auer, Joerg A

2008-01-01

To (1) evaluate and compare computer-assisted surgery (CAS) with conventional screw insertion (conventional osteosynthesis [COS]) for treatment of equine abaxial distal phalanx fractures; (2) compare planned screw position with actual postoperative position; and (3) determine preferred screw insertion direction. Experimental study. Cadaveric equine limbs (n=32). In 8 specimens each, a 4.5 mm cortex bone screw was inserted in lag fashion in dorsopalmar (plantar) direction using CAS or COS. In 2 other groups of 8, the screws were inserted in opposite direction. Precision of CAS was determined by comparison of planned and actual screw position. Preferred screw direction was also assessed for CAS and COS. In 4 of 6 direct comparisons, screw positioning was significantly better with CAS. Results of precision analysis for screw position were similar to studies published in human medicine. None of evaluated criteria identified a preferred direction for screw insertion. For abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx, superior precision in screw position is achieved with CAS technique compared with COS technique. Abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx lend themselves to computer-assisted implantation of 1 screw in a dorsopalmar (plantar) direction. Because of the complex anatomic relationships, and our results, we discourage use of COS technique for repair of this fracture type.

Self-Assembled CoS Nanoflowers Wrapped in Reduced Graphene Oxides as the High-Performance Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhao, Yingying; Pang, Qiang; Meng, Yuan; Gao, Yu; Wang, Chunzhong; Liu, Bingbing; Wei, Yingjin; Du, Fei; Chen, Gang

2017-09-21

It remains a big challenge to identify high-performance anode materials to promote practical applications of sodium-ion batteries. Herein, the facile synthesis of CoS nanoflowers wrapped in reduced graphene oxides (RGO) is reported, and their sodium storage properties are systematically studied in comparison with bare CoS. The CoS@RGO nanoflowers deliver a high reversible capacity of 620 mAh g -1 at a current density of 100 mA g -1 and superior rate capability with discharge capacity of 329 mAh g -1 at 4 A g -1 , much higher than those of the bare CoS. Evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectra and ex-situ SEM images, the improvement in the sodium storage performance is found to be due to the introduction of RGO which serves as a conducting matrix, to not only increase the kinetic properties of CoS, but also buffer the volume change and maintain the integrity of working electrodes during (de)sodiation processes. More importantly, the pseudocapacitive contribution of more than 89 % is only observed in the CoS@RGO nanocomposites, owing to the enhanced specific area and surface redox behavior. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

X-ray and Raman scattering study of orientational order in nematic and heliconical nematic liquid crystals.

PubMed

Singh, Gautam; Fu, Jinxin; Agra-Kooijman, Dena M; Song, Jang-Kun; Vengatesan, M R; Srinivasarao, Mohan; Fisch, Michael R; Kumar, Satyendra

2016-12-01

The temperature dependence of the orientational order parameters 〈P_{2}(cosβ)〉 and 〈P_{4}(cosβ)〉 in the nematic (N) and twist-bend nematic (N_{tb}) phases of the liquid crystal dimer CB7CB have been measured using x-ray and polarized Raman scattering. The 〈P_{2}(cosβ)〉 obtained from both techniques are the same, while 〈P_{4}(cosβ)〉, determined by Raman scattering is, as expected, systematically larger than its x-ray value. Both order parameters increase in the N phase with decreasing temperature, drop across the N-N_{tb} transition, and continue to decrease. In the N_{tb} phase, the x-ray value of 〈P_{4}(cosβ)〉 eventually becomes negative, providing a direct and independent confirmation of a conical molecular orientational distribution. The heliconical tilt angle α, determined from orientational distribution functions in the N_{tb} phase, increases to ∼24^{∘} at ∼15 K below the transition. In the N_{tb} phase, α(T)∝(T^{*}-T)^{λ}, with λ=0.19±0.03. The transition supercools by 1.7 K, consistent with its weakly first-order nature. The value of λ is close to 0.25 indicating close proximity to a tricritical point.

Gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory and atmospheric transport of carbonyl sulfide in the U.S.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zumkehr, Andrew; Hilton, Timothy W.; Whelan, Mary; Smith, Steve; Campbell, J. Elliott

2017-02-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS), the most abundant sulfur-containing gas in the troposphere, has recently emerged as a potentially important atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Atmospheric inverse modeling studies may be able to use existing tower, airborne, and satellite observations of COS to infer information about photosynthesis. However, such analysis relies on gridded anthropogenic COS source estimates that are largely based on industry activity data from over three decades ago. Here we use updated emission factor data and industry activity data to develop a gridded inventory with a 0.1° resolution for the U.S. domain. The inventory includes the primary anthropogenic COS sources including direct emissions from the coal and aluminum industries as well as indirect sources from industrial carbon disulfide emissions. Compared to the previously published inventory, we found that the total anthropogenic source (direct and indirect) is 47% smaller. Using this new gridded inventory to drive the Sulfur Transport and Deposition Model/Weather Research and Forecasting atmospheric transport model, we found that the anthropogenic contribution to COS variation in the troposphere is small relative to the biosphere influence, which is encouraging for carbon cycle applications in this region. Additional anthropogenic sectors with highly uncertain emission factors require further field measurements.

Molecular Cloning of Pituitary Glycoprotein α-Subunit and Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin β-Subunits from New World Squirrel Monkey and Owl Monkey

PubMed Central

Scammell, Jonathan G.; Funkhouser, Jane D.; Moyer, Felricia S.; Gibson, Susan V.; Willis, Donna L.

2008-01-01

The goal of this study was to characterize the gonadotropins expressed in pituitary glands of the New World squirrel monkey (Saimiri sp.) and owl monkey (Aotus sp.). The various subunits were amplified from total RNA from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the deduced amino acid sequences compared to those of other species. Mature squirrel monkey and owl monkey glycoprotein hormone α-polypeptides (96 amino acids in length) were determined to be 80% homologous to the human sequence. The sequences of mature β subunits of follicle stimulating hormone (FSHβ) from squirrel monkey and owl monkey (111 amino acids in length) are 92% homologous to human FSHβ. New World primate glycoprotein hormone α-polypeptides and FSHβ subunits showed conservation of all cysteine residues and consensus N-linked glycosylation sites. Attempts to amplify the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands were unsuccessful. Rather, the β-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was amplified from pituitaries of both New World primates. Squirrel monkey and owl monkey CGβ are 143 and 144 amino acids in length and 77% homologous with human CGβ. The greatest divergence is in the C terminus, where all four sites for O-linked glycosylation in human CGβ, responsible for delayed metabolic clearance, are predicted to be absent in New World primate CGβs. It is likely that CG secreted from pituitary of New World primates exhibits a relatively short half-life compared to human CG. PMID:17897645

Molecular cloning of pituitary glycoprotein alpha-subunit and follicle stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunits from New World squirrel monkey and owl monkey.

PubMed

Scammell, Jonathan G; Funkhouser, Jane D; Moyer, Felricia S; Gibson, Susan V; Willis, Donna L

2008-02-01

The goal of this study was to characterize the gonadotropins expressed in pituitary glands of the New World squirrel monkey (Saimiri sp.) and owl monkey (Aotus sp.). The various subunits were amplified from total RNA from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the deduced amino acid sequences compared to those of other species. Mature squirrel monkey and owl monkey glycoprotein hormone alpha-polypeptides (96 amino acids in length) were determined to be 80% homologous to the human sequence. The sequences of mature beta subunits of follicle stimulating hormone (FSHbeta) from squirrel monkey and owl monkey (111 amino acids in length) are 92% homologous to human FSHbeta. New World primate glycoprotein hormone alpha-polypeptides and FSHbeta subunits showed conservation of all cysteine residues and consensus N-linked glycosylation sites. Attempts to amplify the beta-subunit of luteinizing hormone from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands were unsuccessful. Rather, the beta-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was amplified from pituitaries of both New World primates. Squirrel monkey and owl monkey CGbeta are 143 and 144 amino acids in length and 77% homologous with human CGbeta. The greatest divergence is in the C terminus, where all four sites for O-linked glycosylation in human CGbeta, responsible for delayed metabolic clearance, are predicted to be absent in New World primate CGbetas. It is likely that CG secreted from pituitary of New World primates exhibits a relatively short half-life compared to human CG.

Seroepidemiological survey of pathogenic Yersinia in breeding squirrel monkeys in Japan.

PubMed

Iwata, Taketoshi; Une, Yumi; Lee, Ken-ichi; Nakamura, Shin-ichi; Taniguchi, Takahide; Hayashidani, Hideki

2010-08-01

To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia in breeding squirrel monkeys, the serum samples of 252 squirrel monkeys from 9 zoological gardens in Japan were tested by ELISA using plasmid-encoded Yersinia outer membrane protein (Yops) as the antigen. The cutoff value was calculated by using the serum samples of the squirrel monkeys from Suriname, where no prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia have been reported. According to the cutoff value, 164 of 252 (65.1%) squirrel monkeys were considered positive against pathogenic Yersinia. These positive monkeys belonged to 8 of the 9 zoological gardens, and the percentage of the seropositive monkeys ranged from 22.2 to 89.4%. Furthermore, in one zoological garden, the positive rate of the squirrel monkeys which were over 1 year old (95.7%) was significantly higher than those which were under 1 year old (23.3%). These results suggested that pathogenic Yersinia is highly prevalent among breeding monkeys in Japan.

Kidney versus Islet Allograft Survival after Induction of Mixed Chimerism with Combined Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation

PubMed Central

Oura, Tetsu; Ko, Dicken S.C.; Boskovic, Svjetlan; O'Neil, John J.; Chipashvili, Vaja; Koulmanda, Maria; Hotta, Kiyohiko; Kawai, Kento; Nadazdin, Ognjenka; Smith, R. Neal; Cosimi, A. B.; Kawai, Tatsuo

2016-01-01

Background We have previously reported successful induction of transient mixed chimerism and long-term acceptance of renal allografts in MHC-mismatched nonhuman primates. In this study, we attempted to extend this tolerance induction approach to islet allografts. Methods A total of eight recipients underwent MHC mismatched combined islet and bone marrow (BM) transplantation after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Three recipients were treated after a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen that includes low dose total body and thymic irradiation, horse ATG (Atgam), six doses of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a one month course of cyclosporine (CyA) (Islet-A). In Islet-B, anti-CD8 mAb was administered in place of CyA. In Islet-C, two recipients were treated with Islet-B but without Atgam. The results were compared with previously reported results of eight cynomolgus monkeys that received combined kidney and bone marrow transplantation (Kidney-A) following the same conditioning regimen used in Islet-A. Results The majority of Kidney/BM recipients achieved long-term renal allograft survival after induction of transient chimerism. However, prolonged islet survival was not achieved in similarly conditioned Islet/BM recipients (Islet-A), despite induction of comparable levels of chimerism. In order to rule out islet allograft loss due to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity, three recipients were treated with anti-CD8 mAb in place of CNI. Although these recipients developed significantly superior mixed chimerism and more prolonged islet allograft survival (61, 103, and 113 days), islet function was lost soon after the disappearance of chimerism. In Islet-C recipients, neither prolonged chimerism nor islet survival was observed (30 and 40 days). Conclusion Significant improvement of mixed chimerism induction and islet allograft survival were achieved with a CNI-free regimen that includes anti-CD8 mAb. However, unlike the kidney allograft, islet allograft tolerance was not induced with transient chimerism. Induction of more durable mixed chimerism may be necessary for induction of islet allograft tolerance. PMID:26337731

Association of infertility and fertility treatment with mammographic density in a large screening-based cohort of women: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Lundberg, Frida E; Johansson, Anna L V; Rodriguez-Wallberg, Kenny; Brand, Judith S; Czene, Kamila; Hall, Per; Iliadou, Anastasia N

2016-04-13

Ovarian stimulation drugs, in particular hormonal agents used for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) required to perform in vitro fertilization, increase estrogen and progesterone levels and have therefore been suspected to influence breast cancer risk. This study aims to investigate whether infertility and hormonal fertility treatment influences mammographic density, a strong hormone-responsive risk factor for breast cancer. Cross-sectional study including 43,313 women recruited to the Karolinska Mammography Project between 2010 and 2013. Among women who reported having had infertility, 1576 had gone through COS, 1429 had had hormonal stimulation without COS and 5958 had not received any hormonal fertility treatment. Percent and absolute mammographic densities were obtained using the volumetric method Volpara™. Associations with mammographic density were assessed using multivariable generalized linear models, estimating mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). After multivariable adjustment, women with a history of infertility had 1.53 cm(3) higher absolute dense volume compared to non-infertile women (95 % CI: 0.70 to 2.35). Among infertile women, only those who had gone through COS treatment had a higher absolute dense volume than those who had not received any hormone treatment (adjusted MD 3.22, 95 % CI: 1.10 to 5.33). No clear associations were observed between infertility, fertility treatment and percent volumetric density. Overall, women reporting infertility had more dense tissue in the breast. The higher absolute dense volume in women treated with COS may indicate a treatment effect, although part of the association might also be due to the underlying infertility. Continued monitoring of cancer risk in infertile women, especially those who undergo COS, is warranted.

Cobalt Disulfide Nanoparticles Embedded in Porous Carbonaceous Micro-Polyhedrons Interlinked by Carbon Nanotubes for Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage.

PubMed

Ma, Yuan; Ma, Yanjiao; Bresser, Dominic; Ji, Yuanchun; Geiger, Dorin; Kaiser, Ute; Streb, Carsten; Varzi, Alberto; Passerini, Stefano

2018-06-27

Transition metal sulfides are appealing electrode materials for lithium and sodium batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity. However, they are commonly characterized by rather poor cycling stability and low rate capability. Herein, we investigate CoS 2 , serving as a model compound. We synthesized a porous CoS 2 /C micro-polyhedron composite entangled in a carbon-nanotube-based network (CoS 2 -C/CNT), starting from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-67 as a single precursor. Following an efficient two-step synthesis strategy, the obtained CoS 2 nanoparticles are uniformly embedded in porous carbonaceous micro-polyhedrons, interwoven with CNTs to ensure high electronic conductivity. The CoS 2 -C/CNT nanocomposite provides excellent bifunctional energy storage performance, delivering 1030 mAh g -1 after 120 cycles and 403 mAh g -1 after 200 cycles (at 100 mA g -1 ) as electrode for lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), respectively. In addition to these high capacities, the electrodes show outstanding rate capability and excellent long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 80% after 500 cycles for LIBs and 90% after 200 cycles for SIBs. In situ X-ray diffraction reveals a significant contribution of the partially graphitized carbon to the lithium and at least in part also for the sodium storage and the report of a two-step conversion reaction mechanism of CoS 2 , eventually forming metallic Co and Li 2 S/Na 2 S. Particularly the lithium storage capability at elevated (dis-)charge rates, however, appears to be substantially pseudocapacitive, thus benefiting from the highly porous nature of the nanocomposite.

Randomized Double-Blinded Dose Escalation Trial of Triptorelin for Ovary Protection in Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

PubMed Central

Brunner, Hermine I.; Silva, Clovis A; Reiff, Andreas; Higgins, Gloria C.; Imundo, Lisa; Williams, Calvin B.; Wallace, Carol A; Aikawa, Nadia E.; Nelson, Shannen; Klein-Gitelman, Marisa S.; Rose, Susan R.

2015-01-01

Objectives To determine for females with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) who require cyclophosphamide the dose of triptorelin that suffices to maintain complete ovarian suppression (COS); measure the time needed to achieve ovarian suppression after triptorelin initiation, and explore the safety of triptorelin. Methods In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation study females (< 21 years) were randomized 4:1 to receive triptorelin or placebo (25 triptorelin, 6 placebo). Starting doses of triptorelin between 25 and 100 microgram/kg/dose were used. Triptorelin dosage was escalated until COS was maintained. The primary outcome was the weight-adjusted dose of triptorelin that for at least 90% of the patients provides COS based on Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone Agonist Stimulation Testing. Secondary outcomes were time to ovarian suppression measured by unstimulated FSH and LH levels after study drug initiation. Results Triptorelin dosed at 120 microgram/kg bodyweight led to sustained COS in 90% of the patients. After the initial dose of triptorelin 22 days were needed for achieve COS. Rates of adverse events (AE) and serious adverse events (SAE) per 100 patient-month of follow-up were not higher in the triptorelin group as compared to the placebo group (triptorelin vs. placebo; AE: 189 vs. 362; SAE: 2.05 vs. 8.48). Conclusions For achieving and maintaining COS high doses of triptorelin are needed but appear to be well tolerated in adolescent females with cSLE. Our data suggest that a lag time of 22 days after triptorelin initiation is required before starting or continuing cyclophosphamide-therapy. Trial Registration Number clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00124514 PMID:25676588

Conceptual framework of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) cost of service (COS) model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zainudin, WNRA; Ishak, WWM; Sulaiman, NA

2017-09-01

One of Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry (MESI) objectives is to ensure Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) economic viability based on a fair economic electricity pricing. In meeting such objective, a framework that investigates the effect of cost of service (COS) on revenue is in great need. This paper attempts to present a conceptual framework that illustrate the distribution of the COS among TNB’s various cost centres which are subsequently redistributed in varying quantities among all of its customer categories. A deep understanding on the concepts will ensure optimal allocation of COS elements between different sub activities of energy production processes can be achieved. However, this optimal allocation needs to be achieved with respect to the imposed TNB revenue constraint. Therefore, the methodology used for this conceptual approach is being modelled into four steps. Firstly, TNB revenue requirement is being examined to ensure the conceptual framework addressed the requirement properly. Secondly, the revenue requirement is unbundled between three major cost centres or business units consist of generation, transmission and distribution and the cost is classified based on demand, energy and customers related charges. Finally, the classified costs are being allocated to different customer categories i.e. Household, Commercial, and Industrial. In summary, this paper proposed a conceptual framework on the cost of specific services that TNB currently charging its customers and served as potential input into the process of developing revised electricity tariff rates. On that purpose, the finding of this COS study finds cost to serve customer varies with the voltage level that customer connected to, the timing and the magnitude of customer demand on the system. This COS conceptual framework could potentially be integrated into a particular tariff structure and serve as a useful tool for TNB.

Carbonic anhydrase distribution across organisms and environments: genomic predictors for soil enzymatic fluxes of carbon cycle tracers δ18O and COS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meredith, L. K.; Singer, E.

2016-12-01

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 are potential tools for differentiating the contributions of photosynthesis and respiration to the balance of global carbon cycling. These processes are coupled at the leaf level via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which hydrolyzes CO2 in the first biochemical step of the photosynthetic pathway (CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+) and correspondingly structural analogue COS (COS + H2O → CO2 + H2S). CA also accelerates the exchange of oxygen isotopes between CO2 and H2O leading to a distinct isotopic imprint. The biogeochemical cycles of these tracers include significant, yet poorly characterized soil processes that challenge their utility for probing the carbon cycle. In soils, microbial CA also hydrolyze COS and accelerate O isotope exchange between CO2 and soil water. Genomic predictors of microbial CA activity may help account and predict for these soil fluxes. Using a bioinformatics approach, we assess the distribution of the six known CA classes (α, β, γ, δ, η, ζ) in organisms ranging from fungi and plants to archaea and bacteria, and ask whether CA diversity is linked to soil microbial diversity. We survey the diversity and relative abundance of CA in a wide variety of environments and estimate the sensitivity of CA to biome and land use. Finally, we compare the CA distribution in soils to measurements (oxygen isotope and COS fluxes) and models of CA activity to develop genomic predictors for CA activity. This work provides the first survey of CA in soils, a step towards understanding the significant role of CA in microbial ecology and microbe-mediated biogeochemical cycles.

Exogenous ACE2 Expression Allows Refractory Cell Lines To Support Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication

PubMed Central

Mossel, Eric C.; Huang, Cheng; Narayanan, Krishna; Makino, Shinji; Tesh, Robert B.; Peters, C. J.

2005-01-01

Of 30 cell lines and primary cells examined, productive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Urbani strain) (SARS-CoV) infection after low-multiplicity inoculation was detected in only six: three African green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines (Vero, Vero E6, and MA104), a human colon epithelial line (CaCo-2), a porcine kidney epithelial line [PK(15)], and mink lung epithelial cells (Mv 1 Lu). SARS-CoV produced a lytic infection in Vero, Vero E6, and MA104 cells, but there was no visible cytopathic effect in Caco-2, Mv 1 Lu, or PK(15) cells. Multistep growth kinetics were identical in Vero E6 and MA104 cells, with maximum titer reached 24 h postinoculation (hpi). Virus titer was maximal 96 hpi in CaCo-2 cells, and virus was continually produced from infected CaCo-2 cells for at least 6 weeks after infection. CaCo-2 was the only human cell type of 13 tested that supported efficient SARS-CoV replication. Expression of the SARS-CoV receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), resulted in SARS-CoV replication in all refractory cell lines examined. Titers achieved were variable and dependent upon the method of ACE2 expression. PMID:15731278

Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Insights from Neuroimaging Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gogtay, Nitin; Rapoport, Judith L.

2008-01-01

The use of longitudinal neuroimaging to study the developmental perspectives of brain pathology in children with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is described. Structural neuroimaging is capable of providing evidence of neurobiological specificity of COS to distinguish it from other brain abnormalities seen in neuropsychiatric illnesses like…

Monkey liver cytochrome P450 2C19 is involved in R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation.

PubMed

Hosoi, Yoshio; Uno, Yasuhiro; Murayama, Norie; Fujino, Hideki; Shukuya, Mitsunori; Iwasaki, Kazuhide; Shimizu, Makiko; Utoh, Masahiro; Yamazaki, Hiroshi

2012-12-15

Cynomolgus monkeys are widely used as primate models in preclinical studies. However, some differences are occasionally seen between monkeys and humans in the activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes. R- and S-warfarin are model substrates for stereoselective oxidation in humans. In this current research, the activities of monkey liver microsomes and 14 recombinantly expressed monkey cytochrome P450 enzymes were analyzed with respect to R- and S-warfarin 6- and 7-hydroxylation. Monkey liver microsomes efficiently mediated both R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation, in contrast to human liver microsomes, which preferentially catalyzed S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation. R-Warfarin 7-hydroxylation activities in monkey liver microsomes were not inhibited by α-naphthoflavone or ketoconazole, and were roughly correlated with P450 2C19 levels and flurbiprofen 4-hydroxylation activities in microsomes from 20 monkey livers. In contrast, S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation activities were not correlated with the four marker drug oxidation activities used. Among the 14 recombinantly expressed monkey P450 enzymes tested, P450 2C19 had the highest activities for R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylations. Monkey P450 3A4 and 3A5 slowly mediated R- and S-warfarin 6-hydroxylations. Kinetic analysis revealed that monkey P450 2C19 had high V(max) and low K(m) values for R-warfarin 7-hydroxylation, comparable to those for monkey liver microsomes. Monkey P450 2C19 also mediated S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation with V(max) and V(max)/K(m) values comparable to those for recombinant human P450 2C9. R-warfarin could dock favorably into monkey P450 2C19 modeled. These results collectively suggest high activities for monkey liver P450 2C19 toward R- and S-warfarin 6- and 7-hydroxylation in contrast to the saturation kinetics of human P450 2C9-mediated S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of a low dose combined oral contraceptive pill on the hormonal profile and cycle outcome following COS with a GnRH antagonist protocol in women over 35 years old.

PubMed

Bakas, Panagiotis; Hassiakos, Dimitrios; Grigoriadis, Charalampos; Vlahos, Nikolaos F; Liapis, Angelos; Creatsas, George

2014-11-01

This prospective study examines if pre-treatment with two different doses of an oral contraceptive pill (OCP) modifies significantly the hormonal profile and/or the IVF/ICSI outcome following COS with a GnRH antagonist protocol. Infertile patients were allocated to receive either OCP containing 0.03 mg of ethinylestradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone, or OCP containing 0.02 mg of ethinylestradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone prior to initiation of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with recombinant gonadotropins on a variable multi-dose antagonist protocol (Ganirelix), while the control group underwent COS without OCP pretreatment. Lower dose OCP was associated with recovery of FSH on day 3 instead of day 5, but the synchronization of the follicular cohort, the number of retrieved oocytes and the clinical pregnancy rate were similar to higher dose OCP.

Improving the relevance and consistency of outcomes in comparative effectiveness research.

PubMed

Tunis, Sean R; Clarke, Mike; Gorst, Sarah L; Gargon, Elizabeth; Blazeby, Jane M; Altman, Douglas G; Williamson, Paula R

2016-03-01

Policy makers have clearly indicated--through heavy investment in the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute--that reporting outcomes that are meaningful to patients is crucial for improvement in healthcare delivery and cost reduction. Better interpretation and generalizability of clinical research results that incorporate patient-centered outcomes research can be achieved by accelerating the development and uptake of core outcome sets (COS). COS provide a standardized minimum set of the outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specific condition. The level of activity around COS has increased significantly over the past decade, with substantial progress in several clinical domains. However, there are many important clinical conditions for which high-quality COS have not been developed and there are limited resources and capacity with which to develop them. We believe that meaningful progress toward the goals behind the significant investments in patient-centered outcomes research and comparative effectiveness research will depend on a serious effort to address these issues.

Existence of quasi-periodic solutions of fast excited van der Pol-Mathieu-Duffing equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Lin; Li, Xuemei

2015-12-01

The van der Pol-Mathieu-Duffing equation x ̈ + ( Ω0 2 + h 1 cos Ω 1 t + h 2 cos Ω 2 t ) x - ( α - β x 2 ) x ˙ - h 3 x 3 = h 4 Ω3 2 cos x cos Ω 3 t is considered in this paper, where α, β, h1, h2, h3, h4, Ω1, Ω2 are small parameters, α, β > 0, the frequency Ω3 is large compared to Ω1 and Ω2, the above parameters are real. For ∀α, β > 0, we use KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theory to prove that the van der Pol-Mathieu-Duffing equation possesses quasi-periodic solutions for most of the parameters Ω0, Ω1, Ω2, Ω3, it verifies some phenomenon of Fahsi and Belhaq [Commun. Nonlinear Sci. 14, 244-253 (2009)] and can be regarded as a extension of Abouhazim et al. [Nonlinear Dyn. 39, 395-409 (2005)].

Electric fields and vector potentials of thin cylindrical antennas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

King, Ronold W. P.

1990-09-01

The vector potential and electric field generated by the current in a center-driven or parasitic dipole antenna that extends from z = -h to z = h are investigated for each of the several components of the current. These include sin k(h - absolute value of z), sin k (absolute value of z) - sin kh, cos kz - cos kh, and cos kz/2 - cos kh/2. Of special interest are the interactions among the variously spaced elements in parallel nonstaggered arrays. These depend on the mutual vector potentials. It is shown that at a radial distance rho approximately = h and in the range z = -h to h, the vector potentials due to all four components become alike and have an approximately plane-wave form. Simple approximate formulas for the electric fields and vector potentials generated by each of the four distributions are derived and compared with the exact results. The application of the new formulas to large arrays is discussed.

Improving the relevance and consistency of outcomes in comparative effectiveness research

PubMed Central

Tunis, Sean R; Clarke, Mike; Gorst, Sarah L; Gargon, Elizabeth; Blazeby, Jane M; Altman, Douglas G; Williamson, Paula R

2016-01-01

Policy makers have clearly indicated – through heavy investment in the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute – that reporting outcomes that are meaningful to patients is crucial for improvement in healthcare delivery and cost reduction. Better interpretation and generalizability of clinical research results that incorporate patient-centered outcomes research can be achieved by accelerating the development and uptake of core outcome sets (COS). COS provide a standardized minimum set of the outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specific condition. The level of activity around COS has increased significantly over the past decade, with substantial progress in several clinical domains. However, there are many important clinical conditions for which high-quality COS have not been developed and there are limited resources and capacity with which to develop them. We believe that meaningful progress toward the goals behind the significant investments in patient-centered outcomes research and comparative effectiveness research will depend on a serious effort to address these issues. PMID:26930385

Atomic Layer Deposition of the Metal Pyrites FeS2 , CoS2 , and NiS2.

PubMed

Guo, Zheng; Wang, Xinwei

2018-05-14

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of the pyrite-type metal disulfides FeS 2 , CoS 2 , and NiS 2 is reported for the first time. The deposition processes use iron, cobalt, and nickel amidinate compounds as the corresponding metal precursors and the H 2 S plasma as the sulfur source. All the processes are demonstrated to follow ideal self-limiting ALD growth behavior to produce fairly pure, smooth, well-crystallized, stoichiometric pyrite FeS 2 , CoS 2 , and NiS 2 films. By these processes, the FeS 2 , CoS 2 , and NiS 2 films can also be uniformly and conformally deposited into deep narrow trenches with aspect ratios as high as 10:1, which thereby highlights the broad and promising applicability of these ALD processes for conformal film coatings on complex high-aspect-ratio 3D architectures in general. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Tests for the extraction of Boer-Mulders functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christova, Ekaterina; Leader, Elliot; Stoilov, Michail

2017-12-01

At present, the Boer-Mulders (BM) functions are extracted from asymmetry data using the simplifying assumption of their proportionality to the Sivers functions for each quark flavour. Here we present two independent tests for this assumption. We subject COMPASS data on semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering on the 〈cos ϕh 〉, 〈cos 2ϕh 〉 and Sivers asymmetries to these tests. Our analysis shows that the tests are satisfied with the available data if the proportionality constant is the same for all quark flavours, which does not correspond to the flavour dependence used in existing analyses. This suggests that the published information on the BM functions may be unreliable. The 〈cos ϕh 〉, 〈cos 2ϕh 〉 asymmetries receive contributions also from the, in principle, calculable Cahn effect. We succeed in extracting the Cahn contributions from experiment (we believe for the first time) and compare with their calculated values, with interesting implications.

Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production

DOE PAGES

Campbell, J. E.; Berry, J. A.; Seibt, U.; ...

2017-04-05

Growth in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) may provide a negative feedback for climate change. It remains uncertain, however, to what extent biogeochemical processes can suppress global GPP growth. In consequence, model estimates of terrestrial carbon storage and carbon cycle –climate feedbacks remain poorly constrained. Here we present a global, measurement-based estimate of GPP growth during the twentieth century based on long-term atmospheric carbonyl sulphide (COS) records derived from ice core, firn, and ambient air samples. Here, we interpret these records using a model that simulates changes in COS concentration due to changes in its sources and sinks, including amore » large sink that is related to GPP. We find that the COS record is most consistent with climate-carbon cycle model simulations that assume large GPP growth during the twentieth century (31% ± 5%; mean ± 95% confidence interval). Finally, while this COS analysis does not directly constrain estimates of future GPP growth it provides a global-scale benchmark for historical carbon cycle simulations.« less

KSC-08pd2326

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers prepare to attach an overhead crane to the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS will be lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2327

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers attach an overhead crane to the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS is being lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2330

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane lifts the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS is being lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2331

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane lifts the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS is being lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2328

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane lifts the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS is being lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2318

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center use black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the protective carrier for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2319

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, workers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center use black light inspection for a thorough cleaning of the protective carrier for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. The COS will be installed on the Hubble Space Telescope on space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-08pd2329

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-08-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the clean room of the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane lifts the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, or COS. The COS is being lifted and moved to a protective enclosure on the Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, part of the payload for the fifth and final Hubble servicing mission, STS-125. Other payloads include the Flight Support System, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier and the Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment, or MULE, carrier. COS will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown on Hubble and will probe the "cosmic web" - the large-scale structure of the universe whose form is determined by the gravity of dark matter and is traced by galaxies and intergalactic gas. The COS far-ultraviolet channel has a sensitivity 30 times greater than that of previous spectroscopic instruments for the detection of extremely low light levels. Launch of Atlantis on the STS-125 mission is targeted for Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Coordinated mineralogical and isotopic analyses of a cosmic symplectite discovered in a comet 81P/Wild 2 sample

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Ann N.; Berger, Eve L.; Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko; Messenger, Scott; Keller, Lindsay P.

2017-09-01

We have discovered in a Stardust mission terminal particle a unique mineralogical assemblage of symplectically intergrown pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8) and nanocrystalline maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). Mineralogically similar cosmic symplectites (COS) have only been found in the primitive carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094 and are believed to have formed by aqueous alteration. The O and S isotopic compositions of the Wild 2 COS are indistinguishable from terrestrial values. The metal and sulfide precursors were thus oxidized by an isotopically equilibrated aqueous reservoir either inside the snow line, in the Wild 2 comet, or in a larger Kuiper Belt object. Close association of the Stardust COS with a Kool mineral assemblage (kosmochloric Ca-rich pyroxene, FeO-rich olivine, and albite) that likely originated in the solar nebula suggests the COS precursors also had a nebular origin and were transported from the inner solar system to the comet-forming region after they were altered.

Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campbell, J. E.; Berry, J. A.; Seibt, U.

Growth in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) may provide a negative feedback for climate change. It remains uncertain, however, to what extent biogeochemical processes can suppress global GPP growth. In consequence, model estimates of terrestrial carbon storage and carbon cycle –climate feedbacks remain poorly constrained. Here we present a global, measurement-based estimate of GPP growth during the twentieth century based on long-term atmospheric carbonyl sulphide (COS) records derived from ice core, firn, and ambient air samples. Here, we interpret these records using a model that simulates changes in COS concentration due to changes in its sources and sinks, including amore » large sink that is related to GPP. We find that the COS record is most consistent with climate-carbon cycle model simulations that assume large GPP growth during the twentieth century (31% ± 5%; mean ± 95% confidence interval). Finally, while this COS analysis does not directly constrain estimates of future GPP growth it provides a global-scale benchmark for historical carbon cycle simulations.« less

Bias correction of bounded location errors in presence-only data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hefley, Trevor J.; Brost, Brian M.; Hooten, Mevin B.

2017-01-01

Location error occurs when the true location is different than the reported location. Because habitat characteristics at the true location may be different than those at the reported location, ignoring location error may lead to unreliable inference concerning species–habitat relationships.We explain how a transformation known in the spatial statistics literature as a change of support (COS) can be used to correct for location errors when the true locations are points with unknown coordinates contained within arbitrary shaped polygons.We illustrate the flexibility of the COS by modelling the resource selection of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) using citizen contributed records with locations that were reported with error. We also illustrate the COS with a simulation experiment.In our analysis of Whooping Crane resource selection, we found that location error can result in up to a five-fold change in coefficient estimates. Our simulation study shows that location error can result in coefficient estimates that have the wrong sign, but a COS can efficiently correct for the bias.

Transformation of Mouse Macrophages by Simian Virus 40

PubMed Central

Stone, Lawrence B.; Takemoto, Kenneth K.

1970-01-01

Studies were undertaken to prove that simian virus 40 (SV40) can transform the mouse macrophage, a cell type naturally restricted from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. Balb/C macrophages infected with SV40 demonstrated T-antigen production and induced DNA synthesis simultaneously. In the absence of apparent division, these cells remained T antigen-positive for at least 45 days. SV40 could be rescued from nondividing, unaltered macrophages during the T antigen-producing period. Proliferating transformants appeared at an average of 66 days post-SV40 infection. Established cell lines were T antigen-positive and were negative for infectious virus, but yielded SV40 after fusion with African green monkey kidney cells. Their identity as transformed macrophages was substantiated by evaluation of cellular morphology, phagocytosis, acid phosphatase, β1c synthesis, and aminoacridine incorporation. Images PMID:4320698

Willingness to pay and conjoint analysis to determine women's preferences for ovarian stimulating hormones in the treatment of infertility in Spain.

PubMed

Palumbo, A; De La Fuente, P; Rodríguez, M; Sánchez, F; Martínez-Salazar, J; Muñoz, M; Marqueta, J; Hernández, J; Espallardo, O; Polanco, C; Paz, S; Lizán, L

2011-07-01

Despite many advances in assisted reproductive techniques (ART), little is known about preferences for technological developments of women undergoing fertility treatments. The aims of this study were to investigate the preferences of infertile women undergoing ART for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) treatments; to determine the utility values ascribed to different attributes of COS treatments; and to estimate women's willingness to pay (WTP) for COS. A representative sample of ambulatory patients ready to receive, or receiving, COS therapies for infertility were recruited from seven specialized private centres in six autonomous communities in Spain. Descriptive, inferential and conjoint analyses (CA) were used to elicit preferences and WTP. Attributes and levels of COS treatments were identified by literature review and two focus groups with experts and patients. WTP valuations were derived by a combination of double-bounded (closed-ended) and open questions and contingent ranking methods. In total, 160 patients [mean (standard deviation; SD) age: 35.8 (4.2) years] were interviewed. Over half of the participants (55.0%) had a high level of education (university degree), most (78.8%) were married and half (50.0%) had an estimated net income of >€1502 per month and had paid a mean (SD) €1194.17 (€778.29) for their most recent hormonal treatment. The most frequent causes of infertility were related to sperm abnormalities (50.3%). In 30.6% of cases, there were two causes of infertility. The maximum WTP for COS treatment was €800 (median) per cycle; 35.5% were willing to pay an additional €101-€300 for a 1-2% effectiveness gain in the treatment. Utility values (CA) showed that effectiveness was the most valued attribute (39.82), followed by costs (18.74), safety (17.75) and information sharing with physicians (14.93). WTP for COS therapies exceeds current cost. Additional WTP exists for 1-2% effectiveness improvement. Effectiveness and costs were the most important determinants of preferences, followed by safety and information sharing with physicians.

Willingness to pay and conjoint analysis to determine women's preferences for ovarian stimulating hormones in the treatment of infertility in Spain

PubMed Central

Palumbo, A.; De La Fuente, P.; Rodríguez, M.; Sánchez, F.; Martínez-Salazar, J.; Muñoz, M.; Marqueta, J.; Hernández, J.; Espallardo, O.; Polanco, C.; Paz, S.; Lizán, L.

2011-01-01

BACKGROUND Despite many advances in assisted reproductive techniques (ART), little is known about preferences for technological developments of women undergoing fertility treatments. The aims of this study were to investigate the preferences of infertile women undergoing ART for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) treatments; to determine the utility values ascribed to different attributes of COS treatments; and to estimate women's willingness to pay (WTP) for COS. METHODS A representative sample of ambulatory patients ready to receive, or receiving, COS therapies for infertility were recruited from seven specialized private centres in six autonomous communities in Spain. Descriptive, inferential and conjoint analyses (CA) were used to elicit preferences and WTP. Attributes and levels of COS treatments were identified by literature review and two focus groups with experts and patients. WTP valuations were derived by a combination of double-bounded (closed-ended) and open questions and contingent ranking methods. RESULTS In total, 160 patients [mean (standard deviation; SD) age: 35.8 (4.2) years] were interviewed. Over half of the participants (55.0%) had a high level of education (university degree), most (78.8%) were married and half (50.0%) had an estimated net income of >€1502 per month and had paid a mean (SD) €1194.17 (€778.29) for their most recent hormonal treatment. The most frequent causes of infertility were related to sperm abnormalities (50.3%). In 30.6% of cases, there were two causes of infertility. The maximum WTP for COS treatment was €800 (median) per cycle; 35.5% were willing to pay an additional €101–€300 for a 1–2% effectiveness gain in the treatment. Utility values (CA) showed that effectiveness was the most valued attribute (39.82), followed by costs (18.74), safety (17.75) and information sharing with physicians (14.93). CONCLUSIONS WTP for COS therapies exceeds current cost. Additional WTP exists for 1–2% effectiveness improvement. Effectiveness and costs were the most important determinants of preferences, followed by safety and information sharing with physicians. PMID:21558333

MarCOs, Mars and Earth

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-03-29

An artist's rendering of the twin Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft flying over Mars with Earth in the distance. The MarCOs will be the first CubeSats -- a kind of modular, mini-satellite -- flown in deep space. They're designed to fly along behind NASA's InSight lander on its cruise to Mars. If they make the journey, they will test a relay of data about InSight's entry, descent and landing back to Earth. Though InSight's mission will not depend on the success of the MarCOs, they will be a test of how CubeSats can be used in deep space. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22316

The second Quito astrolabe catalogue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolesnik, Y. B.; Davila, H.

1994-03-01

The paper contains 515 individual corrections {DELTA}α and 235 corrections {DELTA}δ to FK5 and FK5Supp. stars and 50 corrections to their proper motions computed from observations made with the classical Danjon astrolabe OPL-13 at Quito Astronomical Observatory of Ecuador National Polytechnical School during a period from 1964 to 1983. These corrections cover the declination zone from -30deg to +30deg. Mean probable errors of catalogue positions are 0.047" in αcosδ and 0.054" in δ. The systematic trends of the catalogue {DELTA}αalpha_cosδ, {DELTA}αdelta_cosδ, {DELTA}δalpha_, {DELTA}δdelta_ are presented for the observed zone.

Gluon tomography from deeply virtual Compton scattering at small x

DOE PAGES

Hatta, Yoshitaka; Xiao, Bo-Wen; Yuan, Feng

2017-06-29

We present a full evaluation of the deeply virtual Compton scattering cross section in the dipole framework in the small-x region. The result features the cosφ and cos2φ azimuthal angular correlations, which have been missing in previous studies based on the dipole model. In particular, the cos2φ term is generated by the elliptic gluon Wigner distribution of which the measurement at the planned electron-ion collider provides important information about the gluon tomography at small x. Here, we also show the consistency with the standard collinear factorization approach based on the quark and gluon generalized parton distributions.

Airborne Pointing and Tracking Systems Open Port Design and Modification Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

into 1 gives n 2: FX = S Ujk co8 2G + k. sin2G.) + 6v(k -kJslnG. cosG. - G, kt R sinG.] i=l n ZFy = ^ [ ^^r"^) 8inei co8ei + 6y...sinei cos6. = 0 Ul i=l i^l (4) and n n 1 Sin2ei 1 2 cos e. 1=1 And Equation 3 reduces to i=l n^ 2 (5) ! £ Fx - f (kr + V...Bornhorst) AFAPL (CC/D. Cheatom, Jr.) CINCSAC (INEP) ARL (AP/Lt Col Duggins) AFFDL ( FX /Dr. VanKuren) AFFTD (PDTR/Lt Faehl) AFFTC (ETEO/R. Buxton) AF

Interspecies radioimmunoassay for the major structural proteins of primate type-D retroviruses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colcher, D.; Teramoto, Y.A.; Schlom, J.

1977-12-01

A competition radioimmunoassay has been developed in which type-D retroviruses from three primate species compete. The assay utilizes the major structural protein (36,000 daltons) of the endogenous squirrel monkey retrovirus and antisera directed against the major structural protein (27,000 daltons) of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus isolated from rhesus monkeys. Purified preparations of both viruses grown in heterologous cells, as well as extracts of heterologous cells infected with squirrel monkey retrovirus or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, compete completely in the assay. Addition of an endogenous virus of the langur monkey also results in complete blocking. No blocking in the assay is observedmore » with type-C baboon viruses, woolly monkey virus, and gibbon virus. Various other type-C and type-B viruses also showed no reactivity. An interspecies assay has thus been developed that recognizes the type-D retroviruses from both Old World monkey (rhesus and langur) and New World monkey (squirrel) species.« less

SV40 host-substituted variants: a new look at the monkey DNA inserts and recombinant junctions.

PubMed

Singer, Maxine; Winocour, Ernest

2011-04-10

The available monkey genomic data banks were examined in order to determine the chromosomal locations of the host DNA inserts in 8 host-substituted SV40 variant DNAs. Five of the 8 variants contained more than one linked monkey DNA insert per tandem repeat unit and in all cases but one, the 19 monkey DNA inserts in the 8 variants mapped to different locations in the monkey genome. The 50 parental DNAs (32 monkey and 18 SV40 DNA segments) which spanned the crossover and flanking regions that participated in monkey/monkey and monkey/SV40 recombinations were characterized by substantial levels of microhomology of up to 8 nucleotides in length; the parental DNAs also exhibited direct and inverted repeats at or adjacent to the crossover sequences. We discuss how the host-substituted SV40 variants arose and the nature of the recombination mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Low blood cell counts in wild Japanese monkeys after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

PubMed

Ochiai, Kazuhiko; Hayama, Shin-ichi; Nakiri, Sachie; Nakanishi, Setsuko; Ishii, Naomi; Uno, Taiki; Kato, Takuya; Konno, Fumiharu; Kawamoto, Yoshi; Tsuchida, Shuichi; Omi, Toshinori

2014-07-24

In April 2012 we carried out a 1-year hematological study on a population of wild Japanese monkeys inhabiting the forest area of Fukushima City. This area is located 70 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), which released a large amount of radioactive material into the environment following the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. For comparison, we examined monkeys inhabiting the Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, located approximately 400 km from the NPP. Total muscle cesium concentration in Fukushima monkeys was in the range of 78-1778 Bq/kg, whereas the level of cesium was below the detection limit in all Shimokita monkeys. Compared with Shimokita monkeys, Fukushima monkeys had significantly low white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, and the white blood cell count in immature monkeys showed a significant negative correlation with muscle cesium concentration. These results suggest that the exposure to some form of radioactive material contributed to hematological changes in Fukushima monkeys.

Low blood cell counts in wild Japanese monkeys after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

PubMed Central

Ochiai, Kazuhiko; Hayama, Shin-ichi; Nakiri, Sachie; Nakanishi, Setsuko; Ishii, Naomi; Uno, Taiki; Kato, Takuya; Konno, Fumiharu; Kawamoto, Yoshi; Tsuchida, Shuichi; Omi, Toshinori

2014-01-01

In April 2012 we carried out a 1-year hematological study on a population of wild Japanese monkeys inhabiting the forest area of Fukushima City. This area is located 70 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), which released a large amount of radioactive material into the environment following the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. For comparison, we examined monkeys inhabiting the Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, located approximately 400 km from the NPP. Total muscle cesium concentration in Fukushima monkeys was in the range of 78–1778 Bq/kg, whereas the level of cesium was below the detection limit in all Shimokita monkeys. Compared with Shimokita monkeys, Fukushima monkeys had significantly low white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, and the white blood cell count in immature monkeys showed a significant negative correlation with muscle cesium concentration. These results suggest that the exposure to some form of radioactive material contributed to hematological changes in Fukushima monkeys. PMID:25060710

The pattern of the arterial supply of the pancreas in anthropoid apes, catarrhine monkeys and platyrrhine monkeys.

PubMed

Shawuti, Alimujiang; Miyaki, Takayoshi; Saito, Toshiyuki; Itoh, Masahiro

2009-11-01

To get the full understanding of the arterial distribution to the pancreas, the analysis of the distribution of the variety of monkey species would be helpful. In this study, we studied the layout of the pancreatic artery in anthropoids (1 gorilla, 3 chimpanzees and 2 white-handed gibbons), in catarrhine monkeys (1 hamadryas baboon, 2 anubid baboons, 10 savannah monkeys) and in platyrrhine monkeys (6 squirrel monkeys). The pancreas of the monkeys was supplied by the arteries originating from the celiac trunk and/or superior mesenteric artery. There were three patterns in the arterial distribution; (1) the celiac artery supplied the major area of the pancreas. (2) the superior mesenteric artery supplied the major area of the pancreas. (3) the celiac artery supplied the whole pancreas. The pattern of the arterial distribution to the monkey pancreas had a wide variety. The result would be helpful for the elucidation of the development of the vascular distribution in the pancreas.

Computerized Observation System (COS) for Field Experiences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reed, Thomas M.; And Others

The Computerized Observation System (COS) is a software program which an observer can use with a portable microcomputer to document preservice and inservice teacher performance. Specific observable behavior such as appropriate questions and responses shown to increase student achievement are recorded as Low Inference Observation Measures. Time on…

Progesterone levels in letrozole associated controlled ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation in breast cancer patients.

PubMed

Goldrat, O; Gervy, C; Englert, Y; Delbaere, A; Demeestere, I

2015-09-01

Are progesterone levels after letrozole-associated controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for fertility preservation in breast cancer patients, lower than after standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles? During the luteal phase of letrozole-associated COS cycles (triggered with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)) progesterone levels are similarly elevated to those obtained after standard COS without letrozole. Current fertility preservation strategies for breast cancer patients include association of COS with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to harvest several mature oocytes while maintaining low estradiol levels. Data on progesterone levels are however lacking despite growing evidence of the role of progesterone in breast tumorigenesis. This is a prospective observational study comparing estradiol and progesterone levels of 21 breast cancer patients undergoing letrozole-associated COS with 21 infertile patients undergoing standard COS for IVF and/or intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). All patients underwent COS with a GnRH antagonist protocol. In the fertility preservation group, ovulation induction was started in the follicular or luteal phase depending on the chemotherapy schedule and in 10 cases a GnRH antagonist was administered during luteal phase to induce luteolysis. Final oocyte maturation was induced by hCG in all patients. Estradiol and progesterone levels were measured on the day of hCG, at oocyte retrieval, and on days 3 and 8 after oocyte retrieval. Hormone levels in fertility preservation patients were compared with those observed in infertility patients. While estradiol levels were significantly lower in the fertility preservation group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), progesterone levels were similar at all times, including patients receiving a GnRH antagonist during the luteal phase. The studied populations (breast cancer and infertile patients) are different, which may induce selection bias. The small sample size limits the study's statistical power and the possibility to perform multivariate analysis. Recruitment of the study and control patients was completed at the same time; however, enrollment of controls started at a later time. While the use of letrozole in fertility preservation patients has a favorable effect on estrogen levels, no benefit is seen for progesterone levels which are high and comparable with progesterone levels after standard COS in IVF patients. As progesterone has been associated with tumor cell proliferation, caution is mandatory. Modified protocols including GnRH agonist triggering should be investigated. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Monkey liver cytochrome P450 2C9 is involved in caffeine 7-N-demethylation to form theophylline.

PubMed

Utoh, Masahiro; Murayama, Norie; Uno, Yasuhiro; Onose, Yui; Hosaka, Shinya; Fujino, Hideki; Shimizu, Makiko; Iwasaki, Kazuhide; Yamazaki, Hiroshi

2013-12-01

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a phenotyping substrate for human cytochrome P450 1A2. 3-N-Demethylation of caffeine is the main human metabolic pathway, whereas monkeys extensively mediate the 7-N-demethylation of caffeine to form pharmacological active theophylline. Roles of monkey P450 enzymes in theophylline formation from caffeine were investigated using individual monkey liver microsomes and 14 recombinantly expressed monkey P450 enzymes, and the results were compared with those for human P450 enzymes. Caffeine 7-N-demethylation activity in microsomes from 20 monkey livers was not strongly inhibited by α-naphthoflavone, quinidine or ketoconazole, and was roughly correlated with diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation activities. Monkey P450 2C9 had the highest activity for caffeine 7-N-demethylation. Kinetic analysis revealed that monkey P450 2C9 had a high Vmax/Km value for caffeine 7-N-demethylation, comparable to low Km value for monkey liver microsomes. Caffeine could dock favorably with monkey P450 2C9 modeled for 7-N-demethylation and with human P450 1A2 for 3-N-demethylation. The primary metabolite theophylline was oxidized to 8-hydroxytheophylline in similar ways by liver microsomes and by recombinant P450s in both humans and monkeys. These results collectively suggest a high activity for monkey liver P450 2C9 toward caffeine 7-N-demethylation, whereas, in humans, P450 1A2-mediated caffeine 3-N-demethylation is dominant.

The effects of coconut oil supplementation on the body composition and lipid profile of rats submitted to physical exercise.

PubMed

Resende, Nathália M; Félix, Henrique R; Soré, Murillo R; M M, Aníbal; Campos, Kleber E; Volpato, Gustavo T

2016-05-13

This study aims to verify the effects of coconut oil supplementation (COS) in the body composition and lipid profile of rats submitted to physical exercise. The animals (n=6 per group) were randomly assigned to: G1=Sedentary and Non-supplemented (Control Group), G2=Sedentary and Supplemented, G3=Exercised and Non-supplemented and G4=Exercised and Supplemented. The COS protocol used was 3 mL/Kg of body mass by gavage for 28 days. The physical exercise was the vertical jumping training for 28 days. It was determined the body mass parameters, Lee Index, blood glucose and lipid profile. The COS did not interfere with body mass, but the lean body mass was lower in G3 compared to G2. The final Lee Index classified G1 and G2 as obese (>30g/cm). The lipid profile showed total cholesterol was decreased in G3, LDL-c concentration was decreased in G2, triglycerides, VLDL-c and HDL-c concentrations were increased in G2 and G4 in relation to G1 and G3. The COS decreased LDL-c/HDL-c ratio. In conclusion, the COS associated or not to physical exercise worsen others lipid parameters, like triglycerides and VLDL-c level, showing the care with the use of lipid supplements.

Improved Carbon Flux Observations over Urban Areas Using Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) to Differentiate Contributions from Biosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whelan, M.; LaFranchi, B. W.; Bambha, R.; Michelsen, H. A.; Fischer, M. L.; Graven, H. D.; Baker, I. T.; Guilderson, T.; Campbell, J. E.

2016-12-01

Direct measurement and attribution of carbon exchange over urban areas is challenging because of the heterogeneity of the landscape and errors introduced by flux source partitioning. One important contribution to uncertainty is the influence of the urban biosphere on the regional carbon budget. Atmospheric observations of carbonyl sulfide (COS) are an emerging tool for estimating gross primary productivity: COS is consumed in plant leaves by parallel pathways to CO2 uptake, without the additional complexity of an analogous respiration term. This study makes use of COS measurements to better understand fluctuations in total CO2 concentrations over an urban region due to the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. In situ ground-based observations of trace gas concentrations were made from a tower in Livermore, CA, USA, and interpreted with WRF-STILT back trajectories and gridded data sets (e.g. VULCAN, a new anthropogenic COS inventory), supplemented with biosphere models (SiB, CASA-GFED3). CO2, 14CO2, and CO observations were used to first parse the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to total CO2. Changes in the remainder CO2 was differentiated as the sum of biosphere components with associated uncertainties. This approach could be used to better validate carbon emissions reduction measures and ecosytem-based carbon capture projects on the regional scale.

Catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulphide and carbon disulphide over Fe2O3 cluster: Competitive adsorption and reaction mechanism.

PubMed

Ning, Ping; Song, Xin; Li, Kai; Wang, Chi; Tang, Lihong; Sun, Xin

2017-10-31

The competitive adsorption and reaction mechanism for the catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulphide (COS) and carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) over Fe 2 O 3 cluster was investigated. Compared with experimental results, the theoretical study was used to further investigate the competitive adsorption and effect of H 2 S in the hydrolysis reaction of COS and CS 2 . Experimental results showed that Fe 2 O 3 cluster enhanced the catalytic hydrolysis effect. Meanwhile, H 2 S was not conducive to the hydrolysis of COS and CS 2 . Theoretical calculations indicated that the order of competitive adsorption on Fe 2 O 3 is as follows: H 2 O (strong) >CS 2 (medium) >COS (weak). In the hydrolysis process, the C=S bond cleavage occurs easier than C=O bond cleavage. The hydrolysis reaction is initiated via the migration of an H-atom, which triggers C=S bond cleavage and S-H bond formation. Additionally, we find the first step of CS 2 hydrolysis to be rate limiting. The presence of H 2 S increases the reaction energy barrier, which is not favourable for COS hydrolysis. Fe 2 O 3 can greatly decrease the maximum energy barrier, which decreases the minimum energy required for hydrolysis, making it relatively facile to occur. In general, the theoretical results were consistent with experimental results, which proved that the theoretical study was reliable.

Change in resonance parameters of a linear molecule as it bends: Evidence in electron-impact vibrational transitions of hot COS and CO2 molecules*

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoshino, Masamitsu; Ishijima, Yohei; Kato, Hidetoshi; Mogi, Daisuke; Takahashi, Yoshinao; Fukae, Katsuya; Limão-Vieira, Paulo; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Shimamura, Isao

2016-04-01

Inelastic and superelastic electron-impact vibrational excitation functions of hot carbonyl sulphide COS (and hot CO2) are measured for electron energies from 0.5 to 3.0 eV (1.5 to 6.0 eV) and at a scattering angle of 90°. Based on the vibrational populations and the principle of detailed balance, these excitation functions are decomposed into contributions from state-to-state vibrational transitions involving up to the second bending overtone (030) in the electronically ground state. Both the 2Π resonance for COS around 1.2 eV and the 2Πu resonance for CO2 around 3.8 eV are shifted to lower energies as the initial vibrational state is excited in the bending mode. The width of the resonance hump for COS changes only little as the molecule bends, whereas that of the overall boomerang resonance for CO2 becomes narrower. The angular distribution of the electrons resonantly scattered by hot COS and hot CO2 is also measured. The different shapes depending on the vibrational transitions and gas temperatures are discussed in terms of the symmetry of the vibrational wave functions. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Advances in Positron and Electron Scattering", edited by Paulo Limao-Vieira, Gustavo Garcia, E. Krishnakumar, James Sullivan, Hajime Tanuma and Zoran Petrovic.

Stabilization of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and waste cow bones.

PubMed

Moon, Deok Hyun; Cheong, Kyung Hoon; Khim, Jeehyeong; Wazne, Mahmoud; Hyun, Seunghun; Park, Jeong-Hun; Chang, Yoon-Young; Ok, Yong Sik

2013-05-01

Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) contamination at army firing ranges poses serious environmental and health risks to nearby communities necessitating an immediate and prompt remedial action. In this study, a novel mixture of calcined oyster shells (COSs) and waste cow bones (WCBs) was utilized to immobilize Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) in army firing range soils. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated based on the Korean Standard leaching test. The treatment results showed that Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) immobilization in the army firing range soil was effective in significantly reducing Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) leachability upon the combined treatment with COS and WCB. A drastic reduction in Pb(2+) (99%) and Cu(2+) leachability (95%) was obtained as compared to the control sample, upon treatment with 5 wt.% COS and 5 wt.% WCB. The combination treatment of COS and WCB was more effective for Pb immobilization, than the treatment with COS or WCB alone. The 5 wt.% COS alone treatment resulted in 95% reduction in Cu(2+) leachability. The SEM-EDX results suggested that Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) immobilization was most probably associated with the formation of ettringite, pozzolanic reaction products and pyromorphite-like phases at the same time. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Defects and impurities induced structural and electronic changes in pyrite CoS2: first principles studies.

PubMed

Li, Shengwen; Zhang, Yanning; Niu, Xiaobin

2018-05-03

Cobalt pyrite (CoS2) and related materials are attracting much attention due to their potential use in renewable energy applications. In this work, first-principles studies were performed to investigate the effects of various neutral defects and ion dopants on the structural, energetic, magnetic and electronic properties of the bulk CoS2. Our theoretical results show that the concentrations of single cobalt (VCo) and sulfur (VS) vacancies in CoS2 samples can be high under S-rich and S-poor conditions, respectively. Although the single vacancies induce defect states near the gap edge, they are still half-metallic. We find that the substitution of one S with the O atom does not obviously change the structural, magnetic and electronic features near the Fermi level of the system. Most transition metal impurities (MnCo, FeCo, and MoCo) and Group IV and V anion impurities (CS, SiS, NS, PS, and AsS) create impurity states that are deep and/or near the gap edge. However, NiCo and Group VII elements (FS, ClS, and BrS) cause very localized gap states close to the Fermi level in the minority spin channel, which may modify their electrochemical performances. Our extensive calculations provide instructive information for the design and optimization of CoS2-related energy materials.

What interests them in the pictures?--differences in eye-tracking between rhesus monkeys and humans.

PubMed

Hu, Ying-Zhou; Jiang, Hui-Hui; Liu, Ci-Rong; Wang, Jian-Hong; Yu, Cheng-Yang; Carlson, Synnöve; Yang, Shang-Chuan; Saarinen, Veli-Matti; Rizak, Joshua D; Tian, Xiao-Guang; Tan, Hen; Chen, Zhu-Yue; Ma, Yuan-Ye; Hu, Xin-Tian

2013-10-01

Studies estimating eye movements have demonstrated that non-human primates have fixation patterns similar to humans at the first sight of a picture. In the current study, three sets of pictures containing monkeys, humans or both were presented to rhesus monkeys and humans. The eye movements on these pictures by the two species were recorded using a Tobii eye-tracking system. We found that monkeys paid more attention to the head and body in pictures containing monkeys, whereas both monkeys and humans paid more attention to the head in pictures containing humans. The humans always concentrated on the eyes and head in all the pictures, indicating the social role of facial cues in society. Although humans paid more attention to the hands than monkeys, both monkeys and humans were interested in the hands and what was being done with them in the pictures. This may suggest the importance and necessity of hands for survival. Finally, monkeys scored lower in eye-tracking when fixating on the pictures, as if they were less interested in looking at the screen than humans. The locations of fixation in monkeys may provide insight into the role of eye movements in an evolutionary context.

Solar tidal variations of coefficients of second harmonic of gravitational potential of Mercury

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferrandiz, Jose; Barkin, Yury

2010-05-01

Variations of coefficients of the second harmonic of Mercury potential caused by the solar tides have been studied. In the paper we use analytical expressions for tidal variations of Stoks coefficients obtained for model of the elastic celestial body with concentric distributions of masses and elastic parameters (Love numbers) and their reduced form with using fundamental elastic parameter k2 of the Mercury. Taking into account the resonant properties of the Mercury motion variations of the Mercury potential coefficients we present in the form of Fourier series on the multiple of corresponding arguments of the Mercury orbital theory. Evaluations of the amplitudes and periods of observed variations of Mercury potential have been tabulated for base elastic model of the Mercury characterized by hypothetic elastic parameter (Love number) k2=0.37 (Dehant et al., 2005). Tidal variations of polar moment of inertia of the Mercury (due to tidal deformations) lead to remarkable variations of the Mercury rotation. Tidal variations of the Mercury axial rotation also have been determined and tabulated. From our results it follows that the tide periodic variations of gravitational coefficients of the Mercury in a few orders bigger then corresponding tidal variations of Earth's geopotential coefficients (Ferrandiz, Getino, 1993). Variations coefficients of the second harmonic of Mercury potential. These variations are determined by the known formulae for variations of coefficients of the second harmonic of geopotential (Ferrandiz, Getino, 1993). Here we present these formulae in some special form as applied to the considered problem about the Mercury tidal deformations: ( ) δJ2 = - 3Tα23-2, δC22 = T α21 - α22 -4, δS22 = T α1α2-2, δC21 = Tα1α3, δS21 = T α2α3. Here T = k2(M R3 -ma3 ) = 1.667 × 10-7 is a estimation of some conditional coefficient of tidal deformation of Mercury. m and Rare the mass and the mean radius of Mercury. Here we have used standard values of ratio of mass of the Sun and Mercury m-M = 6023600, mean radius of Mercury R = 2439.7 km. a = 0.3870983098 AU is an unperturbed value of major semi-axis of Mercury orbit. k2=0.37. αjis direction cosines of the radius-vector of the Sun in Mercury principal axes of inertia. The central problem of the work was a construction of trigonometric developments of the producta and squares of these direction cosines multiplied on function(a-r)3, where r is a value of radius-vector of the Sun anda is a major semi-axis of orbit of Mercury (unperturbed value): (a-r)3αiαj. Omiting sufficiently long procedure on construction of developments for mentioned products we present final formulas for solar tidal variations of coefficients of Mercury gravitational potential: M--(R-)3Σ δJ2 = - 3k2m a [R0,ν(ρ,t)cos? ν + r0,ν(ρ,t)sin ?ν] ν ( ) 1 M-- R- 3Σ Σ [ (ɛ) (ɛ) ] δS22 = - 8k2m a R2,ν cos(2g +2l- ɛ? ν)- r2,ν sin (2g - ɛ?ν) , ν ɛ 1 M (R )3Σ Σ [ (ɛ) (ɛ) ] δC21 = - 4k2m- -a R1,ν cos (g + l- ɛ? ν)- r1,ν sin(g+ l- ɛ?ν) , ν ɛ ( )3Σ Σ [ ] δS21 = - 1 k2 M- R- R (ɛ1,)ν cos(g+ l- ɛ?ν)- r(1ɛ),ν sin(g- ɛ? ν). 4 m a ν ɛ For simplicity here we put the value of the angle ? = 00, that means that in unperturbed rotational motion of Mercury its vector of angular momentum consides with the polar principial axis of inertia. Here ɛ = ±1; ?ν are arguments located on multiple of mean longitudes of planets (Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uran and the Neptune): ?ν = ν1LMe + ν2LV + ν3LE + ν4LMa + ν5LJu + ν6LSa + ν7LUr + ν8LNe; ν = (ν1,ν2,ν3,...,ν8) are corresponding sets of integer indexes. Here all functions R and r are special inclination functions depending from angle ρof inclination of vector of angular momentum of Mercury with respect to normal to base (Laplace) plane and coefficients:Aν(j), Bν(j) and aν(j), bν(j): R0,ν(ρ,t) = - 1 (3 cos2ρ - 1)A(ν0)- 1sin2ρA(ν1)- 1sin2ρA(ν2), 6 2 4 1 ( ) 1 1 r0,ν(ρ,t) = -- 3cos2ρ- 1 a(ν0)- -sin2ρa(1ν)- - sin2 ρa(ν2), 6 2 4 ( ) R(1ɛ,ν)= sin 2ρ A (0ν)- 1A (2ν) - 2cos2ρA(ν1) + 2ɛ cos ρB(ν1) - ɛ sinρB (2ν), 2 ( 1 ) r(1ɛ,ν)= 2cosρb(ν1)- sinρb(2ν)- ɛsin2ρ a(0ν)- -a(ν2) + 2ɛcos2ρa(ν1), 2 (ɛ) ( 1 ) R2,ν = A(ν2)+ sin2ρ A(ν0)- 2A(ν2) - sin2ρA(ν1)+ 2ɛsinρB (ν1)+ ɛ cosρB (ν2), r2,ν(ɛ) = 2sinρbν(1) + cosρbν(2) - ɛaν(2) - ɛsin2ρ( (0) 1 (2)) aν - 2aν + ɛsin2ρaν(1) (ɛ = ±1). As particular case from our inclination functions of corresponding expression of Kinoshita's functions are obtained. In accordance with generalized Cassini-Colombo laws it inclination is evaluated as ρ= 2'1 on modern data of radiolocation of Mercury. First estimation of this parameter was about 1'6 (Barkin, 1984). Coefficients Aν(j), Bν(j) and aν(j), bν(j)with high accuracy have been presented as quadratic functions of the time which take into account secular planetary perturbations in the Mercury orbital motion (Kudrjavsev, 2009; Barkin, Kudrjavsev, Barkin, 2009): Aν(j) = Aν;0(j) + Aν;1(j) × t + Aν;2(j) × t2, A = (A,B,a,b), j = (0,1,2). These coefficients generalize similar Kinoshita's coefficients (in Earth rotation theory) and represent full and exact developments of following functions of heliocentric spherical coordinates of Mercury (r, φ and λ): 1( a)3(1 - 3sin2φ ) =Σ A(0)cos? +a(0)sin? , 2 r ν ν ν ν ν ( ) a-3cos2φ cos2 (λ - h) =Σ A (2)cos? ν + a(2)sin ?ν, r ν ν ν ( )3 Σ a- cos2φ sin2 (λ - h) = B (2ν)sin ?ν + b(ν2)cos?ν, r ν ( a)3 Σ -- sinφ cosφ sin (λ - h) = A (1ν)cos?ν + a(1ν)sin ?ν, r ν ( a)3 Σ (1) (1) r- sinφ cosφ cos(λ- h) = B ν sin?ν + bν cos?ν. ν The new expansions are valid over 2000 years, 1000AI 3000AD, have a form similar to that of Kinoshita's series. The latest long-term numerical ephemerides of the Moon and planets DE-406 are used as the source of disturbing bodies coordinates. The mentioned developments have been constructed not only for the problem about Mercury rotation but also for the problems about Earth rotation, Venus rotation and in theory of the Moon rotation (Kudrjavsev, 2009; Barkin, Kudrjavsev, Barkin, 2009). Corresponding developments of Kinoshita in the Earth rotation theory are obtained as particular case from above mentioned formulae by restricting conditions: r = a = b = 0. In the work we analize and evaluate amplitudes, frequencies and phases of solar tidal variations of coefficients of second harmonic of gravitational potential of Mercury. Also tidal perturbations of the Mercury axial rotation caused by variations of polar moment of inertia are determined and analized. The Barkin's work partially was financially accepted by Spanish grants, Japanese-Russian grant N-09-02-92113-JF and by RFBR grant N 08-02-00367.

Investigating the impact of light and water status on the exchange of COS, 13CO2, CO18O and H218O from bryophytes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gimeno, Teresa; Royles, Jessica; Ogee, Jerome; Jones, Samuel; Burlett, Regis; West, Jason; Sauze, Joana; Wohl, Steven; Genty, Bernard; Griffiths, Howard; Wingate, Lisa

2016-04-01

Terrestrial surfaces are often covered by photoautotrophic communities that play a significant role in the biological fixation of C and N at the global scale. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are key members in these communities and are especially adapted to thrive in hostile environments, by growing slowly and surviving repeated dehydration events. Consequently, bryophyte communities can be extremely long-lived (>1500yrs) and can serve as valuable records of historic climate change. In particular the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of mosses can be used as powerful proxies describing how growing season changes in atmospheric CO2 and rainfall have changed in the distant past over the land surface. Interpreting the climate signals of bryophyte biomass requires a robust understanding of how changes in photosynthetic activity and moisture status regulate the growth and isotopic composition of bryophyte biomass. Thus theoretical models predicting how changes in isotopic enrichment and CO2 discrimination respond to dehydration and rehydration are used to tease apart climatic and isotopic source signals. Testing these models with high resolution datasets obtained from new generation laser spectrometers can provide more information on how these plants that lack stomata cope with water loss. In addition novel tracers such as carbonyl sulfide (COS) can also be measured at high resolution and precision (<5ppt) and used to constrain understanding of diffusional and enzymatic limitations during dehydration and rehydration events in the light and the dark. Here, we will present for the first time simultaneous high-resolution chamber measurements of COS, 13CO2, CO18O and H218O fluxes by a bryophyte species (Marchantia sp.) in the light and during the dark, through complete desiccation cycles. Our measurements consistently reveal a strong enrichment dynamic in the oxygen isotope composition of transpired water over the dessication cycle that caused an increase in the oxygen isotope discrimination of CO2. These data followed closely values predicted by our process-based model. We also observed a consistent pattern in the fluxes of CO2 and COS during the desiccation cycle. Initially when the bryophyte was wet and a barrier to diffusion existed, net CO2 and COS uptake rates were low. As the water film on the bryophyte disappeared the net rates of CO2 and COS uptake increased to a steady maximum rate whilst relative water content values remained above 100%. Thereafter, the bryophyte turned from a COS sink to a source. In this talk we will further explore how the COS exchange rate of bryophytes varies with light level and whether there is any evidence for differences in the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase with light and moisture status. We also use the data to develop and test a new theoretical model of COS exchange for astomatous plants for the first time.

Effects of social reorganization on dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability and cocaine self-administration in male cynomolgus monkeys.

PubMed

Czoty, P W; Gould, R W; Gage, H D; Nader, M A

2017-09-01

Studies have demonstrated that brain dopamine D2/D3 receptors (D2/D3R) and the reinforcing effects of cocaine can be influenced by a monkey's position in the social dominance hierarchy. In this study, we manipulated the social ranks of monkeys by reorganizing social groups and assessed effects on D2/D3R availability and cocaine self-administration. Male cynomolgus monkeys (N = 12) had been trained to self-administer cocaine under a concurrent cocaine-food reinforcement schedule. Previously, PET measures of D2/D3R availability in the caudate nucleus and putamen had been obtained with [ 18 F]fluoroclebopride during cocaine abstinence, while monkeys lived in stable social groups of four monkeys/pen. For this study, monkeys were reorganized into groups that consisted of (1) four previously dominant, (2) four previously subordinate, and (3) a mix of previously dominant and subordinate monkeys. After 3 months, D2/D3R availability was redetermined and cocaine self-administration was reexamined. D2/D3R availability significantly increased after reorganization in monkeys who were formerly subordinate, with the greatest increases observed in those that became dominant. No consistent changes in D2/D3R availability were observed in formerly dominant monkeys. Cocaine self-administration did not vary according to rank after reorganization of social groups. However, when compared to their previous cocaine self-administration data, the potency of cocaine as a reinforcer decreased in 9 of 11 monkeys. These results indicate that changing the social conditions can alter D2/D3R availability in subordinate monkeys in a manner suggestive of environmental enrichment. In most monkeys, social reorganization shifted the cocaine dose-response curve to the right, also consistent with environmental enrichment.

Muscimol inactivation of caudal fastigial nucleus and posterior interposed nucleus in monkeys with strabismus.

PubMed

Joshi, Anand C; Das, Vallabh E

2013-10-01

Previously, we showed that neurons in the supraoculomotor area (SOA), known to encode vergence angle in normal monkeys, encode the horizontal eye misalignment in strabismic monkeys. The SOA receives afferent projections from the caudal fastigial nucleus (cFN) and the posterior interposed nucleus (PIN) in the cerebellum. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the potential roles of the cFN and PIN in 1) conjugate eye movements and 2) binocular eye alignment in strabismic monkeys. We used unilateral injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol to reversibly inactivate the cFN (4 injections in exotropic monkey S1 with ≈ 4° of exotropia; 5 injections in esotropic monkey S2 with ≈ 34° of esotropia) and the PIN (3 injections in monkey S1). cFN inactivation induced horizontal saccade dysmetria in all experiments (mean 39% increase in ipsilesional saccade gain and 26% decrease in contralesional gain). Also, mean contralesional smooth-pursuit gain was decreased by 31%. cFN inactivation induced a divergent change in eye alignment in both monkeys, with exotropia increasing by an average of 9.8° in monkey S1 and esotropia decreasing by an average of 11.2° in monkey S2 (P < 0.001). Unilateral PIN inactivation in monkey S1 resulted in a mean increase in the gain of upward saccades by 13% and also induced a convergent change in eye alignment, reducing exotropia by an average of 2.7° (P < 0.001). We conclude that cFN/PIN influences on conjugate eye movements in strabismic monkeys are similar to those postulated in normal monkeys and cFN/PIN play important and complementary roles in maintaining the steady-state misalignment in strabismus.

Bardoxolone Methyl Decreases Megalin and Activates Nrf2 in the Kidney

PubMed Central

Chertow, Glenn M.; Hebbar, Sudarshan; Vaziri, Nosratola D.; Ward, Keith W.; Meyer, Colin J.

2012-01-01

Inflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks and mediators of the progression of CKD. Bardoxolone methyl, a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)–mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, increases estimated GFR and decreases BUN, serum phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations in patients with moderate to severe CKD. However, it also increases albuminuria, which is associated with inflammation and disease progression. Therefore, we investigated whether this bardoxolone methyl–induced albuminuria may result from the downregulation of megalin, a protein involved in the tubular reabsorption of albumin and lipid-bound proteins. Administration of bardoxolone methyl to cynomolgus monkeys significantly decreased the protein expression of renal tubular megalin, which inversely correlated with the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Moreover, daily oral administration of bardoxolone methyl to monkeys for 1 year did not lead to any adverse effects on renal histopathologic findings but did reduce serum creatinine and BUN, as observed in patients with CKD. Finally, the bardoxolone methyl–induced decrease in megalin corresponded with pharmacologic induction of renal Nrf2 targets, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 enzyme activity and glutathione content. This result indicates that Nrf2 may have a role in megalin regulation. In conclusion, these data suggest that the increase in albuminuria that accompanies bardoxolone methyl administration may result, at least in part, from reduced expression of megalin, which seems to occur without adverse effects and with strong induction of Nrf2 targets. PMID:22859857

Bardoxolone methyl decreases megalin and activates nrf2 in the kidney.

PubMed

Reisman, Scott A; Chertow, Glenn M; Hebbar, Sudarshan; Vaziri, Nosratola D; Ward, Keith W; Meyer, Colin J

2012-10-01

Inflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks and mediators of the progression of CKD. Bardoxolone methyl, a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, increases estimated GFR and decreases BUN, serum phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations in patients with moderate to severe CKD. However, it also increases albuminuria, which is associated with inflammation and disease progression. Therefore, we investigated whether this bardoxolone methyl-induced albuminuria may result from the downregulation of megalin, a protein involved in the tubular reabsorption of albumin and lipid-bound proteins. Administration of bardoxolone methyl to cynomolgus monkeys significantly decreased the protein expression of renal tubular megalin, which inversely correlated with the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Moreover, daily oral administration of bardoxolone methyl to monkeys for 1 year did not lead to any adverse effects on renal histopathologic findings but did reduce serum creatinine and BUN, as observed in patients with CKD. Finally, the bardoxolone methyl-induced decrease in megalin corresponded with pharmacologic induction of renal Nrf2 targets, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 enzyme activity and glutathione content. This result indicates that Nrf2 may have a role in megalin regulation. In conclusion, these data suggest that the increase in albuminuria that accompanies bardoxolone methyl administration may result, at least in part, from reduced expression of megalin, which seems to occur without adverse effects and with strong induction of Nrf2 targets.

Regulatory dendritic cell infusion prolongs kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates.

PubMed

Ezzelarab, M B; Zahorchak, A F; Lu, L; Morelli, A E; Chalasani, G; Demetris, A J; Lakkis, F G; Wijkstrom, M; Murase, N; Humar, A; Shapiro, R; Cooper, D K C; Thomson, A W

2013-08-01

We examined the influence of regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg), generated from cytokine-mobilized donor blood monocytes in vitamin D3 and IL-10, on renal allograft survival in a clinically relevant rhesus macaque model. DCreg expressed low MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but comparatively high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (B7-H1), and were resistant to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced maturation. They were infused intravenously (3.5-10 × 10(6) /kg), together with the B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent CTLA4Ig, 7 days before renal transplantation. CTLA4Ig was given for up to 8 weeks and rapamycin, started on Day -2, was maintained with tapering of blood levels until full withdrawal at 6 months. Median graft survival time was 39.5 days in control monkeys (no DC infusion; n = 6) and 113.5 days (p < 0.05) in DCreg-treated animals (n = 6). No adverse events were associated with DCreg infusion, and there was no evidence of induction of host sensitization based on circulating donor-specific alloantibody levels. Immunologic monitoring also revealed regulation of donor-reactive memory CD95(+) T cells and reduced memory/regulatory T cell ratios in DCreg-treated monkeys compared with controls. Termination allograft histology showed moderate combined T cell- and Ab-mediated rejection in both groups. These findings justify further preclinical evaluation of DCreg therapy and their therapeutic potential in organ transplantation. © Copyright 2013 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

Regulatory dendritic cell infusion prolongs kidney allograft survival in non-human primates

PubMed Central

Ezzelarab, M.; Zahorchak, A.F.; Lu, L.; Morelli, A.E.; Chalasani, G.; Demetris, A.J.; Lakkis, F.G.; Wijkstrom, M.; Murase, N.; Humar, A.; Shapiro, R.; Cooper, D.K.C.; Thomson, A.W.

2014-01-01

We examined the influence of regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg), generated from cytokine-mobilized donor blood monocytes in vitamin D3 and IL-10, on renal allograft survival in a clinically-relevant rhesus macaque model. DCreg expressed low MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but comparatively high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (B7-H1), and were resistant to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced maturation. They were infused intravenously (3.5–10×106/kg), together with the B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent CTLA4Ig, 7 days before renal transplantation. CTLA4Ig was given for up to 8 weeks and rapamycin, started on day −2, was maintained with tapering of blood levels until full withdrawal at 6 months. Median graft survival time was 39.5 days in control monkeys (no DC infusion; n=6) and 113.5 days (p< 0.05) in DCreg-treated animals (n=6). No adverse events were associated with DCreg infusion, and there was no evidence of induction of host sensitization based on circulating donor-specific alloantibody levels. Immunologic monitoring also revealed regulation of donor-reactive memory CD95+ T cells and reduced memory/regulatory T cell ratios in DCreg-treated monkeys compared with controls. Termination allograft histology showed moderate combined T cell- and Ab-mediated rejection in both groups. These findings justify further pre-clinical evaluation of DCreg therapy and their therapeutic potential in organ transplantation. PMID:23758811

Linking the potato genome to the Conserved Ortholog Set (COS) markers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Conserved ortholog set (COS) markers are an important functional genomics resource that has greatly improved orthology detection in Asterid species. A comprehensive list of these markers is available at Sol Genomics Network (http://www.sgn.cornell.edu) and many of these have been placed in the genet...

ACTIVATION ASSAY FOR PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR- ALPHA (PPARÁ) BY PERFLUOROALKYL ACIDS (PFAAS) IN COS-1 CELLS

EPA Science Inventory

PFAAs have been found to elicit various physiological effects including peroxisome proliferation, indicating the mechanism of action for these chemicals could involve PPAR. This study investigates the ability of PFAAs to bind and activate mouse and human PPARα in COS-1 cell...

Freshmen Survey. Fall 1985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodyear, Don

In 1985, College of the Sequoias (COS) was asked by the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (conducted jointly by the American Council on Education and the University of California, Los Angeles) to participate in a survey of incoming freshmen for the fall 1985 semester. During the summer counseling session, 259 new COS freshmen were…

Vocational Students' and Instructors' Perceptions and Usage of COS Library Services.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parrott, Marietta; And Others

A study was conducted at College of the Sequoias (COS) to gather information about patterns of library utilization among vocational students. Specifically, the study focused on vocational students' attitudes toward libraries, differences between the attitudes of library users and non-users, factors influencing library use, vocational faculty use…

Algebraic Trigonometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vaninsky, Alexander

2011-01-01

This article introduces a trigonometric field (TF) that extends the field of real numbers by adding two new elements: sin and cos--satisfying an axiom sin[superscript 2] + cos[superscript 2] = 1. It is shown that by assigning meaningful names to particular elements of the field, all known trigonometric identities may be introduced and proved. Two…

Summary of the COS Cycle 20 Calibration Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roman-Duval, Julia; Aloisi, Alessandra; Bostroem, K. Azalee; Ely, Justin; Holland, Stephen; Lockwood, Sean; Oliveira, Cristina; Penton, Steven; Proffitt, Charles; Sahnow, David; Sonnentrucker, Paule; Welty, Alan D.; Wheeler, Thomas

2015-06-01

We summarize the Cycle 20 calibration program for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, covering the time period from November 2012 through October 2013. We give an overview of the Calibration plan and status summaries for each of the individual proposals comprising the C20 Calibration program.

Summary of the COS Cycle 21 Calibration Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sana, Hugues; Fox, Andrew; Roman-Duval, Julia; Ely, Justin; Bostroem, K. Azalee; Lockwood, Sean; Oliveira, Cristina; Penton, Steve; Proffitt, Charles; Sahnow, David; Sonnentrucker, Paule; Welty, Alan D.; Wheeler, Thomas

2015-09-01

We summarize the Cycle 21 calibration program for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, covering the time period from November 2013 through October 2014. We give an overview of the Calibration plan and status summaries for each of the individual proposals comprising the C21 Calibration program.

Childhood Onset Schizophrenia: High Rate of Visual Hallucinations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

David, Christopher N.; Greenstein, Deanna; Clasen, Liv; Gochman, Pete; Miller, Rachel; Tossell, Julia W.; Mattai, Anand A.; Gogtay, Nitin; Rapoport, Judith L.

2011-01-01

Objective: To document high rates and clinical correlates of nonauditory hallucinations in childhood onset schizophrenia (COS). Method: Within a sample of 117 pediatric patients (mean age 13.6 years), diagnosed with COS, the presence of auditory, visual, somatic/tactile, and olfactory hallucinations was examined using the Scale for the Assessment…

Fuel gas desulfurization

DOEpatents

Yang, Ralph T.; Shen, Ming-Shing

1981-01-01

A method for removing sulfurous gases such as H.sub.2 S and COS from a fuel gas is disclosed wherein limestone particulates containing iron sulfide provide catalytic absorption of the H.sub.2 S and COS by the limestone. The method is effective at temperatures of 400.degree. C. to 700.degree. C. in particular.

Coal desulfurization. [using iron pentacarbonyl

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, G. C. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

Organic sulfur is removed from coal by treatment with an organic solution of iron pentacarbonyl. Organic sulfur compounds can be removed by reaction of the iron pentacarbonyl with coal to generate CO and COS off-gases. The CO gas separated from COS can be passed over hot iron fillings to generate iron pentacarbonyl.

SOME EVIDENCE OF PSYCHIC BLINDNESS IN MONKEYS WITH FOCAL-HEAD IRRADIATION OF THE TEMPORAL LOBES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDowell, A.A.; Brown, W.L.

1963-12-01

This study was conducted to compare the effects of various extra-cage social stimuli on the free-cage behavior of normal monkeys and of monkeys with previous focal-head irradiation. Four control and four focal-head irradiated monkeys with nearly identical training histories were used, the latter being the survivors of a focal-head irradiation study conducted 41/2 yr earlier. They had received 3000 r x radiation to an area of the head containing the inferior parietal lobule and posterior aspect of the temporal lobe, and repeated 30 days later Each group was systematically observed under each of four socialstimulus conditions with the order ofmore » condition presentation counterbalanced within each group over a 4-day period. The four social-stimulus conditions included: absence of social stimulus, an adult male monkey, an adult female monkey at menses, and an adult female monkey at estimated time of ovulation. The socialstimulus conditions showed no effect on the nondirected activities of the normal monkeys, but produced a marked decrease in the nondirected activities of the focal-head irradiated monkeys, with the least number of such activities being manifest in the presence of the adult female monkey at ovulation. Under conditions of social stimulation the normal monkeys showed a marked decrease in total directed activities of the non-social-stimulus condition, while the focal-head irradiated monkeys showed a marked increase, the effect in each instance being greatest in the presence of the female at ovulation. The directed activities, toward the cage as an object, of the controls decreasrd and those of the experimental subjects increased. The controls were more than twice as responsive to the female at estimated time of ovulation as to the other two social stimuli, while the experimental monkeys were equally responsive to each of the three social stimuli. The data suggest the presence of psychic blindness in the monkeys previously exposed to focal-head irradiation of the temporal lobes. (BBB)« less

Early adaptation to altered gravitational environments in the squirrel monkey

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuller, C. A.

1985-01-01

The feeding behavior of two squirrel monkeys flown in Spacelab 3 is compared to that of six monkeys exposed to 1.5 G through centrifugation. The monkeys in the centrifugation study were housed unrestrained in cages, maintained at 25 C + or - 1 C, exposed to a 12:12 light/dark cycle, and had unrestrained access to food and water. The Spacelab monkeys were maintained at 26 C, exposed to a 12:12 light/dark cycle and had unlimited food and water. It is observed that the centrifuge rats displayed a change in feeding behavior for 4 days prior to resuming a normal pattern; one Spacelab monkey exhibited a 6 day depression before recover to control levels, and the feeding pattern of the second monkey was not influenced by the environment. It is noted that the effect of an altered dynamic environment is variable on the feeding behavior of individual monkeys.

Adrenergic responsiveness is reduced, while baseline cardiac function is preserved in old adult conscious monkeys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sato, N.; Kiuchi, K.; Shen, Y. T.; Vatner, S. F.; Vatner, D. E.

1995-01-01

To examine the physiological deficit to adrenergic stimulation with aging, five younger adult (3 +/- 1 yr old) and nine older adult (17 +/- 1 yr old) healthy monkeys were studied after instrumentation with a left ventricular (LV) pressure gauge, aortic and left atrial catheters, and aortic flow probes to measure cardiac output directly. There were no significant changes in baseline hemodynamics in conscious older monkeys. For example, an index of contractility, the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/dt) was similar (3,191 +/- 240, young vs. 3,225 +/- 71 mmHg/s, old) as well as in isovolumic relaxation, tau (24.3 +/- 1.7 ms, young vs. 23.0 +/- 1.0 ms, old) was similar. However, inotropic, lusitropic, and chronotropic responses to isoproterenol (Iso; 0.1 micrograms/kg), norepinephrine (NE; 0.4 micrograms/kg), and forskolin (For; 75 nmol/kg) were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed in older monkeys. For example. Iso increased LV dP/dt by by 146 +/- 14% in younger monkeys and by only 70 +/- 5% in older monkeys. Iso also reduced tau more in younger monkeys (-28 +/- 7%) compared with older monkeys (-13 +/- 3%). Furthermore, peripheral vascular responsiveness to Iso, NE, For, and phenylephrine (PE; 5 micrograms/kg) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in older monkeys. For example, phenylephrine (5 micrograms/kg) increased total peripheral resistence by 69 +/- 4% in younger monkeys and by only 45 +/- 3% in older monkeys. Thus in older monkeys without associated cardiovascular disease, baseline hemodynamics are preserved, but adrenergic receptor responsiveness is reduced systemically, not just in the heart.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF SCARLET FEVER TO THE LOWER MONKEYS

PubMed Central

Draper, George; Hanford, John M.

1913-01-01

1. The reported successful transfer of scarlet fever to both higher and lower monkeys is not definitely established. 2. In the course of the experiments here reported, the infectious agent can be assumed to have been carried over to the monkeys. The failure to cause infection probably proceeds from the insusceptibility of the monkeys employed, or to the manner of introducing the agent. 3. The temperature curve and leucocyte count of monkeys are unsatisfactory criteria for the diagnosis of disease in those animals. 4. Monkeys frequently have transient blotchy, erythematous eruptions on the face and neck, and almost always a bran-like desquamation. 5. Monkeys are highly resistant to infection with microorganisms from human beings. PMID:19867663

Humans and monkeys use different strategies to solve the same short-term memory tasks.

PubMed

Wittig, John H; Morgan, Barak; Masseau, Evan; Richmond, Barry J

2016-11-01

The neural mechanisms underlying human working memory are often inferred from studies using old-world monkeys. Humans use working memory to selectively memorize important information. We recently reported that monkeys do not seem to use selective memorization under experimental conditions that are common in monkey research, but less common in human research. Here we compare the performance of humans and monkeys under the same experimental conditions. Humans selectively remember important images whereas monkeys largely rely on recency information from nonselective memorization. Working memory studies in old-world monkeys must be interpreted cautiously when making inferences about the mechanisms underlying human working memory. © 2016 Wittig, et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Ethograms indicate stable well-being during prolonged training phases in rhesus monkeys used in neurophysiological research.

PubMed

Hage, Steffen R; Ott, Torben; Eiselt, Anne-Kathrin; Jacob, Simon N; Nieder, Andreas

2014-01-01

Awake, behaving rhesus monkeys are widely used in neurophysiological research. Neural signals are typically measured from monkeys trained with operant conditioning techniques to perform a variety of behavioral tasks in exchange for rewards. Over the past years, monkeys' psychological well-being during experimentation has become an increasingly important concern. We suggest objective criteria to explore whether training sessions during which the monkeys work under controlled water intake over many days might affect their behavior. With that aim, we analyzed a broad range of species-specific behaviors over several months ('ethogram') and used these ethograms as a proxy for the monkeys' well-being. Our results show that monkeys' behavior during training sessions is unaffected by the duration of training-free days in-between. Independently of the number of training-free days (two or nine days) with ad libitum food and water supply, the monkeys were equally active and alert in their home group cages during training phases. This indicates that the monkeys were well habituated to prolonged working schedules and that their well-being was stably ensured during the training sessions.

Allergic asthma induced in rhesus monkeys by house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae).

PubMed

Schelegle, E S; Gershwin, L J; Miller, L A; Fanucchi, M V; Van Winkle, L S; Gerriets, J P; Walby, W F; Omlor, A M; Buckpitt, A R; Tarkington, B K; Wong, V J; Joad, J P; Pinkerton, K B; Wu, R; Evans, M J; Hyde, D M; Plopper, C G

2001-01-01

To establish whether allergic asthma could be induced experimentally in a nonhuman primate using a common human allergen, three female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were sensitized with house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) allergen (HDMA) by subcutaneous injection, followed by four intranasal sensitizations, and exposure to allergen aerosol 3 hours per day, 3 days per week for up to 13 weeks. Before aerosol challenge, all three monkeys skin-tested positive for HDMA. During aerosol challenge with HDMA, sensitized monkeys exhibited cough and rapid shallow breathing and increased airway resistance, which was reversed by albuterol aerosol treatment. Compared to nonsensitized monkeys, there was a fourfold reduction in the dose of histamine aerosol necessary to produce a 150% increase in airway resistance in sensitized monkeys. After aerosol challenge, serum levels of histamine were elevated in sensitized monkeys. Sensitized monkeys exhibited increased levels of HDMA-specific IgE in serum, numbers of eosinophils and exfoliated cells within lavage, and elevated CD25 expression on circulating CD4(+) lymphocytes. Intrapulmonary bronchi of sensitized monkeys had focal mucus cell hyperplasia, interstitial infiltrates of eosinophils, and thickening of the basement membrane zone. We conclude that a model of allergic asthma can be induced in rhesus monkeys using a protocol consisting of subcutaneous injection, intranasal instillation, and aerosol challenge with HDMA.

Allergic Asthma Induced in Rhesus Monkeys by House Dust Mite (Dermatophagoides farinae)

PubMed Central

Schelegle, Edward S.; Gershwin, Laurel J.; Miller, Lisa A.; Fanucchi, Michelle V.; Van Winkle, Laura S.; Gerriets, Joan P.; Walby, William F.; Omlor, Amanda M.; Buckpitt, Alan R.; Tarkington, Brian K.; Wong, Viviana J.; Joad, Jesse P.; Pinkerton, Kent B.; Wu, Reen; Evans, Michael J.; Hyde, Dallas M.; Plopper, Charles G.

2001-01-01

To establish whether allergic asthma could be induced experimentally in a nonhuman primate using a common human allergen, three female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were sensitized with house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) allergen (HDMA) by subcutaneous injection, followed by four intranasal sensitizations, and exposure to allergen aerosol 3 hours per day, 3 days per week for up to 13 weeks. Before aerosol challenge, all three monkeys skin-tested positive for HDMA. During aerosol challenge with HDMA, sensitized monkeys exhibited cough and rapid shallow breathing and increased airway resistance, which was reversed by albuterol aerosol treatment. Compared to nonsensitized monkeys, there was a fourfold reduction in the dose of histamine aerosol necessary to produce a 150% increase in airway resistance in sensitized monkeys. After aerosol challenge, serum levels of histamine were elevated in sensitized monkeys. Sensitized monkeys exhibited increased levels of HDMA-specific IgE in serum, numbers of eosinophils and exfoliated cells within lavage, and elevated CD25 expression on circulating CD4+ lymphocytes. Intrapulmonary bronchi of sensitized monkeys had focal mucus cell hyperplasia, interstitial infiltrates of eosinophils, and thickening of the basement membrane zone. We conclude that a model of allergic asthma can be induced in rhesus monkeys using a protocol consisting of subcutaneous injection, intranasal instillation, and aerosol challenge with HDMA. PMID:11141508

MarCOs Cruise in Deep Space

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-03-29

An artist's rendering of the twin Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft as they fly through deep space. The MarCOs will be the first CubeSats -- a kind of modular, mini-satellite -- attempting to fly to another planet. They're designed to fly along behind NASA's InSight lander on its cruise to Mars. If they make the journey, they will test a relay of data about InSight's entry, descent and landing back to Earth. Though InSight's mission will not depend on the success of the MarCOs, they will be a test of how CubeSats can be used in deep space. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22314

Distant Perspective of MarCOs Cruise in Deep Space

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-03-29

An artist's rendering of the twin Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft on their cruise in deep space. The MarCOs will be the first CubeSats -- a kind of modular, mini-satellite -- attempting to fly to another planet. They're designed to fly along behind NASA's InSight lander on its cruise to Mars. If they make the journey, they will test a relay of data about InSight's entry, descent and landing back to Earth. Though InSight's mission will not depend on the success of the MarCOs, they will be a test of how CubeSats can be used in deep space. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22315

VizieR Online Data Catalog: Second Quito Astrolabe Catalogue (Kolesnik+ 1994)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolesnik, Y. B.; Davila, H.

1994-03-01

The paper contains 515 individual corrections {DELTA}α and 235 corrections {DELTA}δ to FK5 and FK5Supp. stars and 50 corrections to their proper motions computed from observations made with the classical Danjon astrolabe OPL-13 at Quito Astronomical Observatory of Ecuador National Polytechnical School during a period from 1964 to 1983. These corrections cover the declination zone from -30° to +30°. Mean probable errors of catalogue positions are 0.047" in αcosδ and 0.054" in δ. The systematic trends of the catalogue {DELTA}ααcosδ, {DELTA}αδcosδ, {DELTA}δα, {DELTA}δδ are presented for the observed zone. (2 data files).

Signal Processing of Underwater Acoustic Waves

DTIC Science & Technology

1969-11-01

Shift of CW Pulse •’m/sec m/see AMl % Af/f % <_1 iŔ S;onar Ship ±! is 1,500 - 2 0.2 Radar Airplane ±- 500 3 x 108 +-+0.0003 0 01 The sonar, radar, and...cos[wot + CFt )j (5.27) j or y(t) = a(t) cos Cowt + 0(t) sin wot (5.28) where a(t) = R(t) cos PF(t) ( 0(t) = -R(t) sin ’P(t) .(5.29) JI SEC 5 6...paper by Middleton and Van Meter (1955), but if this is not available, the Harvard thesis of van Meter (1955) and Chap- ters 18 and 19 of Middleton’s

Germline transmission in transgenic Huntington's disease monkeys.

PubMed

Moran, Sean; Chi, Tim; Prucha, Melinda S; Ahn, Kwang Sung; Connor-Stroud, Fawn; Jean, Sherrie; Gould, Kenneth; Chan, Anthony W S

2015-07-15

Transgenic nonhuman primate models are an increasingly popular model for neurologic and neurodegenerative disease because their brain functions and neural anatomies closely resemble those of humans. Transgenic Huntington's disease monkeys (HD monkeys) developed clinical features similar to those seen in HD patients, making the monkeys suitable for a preclinical study of HD. However, until HD monkey colonies can be readily expanded, their use in preclinical studies will be limited. In the present study, we confirmed germline transmission of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) transgene in both embryonic stem cells generated from three male HD monkey founders (F0) and in second-generation offspring (F1) produced via artificial insemination by using intrauterine insemination technique. A total of five offspring were produced from 15 females that were inseminated by intrauterine insemination using semen collected from the three HD founders (5 of 15, 33%). Thus far, sperm collected from the HD founder (rHD8) has led to two F1 transgenic HD monkeys with germline transmission rate at 100% (2 of 2). mHTT expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using skin fibroblasts from the F1 HD monkeys and induced pluripotent stem cells established from one of the F1 HD monkeys (rHD8-2). Here, we report the stable germline transmission and expression of the mHTT transgene in HD monkeys, which suggest possible expansion of HD monkey colonies for preclinical and biomedical research studies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cloning and pharmacological characterization of the rabbit bradykinin B2 receptor.

PubMed

Bachvarov, D R; Saint-Jacques, E; Larrivée, J F; Levesque, L; Rioux, F; Drapeau, G; Marceau, F

1995-12-01

Degenerate primers, corresponding to consensus sequences of third and sixth transmembrane domains of G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, were used for the polymerase chain reaction amplification and consecutive characterization of G protein-coupled receptors present in cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. One of the isolated resulting fragments was highly homologous to the corresponding region of the bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor cloned in other species. The polymerase chain reaction fragment was used to screen a rabbit genomic library, which allowed the identification of an intronless 1101-nucleotide open reading frame which codes for a 367-amino acid receptor protein. The rabbit B2 receptor sequence is more than 80% identical to the ones determined in three other species and retain putative glycosylation, palmitoylation and phosphorylation sites. In the rabbit genomic sequence, an acceptor splice sequence was found 8 base pairs upstream of the start codon. Northern blot analysis showed a high expression of a major transcript (4.2 kilobases) in the rabbit kidney and duodenum, and a less abundant expression in other tissues. Southern blot experiments suggest that a single copy of this gene exists in the rabbit genome. The cloned rabbit B2 receptor expressed in COS-1 cells binds [3H]BK in a saturable manner (KD 2.1 nM) and this ligand competes with a series of kinin agonists and antagonist with a rank order consistent with the B2 receptor identity. The insurmountable character of the antagonism exerted by Hoe 140 against BK on the rabbit B2 receptor, previously shown in pharmacological experiments, was confirmed in binding experiments with the cloned receptor expressed in a controlled manner. By contrast, Hoe 140 competed with [3H]BK in a surmountable manner for the human B2 receptor expressed in COS-1 cells. The cloning of the rabbit B2 receptor will be useful notably for the study of the structural basis of antagonist binding and for studies on receptor regulation in a relatively large animal.

How Can Community Organizations Support Urban Transformative Teacher Leadership? Lessons from Three Successful Alliances

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker-Doyle, Kira J.

2017-01-01

Teachers who organize for educational equity and social justice generally do so through teacher-led professional networks. Community organizations (COs) that seek to support such teacher leaders can face challenges in working with their organic and often horizontally organized networks. This article examines three case studies of COs that…

Remedial Education at College of the Sequoias (1978-1981).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parrott, Marietta

In 1982, the California Postsecondary Education Commission conducted a statewide survey of remedial education in California's community colleges for the 3-year period, 1978-79, 1979-80, and 1980-81. College of the Sequoias's (COS's) response to this survey included the following information: (1) COS offered 6 remedial reading courses, 4 remedial…

BINDING OF STEROIDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS TO THE RAINBOW TROUT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA EXPRESSED IN COS CELLS

EPA Science Inventory

Binding of Steroids and Environmental Chemicals to the Rainbow Trout Androgen Receptor Alpha Expressed in COS Cells.

Mary C. Cardon, L. Earl Gray. Jr., Phillip C. Hartig and Vickie S. Wilson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, Reproductive Toxicology...

RAINBOW TROUT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND THE HUMAN ANDROGEN RECEPTOR: COMPARISONS IN THE COS WHOLE CELL BINDING ASSAY

EPA Science Inventory

Rainbow Trout Androgen Receptor Alpha And Human Androgen Receptor: Comparisons in the COS Whole Cell Binding Assay
Mary C. Cardon, L. Earl Gray, Jr. and Vickie S. Wilson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle...

Childhood Onset Schizophrenia: Cortical Brain Abnormalities as Young Adults

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstein, Deanna; Lerch, Jason; Shaw, Philip; Clasen, Liv; Giedd, Jay; Gochman, Peter; Rapoport, Judith; Gogtay, Nitin

2006-01-01

Background: Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the adult onset disorder. While structural brain imaging studies show robust, widespread, and progressive gray matter loss in COS during adolescence, there have been no longitudinal studies of sufficient duration to examine comparability with the more common adult onset…

Submarine Periscope Depth Course Selection Tactical Decision Aid

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-12-01

are translated to Cartesian coordinates. Co is own ship’s course. 8 X0 = DMho. cos(Co) Yo = DAho . sin(Co) Xc = DMht- cos(Ct) Yc = DMhbt sin(Ct) These...Display Graph. The input parameters of DAho , Ct, and DMiht along with Co as generated by the simulation are used to determine the Cartesian

Normalization of Cortical Gray Matter Deficits in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Patients with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mattai, Anand A.; Weisinger, Brian; Greenstein, Deanna; Stidd, Reva; Clasen, Liv; Miller, Rachel; Tossell, Julia W.; Rapoport, Judith L.; Gogtay, Nitin

2011-01-01

Objective: Cortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) progress during adolescence ultimately localizing to prefrontal and temporal cortices by early adult age. A previous study of 52 nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands had significant prefrontal and temporal GM deficits that appeared to…

Neurobiology of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biswas, Parthasarathy

2008-01-01

In the last decade there has been an exponential increase in studies on neurobiological measures in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). There seems to be a consensus that structural changes in COS are more marked than in adolescence-onset (AdOS) or adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Atrophy of total brain volume is progressive throughout the course…

On the cos ⁡ϕh asymmetry in electroproduction of pions in double longitudinally polarized process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Wenjuan; Wang, Xiaoyu; Du, Xiaozhen; Lu, Zhun; Ma, Bo-Qiang

2016-01-01

We study the cos ⁡ϕh azimuthal asymmetry in double polarized semi-inclusive pion production by considering the twist-3 effects directly from a quark-quark correlator. In particular, we evaluate the role of the transverse momentum dependent distributions eL (x, k T2) and gL⊥ (x, kT2) on the asymmetry. Using two different sets of spectator model results for these distributions, we predict the cos ⁡ϕh asymmetry of π+, π-, and π0 at the kinematic configuration available at CLAS, HERMES. Our estimate shows that the asymmetries for charged and neutral pions are sizable and could be accessed by CLAS and HERMES. We also calculate the asymmetries for charged hadrons at the kinematics of COMPASS and compare them with the experimental data. We find that the asymmetry at COMPASS in our model is small which is consistent with the COMPASS data. We also find that gL⊥ gives the dominant contribution to the cos ⁡ϕh asymmetry, while the contribution of eL is almost negligible.

A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of Intrinsic Absorption in Nearby AGN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dashtamirova, Dzhuliya; Dunn, Jay P.; Crenshaw, D. Michael

2017-01-01

We present a survey of the intrinsic UV absorption lines in active galactic nuclei (AGN). We limit our study to the ultraviolet spectra of type 1 AGN with a redshift of z < 0.15 as a continuation of the Dunn et al. (2007, 2008) and Crenshaw et al. (1999) studies of smaller samples. We identify approximately 90 AGN fit our redshift specifications in the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) database with Cosmic Origin Spectrograph (COS) observations. We download and co-add all of the COS spectra. We find that about 80 of these are type 1 AGN. We normalize the COS spectra and identify all of the intrinsic Lyman-alpha, N V, Si IV, and C IV intrinsic absorption features. From these data, we determine the fraction of type 1 AGN with intrinsic absorption in this redshift range and find the global covering factors of the absorbers. We also identify low ionization species as well as excited state lines. A number of objects have multiple epoch COS and/or Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) observations, which we use to investigate the absorption variability.

Different distribution of in-situ thin carbon layer in hollow cobalt sulfide nanocages and their application for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Meng; Lu, Shi-Yu; Ma, Li; Gan, Meng-Yu; Lei, Yao; Zhang, Xiu-Ling; Fu, Gang; Yang, Pei-Shu; Yan, Mao-Fa

2017-02-01

Recently, cobalt sulfides emerge as a candidate for energy reserve and conversation. However, the problem of poor stability and low rate capability for cobalt sulfides restrict its practical application. Thin carbon layer (TCL) coated has been regarded as a promising constructing strategy for high performance supercapacitors, because TCL can promote the tremendous properties of bare materials. In this literature, we report a very interesting phenomenon that different distribution of in-situ carbon coated hollow CoS2 nanocages (external and both external and interior) can be synthesized only by adjusting sulfuration time, followed by calcination. Moreover, it is clearly observed that CoS2-C@TCL exhibits significant improvement for specific capacitance and good stability (better than CoS2@TCL and CoS2). These results compel us to design a series of experiments to figure out the reason and the more detailed mechanism is discussed in paper. More importantly, it will provide a new strategy for synthesis of special structure with in-situ carbon coated sulfide for energy conversion.

Cerebellar development in childhood onset schizophrenia and non-psychotic siblings

PubMed Central

Greenstein, Deanna; Lenroot, Rhoshel; Clausen, Liv; Gogtay, Nitin; Rapoport, Judith

2011-01-01

We explored regional and total volumetric cerebellar differences in probands and their unaffected full siblings relative to typically developing participants. Participants included 94 (51 males) patients diagnosed with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), 80 related non-psychotic siblings (37 males) and 110 (64 males) typically developing participants scanned longitudinally. The sample mean age was 16.87(SD=4.7; range 6.5 to 29). We performed mixed model regressions to examine group differences in trajectory and volume. The COS group had smaller bilateral anterior lobes and anterior and total vermis volumes than controls. The COS group diverged from controls over time in total, left, right, and bilateral posterior inferior cerebellum. Siblings did not have any fixed volumetric differences relative to controls but differed from controls in developmental trajectories of total and right cerebellum, left inferior posterior, left superior posterior, and superior vermis. Results are consistent with previous COS findings and several reports of decreased cerebellar volume in adult onset schizophrenia. Sibling trajectories may represent a trait marker, although the effect size for volumetric differences in early adulthood may be small. PMID:21803550

Measurement of the angular distribution of the electron from W {r_arrow} e = {nu} decay, in p pbar at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV, as function of P{sub T}{sup W}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-06-01

The goal of this work is to study the behavior of the angular distribution of the electron from the decay of the W boson in a specific rest frame of the W, the Collins-Soper frame. More specifically, the parameter {alpha}{sub 2} from the expression d{sigma}/d(P{sub T}{sup W}){sup 2} d cos {theta}* = k(1 + {alpha}{sub 2} cos {theta}* + {alpha}{sup 2}(cos {theta}*){sup 2}), corresponding to the distribution of cos {theta}* in the Collins-Soper frame, was measured. The experimental value of {alpha}P{sub 2} was compared with the predictions made by E. Mirkes [11] who included the radiative QCD perturbations in themore » weak-interaction B{sub boson} {r_arrow} lepton + lepton. This experimental value was extracted for the first time using knowledge about how the radiative QCD perturbations will modify the predictions given by the Electro-Weak process only.« less

Efficacy of an Adenovirus-based Anti-cocaine Vaccine to Reduce Cocaine Self-administration and Reacqusition using a Choice Procedure in Rhesus Macaques

PubMed Central

Evans, Suzette M.; Foltin, Richard W.; Hicks, Martin J.; Rosenberg, Jonathan B.; De, Bishnu P.; Janda, Kim D.; Kaminsky, Stephen M.; Crystal, Ronald G.

2016-01-01

Immunopharmacotherapy offers an approach for treating cocaine abuse by specifically targeting the cocaine molecule and preventing its access to the CNS. dAd5GNE is a novel cocaine vaccine that attenuates the stimulant and the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats. The goal of this study was to extend and validate dAd5GNE vaccine efficacy in non-human primates. Six experimentally naïve adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer 0.1 mg/kg/injection intravenous (i.v.) cocaine or receive candy; then 4 monkeys were administered the vaccine and 2 monkeys were administered vehicle intramuscularly, with additional vaccine boosts throughout the study. The reinforcing effects of cocaine were measured during self-administration, extinction, and reacquisition (relapse) phases. Serum antibody titers in the vaccinated monkeys remained high throughout the study. There was no change in the preference for cocaine over candy over a 20-week period in 5 of the 6 monkeys; only one of the 4 (25%) vaccinated monkeys showed a decrease in cocaine choice. All 6 monkeys extinguished responding for cocaine during saline extinction testing; vaccinated monkeys tended to take longer to extinguish responding than control monkeys (17.5 vs. 7.0 sessions). Vaccination substantially retarded reacquisition of cocaine self-administration; control monkeys resumed cocaine self-administration within 6–41 sessions and 1 vaccinated monkey resumed cocaine self-administration in 19 sessions. The other 3 vaccinated monkeys required between 57–94 sessions to resume cocaine self-administration even in the context of employing several manipulations to encourage cocaine reacquisition. These data suggest that the dAdGNE vaccine may have therapeutic potential for humans who achieve cocaine abstinence as part of a relapse prevention strategy. PMID:27697554

Cup tool use by squirrel monkeys.

PubMed

Buckmaster, Christine L; Hyde, Shellie A; Parker, Karen J; Lyons, David M

2015-12-01

Captive-born male and female squirrel monkeys spontaneously 'invented' a cup tool use technique to Contain (i.e., hold and control) food they reduced into fragments for consumption and to Contain water collected from a valve to drink. Food cup use was observed more frequently than water cup use. Observations indicate that 68% (n = 39/57) of monkeys in this population used a cup (a plastic slip cap) to Contain food, and a subset of these monkeys, 10% (n = 4/39), also used a cup to Contain water. Cup use was optional and did not replace, but supplemented, the hand/arm-to-mouth eating and direct valve drinking exhibited by all members of the population. Strategies monkeys used to bring food and cups together for food processing activity at preferred upper-level perching areas, in the arboreal-like environment in which they lived, provides evidence that monkeys may plan food processing activity with the cups. Specifically, prior to cup use monkeys obtained a cup first before food, or obtained food and a cup from the floor simultaneously, before transporting both items to upper-level perching areas. After food processing activity with cups monkeys rarely dropped the cups and more often placed the cups onto perching. Monkeys subsequently returned to use cups that they previously placed on perching after food processing activity. The latter behavior is consistent with the possibility that monkeys may keep cups at preferred perching sites for future food processing activity and merits experimental investigation. Reports of spontaneous tool use by squirrel monkeys are rare and this is the first report of population-level tool use. These findings offer insights into the cognitive abilities of squirrel monkeys and provide a new context for behavior studies with this genus and for comparative studies with other primates. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Molecular cloning and characterization of rhesus monkey platelet glycoprotein Ibα, a major ligand-binding subunit of GPIb-IX-V complex.

PubMed

Qiao, Jianlin; Shen, Yang; Shi, Meimei; Lu, Yanrong; Cheng, Jingqiu; Chen, Younan

2014-05-01

Through binding to von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, the major ligand-binding subunit of the GPIb-IX-V complex, initiates platelet adhesion and aggregation in response to exposed VWF or elevated fluid-shear stress. There is little data regarding non-human primate platelet GPIbα. This study cloned and characterized rhesus monkey (Macaca Mullatta) platelet GPIbα. DNAMAN software was used for sequence analysis and alignment. N/O-glycosylation sites and 3-D structure modelling were predicted by online OGPET v1.0, NetOGlyc 1.0 Server and SWISS-MODEL, respectively. Platelet function was evaluated by ADP- or ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Rhesus monkey GPIbα contains 2,268 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 755 amino acids. Rhesus monkey GPIbα nucleotide and protein sequences share 93.27% and 89.20% homology respectively, with human. Sequences encoding the leucine-rich repeats of rhesus monkey GPIbα share strong similarity with human, whereas PEST sequences and N/O-glycosylated residues vary. The GPIbα-binding residues for thrombin, filamin A and 14-3-3ζ are highly conserved between rhesus monkey and human. Platelet function analysis revealed monkey and human platelets respond similarly to ADP, but rhesus monkey platelets failed to respond to low doses of ristocetin where human platelets achieved 76% aggregation. However, monkey platelets aggregated in response to higher ristocetin doses. Monkey GPIbα shares strong homology with human GPIbα, however there are some differences in rhesus monkey platelet activation through GPIbα engagement, which need to be considered when using rhesus monkey platelet to investigate platelet GPIbα function. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Vaccination of rhesus monkeys with recombinant antigen fragments and protection from hepatitis E virus infection].

PubMed

Ma, Yan-bing; Xie, Tian-hong; Zhang, Guang-ming; Li, Chun-hong; Dai, Xie-Jie; Dai, Chang-bai; Sun, Mao-sheng; Lu, Jian; Bi, Sheng-li

2002-12-01

To observe anti-HEV IgG response to vaccination of recombinant antigen fragments and evaluate its protection from Hepatitis E Virus infection in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Twelve monkeys were divided into three groups and immunized respectively with three different recombinant antigens: namely Ag1 (carboxyl terminal 431 amino acids of ORF2), Ag2 (128aa fragment at the carboxyl terminal of ORF2), and Ag3 (full length ORF3 ligated with two ORF2 fragments encoded by 6743-7126nt and 6287-6404nt). The monkeys were challenged intravenously with fecal suspension from experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, and the other three monkeys served as the placebo group for challenge with HEV. The dynamic changes of the levels of ALT and anti-HEV IgG were examined. Pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by light microscope. Excretion of virus was detected by RT-nPCR. Hepatic histopathology of two monkeys in the placebo group was consistent with acute viral hepatitis, and ALT was elevated 3-4 weeks after inoculated with virus, up to 10-20 times higher than normal level. The liver tissue of monkeys immunized with antigen kept normal, ALT in several monkeys elevated mildly, and anti-HEV IgG conversation occurred at 1-2 weeks after vaccination, with the titer reaching 1:12,800. The virus RNA could be detected by RT-nPCR from days 7 to 50 in monkeys of control group, and from days 7 to 21 in vaccinated monkeys after challenged with virus. The recombinant antigens could induce the production of anti-HEV IgG, which protected rhesus monkeys from acute Hepatitis symptoms related to HEV infection.

Mouse Mesenchyme forkhead 2 (Mf2): expression, DNA binding and induction by sonic hedgehog during somitogenesis.

PubMed

Wu, S C; Grindley, J; Winnier, G E; Hargett, L; Hogan, B L

1998-01-01

Cloning and sequencing of mouse Mf2 (mesoderm/mesenchyme forkhead 2) cDNAs revealed an open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 492 amino acids which, after in vitro translation, binds to a DNA consensus sequence. Mf2 is expressed at high levels in the ventral region of newly formed somites, in sclerotomal derivatives, in lateral plate and cephalic mesoderm and in the first and second branchial arches. Other regions of mesodermal expression include the developing tongue, meninges, nose, whiskers, kidney, genital tubercule and limb joints. In the nervous system Mf2 is transcribed in restricted regions of the mid- and forebrain. In several tissues, including the early somite, Mf2 is expressed in cell populations adjacent to regions expressing sonic hedgehog (Shh) and in explant cultures of presomitic mesoderm Mf2 is induced by Shh secreted by COS cells. These results suggest that Mf2, like other murine forkhead genes, has multiple roles in embryogenesis, possibly mediating the response of cells to signaling molecules such as SHH.

Global gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory of carbonyl sulfide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zumkehr, Andrew; Hilton, Tim; Whelan, Mary

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) is the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the troposphere and is an atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Gridded inventories of global anthropogenic COS are used for interpreting global COS measurements. However, previous gridded anthropogenic data are a climatological estimate based on input data that is over three decades old and are not representative of current conditions. Here we develop a new gridded data set of global anthropogenic COS sources that includes more source sectors than previously available and uses the most current emissions factors and industry activity data as input. Additionally, themore » inventory is provided as annually varying estimates from years 1980–2012 and employs a source specific spatial scaling procedure. We estimate a global source in year 2012 of 406 Gg S y -1 (range of 223–586 Gg S y -1), which is highly concentrated in China and is twice as large as the previous gridded inventory. Our large upward revision in the bottom-up estimate of the source is consistent with a recent top-down estimate based on air-monitoring and Antarctic firn data. Furthermore, our inventory time trends, including a decline in the 1990's and growth after the year 2000, are qualitatively consistent with trends in atmospheric data. Lastly, similarities between the spatial distribution in this inventory and remote sensing data suggest that the anthropogenic source could potentially play a role in explaining a missing source in the global COS budget.« less

Global gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory of carbonyl sulfide

DOE PAGES

Zumkehr, Andrew; Hilton, Tim; Whelan, Mary; ...

2018-03-31

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) is the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the troposphere and is an atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Gridded inventories of global anthropogenic COS are used for interpreting global COS measurements. However, previous gridded anthropogenic data are a climatological estimate based on input data that is over three decades old and are not representative of current conditions. Here we develop a new gridded data set of global anthropogenic COS sources that includes more source sectors than previously available and uses the most current emissions factors and industry activity data as input. Additionally, themore » inventory is provided as annually varying estimates from years 1980–2012 and employs a source specific spatial scaling procedure. We estimate a global source in year 2012 of 406 Gg S y -1 (range of 223–586 Gg S y -1), which is highly concentrated in China and is twice as large as the previous gridded inventory. Our large upward revision in the bottom-up estimate of the source is consistent with a recent top-down estimate based on air-monitoring and Antarctic firn data. Furthermore, our inventory time trends, including a decline in the 1990's and growth after the year 2000, are qualitatively consistent with trends in atmospheric data. Lastly, similarities between the spatial distribution in this inventory and remote sensing data suggest that the anthropogenic source could potentially play a role in explaining a missing source in the global COS budget.« less

Core outcome sets in dermatology: report from the second meeting of the International Cochrane Skin Group Core Outcome Set Initiative.

PubMed

Kottner, J; Jacobi, L; Hahnel, E; Alam, M; Balzer, K; Beeckman, D; Busard, C; Chalmers, J; Deckert, S; Eleftheriadou, V; Furlan, K; Horbach, S E R; Kirkham, J; Nast, A; Spuls, P; Thiboutot, D; Thorlacius, L; Weller, K; Williams, H C; Schmitt, J

2018-04-01

Results of clinical trials are the most important information source for generating external clinical evidence. The use of different outcomes across trials, which investigate similar interventions for similar patient groups, significantly limits the interpretation, comparability and clinical application of trial results. Core outcome sets (COSs) aim to overcome this limitation. A COS is an agreed standardized collection of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials for a specific clinical condition. The Core Outcome Set Initiative within the Cochrane Skin Group (CSG-COUSIN) supports the development of core outcomes in dermatology. In the second CSG-COUSIN meeting held in 2017, 11 COS development groups working on skin diseases presented their current work. The presentations and discussions identified the following overarching methodological challenges for COS development in dermatology: it is not always easy to define the disease focus of a COS; the optimal method for outcome domain identification and level of detail needed to specify such domains is challenging to many; decision rules within Delphi surveys need to be improved; appropriate ways of patient involvement are not always clear. In addition, there appear to be outcome domains that may be relevant as potential core outcome domains for the majority of skin diseases. The close collaboration between methodologists in the Core Outcome Set Initiative and the international Cochrane Skin Group has major advantages for trialists, systematic reviewers and COS developers. © 2018 British Association of Dermatologists.

Global gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory of carbonyl sulfide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zumkehr, Andrew; Hilton, Tim W.; Whelan, Mary; Smith, Steve; Kuai, Le; Worden, John; Campbell, J. Elliott

2018-06-01

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) is the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the troposphere and is an atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Gridded inventories of global anthropogenic COS are used for interpreting global COS measurements. However, previous gridded anthropogenic data are a climatological estimate based on input data that is over three decades old and are not representative of current conditions. Here we develop a new gridded data set of global anthropogenic COS sources that includes more source sectors than previously available and uses the most current emissions factors and industry activity data as input. Additionally, the inventory is provided as annually varying estimates from years 1980-2012 and employs a source specific spatial scaling procedure. We estimate a global source in year 2012 of 406 Gg S y-1 (range of 223-586 Gg S y-1), which is highly concentrated in China and is twice as large as the previous gridded inventory. Our large upward revision in the bottom-up estimate of the source is consistent with a recent top-down estimate based on air-monitoring and Antarctic firn data. Furthermore, our inventory time trends, including a decline in the 1990's and growth after the year 2000, are qualitatively consistent with trends in atmospheric data. Finally, similarities between the spatial distribution in this inventory and remote sensing data suggest that the anthropogenic source could potentially play a role in explaining a missing source in the global COS budget.

Normalization of Cortical Gray Matter Deficits in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Patients With Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

PubMed Central

Mattai, Anand A.; Weisinger, Brian; Greenstein, Deanna; Stidd, Reva; Clasen, Liv; Miller, Rachel; Tossell, Julia W.; Rapoport, Judith L.; Gogtay, Nitin

2012-01-01

Objective Cortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) progress during adolescence ultimately localizing to prefrontal and temporal cortices by early adult age. A previous study of 52 nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands had significant prefrontal and temporal GM deficits that appeared to “normalize” by age 17 years. Here we present a replication with nonoverlapping groups of healthy full siblings and healthy controls. Method Using an automated measure and prospectively acquired anatomical brain magnetic resonance images, we mapped cortical GM thickness in nonpsychotic full siblings (n = 43, 68 scans; ages 5 through 26 years) of patients with COS, contrasting them with age-, gender-, and scan interval–matched healthy controls (n = 86, 136 scans). The false-discovery rate procedure was used to control for type I errors due to multiple comparisons. Results As in our previous study, young nonpsychotic siblings (<17 years) showed significant GM deficits in bilateral prefrontal and left temporal cortices and, in addition, smaller deficits in the parietal and right inferior temporal cortices. These deficits in nonpsychotic siblings normalized with age with minimal abnormalities remaining by age 17. Conclusions Our results support previous findings showing nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands to have early GM deficits that ameliorate with time. At early ages, prefrontal and/or temporal loss may serve as a familial/trait marker for COS. Late adolescence appears to be a critical period for greatest localization of deficits in probands or normalization in nonpsychotic siblings. PMID:21703497

Partial mapping and sequencing of a fish iridovirus genome reveals genes homologous to the frog virus 3 p31, p40 and human eIF2alpha.

PubMed

Yu, Y X; Béarzotti, M; Vende, P; Ahne, W; Brémont, M

1999-09-01

Iridovirus-like pathogens have been recognized as a cause of serious systemic diseases among feral, cultured and ornamental fish in the recent years. Mortalities of fish due to systemic iridovirus infection reaching 30-100% were observed in Europe, Australia, Japan and Thailand. Up to now, the molecular biology of these important pathogens has been poorly documented. To get better insights on the genomic organization of these piscine iridoviruses, we have constructed a cosmid viral DNA library from the epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV). Two recombinant cosmids (Cos7 and Cos12) have been selected for systematic sequencing. Cos7 and 12 are localized side by side along the genome and cover the 2/3 part of the total EHNV genome which has been estimated to be approximately 101.47 kb in length. Thirty five kilobase pairs (kbps) from Cos7 and 10 kbps from Cos12 have been determined. Sequence analysis revealed open reading frames (ORF) sharing homologies with sequences from the Frog virus 3 such as the p31 and p40 proteins. Among the others identified ORFs, some of them presented homologies with known protein sequences, such as the human eIF2alpha protein, and some did not show any significant homologies with sequences available in the databases. But, none were related to Lymphocystis virus, a member of the Iridoviridae family, for which the full genome nucleotide sequence has been determined.

Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

PubMed

Liu, Zhen; Cai, Yijun; Wang, Yan; Nie, Yanhong; Zhang, Chenchen; Xu, Yuting; Zhang, Xiaotong; Lu, Yong; Wang, Zhanyang; Poo, Muming; Sun, Qiang

2018-02-08

Generation of genetically uniform non-human primates may help to establish animal models for primate biology and biomedical research. In this study, we have successfully cloned cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We found that injection of H3K9me3 demethylase Kdm4d mRNA and treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A at one-cell stage following SCNT greatly improved blastocyst development and pregnancy rate of transplanted SCNT embryos in surrogate monkeys. For SCNT using fetal monkey fibroblasts, 6 pregnancies were confirmed in 21 surrogates and yielded 2 healthy babies. For SCNT using adult monkey cumulus cells, 22 pregnancies were confirmed in 42 surrogates and yielded 2 babies that were short-lived. In both cases, genetic analyses confirmed that the nuclear DNA and mitochondria DNA of the monkey offspring originated from the nucleus donor cell and the oocyte donor monkey, respectively. Thus, cloning macaque monkeys by SCNT is feasible using fetal fibroblasts. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species richness and relative abundance in the vagina of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

PubMed Central

Gravett, Michael G.; Jin, Ling; Pavlova, Sylvia I.; Tao, Lin

2012-01-01

Background The rhesus monkey is an important animal model to study human vaginal health to which lactic acid bacteria play a significant role. However, the vaginal lactic acid bacterial species richness and relative abundance in rhesus monkeys is largely unknown. Methods Vaginal swab samples were aseptically obtained from 200 reproductive aged female rhesus monkeys. Following Rogosa agar plating, single bacterial colonies representing different morphotypes were isolated and analyzed for whole-cell protein profile, species-specifc PCR, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Results A total of 510 Lactobacillus strains of 17 species and one Pediococcus acidilactici were identified. The most abundant species was L. reuteri, which colonized the vaginas of 86% monkeys. L. johnsonii was the second most abundant species, which colonized 36% of monkeys. The majority of monkeys were colonized by multiple Lactobacillus species. Conclusions The vaginas of rhesus monkeys are frequently colonized by multiple Lactobacillus species, dominated by L. reuteri. PMID:22429090

Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of vascular endothelial growth factor in monkey eyes with iris neovascularization.

PubMed

Yuan, Meng-Ke; Tao, Yong; Yu, Wen-Zhen; Kai, Wang; Jiang, Yan-Rong

2010-08-25

To explore the in vivo anti-angiogenesis effects resulting from lentivirus-mediated RNAi of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in monkeys with iris neovascularization (INV). Five specific recombinant lentiviral vectors for RNA interference, targeting Macaca mulatta VEGFA, were designed and the one with best knock down efficacy (LV-GFP-VEGFi1) in H1299 cells and RF/6A cells was selected by real-time PCR for in vivo use. A laser-induced retinal vein occlusion model was established in one eye of seven cynomolgus monkeys. In monkeys number 1, 3, and 5 (Group 1), the virus (1x10(8) particles) was intravitreally injected into the preretinal space of the animal's eye immediately after laser coagulation; and in monkeys number 2, 4, and 6 (Group 2), the virus (1x10(8) particles) was injected at 10 days after laser coagulation. In monkey number 7, a blank control injection was performed. In monkeys number 1 and 2, virus without RNAi sequence was used; in monkeys number 3 and 4, virus with nonspecific RNAi sequence was used; and in monkeys 5 and 6, LV-GFP-VEGFi1 was used. In monkey number 5, at 23 days after laser treatment, no obvious INV was observed, while fluorescein angiography of the iris revealed high fluorescence at the margin of pupil and point posterior synechiae. At 50 days after laser treatment, only a slight ectropion uvea was found. However, in the other eyes, obvious INV or hyphema was observed. The densities of new iridic vessels all significantly varied: between monkey number 5 and number 3 (36.01+/-4.49/mm(2) versus 48.68+/-9.30/mm(2), p=0.025), between monkey number 3 and monkey number 7 (48.68+/-9.30/mm(2) versus 74.38+/-9.23/mm(2), p=0.002), and between monkey number 5 and number 7 (36.01+/-4.49/mm(2) versus 74.38+/-9.23/mm(2), p<0.001). Lentivirus-mediated RNAi of VEGF may be a new strategy to treat iris neovascularization, while further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect.

Using infective mosquitoes to challenge monkeys with Plasmodium knowlesi in malaria vaccine studies.

PubMed

Murphy, Jittawadee R; Weiss, Walter R; Fryauff, David; Dowler, Megan; Savransky, Tatyana; Stoyanov, Cristina; Muratova, Olga; Lambert, Lynn; Orr-Gonzalez, Sachy; Zeleski, Katie Lynn; Hinderer, Jessica; Fay, Michael P; Joshi, Gyan; Gwadz, Robert W; Richie, Thomas L; Villasante, Eileen Franke; Richardson, Jason H; Duffy, Patrick E; Chen, Jingyang

2014-06-03

When rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are used to test malaria vaccines, animals are often challenged by the intravenous injection of sporozoites. However, natural exposure to malaria comes via mosquito bite, and antibodies can neutralize sporozoites as they traverse the skin. Thus, intravenous injection may not fairly assess humoral immunity from anti-sporozoite malaria vaccines. To better assess malaria vaccines in rhesus, a method to challenge large numbers of monkeys by mosquito bite was developed. Several species and strains of mosquitoes were tested for their ability to produce Plasmodium knowlesi sporozoites. Donor monkey parasitaemia effects on oocyst and sporozoite numbers and mosquito mortality were documented. Methylparaben added to mosquito feed was tested to improve mosquito survival. To determine the number of bites needed to infect a monkey, animals were exposed to various numbers of P. knowlesi-infected mosquitoes. Finally, P. knowlesi-infected mosquitoes were used to challenge 17 monkeys in a malaria vaccine trial, and the effect of number of infectious bites on monkey parasitaemia was documented. Anopheles dirus, Anopheles crascens, and Anopheles dirus X (a cross between the two species) produced large numbers of P. knowlesi sporozoites. Mosquito survival to day 14, when sporozoites fill the salivary glands, averaged only 32% when donor monkeys had a parasitaemia above 2%. However, when donor monkey parasitaemia was below 2%, mosquitoes survived twice as well and contained ample sporozoites in their salivary glands. Adding methylparaben to sugar solutions did not improve survival of infected mosquitoes. Plasmodium knowlesi was very infectious, with all monkeys developing blood stage infections if one or more infected mosquitoes successfully fed. There was also a dose-response, with monkeys that received higher numbers of infected mosquito bites developing malaria sooner. Anopheles dirus, An. crascens and a cross between these two species all were excellent vectors for P. knowlesi. High donor monkey parasitaemia was associated with poor mosquito survival. A single infected mosquito bite is likely sufficient to infect a monkey with P. knowlesi. It is possible to efficiently challenge large groups of monkeys by mosquito bite, which will be useful for P. knowlesi vaccine studies.

Developing a core outcome set for infant colic for primary, secondary and tertiary care settings: a prospective study.

PubMed

Steutel, Nina F; Benninga, Marc A; Langendam, Miranda W; Korterink, Judith J; Indrio, Flavia; Szajewska, Hania; Tabbers, Merit M

2017-05-29

Infant colic (IC) is defined as recurrent and prolonged crying without an obvious cause or evidence of failure to thrive or illness. It is a common problem with a prevalence of 5%-25%. The unknown aetiology results in a wide variety in interventions and use of heterogeneous outcome measures across therapeutic trials. Our aim was to develop a core outcome set (COS) for IC to facilitate and improve evidence synthesis. Prospective study design; primary, secondary and tertiary care. The COS was developed using a modified Delphi technique. First, healthcare professionals (HCPs) and parents of infants with IC were asked to list up to five outcomes they considered relevant in the treatment of IC. Outcomes mentioned by >10% of participants were forwarded to a shortlist. In the second round, outcomes on this shortlist were rated and prioritised. The final COS was defined in a face-to-face expert meeting of paediatricians. F of invited stakeholders (133 HCPs and 55 parents of infants with IC) completed both Delphi rounds. Duration of crying, family stress, sleeping time of infant, quality of life (of family), discomfort of infant and hospital admission/duration were rated as most important outcomes in IC, framing the final COS. The use of this COS should serve as a minimum of outcomes to be measured and reported. This will benefit evidence synthesis, by enhancing homogeneity of outcomes, and enable evaluation of success in therapeutic trials on IC. Researchers are strongly encouraged to use this COS when setting up a clinical trial in primary, secondary and/or tertiary care or performing a systematic review on IC. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

How to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a "Core Outcome Set" - a practical guideline.

PubMed

Prinsen, Cecilia A C; Vohra, Sunita; Rose, Michael R; Boers, Maarten; Tugwell, Peter; Clarke, Mike; Williamson, Paula R; Terwee, Caroline B

2016-09-13

In cooperation with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative, the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) initiative aimed to develop a guideline on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes (i.e., constructs or domains) included in a "Core Outcome Set" (COS). A COS is an agreed minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specific disease or trial population. Informed by a literature review to identify potentially relevant tasks on outcome measurement instrument selection, a Delphi study was performed among a panel of international experts, representing diverse stakeholders. In three consecutive rounds, panelists were asked to rate the importance of different tasks in the selection of outcome measurement instruments, to justify their choices, and to add other relevant tasks. Consensus was defined as being achieved when 70 % or more of the panelists agreed and when fewer than 15 % of the panelists disagreed. Of the 481 invited experts, 120 agreed to participate of whom 95 (79 %) completed the first Delphi questionnaire. We reached consensus on four main steps in the selection of outcome measurement instruments for COS: Step 1, conceptual considerations; Step 2, finding existing outcome measurement instruments, by means of a systematic review and/or a literature search; Step 3, quality assessment of outcome measurement instruments, by means of the evaluation of the measurement properties and feasibility aspects of outcome measurement instruments; and Step 4, generic recommendations on the selection of outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a COS (consensus ranged from 70 to 99 %). This study resulted in a consensus-based guideline on the methods for selecting outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a COS. This guideline can be used by COS developers in defining how to measure core outcomes.

Ultraviolet and X-ray Variability of the Seyfert 1.5 Galaxy Markarian 817

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, Lisa M.; Danforth, Charles; Vasudevan, Ranjan; Brandt, W. N.; Scott, Jennifer; Froning, Cynthia; Keeney, Brian; Shull, J. Michael; Penton, Steve; Mushotzky, Richard; Schneider, Donald P.; Arav, Nahum

2011-02-01

We present an investigation of the ultraviolet and X-ray spectra of the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy Markarian 817. The ultraviolet analysis includes two recent observations taken with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) in 2009 August and December, as well as archival spectra from the International Ultraviolet Explorer and the Hubble Space Telescope. Twelve Lyα absorption features are detected in the 1997 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and 2009 COS spectra—of these, four are associated with high-velocity clouds in the interstellar medium, four are at low significance, and the remaining four are intrinsic features, which vary between the GHRS and COS observations. The strongest intrinsic absorber in the 1997 spectrum has a systemic velocity of ~-4250 km s-1. The corresponding feature in the COS data is five times weaker than the GHRS absorber. The three additional weak (equivalent width from 13 to 54 mÅ) intrinsic Lyα absorbers are at systemic velocities of -4100 km s-1, -3550 km s-1, and -2600 km s-1. However, intrinsic absorption troughs from highly ionized C IV and N V are not detected in the COS observations. No ionized absorption signatures are detected in the ~14 ks XMM-Newton EPIC spectra. The factor of five change in the intrinsic Lyα absorber is most likely due to bulk motions in the absorber, since there is no drastic change in the UV luminosity of the source from the GHRS to the COS observations. In a study of the variability of Mrk 817, we find that the X-ray luminosity varies by a factor of ~40 over 20 years, while the UV continuum/emission lines vary by at most a factor of ~2.3 over 30 years. The variability of the X-ray luminosity is strongly correlated with the X-ray power-law index, but no correlation is found with the simultaneous optical/UV photometry.

Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic review.

PubMed

Finney, Caitlin; Stergiopoulos, Erene; Hensel, Jennifer; Bonato, Sarah; Dewa, Carolyn S

2013-01-29

In adult correctional facilities, correctional officers (COs) are responsible for the safety and security of the facility in addition to aiding in offender rehabilitation and preventing recidivism. COs experience higher rates of job stress and burnout that stem from organizational stressors, leading to negative outcomes for not only the CO but the organization as well. Effective interventions could aim at targeting organizational stressors in order to reduce these negative outcomes as well as COs' job stress and burnout. This paper fills a gap in the organizational stress literature among COs by systematically reviewing the relationship between organizational stressors and CO stress and burnout in adult correctional facilities. In doing so, the present review identifies areas that organizational interventions can target in order to reduce CO job stress and burnout. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using Medline, PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. All retrieved articles were independently screened based on criteria developed a priori. All included articles underwent quality assessment. Organizational stressors were categorized according to Cooper and Marshall's (1976) model of job stress. The systematic review yielded 8 studies that met all inclusion and quality assessment criteria. The five categories of organizational stressors among correctional officers are: stressors intrinsic to the job, role in the organization, rewards at work, supervisory relationships at work and the organizational structure and climate. The organizational structure and climate was demonstrated to have the most consistent relationship with CO job stress and burnout. The results of this review indicate that the organizational structure and climate of correctional institutions has the most consistent relationship with COs' job stress and burnout. Limitations of the studies reviewed include the cross-sectional design and the use of varying measures for organizational stressors. The results of this review indicate that interventions should aim to improve the organizational structure and climate of the correctional facility by improving communication between management and COs.

Reference values of clinical chemistry and hematology parameters in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

PubMed

Chen, Younan; Qin, Shengfang; Ding, Yang; Wei, Lingling; Zhang, Jie; Li, Hongxia; Bu, Hong; Lu, Yanrong; Cheng, Jingqiu

2009-01-01

Rhesus monkey models are valuable to the studies of human biology. Reference values for clinical chemistry and hematology parameters of rhesus monkeys are required for proper data interpretation. Whole blood was collected from 36 healthy Chinese rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of either sex, 3 to 5 yr old. Routine chemistry and hematology parameters, and some special coagulation parameters including thromboelastograph and activities of coagulation factors were tested. We presented here the baseline values of clinical chemistry and hematology parameters in normal Chinese rhesus monkeys. These data may provide valuable information for veterinarians and investigators using rhesus monkeys in experimental studies.

Systems Biology of the Vervet Monkey

PubMed Central

Jasinska, Anna J.; Schmitt, Christopher A.; Service, Susan K.; Cantor, Rita M.; Dewar, Ken; Jentsch, James D.; Kaplan, Jay R.; Turner, Trudy R.; Warren, Wesley C.; Weinstock, George M.; Woods, Roger P.; Freimer, Nelson B.

2013-01-01

Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. The vervet monkey (also called the African green monkey) is a widely used NHP model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. This article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. It also discusses the effort of an international collaboration to develop the vervet monkey as the most comprehensively phenotypically and genomically characterized NHP, a process that will enable the scientific community to employ this model for systems biology investigations. PMID:24174437

Exposure of the endangered golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) to heavy metals: a comparison of wild and captive animals.

PubMed

Liu, Qiang; Chen, Yi-Ping; Maltby, Lorraine; Ma, Qing-Yi

2015-05-01

Golden monkeys are endemic to China and of high conservation concern. Conservation strategies include captive breeding, but the success of captive breeding programs may be being compromised by environmental pollution. Heavy metal exposure of wild and captive golden monkeys living in the Qinling Mountains was assessed by measuring fecal metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Captive monkeys were exposed to higher concentrations of As, Hg, Pb, and Cr than monkeys living in the wild, while high background levels of Mn led to high exposure of wild monkeys. Seasonal variations in metal exposures were detected for both wild and captive monkeys; possible reasons being seasonal changes in either diet (wild monkeys) or metal content of food (captive monkeys). Coal combustion, waste incineration, and traffic-related activities were identified as possible sources of heavy metals exposure for captive animals. Efforts to conserve this endangered primate are potentially compromised by metal pollutants derived from increasing anthropogenic activities. Providing captive animals with uncontaminated food and relocating captive breeding centers away from sources of pollution will reduce pollutant exposure; but ultimately, there is a need to improve environmental quality by controlling pollutants at source.