Windy Mars: A dynamic planet as seen by the HiRISE camera

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bridges, N.T.; Geissler, P.E.; McEwen, A.S.; Thomson, B.J.; Chuang, F.C.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Martinez-Alonso, S.

2007-01-01

With a dynamic atmosphere and a large supply of particulate material, the surface of Mars is heavily influenced by wind-driven, or aeolian, processes. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provides a new view of Martian geology, with the ability to see decimeter-size features. Current sand movement, and evidence for recent bedform development, is observed. Dunes and ripples generally exhibit complex surfaces down to the limits of resolution. Yardangs have diverse textures, with some being massive at HiRISE scale, others having horizontal and cross-cutting layers of variable character, and some exhibiting blocky and polygonal morphologies. "Reticulate" (fine polygonal texture) bedforms are ubiquitus in the thick mantle at the highest elevations. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.

Relay Sequence Generation Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gladden, Roy E.; Khanampompan, Teerapat

2009-01-01

Due to thermal and electromagnetic interactivity between the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), which performs relay sessions with the Martian landers, and the remainder of the MRO payloads, it is required to integrate and de-conflict relay sessions with the MRO science plan. The MRO relay SASF/PTF (spacecraft activity sequence file/ payload target file) generation software facilitates this process by generating a PTF that is needed to integrate the periods of time during which MRO supports relay activities with the rest of the MRO science plans. The software also generates the needed command products that initiate the relay sessions, some features of which are provided by the lander team, some are managed by MRO internally, and some being derived.

Emplacement of the youngest flood lava on Mars: A short, turbulent story

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Skinner, J.A.; Milazzo, M.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Rosiek, M.R.; Galuszka, D.M.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Kirk, R.L.

2010-01-01

Recently acquired data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), Context (CTX) imager, and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft were used to investigate the emplacement of the youngest flood-lava flow on Mars. Careful mapping finds that the Athabasca Valles flood lava is the product of a single eruption, and it covers 250,000 km2 of western Elysium Planitia with an estimated 5000-7500 km3 of mafic or ultramafic lava. Calculations utilizing topographic data enhanced with MRO observations to refine the dimensions of the channel system show that this flood lava was emplaced turbulently over a period of only a few to several weeks. This is the first well-documented example of a turbulently emplaced flood lava anywhere in the Solar System. However, MRO data suggest that this same process may have operated in a number of martian channel systems. The magnitude and dynamics of these lava floods are similar to the aqueous floods that are generally believed to have eroded the channels, raising the intriguing possibility that mechanical erosion by lava could have played a role in their incision. ?? 2009.

Emplacement of the youngest flood lava on Mars: A short, turbulent story

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jaeger, W.L.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Skinner, J.A.; Milazzo, M.P.; McEwen, A.S.; Titus, T.N.; Rosiek, M.R.; Galuszka, D.M.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Kirk, R.L.

2009-01-01

Recently acquired data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), Context (CTX) imager, and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft were used to investigate the emplacement of the youngest flood-lava flow on Mars. Careful mapping finds that the Athabasca Valles flood lava is the product of a single eruption, and it covers 250,000 km2 of western Elysium Planitia with an estimated 5000-7500 km3 of mafic or ultramafic lava. Calculations utilizing topographic data enhanced with MRO observations to refine the dimensions of the channel system show that this flood lava was emplaced turbulently over a period of only a few to several weeks. This is the first well-documented example of a turbulently emplaced flood lava anywhere in the Solar System. However, MRO data suggest that this same process may have operated in a number of martian channel systems. The magnitude and dynamics of these lava floods are similar to the aqueous floods that are generally believed to have eroded the channels, raising the intriguing possibility that mechanical erosion by lava could have played a role in their incision.

An Inverted Crater West of Mawrth Vallis

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-28

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) captures details of an approximately 1-kilometer inverted crater west of Mawrth Vallis. A Context Camera image provides context for the erosional features observed at this site. The location of this HiRISE image is north of the proposed landing ellipse for the ExoMars 2020 rover mission that will investigate diverse rocks and minerals related to ancient water-related activity in this region. Prolonged erosion removed less resistant rocks leaving behind other rocks that stand up locally such as the crater seen here and other nearby remnants. These resistant layers may belong to a phase of volcanism and/or water-related activity that carved Mawrth Vallis and filled in existing craters, and other lower-lying depressions, with darker materials. Erosion has also exposed these layers down to older, more resistant lighter rocks that are clay-bearing. The diversity of exposed bedrock made this location an ideal candidate for exploring a potentially water-rich ancient environment that might have once harbored life. The map is projected here at a scale of 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) per pixel. [The original image scale is 28.7 centimeters (11.3 inches) per pixel (with 1 x 1 binning); objects on the order of 86 centimeters (33.9 inches) across are resolved.] North is up. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22117

An Undergraduate Endeavor: Assembling a Live Planetarium Show About Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McGraw, Allison M.

2016-10-01

Viewing the mysterious red planet Mars goes back thousands of years with just the human eye but in more recent years the growth of telescopes, satellites and lander missions unveil unrivaled detail of the Martian surface that tells a story worth listening to. This planetarium show will go through the observations starting with the ancients to current understandings of the Martian surface, atmosphere and inner-workings through past and current Mars missions. Visual animations of its planetary motions, display of high resolution images from the Hi-RISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) and CTX (Context Camera) data imagery aboard the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) as well as other datasets will be used to display the terrain detail and imagery of the planet Mars with a digital projection system. Local planetary scientists and Mars specialists from the Lunar and Planetary Lab at the University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) will be interviewed and used in the show to highlight current technology and understandings of the red planet. This is an undergraduate project that is looking for collaborations and insight in order gain structure in script writing that will teach about this planetary body to all ages in the format of a live planetarium show.

49 CFR 40.163 - How does the MRO report drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... for the test, if indicated on the CCF (e.g., random, post-accident); (4) Date of the collection; (5... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false How does the MRO report drug test results? 40.163... How does the MRO report drug test results? (a) As the MRO, it is your responsibility to report all...

49 CFR 40.163 - How does the MRO report drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... for the test, if indicated on the CCF (e.g., random, post-accident); (4) Date of the collection; (5... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How does the MRO report drug test results? 40.163... How does the MRO report drug test results? (a) As the MRO, it is your responsibility to report all...

49 CFR 40.163 - How does the MRO report drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... for the test, if indicated on the CCF (e.g., random, post-accident); (4) Date of the collection; (5... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How does the MRO report drug test results? 40.163... How does the MRO report drug test results? (a) As the MRO, it is your responsibility to report all...

The resolved nucleus of Comet Siding Spring (C/2013 A1) in MRO HiRISE images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farnham, Tony; Kelley, Michael S.; Bodewits, Dennis; Bauer, James M.

2017-10-01

Comet Siding Spring (C/2013 A1) passed within 140,000 km of Mars on 19 Oct 2014. The MRO spacecraft, in orbit around Mars, used its HiRISE camera to monitor the comet during the encounter, obtaining the first resolved images of the nucleus of a dynamically new comet.MRO observed Siding Spring from 60 hr before, to 15 hr after close approach, obtaining 122 images in three different color filters. Close approach images, with a spatial scale as small as 138 m/pix, reveal an elongated crescent that changes shape over the course of the sequence, indicating that we are seeing a ~1 km non-spherical body from different viewpoints as the comet rapidly sweeps past. To better constrain the characteristics of the nucleus, we are performing detailed analyses, including modeling of the inner coma to separate its flux contribution from that of the nucleus. In conjunction with the coma removal, we will model the nucleus as a prolate/triaxial ellipsoid and, combined with the known illumination and viewing conditions, will use the changing aspect in the images to constrain the size, shape, orientation, albedo and possibly the phase dependence of the nucleus.In addition to the close approach observations, the images before and after close approach capture the coma structure and brightness. The photometric lightcurve from these images shows variability with an 8.1 hr period, which is presumed to be the rotational modulation of the coma activity. The observed morphology changes as well, promising to provide a measure of the nucleus' spin axis orientation.We will report on the results from our analyses, and provide the first direct measurements of the nucleus of a dynamically new comet.

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May the MRO change a verified drug test result? 40... § 40.149 May the MRO change a verified drug test result? (a) As the MRO, you may change a verified test... positive. You would change X's test result from positive to negative and contact Y to conduct a...

Modeling Floods in Athabasca Valles, Mars, Using CTX Stereo Topography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dundas, C. M.; Keszthelyi, L. P.; Denlinger, R. P.; Thomas, O. H.; Galuszka, D.; Hare, T. M.; Kirk, R. L.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Rosiek, M.

2012-12-01

Among the most remarkable landforms on Mars are the outflow channels, which suggest the occurrence of catastrophic water floods in the past. Athabasca Valles has long been thought to be the youngest of these channels [1-2], although it has recently become clear that the young crater age applies to a coating lava flow [3]. Simulations with a 2.5-dimensional flood model have provided insight into the details of flood dynamics but have also demonstrated that the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) Mission Experiment Gridded Data Records includes significant artifacts at this latitude at the scales relevant for flood modeling [4]. In order to obtain improved topography, we processed stereo images from the Context Camera (CTX) of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) using methods developed for producing topographic models of the Moon with images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, a derivative of the CTX camera. Some work on flood modeling with CTX stereo has been published by [5], but we will present several advances, including corrections to the published CTX optical distortion model and improved methods to combine the stereo and MOLA data. The limitations of current methods are the accuracy of control to MOLA and the level of error introduced when the MRO spacecraft is not in a high-stability mode during stereo imaging, leading to jitter impacting the derived topography. Construction of a mosaic of multiple stereo pairs, controlled to MOLA, allows us to consider flow through the cluster of streamlined islands in the upper part of the channel [6], including what is suggested to be the best example of flood-formed subaqueous dunes on Mars [7]. We will present results from running a flood model [4, 8] through the high-resolution (100 m/post) DEM covering the streamlined islands and subaqueous dunes, using results from a lower-resolution model as a guide to the inflow. By considering a range of flow levels below estimated peak flow, we can examine the flow behavior at the site of the apparent subaqueous dunes and, in particular, assess whether the flow in this area is uniquely conducive to the formation of such bedforms [e.g., 9]. [1] Berman D. C. and Hartmann W. K. (2002) Icarus 159, 1-17. [2] Burr D. M. et al. (2002) Icarus 159, 53-73. [3] Jaeger W. L. et al. (2010) Icarus 205, 230-243. [4] Keszthelyi L. P. et al. (2007) GRL 34, L21206. [5] McIntyre et al. (2012) JGR 117, E03009. [6] Burr D. (2005) Geomorphology 69, 242-252. [7] Burr D. M. et al. (2004) Icarus 171, 68-83. [8] Denlinger R. P. and O'Connell D. R. H. (2008) J. Hyd. Eng. 134, 1590-1602. [9] Kleinhans M. G. (2005) JGR 110, E12003.

Replacement Sequence of Events Generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fisher, Forest; Gladden, Daniel Wenkert Roy; Khanampompan, Teerpat

2008-01-01

The soeWINDOW program automates the generation of an ITAR (International Traffic in Arms Regulations)-compliant sub-RSOE (Replacement Sequence of Events) by extracting a specified temporal window from an RSOE while maintaining page header information. RSOEs contain a significant amount of information that is not ITAR-compliant, yet that foreign partners need to see for command details to their instrument, as well as the surrounding commands that provide context for validation. soeWINDOW can serve as an example of how command support products can be made ITAR-compliant for future missions. This software is a Perl script intended for use in the mission operations UNIX environment. It is designed for use to support the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) instrument team. The tool also provides automated DOM (Distributed Object Manager) storage into the special ITAR-okay DOM collection, and can be used for creating focused RSOEs for product review by any of the MRO teams.

Child Temperament Moderates Effects of Parent-Child Mutuality on Self-Regulation: A Relationship-Based Path for Emotionally Negative Infants

PubMed Central

Kim, Sanghag; Kochanska, Grazyna

2012-01-01

This study examined infants’ negative emotionality as moderating the effect of parent-child Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) on children’s self-regulation (N=102). Negative emotionality was observed in anger-eliciting episodes and in interactions with parents at 7 months. MRO was coded in naturalistic interactions at 15 months. Self-regulation was measured at 25 months in effortful control battery and as self-regulated compliance to parental requests and prohibitions. Negative emotionality moderated the effects of mother-child MRO. Highly negative infants were less self-regulated when they were in unresponsive relationships (low MRO), but more self-regulated when in responsive relationships (high MRO). For infants not prone to negative emotionality, there was no link between MRO and self-regulation. The “regions-of-significance” analysis supported the differential susceptibility model not the diathesis-stress model. PMID:22670684

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Navigation Strategy for Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent and Landing Telecommunication Relay Support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, Jessica L.; Menon, Premkumar R.; Demcak, Stuart W.

2012-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is an orbiting asset that performs remote sensing observations in order to characterize the surface, subsurface and atmosphere of Mars. To support upcoming NASA Mars Exploration Program Office objectives, MRO will be used as a relay communication link for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission during the MSL Entry, Descent and Landing sequence. To do so, MRO Navigation must synchronize the MRO Primary Science Orbit (PSO) with a set of target conditions requested by the MSL Navigation Team; this may be accomplished via propulsive maneuvers. This paper describes the MRO Navigation strategy for and operational performance of MSL EDL relay telecommunication support.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Navigation Strategy for Dual Support of Insight and ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module in 2016

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wagner, Sean V.; Menon, Premkumar R.; Chung, Min-Kun J.; Williams, Jessica L.

2015-01-01

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) will support NASA's InSight Mission and ESA's ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) in the fall of 2016 when both landers arrive at Mars. MRO provided relay support during the Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) sequences of Mars Phoenix Lander in 2008 and the Mars Science Laboratory in 2012. Unlike these missions, MRO will coordinate between two EDL events separated by only three weeks: InSight on September 28, 2016 and EDM on October 19, 2016. This paper describes MRO Navigation's maneuver strategy to move MRO's ascending node to meet the In- Sight EDL phasing requirement and support EDM.

Response to MRO's end-to-end data accountability challenges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Young H.

2005-01-01

(MRO) on August 12, 2005. It carries six science instruments and three engineering payloads. Because MRO will produce an unprecedented number of science products, it will transmit a much higher data volume via high data rate than any other deep space mission to date. Keeping track of MRO products as well as relay products would be a daunting, expensive task without a well-planned data-product tracking strategy. To respond to this challenge, the MRO project developed the End-to- End Data Accountability System by utilizing existing information available from both ground and flight elements. Therefore, a capability to perform first-order problem diagnosis is essential in order for MRO to answer the questions, where is my data? and when will my data be available? This paper details the approaches taken, design and implementation of the tools, procedures and teams that track data products from the time they are predicted until they arrive in the hands of the end users.

Medium range order in aluminum-based metallic glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yi, Feng

2011-12-01

Medium range order (MRO) is the structure order existing between the short range order and long range order in amorphous materials. Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) is an effective method to quantify MRO. The FEM signal depends on several effects. In this thesis, I will show how the probe coherence, sample thickness and energy filter affect the FEM signal. We have found that microalloying in Al-based glass has dramatic effect on the primary crystallization temperature and nanocrystal density after annealing treatment. FEM alone cannot uncover the details of MRO in these alloys. Therefore, I resort to modeling to solve the relationship between the variance signal and MRO structure. I improved Stratton and Voyles's analytical model. I also did computer simulation. I explored the effects of thermal disorder and hydrostatic strain on the variance. The extracted size d and volume fraction phi in Al88Y7Fe5, Al88Y6Fe 5Cu1 and Al87Y7Fe5Cu 1 as-spun samples reveals the relationship between MRO in as-quenched sample and thermal behaviors in these alloys. I also did FEM experiments in relaxed Al88Y7Fe 5 samples at various annealing times. MRO structure in these samples does not change. FEM was also done on Al87Y7Fe5Cu 1 to check MRO variation during transient nucleation period. The extracted (d, phi) based on combination of experimental data and simulation shows how MRO changes during this period.

Pangolin distribution and conservation status in Bangladesh

PubMed Central

Trageser, Scott J.; Mro, Passing; Mro, Poroy

2017-01-01

Asian pangolins are a highly-threatened species group, mainly due to the perceived medicinal value of their scales. Increased demand from China has resulted in pangolins being the most trafficked mammal in the world. Three pangolin species are reported to occur in Bangladesh: Manis pentadactyla, M. crassicaudata, and M. javanica. No peer-reviewed studies exist detailing these species’ current distribution or status within Bangladesh. A literature review was conducted resulting in the clarification of conflicting reports and misidentified observations and specimen records. In this paper, we also report the current status of pangolins (Manis spp.) in Bangladesh based on semi-structured interviews, camera trapping, media queries, and field surveys employing traditional ecological knowledge and non-randomized transect surveys. Ethnozoological knowledge pertaining to the natural history of M. pentadactyla is also reported from experienced Mro tribal hunters. The critically endangered M. pentadactyla was verified to occur in northwest, northeast, and southeast Bangladesh in natural and degraded habitats. Interviews with the Mro tribe in the southeast indicate that pangolin populations there were likely extirpated in 2014 due to skilled commercial collection beginning in 2010. Evidence of extant M. crassicaudata and M. javanica populations remain unverified and questionable, and historical records of M. crassicaudata and M. javanica are likely a result of misidentification. PMID:28388644

MARS Science Laboratory Post-Landing Location Estimation Using Post2 Trajectory Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, J. L.; Shidner, Jeremy D.; Way, David W.

2013-01-01

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover landed safely on Mars August 5th, 2012 at 10:32 PDT, Earth Received Time. Immediately following touchdown confirmation, best estimates of position were calculated to assist in determining official MSL locations during entry, descent and landing (EDL). Additionally, estimated balance mass impact locations were provided and used to assess how predicted locations compared to actual locations. For MSL, the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories II (POST2) was the primary trajectory simulation tool used to predict and assess EDL performance from cruise stage separation through rover touchdown and descent stage impact. This POST2 simulation was used during MSL operations for EDL trajectory analyses in support of maneuver decisions and imaging MSL during EDL. This paper presents the simulation methodology used and results of pre/post-landing MSL location estimates and associated imagery from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter s (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera. To generate these estimates, the MSL POST2 simulation nominal and Monte Carlo data, flight telemetry from onboard navigation, relay orbiter positions from MRO and Mars Odyssey and HiRISE generated digital elevation models (DEM) were utilized. A comparison of predicted rover and balance mass location estimations against actual locations are also presented.

Pangolin distribution and conservation status in Bangladesh.

PubMed

Trageser, Scott J; Ghose, Animesh; Faisal, Muzaffar; Mro, Passing; Mro, Poroy; Rahman, Shahriar Caesar

2017-01-01

Asian pangolins are a highly-threatened species group, mainly due to the perceived medicinal value of their scales. Increased demand from China has resulted in pangolins being the most trafficked mammal in the world. Three pangolin species are reported to occur in Bangladesh: Manis pentadactyla, M. crassicaudata, and M. javanica. No peer-reviewed studies exist detailing these species' current distribution or status within Bangladesh. A literature review was conducted resulting in the clarification of conflicting reports and misidentified observations and specimen records. In this paper, we also report the current status of pangolins (Manis spp.) in Bangladesh based on semi-structured interviews, camera trapping, media queries, and field surveys employing traditional ecological knowledge and non-randomized transect surveys. Ethnozoological knowledge pertaining to the natural history of M. pentadactyla is also reported from experienced Mro tribal hunters. The critically endangered M. pentadactyla was verified to occur in northwest, northeast, and southeast Bangladesh in natural and degraded habitats. Interviews with the Mro tribe in the southeast indicate that pangolin populations there were likely extirpated in 2014 due to skilled commercial collection beginning in 2010. Evidence of extant M. crassicaudata and M. javanica populations remain unverified and questionable, and historical records of M. crassicaudata and M. javanica are likely a result of misidentification.

100 New Impact Crater Sites Found on Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kennedy, M. R.; Malin, M. C.

2009-12-01

Recent observations constrain the formation of 100 new impact sites on Mars over the past decade; 19 of these were found using the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), and the other 81 have been identified since 2006 using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera (CTX). Every 6 meter/pixel CTX image is examined upon receipt and, where they overlap images of 0.3-240 m/pixel scale acquired by the same or other Mars-orbiting spacecraft, we look for features that may have changed. New impact sites are initially identified by the presence of a new dark spot or cluster of dark spots in a CTX image. Such spots may be new impact craters, or result from the effect of impact blasts on the dusty surface. In some (generally rare) cases, the crater is sufficiently large to be resolved in the CTX image. In most cases, however, the crater(s) cannot be seen. These are tentatively designated as “candidate” new impact sites, and the CTX team then creates an opportunity for the MRO spacecraft to point its cameras off-nadir and requests that the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) team obtain an image of ~0.3 m/pixel to confirm whether a crater or crater cluster is present. It is clear even from cursory examination that the CTX observations are areographically biased to dusty, higher albedo areas on Mars. All but 3 of the 100 new impact sites occur on surfaces with Lambert albedo values in excess of 23.5%. Our initial study of MOC images greatly benefited from the initial global observations made in one month in 1999, creating a baseline date from which we could start counting new craters. The global coverage by MRO Mars Color Imager is more than a factor of 4 poorer in resolution than the MOC Wide Angle camera and does not offer the opportunity for global analysis. Instead, we must rely on partial global coverage and global coverage that has taken years to accumulate; thus we can only treat impact rates statistically. We subdivide the total data set of 100 sites into 3 sets of observations: the original 19 MOC observations found in a survey of 15% of the planet, craters found only in CTX repeat coverage of 7% of Mars, and the remaining 69 craters found in a data set covering 40% of the planet. Using the mean interval between the latest observation preceding the impact and the first observation showing the impact for these groups of craters, we determine that the cratering rate is roughly 8 ± 6 x 10-7 craters/km2/yr for craters greater than ~1 m diameter. The cratering rate on Mars is sufficiently high to warrant consideration both for scientific studies and as a hazard to future exploration. Impacts are sufficiently frequent to act as seismic sources for studies of shallow crustal structure, if a seismic network is sufficiently dispersed and long-lived. Impacts large enough to provide information about deep interior structure are rare but probably occur on a decadal timescale. As recently noted in Science, new craters can be used to probe the distribution of subsurface ice and to provide samples from shallow depths that otherwise require meter-scale drilling systems. There is a finite probability that visitors to Mars for more than a month or two will hear or feel the effects of a nearby impact.

Honeycomb-Textured Landforms in Northwestern Hellas Planitia

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-28

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) targets a portion of a group of honeycomb-textured landforms in northwestern Hellas Planitia, which is part of one of the largest and most ancient impact basins on Mars. In a larger Context Camera image, the individual "cells" are about 5 to 10 kilometers wide. With HiRISE, we see much greater detail of these cells, like sand ripples that indicate wind erosion has played some role here. We also see distinctive exposures of bedrock that cut across the floor and wall of the cells. These resemble dykes, which are usually formed by volcanic activity. Additionally, the lack of impact craters suggests that the landscape, along with these features, have been recently reshaped by a process, or number of processes that may even be active today. Scientists have been debating how these honeycombed features are created, theorizing from glacial events, lake formation, volcanic activity, and tectonic activity, to wind erosion. The map is projected here at a scale of 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) per pixel. [The original image scale is 53.8 centimeters (21.2 inches) per pixel (with 2 x 2 binning); objects on the order of 161 centimeters (23.5 inches) across are resolved.] North is up. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22118

A New Impact Site in the Southern Middle Latitudes

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-04-05

Over 500 new impact events have been detected from before-and-after images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, mostly from MRO's Context Camera, with a HiRISE followup. Those new craters that expose shallow ice are of special interest, especially at latitudes where not previously detected, to better map the ice distribution. We hope to find ice at relatively low latitudes both for understanding recent climate change and as a resource for possible future humans on Mars. This new impact, which occurred between August and December 2016 (at 42.5 degree South latitude) would provide an important constraint if ice was detected. Alas, the HiRISE color image does not indicate that ice is exposed. There is an elongated cluster of new craters (or just dark spots where the craters are too small to resolve), due to an oblique impact in which the bolide fragmented in the Martian atmosphere. The map is projected here at a scale of 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) per pixel. [The original image scale is 25.1 centimeters (9.9 inches) per pixel (with 1 x 1 binning); objects on the order of 75 centimeters (29.5 inches) across are resolved.] North is up. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21578

Selection of the InSight landing site

USGS Publications Warehouse

Golombek, M.; Kipp, D.; Warner, N.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Fergason, Robin L.; Kirk, Randolph L.; Beyer, R.; Huertas, A.; Piqueux, Sylvain; Putzig, N.E.; Campbell, B.A.; Morgan, G. A.; Charalambous, C.; Pike, W. T.; Gwinner, K.; Calef, F.; Kass, D.; Mischna, M A; Ashley, J.; Bloom, C.; Wigton, N.; Hare, T.; Schwartz, C.; Gengl, H.; Redmond, L.; Trautman, M.; Sweeney, J.; Grima, C.; Smith, I. B.; Sklyanskiy, E.; Lisano, M.; Benardini, J.; Smrekar, S.E.; Lognonne, P.; Banerdt, W. B.

2017-01-01

The selection of the Discovery Program InSight landing site took over four years from initial identification of possible areas that met engineering constraints, to downselection via targeted data from orbiters (especially Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) and High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images), to selection and certification via sophisticated entry, descent and landing (EDL) simulations. Constraints on elevation (≤−2.5 km">≤−2.5 km≤−2.5 km for sufficient atmosphere to slow the lander), latitude (initially 15°S–5°N and later 3°N–5°N for solar power and thermal management of the spacecraft), ellipse size (130 km by 27 km from ballistic entry and descent), and a load bearing surface without thick deposits of dust, severely limited acceptable areas to western Elysium Planitia. Within this area, 16 prospective ellipses were identified, which lie ∼600 km north of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover. Mapping of terrains in rapidly acquired CTX images identified especially benign smooth terrain and led to the downselection to four northern ellipses. Acquisition of nearly continuous HiRISE, additional Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images, along with radar data confirmed that ellipse E9 met all landing site constraints: with slopes <15° at 84 m and 2 m length scales for radar tracking and touchdown stability, low rock abundance (<10 %) to avoid impact and spacecraft tip over, instrument deployment constraints, which included identical slope and rock abundance constraints, a radar reflective and load bearing surface, and a fragmented regolith ∼5 m thick for full penetration of the heat flow probe. Unlike other Mars landers, science objectives did not directly influence landing site selection.

Nanometer scale atomic structure of zirconium based bulk metallic glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Jinwoo

We have studied the nanometer scale structure of bulk metallic glass (BMG) using fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM). The nanometer scale medium range order (MRO) in BMG is of significant interest because of its possible relationship to the properties, but the experimental study of the MRO is difficult because conventional diffraction techniques are not sensitive to the MRO scale. FEM is a quantitative transmission electron microscopy technique which measures the nanoscale structural fluctuation associated with MRO in amorphous materials, and provides information about the size, distribution, and internal structure of MRO. In this work, we developed an improved method for FEM using energy-filtered STEM nanodiffraction with highly coherent probes with size up to 11nm in a state-of-the-art Cs- corrected STEM. We also developed an effective way to eliminate the effect of sample thickness variation to the FEM data by using Z-contrast images as references. To study the detailed structure of MRO, we developed a hybrid reverse Monte Carlo (H-RMC) simulation which combines an empirical atomic potential and the FEM data. H-RMC generated model structures that match the experimental data at short and medium range. In addition, the subtle rotational symmetries in the FEM nanodiffraction patterns were analyzed by angular correlation function to reveal more details of the internal structure of MRO. Our experiments and simulations show that Zr-based BMG contains pseudo-planar, crystal-like MRO as well as icosahedral clusters in its nanoscale structure. We found that some icosahedral clusters may be connected, and that structural relaxation by annealing increases the population of icosahedral clusters.

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE): Education and Public Outreach Plans

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gulick, V.; McEwen, A.; Delamere, W. A.; Eliason, E.; Grant, J.; Hansen, C.; Herkenhoff, K.; Keszthelyi, L.; Kirk, R.; Mellon, M.

2003-01-01

The High Resolution Imaging Experiment, described by McEwen et al. and Delamere et al., will fly on the Mars 2005 Orbiter. In conjunction with the NASA Mars E/PO program, the HiRISE team plans an innovative and aggressive E/PO effort to complement the unique high-resolution capabilities of the camera. The team is organizing partnerships with existing educational outreach programs and museums and plans to develop its own educational materials. In addition to other traditional E/PO activities and a strong web presence, opportunities will be provided for the public to participate in image targeting and science analysis. The main aspects of our program are summarized.

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

Assessing the Relationship between Airlines' Maintenance Outsourcing and Aviation Professionals' Job Satisfaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCamey, Rotorua

The current economic and security challenges placed an additional burden on U.S. airlines to provide optimum service at reasonable costs to the flying public. In efforts to stay competitive, U.S. airlines increased foreign-based outsourcing of aircraft major repair and overhaul (MRO) mainly to reduce labor costs and conserve capital. This concentrated focus on outsourcing and restructuring, ignored job dissatisfaction among remaining employees which could reduce and or eliminate an airline's competitiveness. The purpose of this quantitative study was (a) to assess the relationship between increased levels of foreign-based MRO outsourcing and aviation professionals' job satisfaction (Y1); (b) to assess the influence of increased levels of foreign-based outsourcing on MRO control (Y2), MRO error rate (Y3), and MRO technical punctuality (Y4) as perceived by aviation professionals; and (c) to assess the influence of increased levels of foreign-based MRO outsourcing on technical skills (Y5) and morale ( Y6) as perceived by aviation professionals. The survey instrument was utilized based on Paul Spector's Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and MRO specific questions. A random sample of 300 U.S. airline participants was requested via MarketTools to meet required sample size of 110 as determined through a priori power analysis. Study data rendered 198 useable surveys of 213 total responses, and correlation, multiple regression, and ANOVA methods were used to test study hypotheses. The Spearman's rho for (Y 1) was statistically significant, p = .010 and multiple regression was statistically significant, p < .001. A one-way ANOVA indicated participants differed in their opinions of (Y2) through (Y6), Recommendations for future research include contrasting domestic and global MRO providers, and examining global aircraft parts suppliers and aviation technical training.

49 CFR 40.127 - What are the MRO's functions in reviewing negative test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What are the MRO's functions in reviewing negative test results? 40.127 Section 40.127 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.127 What are the MRO's...

49 CFR 40.167 - How are MRO reports of drug results transmitted to the employer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How are MRO reports of drug results transmitted to the employer? 40.167 Section 40.167 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.167 How are MRO reports...

A Description of Sub-Equatorial Volcanic Structures Consistent with Sub-Ice Magmatism East of Nepenthes Mensae, Mars.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caprarelli, G.; de Pablo Hernandez, M. A.

2014-12-01

The Martian region located immediately north of the dichotomy scarp, between latitudes 120°E and 135°E, is covered by fretted terrains, characterised by the presence of knobs and mesas formed by eroded and reworked material of highlands provenance, and the smoother terrains between them [1]. Topographic depressions of oblong shape, generally parallel to the scarp, of rough and chaotic appearance, are also observed. The high resolution (~ 6 m/pixel, [2]) Context Camera (CTX) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) makes it possible to examine the morphologies of these topographic depressions in great detail, unveiling their complex geological histories. Here we expand on our earlier work in the adjacent Nepenthes Mensae region [3] and present the results of our observations of morphologies of likely igneous origin. We identified a variety of shapes consistent with magmatic structures and constructs: dikes, collapsed lava tubes, and lava flows are observable in the smoother terrains. Most of the elevated structures in the areas are strongly eroded knobs and mesas covered by dust and debris. In some cases however, the morphological characteristics of 2-10 km-size structures are clear and sharp, which allowed us to identify features consistent with sub-ice volcanic constructs, such as tuyas and tindars [4]. Geological reconstructions involving magma-ice interaction are supported by the presence of lobate aprons around knobs and mesas, and of scalloped ejecta surrounding complex impact craters, suggesting the existence of ice both underground and on the surface of these low elevation areas at the time of formation of these constructs. [1] Tanaka et al. (2005) Geologic Map of the Northern Plains of Mars. USGS SIM 2888. [2] Malin et al. (2007) Context Camera investigation on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. JGR 112, E05S04, 10.1029/2006JE002808. [3] dePablo and Caprarelli (2010) Possible subglacial volcanoes in Nepenthes Mensae, eastern hemisphere, Mars. LPSC 41, 1584. [4] Jakobsson and Gudmundsson (2008) Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland. Jökull 58, 179-196.

49 CFR 40.165 - To whom does the MRO transmit reports of drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false To whom does the MRO transmit reports of drug test results? 40.165 Section 40.165 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.165 To whom does the MRO...

49 CFR 40.165 - To whom does the MRO transmit reports of drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false To whom does the MRO transmit reports of drug test results? 40.165 Section 40.165 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.165 To whom does the MRO...

A Complex Interplay among the Parent-Child Relationship, Effortful Control, and Internalized, Rule-Compatible Conduct in Young Children: Evidence from Two Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kochanska, Grazyna; Kim, Sanghag

2014-01-01

We propose a model linking the early parent-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO), children's temperament trait of effortful control, and their internalization of conduct rules. In a developmental chain, effortful control was posited as a mediator of the links between MRO and children's internalization. MRO was further posited as a moderator…

NESC Independent Review of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Contamination Thermal/Vacuum (T/V) Anomaly Technical Consultation Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sutter, James K.; Leidecker, Henning W.; Panda, Binayak; Piascik, Robert S.; Muirhead, Brian K.; Peeler, Debra

2009-01-01

The NESC eras requested by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to conduct an independent review of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Thermal/Vacuum (T/V) Anomaly Assessment. Because the anomaly resulted in the surface contamination of the MRO, selected members of the Materials Super Problem Resolution Team (SPRT) and the NASA technical community having technical expertise relative to contamination issues were chosen for the independent review. The consultation consisted of a review of the MRO Project's reported response to the assessment findings, a detailed review of JPL technical assessment final report, and detailed discussions with the JPL assessment team relative to their findings.

49 CFR 40.159 - What does the MRO do when a drug test result is invalid?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test result is invalid? 40.159 Section 40.159 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.159 What does the MRO do when a...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

KSC-05PD-1605

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. At the Atlas V Spaceflight Operations Center, the launch team goes through a wet dress rehearsal for launch of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), scheduled for Aug. 10. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. A wet rehearsal includes pre-liftoff operations and a fueling of the rockets engine. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1606

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. At the Atlas V Spaceflight Operations Center, the launch team goes through a wet dress rehearsal for launch of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), scheduled for Aug. 10. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. A wet rehearsal includes pre-liftoff operations and a fueling of the rockets engine. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

Yardangs: Nature's Weathervanes

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-28

The prominent tear-shaped features in this image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) are erosional features called yardangs. Yardangs are composed of sand grains that have clumped together and have become more resistant to erosion than their surrounding materials. As the winds of Mars blow and erode away at the landscape, the more cohesive rock is left behind as a standing feature. (This Context Camera image shows several examples of yardangs that overlie the darker iron-rich material that makes up the lava plains in the southern portion of Elysium Planitia.) Resistant as they may be, the yardangs are not permanent, and will eventually be eroded away by the persistence of the Martian winds. For scientists observing the Red Planet, yardangs serve as a useful indicator of regional prevailing wind direction. The sandy structures are slowly eroded down and carved into elongated shapes that point in the downwind direction, like giant weathervanes. In this instance, the yardangs are all aligned, pointing towards north-northwest. This shows that the winds in this area generally gust in that direction. The map is projected here at a scale of 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) per pixel. [The original image scale is 55.8 centimeters (21 inches) per pixel (with 2 x 2 binning); objects on the order of 167 centimeters (65.7 inches) across are resolved.] North is up. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22119

AutoGen Version 5.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gladden, Roy E.; Khanampornpan, Teerapat; Fisher, Forest W.

2010-01-01

Version 5.0 of the AutoGen software has been released. Previous versions, variously denoted Autogen and autogen, were reported in two articles: Automated Sequence Generation Process and Software (NPO-30746), Software Tech Briefs (Special Supplement to NASA Tech Briefs), September 2007, page 30, and Autogen Version 2.0 (NPO- 41501), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 10 (October 2007), page 58. To recapitulate: AutoGen (now signifying automatic sequence generation ) automates the generation of sequences of commands in a standard format for uplink to spacecraft. AutoGen requires fewer workers than are needed for older manual sequence-generation processes, and greatly reduces sequence-generation times. The sequences are embodied in spacecraft activity sequence files (SASFs). AutoGen automates generation of SASFs by use of another previously reported program called APGEN. AutoGen encodes knowledge of different mission phases and of how the resultant commands must differ among the phases. AutoGen also provides means for customizing sequences through use of configuration files. The approach followed in developing AutoGen has involved encoding the behaviors of a system into a model and encoding algorithms for context-sensitive customizations of the modeled behaviors. This version of AutoGen addressed the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) primary science phase (PSP) mission phase. On previous Mars missions this phase has more commonly been referred to as mapping phase. This version addressed the unique aspects of sequencing orbital operations and specifically the mission specific adaptation of orbital operations for MRO. This version also includes capabilities for MRO s role in Mars relay support for UHF relay communications with the MER rovers and the Phoenix lander.

Massive stereo-based DTM production for Mars on cloud computers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, Y.; Muller, J.-P.; Sidiropoulos, P.; Xiong, Si-Ting; Putri, A. R. D.; Walter, S. H. G.; Veitch-Michaelis, J.; Yershov, V.

2018-05-01

Digital Terrain Model (DTM) creation is essential to improving our understanding of the formation processes of the Martian surface. Although there have been previous demonstrations of open-source or commercial planetary 3D reconstruction software, planetary scientists are still struggling with creating good quality DTMs that meet their science needs, especially when there is a requirement to produce a large number of high quality DTMs using "free" software. In this paper, we describe a new open source system to overcome many of these obstacles by demonstrating results in the context of issues found from experience with several planetary DTM pipelines. We introduce a new fully automated multi-resolution DTM processing chain for NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) stereo processing, called the Co-registration Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) Gotcha Optimised (CASP-GO), based on the open source NASA ASP. CASP-GO employs tie-point based multi-resolution image co-registration, and Gotcha sub-pixel refinement and densification. CASP-GO pipeline is used to produce planet-wide CTX and HiRISE DTMs that guarantee global geo-referencing compliance with respect to High Resolution Stereo Colour imaging (HRSC), and thence to the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA); providing refined stereo matching completeness and accuracy. All software and good quality products introduced in this paper are being made open-source to the planetary science community through collaboration with NASA Ames, United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System (AMMOS) Planetary Data System (PDS) Pipeline Service (APPS-PDS4), as well as browseable and visualisable through the iMars web based Geographic Information System (webGIS) system.

KSC-05PD-1607

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. At the Atlas V Spaceflight Operations Center, the launch team goes through a wet dress rehearsal for launch of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), scheduled for Aug. 10. At right, in the foreground, is NASAs Public Information Officer George Diller, who is commentator for launches of NASA payloads on expendable launch vehicles. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. A wet rehearsal includes pre-liftoff operations and fueling the rockets engine. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

Relay Support for the Mars Science Laboratory Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, Charles D. Jr,; Bell, David J.; Gladden, Roy E.; Ilott, Peter A.; Jedrey, Thomas C.; Johnston, M. Daniel; Maxwell, Jennifer L.; Mendoza, Ricardo; McSmith, Gaylon W.; Potts, Christopher L.;

MRO Mars Color Imager (MARCI) Investigation Primary Mission Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edgett, K. S.; Cantor, B. A.; Malin, M. C.; Science; Operations Teams, M.

2008-12-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Mars Color Imager (MARCI) investigation was designed to recover the wide angle camera science objectives of the Mars Climate Orbiter MARCI which was destroyed upon arrival at Mars in 1999 and extend the daily meteorological coverage of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) wide angle investigation that was systematically conducted from March 1999 to October 2006. MARCI consists of two wide angle cameras, each with a 180° field of view. The first acquires data in 5 visible wavelength channels (420, 550, 600, 650, 720 nm), the second in 2 UV channels (260, 320 nm). Data have been acquired daily, except during spacecraft upsets, since 24 September 2006. From the MRO 250 to 315 km altitude orbit, inclined 93 degrees, visible wavelength images usually have a pixel scale of about 1 km at nadir and the UV data are at about 8 km per pixel. Data are obtained during every orbit on the day side of the planet from terminator to terminator. These provide a nearly continuous record of meteorological events and changes in surface frost and albedo patterns that span more than 1 martian year and extend the daily global record of such events documented by the MGS MOC. For a few weeks in September and October 2006, both camera systems operated simultaneously, providing views of weather events at about 1400 local time (MOC) and an hour later at about 1500 (MARCI). The continuous meteorological record, now spanning more than 5 Mars years, shows very repeatable weather from year to year with cloud and dust-raising events occurring in the same regions within about 2 weeks of their prior occurrence in previous years. This provides a measure of predictability ideal for assessing future landing sites, orbiter aerobraking plans, and conditions to be encountered by the current landed spacecraft on Mars. However, less predictable are planet-encircling dust events. MOC observed one in 2001, the next was observed by MARCI in 2007. These occurred at different times of year. While popularly known as global dust storms, the nomenclature is misleading, as in each case a storm did not raise dust nor saltate sand on a global basis. Instead, multiple regional storms created a dust haze which obscured much of the martian surface from viewpoints above the lower atmosphere, but in each case the dust opacity was never so high that one could not determine where dust was being raised and where it was not. Within weeks of the end of the 2001 and 2007 global dust events, martian weather returned to its normal, repeatable pattern, with one exception: occasionally thereafter, dust storms were observed in regions where dust-raising had not been seen in the previous years. In these cases, winds capable of raising dust likely occurred at that location every year, but only became visible following a planet-encircling dust event and deposition of dust on a surface that previously did not have sufficient dust to raise. Other MARCI results center on seasonal monitoring of water vapor in the atmosphere, particularly by taking advantage of the anti-correlation between ozone (observable using the UV channels) and water vapor. Owing to their higher spatial resolution than the MOC daily global coverage, details of seasonal polar cap retreat became more apparent, as with these data it is now possible to separate surface frost from ground-hugging fog which forms along the retreating cap edge. MARCI images and meteorological observations are posted weekly on the Internet for public consumption, and the data are archived every 6 months with the NASA Planetary Data System.

Nine martian years of dust optical depth observations: A reference dataset

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montabone, Luca; Forget, Francois; Kleinboehl, Armin; Kass, David; Wilson, R. John; Millour, Ehouarn; Smith, Michael; Lewis, Stephen; Cantor, Bruce; Lemmon, Mark; Wolff, Michael

2016-07-01

We present a multi-annual reference dataset of the horizontal distribution of airborne dust from martian year 24 to 32 using observations of the martian atmosphere from April 1999 to June 2015 made by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard Mars Global Surveyor, the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard Mars Odyssey, and the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Our methodology to build the dataset works by gridding the available retrievals of column dust optical depth (CDOD) from TES and THEMIS nadir observations, as well as the estimates of this quantity from MCS limb observations. The resulting (irregularly) gridded maps (one per sol) were validated with independent observations of CDOD by PanCam cameras and Mini-TES spectrometers aboard the Mars Exploration Rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity", by the Surface Stereo Imager aboard the Phoenix lander, and by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars aboard MRO. Finally, regular maps of CDOD are produced by spatially interpolating the irregularly gridded maps using a kriging method. These latter maps are used as dust scenarios in the Mars Climate Database (MCD) version 5, and are useful in many modelling applications. The two datasets (daily irregularly gridded maps and regularly kriged maps) for the nine available martian years are publicly available as NetCDF files and can be downloaded from the MCD website at the URL: http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/mars/dust_climatology/index.html

Global Albedo Variations on Mars from Recent MRO/MARCI and Other Space-Based Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, J. F., III; Wellington, D. F.

2017-12-01

Dramatic changes in Mars surface albedo have been quantified by telescopic, orbital, and surface-based observations over the last 40 years. These changes provide important inputs for global and mesoscale climate models, enabling characterization of seasonal and secular variations in the distribution of mobile surface materials (dust, sand) in the planet's current climate regime. Much of the modern record of dust storms and albedo changes comes from synoptic-scale global imaging from the Viking Orbiter, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions, as well as local-scale observations from long-lived surface platforms like the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. Here we focus on the substantial time history of global-scale images acquired from the MRO Mars Color Imager (MARCI). MARCI is a wide-angle multispectral imager that acquires daily coverage of most of the surface at up to 1 km/pixel. MARCI has been in orbit since 2006, providing six Mars years of continuous surface and atmospheric observations, and building on the nearly five previous Mars years of global-scale imaging from the MGS Mars Orbiter Camera Wide Angle (MOC/WA) imager, which operated from 1997 to 2006. While many of the most significant MARCI-observed changes in the surface albedo are the result of large dust storms, other regions experience seasonal darkening events that repeat with different degrees of annual regularity. Some of these are associated with local dust storms, while for others, frequent surface changes take place with no associated evidence for dust storms, suggesting action by seasonally-variable winds and/or small-scale storms/dust devils too small to resolve. Discrete areas of dramatic surface changes across widely separated regions of Tharsis and in portions of Solis Lacus and Syrtis Major are among the regions where surface changes have been observed without a direct association to specific detectable dust storm events. Deposition following the annual southern summer dusty season plays a significant role in maintaining the cyclic nature of these changes. These and other historical observations also show that major regional or global-scale dust storms produce unique changes that may require several Mars years to reverse.

Mars Lower Thermosphere Variability from Odyssey and MRO Aerobraking Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forbes, J. M.; Zhang, X.

2017-12-01

During the aerobraking phases of the Mars Odyssey (MO) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions, accelerometer measurements of total mass density at periapsis altitudes near 105 km were made in Mars' polar regions (> 75o latitude) during Northern Hemisphere winter (MO, Ls = 288-297) and Southern Hemisphere winter (MRO, Ls = 69-87). These measurements cover overlapping local times spanning nearly 8 hours. Prior to the local time transition, the MO and MRO accelerometers sample the high-latitude regions at nearly the same latitudes (70-85o) and same local times (1800-1900), and after the transition periapsis precesses relatively quickly (over roughly 20-30 sols) from 80o to 20o latitude in each hemisphere while keeping the local time constant near 0200-0300 LT. These observations offer the unprecedented opportunity to compare and contrast the behaviors of Mars' polar and middle latitude regions under similar geographic, altitude and local time conditions in the two hemispheres (albeit during different years), which is the focus of this paper. Particularly noteworthy are the slow (mostly eastward) migrations of longitudinal features in both MO and MRO data, which suggest modulations of non-migrating tides by planetary waves with periods of order 15-20 days.

KSC-05PD-1001

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers move the gimbal closer to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) in the background. The gimbal will be installed on the MRO solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1000

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, a worker guides the gimbal across the floor to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) in the background. The gimbal will be installed on the MRO solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

Aeroheating Analysis for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter with Comparison to Flight Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liechty, Derek S.

2007-01-01

The aeroheating environment of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been analyzed using the direct simulation Monte Carlo and free-molecular techniques. The results of these analyses were used to develop an aeroheating database to be used for the preflight planning and the in-flight operations support for the aerobraking phase of the MRO mission. The aeroheating predictions calculated for the MRO include the heat transfer coefficient (CH) over a range of angles-of-attack, sideslip angles, and number densities. The effects of flow chemistry, surface temperature, and surface grid resolution were also investigated to determine the aeroheating database uncertainties. Flight heat flux data has been calculated from surface temperature sensor data returned to Earth from the MRO in orbit around Mars during the aerobraking phase of its mission. The heat flux data have been compared to the aeroheating database and agree favorably.

HiRISE: The People's Camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McEwen, A. S.; Eliason, E.; Gulick, V. C.; Spinoza, Y.; Beyer, R. A.; HiRISE Team

2010-12-01

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera, orbiting Mars since 2006 on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), has returned more than 17,000 large images with scales as small as 25 cm/pixel. From it’s beginning, the HiRISE team has followed “The People’s Camera” concept, with rapid release of useful images, explanations, and tools, and facilitating public image suggestions. The camera includes 14 CCDs, each read out into 2 data channels, so compressed images are returned from MRO as 28 long (up to 120,000 line) images that are 1024 pixels wide (or binned 2x2 to 512 pixels, etc.). This raw data is very difficult to use, especially for the public. At the HiRISE operations center the raw data are calibrated and processed into a series of B&W and color products, including browse images and JPEG2000-compressed images and tools to make it easy for everyone to explore these enormous images (see http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/). Automated pipelines do all of this processing, so we can keep up with the high data rate; images go directly to the format of the Planetary Data System (PDS). After students visually check each image product for errors, they are fully released just 1 month after receipt; captioned images (written by science team members) may be released sooner. These processed HiRISE images have been incorporated into tools such as Google Mars and World Wide Telescope for even greater accessibility. 51 Digital Terrain Models derived from HiRISE stereo pairs have been released, resulting in some spectacular flyover movies produced by members of the public and viewed up to 50,000 times according to YouTube. Public targeting began in 2007 via NASA Quest (http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/quest/) and more than 200 images have been acquired, mostly by students and educators. At the beginning of 2010 we released HiWish (http://www.uahirise.org/hiwish/), opening HiRISE targeting to anyone in the world with Internet access, and already more than 100 public suggestions have been acquired. HiRISE has proven very popular with the public and science community. For example, a Google search on “HiRISE Mars” returns 626,000 results. We've participated in well over a two dozen presentations, specifically talking to middle and high-schoolers about HiRISE. Our images and captions have been featured in high-quality print magazines such as "National Geographic, Ciel et Espace, and Sky and Telescope.

A Vision for the MRO/HiRISE Operations Center: Getting the Data to the People

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eliason, E. M.; McEwen, A. S.; Delamere, W. A.; Grant, J. A.; Gulick, V. C.; Hansen, C. J.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Keszthelyi, L.; Kirk, R. L.; Mellon, M. T.

2002-01-01

The MRO/HiRISE Operations Center provides a mechanism for Mars investigators to particaipate in selection of targets and access to the aquired images. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Quantitative real-time optical imaging of the tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghijsen, Michael; Lentsch, Griffin R.; Gioux, Sylvain; Brenner, Matthew; Durkin, Anthony J.; Choi, Bernard; Tromberg, Bruce J.

2018-03-01

The tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (tMRO2) is a clinically relevant marker for a number of pathologies including cancer and arterial occlusive disease. We present and validate a noncontact method for quantitatively mapping tMRO2 over a wide, scalable field of view at 16 frames / s. We achieve this by developing a dual-wavelength, near-infrared coherent spatial frequency-domain imaging (cSFDI) system to calculate tissue optical properties (i.e., absorption, μa, and reduced scattering, μs‧, parameters) as well as the speckle flow index (SFI) at every pixel. Images of tissue oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration ( [ HbO2 ] and [HHb]) are calculated from optical properties and combined with SFI to calculate tMRO2. We validate the system using a series of yeast-hemoglobin tissue-simulating phantoms and conduct in vivo tests in humans using arterial occlusions that demonstrate sensitivity to tissue metabolic oxygen debt and its repayment. Finally, we image the impact of cyanide exposure and toxicity reversal in an in vivo rabbit model showing clear instances of mitochondrial uncoupling and significantly diminished tMRO2. We conclude that dual-wavelength cSFDI provides rapid, quantitative, wide-field mapping of tMRO2 that can reveal unique spatial and temporal dynamics relevant to tissue pathology and viability.

Fifty Years of Mars Imaging: from Mariner 4 to HiRISE

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-20

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows Mars' surface in detail. Mars has captured the imagination of astronomers for thousands of years, but it wasn't until the last half a century that we were able to capture images of its surface in detail. This particular site on Mars was first imaged in 1965 by the Mariner 4 spacecraft during the first successful fly-by mission to Mars. From an altitude of around 10,000 kilometers, this image (the ninth frame taken) achieved a resolution of approximately 1.25 kilometers per pixel. Since then, this location has been observed by six other visible cameras producing images with varying resolutions and sizes. This includes HiRISE (highlighted in yellow), which is the highest-resolution and has the smallest "footprint." This compilation, spanning Mariner 4 to HiRISE, shows each image at full-resolution. Beginning with Viking 1 and ending with our HiRISE image, this animation documents the historic imaging of a particular site on another world. In 1976, the Viking 1 orbiter began imaging Mars in unprecedented detail, and by 1980 had successfully mosaicked the planet at approximately 230 meters per pixel. In 1999, the Mars Orbiter Camera onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (1996) also imaged this site with its Wide Angle lens, at around 236 meters per pixel. This was followed by the Thermal Emission Imaging System on Mars Odyssey (2001), which also provided a visible camera producing the image we see here at 17 meters per pixel. Later in 2012, the High-Resolution Stereo Camera on the Mars Express orbiter (2003) captured this image of the surface at 25 meters per pixel. In 2010, the Context Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005) imaged this site at about 5 meters per pixel. Finally, in 2017, HiRISE acquired the highest resolution image of this location to date at 50 centimeters per pixel. When seen at this unprecedented scale, we can discern a crater floor strewn with small rocky deposits, boulders several meters across, and wind-blown deposits in the floors of small craters and depressions. This compilation of Mars images spanning over 50 years gives us a visual appreciation of the evolution of orbital Mars imaging over a single site. The map is projected here at a scale of 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) per pixel. [The original image scale is 52.2 centimeters (20.6 inches) per pixel (with 2 x 2 binning); objects on the order of 156 centimeters (61.4 inches) across are resolved.] North is up. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22115

Validation and Inter-Comparison of Limb Sounding Profiles from MRO/MCS and MGS/TES

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirley, J. H.; McConnochie, T. M.; Kass, D. M.; Kleinböhl, A.; Schofield, J. T.; Heavens, N. G.; McCleese, D. J.; Benson, J.; Hinson, D. P.; Bandfield, J. L.

2014-07-01

Nighttime atmospheric temperatures in northern middle latitudes during Mars' aphelion season obtained by MGS/TES and MRO/MCS are compared with MGS radio science results. Profile mean Δ Ts of <= 2 K demonstrate consistency of retrieved temperatures.

MRO High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE): Instrument Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Delamere, Alan; Becker, Ira; Bergstrom, Jim; Burkepile, Jon; Day, Joe; Dorn, David; Gallagher, Dennis; Hamp, Charlie; Lasco, Jeffrey; Meiers, Bill

2003-01-01

The primary functional requirement of the HiRISE imager is to allow identification of both predicted and unknown features on the surface of Mars to a much finer resolution and contrast than previously possible. This results in a camera with a very wide swath width, 6km at 300km altitude, and a high signal to noise ratio, >100:1. Generation of terrain maps, 30 cm vertical resolution, from stereo images requires very accurate geometric calibration. The project limitations of mass, cost and schedule make the development challenging. In addition, the spacecraft stability must not be a major limitation to image quality. The nominal orbit for the science phase of the mission is a 3pm orbit of 255 by 320 km with periapsis locked to the south pole. The track velocity is approximately 3,400 m/s.

The Gravity Field of Mars From MGS, Mars Odyssey, and MRO Radio Science

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.

2015-01-01

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions have enabled NASA to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit for sixteen consecutive years. These radio systems on these spacecraft enabled radio science in orbit around Mars to improve the knowledge of the static structure of the Martian gravitational field. The continuity of the radio tracking data, which cover more than a solar cycle, also provides useful information to characterize the temporal variability of the gravity field, relevant to the planet's internal dynamics and the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere [1]. MGS operated for more than 7 years, between 1999 and 2006, in a frozen sun-synchronous, near-circular, polar orbit with the periapsis at approximately 370 km altitude. ODY and MRO have been orbiting Mars in two separate sun-synchronous orbits at different local times and altitudes. ODY began its mapping phase in 2002 with the periapis at approximately 390 km altitude and 4-5pm Local Solar Time (LST), whereas the MRO science mission started in November 2006 with the periapis at approximately 255 km altitude and 3pm LST. The 16 years of radio tracking data provide useful information on the atmospheric density in the Martian upper atmosphere. We used ODY and MRO radio data to recover the long-term periodicity of the major atmospheric constituents -- CO2, O, and He -- at the orbit altitudes of these two spacecraft [2]. The improved atmospheric model provides a better prediction of the annual and semi-annual variability of the dominant species. Therefore, the inclusion of the recovered model leads to improved orbit determination and an improved gravity field model of Mars with MGS, ODY, and MRO radio tracking data.

Automatic Command Sequence Generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fisher, Forest; Gladded, Roy; Khanampompan, Teerapat

2007-01-01

Automatic Sequence Generator (Autogen) Version 3.0 software automatically generates command sequences for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and several other JPL spacecraft operated by the multi-mission support team. Autogen uses standard JPL sequencing tools like APGEN, ASP, SEQGEN, and the DOM database to automate the generation of uplink command products, Spacecraft Command Message Format (SCMF) files, and the corresponding ground command products, DSN Keywords Files (DKF). Autogen supports all the major multi-mission mission phases including the cruise, aerobraking, mapping/science, and relay mission phases. Autogen is a Perl script, which functions within the mission operations UNIX environment. It consists of two parts: a set of model files and the autogen Perl script. Autogen encodes the behaviors of the system into a model and encodes algorithms for context sensitive customizations of the modeled behaviors. The model includes knowledge of different mission phases and how the resultant command products must differ for these phases. The executable software portion of Autogen, automates the setup and use of APGEN for constructing a spacecraft activity sequence file (SASF). The setup includes file retrieval through the DOM (Distributed Object Manager), an object database used to store project files. This step retrieves all the needed input files for generating the command products. Depending on the mission phase, Autogen also uses the ASP (Automated Sequence Processor) and SEQGEN to generate the command product sent to the spacecraft. Autogen also provides the means for customizing sequences through the use of configuration files. By automating the majority of the sequencing generation process, Autogen eliminates many sequence generation errors commonly introduced by manually constructing spacecraft command sequences. Through the layering of commands into the sequence by a series of scheduling algorithms, users are able to rapidly and reliably construct the desired uplink command products. With the aid of Autogen, sequences may be produced in a matter of hours instead of weeks, with a significant reduction in the number of people on the sequence team. As a result, the uplink product generation process is significantly streamlined and mission risk is significantly reduced. Autogen is used for operations of MRO, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Mars Odyssey, and will be used for operations of Phoenix. Autogen Version 3.0 is the operational version of Autogen including the MRO adaptation for the cruise mission phase, and was also used for development of the aerobraking and mapping mission phases for MRO.

Spin State of Returning Fly-by Near Earth Asteroid 2012 TC4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryan, William; Ryan, Eileen V.

2017-10-01

The ten-meter class near-Earth asteroid 2012 TC4 will make a close approach to the Earth on October 12, 2017. As of July 2017, the close approach distance ranges from 0.003 to 0.64 lunar distances (LD) with a nominal value of 0.23 LD. However this is the second observable close approach that this object has made since its discovery. In particular, broadband photometry was obtained for 2012 TC4 on 10 and 11 October 2012 using the Magdalena Ridge Observatory (MRO) 2.4-meter telescope. A periodicity of ~12.2 minutes was immediately evident in the time-series data, which was in agreement with the reported values of Polishook (2013), Odden et al. (2012), Warner (2013), and Carbognani (2014). The lightcurve displays an amplitude of ~0.9 magnitude, which implies that it is highly elongated with an axial ratio of a/b>2.3. However, a second period is also clearly evident in the MRO data, indicating that the asteroid is in a state of non-principle axis rotation.The nature of its orbit has made 2012 TC4 an attractive Earth-impacting asteroid surrogate for an exercise testing the capabilities of the scientific and emergency response communities (Reddy, 2017). For this reason, it is anticipated that considerable resources, including MRO, will be utilized to take advantage of the 2017 flyby to study this asteroid. Here, we present the details of the tumbling nature of this fast-spinning object observed during the October 2012 discovery apparition. These data were acquired before closest approach in 2012 where the asteroid came within 0.25 lunar distances of Earth. Therefore, this analysis will be discussed in the context of the spin state observations planned for early October 2017 at MRO, for which preliminary results will also be reported. In particular, comparison of the observed rotation state from the two apparitions can be indicative of any effects of Earth’s gravity during the 2012 flyby.References:Odden, C.E., Verhaegh, J.C., McCullough, D.G., and Briggs, J.W. (2013). Minor Planet Bul. 40, 176-177.Warner, B.D. (2013). Minor Planet Bul. 40, 71-80.Polishook, D. (2013). Minor Planet Bul. 40, 42-43.Carbognani, A. (2014). Minor Planet Bul. 41, 4-8.Reddy, V. (2017), AMOS SSA Technical Conference, Maui, HI.

Operation of MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE): Maximizing Science Participation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eliason, E.; Hansen, C. J.; McEwen, A.; Delamere, W. A.; Bridges, N.; Grant, J.; Gulich, V.; Herkenhoff, K.; Keszthelyi, L.; Kirk, R.

2003-01-01

Science return from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) will be optimized by maximizing science participation in the experiment. MRO is expected to arrive at Mars in March 2006, and the primary science phase begins near the end of 2006 after aerobraking (6 months) and a transition phase. The primary science phase lasts for almost 2 Earth years, followed by a 2-year relay phase in which science observations by MRO are expected to continue. We expect to acquire approx. 10,000 images with HiRISE over the course of MRO's two earth-year mission. HiRISE can acquire images with a ground sampling dimension of as little as 30 cm (from a typical altitude of 300 km), in up to 3 colors, and many targets will be re-imaged for stereo. With such high spatial resolution, the percent coverage of Mars will be very limited in spite of the relatively high data rate of MRO (approx. 10x greater than MGS or Odyssey). We expect to cover approx. 1% of Mars at approx. 1m/pixel or better, approx. 0.1% at full resolution, and approx. 0.05% in color or in stereo. Therefore, the placement of each HiRISE image must be carefully considered in order to maximize the scientific return from MRO. We believe that every observation should be the result of a mini research project based on pre-existing datasets. During operations, we will need a large database of carefully researched 'suggested' observations to select from. The HiRISE team is dedicated to involving the broad Mars community in creating this database, to the fullest degree that is both practical and legal. The philosophy of the team and the design of the ground data system are geared to enabling community involvement. A key aspect of this is that image data will be made available to the planetary community for science analysis as quickly as possible to encourage feedback and new ideas for targets.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Navigation Strategy for the Comet Siding Spring Encounter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Menon, Premkumar R.; Wagner, Sean V.; Martin-Mur, Tomas J.; Jefferson, David C.; Ardalan, Shadan M.; Chung, Min-Kun J.; Lee, Kyong J.; Schulze, William B.

2015-01-01

Comet Siding Spring encountered Mars on October 19, 2014 at a distance of about 140,500 km - the nearest comet flyby of a planet in recorded history. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was able to detect the comet, gather science data, and capture images of the comet as it approached Mars. To help protect MRO from the incoming comet particles, two propulsive maneuvers were performed to position the spacecraft behind Mars at the arrival time of the expected peak particle fluency. This paper documents the strategy that the MRO Navigation Team executed to mitigate risk from the comet particles while allowing scientific observations of the comet flyby.

46 CFR 16.203 - Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and among employers and service agents concerning the implementation of DOT drug testing requirements... DOT agency drug testing regulations. Compliance with these provisions is a material term of all such... CHEMICAL TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.203 Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities. (a) Employers...

46 CFR 16.203 - Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... and among employers and service agents concerning the implementation of DOT drug testing requirements... DOT agency drug testing regulations. Compliance with these provisions is a material term of all such... CHEMICAL TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.203 Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities. (a) Employers...

46 CFR 16.203 - Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and among employers and service agents concerning the implementation of DOT drug testing requirements... DOT agency drug testing regulations. Compliance with these provisions is a material term of all such... CHEMICAL TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.203 Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities. (a) Employers...

46 CFR 16.203 - Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and among employers and service agents concerning the implementation of DOT drug testing requirements... DOT agency drug testing regulations. Compliance with these provisions is a material term of all such... CHEMICAL TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.203 Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities. (a) Employers...

46 CFR 16.203 - Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and among employers and service agents concerning the implementation of DOT drug testing requirements... DOT agency drug testing regulations. Compliance with these provisions is a material term of all such... CHEMICAL TESTING Required Chemical Testing § 16.203 Employer, MRO, and SAP responsibilities. (a) Employers...

Mars' gravity field and upper atmosphere with MGS, Mars Odyssey, and MRO radio science data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander J.; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.

2015-04-01

The Mars exploration program conducted by NASA during the last decade has enabled continuous observations of the planet from orbit with three different missions: the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). These spacecraft were equipped with on board instrumentation dedicated to collect radio tracking data in the X-band. The analysis of these data has provided a high-resolution gravity field model of Mars. MGS and ODY were inserted into two separate frozen sun-synchronous, near-circular, polar orbits with different local times, with their periapsis altitude at ~370 km and ~390 km, respectively. MGS was in orbit around Mars between 1999 and 2006, whereas ODY has been orbiting the planet since January 2002. Using the radio science data of these two spacecraft, gravity models with a maximum resolution of degree and order 95 in spherical harmonics (spatial resolution of 112 km) have been determined. MRO has been orbiting Mars since August 2006 in a frozen sun-synchronous orbit with a periapsis at 255 km altitude. Therefore, its radio data helped significantly improve Mars' gravity field model, up to degree and order 110 (spatial resolution of 96 km). However, mismodeling of the atmospheric drag, which is the strongest non-conservative force acting on the spacecraft at MRO's low altitude, compromises the estimation of the temporal variations of the gravity field zonal harmonics that provide crucial information on the seasonal mass of carbon dioxide in the polar caps. For this reason, we implemented the Drag Temperature Model (DTM)-Mars model (Bruinsma and Lemoine 2002) into our Precise Orbit Determination (POD) program GEODYN-II. We estimated key model parameters to adequately reproduce variations in temperatures and (partial) density along the spacecraft trajectories. Our new model allows us to directly estimate the long-term periodicity of the major constituents at MGS, ODY, and MRO altitudes (~255-450 km). In this region of the Martian upper atmosphere, CO2, O, and He represent the dominant species. MRO data primarily determine the annual and semi-annual variability of CO2 and O since these two elements are the major constituents along its orbit. MGS and ODY sample altitudes where He is the most abundant species and thus they help constrain the long-term variations of O. We will present an update on the DTM-Mars model using MGS, ODY, and MRO radio science data. The improved atmospheric model provides a better prediction of the long-term variability of the dominant species. Therefore, the inclusion of the recovered model leads to improved orbit determination and an improved gravity field model of Mars using MGS, ODY, and MRO radio tracking data. The solution will be especially based on 8 years of MRO data from August 2006 to June 2014.

Planetary protection implementation on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barengoltz, J.; Witte, J.

2008-09-01

In August 2005 NASA launched a large orbiting science observatory, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), for what is scheduled to be a 5.4-year mission. High resolution imaging of the surface is a principal goal of the mission. One consequence of this goal however is the need for a low science orbit. Unfortunately this orbit fails the required 20-year orbit life set in NASA Planetary Protection (PP) requirements [NASA. Planetary protection provisions for robotic extraterrestrial missions, NASA procedural requirements NPR 8020.12C, NASA HQ, Washington, DC, April 2005.]. So rather than sacrifice the science goals of the mission by raising the science orbit, the MRO Project chose to be the first orbiter to pursue the bio-burden reduction approach. Cleaning alone for a large orbiter like MRO is insufficient to achieve the bio-burden threshold requirement in NASA PP requirements. The burden requirement for an orbiter includes spores encapsulated in non-metallic materials and trapped in joints, as well as located on all internal and external surfaces (the total spore burden). Total burden estimates are dominated by the mated and encapsulated burden. The encapsulated burden cannot be cleaned. The total burden of a smaller orbiter (e.g., Mars Odyssey) likely could not have met the requirement by cleaning; for the large MRO it is clearly impossible. Of course, a system-level partial sterilization, with its attendant costs and system design issues, could have been employed. In the approach taken by the MRO Project, hardware which will burn up (completely vaporize or ablate) before reaching the surface or will at least attain high temperature (500 °C for 0.5 s or more) due to entry heating was exempt from burden accounting. Thus the bio-burden estimate was reduced. Lockheed Martin engineers developed a process to perform what is called breakup and burn-up (B&B) analysis.Lockheed Martin Corporation.2 The use of the B&B analysis to comply with the spore burden requirement is the main subject of this article. However, several components aboard the orbiter were predicted to fail the minimum time at temperature requirements (or could not conservatively be shown to meet the conditions). An implementation plan was generated to address the highest contributors to the bio-burden assessment that fail to meet the requirements. The spore burden for these components was estimated by direct and proxy burden assays, NASA PP specifications, and dry heat microbial reduction, as appropriate. Items on the orbiter that required rework during assembly were also individually assessed. MRO met the spore burden requirement based on the B&B analysis, the MRO Planetary Protection Implementation Plan, and verification by the NASA Planetary Protection Officer’s (PPO) independent assays. The compliance was documented in the MRO PP Pre-Launch Report. MRO was approved for flight by the NASA PPO.

Aeroheating Analysis for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter with Comparison to Flight Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liechty, Derek S.

2006-01-01

The aeroheating environment of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been analyzed using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo and free-molecular techniques. The results of these analyses were used to develop an aeroheating database to be used for the pre-flight planning and the in-flight operations support for the aerobraking phase of the MRO mission. The aeroheating predictions calculated for the MRO include the heat transfer coefficient (C(H)) over a range of angles-of-attack, side-slip angles, and number densities. The effects of flow chemistry were also investigated. Flight heat flux data deduced from surface temperature sensors have been compared to pre-flight predictions and agree favorably.

KSC-05PD-1782

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Workers in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility maneuver the second half of the fairing toward the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (right) for installation. The fairing protects the spacecraft during launch and flight through the atmosphere. Once in space, it is jettisoned. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The MRO is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1783

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Workers in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility stand by as the first half of the fairing (left) is moved closer to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (right) for installation. The fairing protects the spacecraft during launch and flight through the atmosphere. Once in space, it is jettisoned. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The MRO is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

49 CFR 40.163 - How does the MRO report drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., the MRO may report negative results using an electronic data file. (1) If you report negatives using an electronic data file, the report must contain, as a minimum, the information specified in... contain your name, address, and phone number, the name of any person other than you reporting the results...

49 CFR 40.101 - What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO? 40.101 Section 40.101 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.101 What relationship...

49 CFR 40.101 - What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO? 40.101 Section 40.101 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.101 What relationship...

49 CFR 40.101 - What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO? 40.101 Section 40.101 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.101 What relationship...

49 CFR 40.101 - What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO? 40.101 Section 40.101 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.101 What relationship...

49 CFR 40.101 - What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What relationship may a laboratory have with an MRO? 40.101 Section 40.101 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.101 What relationship...

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission: Systems Engineering Challenges on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Havens, Glen G.

2007-01-01

MRO project is a system of systems requiring system engineering team to architect, design, integrate, test, and operate these systems at each level of the project. The challenge of system engineering mission objectives into a single mission architecture that can be integrated tested, launched, and operated. Systems engineering must translate high-level requirements into integrated mission design. Systems engineering challenges were overcome utilizing a combination by creative designs built into MRO's flight and ground systems: a) Design of sophisticated spacecraft targeting and data management capabilities b) Establishment of a strong operations team organization; c) Implementation of robust operational processes; and d) Development of strategic ground tools. The MRO system has met the challenge of its driving requirements: a) MRO began its two-year primary science phase on November 7, 2006, and by July 2007, met it minimum requirement to collect 15 Tbits of data after only eight months of operations. Currently we have collected 22 Tbits. b) Based on current performance, mission data return could return 70 Tbits of data by the end of the primary science phase in 2008.

49 CFR 40.21 - May an employer stand down an employee before the MRO has completed the verification process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... positive, adulterated, or substituted by the MRO; (iii) Information about the work situation of the... which the employees work, the process through which employees will be informed of the stand-down... employee suffers no adverse personnel or financial consequences as a result; and (C) You maintain no...

49 CFR 40.135 - What does the MRO tell the employee at the beginning of the verification interview?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... beginning of the verification interview? 40.135 Section 40.135 Transportation Office of the Secretary of... verification interview? (a) As the MRO, you must tell the employee that the laboratory has determined that the... finding of adulteration or substitution. (b) You must explain the verification interview process to the...

49 CFR 40.145 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving adulteration or substitution?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...), except as otherwise provided in this section. (c) In the verification interview, you must explain the laboratory findings to the employee and address technical questions or issues the employee may raise. (d) You... at the time of the verification interview. As the MRO, you have discretion to extend the time...

49 CFR 40.145 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving adulteration or substitution?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...), except as otherwise provided in this section. (c) In the verification interview, you must explain the laboratory findings to the employee and address technical questions or issues the employee may raise. (d) You... at the time of the verification interview. As the MRO, you have discretion to extend the time...

Analysis of Employability for the Civil Aviation Maintenance Graduates of Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denizhan, Berrin; Dogru, Alperen

2017-01-01

Purpose: With every passing day, the center of gravity for air traffic for the Middle East and Turkey is shifting toward becoming a center for airway transport, maintenance, repair, overhaul (MRO) and transfer. The MRO sector is gaining importance because of this increase in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to examine the future employability…

49 CFR 40.137 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? 40.137 Section 40.137 Transportation Office of the... results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? (a) As the MRO, you must verify a confirmed positive test result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and/or PCP unless the employee presents a...

49 CFR 40.137 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? 40.137 Section 40.137 Transportation Office of the... results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? (a) As the MRO, you must verify a confirmed positive test result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and/or PCP unless the employee presents a...

49 CFR 40.137 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? 40.137 Section 40.137 Transportation Office of the... results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? (a) As the MRO, you must verify a confirmed positive test result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and/or PCP unless the employee presents a...

49 CFR 40.137 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? 40.137 Section 40.137 Transportation Office of the... results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? (a) As the MRO, you must verify a confirmed positive test result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and/or PCP unless the employee presents a...

49 CFR 40.137 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? 40.137 Section 40.137 Transportation Office of the... results involving marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or PCP? (a) As the MRO, you must verify a confirmed positive test result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and/or PCP unless the employee presents a...

KSC-05PD-1072

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility, technicians inspect the solar panels for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) during an electromagnetic interference verification test. If no interference is found during the test, the Shallow Radar Antenna (SHARAD) will be installed on the spacecraft. The spacecraft is undergoing multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1784

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Workers in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility make adjustments as they get ready to move the second half of the fairing (right) and install it with the first half around the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The fairing protects the spacecraft during launch and flight through the atmosphere. Once in space, it is jettisoned. Launch of the MRO aboard an Atlas V rocket will be from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The MRO is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

Correlating High Resolution Radar Reflectors with Visible Layering of the Polar Layered Deposits, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christian, S.; Holt, J. W.; Choudhary, P.; Fishbaugh, K. E.; Plaut, J. J.

2010-12-01

The Shallow Radar (SHARAD) onboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has successfully detected many subsurface reflectors in the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) of Mars. Confirming that these reflectors are caused by varying fractions of dust within the ice will be of primary importance in any attempt to model the composition of the NPLD, particularly if such a study incorporates optical data based on the assumption of a shared mechanism between layering and radar reflectance. As a first step towards examining this assumption, we have quantitatively studied the relationship between radar reflectors and adjacent visible layers exposed in an NPLD outcrop using statistical analyses and geometric comparisons. A clustering analysis of vertical separation distances between radar reflectors returned strong values at 11.8, 15.8, 20.3, 27.9, and 35.3 m, which strongly agree with published visible layer clusters [Fishbaugh et al., LPSC, 2009] and known frequency analysis results [Milkovich and Head, JGR, 2005]. Furthermore, in order to understand subsurface structures and reflector geometry we have gridded reflector surfaces in three dimensions, taking into account the influence of surface slopes to obtain accurate subsurface geometries. These geometries reveal average reflector dips of 0.4°, which are consistent with optical layer slopes on the order of 1.0°. Unexpected long wavelength topography resulting from subsurface structures visible to SHARAD complicated the attempt to compare radar reflector geometries with layer boundary elevation profiles obtained from the stratigraphic column produced using a digital elevation model (DEM) of High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) stereo imagery [Fishbaugh et al., GRL, 2010]. The limitation imposed by the small extent of the DEM was resolved by increasing exposure coverage through the incorporation of images from Context Camera (CTX), also on MRO. In doing so, we were able to resolve the disparity between geometries and have now determined visible layers demonstrate similar subsurface topographic features as those revealed by SHARAD. Direct elevation comparisons between individual reflectors and discrete optical layers, while considered necessary for a correlation, are complicated by variations in subsurface structure that exist between the outcrop and the SHARAD tracks, as inferred from our mapping. While a direct correlation has not yet been accomplished, we have confirmed a genetic link between radar reflectors and visible layers; furthermore, we have generalized and improved the techniques for conducting such correlations so this can be undertaken at additional locations.

Candidate Landing Site for the Mars Science Laboratory: Vernal Crater, S.W. ARabia Terra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paris, K. N.; Allen, C. C.; Oehler, D. Z.

2007-01-01

In the fall of 2009, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will be launched to Mars. The purpose of this mission is to assess biologic potential and geology and to investigate planetary processes of relevance to past habitability. MSL will be able to provide visual, chemical, radiation, and environmental data with its suite of instruments [1]. In order to be selected for the MSL landing site, certain engineering requirements must be met [1] and the area should contain geologic features suggestive of past habitability, so that the overriding science goal of the mission will be attained. There are a total of 33 proposed landing sites as of the first MSL Landing Site Workshop held in Pasadena, CA from May 31st to June 2nd, 2006 [1]. There will be an opportunity to gather high resolution visual and hyperspectral data on all proposed landing sites from the now-orbiting Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) which entered martian orbit and began its main science phase in November of 2006 [2]. The data being gathered are from: the high resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE), the context (CTX) camera and the compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer (CRISM) onboard the spacecraft. The footprints of these instruments are centered on a single point, and each proposer must submit these coordinates, along with the coordinates of the proposed landing ellipse. Data from these instruments, along with new MOC images and THEMIS mosaics, will be used to enhance our understanding of the geologic and engineering parameters of each site.

49 CFR 40.129 - What are the MRO's functions in reviewing laboratory confirmed non-negative drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What are the MRO's functions in reviewing laboratory confirmed non-negative drug test results? 40.129 Section 40.129 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Proces...

49 CFR 40.145 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving adulteration or substitution?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving adulteration or substitution? 40.145 Section 40.145 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process §...

49 CFR 40.97 - What do laboratories report and how do they report it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... review by the certifying scientist is completed. (e)(1) You must provide quantitative values for..., without a request from the MRO. (f) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed opiate results for morphine or codeine at 15,000 ng/mL or above, even if the MRO has not requested quantitative values for the...

49 CFR 40.97 - What do laboratories report and how do they report it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... review by the certifying scientist is completed. (e)(1) You must provide quantitative values for..., without a request from the MRO. (f) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed opiate results for morphine or codeine at 15,000 ng/mL or above, even if the MRO has not requested quantitative values for the...

49 CFR 40.97 - What do laboratories report and how do they report it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... review by the certifying scientist is completed. (e)(1) You must provide quantitative values for..., without a request from the MRO. (f) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed opiate results for morphine or codeine at 15,000 ng/mL or above, even if the MRO has not requested quantitative values for the...

49 CFR 40.97 - What do laboratories report and how do they report it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... review by the certifying scientist is completed. (1) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed..., without a request from the MRO. (f) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed opiate results for morphine or codeine at 15,000 ng/mL or above, even if the MRO has not requested quantitative values for the...

49 CFR 40.97 - What do laboratories report and how do they report it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... review by the certifying scientist is completed. (e)(1) You must provide quantitative values for..., without a request from the MRO. (f) You must provide quantitative values for confirmed opiate results for morphine or codeine at 15,000 ng/mL or above, even if the MRO has not requested quantitative values for the...

Using RFID Tagging in a Mining Industry Maintenance, Repair, and Operating (MRO) Supply Warehouse: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, George D.

2008-01-01

The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been shown to be successful by reducing operating costs in the retail and manufacturing industries, but has never been considered in the literature for a mining industry maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supply chain. This field study was conducted to determine whether or not…

49 CFR 40.327 - When must the MRO report medical information gathered in the verification process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false When must the MRO report medical information gathered in the verification process? 40.327 Section 40.327 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Confidentiality and Release of Information § 40.327 When must...

Child Temperament Moderates Effects of Parent-Child Mutuality on Self-Regulation: A Relationship-Based Path for Emotionally Negative Infants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Sanghag; Kochanska, Grazyna

2012-01-01

This study examined infants' negative emotionality as moderating the effect of parent-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) on children's self-regulation (n = 102). Negative emotionality was observed in anger-eliciting episodes and in interactions with parents at 7 months. MRO was coded in naturalistic interactions at 15 months.…

KSC-05PD-1003

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers finish installing the gimbal on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1004

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft waits for installation of a second gimbal on its solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1002

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers begin installing the gimbal on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1073

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility, an electromagnetic interference verification test is being conducted on the solar arrays for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and an antenna simulator (yellow horizontal rod). If no interference is found during the test, the Shallow Radar Antenna (SHARAD) will be installed on the spacecraft. The spacecraft is undergoing multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

49 CFR 40.159 - What does the MRO do when a drug test result is invalid?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....160 for determining if there is clinical evidence that the individual is an illicit drug user. (5) If... is clinical evidence that the individual is an illicit drug user. (5) If the recollection was not... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test result is...

Long-Term Periodicity of the Mars Exospheric Density from MRO and Mars Odyssey Radio Tracking Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Genova, A.; Goossens, S. J.; Lemoine, F. G.; Mazarico, E.; Smith, D. E.; Zuber, M. T.

2014-12-01

The Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions have collected more than 11 years of continuous tracking data of spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The radio science data are generally used to determine the static and seasonal gravity field of the central body. However, these two spacecraft are in different sun-synchronous orbits that cover a wide range of altitudes (250-410 km) where investigation of the atmosphere and climate of Mars so far have not been supported by in situ and remote sensing measurements. The drag perturbation acting on the probes provides indirect measurements of the Martian atmospheric density. Therefore, we focused our work on the determination of the long-term periodicity of the atmospheric constituents in the Mars exosphere with Mars Odyssey and MRO radio tracking data. We implemented the Drag Temperature Model (DTM) -Mars model into our Precise Orbit Determination (POD) program GEODYN-II to adequately reproduce variations in temperature and (partial) density along ODY and MRO trajectories. The recovery of Mars' atmospheric dynamics using Doppler tracking data requires the accurate modeling of all forces acting on the spacecraft. The main non-conservative force, apart from drag, is solar radiation pressure. Spacecraft panel reflectivities and the radiation pressure-scaling factor are not estimated, but we adjusted empirical once-per-revolution along-track periodic accelerations (cosine and sine) over each orbital arc to mitigate solar radiation pressure mismodeling. After converging the orbital data arcs, and editing out all the data during superior conjunctions, we combined the MRO and Mars Odyssey arcs in a global solution where we estimated spacecraft initial states, time-correlated drag scale factors, and annual and semi-annual variability of the major constituents in the Mars upper atmosphere. We will show that the updated DTM-Mars model provides a better prediction of the long-term variability of the dominant species, which are CO2, O, and He at the MRO and ODY orbit altitudes. The indirect measurements of atmospheric density profiles at those altitudes provide additional information to improve general circulation models, which already suitably represent lower altitudes in the atmosphere.

Mars Gravity Field and Upper Atmosphere from MGS, Mars Odyssey, and MRO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Genova, A.; Goossens, S. J.; Lemoine, F. G.; Mazarico, E.; Neumann, G. A.; Smith, D. E.; Zuber, M. T.

2015-12-01

The NASA orbital missions Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have been exploring and monitoring the planet Mars since 1997. MGS executed its mapping mission between 1999 and 2006 in a frozen sun-synchronous, near-circular, polar orbit with the periapsis altitude at ~370 km and the dayside equatorial crossing at 2 pm Local Solar Time (LST). The spacecraft was equipped with onboard instrumentation to acquire radio science data and to measure spacecraft ranges to the Martian surface (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter). These measurements resulted in static and time-varying gravity field and high-resolution global topography of the planet. ODY and MRO are still orbiting about Mars in two different sun-synchronous orbits, providing radio tracking data that indirectly measure both the static and time-varying gravity field and the atmospheric density. The orbit of ODY has its periapsis at ~390 km altitude and descending node at 4-5 pm LST. However, the spacecraft also collected measurements at lower altitudes (~220 km) in 2002 prior to the mapping phase. Since November 2006, MRO is in a low-altitude orbit with a periapsis altitude of 255 km and descending node at 3 pm LST. Radio data from MRO help improve the resolution of the static gravity field and measure the mass distribution of the polar caps, but the atmospheric drag at those altitudes may limit the benefits of these radio tracking observations. We present a combined solution of the Martian gravity field to degree and order 110 and atmospheric density profiles with radio tracking data from MGS, ODY and MRO. The gravity field solution is combined with the MOLA topography yielding an updated map of Mars crustal thickness. We also show our solution of the Love number k2 and time-variable gravity zonal harmonics (C20 and C30, in particular). The recovered atmospheric density profiles may be used in atmospheric models to constrain the long-term variability of the constituents in the upper atmosphere.

Geology and mineralogy of the Auki Crater, Tyrrhena Terra, Mars: A possible post impact-induced hydrothermal system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carrozzo, F. G.; Di Achille, G.; Salese, F.; Altieri, F.; Bellucci, G.

2017-01-01

A variety of hydrothermal environments have been documented in terrestrial impact structures. Due to both past water interactions and meteoritic bombardment on the surface of Mars, several authors have predicted various scenarios that include the formation of hydrothermal systems. Geological and mineralogical evidence of past hydrothermal activity have only recently been found on Mars. Here, we present a geological and mineralogical study of the Auki Crater using the spectral and visible imagery data acquired by the CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars), CTX (Context Camera) and HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) instruments on board the NASA MRO mission. The Auki Crater is a complex crater that is ∼38 km in diameter located in Tyrrhena Terra (96.8°E and 15.7°S) and shows a correlation between its mineralogy and morphology. The presence of minerals, such as smectite, silica, zeolite, serpentine, carbonate and chlorite, associated with morphological structures, such as mounds, polygonal terrains, fractures and veins, suggests that the Auki Crater may have hosted a post impact-induced hydrothermal system. Although the distribution of hydrated minerals in and around the central uplift and the stratigraphic relationships of some morphological units could also be explained by the excavation and exhumation of carbonate-rich bedrock units as a consequence of crater formation, we favor the hypothesis of impact-induced hydrothermal circulation within fractures and subsequent mineral deposition. The hydrothermal system could have been active for a relatively long period of time after the impact, thus producing a potential transient habitable environment. It must be a spectrally neutral component to emphasize the spectral features; It is an average of spectra taken in the same column of the numerator spectra to correct the residual instrument artifacts and reduce detector noise that changes from column to column; It must be taken in the neighborhood of the area of interest to reduce most of the common mineral component. It is not always possible to satisfy all of the criteria listed above and this must be taken into account in the interpretation of the ratioed spectra. Moreover, this procedure works well if the denominator spectra have a phase similar to that of numerator spectra, but, as we will see, that is not always the case. The ratioed spectra may continue to have multiple phases that contribute to the spectrum with its spectral features (Wiseman et al., 2013). For this reason, when we compare a ratioed spectrum with those from the laboratory, it must be taken into account that more phases may continue to affect the band positions.For the geological and morphometric analyses, we used high-resolution imagery and topography from ESA Mars Express and NASA MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) missions. In particular, HRSC (High Resolution Stereo Camera, Neukum et al., 2004) data (visible nadir image at 12.5 m/pixel and stereo-derived topography at 100 m/pixel) were used for the overall crater context, while CTX (ConTeXt, Malin et al., 2007) and HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, McEwen et al., 2007) images supported the detailed analysis of the floor and central part of the crater. The latter two datasets were also used to derive high-resolution topography (down to 7 m/pixel from CTX and 1 m/pixel from HiRISE) through the NASA Stereo Pipeline software (Moratto et al., 2010). All of the data were georeferenced and co-registered using the equirectangular projection and the Mars IAU2000 reference ellipsoid. Finally, the imagery, spectral data and topography were imported into the GIS (Geographic Information System, ArcGIS v.10.2.2) environment to obtain a multitemporal/multisensor/multiscale view of the studied crater. We delineated the map units, taking into account their morphology/morphometry, surface properties, texture at different scales (e.g., relative tonal differences from visible imagery, thermal inertia, rough or smooth texture), and their internal sedimentary structure when possible (from erosional windows, crater walls or scarps). The latter approach allowed us to i) identify the main geological/geomorphological units and to ii) correlate the defined units with the mineralogical observations from CRISM (Figs. 1 and 4).

KSC-05PD-1006

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, an engineer installs a second gimbal on a Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-1005

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers prepare a second gimbal for installation on a Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-0999

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers prepare to install the gimbal on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the background is the orbiter. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

KSC-05PD-0998

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center, engineers prepare to install the gimbal on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) solar panel. A gimbal is an appliance that allows an object to remain horizontal even as its support tips. In the PHSF, the spacecraft will undergo multiple mechanical assembly operations and electrical tests to verify its readiness for launch. A major deployment test will check out the spacecrafts large solar arrays. The MRO was built by Lockheed Martin for NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. It is the next major step in Mars exploration and scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in a window opening Aug. 10. The MRO is an important next step in fulfilling NASAs vision of space exploration and ultimately sending human explorers to Mars and beyond.

2018 Giant Dust Storm on Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-06-13

This set of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows a fierce, giant dust storm is kicking up on Mars, with rovers on the surface indicated as icons. The spread of the storm can be seen in the salmon-colored overlay. These images from MRO's Mars Color Imager start from May 31, when the dust event was first detected, and go through June 11, 2018. MRO creates global maps of Mars but roll maneuvers for targeted observations produce gaps in the coverage, which appear as black gores in the maps. On some days there are data drops where partial or full orbits of coverage are missing. Green and purple observed in the south polar region indicate saturated pixels. Latitude is indicated along the vertical axis. Longitude is indicated along the horizontal axis. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22519

49 CFR 40.133 - Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as positive, or as a refusal to test because of adulteration or substitution, or as cancelled because the test was invalid? 40.133 Section 40.133 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation...

49 CFR 40.160 - What does the MRO do when a valid test result cannot be produced and a negative result is required?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a valid test result cannot be produced and a negative result is required? 40.160 Section 40.160 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification...

49 CFR 40.133 - Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as positive, or as a refusal to test because of adulteration or substitution, or as cancelled because the test was invalid? 40.133 Section 40.133 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation...

49 CFR 40.133 - Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as positive, or as a refusal to test because of adulteration or substitution, or as cancelled because the test was invalid? 40.133 Section 40.133 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation...

49 CFR 40.153 - How does the MRO notify employees of their right to a test of the split specimen?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How does the MRO notify employees of their right to a test of the split specimen? 40.153 Section 40.153 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.153 Ho...

49 CFR 40.133 - Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as positive, or as a refusal to test because of adulteration or substitution, or as cancelled because the test was invalid? 40.133 Section 40.133 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation...

49 CFR 40.133 - Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Without interviewing the employee, under what circumstances may the MRO verify a test result as positive, or as a refusal to test because of adulteration or substitution, or as cancelled because the test was invalid? 40.133 Section 40.133 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation...

From parent-child mutuality to security to socialization outcomes: developmental cascade toward positive adaptation in preadolescence.

PubMed

Kim, Sanghag; Boldt, Lea J; Kochanska, Grazyna

2015-01-01

A developmental cascade from positive early parent-child relationship to child security with the parent to adaptive socialization outcomes, proposed in attachment theory and often implicitly accepted but rarely formally tested, was examined in 100 mothers, fathers, and children followed from toddler age to preadolescence. Parent-child Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) was observed in lengthy interactions at 38, 52, 67, and 80 months; children reported their security with parents at age eight. Socialization outcomes (parent- and child-reported cooperation with parental monitoring and teacher-reported school competence) were assessed at age 10. Mediation was tested with PROCESS. The parent-child history of MRO significantly predicted both mother-child and father-child security. For mother-child dyads, security mediated links between history of MRO and cooperation with maternal monitoring and school competence, controlling for developmental continuity of the studied constructs. For father-child dyads, the mediation effect was not evident.

Link Design and Planning for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Ka-band (32 GHz) Telecom Demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shambayati, Shervin; Davarian, Faramaz; Morabito, David

2004-01-01

NASA is planning an engineering telemetry demonstration with Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Capabilities of Ka-band (32 GHz) for use with deep space mission are demonstrated using the link optimization algorithms and weather forecasting. Furthermore, based on the performance of previous deep space missions with Ka-band downlink capabilities, experiment plans are developed for telemetry operations during superior solar conjunction. A general overview of the demonstration is given followed by a description of the mission planning during cruise, the primary science mission and superior conjunction. As part of the primary science mission planning the expected data return for various data optimization methods is calculated. These results indicate that, given MRO's data rates, a link optimized to use of at most two data rates, subject to a minimum availability of 90%, performs almost as well as a link with no limits on the number of data rates subject to the same minimum availability.

Limb clouds and dust on Mars from images obtained by the Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard Mars Express

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez-Lavega, A.; Chen-Chen, H.; Ordoñez-Etxeberria, I.; Hueso, R.; del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T.; Garro, A.; Cardesín-Moinelo, A.; Titov, D.; Wood, S.

2018-01-01

The Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard the Mars Express (MEx) spacecraft is a simple camera aimed to monitor the release of the Beagle-2 lander on Mars Express and later used for public outreach. Here, we employ VMC as a scientific instrument to study and characterize high altitude aerosols events (dust and condensates) observed at the Martian limb. More than 21,000 images taken between 2007 and 2016 have been examined to detect and characterize elevated layers of dust in the limb, dust storms and clouds. We report a total of 18 events for which we give their main properties (areographic location, maximum altitude, limb projected size, Martian solar longitude and local time of occurrence). The top altitudes of these phenomena ranged from 40 to 85 km and their horizontal extent at the limb ranged from 120 to 2000 km. They mostly occurred at Equatorial and Tropical latitudes (between ∼30°N and 30°S) at morning and afternoon local times in the southern fall and northern winter seasons. None of them are related to the orographic clouds that typically form around volcanoes. Three of these events have been studied in detail using simultaneous images taken by the MARCI instrument onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and studying the properties of the atmosphere using the predictions from the Mars Climate Database (MCD) General Circulation Model. This has allowed us to determine the three-dimensional structure and nature of these events, with one of them being a regional dust storm and the two others water ice clouds. Analyses based on MCD and/or MARCI images for the other cases studied indicate that the rest of the events correspond most probably to water ice clouds.

Solar System Visualization (SSV) Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Todd, Jessida L.

2005-01-01

The Solar System Visualization (SSV) project aims at enhancing scientific and public understanding through visual representations and modeling procedures. The SSV project's objectives are to (1) create new visualization technologies, (2) organize science observations and models, and (3) visualize science results and mission Plans. The SSV project currently supports the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Cassini. In support of the these missions, the SSV team has produced pan and zoom animations of large mosaics to reveal details of surface features and topography, created 3D animations of science instruments and procedures, formed 3-D anaglyphs from left and right stereo pairs, and animated registered multi-resolution mosaics to provide context for microscopic images.

An Overview of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Science Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zurek, Richard W.; Smrekar, Suzanne E.

2007-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is the latest addition to the suite of missions on or orbiting Mars as part of the NASA Mars Exploration Program. Launched on 12 August 2005, the orbiter successfully entered Mars orbit on 10 March 2006 and finished aerobraking on 30 August 2006. Now in its near-polar, near-circular, low-altitude (approximately 300 km), 3 p.m. orbit, the spacecraft is operating its payload of six scientific instruments throughout a one-Mars-year Primary Science Phase (PSP) of global mapping, regional survey, and targeted observations. Eight scientific investigations were chosen for MRO, two of which use either the spacecraft accelerometers or tracking of the spacecraft telecom signal to acquire data needed for analysis. Six instruments, including three imaging systems, a visible-near infrared spectrometer, a shallow-probing subsurface radar, and a thermal-infrared profiler, were selected to complement and extend the capabilities of current working spacecraft at Mars. Whether observing the atmosphere, surface, or subsurface, the MRO instruments are designed to achieve significantly higher resolution while maintaining coverage comparable to the current best observations. The requirements to return higher-resolution data, to target routinely from a low-altitude orbit, and to operate a complex suite of instruments were major challenges successfully met in the design and build of the spacecraft, as well as by the mission design. Calibration activities during the seven-month cruise to Mars and limited payload operations during a three-day checkout prior to the start of aerobraking demonstrated, where possible, that the spacecraft and payload still had the functions critical to the science mission. Two critical events, the deployment of the SHARAD radar antenna and the opening of the CRISM telescope cover, were successfully accomplished in September 2006. Normal data collection began 7 November 2006 after solar conjunction. As part of its science mission, MRO will also aid identification and characterization of the most promising sites for future landed missions, both in terms of safety and in terms of the scientific potential for future discovery. Ultimately, MRO data will advance our understanding of how Mars has evolved and by which processes that change occurs, all within a framework of identifying the presence, extent, and role of water in shaping the planet s climate over time.

Performance evaluation and clinical applications of 3D plenoptic cameras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Decker, Ryan; Shademan, Azad; Opfermann, Justin; Leonard, Simon; Kim, Peter C. W.; Krieger, Axel

2015-06-01

The observation and 3D quantification of arbitrary scenes using optical imaging systems is challenging, but increasingly necessary in many fields. This paper provides a technical basis for the application of plenoptic cameras in medical and medical robotics applications, and rigorously evaluates camera integration and performance in the clinical setting. It discusses plenoptic camera calibration and setup, assesses plenoptic imaging in a clinically relevant context, and in the context of other quantitative imaging technologies. We report the methods used for camera calibration, precision and accuracy results in an ideal and simulated surgical setting. Afterwards, we report performance during a surgical task. Test results showed the average precision of the plenoptic camera to be 0.90mm, increasing to 1.37mm for tissue across the calibrated FOV. The ideal accuracy was 1.14mm. The camera showed submillimeter error during a simulated surgical task.

MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) Education And Public Outreach program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gulick, V. C.; Davatzes, A.; McEwen, A.

2006-12-01

HiRISE provides an innovative education and public outreach program with a variety of formal and informal educational activities. The centerpiece of HiRISE's E/PO program is it's interactive website called HiWeb (http://marsoweb.nasa.nasa.gov/hirise and http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu). HiWeb provides an image suggestion facility where the public can submit suggestions for HiRISE images and view HiRISE images in context with other available Mars data. HiRISE EPO has developed K-14 educational materials including activity, coloring and comic books that focus on Mars geology, the image suggestion process, understanding the HiRISE camera and working with digital image data. In addition, we have developed interactive educational games including Mars crosswords, jigsaws, word searches, and flash cards to provide fun ways for students to learn more about Mars. All educational materials and games are aligned with the National Science Standards. HiRISE Clickworkers will provide online opportunities for the public to assist the team in creating geologic feature databases (gullies, boulders, craters, wind streaks, etc.) present in the HiRISE images in addition to other innovative opportunities. Web events (including web chats, casts and forums) with HiRISE team members, will help guide students and educators of HiRISE capabilities and science goals and provide support for submitting good image suggestions. Educator workshops will be held each year at or near the institution of HiRISE team members. Workshop support materials and instructions for all hands-on activities will be placed on HiWeb to facilitate sharing of information with other educators and the general public. Large-scale displays of HiRISE images will be available at several at museums and planetariums.

Atypical pit craters on Mars: new insights from THEMIS, CTX and HiRISE observations

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cushing, Glen; Okubo, Chris H.; Titus, Timothy N.

2015-01-01

More than 100 pit craters in the Tharsis region of Mars exhibit morphologies, diameters and thermal behaviors that diverge from the much larger bowl-shaped pit craters that occur in most regions across Mars. These Atypical Pit Craters (APCs) generally have sharp and distinct rims, vertical or overhanging walls that extend down to their floors, surface diameters of ~50-350 m, and high depth-to-diameter (d/D) ratios that are usually greater than 0.3 (which is an upper-range value for impacts and bowl-shaped pit craters), and can exceed values of 1.8. Observations by the Mars Odyssey THermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) show that APC floor temperatures are warmer at night, and fluctuate with much lower diurnal amplitudes than nearby surfaces or adjacent bowl-shaped pit craters. Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i, hosts pit craters that formed through subsurface collapse into active volcanic dikes, resulting in pits that can appear morphologically analogous to either APCs or bowl-shaped pit craters. Partially-drained dikes are sometimes exposed within the lower walls and floors of these terrestrial APC analogs and can form extensive cave systems with unique microclimates. Similar caves in martian pit craters are of great interest for astrobiology. This study uses new observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) to refine previous work where seven APCs were described from lower-resolution THEMIS visible-wavelength (VIS) observations. Here, we identify locations of 115 APCs, map their distribution across the Tharsis region, characterize their internal morphologies with high-resolution observations, and discuss possible formation mechanisms.

MRO DKF Post-Processing Tool

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ayap, Shanti; Fisher, Forest; Gladden, Roy; Khanampompan, Teerapat

2008-01-01

This software tool saves time and reduces risk by automating two labor-intensive and error-prone post-processing steps required for every DKF [DSN (Deep Space Network) Keyword File] that MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) produces, and is being extended to post-process the corresponding TSOE (Text Sequence Of Events) as well. The need for this post-processing step stems from limitations in the seq-gen modeling resulting in incorrect DKF generation that is then cleaned up in post-processing.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Aerobraking Science Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bougher, Stephen W.; Keating, G. M.

2006-09-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on August 12, 2005, and arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. Aerobraking in the martian thermosphere was conducted for nearly 5-months after arrival, enabling the desired MRO mapping orbit to be achieved. The MRO aerobraking phase began in early martian northern Spring (Ls = 36) and continued through early northern Summer (Ls 110), spanning approximately 500 orbits. The MRO periapsis latitude migrated slowly poleward/southward from 70ºS latitude upon aerobraking initiation, passed over the South pole (near Ls = 77), and moved rapidly northward to equatorial latitudes at aerobraking conclusion. Upper atmosphere sampling ( 100-200 km) was achieved on the dayside (LT 1900-2000) before polar crossing, and on the nightside (LT = 0200-0300) thereafter. These seasonal and latitude conditions are similar to a subset of those experienced by MGS during its post hiatus aerobraking Phase 2. Derived mass densities, scale heights, and estimated temperatures are the primary data products generated from each aeropass. The most important discovery of MRO aerobraking concerns the sampling of the thermosphere up to 200 km, far higher than previous MGS and Odyssey Accelerometers have achieved. This sampling contributes to the characterization of the Mars exobase region, which is required to predict and interpret atmospheric escape rates. In addition, thermospheric densities at a constant altitude were observed to decrease toward the southern (winter) pole, as expected from previous MGS experience. No winter polar warming was typically observed near the South pole. Thereafter, densities were measured to increase on the nightside as periapsis moved toward the equator. In general, thermospheric variability was observed to increase in the vicinity of the polar vortex boundary ( 70-80ºS), and decreased again inside the vortex (high southern latitudes). Finally, longitude wave features displayed wave#1 and 2 components.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Aerobraking Science Discoveries using the Accelerometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keating, Gerald M.; Bougher, S. W.

2006-09-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on August 12, 2005, and arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. Aerobraking in the martian thermosphere was conducted for nearly 5-months after arrival, enabling the desired MRO mapping orbit to be achieved. The MRO aerobraking phase began in early martian northern Spring (Ls = 36) and continued through early northern Summer (Ls 110), spanning approximately 500 orbits. The MRO periapsis latitude migrated slowly poleward/southward from 70ºS latitude upon aerobraking initiation, passed over the South pole (near Ls = 77), and moved rapidly northward to equatorial latitudes at aerobraking conclusion. Upper atmosphere sampling ( 100-200 km) was achieved on the dayside (LT 1900-2000) before polar crossing, and on the nightside (LT = 0200-0300) thereafter. These seasonal and latitude conditions are similar to a subset of those experienced by MGS during its post hiatus aerobraking Phase 2. Derived mass densities, scale heights, and estimated temperatures are the primary data products generated from each aeropass. The most important discovery of MRO aerobraking concerns the sampling of the thermosphere up to 200 km, far higher than previous MGS and Odyssey Accelerometers have achieved. This sampling contributes to the characterization of the Mars exobase region, which is required to predict and interpret atmospheric escape rates. In addition, thermospheric densities at a constant altitude were observed to decrease toward the southern (winter) pole, as expected from previous MGS experience. No winter polar warming was typically observed near the South pole. Thereafter, densities were measured to increase on the nightside as periapsis moved toward the equator. In general, thermospheric variability was observed to increase in the vicinity of the polar vortex boundary ( 70-80ºS), and decreased again inside the vortex (high southern latitudes). Finally, longitude wave features displayed wave#1 and 2 components.

A Robust Camera-Based Interface for Mobile Entertainment

PubMed Central

Roig-Maimó, Maria Francesca; Manresa-Yee, Cristina; Varona, Javier

2016-01-01

Camera-based interfaces in mobile devices are starting to be used in games and apps, but few works have evaluated them in terms of usability or user perception. Due to the changing nature of mobile contexts, this evaluation requires extensive studies to consider the full spectrum of potential users and contexts. However, previous works usually evaluate these interfaces in controlled environments such as laboratory conditions, therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to real users and real contexts. In this work, we present a robust camera-based interface for mobile entertainment. The interface detects and tracks the user’s head by processing the frames provided by the mobile device’s front camera, and its position is then used to interact with the mobile apps. First, we evaluate the interface as a pointing device to study its accuracy, and different factors to configure such as the gain or the device’s orientation, as well as the optimal target size for the interface. Second, we present an in the wild study to evaluate the usage and the user’s perception when playing a game controlled by head motion. Finally, the game is published in an application store to make it available to a large number of potential users and contexts and we register usage data. Results show the feasibility of using this robust camera-based interface for mobile entertainment in different contexts and by different people. PMID:26907288

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of the metabolic rate of oxygen in a mouse renal tumor model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chenghung; Hu, Song; Liang, Jinyang; Li, Lei; Soetikno, Brian; Lu, Zhi Hong; Sohn, Rebecca E.; Maslov, Konstantin; Arbeit, Jeffrey M.; Wang, Lihong V.

2015-03-01

We propose using noninvasive longitudinal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (L-ORPAM) to quantify blood flow flux, oxygen saturation (sO2), and thereby the metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2), for a renal tumor model in the same mouse over weeks to months. Experiments showed that the sO2 difference between the artery and vein decreased greatly due to the arteriovenous shunting effect during tumor growth. Moreover, hypermetabolism was exhibited by an increase in MRO2.

From Parent-Child Mutuality to Security to Socialization Outcomes: Developmental Cascade toward Positive Adaptation in Preadolescence

PubMed Central

Kim, Sanghag; Boldt, Lea J.; Kochanska, Grazyna

2016-01-01

A developmental cascade from positive early parent-child relationship to child security with the parent to adaptive socialization outcomes, proposed in attachment theory and often implicitly accepted but rarely formally tested, was examined in 100 mothers, fathers, and children followed from toddler age to preadolescence. Parent-child Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) was observed in lengthy interactions at 38, 52, 67, and 80 months; children reported their security with parents at age 8. Socialization outcomes (parent- and child-reported cooperation with parental monitoring and teacher-reported school competence) were assessed at age 10. Mediation was tested with PROCESS (Hayes, 2013). The parent-child history of MRO significantly predicted both mother-child and father-child security. For mother-child dyads, security mediated links between history of MRO and cooperation with maternal monitoring and school competence, controlling for developmental continuity of the studied constructs. For father-child dyads, the mediation effect was not evident. PMID:26258443

Active and Recent Volcanism and Hydrogeothermal Activity on Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edgett, Kenneth S.; Cantor, B. A.; Harrison, T. N.; Kennedy, M. R.; Lipkaman, L. J.; Malin, M. C.; Posiolova, L. V.; Shean, D. E.

2010-10-01

There are no active volcanoes or geysers on Mars today, nor in the very recent past. Since 1997, we have sought evidence from targeted narrow angle camera images and daily, global wide angle images for active or very recent (decades to < 10 Ma) volcanism or hydrogeothermal events on Mars. Despite > 11 years of daily global imaging and coverage of > 60% of Mars at ≤ 6 m/pixel (with the remaining < 40% largely outside of volcanic regions), we have found no such evidence, although one lava field in Aeolis (5°N, 220°W) stands out as possibly the site of the most recent volcanism. Authors of impact crater size-frequency studies suggest some volcanic landforms on Mars are as young as tens to hundreds of Ma. This interpreted youth has implications for understanding the internal geophysical state of Mars and has encouraged those seeking sources for trace gases (methane) in the atmosphere and those seeking "warm havens for life” (Jakosky 1996, New Scientist 150, 38-42). We targeted thousands of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) MOC and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) CTX (and HiRISE) images to examine volcanic regions; we also studied every MGS MOC and MRO MARCI wide angle image. For evidence of active volcanism, we sought eruption plumes, new vents, new tephra deposits, and new volcanogenic flows not observed in earlier images. For recent volcanism, we sought volcanogenic flows with zero or few superposed impact craters and minimal regolith development or superposed eolian sediment. Targets included all volcanic landforms identified in research papers as "recent” as well as areas speculated to have exhibited eruptive plumes. An independent search for endogenic heat sources, a key Mars Odyssey THEMIS objective, has also not produced a positive result (Christensen et al. 2005, P24A-01, Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 86/52).

Spectral Evidence for Hydrated Salts in Seasonal Brine Flows on Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ojha, L.

2015-12-01

Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are narrow, low-reflectance features forming on present-day Mars that have been hypothesized to be due to the transient flow of liquid water. RSL extend incrementally downslope on steep, warm slopes, fade when inactive, and reappear annually over multiple Mars years as monitored by the HiRISE camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). In the southern mid-latitudes of Mars, RSL are observed to form most commonly on equator facing slopes, but in equatorial regions RSL often "follow the sun", forming and growing on slopes that receive the greatest insolation during a particular season. The temperature on slopes where RSL are active typically exceeds 250 K and often but not always exceeds 273 K, although sub-surface temperatures would be colder. These characteristics suggest a possible role of salts in lowering the freezing point of water, allowing briny solutions to flow. Confirmation of this wet origin hypothesis for RSL would require either (i) detection of liquid water absorptions on the surface, or (ii) detection of hydrated salts precipitated from that water. The mineralogical composition of RSL and their surroundings can be investigated using orbital data acquired by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) also on board MRO, which acquires spectral cubes with 544 spectral channels in the visible to near-infrared range of ~0.36 μm to 3.92 μm [13], within which both liquid water and hydrated salts have diagnostic absorption bands at ~1.4 μm, ~1.9 μm, ~3.0 μm. Additionally, hydrated salts may have combination of overtones at other wavelengths from 1.7 μm to 2.4 μm. We present results from examination of individual pixels containing RSL at four different sites that confirm the hypothesis that RSL are due to present-day activity of briny water.

Ultrahigh resolution topographic mapping of Mars with MRO HiRISE stereo images: Meter-scale slopes of candidate Phoenix landing sites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kirk, R.L.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Rosiek, M.R.; Anderson, J.A.; Archinal, B.A.; Becker, K.J.; Cook, D.A.; Galuszka, D.M.; Geissler, P.E.; Hare, T.M.; Holmberg, I.M.; Keszthelyi, L.P.; Redding, B.L.; Delamere, W.A.; Gallagher, D.; Chapel, J.D.; Eliason, E.M.; King, R.; McEwen, A.S.

2009-01-01

The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to report our estimates of the meter-to-decameter-scale topography and slopes of candidate landing sites for the Phoenix mission, based on analysis of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images with a typical pixel scale of 3 m and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images at 0.3 m pixel-1 and, second, to document in detail the geometric calibration, software, and procedures on which the photogrammetric analysis of HiRISE data is based. A combination of optical design modeling, laboratory observations, star images, and Mars images form the basis for software in the U.S. Geological Survey Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) 3 system that corrects the images for a variety of distortions with single-pixel or subpixel accuracy. Corrected images are analyzed in the commercial photogrammetric software SOCET SET (??BAE Systems), yielding digital topographic models (DTMs) with a grid spacing of 1 m (3-4 pixels) that require minimal interactive editing. Photoclinometry yields DTMs with single-pixel grid spacing. Slopes from MOC and HiRISE are comparable throughout the latitude zone of interest and compare favorably with those where past missions have landed successfully; only the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) B site in Meridiani Planum is smoother. MOC results at multiple locations have root-mean-square (RMS) bidirectional slopes of 0.8-4.5?? at baselines of 3-10 m. HiRISE stereopairs (one per final candidate site and one in the former site) yield 1.8-2.8?? slopes at 1-m baseline. Slopes at 1 m from photoclinometry are also in the range 2-3?? after correction for image blur. Slopes exceeding the 16?? Phoenix safety limit are extremely rare. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.

Prevalence of answers to orthopaedic in-training examination questions in 3 commonly used orthopedic review sources.

PubMed

Krueger, Chad A; Shakir, Irshad; Fuller, Brian C

2012-09-01

One of the greatest predictors for resident success on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) is reviewing previous OITE questions. However, no studies have examined which review sources contain the most answers to previously asked OITE questions. The goal of this study was to determine which review source contains the most answers to previously asked OITE questions. Each question from the 2006 to 2010 OITEs was examined. The questions were placed into 1 of 13 categories based on their topic. The publication date of the recommended readings associated with each question was recorded. The answer to each question was then searched for in 3 commonly used review sources: Miller's Review of Orthopaedics, 5th edition (MRO), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review (COR), and www.orthobullets.com (OB). Searchable electronic versions of each textbook were used, and each question had a 12-minute time limit. Of 1358 questions, 665 (49%) were found in all 3 sources. Significantly more answers were found on OB (99.4%) compared with MRO (60%) and COR (62%) (P<.0001). Significantly more answers to questions in each question category were found on OB compared with MRO or COR (P<.0001). More than 50% of all recommended readings for OITE questions were published within 5 years of the OITE. Residents using OB to review for the OITE will be exposed to significantly more answers of previously asked OITE questions than residents using MRO or COR (P<.0001). Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.

Oxygen consumption estimation with combined color doppler ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopy: a phantom study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Yan; Harrison, Tyler; Forbrich, Alex; Zemp, Roger J.

2011-03-01

The metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (MRO2) quantifies tissue metabolism, which is important for diagnosis of many diseases. For a single vessel model, the MRO2 can be estimated in terms of the mean flow velocity, vessel crosssectional area, total concentration of hemoglobin (CHB), and the difference between the oxygen saturation (sO2) of blood flowing into and out of the tissue region. In this work, we would like to show the feasibility to estimate MRO2 with our combined photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasound imaging system. This system uses a swept-scan 25-MHz ultrasound transducer with confocal dark-field laser illumination optics. A pulse-sequencer enables ultrasonic and laser pulses to be interlaced so that photoacoustic and Doppler ultrasound images are co-registered. Since the mean flow velocity can be measured by color Doppler ultrasound, the vessel cross-sectional area can be measured by power Doppler or photoacoustic imaging, and multi-wavelength photoacoustic methods can be used to estimate sO2 and CHB, all of these parameters necessary for MRO2 estimation can be provided by our system. Experiments have been performed on flow phantoms to generate co-registered color Doppler and photoacoustic images. To verify the sO2 estimation, two ink samples (red and blue) were mixed in various concentration ratios to mimic different levels of sO2, and the result shows a good match between the calculated concentration ratios and actual values.

Phobos spectral clustering: first results using the MRO-CRISM 0.4-2.5 micron dataset

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pajola, M.; Roush, T. L.; Marzo, G. A.; Simioni, E.

2016-12-01

Whether Phobos is a captured asteroid or it formed in situ around Mars, is still an outstanding question within the scientific community. The proposed Japanese Mars Moon eXploration (MMX) sample return mission has the chief scientific objective to solve this conundrum, reaching Phobos in early 2020s and returning Phobos samples to Earth few years later. Nonetheless, well before surface samples are returned to Earth, there are important spectral datasets that can be mined in order to constrain Phobos' surface properties and address implications regarding Phobos' origin. One of these is the MRO-CRISM multispectral observations of Phobos. The MRO-CRISM visible and infrared observations (0.4-2.5 micron) are here corrected for incidence and emission angles of the observation. Unlike previous studies of the MRO-CRISM data that selected specific regions for analyses, we apply a statistical technique that identifies different clusters based on a K-means partitioning algorithm. Selecting specific wavelength ranges of Phobos' reflectance spectra permits identification of possible mineralogical compounds and the spatial distribution of these on the surface of Phobos. This work paves the way to a deeper analysis of the available dataset regarding Phobos, potentially identifying regions of interest on the surface of Phobos that may warrant more detailed investigation by the MXX mission as potential sampling areas. Acknowledgments: M. Pajola was supported for this research by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Ames Research Center administered by USRA.

Relay Support for the Mars Science Laboratory and the Coming Decade of Mars Relay Network Evolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, Charles D., Jr.; Arnold, Bradford W.; Bell, David J.; Bruvold, Kristoffer N.; Gladden, Roy E.; Ilott, Peter A.; Lee, Charles H.

2012-01-01

Mars Relay Network is prepared to support MSL: a) ODY/MRO/MEX will all provide critical event comm support during EDL. b) New Electra/Electra-Lite capabilities on the MSL-MRO link will support >250 Mb/sol MSL data return. 2013 MAVEN orbiter will replenish on-orbit relay infrastructure as prior orbiters approach end-of-life. While NASA has withdrawn from the 2016 EMTGO and 2018 Joint Rover missions, analysis of the potential link shows a path to Gbit/sol relay capability 2012.

Three-and-a-Half Mars Years of Surface Albedo Changes Observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MARCI Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wellington, D. F.; Bell, J. F.

2013-12-01

The Mars Color Imager (MARCI) wide-angle camera aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has gathered over three-and-a-half Mars years' worth of observations at approximately 1 km/pixel resolution. The MARCI instrument has seven bands in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared, five of which (the longer wavelength 420, 550, 600, 650, and 750 nm bands) are amenable to observations of surface albedo (the two short-wave ultraviolet bands are primarily intended for ozone measurements). MRO's near-polar orbit and MARCI's wide angle field-of-view (180°) allows it to make almost daily observations of large portions of the planet. As a global multi-year dataset, the MARCI observations are well-suited to examining surface albedo changes on both local and regional scales, including investigating any repeatability and seasonality in such changes. Because Mars displays considerable interannual variability, long-term continuous observations such as MARCI's are necessary in order to adequately describe and distinguish typical surface variance from unusual and longer-term secular changes. We have produced time-lapse animations of sections of the Martian surface from calibrated, map-projected, and mosaicked MARCI observations, altogether comprising the surface of Mars within +/- 65 degrees of the equator. These animations show many albedo changes that have occurred on the surface since 2006, including changes in traditionally variable regions such as Syrtis Major, Alcyonius, Hyblaeus, and Cerberus, as well as a dramatic brightening of Propontis and variations in the appearance and orientation of mesoscale linear streaks in Amazonis. Many regions show alternating periods of dust deposition and removal that, while not producing a persistent change in the surface albedo, nevertheless yield information on the local near-surface conditions that drive these variations. We present a descriptive classification of the types and locations of surface albedo changes observed on Mars over the course of the MRO mission (2006-present), including the nature, seasonal timing, and extent of such changes. The surface albedo features are shown to vary quasi-seasonally, with changes sometimes in concurrence with local or regional dust storms. Dust storm events typically brighten the surface and are followed by months of subsequent darkening, though occasionally an associated darkening or brightening may persist. Changes in the boundaries of albedo features usually occur in discrete episodes, followed by periods of stasis, and often affect regions with historical precedent for variability. These observations and analyses can yield information on near-surface wind conditions, which can be used to test existing atmospheric circulation and climate models. Furthermore, changes in surface albedo markings can provide constraints on surface albedo as an important input parameter to global and mesoscale climate models.

Multi-instrument data analysis for interpretation of the Martian North polar layered deposits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirino, Melissa; Sefton-Nash, Elliot; Witasse, Olivier; Frigeri, Alessandro

2017-04-01

The Martian polar caps have engendered substantial study due to their spiral morphology, layered structure and the seasonal variability in thickness of the uppermost H2O and CO2 ice layers. We demonstrate a multi-instrument study of exposed and buried north polar layers using data from ESA's Mars Express (MEx) and NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions. We perform analysis of high resolution images from MRO's HiRISE, which provide textural and morphological information about surface features larger than 0.3m, with NIR hyperspectral data from MRO CRISM, which allows study of surface mineralogy at a maximum resolution of 18 m/pixel. Stereo-derived topography is provided by MEx's HRSC. Together with these surficial observations we interpret radargrams from MRO SHARAD to obtain information about layered structures at a horizontal resolution between 0.3 and 3 kilometers and a free-space vertical resolution of 15 meters (vertical resolution depends on the dielectric properties of the medium). This combination of datasets allows us to attempt to correlate polar layering, made visible by dielectric interfaces between beds, with surface mineralogies and structures outcropping at specific stratigraphic levels. We analyse two opposite areas of the north polar cap with the intention to characterise in multiple datasets each geologic unit identified in the north polar cap's stratigraphy (mapped by e.g. [1]). We selected deposits observed in Chasma Boreale and Olympia Cavi because these areas allow us to observe and map strata at opposing sides of the north polar cap. Using the CRISM Analysis Tool and spectral summary parameters [2] we map the spectral characteristics of the two areas that show H2O and CO2 ice layering exposed on polar scarps. Through spatial-registration in a GIS with HRSC topography and HiRISE imagery we assess the mineralogical and morphological characteristics of exposed layers. In order to constrain the cross section between the two selected localities we choose SHARAD radargrams that most closely align with the transect between the sites. We interpret sub-horizontal features to be due to dielectric interfaces involving the deposits analysed. Our interpretation of radargrams in the context of compositional and structural constraints, from areas where pertinent beds outcrop, illustrates how joint analysis of surface and sub-surface data can benefit geological interpretation of planetary surfaces and subsurfaces. This technique applied to Mars' north polar layered deposits may offer additional constraint on morphology of internal layering resulting from seasonal deposition/sublimation cycles over varying obliquity [3]. References: [1] Tanaka et al. (2008), Icarus, 196, p. 318-358, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.021. [2] Viviano-Beck et al. (2014), J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 119, p. 1403-1431, doi:10.1002/2014JE004627..[3] Putzig et al. (2009), Icarus, 204, p. 443-457, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.034.

1. Context view includes Building 59 (second from left). Camera ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Context view includes Building 59 (second from left). Camera is pointed ENE along Farragut Aveune. Buildings on left side of street are, from left: Building 856, Building 59 and Building 107. On right side of street they are, from right; Building 38, Building 452 and Building 460. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Pattern Shop, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

A Capacity Forecast Model for Volatile Data in Maintenance Logistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berkholz, Daniel

2009-05-01

Maintenance, repair and overhaul processes (MRO processes) are elaborate and complex. Rising demands on these after sales services require reliable production planning and control methods particularly for maintaining valuable capital goods. Downtimes lead to high costs and an inability to meet delivery due dates results in severe contract penalties. Predicting the required capacities for maintenance orders in advance is often difficult due to unknown part conditions unless the goods are actually inspected. This planning uncertainty results in extensive capital tie-up by rising stock levels within the whole MRO network. The article outlines an approach to planning capacities when maintenance data forecasting is volatile. It focuses on the development of prerequisites for a reliable capacity planning model. This enables a quick response to maintenance orders by employing appropriate measures. The information gained through the model is then systematically applied to forecast both personnel capacities and the demand for spare parts. The improved planning reliability can support MRO service providers in shortening delivery times and reducing stock levels in order to enhance the performance of their maintenance logistics.

Effect of medium range order on pulsed laser crystallization of amorphous germanium thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, T. T., E-mail: li48@llnl.gov; Bayu Aji, L. B.; Heo, T. W.

Sputter deposited amorphous Ge thin films had their nanostructure altered by irradiation with high-energy Ar{sup +} ions. The change in the structure resulted in a reduction in medium range order (MRO) characterized using fluctuation electron microscopy. The pulsed laser crystallization kinetics of the as-deposited versus irradiated materials were investigated using the dynamic transmission electron microscope operated in the multi-frame movie mode. The propagation rate of the crystallization front for the irradiated material was lower; the changes were correlated to the MRO difference and formation of a thin liquid layer during crystallization.

Effect of medium range order on pulsed laser crystallization of amorphous germanium thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, T. T.; Bayu Aji, L. B.; Heo, T. W.

Sputter deposited amorphous Ge thin films had their nanostructure altered by irradiation with high-energy Ar + ions. The change in the structure resulted in a reduction in medium range order (MRO) characterized using fluctuation electron microscopy. The pulsed laser crystallization kinetics of the as-deposited versus irradiated materials were investigated using the dynamic transmission electron microscope operated in the multi-frame movie mode. In conclusion, the propagation rate of the crystallization front for the irradiated material was lower; the changes were correlated to the MRO difference and formation of a thin liquid layer during crystallization.

Effect of medium range order on pulsed laser crystallization of amorphous germanium thin films

DOE PAGES

Li, T. T.; Bayu Aji, L. B.; Heo, T. W.; ...

2016-06-03

Sputter deposited amorphous Ge thin films had their nanostructure altered by irradiation with high-energy Ar + ions. The change in the structure resulted in a reduction in medium range order (MRO) characterized using fluctuation electron microscopy. The pulsed laser crystallization kinetics of the as-deposited versus irradiated materials were investigated using the dynamic transmission electron microscope operated in the multi-frame movie mode. In conclusion, the propagation rate of the crystallization front for the irradiated material was lower; the changes were correlated to the MRO difference and formation of a thin liquid layer during crystallization.

Lytro camera technology: theory, algorithms, performance analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Georgiev, Todor; Yu, Zhan; Lumsdaine, Andrew; Goma, Sergio

2013-03-01

The Lytro camera is the first implementation of a plenoptic camera for the consumer market. We consider it a successful example of the miniaturization aided by the increase in computational power characterizing mobile computational photography. The plenoptic camera approach to radiance capture uses a microlens array as an imaging system focused on the focal plane of the main camera lens. This paper analyzes the performance of Lytro camera from a system level perspective, considering the Lytro camera as a black box, and uses our interpretation of Lytro image data saved by the camera. We present our findings based on our interpretation of Lytro camera file structure, image calibration and image rendering; in this context, artifacts and final image resolution are discussed.

Interannual Variability of Dust and Ice in the Mars Atmosphere: Comparison of MRO Mars Climate Sounder Retrievals with MGS-TES Limb Sounding Retrievals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shirley, J. H.; McConnochie, T. H.; Kleinbohl, A.; Schofield, J. T.; Kass, D.; Heavens, N. G.; Benson, J.; McCleese, D. J.

2011-01-01

Dust and ice play important roles in Martian atmospheric dynamics on all time scales. Dust loading in particular exerts an important control on atmospheric temperatures and thereby on the strength of the atmospheric circulation in any given year. We present the first comparisons of MGS-TES aerosol opacity profiles with MRO-MCS aerosol opacity profiles. While the differences in vertical resolution are significant (a factor of 2), we find good agreement at particular seasons between nightside zonal average dust opacity profiles from the two instruments. Derived water ice opacities are likewise similar but show greater variability.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Aerobraking Daily Operations and Collision Avoidance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Long, Stacia M.; You, Tung-Han; Halsell, C. Allen; Bhat, Ramachand S.; Demcak, Stuart W.; Graat, Eric J.; Higa, Earl S.; Highsmith, Dolan E.; Mottinger, Neil A.; Jah, Moriba K.

2007-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reached Mars on March 10, 2006 and performed a Mars orbit insertion maneuver of 1 km/s to enter into a large elliptical orbit. Three weeks later, aerobraking operations began and lasted about five months. Aerobraking utilized the atmospheric drag to reduce the large elliptical orbit into a smaller, near circular orbit. At the time of MRO aerobraking, there were three other operational spacecraft orbiting Mars and the navigation team had to minimize the possibility of a collision. This paper describes the daily operations of the MRO navigation team during this time as well as the collision avoidance strategy development and implementation.

Relay Telecommunications for the Coming Decade of Mars Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, C.; DePaula, R.

2010-01-01

Over the past decade, an evolving network of relay-equipped orbiters has advanced our capabilities for Mars exploration. NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, 2001 Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), as well as ESA's Mars Express Orbiter, have provided telecommunications relay services to the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, and to the 2007 Phoenix Lander. Based on these successes, a roadmap for continued Mars relay services is in place for the coming decade. MRO and Odyssey will provide key relay support to the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, including capture of critical event telemetry during entry, descent, and landing, as well as support for command and telemetry during surface operations, utilizing new capabilities of the Electra relay payload on MRO and the Electra-Lite payload on MSL to allow significant increase in data return relative to earlier missions. Over the remainder of the decade a number of additional orbiter and lander missions are planned, representing new orbital relay service providers and new landed relay users. In this paper we will outline this Mars relay roadmap, quantifying relay performance over time, illustrating planned support scenarios, and identifying key challenges and technology infusion opportunities.

The Effect of Camera Angle and Image Size on Source Credibility and Interpersonal Attraction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCain, Thomas A.; Wakshlag, Jacob J.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two nonverbal visual variables (camera angle and image size) on variables developed in a nonmediated context (source credibility and interpersonal attraction). Camera angle and image size were manipulated in eight video taped television newscasts which were subsequently presented to eight…

Investigation of the influence of spatial degrees of freedom on thermal infrared measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleuret, Julien R.; Yousefi, Bardia; Lei, Lei; Djupkep Dizeu, Frank Billy; Zhang, Hai; Sfarra, Stefano; Ouellet, Denis; Maldague, Xavier P. V.

2017-05-01

Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) cameras can provide a representation of a part of the light spectrum that is sensitive to temperature. These cameras also named Thermal Infrared (TIR) cameras are powerful tools to detect features that cannot be seen by other imaging technologies. For instance they enable defect detection in material, fever and anxiety in mammals and many other features for numerous applications. However, the accuracy of thermal cameras can be affected by many parameters; the most critical involves the relative position of the camera with respect to the object of interest. Several models have been proposed in order to minimize the influence of some of the parameters but they are mostly related to specific applications. Because such models are based on some prior informations related to context, their applicability to other contexts cannot be easily assessed. The few models remaining are mostly associated with a specific device. In this paper the authors studied the influence of the camera position on the measurement accuracy. Modeling of the position of the camera from the object of interest depends on many parameters. In order to propose a study which is as accurate as possible, the position of the camera will be represented as a five dimensions model. The aim of this study is to investigate and attempt to introduce a model which is as independent from the device as possible.

Predicting Martian dune shape and orientation from wind directional variability and sediment availability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandez-Cascales, Laura; Lucas, Antoine; Rodriguez, Sébastien; Narteau, Clément; Spiga, Aymeric; Allemand, Pascal

2016-04-01

Dunes provide a unique set of information to constrain local climatic regimes on planetary bodies where there is no direct meteorological data. Wind directional variability and sediment availability are known to control the dune growth mechanism (i.e. the bed instability or fingering modes) and the subsequent dune shape and orientation (Courrech du Pont at al., 2014; Gao et al., 2015). Here we provide a quantitative analysis of these dependences on Mars using the output of the Martian General Circulation Models (GCM) and satellite imagery such as the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) images, at a selection of places where there is a high contrast between the dune material and the non-erodible ground. Dunes, mostly composed of unweathered basaltic and andesitic grains, appear dark, whereas the non-erodible ground has a higher albedo. Such a systematic contrast permits to link dune morphology to the local sediment cover. Dune shape, crest orientation and local sediment cover are extracted from CTX images using an automatic linear segment detection method and the local distribution in albedo. In zones of high sediment supply, dune crest alignments are close to the orientation of the bed instability mode predicted from the local winds from the Martian Climate Database (MCD) where is stored the outputs of the IPSL-GCM for Mars (Millour et al., 2014). Using the same wind data, in zones of low sediment supply, the crest angle is close to the orientation of the fingering mode. In addition, there are continuous transitions in dune shape and orientation as the dunes migrate from zone of high to low sediment availability. These results indicate that the prediction of the IPSL-GCM are in good agreement with the present dune shapes and orientations and shed new light on the dynamics of complex dune fields along sand flow path.

Mapping and dating based evolution studies of the Niger Vallis outflow channel, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kukkonen, S.; Kostama, V.-P.

2018-04-01

Niger Vallis is one of the four large outflow channel systems in the eastern Hellas rim region of Mars. Niger, as well as the other nearby valles, is assumed to have been carved by water and later covered by ice-rich deposits. Thus, it plays a significant role both in the fluvial and glacial evolution of the region. This work presents the photogeological mapping and crater count dating results of the Niger Vallis system achieved based on the images of the ConTeXt (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) cameras of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The results show that Niger Vallis formed in at least two stages. The southern branch of Niger Vallis originated from Ausonia Cavus, ∼3.7-3.9 Ga ago, whereas the northern branch formed from Peraea Cavus, ∼3.3-3.4 Ga ago. Both of the time scales correspond to the volcanic activity phases of the nearby highland volcanoes of Tyrrhenus and Hadriacus Montes. The fluvial activity of Niger Vallis was not, however, as intense as the activity of the other nearby outflow channels, and it seems to have weakened soon after the formation of the northern branch. The outflow channel was resurfaced again ∼0.9-1.5 Ga ago, probably by regional fluvial activity. After that, the floor of Niger Vallis was covered by lineated valley fills and corresponding ice-rich deposits, the formation of which ended ∼220-470 Ma ago, or not later than ∼110 Ma ago. Although the origin of the deposits was probably related to contemporary climate conditions, the emplacement of some deposits, or even their formation, may have been contributed by impact events. After lineated valley fill formation, the region was resurfaced several times, probably because of changes in regional climatic or endogenic circumstances.

Impact Craters on Mars: Natural 3D Exploration Probes of Geological Evolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garvin, James B.

2005-01-01

Introduction: The population of impact craters preserved on the surface of Mars offers fundamental constraints on the three- dimensional mechanical characteristics of the martian crust, its volatile abundance, and on the styles of erosion that have operated during essentially all epochs of martian geological history. On the basis of the present- day wealth of morphologic and geometric observations of impact landforms on Mars [ 1-31, an emerging understanding of the three-dimensional physical properties of the martian uppermost crust in space and time is at hand. In this summary, the current basis of understanding of the relatively non- degraded population of impact landforms on Mars is reviewed, and new Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)-based (MOLA) measurements of global geometric properties are summarized in the context of upcoming observations by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

Beats: Video Monitors and Cameras.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Worth, Frazier

1996-01-01

Presents a method to teach the concept of beats as a generalized phenomenon rather than teaching it only in the context of sound. Involves using a video camera to film a computer terminal, 16-mm projector, or TV monitor. (JRH)

Disappearance of the Propontis Regional Dark Albedo Feature on Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Steven W.; Thomas, P. C.; Cantor, B. A.

2013-10-01

The appearance of Propontis, one of many distinct classical dark albedo features on Mars, has been documented by ground-based observers for well over a century; Propontis was once thought to be the location of a “typical Martian canal”. The roughly circular feature (centered at 38°N, 179°W) covers about 500km in north-south extent. Modern spacecraft observations have shown the northern plains in which Propontis is located to include many subdued craters, knobs, and troughs. Observations by the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have documented dramatic changes in the Propontis feature during August 2009. Daily MARCI mosaics (spatial resolution of 1 km/pixel) revealed extensive dust storm activity in this region over a ten day period (August 16-25, Ls ~ 322°-327°). At this time, the north polar seasonal ice cap was at maximum extent (reaching southward to about 55°N), and dust storm activity was frequently observed southward of the seasonal cap. These storms apparently led to sufficient deposition of bright dust to effectively “erase” the dark Propontis feature - yielding one of the most significant changes in regional albedo since Mars Global Surveyor began routine global mapping in 1997. Only minor changes have been detected over the course of repeated MARCI observations of this region since late-2009 - Propontis has not yet “recovered” to its previous extent and appearance. MRO is expected to provide ongoing MARCI mapping, enhanced with regular Context Imager (CTX, spatial resolution of 6 m/pixel) monitoring. An overview of the accumulated observations to date will be presented, along with interpretation of the magnitude of sediment transport required to account for the observed changes in Propontis.

Investigating social functioning after early mild TBI: the quality of parent-child interactions.

PubMed

Lalonde, Gabrielle; Bernier, Annie; Beaudoin, Cindy; Gravel, Jocelyn; Beauchamp, Miriam H

2018-03-01

The young brain is particularly vulnerable to injury due to inherent physiological and developmental factors, and even mild forms of traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can sometimes result in cognitive and behavioural difficulties. Despite the high prevalence of paediatric mTBI, little is known of its impact on children's social functioning. Parent-child relationships represent the centre of young children's social environments and are therefore ideal contexts for studying the potential effects of mTBI on children's social functioning. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of parent-child interactions after mTBI using observational assessment methods and parental report. The sample included 130 children (18-60 months at recruitment) divided into three groups: children with uncomplicated mTBI (n = 47), children with orthopaedic injury (OI, n = 27), and non-injured children (NI, n = 56). The quality of parent-child interactions was assessed 6 months post-injury using the Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) scale, an observational measure which focuses on the dyadic nature of parent-child exchanges, and the Parental Stress Index questionnaire (Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (PCDI) domain). Significant differences with medium effect sizes were found between the mTBI group and the NI group on the MRO, but not between the OI group and the other two groups. PCDI scores did not differ across groups, suggesting that observational measures may be more sensitive to changes in parent-child interactions after TBI. The current findings have implications for children's post-injury social development and highlight the importance of monitoring social outcomes even after minor head injuries. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.

A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

USGS Publications Warehouse

Murchie, S.L.; Mustard, J.F.; Ehlmann, B.L.; Milliken, R.E.; Bishop, J.L.; McKeown, N.K.; Noe Dobrea, E.Z.; Seelos, F.P.; Buczkowski, D.L.; Wiseman, S.M.; Arvidson, R. E.; Wray, J.J.; Swayze, G.; Clark, R.N.; Des Marais, D.J.; McEwen, A.S.; Bibring, J.-P.

2009-01-01

Martian aqueous mineral deposits have been examined and characterized using data acquired during Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) primary science phase, including Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars hyperspectral images covering the 0.4-3.9 ??m wavelength range, coordinated with higher-spatial resolution HiRISE and Context Imager images. MRO's new high-resolution measurements, combined with earlier data from Thermal Emission Spectrometer; Thermal Emission Imaging System; and Observatoire pour la Min??ralogie, L'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activiti?? on Mars Express, indicate that aqueous minerals are both diverse and widespread on the Martian surface. The aqueous minerals occur in 9-10 classes of deposits characterized by distinct mineral assemblages, morphologies, and geologic settings. Phyllosilicates occur in several settings: in compositionally layered blankets hundreds of meters thick, superposed on eroded Noachian terrains; in lower layers of intracrater depositional fans; in layers with potential chlorides in sediments on intercrater plains; and as thousands of deep exposures in craters and escarpments. Carbonate-bearing rocks form a thin unit surrounding the Isidis basin. Hydrated silica occurs with hydrated sulfates in thin stratified deposits surrounding Valles Marineris. Hydrated sulfates also occur together with crystalline ferric minerals in thick, layered deposits in Terra Meridiani and in Valles Marineris and together with kaolinite in deposits that partially infill some highland craters. In this paper we describe each of the classes of deposits, review hypotheses for their origins, identify new questions posed by existing measurements, and consider their implications for ancient habitable environments. On the basis of current data, two to five classes of Noachian-aged deposits containing phyllosilicates and carbonates may have formed in aqueous environments with pH and water activities suitable for life. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.

Critical needs for piston engine overhaul centre in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khairuddin, M. H.; Yahya, M. Y.; Johari, M. K.

2017-12-01

Piston engine overhaul centre (PEOC) is the branch of aviation Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) providers, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining the fleet of business and commercial aircraft in the world. The centre typically offers three main MRO capabilities: airframe, engine and component services. Companies holding a PEOC(s) are all subjected to stringent procedures and conditions regulated and audited by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Currently, piston engine maintenance and repair for Asian countries is conducted only in Singapore. The focus of this study is to establish the needs for a PEOC in Malaysia, which will cater almost all small local aircraft companies such as transport and flying school companies.

Real-time full-motion color Flash lidar for target detection and identification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nelson, Roy; Coppock, Eric; Craig, Rex; Craner, Jeremy; Nicks, Dennis; von Niederhausern, Kurt

2015-05-01

Greatly improved understanding of areas and objects of interest can be gained when real time, full-motion Flash LiDAR is fused with inertial navigation data and multi-spectral context imagery. On its own, full-motion Flash LiDAR provides the opportunity to exploit the z dimension for improved intelligence vs. 2-D full-motion video (FMV). The intelligence value of this data is enhanced when it is combined with inertial navigation data to produce an extended, georegistered data set suitable for a variety of analysis. Further, when fused with multispectral context imagery the typical point cloud now becomes a rich 3-D scene which is intuitively obvious to the user and allows rapid cognitive analysis with little or no training. Ball Aerospace has developed and demonstrated a real-time, full-motion LIDAR system that fuses context imagery (VIS to MWIR demonstrated) and inertial navigation data in real time, and can stream these information-rich geolocated/fused 3-D scenes from an airborne platform. In addition, since the higher-resolution context camera is boresighted and frame synchronized to the LiDAR camera and the LiDAR camera is an array sensor, techniques have been developed to rapidly interpolate the LIDAR pixel values creating a point cloud that has the same resolution as the context camera, effectively creating a high definition (HD) LiDAR image. This paper presents a design overview of the Ball TotalSight™ LIDAR system along with typical results over urban and rural areas collected from both rotary and fixed-wing aircraft. We conclude with a discussion of future work.

CRISM/HiRISE Correlative Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seelos, F. P.; Murchie, S. L.; McGovern, A.; Milazzo, M. P.; Herkenhoff, K. E.

2011-12-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) are complementary investigations with high spectral resolution and broad wavelength coverage (CRISM ~20 m/pxl; ~400 - 4000 nm, 6.55 nm sampling) and high spatial resolution with broadband color capability (HiRISE ~25 cm/pxl; ~500, 700, 900 nm band centers, ~200-300 nm FWHM). Over the course of the MRO mission it has become apparent that spectral variations in the IR detected by CRISM (~1000 nm - 4000 nm) sometimes correlate spatially with visible and near infrared 3-band color variations observed by HiRISE. We have developed a data processing procedure that establishes a numerical mapping between HiRISE color and CRISM VNIR and IR spectral data and provides a statistical evaluation of the uncertainty in the mapping, with the objective of extrapolating CRISM-inferred mineralogy to the HiRISE spatial scale. The MRO mission profile, spacecraft capabilities, and science planning process emphasize coordinated observations - the simultaneous observation of a common target by multiple instruments. The commonalities of CRISM/HiRISE coordinated observations present a unique opportunity for tandem data analysis. Recent advances in the systematic processing of CRISM hyperspectral targeted observations account for gimbal-induced photometric variations and transform the data to a synthetic nadir acquisition geometry. The CRISM VNIR (~400 nm - 1000 nm) data can then be convolved to the HiRISE Infrared, Red, and Blue/Green (IRB) response functions to generate a compatible CRISM IRB product. Statistical evaluation of the CRISM/HiRISE spatial overlap region establishes a quantitative link between the data sets. IRB spectral similarity mapping for each HiRISE color spatial pixel with respect to the CRISM IRB product allows a given HiRISE pixel to be populated with information derived from the coordinated CRISM observation, including correlative VNIR or IR spectral data, spectral summary parameters, or browse products. To properly characterize the quality and fidelity of the IRB correlation, a series of ancillary information bands that record the numerical behavior of the procedure are also generated. Prototype CRISM/HiRISE correlative data products have been generated for a small number of coordinated observation pairs. The resulting products have the potential to support integrated spectral and morphological mapping at sub-meter spatial scales. Such data products would be invaluable for strategic and tactical science operations on landed missions, and would allow observations from a landed platform to be evaluated in a CRISM-based spectral and mineralogical context.

KSC-05pp1879

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Trailing smoke and fire, the 19-stories-tall Atlas V launch vehicle, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Tom Rogers)

KSC-05pp1881

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The 19-stories-tall Atlas V launch vehicle, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, leaps away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter In-flight Anomalies and Lessons Learned: An Update

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bayer, Todd J.

2008-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission has as its primary objectives: advance our understanding of the current Mars climate, the processes that have formed and modified the surface of the planet and the extent to which water has played a role in surface processes; identify sites of possible aqueous activity indicating environments that may have been or are conducive to biological activity; and thus identify and characterize sites for future landed missions; and provide forward and return relay services for current and future Mars landed assets. MRO's crucial role in the long term strategy for Mars exploration requires a high level of reliability during its 5.4 year mission. This requires an architecture which incorporates extensive redundancy and cross-strapping. Because of the distances and hence light-times involved, the spacecraft itself must be able to utilize this redundancy in responding to time-critical failures. For cases where fault protection is unable to recognize a potentially threatening condition, either due to known limitations or software flaws, intervention by ground operations is required. These aspects of MRO's design were discussed in a previous paper [Ref. 1]. This paper provides an update to the original paper, describing MRO's significant in-flight anomalies over the past year, with lessons learned for redundancy and fault protection architectures and for ground operations.

Seasonal and Static Gravity Field of Mars from MGS, Mars Odyssey and MRO Radio Science

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.

2016-01-01

We present a spherical harmonic solution of the static gravity field of Mars to degree and order 120, GMM-3, that has been calculated using the Deep Space Network tracking data of the NASA Mars missions, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). We have also jointly determined spherical harmonic solutions for the static and time-variable gravity field of Mars, and the Mars k 2 Love numbers, exclusive of the gravity contribution of the atmosphere. Consequently, the retrieved time-varying gravity coefficients and the Love number k 2 solely yield seasonal variations in the mass of the polar caps and the solid tides of Mars, respectively. We obtain a Mars Love number k 2 of 0.1697 +/-0.0027 (3- sigma). The inclusion of MRO tracking data results in improved seasonal gravity field coefficients C 30 and, for the first time, C 50 . Refinements of the atmospheric model in our orbit determination program have allowed us to monitor the odd zonal harmonic C 30 for approx.1.5 solar cycles (16 years). This gravity model shows improved correlations with MOLA topography up to 15% larger at higher harmonics ( l = 60–80) than previous solutions.

Seasonal and static Gravity Field of Mars from MGS, Mars Odyssey and MRO Radio Science

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.

2016-01-01

We present a spherical harmonic solution of the static gravity field of Mars to degree and order 120, GMM-3, that has been calculated using the Deep Space Network tracking data of the NASA Mars missions, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). We have also jointly determined spherical harmonic solutions for the static and time-variable gravity field of Mars, and the Mars k(sub 2) Love numbers, exclusive of the gravity contribution of the atmosphere. Consequently, the retrieved time-varying gravity coefficients and the Love number k(sub 2) solely yield seasonal variations in the mass of the polar caps and the solid tides of Mars, respectively. We obtain a Mars Love number k(sub 2) of 0.1697 +/- 0.0027 (3- sigma). The inclusion of MRO tracking data results in improved seasonal gravity field coefficients C(sub 30) and, for the first time, C 50. Refinements of the atmospheric model in our orbit determination program have allowed us to monitor the odd zonal harmonic C(sub 30) for approximately 1.5 solar cycles (16 years). This gravity model shows improved correlations with MOLA topography up to 15% larger at higher harmonics ( l = 60-80) than previous solutions.

The impact of new and emerging technologies in the commercial aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul industry a Delphi study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gray, Janet

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify new or emerging technological trends and events that are likely to occur between now and 2017 that will have an impact on the commercial aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry. Further, it was the purpose of this study to examine those technological trends and events believed to provide the greatest impact and, given the experts' analysis, identify the feasibility of implementation. Methodology. This descriptive study utilized the Delphi method with a panel of twenty-four experts comprised of practitioners, theorists, and futurists. A priority matrix was utilized to determine the impact and feasibility of trend and events. Findings. The experts identified fifty-three trends and events that will impact the commercial aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry. Analysis of the priority matrix revealed eighteen trends and events were of high priority and high feasibility. Conclusions. The responses from the expert panel were examined and the findings analyzed. The following are the conclusions constructed from the data provided by the Delphi panel of experts: (1) the need to respond to the demands of the maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry such as down time, efficiency, cost, and environmental concerns by implementing new technology, (2) the demand to integrate and implement new technology as indicative of the priority matrix scoring high importance/high feasibility, (3) to proactively address the inadequate professional development in new technologies, and (4) the consensus reached by the panel of experts of importance and feasibility of implementation of new technologies encompass eighteen trends and events. Implications and recommendations for action. The implementation of new and emerging technological advances in the commercial aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry between now and 2017 will be dependent on the technologies' capacity to reduce downtime and increase efficiency. In order to maintain America's global leadership in aviation, integration of innovated technology is key.

Gene expression in bovine rumen epithelium during weaning identifies molecular regulators of rumen development and growth.

PubMed

Connor, Erin E; Baldwin, Ransom L; Li, Cong-jun; Li, Robert W; Chung, Hoyoung

2013-03-01

During weaning, epithelial cell function in the rumen transitions in response to conversion from a pre-ruminant to a true ruminant environment to ensure efficient nutrient absorption and metabolism. To identify gene networks affected by weaning in bovine rumen, Holstein bull calves were fed commercial milk replacer only (MRO) until 42 days of age, then were provided diets of either milk + orchardgrass hay (MH) or milk + grain-based calf starter (MG). Rumen epithelial RNA was extracted from calves sacrificed at four time points: day 14 (n = 3) and day 42 (n = 3) of age while fed the MRO diet and day 56 (n = 3/diet) and day 70 (n = 3/diet) while fed the MH and MG diets for transcript profiling by microarray hybridization. Five two-group comparisons were made using Permutation Analysis of Differential Expression® to identify differentially expressed genes over time and developmental stage between days 14 and 42 within the MRO diet, between day 42 on the MRO diet and day 56 on the MG or MH diets, and between the MG and MH diets at days 56 and 70. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed genes during weaning indicated the top 5 gene networks involving molecules participating in lipid metabolism, cell morphology and death, cellular growth and proliferation, molecular transport, and the cell cycle. Putative genes functioning in the establishment of the rumen microbial population and associated rumen epithelial inflammation during weaning were identified. Activation of transcription factor PPAR-α was identified by IPA software as an important regulator of molecular changes in rumen epithelium that function in papillary development and fatty acid oxidation during the transition from pre-rumination to rumination. Thus, molecular markers of rumen development and gene networks regulating differentiation and growth of rumen epithelium were identified for selecting targets and methods for improving and assessing rumen development and function, particularly in the growing calf.

Atomic Scale Medium Range Order and Relaxation Dynamics in Metallic Glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Pei

We studied the atomic scale structure of bulk metallic glass (BMG) with the combination of fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) and hybrid reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) simulation. Medium range order (MRO), which occupies the length scale between short range order (SRO) and long-range order, plays an important role on the properties of metallic glass, but the characterization of MRO in experiment is difficult because conventional techniques are not sensitive to the structure at MRO scale. Compared with the X-ray and neutron which can measure SRO by two-body correlation functions, FEM is an effective way to detect MRO structure through three and four-body correlation functions, providing information about the size, distribution, and internal structure of MRO combing HRMC modeling. Thickness estimation is necessary in FEM experiment and HRMC calculation, so in Chapter 3, we measured the elastic and inelastic mean free paths of metallic glass alloys based on focused ion beam prepared thin samples with measured thickness gradients. We developed a model based on the Wentzel atomic model to predict the elastic mean free path for other amorphous materials. In Chapter 4, we studied the correlation of MRO and glass forming ability ZrCuAl alloy. Results from Variable resolution fluctuation microscopy show that in Zr50Cu35Al15 the crystal-like clusters shrink but become more ordered, while icosahedral-like clusters grow. Compared with Zr50Cu45Al5, Zr50Cu35Al15 with poorer glass forming ability exhibits more stable crystal-like structure under annealing, indicating that destabilizing crystal-like structures is important to achieve better glass forming ability in this alloy. In Chapter 5, we studied the crystallization and MRO structural in deformed and quenched Ni60Nb40 metallic glass. The deformed Ni60Nb40 contains fewer icosahedral-like Voronoi clusters and more crystal-like and bcc-like Voronoi clusters. The crystal-like and bcc-like medium range order clusters may be the structural origin for its lower crystallization temperature compared with quenched alloy. Dynamics heterogeneity is proposed to be the microscopic origin of the dynamic nature of glass transition. Some experimental evidence and simulation have indicated that different regions of materials indeed relax at fast or slow rate. However, the spatial distribution of relaxation time visualized from the experiment as the direct evidence of heterogeneous dynamics is still challenging. We proposed to measure the structural dynamics of supercooled metallic glasses with electron correlation microscopy (ECM) technique at the nanometer scale. ECM was developed as a way to measure structural relaxation times of liquids with nanometer-scale spatial resolution using the coherent electron scattering equivalent of photon correlation spectroscopy. In chapter 6, we studied the experimental requirements of ECM to obtain reliable results. For example, the trajectory length must be at least 40 times the relaxation time to obtain a well-converged g2( t), and the time per frame must be less than 0.1 time the relaxation time to obtain sufficient sampling. ECM experiment was firstly realized in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode and applied to measure the structural relaxation time of Pd based metallic glass. In order to overcome the drift problem and capture the spatial information, we developed ECM experiment in dark field (DF) mode. In Chapter 7, through DF-ECM, we visualized the spatially heterogeneous dynamics by in-situ heating Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni 5.3P22.5 nanowire into supercooled liquid state, and quantify the size of the heterogeneity by four-point correlation function. The thickness effect and temporal evolution of the heterogeneous domain were also discussed. Additionally, a fast near-surface dynamics was discovered, providing an effective mechanism for surface crystallization of liquids by homogeneous nucleation.

Context-based handover of persons in crowd and riot scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metzler, Jürgen

2015-02-01

In order to control riots in crowds, it is helpful to get ringleaders under control and pull them out of the crowd if one has become an offender. A great support to achieve these tasks is the capability of observing the crowd and ringleaders automatically by using cameras. It also allows a better conservation of evidence in riot control. A ringleader who has become an offender should be tracked across and recognized by several cameras, regardless of whether overlapping camera's fields of view exist or not. We propose a context-based approach for handover of persons between different camera fields of view. This approach can be applied for overlapping as well as for non-overlapping fields of view, so that a fast and accurate identification of individual persons in camera networks is feasible. Within the scope of this paper, the approach is applied to a handover of persons between single images without having any temporal information. It is particularly developed for semiautomatic video editing and a handover of persons between cameras in order to improve conservation of evidence. The approach has been developed on a dataset collected during a Crowd and Riot Control (CRC) training of the German armed forces. It consists of three different levels of escalation. First, the crowd started with a peaceful demonstration. Later, there were violent protests, and third, the riot escalated and offenders bumped into the chain of guards. One result of the work is a reliable context-based method for person re-identification between single images of different camera fields of view in crowd and riot scenarios. Furthermore, a qualitative assessment shows that the use of contextual information can support this task additionally. It can decrease the needed time for handover and the number of confusions which supports the conservation of evidence in crowd and riot scenarios.

Layers and Dark Dunes

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-04-08

The target of this observation as seen by ASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a circular depression in a dark-toned unit associated with a field of cones to the northeast. At the image scale of a Context Camera image, the depression appears to expose layers especially on the sides or walls of the depression, which are overlain by dark sands presumably associated with the dark-toned unit. HiRISE resolution, which is far higher than that of the Context Camera and its larger footprint, can help identify possible layers. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19358

Research on target tracking algorithm based on spatio-temporal context

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Baiping; Xu, Sanmei; Kang, Hongjuan

2017-07-01

In this paper, a novel target tracking algorithm based on spatio-temporal context is proposed. During the tracking process, the camera shaking or occlusion may lead to the failure of tracking. The proposed algorithm can solve this problem effectively. The method use the spatio-temporal context algorithm as the main research object. We get the first frame's target region via mouse. Then the spatio-temporal context algorithm is used to get the tracking targets of the sequence of frames. During this process a similarity measure function based on perceptual hash algorithm is used to judge the tracking results. If tracking failed, reset the initial value of Mean Shift algorithm for the subsequent target tracking. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve real-time and stable tracking when camera shaking or target occlusion.

Solar System Visualizations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Alison M.

2005-01-01

Solar System Visualization products enable scientists to compare models and measurements in new ways that enhance the scientific discovery process, enhance the information content and understanding of the science results for both science colleagues and the public, and create.visually appealing and intellectually stimulating visualization products. Missions supported include MER, MRO, and Cassini. Image products produced include pan and zoom animations of large mosaics to reveal the details of surface features and topography, animations into registered multi-resolution mosaics to provide context for microscopic images, 3D anaglyphs from left and right stereo pairs, and screen captures from video footage. Specific products include a three-part context animation of the Cassini Enceladus encounter highlighting images from 350 to 4 meter per pixel resolution; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter screen captures illustrating various instruments during assembly and testing at the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at Kennedy Space Center; and an animation of Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's 'Rub al Khali' panorama where the rover was stuck in the deep fine sand for more than a month. This task creates new visualization products that enable new science results and enhance the public's understanding of the Solar System and NASA's missions of exploration.

KSC-05pp1878

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - With the Atlantic Ocean as a backdrop, an Atlas V launch vehicle, 19 stories tall, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Pat Corkery/Lockheed Martin)

KSC-05pp1877

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - With the Atlantic Ocean as a backdrop, an Atlas V launch vehicle, 19 stories tall, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Pat Corkery/Lockheed Martin)

KSC-05pp1883

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Viewed through a break in the greenscape around Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, the 19-stories-tall Atlas V launch vehicle roars off the launch pad, propelling the two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) into a clear blue Florida sky and eventual orbit around Mars. Liftoff was at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions.

KSC-05pp1882

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The 19-stories-tall Atlas V launch vehicle leaps above the trees near Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, propelling the two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) into a clear blue Florida sky and eventual orbit around Mars. Liftoff was at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions.

KSC-05pp1876

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - With the Atlantic Ocean as a backdrop, an Atlas V launch vehicle, 19 stories tall, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Pat Corkery/Lockheed Martin)

KSC-05pp1875

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - With the Atlantic Ocean as a backdrop, an Atlas V launch vehicle, 19 stories tall, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars away from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Pat Corkery/Lockheed Martin)

KSC-05pp1880

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-08-12

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Just minutes after liftoff, the 19-stories-tall Atlas V launch vehicle, with a two-ton Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on top, roars into the clear blue sky from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Liftoff was at 7:43 a.m. EDT. All systems performed nominally for NASA's first launch of an Atlas V on an interplanetary mission. MRO established radio contact with controllers 61 minutes after launch and within four minutes of separation from the upper stage. Initial contact came through an antenna at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Uchinoura Space Center in southern Japan. Mars is 72 million miles from Earth today, but the spacecraft will travel more than four times that distance on its outbound-arc trajectory to intercept the red planet on March 10, 2006. The orbiter carries six scientific instruments for examining the surface, atmosphere and subsurface of Mars in unprecedented detail from low orbit. NASA expects to get several times more data about Mars from MRO than from all previous Martian missions combined. Researchers will use the instruments to learn more about the history and distribution of Mars' water. That information will improve understanding of planetary climate change and will help guide the quest to answer whether Mars ever supported life. The orbiter will also evaluate potential landing sites for future missions. (Photo Credit: Tom Rogers)

Visible light optical coherence tomography measure retinal oxygen metabolic response to systemic oxygenation (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yi, Ji; Liu, Wenzhong; Chen, Siyu; Backman, Vadim; Sheibani, Nader; Sorenson, Christine M.; Fawzi, Amani A.; Linsenmeier, Robert A.; Zhang, Hao F.

2016-03-01

The lack of capability to quantify oxygen metabolism noninvasively impedes both fundamental investigation and clinical diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases including all the major blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Using visible light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT), we demonstrated accurate and robust measurement of retinal oxygen metabolic rate (rMRO2) noninvasively in rat eyes. The rMRO2 was calculated by concurrent measurement of blood flow and blood oxygen saturation (sO2). Blood flow was calculated by the principle of Doppler optical coherence tomography, where the phase shift between two closely spaced A-lines measures the axial velocity. The distinct optical absorption spectra of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin provided the contrast for sO2 measurement, combined with the spectroscopic analysis of vis-OCT signal within the blood vessels. We continuously monitored the regulatory response of oxygen consumption to a progressive hypoxic challenge. We found that both oxygen delivery, and rMRO2 increased from the highly regulated retinal circulation (RC) under hypoxia, by 0.28+/-0.08 μL/min (p<0.001), and 0.20+/-0.04 μL/min (p<0.001) per 100 mmHg systemic pO2 reduction, respectively. The increased oxygen extraction compensated for the deficient oxygen supply from the poorly regulated choroidal circulation (CC).

Structural transition in sputter-deposited amorphous germanium films by aging at ambient temperature

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Okugawa, M.; Nakamura, R., E-mail: nakamura@mtr.osakafu-u.ac.jp; Numakura, H.

The structure of amorphous Ge (a-Ge) films prepared by sputter-deposition and the effects of aging at ambient temperature and pressure were studied by pair-distribution-function (PDF) analysis from electron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. The PDFs of the as-deposited and aged samples for 3–13 months showed that the major peaks for Ge-Ge bonds decrease in intensity and broaden with aging for up to 7 months. In the PDFs of a-Ge of molecular dynamics simulation obtained by quenching liquid at different rates, the major peak intensities of a slowly cooled model are higher than those of a rapidly cooled model. Analyses onmore » short- and medium-range configurations show that the slowly cooled model includes a certain amount of medium-range ordered (MRO) clusters, while the rapidly cooled model includes liquid-like configurations rather than MRO clusters. The similarity between experimental and computational PDFs implies that as-deposited films are similar in structure to the slowly cooled model, whereas the fully aged films are similar to the rapidly cooled model. It is assumed that as they undergo room-temperature aging, the MRO clusters disintegrate and transform into liquid-like regions in the same matrix. This transition in local configurations is discussed in terms of instability and the non-equilibrium of nanoclusters produced by a vapor-deposition process.« less

Impact of deformation on the atomic structures and dynamics of a Cu-Zr metallic glass: A molecular dynamics study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Y.; Mendelev, M. I.; Wang, C. Z.; Ott, R.; Zhang, F.; Besser, M. F.; Ho, K. M.; Kramer, M. J.

2014-11-01

Despite numerous studies on the atomic structures of Cu-Zr metallic glasses (MGs), their inherent structural ordering, e.g., medium-range order (MRO), remains difficult to describe. Specifically lacking is an understanding of how the MRO responds to deformation and the associated changes in atomic mobility. In this paper, we focus on the impact of deformation on MRO and associated effect on diffusion in a well-relaxed C u64.5Z r35.5 MG by molecular dynamics simulations. The Cu-Zr MG exhibits a larger elastic limit of 0.035 and a yield stress of 3.5 GPa. The cluster alignment method was employed to characterize the icosahedral short-range order (ISRO) and Bergman-type medium-range order (BMRO) in the models upon loading and unloading. From this analysis, we find the disruption of both ISRO and BMRO occurs as the strain reaches about 0.02, well below the elastic limit. Within the elastic limit, the total fractions of ISRO or BMRO can be fully recovered upon unloading. The diffusivity increases six to eight times in regions undergoing plastic deformation, which is due to the dramatic disruption of the ISRO and BMRO. By mapping the spatial distributions of the mobile atoms, we demonstrate the increase in atomic mobility is due to the extended regions of disrupted ISRO and more importantly BMRO.

Inner retinal oxygen metabolism in the 50/10 oxygen-induced retinopathy model

PubMed Central

Soetikno, Brian T.; Yi, Ji; Shah, Ronil; Liu, Wenzhong; Purta, Patryk; Zhang, Hao F.; Fawzi, Amani A.

2015-01-01

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) represents a major cause of childhood vision loss worldwide. The 50/10 oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model mimics the findings of ROP, including peripheral vascular attenuation and neovascularization. The oxygen metabolism of the inner retina has not been previously explored in this model. Using visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT), we measured the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and blood flow within inner retinal vessels, enabling us to compute the inner retinal oxygen delivery (irDO2) and metabolic rate of oxygen (irMRO2). We compared these measurements between age-matched room-air controls and rats with 50/10 OIR on postnatal day 18. To account for a 61% decrease in the irDO2 in the OIR group, we found an overall statistically significant decrease in retinal vascular density affecting the superficial and deep retinal vascular capillary networks in rats with OIR compared to controls. Furthermore, matching the reduced irDO2, we found a 59% decrease in irMRO2, which we correlated with a statistically significant reduction in retinal thickness in the OIR group, suggesting that the decreased irMRO2 was due to decreased neuronal oxygen utilization. By exploring these biological and metabolic changes in great detail, our study provides an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of OIR model. PMID:26576731

Digital Video Cameras for Brainstorming and Outlining: The Process and Potential

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Unger, John A.; Scullion, Vicki A.

2013-01-01

This "Voices from the Field" paper presents methods and participant-exemplar data for integrating digital video cameras into the writing process across postsecondary literacy contexts. The methods and participant data are part of an ongoing action-based research project systematically designed to bring research and theory into practice…

The use of a wearable camera to capture and categorise the environmental and social context of self-identified eating episodes.

PubMed

Gemming, Luke; Doherty, Aiden; Utter, Jennifer; Shields, Emma; Ni Mhurchu, Cliona

2015-09-01

Research investigating the influence of the environmental and social factors on eating behaviours in free-living settings is limited. This study investigates the utility of using wearable camera images to assess the context of eating episodes. Adult participants (N = 40) wore a SenseCam wearable camera for 4 days (including 1 familiarisation day) over a 15-day period in free-living conditions, and had their diet assessed using three image-assisted multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recalls. The images of participants' eating episodes were analysed and annotated according to their environmental and social contexts; including eating location, external environment (indoor/outdoor), physical position, social interaction, and viewing media screens. Data for 107 days were used, with a total of 742 eating episodes considered for annotation. Twenty nine per cent (214/742) of the episodes could not be categorised due to absent images (12%, n = 85), dark/blurry images (8%, n = 58), camera not worn (7%, n = 54) and for mixed reasons (2%, n = 17). Most eating episodes were at home (59%) and indoors (91%). Meals at food retailers were 24.8 minutes longer (95% CI: 13.4 to 36.2) and were higher in energy (mean difference = 1196 kJ 95% CI: 242, 2149) than at home. Most episodes were seated at tables (27%) or sofas (26%), but eating standing (19%) or at desks (18%) were common. Social interaction was evident for 45% of episodes and media screens were viewed during 55% of episodes. Meals at home watching television were 3.1 minutes longer (95% CI: -0.6 to 6.7) and higher in energy intake than when no screen was viewed (543 kJ 95% CI: -32 to 1120). The environmental and social context that surrounds eating and dietary behaviours can be assessed using wearable camera images. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

3D for the people: multi-camera motion capture in the field with consumer-grade cameras and open source software

PubMed Central

Evangelista, Dennis J.; Ray, Dylan D.; Hedrick, Tyson L.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Ecological, behavioral and biomechanical studies often need to quantify animal movement and behavior in three dimensions. In laboratory studies, a common tool to accomplish these measurements is the use of multiple, calibrated high-speed cameras. Until very recently, the complexity, weight and cost of such cameras have made their deployment in field situations risky; furthermore, such cameras are not affordable to many researchers. Here, we show how inexpensive, consumer-grade cameras can adequately accomplish these measurements both within the laboratory and in the field. Combined with our methods and open source software, the availability of inexpensive, portable and rugged cameras will open up new areas of biological study by providing precise 3D tracking and quantification of animal and human movement to researchers in a wide variety of field and laboratory contexts. PMID:27444791

Diverse Lithologies on a Crater Floor

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-04-16

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows bedrock units with diverse colors indicating different mineral concentrations. More information is available at https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22434

Bedrock on a Crater Floor

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-04-30

This enhanced color image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows eroded bedrock on the floor of a large ancient crater. For more information see https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22439

Wave-Modulated CO2 Condensation in Mars' Polar Atmosphere From MGS/TES & MOLA and MRO/MCS.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banfield, D. J.

2016-12-01

In Mars' polar night, atmospheric temperatures fall low enough to cause CO2 condensation. This has been empirically demonstrated by Mars Global Surveyor's (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), which identified reflections from above the surface, and MGS Radio Science (RS) and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) Mars Climate Sounder (MCS), all of which showed polar night temperature profiles that were super-saturated. Detailed analysis of TES temperature profiles as well as numerical modeling both suggest that the stationary and traveling waves on the polar vortices are strong enough to significantly modulate the CO2 cloud condensation. However the extent to which this is actually occurring has not been quantified. The polar night CO2 condensation represents a significant amount of energy deposition, even if it were uniformly distributed. If instead it is concentrated in the cold sectors of the various waves, this can be a tremendous perturbation not only to the wave amplitudes (clipping them from going much below the CO2 condensation temperature), but also impacting their ability to transport heat and momentum poleward and upward, and thus it may also impact the maintenance and shape of the polar vortex itself. Mars' polar vortices remain barotropically unstable throughout the winter in spite of large amplitude waves in their vicinity. We have identified when and where the various waves (with their specific amplitudes and phases) in the vicinity of the polar vortex should modulate the CO2 condensation (see Figure of a meridional cross-section showing where no clouds are expected (blue), clouds should be ubiquitous (green) and waves should be required to form clouds (red)). We have also correlated this with the distribution of the actual observed cloud identifications from MGS MOLA and MRO MCS. We find only poor correlations between the MGS/TES identified wave modulated condensation predictions and actual simultaneous cloud identifications from MGS/MOLA. We will discuss the results of a similar study using only MRO/MCS to analyze the mean atmospheric temperature, the stationary and traveling waves along the polar vortex, and the actual locations where CO2 condensation is evident.

1. Context view shows approach of access road to summit, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Context view shows approach of access road to summit, communication towers and NW corner of lookout tower at center right. Camera is pointed SE. - Chelan Butte Lookout, Summit of Chelan Butte, Chelan, Chelan County, WA

1. Context view showing Bunker 103 on right and road ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Context view showing Bunker 103 on right and road leading south to Bunker 104. Camera pointed SW. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Munitions Storage Bunker, Naval Ammunitions Depot, North of Campbell Trail, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Photography in Dermatologic Surgery: Selection of an Appropriate Camera Type for a Particular Clinical Application.

PubMed

Chen, Brian R; Poon, Emily; Alam, Murad

2017-08-01

Photographs are an essential tool for the documentation and sharing of findings in dermatologic surgery, and various camera types are available. To evaluate the currently available camera types in view of the special functional needs of procedural dermatologists. Mobile phone, point and shoot, digital single-lens reflex (DSLR), digital medium format, and 3-dimensional cameras were compared in terms of their usefulness for dermatologic surgeons. For each camera type, the image quality, as well as the other practical benefits and limitations, were evaluated with reference to a set of ideal camera characteristics. Based on these assessments, recommendations were made regarding the specific clinical circumstances in which each camera type would likely be most useful. Mobile photography may be adequate when ease of use, availability, and accessibility are prioritized. Point and shoot cameras and DSLR cameras provide sufficient resolution for a range of clinical circumstances, while providing the added benefit of portability. Digital medium format cameras offer the highest image quality, with accurate color rendition and greater color depth. Three-dimensional imaging may be optimal for the definition of skin contour. The selection of an optimal camera depends on the context in which it will be used.

Inflated flows on Daedalia Planum (Mars)? Clues from a comparative analysis with the Payen volcanic complex (Argentina)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giacomini, L.; Massironi, M.; Martellato, E.; Pasquarè, G.; Frigeri, A.; Cremonese, G.

2009-05-01

Inflation is an emplacement process of lava flows, where a thin visco-elastic layer, produced at an early stage, is later inflated by an underlying fluid core. The core remains hot and fluid for extended period of time due to the thermal-shield effect of the surface visco-elastic crust. Plentiful and widespread morphological fingerprints of inflation like tumuli and lava rises are found on the Payen volcanic complex (Argentina), where pahoehoe lava flows extend over the relatively flat surface of the Pampean foreland and reach at least 180 km in length. The morphology of the Argentinean Payen flows were compared with lava flows on Daedalia Planum (Mars), using Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)/High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). THEMIS images were used to map the main geological units of Daedalia Planum and determine their stratigraphic relationships. MOLA data were used to investigate the topographic surface over which the flows propagated and assess the thickness of lava flows. Finally, MOC and MRO/HIRISE images were used to identify inflations fingerprints and assess the cratering age of the Daedalia Planum' s youngest flow unit which were found to predate the caldera formation on top of the Arsia Mons. The identification of similar inflation features between the Daedalia Planum and the Payen lava fields suggests that moderate and long lasting effusion rates coupled with very efficient spreading processes could have cyclically occurred in the Arsia Mons volcano during its eruptive history. Consequently the effusion rates and rheological proprieties of Daedalia lava flows, which do not take into account the inflation process, can be overestimated. These findings raise some doubts about the effusion rates and lava rheological properties calculated on Martian flows and recommends that these should be used with caution if applied on flows not checked with high-resolution images and potentially affected by inflation. Further HiRISE data acquisition will permit additional analysis of the flow surfaces and will allow more accurate estimates of effusion rates and rheological properties of the lava flows on Mars particularly if this data is acquired under a favourable illumination.

Experimental Comparison of Knife-Edge and Multi-Parallel Slit Collimators for Prompt Gamma Imaging of Proton Pencil Beams.

PubMed

Smeets, Julien; Roellinghoff, Frauke; Janssens, Guillaume; Perali, Irene; Celani, Andrea; Fiorini, Carlo; Freud, Nicolas; Testa, Etienne; Prieels, Damien

2016-01-01

More and more camera concepts are being investigated to try and seize the opportunity of instantaneous range verification of proton therapy treatments offered by prompt gammas emitted along the proton tracks. Focusing on one-dimensional imaging with a passive collimator, the present study experimentally compared in combination with the first, clinically compatible, dedicated camera device the performances of instances of the two main options: a knife-edge slit (KES) and a multi-parallel slit (MPS) design. These two options were experimentally assessed in this specific context as they were previously demonstrated through analytical and numerical studies to allow similar performances in terms of Bragg peak retrieval precision and spatial resolution in a general context. Both collimators were prototyped according to the conclusions of Monte Carlo optimization studies under constraints of equal weight (40 mm tungsten alloy equivalent thickness) and of the specificities of the camera device under consideration (in particular 4 mm segmentation along beam axis and no time-of-flight discrimination, both of which less favorable to the MPS performance than to the KES one). Acquisitions of proton pencil beams of 100, 160, and 230 MeV in a PMMA target revealed that, in order to reach a given level of statistical precision on Bragg peak depth retrieval, the KES collimator requires only half the dose the present MPS collimator needs, making the KES collimator a preferred option for a compact camera device aimed at imaging only the Bragg peak position. On the other hand, the present MPS collimator proves more effective at retrieving the entrance of the beam in the target in the context of an extended camera device aimed at imaging the whole proton track within the patient.

Correcting spacecraft jitter in HiRISE images

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sutton, S. S.; Boyd, A.K.; Kirk, Randolph L.; Cook, Debbie; Backer, Jean; Fennema, A.; Heyd, R.; McEwen, A.S.; Mirchandani, S.D.; Wu, B.; Di, K.; Oberst, J.; Karachevtseva, I.

2017-01-01

Mechanical oscillations or vibrations on spacecraft, also called pointing jitter, cause geometric distortions and/or smear in high resolution digital images acquired from orbit. Geometric distortion is especially a problem with pushbroom type sensors, such as the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) instrument on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Geometric distortions occur at a range of frequencies that may not be obvious in the image products, but can cause problems with stereo image correlation in the production of digital elevation models, and in measuring surface changes over time in orthorectified images. The HiRISE focal plane comprises a staggered array of fourteen charge-coupled devices (CCDs) with pixel IFOV of 1 microradian. The high spatial resolution of HiRISE makes it both sensitive to, and an excellent recorder of jitter. We present an algorithm using Fourier analysis to resolve the jitter function for a HiRISE image that is then used to update instrument pointing information to remove geometric distortions from the image. Implementation of the jitter analysis and image correction is performed on selected HiRISE images. Resulting corrected images and updated pointing information are made available to the public. Results show marked reduction of geometric distortions. This work has applications to similar cameras operating now, and to the design of future instruments (such as the Europa Imaging System).

Fall Frosting

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-10-16

Richardson Crater is home to this sea of sand dunes. It was fall in the Southern hemisphere when NASA MRO acquired this image of the dunes frosted with the first bit of carbon dioxide ice condensed from the atmosphere.

Sequence History Update Tool

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khanampompan, Teerapat; Gladden, Roy; Fisher, Forest; DelGuercio, Chris

2008-01-01

The Sequence History Update Tool performs Web-based sequence statistics archiving for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Using a single UNIX command, the software takes advantage of sequencing conventions to automatically extract the needed statistics from multiple files. This information is then used to populate a PHP database, which is then seamlessly formatted into a dynamic Web page. This tool replaces a previous tedious and error-prone process of manually editing HTML code to construct a Web-based table. Because the tool manages all of the statistics gathering and file delivery to and from multiple data sources spread across multiple servers, there is also a considerable time and effort savings. With the use of The Sequence History Update Tool what previously took minutes is now done in less than 30 seconds, and now provides a more accurate archival record of the sequence commanding for MRO.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Operational Aerobraking Phase Assessment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prince, Jill L.; Striepe, Scott A.

2007-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was inserted into orbit around Mars on March 10, 2005. After a brief delay, it began the process of aerobraking - using the atmospheric drag on the vehicle to reduce orbital period. The aerobraking phase lasted approximately 5 months (April 4 to August 30, 2006), during which teams from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Corporation, and NASA Langley Research Center worked together to monitor and maneuver the spacecraft such that thermal margin on the solar arrays was maintained while schedule margin was upheld to provide a final local mean solar time (LMST) at ascending node of 3:00pm on the final aerobraking orbit. This paper will focus on the contribution of the flight mechanics team at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) during the aerobraking phase of the MRO mission.

A Peek into a Cul-De-Sac and a Mews of Martian Dust Storm Activity: Western Hellas and Syria-Claritas Fossae During Mars Year 29

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heavens, N. G.

2016-12-01

Western Hellas Planitia (WHP) and the region encompassed by Syria Planum and Claritas Fossae are the main centers of textured dust storm activity in Mars's southern low to mid-latitudes. (Texture in this context refers to distinct fine structure at the cloud tops indicative of active lifting.) WHP is a well-known initiation zone for regional and global dust storm activity and often the end point of the Utopia "flushing storm" track. Syria-Claritas Fossae (SCF), too, can be a lifting center in global dust storm activity. Indeed, SCF and the area to its west was the region most denuded of dust by the Mars Year (MY) 25 global dust storm, perhaps suggesting that SCF contained the principal lifting center of the storm. Thus, if the Acidalia and Utopia storm tracks are Mars's dust storm alleys, through which dust storms pass quickly again and again; WHP might be a cul-de-sac and SCF something like a mews, where dust storm activity can enter more or less easily but may not as easily leave. In this presentation, I will focus on dust storm activity in these areas in a typical non-global dust storm year, MY 29. Synthesizing visible imagery by the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) also on board MRO, I will consider the climatology, morphology, texture, and vertical structure of dust storm activity in these areas in order to infer their governing dynamics. This investigation has two aims: (1) to understand why these areas are centers of textured dust storm activity; and (2) to connect the characteristics of smaller-scale dust storm activity in these regions to the underlying dynamics in order to understand the role of WHP and SCF in the dynamics of global dust storms. This work is supported by NASA's Mars Data Analysis Program (NNX14AM32G).

The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover

PubMed Central

Coates, A.J.; Jaumann, R.; Griffiths, A.D.; Leff, C.E.; Schmitz, N.; Josset, J.-L.; Paar, G.; Gunn, M.; Hauber, E.; Cousins, C.R.; Cross, R.E.; Grindrod, P.; Bridges, J.C.; Balme, M.; Gupta, S.; Crawford, I.A.; Irwin, P.; Stabbins, R.; Tirsch, D.; Vago, J.L.; Theodorou, T.; Caballo-Perucha, M.; Osinski, G.R.

2017-01-01

Abstract The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier. The electronic interface is via the PanCam Interface Unit (PIU), and power conditioning is via a DC-DC converter. PanCam also includes a calibration target mounted on the rover deck for radiometric calibration, fiducial markers for geometric calibration, and a rover inspection mirror. Key Words: Mars—ExoMars—Instrumentation—Geology—Atmosphere—Exobiology—Context. Astrobiology 17, 511–541.

Combining color and shape information for illumination-viewpoint invariant object recognition.

PubMed

Diplaros, Aristeidis; Gevers, Theo; Patras, Ioannis

2006-01-01

In this paper, we propose a new scheme that merges color- and shape-invariant information for object recognition. To obtain robustness against photometric changes, color-invariant derivatives are computed first. Color invariance is an important aspect of any object recognition scheme, as color changes considerably with the variation in illumination, object pose, and camera viewpoint. These color invariant derivatives are then used to obtain similarity invariant shape descriptors. Shape invariance is equally important as, under a change in camera viewpoint and object pose, the shape of a rigid object undergoes a perspective projection on the image plane. Then, the color and shape invariants are combined in a multidimensional color-shape context which is subsequently used as an index. As the indexing scheme makes use of a color-shape invariant context, it provides a high-discriminative information cue robust against varying imaging conditions. The matching function of the color-shape context allows for fast recognition, even in the presence of object occlusion and cluttering. From the experimental results, it is shown that the method recognizes rigid objects with high accuracy in 3-D complex scenes and is robust against changing illumination, camera viewpoint, object pose, and noise.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Shadow Detection in Images Using Visible Light Camera Sensor.

PubMed

Kim, Dong Seop; Arsalan, Muhammad; Park, Kang Ryoung

2018-03-23

Recent developments in intelligence surveillance camera systems have enabled more research on the detection, tracking, and recognition of humans. Such systems typically use visible light cameras and images, in which shadows make it difficult to detect and recognize the exact human area. Near-infrared (NIR) light cameras and thermal cameras are used to mitigate this problem. However, such instruments require a separate NIR illuminator, or are prohibitively expensive. Existing research on shadow detection in images captured by visible light cameras have utilized object and shadow color features for detection. Unfortunately, various environmental factors such as illumination change and brightness of background cause detection to be a difficult task. To overcome this problem, we propose a convolutional neural network-based shadow detection method. Experimental results with a database built from various outdoor surveillance camera environments, and from the context-aware vision using image-based active recognition (CAVIAR) open database, show that our method outperforms previous works.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Shadow Detection in Images Using Visible Light Camera Sensor

PubMed Central

Kim, Dong Seop; Arsalan, Muhammad; Park, Kang Ryoung

2018-01-01

Recent developments in intelligence surveillance camera systems have enabled more research on the detection, tracking, and recognition of humans. Such systems typically use visible light cameras and images, in which shadows make it difficult to detect and recognize the exact human area. Near-infrared (NIR) light cameras and thermal cameras are used to mitigate this problem. However, such instruments require a separate NIR illuminator, or are prohibitively expensive. Existing research on shadow detection in images captured by visible light cameras have utilized object and shadow color features for detection. Unfortunately, various environmental factors such as illumination change and brightness of background cause detection to be a difficult task. To overcome this problem, we propose a convolutional neural network-based shadow detection method. Experimental results with a database built from various outdoor surveillance camera environments, and from the context-aware vision using image-based active recognition (CAVIAR) open database, show that our method outperforms previous works. PMID:29570690

Formation and mantling ages of lobate debris aprons on Mars: Insights from categorized crater counts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berman, Daniel C.; Crown, David A.; Joseph, Emily C. S.

2015-06-01

Lobate debris aprons in the Martian mid-latitudes offer important insights into the history of the Martian climate and the role of volatiles in Martian geologic activity. Here we present the results of counts of small impact craters, categorized by morphology, on debris aprons in the Deuteronilus Mensae region and the area east of Hellas basin. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) ConTeXt Camera (CTX) images were used to document crater populations on the apron surfaces. Each crater was assessed and categorized according to its morphological characteristics (fresh, degraded, or filled). Fresh and most degraded craters likely superpose recent mantling deposits, whereas filled craters contain mantling deposits and thus indicate a minimum formation age for the apron (i.e., the age since stabilization of the debris apron surface following some modification but prior to mantling). Size-frequency distributions (SFDs) were compiled using established methodologies and plotted to assess their fit to the isochrons. The range or ranges in crater diameter over which each distribution paralleled the isochrons was determined by visual inspection, and general age constraints were noted from SFDs for all craters on a given surface and from each morphological class. The diameter range of each SFD segment observed to parallel an isochron was then input into the Craterstats2 analysis tool to calculate specific age estimates. The aprons were assessed both individually and as regional populations, which improved interpretation of the results and demonstrated the value and limitations of both approaches. The categorized counts reveal three groups of ages: (a) filled impact craters at larger diameters (>~500 m) typically show the oldest ages, between ~300 Ma and 1 Ga, (b) smaller diameter filled and degraded craters reveal ages of resurfacing events between ~10 Ma and 300 Ma, and (c) fresh crater populations (<~100 m diameter) indicate mantling deposits of less than ~10 Ma in age. These results indicate that the lobate debris apron populations formed (or their surfaces became stable) in the Early to Middle Amazonian Epochs, and were subsequently subjected to complex degradation by erosion and sublimation and/or melting of contained ice, culminating in episodes of deposition of ice-rich mantles in the Late Amazonian Epoch.

MRO MARCI Weather Report for the week of 3 November 2008 - 9 November 2008

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2008-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site]

The MARCI acquires a global view of the red planet and its weather patterns every day. Please click on the image above and play the Quicktime movie to see how the weather on Mars changed during this time.

As in previous weeks, notable dust activity continued on Mars this past week. Early in the week, several smaller dust storms were observed near the edge of the residual North Polar Cap. By mid-week, a series of large dust storms coalesced to cloak the southern mid-latitudes. Dust storm activity was also observed closer to the equator over Solis and east of Hesperia. The latter storm has already affected operations at the MER-A (Spirit) landing site in Gusev Crater. Despite relatively clear skies over the Phoenix landing site this past week, the dwindling incoming solar radiation at the landing site proved insufficient for continued operations. After several months of exciting discoveries, the Phoenix mission has officially ended. On a more positive note, the skies over MER-B (Opportunity) in Meridiani remained relatively clear throughout the week.

Earlier Mars Weather Reports are available at the [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Click on image for larger version of Reference Map

The image(s) and caption seen here are value-added products. MSSS personnel processed the images and wrote the caption information. While the image(s) are in the Public Domain, NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS requests that you credit the source of the image(s). Re-use of the caption text without credit is plagiarism. Please give the proper credit for use of the image(s) and/or caption.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, provided and operates the Context Camera and Mars Color Imager.

Maps of the Martian Landing Sites and Rover Traverses: Viking 1 and 2, Mars Pathfinder, and Phoenix Landers, and the Mars Exploration Rovers.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parker, T. J.; Calef, F. J., III; Deen, R. G.; Gengl, H.

2016-12-01

The traverse maps produced tactically for the MER and MSL rover missions are the first step in placing the observations made by each vehicle into a local and regional geologic context. For the MER, Phoenix and MSL missions, 25cm/pixel HiRISE data is available for accurately localizing the vehicles. Viking and Mars Pathfinder, however, relied on Viking Orbiter images of several tens of m/pixel to triangulate to horizon features visible both from the ground and from orbit. After Pathfinder, MGS MOC images became available for these landing sites, enabling much better correlations to horizon features and localization predictions to be made, that were then corroborated with HiRISE images beginning 9 years ago. By combining topography data from MGS, Mars Express, and stereo processing of MRO CTX and HiRISE images into orthomosaics (ORRs) and digital elevation models (DEMs), it is possible to localize all the landers and rover positions to an accuracy of a few tens of meters with respect to the Mars global control net, and to better than half a meter with respect to other features within a HiRISE orthomosaic. JPL's MIPL produces point clouds of the MER Navcam stereo images that can be processed into 1cm/pixel ORR/DEMs that are then georeferenced to a HiRISE/CTX base map and DEM. This allows compilation of seamless mosaics of the lander and rover camera-based ORR/DEMs with the HiRISE ORR/DEM that can be viewed in 3 dimensions with GIS programs with that capability. We are re-processing the Viking Lander, Mars Pathfinder, and Phoenix lander data to allow similar ORR/DEM products to be made for those missions. For the fixed landers and Spirit, we will compile merged surface/CTX/HiRISE ORR/DEMs, that will enable accurate local and regional mapping of these landing sites, and allow comparisons of the results from these missions to be made with current and future surface missions.

Geomorphological Evidence for Excess Ice in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viola, D.; McEwen, A. S.

2016-12-01

Abundant water ice is present in the polar caps and in the subsurface at mid to high latitudes on Mars. Subsurface ice can either be confined to regolith pore spaces (pore-filling) or "excess ice" that exceeds the available pore space. The latitudinal bounds of modern excess ice in the northern hemisphere of Mars have been constrained by observations of recent ice-exposing impacts (Dundas et al., 2014, JGR: Planets): >25 have been found as of July 2016 at latitudes above 38°N. However, new impact craters are less commonly found in the southern hemisphere since impacts into relatively dust-free surfaces are difficult to discover; only 5 ice-exposing impacts have been found, all at >55°S. Therefore, we propose the use of other surface morphological features to define the present mid-latitude excess ice boundary in the southern hemisphere. We primarily focus on "expanded craters" that show evidence for thermokarstic diameter enlargement. These craters likely form when an impact exposes a subsurface excess ice layer that subsequently sublimates, leading to an apparent widening of the crater. It is important to note that expanded craters suggest that ice was present both at the time of impact and today, since the widespread loss of an excess ice layer would lead to the collapse of these features. Expanded craters have been mapped across a broad region of the northern plains, and their distribution is consistent with the latitudinal limits of new ice-exposing craters. We also observe expanded craters in and around Hellas Planitia, and will use images from the Context Camera (CTX) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to conduct preliminary mapping of their broader distribution across the southern hemisphere. We will also identify additional features that suggest present or past ice: scallops, polygonal patterned ground, and pedestal craters. This data will be used to infer the latitudinal limit and longitudinal variations of modern excess ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars. This has implications on the history and preservation of water ice on Mars, and may be of interest for future human exploration.

Expanded Craters on Mars: Implications for Shallow, Mid-latitude Excess Ice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viola, Donna

Understanding the age and distribution of shallow ice on Mars is valuable for interpreting past and present climate conditions, and has implications on habitability and future in situ resource utilization. Many ice-related features, such as lobate debris aprons and concentric crater fill, have been studied using a range of remote sensing techniques. Here, I explore the distribution of expanded craters, a form of sublimation thermokarst where shallow, excess ice has been destabilized and sublimated following an impact event. This leads to the collapse of the overlying dry regolith to produce the appearance of diameter widening. The modern presence of these features suggests that excess ice has remained preserved in the terrain immediately surrounding the craters since the time of their formation in order to maintain the surface. High-resolution imagery is ideal for observing thermokarst features, and much of the work described here will utilize data from the Context Camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Expanded craters tend to be found in clusters that emanate radially from at least four primary craters in Arcadia Planitia, and are interpreted as secondary craters that formed nearly simultaneously with their primaries. Crater age dates of the primaries indicate that the expanded secondaries, as well as the ice layer into which they impacted, must be at least tens of millions of years old. Older double-layer ejecta craters in Arcadia Planitia commonly have expanded craters superposed on their ejecta - and they tend to be more expanded (with larger diameters) in the inner ejecta layer. This has implications on the formation mechanisms for craters with this unique ejecta morphology. Finally, I explore the distribution of expanded craters south of Arcadia Planitia and across the southern mid-latitudes, along with scalloped depressions (another form of sublimation thermokarst), in order to identify the modern excess ice boundary in this region and any longitudinal variations. This study identifies some potential low-latitude locations with patchy excess ice, possibly preserved during a past climate. Through these studies, I will infer regions that contain abundant ice today and consider the implications that this ice has on both the martian climate and future exploration.

Novel 3D imaging techniques for improved understanding of planetary surface geomorphology.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muller, Jan-Peter

2015-04-01

Understanding the role of different planetary surface formation processes within our Solar System is one of the fundamental goals of planetary science research. There has been a revolution in planetary surface observations over the past decade for Mars and the Moon, especially in 3D imaging of surface shape (down to resolutions of 75cm) and subsequent correction for terrain relief of imagery from orbiting and co-registration of lander and rover robotic images. We present some of the recent highlights including 3D modelling of surface shape from the ESA Mars Express HRSC (High Resolution Stereo Camera), see [1], [2] at 30-100m grid-spacing; and then co-registered to HRSC using a resolution cascade of 20m DTMs from NASA MRO stereo-CTX and 0.75m DTMs from MRO stereo-HiRISE [3]. This has opened our eyes to the formation mechanisms of megaflooding events, such as the formation of Iani Vallis and the upstream blocky terrain, to crater lakes and receding valley cuts [4]. A comparable set of products is now available for the Moon from LROC-WA at 100m [5] and LROC-NA at 1m [6]. Recently, a very novel technique for the super-resolution restoration (SRR) of stacks of images has been developed at UCL [7]. First examples shown will be of the entire MER-A Spirit rover traverse taking a stack of 25cm HiRISE to generate a corridor of SRR images along the rover traverse of 5cm imagery of unresolved features such as rocks, created as a consequence of meteoritic bombardment, ridge and valley features. This SRR technique will allow us for ˜400 areas on Mars (where 5 or more HiRISE images have been captured) and similar numbers on the Moon to resolve sub-pixel features. Examples will be shown of how these SRR images can be employed to assist with the better understanding of surface geomorphology. Acknowledgements: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under PRoViDE grant agreement n° 312377. Partial support is also provided from the STFC 'MSSL Consolidated Grant' ST/K000977/1. References: [1] Gwinner, K., F. et al. (2010) Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital terrain models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 294, 506-519, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.007, 2010; [2] Gwinner, K., F. et al. (2015) MarsExpress High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Multi-orbit Data Products: Methodology, Mapping Concepts and Performance for the first Quadrangle (MC-11E). Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 17, EGU2015-13832; [3] Kim, J., & Muller, J. (2009). Multi-resolution topographic data extraction from Martian stereo imagery. Planetary and Space Science, 57, 2095-2112. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.024; [4] Warner, N. H., Gupta, S., Kim, J.-R., Muller, J.-P., Le Corre, L., Morley, J., et al. (2011). Constraints on the origin and evolution of Iani Chaos, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(E6), E06003. doi:10.1029/2010JE003787; [5] Fok, H. S., Shum, C. K., Yi, Y., Araki, H., Ping, J., Williams, J. G., et al. (2011). Accuracy assessment of lunar topography models. Earth Planets Space, 63, 15-23. doi:10.5047/eps.2010.08.005; [6] Haase, I., Oberst, J., Scholten, F., Wählisch, M., Gläser, P., Karachevtseva, I., & Robinson, M. S. (2012). Mapping the Apollo 17 landing site area based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images and Apollo surface photography - Haase - 2012 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (1991-2012). Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, E00H20. doi:10.1029/2011JE003908; [7] Tao, Y., Muller, J.-P. (2015) Supporting lander and rover operation: a novel super-resolution restoration technique. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 17, EGU2015-6925

Mars Weather Map, 2008

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-04

This global map of Mars was acquired on Oct. 28, 2008, by the Mars Color Imager instrument on NASA MRO. One global map is generated each day to forecast weather conditions for the entry, descent and landing of NASA Curiosity rover.

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission: From Launch to the Primary Science Orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnston, Martin D.; Graf, James E.; Zurek, Richard W.; Eisen, Howard J.; Jai, Benhan; Erickson, James K.

2007-01-01

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA, aboard an Atlas V-401 launch vehicle on August 12, 2005. The MRO spacecraft carries a very sophisticated scientific payload. Its primary science mission is to to provide global, regional survey, and targeted observations from a low altitude orbit for one Martian year (687 Earth days). After a seven month interplanetary transit, the spacecraft fired its six main engines and established a highly elliptical capture orbit at Mars. During the post-MOI early check-out period, four instruments acquired engineering-quality data. This was followed by five months of aerobraking operations. After aerobraking was terminated, a series of propulsive maneuvers were used to establish the desired low altitude science orbit. As the spacecraft is readied for its primary science mission, spacecraft and instrument checkout and deployment activities have continued.

Telecommunications Relay Support of the Mars Phoenix Lander Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, Charles D., Jr.; Erickson, James K.; Gladden, Roy E.; Guinn, Joseph R.; Ilott, Peter A.; Jai, Benhan; Johnston, Martin D.; Kornfeld, Richard P.; Martin-Mur, Tomas J.; McSmith, Gaylon W.;

Water Flowing on Mars Today on This Week @NASA – October 2, 2015

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-10-02

A major scientific discovery was announced by NASA at a Sept. 28 news conference. From its vantage point high above the Martian surface, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft has found the strongest evidence yet, that under certain circumstances, liquid water has been found on Mars. Researchers say an imaging spectrometer on MRO detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where downhill streaks, known as Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are seen. In the past, RSL flows have been described as possibly related to liquid water. But the new findings of hydrated minerals is key evidence. Hydrated salts can lower the freezing point of liquid brine – and produce liquid water. Also, Life beyond Earth in the next decade?, “The Martian” screening event, Cargo ship departs space station, New cargo ship delivers to space station, Rare double celestial treat and Espacio a Tierra!

KSC-05PD-0554

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. At the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip, workers inside a Russian Antonov AH-124-100 cargo airplane roll out the booster segment for a Lockheed Martin Atlas V. The Atlas V, designated AV-007, is the launch vehicle for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The MRO is designed for a series of global mapping, regional survey and targeted observations from a near-polar, low-altitude Mars orbit. These observations will be unprecedented in terms of the spatial resolution and coverage achieved by the orbiters instruments as they observe the atmosphere and surface of Mars while probing its shallow subsurface as part of a follow the water strategy. The orbiter is undergoing environmental tests in facilities at Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver, Colo., and is on schedule for a launch window that begins Aug. 10. Launch will be from Launch Pad 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.

Orbit Determination and Navigation Software Testing for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pini, Alex

2011-01-01

During the extended science phase of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's lifecycle, the operational duties pertaining to navigation primarily involve orbit determination. The orbit determination process utilizes radiometric tracking data and is used for the prediction and reconstruction of MRO's trajectories. Predictions are done twice per week for ephemeris updates on-board the spacecraft and for planning purposes. Orbit Trim Maneuvers (OTM-s) are also designed using the predicted trajectory. Reconstructions, which incorporate a batch estimator, provide precise information about the spacecraft state to be synchronized with scientific measurements. These tasks were conducted regularly to validate the results obtained by the MRO Navigation Team. Additionally, the team is in the process of converting to newer versions of the navigation software and operating system. The capability to model multiple densities in the Martian atmosphere is also being implemented. However, testing outputs among these different configurations was necessary to ensure compliance to a satisfactory degree.

Controlling Precision Stepper Motors in Flight Using (Almost) No Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Randall, David

2010-01-01

This concept allows control of high-performance stepper motors with minimal parts count and minimal flight software complexity. Although it uses a small number of common flight-qualified parts and simple control algorithms, it is capable enough to meet demanding system requirements. Its programmable nature makes it trivial to implement changes to control algorithms both during integration & test and in flight. Enhancements such as microstepping, half stepping, back-emf compensation, and jitter reduction can be tailored to the requirements of a large variety of stepper motor based applications including filter wheels, focus mechanisms, antenna tracking subsystems, pointing and mobility. The hardware design (using an H-bridge motor controller IC) was adapted from JPL's MER mission, still operating on Mars. This concept has been fully developed and incorporated into the MCS instrument on MRO, currently operating in Mars orbit. It has been incorporated into the filter wheel mechanism and linear stage (focus) mechanism for the AMT instrument. On MCS/MRO, two of these circuits control the elevation and azimuth of the MCS telescope/radiometer assembly, allowing the instrument to continuously monitor the limb of the Martian atmosphere. Implementation on MCS/MRO resulted in a 4:1 reduction in the volume and mass required for the motor driver electronics (100:25 square inches of PCB space), producing a very compact instrument. In fact, all of the electronics for the MCS instrument are packaged within the movable instrument structure. It also saved approximately 3 Watts of power. Most importantly, the design enabled MCS to meet very its stringent maximum allowable torque disturbance requirements.

Curiosity Speaks Volumes

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-27

This chart shows increases in the volume of data coming back from NASA Mars Curiosity over recent sols. New capabilities of the Electra relay-radios on MRO and Curiosity have greatly increased the volume of data the rover is sending back from Mars.

Mars Weather Map, Aug. 5

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-10

This global map of Mars was acquired on Aug. 5, 2012, by the Mars Color Imager instrument on NASA MRO. One global map is generated each day to forecast weather conditions for the entry, descent and landing of NASA Curiosity rover.

POSSIBLE ESTUARY ASSOCIATED SYNDROME: SYMPTOMS, VISION & TREATMENT.

EPA Science Inventory

Evidence suggests that the estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, and/or morphologically related organisms (Pf-MRO) may release a toxin(s) which kills fish and adversely affects human health. The North Carolina study investigated the potential for persistent health effec...

Channeled Southern Highlands

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-04-30

This enhanced color image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows the heavily channeled and ancient southern highlands of Mars. The elongated and jagged features are windblown dunes, perhaps hardened and eroded. For more information see https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22436

Visual object recognition for mobile tourist information systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paletta, Lucas; Fritz, Gerald; Seifert, Christin; Luley, Patrick; Almer, Alexander

2005-03-01

We describe a mobile vision system that is capable of automated object identification using images captured from a PDA or a camera phone. We present a solution for the enabling technology of outdoors vision based object recognition that will extend state-of-the-art location and context aware services towards object based awareness in urban environments. In the proposed application scenario, tourist pedestrians are equipped with GPS, W-LAN and a camera attached to a PDA or a camera phone. They are interested whether their field of view contains tourist sights that would point to more detailed information. Multimedia type data about related history, the architecture, or other related cultural context of historic or artistic relevance might be explored by a mobile user who is intending to learn within the urban environment. Learning from ambient cues is in this way achieved by pointing the device towards the urban sight, capturing an image, and consequently getting information about the object on site and within the focus of attention, i.e., the users current field of view.

Time-variable and static gravity field of Mars from MGS, Mars Odyssey, and MRO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.

2016-04-01

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY), and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions have significantly contributed to the determination of global high-resolution global gravity fields of Mars for the last 16 years. All three spacecraft were located in sun-synchronous, near-circular polar mapping orbits for their primary mission phases at different altitudes and Local Solar Time (LST). X-Band tracking data have been acquired from the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) providing information on the time-variable and static gravity field of Mars. MGS operated between 1999 and 2006 at 390 km altitude. ODY and MRO are still orbiting Mars with periapsis altitudes of 400 km and 255 km, respectively. Before entering these mapping phases, all three spacecraft collected radio tracking data at lower altitudes (˜170-200 km) that help improve the resolution of the gravity field of Mars in specific regions. We analyzed the entire MGS radio tracking data set, and ODY and MRO radio data until 2015. These observations were processed using a batch least-squares filter through the NASA GSFC GEODYN II software. We combined all 2- and 3-way range rate data to estimate the global gravity field of Mars to degree and order 120, the seasonal variations of gravity harmonic coefficients C20, C30, C40 and C50 and the Love number k2. The gravity contribution of Mars atmospheric pressures on the surface of the planet has been discerned from the time-varying and static gravity harmonic coefficients. Surface pressure grids computed using the Mars-GRAM 2010 atmospheric model, with 2.5° x2.5° spatial and 2-h resolution, are converted into gravity spherical harmonic coefficients. Consequently, the estimated gravity and tides provide direct information on the solid planet. We will present the new Goddard Mars Model (GMM-3) of Mars gravity field in spherical harmonics to degree and order 120. The solution includes the Love number k2 and the 3-frequencies (annual, semi-annual, and tri-annual) time-variable coefficients of the gravity zonal harmonics C20, C30, C40 and C50. The seasonal gravity coefficients led us to determine the inter-annual mass exchange between the polar caps over ˜11 years from October 2002 to November 2014.

Choreographing the Frame: A Critical Investigation into How Dance for the Camera Extends the Conceptual and Artistic Boundaries of Dance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Preston, Hilary

2006-01-01

This essay investigates the collaboration between dance and choreographic practice and film/video medium in a contemporary context. By looking specifically at dance made for the camera and the proliferation of dance-film/video, critical issues will be explored that have surfaced in response to this burgeoning form. Presenting a view of avant-garde…

Magma rheology from 3D geometry of martian lava flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allemand, P.; Deschamps, A.; Lesaout, M.; Delacourt, C.; Quantin, C.; Clenet, H.

2012-04-01

Volcanism is an important geologic agent which has been recently active at the surface of Mars. The composition of individual lava flows is difficult to infer from spectroscopic data because of the absence of crystallized minerals and the possible cover of the flows by dust. The 3D geometry of lava flows provides an interesting alternative to infer the chemical composition of lavas and effusion rates. Indeed, chemical composition exerts a strong control on the viscosity and yield strength of the magma and global geometry of lava flow reflects its emplacement rate. Until recently, these studies where realized from 2D data. The third dimension, which is a key parameter, was deduced or supposed from local shadow measurements on MGS Themis IR images with an uncertainty of more than 500%. Recent CTX data (MRO mission) allow to compute Digital Elevation Model at a resolution of 1 or 2 pixels (5 to 10 m) with the help of Isis and the Ames Stereo Pipeline pipe line. The CTX images are first transformed in format readable by Isis. The external geometric parameters of the CTX camera are computed and added to the image header with Isis. During a correlation phase, the homologous pixels are searched on the pair of stereo images. Finally, the DEM is computed from the position of the homologous pixels and the geometrical parameters of the CTX camera. Twenty DEM have been computed from stereo images showing lava flows of various ages on the region of Cerberus, Elyseum, Daedalia and Amazonis planitia. The 3D parameters of the lava flows have been measured on the DEMs and tested against shadows measurement. These 3D parameters have been inverted to estimate the viscosity and the yield strength of the flow. The effusion rate has also been estimated. These parameters have been compared to those of similar lava flows of the East Pacific rise.

Multi-temporal database of High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images - Alpha version

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erkeling, G.; Luesebrink, D.; Hiesinger, H.; Reiss, D.; Jaumann, R.

2014-04-01

Image data transmitted to Earth by Martian spacecraft since the 1970s, for example by Mariner and Viking, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Express (MEx) and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) showed, that the surface of Mars has changed dramatically and actually is continually changing [e.g., 1-8]. The changes are attributed to a large variety of atmospherical, geological and morphological processes, including eolian processes [9,10], mass wasting processes [11], changes of the polar caps [12] and impact cratering processes [13]. In addition, comparisons between Mariner, Viking and Mars Global Surveyor images suggest that more than one third of the Martian surface has brightened or darkened by at least 10% [6]. Albedo changes can have effects on the global heat balance and the circulation of winds, which can result in further surface changes [14-15]. The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) [16,17] on board Mars Express (MEx) covers large areas at high resolution and is therefore suited to detect the frequency, extent and origin of Martian surface changes. Since 2003 HRSC acquires highresolution images of the Martian surface and contributes to Martian research, with focus on the surface morphology, the geology and mineralogy, the role of liquid water on the surface and in the atmosphere, on volcanism, as well as on the proposed climate change throughout the Martian history and has improved our understanding of the evolution of Mars significantly [18-21]. The HRSC data are available at ESA's Planetary Science Archive (PSA) as well as through the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS). Both data platforms are frequently used by the scientific community and provide additional software and environments to further generate map-projected and geometrically calibrated HRSC data. However, while previews of the images are available, there is no possibility to quickly and conveniently see the spatial and temporal availability of HRSC images in a specific region, which is important to detect the surface changes that occurred between two or more images.

High-Resolution Mars Camera Test Image of Moon (Infrared)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

This crescent view of Earth's Moon in infrared wavelengths comes from a camera test by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on its way to Mars. The mission's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera took the image on Sept. 8, 2005, while at a distance of about 10 million kilometers (6 million miles) from the Moon. The dark feature on the right is Mare Crisium. From that distance, the Moon would appear as a star-like point of light to the unaided eye. The test verified the camera's focusing capability and provided an opportunity for calibration. The spacecraft's Context Camera and Optical Navigation Camera also performed as expected during the test.

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on Aug. 12, 2005, is on course to reach Mars on March 10, 2006. After gradually adjusting the shape of its orbit for half a year, it will begin its primary science phase in November 2006. From the mission's planned science orbit about 300 kilometers (186 miles) above the surface of Mars, the high resolution camera will be able to discern features as small as one meter or yard across.

78 FR 26024 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-03

... reliability filings: Docket Numbers: RR13-5-000. Applicants: North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Description: Petition of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation for Approval of Amendments to Delegation Agreement with Midwest Reliability Organization--Amendments to the MRO Regional Reliability...

Evidence Builds for Old Under-Ice Volcanoes on Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-05-03

These mountains are in a region called Sisyphi Montes. The base image from NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey shows a portion of the region about 130 miles. Red outlines indicate possible subglacial volcanic structures. MRO CRISM data are at upper right.

49 CFR 40.129 - What are the MRO's functions in reviewing laboratory confirmed non-negative drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... scientist signed the form. You are not required to review any other documentation generated by the... of the CCF, containing the certifying scientist's signature. (c) With respect to verified positive...

49 CFR 40.129 - What are the MRO's functions in reviewing laboratory confirmed non-negative drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... scientist signed the form. You are not required to review any other documentation generated by the... of the CCF, containing the certifying scientist's signature. (c) With respect to verified positive...

77 FR 60318 - Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs: 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-03

... final rule to harmonize with many aspects of the revised Department of Health and Human Services (HHS... (ODAPC). After consulting with ODAPC, the MRO would make a verified result determination, keeping in mind...

Distributed Compression in Camera Sensor Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-02-13

complicated in this context. This effort will make use of the correlation structure of the data given by the plenoptic function n the case of multi-camera...systems. In many cases the structure of the plenoptic function can be estimated without requiring inter-sensor communications, but by using some a...priori global geometrical information. Once the structure of the plenoptic function has been predicted, it is possible to develop specific distributed

Content Area Vocabulary Videos in Multiple Contexts: A Pedagogical Tool

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Webb, C. Lorraine; Kapavik, Robin Robinson

2015-01-01

The authors challenged pre-service teachers to digitally define a social studies or mathematical vocabulary term in multiple contexts using a digital video camera. The researchers sought to answer the following questions: 1. How will creating a video for instruction affect pre-service teachers' attitudes about teaching with technology, if at all?…

Structural Evolution of Martin Crater Thaumasia Planum, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dolan, Daniel J.

A detailed structural map of the central uplift of Martin Crater in western Thaumasia Planum, Mars, reveals highly folded and fractured geology throughout the 15-km diameter uplift. The stratigraphy in the central uplift of the crater has been rotated to near vertical dip and imaged by high-definition cameras aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). These unique factors allow individual geologic beds in Martin Crater to be studied and located across the length of the uplift. Bedding in Martin Crater primarily strikes SSE-NNW and dips near vertically. Many units are separated by a highly complex series of linear faults, creating megablocks of uplifted material. Faulting is dominantly left-slip in surface expression and strikes SW-NE, roughly perpendicular to bedding, and major fold axes plunge toward the SW. Coupled with infrared imagery of the ejecta blanket, which shows an "exclusion zone" northeast of the crater, these structural indicators provide strong support for a low-angle impactor (approximately 10-20°) originating from the northeast. Acoustic fluidization is the prevailing theoretical model put forth to explain complex crater uplift. The theory predicts that uplifted megablocks in craters are small, discrete, separated and highly randomized in orientation. However, megablocks in Martin Crater are tightly interlocked and often continuous in lithology across several kilometers. Thus, the model of acoustic fluidization, as it is currently formulated, does not appear to be supported by the structural evidence found in Martin Crater.

49 CFR 40.327 - When must the MRO report medical information gathered in the verification process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... results and medical information you learned as part of the verification process to third parties without... the course of an accident investigation. (c) If the law of a foreign country (e.g., Canada) prohibits...

49 CFR 40.167 - How are MRO reports of drug results transmitted to the employer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... immediate reporting. Follow up your phone call with appropriate documentation (see § 40.163). (2) You are... (see § 40.163(b) and (c)). (2) Negative results reported electronically (i.e., computer data file) do...

49 CFR 40.139 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results for codeine and morphine?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... the case of other drugs (see § 40.137). Consumption of food products (e.g., poppy seeds) must not be...

49 CFR 40.139 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results for codeine and morphine?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... the case of other drugs (see § 40.137). Consumption of food products (e.g., poppy seeds) must not be...

10 CFR 26.37 - Protection of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Program Elements § 26.37 Protection of information... program, including determinations of fitness, FFD program audits, or some human resources functions; (6... test results, MRO reviews, determinations of fitness, and management actions pertaining to the subject...

10 CFR 26.37 - Protection of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Program Elements § 26.37 Protection of information... program, including determinations of fitness, FFD program audits, or some human resources functions; (6... test results, MRO reviews, determinations of fitness, and management actions pertaining to the subject...

10 CFR 26.37 - Protection of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Program Elements § 26.37 Protection of information... program, including determinations of fitness, FFD program audits, or some human resources functions; (6... test results, MRO reviews, determinations of fitness, and management actions pertaining to the subject...

10 CFR 26.37 - Protection of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Program Elements § 26.37 Protection of information... program, including determinations of fitness, FFD program audits, or some human resources functions; (6... test results, MRO reviews, determinations of fitness, and management actions pertaining to the subject...

10 CFR 26.37 - Protection of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Program Elements § 26.37 Protection of information... program, including determinations of fitness, FFD program audits, or some human resources functions; (6... test results, MRO reviews, determinations of fitness, and management actions pertaining to the subject...

Mars-Flyby Comet in False Color

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-11-07

This frame from a movie sequence of images from NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MRO shows comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring before and after its close pass by Mars in October 2014. False color enhances subtle variations in brightness in the comet coma.

ETR AND MTR COMPLEXES IN CONTEXT. CAMERA FACING NORTHERLY. FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR AND MTR COMPLEXES IN CONTEXT. CAMERA FACING NORTHERLY. FROM BOTTOM TO TOP: ETR COOLING TOWER, ELECTRICAL BUILDING AND LOW-BAY SECTION OF ETR BUILDING, HEAT EXCHANGER BUILDING (WITH U SHAPED YARD), COMPRESSOR BUILDING. MTR REACTOR SERVICES BUILDING IS ATTACHED TO SOUTH WALL OF MTR. WING A IS ATTACHED TO BALCONY FLOOR OF MTR. NEAR UPPER RIGHT CORNER OF VIEW IS MTR PROCESS WATER BUILDING. WING B IS AT FAR WEST END OF COMPLEX. NEAR MAIN GATE IS GAMMA FACILITY, WITH "COLD" BUILDINGS BEYOND: RAW WATER STORAGE TANKS, STEAM PLANT, MTR COOLING TOWER PUMP HOUSE AND COOLING TOWER. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-4101. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Supporting parent-child interactions: music therapy as an intervention for promoting mutually responsive orientation.

PubMed

Pasiali, Varvara

2012-01-01

Music therapists working with families address relationship and interpersonal communication issues. Few controlled studies exist in the literature but a growing body of documented practice is emerging. This study makes a contribution by documenting how music therapy supports mutuality and reciprocity in parent-child interactions. This study investigated mutually responsive orientation (MRO) behaviors of young children (aged 3-5) and their family members during music therapy. Participants were 4 families with low income and history of maternal depression as common risk factors. Data were collected by videotaping sessions, creating field notes and analytic memos, conducting parent interviews and reviewing parent journals. A cross-case analysis using MRO theory as a conceptualizing framework was used for the purpose of data reduction. Greeting and farewell rituals, and the flexibility of music-based therapeutic applications facilitated development of coordinated routines. Therapist's actions (e.g., encouraging and modeling musical interactions) and bidirectional parent-child actions (e.g., joint attention, turn-taking, being playful) facilitated harmonious communication. Behaviors promoting mutual cooperation were evident when adults attempted to scaffold a child's participation or when children sought comfort from parents, engaged in social referencing and made requests that shaped the direction of the session. The novelty of musical tasks captivated attention, increasing impulse inhibition. Parent actions (e.g., finding delight in watching their child participate, acting silly) and parent-child interactions (e.g., play exploration, shared excitement, cuddling) contributed to positive emotional ambiance. Music therapy assisted development of MRO within parent-child dyads by providing opportunities to rehearse adaptive ways of connecting with each other. Results of this study may serve as an archetypal model guiding clinical treatment planning.

Effect of image scaling on stereoscopic movie experience

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Häkkinen, Jukka P.; Hakala, Jussi; Hannuksela, Miska; Oittinen, Pirkko

2011-03-01

Camera separation affects the perceived depth in stereoscopic movies. Through control of the separation and thereby the depth magnitudes, the movie can be kept comfortable but interesting. In addition, the viewing context has a significant effect on the perceived depth, as a larger display and longer viewing distances also contribute to an increase in depth. Thus, if the content is to be viewed in multiple viewing contexts, the depth magnitudes should be carefully planned so that the content always looks acceptable. Alternatively, the content can be modified for each viewing situation. To identify the significance of changes due to the viewing context, we studied the effect of stereoscopic camera base distance on the viewer experience in three different situations: 1) small sized video and a viewing distance of 38 cm, 2) television and a viewing distance of 158 cm, and 3) cinema and a viewing distance of 6-19 meters. We examined three different animations with positive parallax. The results showed that the camera distance had a significant effect on the viewing experience in small display/short viewing distance situations, in which the experience ratings increased until the maximum disparity in the scene was 0.34 - 0.45 degrees of visual angle. After 0.45 degrees, increasing the depth magnitude did not affect the experienced quality ratings. Interestingly, changes in the camera distance did not affect the experience ratings in the case of television or cinema if the depth magnitudes were below one degree of visual angle. When the depth was greater than one degree, the experience ratings began to drop significantly. These results indicate that depth magnitudes have a larger effect on the viewing experience with a small display. When a stereoscopic movie is viewed from a larger display, other experiences might override the effect of depth magnitudes.

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AIRBORNE MANGANESE ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN.

EPA Science Inventory

Evidence suggests that the estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, and/or morphologically related organisms (Pf-MRO) may release a toxin(s) which kills fish and adversely affects human health. The North Carolina study investigated the potential for persistent health effec...

Deployable Wireless Camera Penetrators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Badescu, Mircea; Jones, Jack; Sherrit, Stewart; Wu, Jiunn Jeng

2008-01-01

A lightweight, low-power camera dart has been designed and tested for context imaging of sampling sites and ground surveys from an aerobot or an orbiting spacecraft in a microgravity environment. The camera penetrators also can be used to image any line-of-sight surface, such as cliff walls, that is difficult to access. Tethered cameras to inspect the surfaces of planetary bodies use both power and signal transmission lines to operate. A tether adds the possibility of inadvertently anchoring the aerobot, and requires some form of station-keeping capability of the aerobot if extended examination time is required. The new camera penetrators are deployed without a tether, weigh less than 30 grams, and are disposable. They are designed to drop from any altitude with the boost in transmitting power currently demonstrated at approximately 100-m line-of-sight. The penetrators also can be deployed to monitor lander or rover operations from a distance, and can be used for surface surveys or for context information gathering from a touch-and-go sampling site. Thanks to wireless operation, the complexity of the sampling or survey mechanisms may be reduced. The penetrators may be battery powered for short-duration missions, or have solar panels for longer or intermittent duration missions. The imaging device is embedded in the penetrator, which is dropped or projected at the surface of a study site at 90 to the surface. Mirrors can be used in the design to image the ground or the horizon. Some of the camera features were tested using commercial "nanny" or "spy" camera components with the charge-coupled device (CCD) looking at a direction parallel to the ground. Figure 1 shows components of one camera that weighs less than 8 g and occupies a volume of 11 cm3. This camera could transmit a standard television signal, including sound, up to 100 m. Figure 2 shows the CAD models of a version of the penetrator. A low-volume array of such penetrator cameras could be deployed from an aerobot or a spacecraft onto a comet or asteroid. A system of 20 of these penetrators could be designed and built in a 1- to 2-kg mass envelope. Possible future modifications of the camera penetrators, such as the addition of a chemical spray device, would allow the study of simple chemical reactions of reagents sprayed at the landing site and looking at the color changes. Zoom lenses also could be added for future use.

Correlation of atomic packing with the boson peak in amorphous alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, W. M.; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189

2014-09-28

Boson peaks (BP) have been observed from phonon specific heats in 10 studied amorphous alloys. Two Einstein-type vibration modes were proposed in this work and all data can be fitted well. By measuring and analyzing local atomic structures of studied amorphous alloys and 56 reported amorphous alloys, it is found that (a) the BP originates from local harmonic vibration modes associated with the lengths of short-range order (SRO) and medium-range order (MRO) in amorphous alloys, and (b) the atomic packing in amorphous alloys follows a universal scaling law, i.e., the ratios of SRO and MRO lengths to solvent atomic diametermore » are 3 and 7, respectively, which exact match with length ratios of BP vibration frequencies to Debye frequency for the studied amorphous alloys. This finding provides a new perspective for atomic packing in amorphous materials, and has significant implications for quantitative description of the local atomic orders and understanding the structure-property relationship.« less

The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coates, A. J.; Jaumann, R.; Griffiths, A. D.; Leff, C. E.; Schmitz, N.; Josset, J.-L.; Paar, G.; Gunn, M.; Hauber, E.; Cousins, C. R.; Cross, R. E.; Grindrod, P.; Bridges, J. C.; Balme, M.; Gupta, S.; Crawford, I. A.; Irwin, P.; Stabbins, R.; Tirsch, D.; Vago, J. L.; Theodorou, T.; Caballo-Perucha, M.; Osinski, G. R.; PanCam Team

2017-07-01

The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier. The electronic interface is via the PanCam Interface Unit (PIU), and power conditioning is via a DC-DC converter. PanCam also includes a calibration target mounted on the rover deck for radiometric calibration, fiducial markers for geometric calibration, and a rover inspection mirror.

Investigating Image Formation with a Camera Obscura: a Study in Initial Primary Science Teacher Education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muñoz-Franco, Granada; Criado, Ana María; García-Carmona, Antonio

2018-04-01

This article presents the results of a qualitative study aimed at determining the effectiveness of the camera obscura as a didactic tool to understand image formation (i.e., how it is possible to see objects and how their image is formed on the retina, and what the image formed on the retina is like compared to the object observed) in a context of scientific inquiry. The study involved 104 prospective primary teachers (PPTs) who were being trained in science teaching. To assess the effectiveness of this tool, an open questionnaire was applied before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the educational intervention. The data were analyzed by combining methods of inter- and intra-rater analysis. The results showed that more than half of the PPTs advanced in their ideas towards the desirable level of knowledge in relation to the phenomena studied. The conclusion reached is that the camera obscura, used in a context of scientific inquiry, is a useful tool for PPTs to improve their knowledge about image formation and experience in the first person an authentic scientific inquiry during their teacher training.

The Effectiveness of Using Procedural Scaffoldings in a Paper-Plus-Smartphone Collaborative Learning Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huang, Hui-Wen; Wu, Chih-Wei; Chen, Nian-Shing

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using procedural scaffoldings in fostering students' group discourse levels and learning outcomes in a paper-plus-smartphone collaborative learning context. All participants used built-in camera smartphones to learn new knowledge by scanning Quick Response (QR) codes, a type of…

Researching Literacy in Context: Using Video Analysis to Explore School Literacies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blikstad-Balas, Marte; Sørvik, Gard Ove

2015-01-01

This article addresses how methodological approaches relying on video can be included in literacy research to capture changing literacies. In addition to arguing why literacy is best studied in context, we provide empirical examples of how small, head-mounted video cameras have been used in two different research projects that share a common aim:…

Soft x-ray streak camera for laser fusion applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stradling, G.L.

This thesis reviews the development and significance of the soft x-ray streak camera (SXRSC) in the context of inertial confinement fusion energy development. A brief introduction of laser fusion and laser fusion diagnostics is presented. The need for a soft x-ray streak camera as a laser fusion diagnostic is shown. Basic x-ray streak camera characteristics, design, and operation are reviewed. The SXRSC design criteria, the requirement for a subkilovolt x-ray transmitting window, and the resulting camera design are explained. Theory and design of reflector-filter pair combinations for three subkilovolt channels centered at 220 eV, 460 eV, and 620 eV aremore » also presented. Calibration experiments are explained and data showing a dynamic range of 1000 and a sweep speed of 134 psec/mm are presented. Sensitivity modifications to the soft x-ray streak camera for a high-power target shot are described. A preliminary investigation, using a stepped cathode, of the thickness dependence of the gold photocathode response is discussed. Data from a typical Argus laser gold-disk target experiment are shown.« less

10 CFR 26.169 - Reporting Results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... request. The laboratory shall routinely provide quantitative values for confirmatory opiate test results... requested quantitative values for the test result. (3) For a specimen that has an adulterated or substituted... of the standard curve, the laboratory may report to the MRO that the quantitative value “exceeds the...

10 CFR 26.169 - Reporting Results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... request. The laboratory shall routinely provide quantitative values for confirmatory opiate test results... requested quantitative values for the test result. (3) For a specimen that has an adulterated or substituted... of the standard curve, the laboratory may report to the MRO that the quantitative value “exceeds the...

10 CFR 26.169 - Reporting Results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... request. The laboratory shall routinely provide quantitative values for confirmatory opiate test results... requested quantitative values for the test result. (3) For a specimen that has an adulterated or substituted... of the standard curve, the laboratory may report to the MRO that the quantitative value “exceeds the...

10 CFR 26.169 - Reporting Results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... request. The laboratory shall routinely provide quantitative values for confirmatory opiate test results... requested quantitative values for the test result. (3) For a specimen that has an adulterated or substituted... of the standard curve, the laboratory may report to the MRO that the quantitative value “exceeds the...

10 CFR 26.169 - Reporting Results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... request. The laboratory shall routinely provide quantitative values for confirmatory opiate test results... requested quantitative values for the test result. (3) For a specimen that has an adulterated or substituted... of the standard curve, the laboratory may report to the MRO that the quantitative value “exceeds the...

49 CFR 40.17 - Is an employer responsible for obtaining information from its service agents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... you. For example, suppose an applicant for a safety-sensitive job takes a pre-employment drug test, but there is a significant delay in your receipt of the test result from an MRO or C/TPA. You must not...

49 CFR 40.17 - Is an employer responsible for obtaining information from its service agents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... you. For example, suppose an applicant for a safety-sensitive job takes a pre-employment drug test, but there is a significant delay in your receipt of the test result from an MRO or C/TPA. You must not...

Satellite markers: a simple method for ground truth car pose on stereo video

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gil, Gustavo; Savino, Giovanni; Piantini, Simone; Pierini, Marco

2018-04-01

Artificial prediction of future location of other cars in the context of advanced safety systems is a must. The remote estimation of car pose and particularly its heading angle is key to predict its future location. Stereo vision systems allow to get the 3D information of a scene. Ground truth in this specific context is associated with referential information about the depth, shape and orientation of the objects present in the traffic scene. Creating 3D ground truth is a measurement and data fusion task associated with the combination of different kinds of sensors. The novelty of this paper is the method to generate ground truth car pose only from video data. When the method is applied to stereo video, it also provides the extrinsic camera parameters for each camera at frame level which are key to quantify the performance of a stereo vision system when it is moving because the system is subjected to undesired vibrations and/or leaning. We developed a video post-processing technique which employs a common camera calibration tool for the 3D ground truth generation. In our case study, we focus in accurate car heading angle estimation of a moving car under realistic imagery. As outcomes, our satellite marker method provides accurate car pose at frame level, and the instantaneous spatial orientation for each camera at frame level.

Threat Assessment of Small Near-Earth Objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryan, E.; Ryan, W.

2010-09-01

Researchers at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory’s (MRO) 2.4-meter telescope facility are in their third year of a program to derive physical characterization information on some of the smallest (less than 200 meters in diameter) objects in the Near-Earth Object (NEO) population. Tiny comets and asteroids are being discovered by survey programs on a routine basis, so targets available for study have been abundant. Our primary objective is to derive rotation rates for these objects, and to place the results in context with previous data to enhance our understanding of asteroid impact physics and better address the threat from NEOs having Earth-crossing orbits. Rotation rate can be used to infer internal structure, which is a physical property important to assessing the energy needed for object disruption or other forms of hazard mitigation. Since the existing database of rotational data derived from lightcurves of objects in this small size regime is sparse, collection of additional observational data is beneficial. Acquiring more knowledge about the physical nature of NEOs not only contributes to general scientific pursuits, but is important to planetary defense.

10 CFR 26.183 - Medical review officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... construed as a potential conflict of interest. Examples of relationships between laboratories and MROs that... licensee's or other entity's discretion, dilute test result. This action may include, but is not limited to... physiology of the donor. (2) The MRO may only consider the results of tests of specimens that are collected...

10 CFR 26.183 - Medical review officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... construed as a potential conflict of interest. Examples of relationships between laboratories and MROs that... licensee's or other entity's discretion, dilute test result. This action may include, but is not limited to... physiology of the donor. (2) The MRO may only consider the results of tests of specimens that are collected...

10 CFR 26.183 - Medical review officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... construed as a potential conflict of interest. Examples of relationships between laboratories and MROs that... licensee's or other entity's discretion, dilute test result. This action may include, but is not limited to... physiology of the donor. (2) The MRO may only consider the results of tests of specimens that are collected...

Atmospheric Modeling of the Martian Polar Regions: One Mars Year of CRISM EPF Observations of the South Pole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, A. J.; Wolff, M. J.

2009-03-01

We have used CRISM Emission Phase Function gimballed observations to investigate atmospheric dust/ice opacity and surface albedo in the south polar region for the first Mars year of MRO operations. This covers the MY28 "dust event" and cap recession.

49 CFR 40.121 - Who is qualified to act as an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... physician (Doctor of Medicine or Osteopathy). If you are a licensed physician in any U.S., Canadian, or... states or provinces without becoming licensed to practice medicine in the other jurisdictions. (b) Basic... clinical experience in controlled substances abuse disorders, including detailed knowledge of alternative...

49 CFR 40.121 - Who is qualified to act as an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... physician (Doctor of Medicine or Osteopathy). If you are a licensed physician in any U.S., Canadian, or... states or provinces without becoming licensed to practice medicine in the other jurisdictions. (b) Basic... clinical experience in controlled substances abuse disorders, including detailed knowledge of alternative...

49 CFR 40.121 - Who is qualified to act as an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... physician (Doctor of Medicine or Osteopathy). If you are a licensed physician in any U.S., Canadian, or... states or provinces without becoming licensed to practice medicine in the other jurisdictions. (b) Basic... clinical experience in controlled substances abuse disorders, including detailed knowledge of alternative...

49 CFR 40.121 - Who is qualified to act as an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... physician (Doctor of Medicine or Osteopathy). If you are a licensed physician in any U.S., Canadian, or... states or provinces without becoming licensed to practice medicine in the other jurisdictions. (b) Basic... clinical experience in controlled substances abuse disorders, including detailed knowledge of alternative...

49 CFR 40.121 - Who is qualified to act as an MRO?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... physician (Doctor of Medicine or Osteopathy). If you are a licensed physician in any U.S., Canadian, or... states or provinces without becoming licensed to practice medicine in the other jurisdictions. (b) Basic... clinical experience in controlled substances abuse disorders, including detailed knowledge of alternative...

The Role of Intraverbal Exchanges in Assessing Parent-Child Relationships

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gokhan, Nurper; Dennis, Tracy A.; Crossman, Angela M.

2012-01-01

The present investigation evaluated the role of verbal exchanges between parent and child (intraverbal exchanges) in relation to two contemporary measurements of the parent-child relationship, mutual responsive orientation (MRO) and synchrony. Data were collected from 30 mother-preschool child dyads (19 girls, 11 boys) during a laboratory…

CHRONIC LYME DISEASE: SYMPTOMS, VISION AND A NEW APPROACH TO TREATMENT BASED ON A THEORY OF NEUROTOXIN-MEDIATED ILLNESS.

EPA Science Inventory

Evidence suggests that the estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, and/or morphologically related organisms (Pf-MRO) may release a toxin(s) which kills fish and adversely affects human health. The North Carolina study investigated the potential for persistent health effec...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

10 CFR 26.4 - FFD program applicability to categories of individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

....4 Section 26.4 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Administrative... entity, monitors the fitness of the individuals specified in paragraph (f) of this section; (4) Witnesses... not limited to the MRO; (2) All persons who make determinations of fitness; (3) All persons who make...

10 CFR 26.183 - Medical review officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Medical review officer. 26.183 Section 26.183 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Determining Fitness-for-Duty Policy Violations and Determining Fitness § 26.183 Medical review officer. (a) Qualifications. The MRO shall be knowledgeable of...

10 CFR 26.183 - Medical review officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Medical review officer. 26.183 Section 26.183 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Determining Fitness-for-Duty Policy Violations and Determining Fitness § 26.183 Medical review officer. (a) Qualifications. The MRO shall be knowledgeable of...

10 CFR 26.185 - Determining a fitness-for-duty policy violation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... was marijuana and the confirmatory assay for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid yields a positive result, the MRO shall determine whether the confirmatory test result indicates further marijuana... delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid that would be expected if no further marijuana use had...

10 CFR 26.185 - Determining a fitness-for-duty policy violation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... was marijuana and the confirmatory assay for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid yields a positive result, the MRO shall determine whether the confirmatory test result indicates further marijuana... delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid that would be expected if no further marijuana use had...

10 CFR 26.185 - Determining a fitness-for-duty policy violation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... was marijuana and the confirmatory assay for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid yields a positive result, the MRO shall determine whether the confirmatory test result indicates further marijuana... delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid that would be expected if no further marijuana use had...

Multi-camera synchronization core implemented on USB3 based FPGA platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sousa, Ricardo M.; Wäny, Martin; Santos, Pedro; Dias, Morgado

2015-03-01

Centered on Awaiba's NanEye CMOS image sensor family and a FPGA platform with USB3 interface, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate a new technique to synchronize up to 8 individual self-timed cameras with minimal error. Small form factor self-timed camera modules of 1 mm x 1 mm or smaller do not normally allow external synchronization. However, for stereo vision or 3D reconstruction with multiple cameras as well as for applications requiring pulsed illumination it is required to synchronize multiple cameras. In this work, the challenge of synchronizing multiple selftimed cameras with only 4 wire interface has been solved by adaptively regulating the power supply for each of the cameras. To that effect, a control core was created to constantly monitor the operating frequency of each camera by measuring the line period in each frame based on a well-defined sampling signal. The frequency is adjusted by varying the voltage level applied to the sensor based on the error between the measured line period and the desired line period. To ensure phase synchronization between frames, a Master-Slave interface was implemented. A single camera is defined as the Master, with its operating frequency being controlled directly through a PC based interface. The remaining cameras are setup in Slave mode and are interfaced directly with the Master camera control module. This enables the remaining cameras to monitor its line and frame period and adjust their own to achieve phase and frequency synchronization. The result of this work will allow the implementation of smaller than 3mm diameter 3D stereo vision equipment in medical endoscopic context, such as endoscopic surgical robotic or micro invasive surgery.

Image synchronization for 3D application using the NanEye sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sousa, Ricardo M.; Wäny, Martin; Santos, Pedro; Dias, Morgado

2015-03-01

Based on Awaiba's NanEye CMOS image sensor family and a FPGA platform with USB3 interface, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate a novel technique to perfectly synchronize up to 8 individual self-timed cameras. Minimal form factor self-timed camera modules of 1 mm x 1 mm or smaller do not generally allow external synchronization. However, for stereo vision or 3D reconstruction with multiple cameras as well as for applications requiring pulsed illumination it is required to synchronize multiple cameras. In this work, the challenge to synchronize multiple self-timed cameras with only 4 wire interface has been solved by adaptively regulating the power supply for each of the cameras to synchronize their frame rate and frame phase. To that effect, a control core was created to constantly monitor the operating frequency of each camera by measuring the line period in each frame based on a well-defined sampling signal. The frequency is adjusted by varying the voltage level applied to the sensor based on the error between the measured line period and the desired line period. To ensure phase synchronization between frames of multiple cameras, a Master-Slave interface was implemented. A single camera is defined as the Master entity, with its operating frequency being controlled directly through a PC based interface. The remaining cameras are setup in Slave mode and are interfaced directly with the Master camera control module. This enables the remaining cameras to monitor its line and frame period and adjust their own to achieve phase and frequency synchronization. The result of this work will allow the realization of smaller than 3mm diameter 3D stereo vision equipment in medical endoscopic context, such as endoscopic surgical robotic or micro invasive surgery.

Staking out Curiosity Landing Site

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-09

The geological context for the landing site of NASA Curiosity rover is visible in this image mosaic obtained by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment HiRISE camera on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Coregistration of high-resolution Mars orbital images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sidiropoulos, Panagiotis; Muller, Jan-Peter

2015-04-01

The systematic orbital imaging of the Martian surface started 4 decades ago from NASA's Viking Orbiter 1 & 2 missions, which were launched in August 1975, and acquired orbital images of the planet between 1976 and 1980. The result of this reconnaissance was the first medium-resolution (i.e. ≤ 300m/pixel) global map of Mars, as well as a variety of high-resolution images (reaching up to 8m/pixel) of special regions of interest. Over the last two decades NASA has sent 3 more spacecraft with onboard instruments for high-resolution orbital imaging: Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) having onboard the Mars Orbital Camera - Narrow Angle (MOC-NA), Mars Odyssey having onboard the Thermal Emission Imaging System - Visual (THEMIS-VIS) and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) having on board two distinct high-resolution cameras, Context Camera (CTX) and High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). Moreover, ESA has the multispectral High resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) onboard ESA's Mars Express with resolution up to 12.5m since 2004. Overall, this set of cameras have acquired more than 400,000 high-resolution images, i.e. with resolution better than 100m and as fine as 25 cm/pixel. Notwithstanding the high spatial resolution of the available NASA orbital products, their accuracy of areo-referencing is often very poor. As a matter of fact, due to pointing inconsistencies, usually form errors in roll attitude, the acquired products may actually image areas tens of kilometers far away from the point that they are supposed to be looking at. On the other hand, since 2004, the ESA Mars Express has been acquiring stereo images through the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), with resolution that is usually 12.5-25 metres per pixel. The achieved coverage is more than 64% for images with resolution finer than 20 m/pixel, while for ~40% of Mars, Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have been produced with are co-registered with MOLA [Gwinner et al., 2010]. The HRSC images and DTMs represent the best available 3D reference frame for Mars showing co-registration with MOLA<25m (loc.cit.). In our work, the reference generated by HRSC terrain corrected orthorectified images is used as a common reference frame to co-register all available high-resolution orbital NASA products into a common 3D coordinate system, thus allowing the examination of the changes that happen on the surface of Mars over time (such as seasonal flows [McEwen et al., 2011] or new impact craters [Byrne, et al., 2009]). In order to accomplish such a tedious manual task, we have developed an automatic co-registration pipeline that produces orthorectified versions of the NASA images in realistic time (i.e. from ~15 minutes to 10 hours per image depending on size). In the first step of this pipeline, tie-points are extracted from the target NASA image and the reference HRSC image or image mosaic. Subsequently, the HRSC areo-reference information is used to transform the HRSC tie-points pixel coordinates into 3D "world" coordinates. This way, a correspondence between the pixel coordinates of the target NASA image and the 3D "world" coordinates is established for each tie-point. This set of correspondences is used to estimate a non-rigid, 3D to 2D transformation model, which transforms the target image into the HRSC reference coordinate system. Finally, correlation of the transformed target image and the HRSC image is employed to fine-tune the orthorectification results, thus generating results with sub-pixel accuracy. This method, which has been proven to be accurate, robust to resolution differences and reliable when dealing with partially degraded data and fast, will be presented, along with some example co-registration results that have been achieved by using it. Acknowledgements: The research leading to these results has received partial funding from the STFC "MSSL Consolidated Grant" ST/K000977/1 and partial support from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under iMars grant agreement n° 607379. References: [1] K. F. Gwinner, et al. (2010) Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital terrain models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 294, 506-519, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.007. [2] A. McEwen, et al. (2011) Seasonal flows on warm martian slopes. Science , 333 (6043): 740-743. [3] S. Byrne, et al. (2009) Distribution of mid-latitude ground ice on mars from new impact craters. Science, 325(5948):1674-1676.

Soft X-ray streak camera for laser fusion applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stradling, G. L.

1981-04-01

The development and significance of the soft x-ray streak camera (SXRSC) in the context of inertial confinement fusion energy development is reviewed as well as laser fusion and laser fusion diagnostics. The SXRSC design criteria, the requirement for a subkilovolt x-ray transmitting window, and the resulting camera design are explained. Theory and design of reflector-filter pair combinations for three subkilovolt channels centered at 220 eV, 460 eV, and 620 eV are also presented. Calibration experiments are explained and data showing a dynamic range of 1000 and a sweep speed of 134 psec/mm are presented. Sensitivity modifications to the soft x-ray streak camera for a high-power target shot are described. A preliminary investigation, using a stepped cathode, of the thickness dependence of the gold photocathode response is discussed. Data from a typical Argus laser gold-disk target experiment are shown.

Possible Impacts from MSL Hardware

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-10-16

This cluster of small impact craters was spotted by the Context Camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in the region northwest of Gale Crater, the landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory MSL rover, Curiosity.

A multi-criteria approach to camera motion design for volume data animation.

PubMed

Hsu, Wei-Hsien; Zhang, Yubo; Ma, Kwan-Liu

2013-12-01

We present an integrated camera motion design and path generation system for building volume data animations. Creating animations is an essential task in presenting complex scientific visualizations. Existing visualization systems use an established animation function based on keyframes selected by the user. This approach is limited in providing the optimal in-between views of the data. Alternatively, computer graphics and virtual reality camera motion planning is frequently focused on collision free movement in a virtual walkthrough. For semi-transparent, fuzzy, or blobby volume data the collision free objective becomes insufficient. Here, we provide a set of essential criteria focused on computing camera paths to establish effective animations of volume data. Our dynamic multi-criteria solver coupled with a force-directed routing algorithm enables rapid generation of camera paths. Once users review the resulting animation and evaluate the camera motion, they are able to determine how each criterion impacts path generation. In this paper, we demonstrate how incorporating this animation approach with an interactive volume visualization system reduces the effort in creating context-aware and coherent animations. This frees the user to focus on visualization tasks with the objective of gaining additional insight from the volume data.

Usability of small impact craters on small surface areas in crater count dating: Analysing examples from the Harmakhis Vallis outflow channel, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kukkonen, S.; Kostama, V.-P.

2018-05-01

The availability of very high-resolution images has made it possible to extend crater size-frequency distribution studies to small, deca/hectometer-scale craters. This has enabled the dating of small and young surface units, as well as recent, short-time and small-scale geologic processes that have occurred on the units. Usually, however, the higher the spatial resolution of space images is, the smaller area is covered by the images. Thus the use of single, very high-resolution images in crater count age determination may be debatable if the images do not cover the studied region entirely. Here we compare the crater count results for the floor of the Harmakhis Vallis outflow channel obtained from the images of the ConTeXt camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The CTX images enable crater counts for entire units on the Harmakhis Vallis main valley, whereas the coverage of the higher-resolution HiRISE images is limited and thus the images can only be used to date small parts of the units. Our case study shows that the crater count data based on small impact craters and small surface areas mainly correspond with the crater count data based on larger craters and more extensive counting areas on the same unit. If differences between the results were founded, they could usually be explained by the regional geology. Usually, these differences appeared when at least one cratering model age is missing from either of the crater datasets. On the other hand, we found only a few cases in which the cratering model ages were completely different. We conclude that the crater counts using small impact craters on small counting areas provide useful information about the geological processes which have modified the surface. However, it is important to remember that all the crater counts results obtained from a specific counting area always primarily represent the results from the counting area-not the whole unit. On the other hand, together with crater count results from extensive counting areas and lower-resolution images, crater counts on small counting areas but by using very high-resolution images is a very valuable tool for obtaining unique additional information about the local processes on the surface units.

Extensive Middle Amazonian mantling of debris aprons and plains in Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for the record of mid-latitude glaciation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baker, David M. H.; Head, James W.

2015-11-01

The mid-latitudes of Mars are host to a record of recent episodes of accumulations of ice-rich materials. The record includes debris aprons, interpreted to be debris-covered glaciers, that may represent the preserved remnants of a much more extensive ice sheet. We assessed the possibility of former glacial extents by examining debris aprons and the surrounding plains in Deuteronilus Mensae. Geomorphic units and stratigraphic relationships were mapped and documented from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera images, and crater retention ages were estimated from crater size-frequency distributions. Three major units are observed within the study area: debris aprons, lower plains, and upper plains. Debris aprons exhibit characteristics typical for these features documented elsewhere and in previous studies, including integrated flow lineations and patterns, convex-upward profiles, and knobby and brain terrain surface textures. A lower bound on the age for debris aprons is estimated to be 0.9 Ga. Debris aprons are superposed on a lower plains unit having a lower bound age of 3.3-3.5 Ga. A 50-100 m thick upper plains unit superposes both debris apron landforms and lower plains units and has a best-fit minimum age of 0.6 Ga. The upper plains unit exhibits characteristics of atmospherically-emplaced mantle material, including fine-grained nature, sublimation textures, cyclic layering, draping character, and widespread spatial distribution. Fracturing and subsequent sublimation/erosion of upper plains on debris aprons has contributed to many of the surface textures on debris aprons. The upper plains unit has also been eroded from the lower plains and plateaus, evidenced by isolated blocks of upper plains in the interiors of craters and on the walls and tops of plateaus. While no conclusive evidence diagnostic of former cold-based ice sheets are observed in the plains within the study region, such landforms and units may have been poorly developed or absent, as is often the case on Earth, and would have been covered and reworked by later mantling episodes. These observations suggest that emplacement of thick ice-rich mantle deposits extended at least to near the Early/Middle Amazonian boundary and overlapped with the waning stages of glaciation in Deuteronilus Mensae.

49 CFR 40.141 - How does the MRO obtain information for the verification decision?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... must conduct a medical interview. You must review the employee's medical history and any other relevant... evaluation by you or another physician. (b) If the employee asserts that the presence of a drug or drug...

49 CFR 40.141 - How does the MRO obtain information for the verification decision?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... must conduct a medical interview. You must review the employee's medical history and any other relevant... evaluation by you or another physician. (b) If the employee asserts that the presence of a drug or drug...

49 CFR 40.141 - How does the MRO obtain information for the verification decision?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... must conduct a medical interview. You must review the employee's medical history and any other relevant... evaluation by you or another physician. (b) If the employee asserts that the presence of a drug or drug...

49 CFR 40.141 - How does the MRO obtain information for the verification decision?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... must conduct a medical interview. You must review the employee's medical history and any other relevant... evaluation by you or another physician. (b) If the employee asserts that the presence of a drug or drug...

49 CFR 40.125 - What relationship may an MRO have with a laboratory?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process... relationship with an employer's laboratory that creates a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict... that the Department views as creating a conflict of interest or the appearance of such a conflict, see...

49 CFR 40.141 - How does the MRO obtain information for the verification decision?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... must conduct a medical interview. You must review the employee's medical history and any other relevant... evaluation by you or another physician. (b) If the employee asserts that the presence of a drug or drug...

49 CFR 40.21 - May an employer stand down an employee before the MRO has completed the verification process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... which DOT agencies regulate your employees. (2) Your proposed written company policy concerning stand... temporary removal from performance of safety-sensitive functions becomes available, directly or indirectly... a covered employee will be subject to stand-down only with respect to the actual performance of...

Pathways to Conscience: Early Mother-Child Mutually Responsive Orientation and Children's Moral Emotion, Conduct, and Cognition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kochanska, Grazyna; Forman, David R.; Aksan, Nazan; Dunbar, Stephen B.

2005-01-01

Background: Associations between early mother-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) and children's conscience have been previously established, but the mechanisms accounting for those links are not understood. We examined three such mediational mechanisms: (a) the child's enhanced enjoyment of interactions with the mother, (b) increased…

10 CFR 26.159 - Assuring specimen security, chain of custody, and preservation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... licensee testing facility has retained the specimen in Bottle B, the licensee testing facility shall... the licensee testing facility. (2) The following are exclusive grounds requiring the MRO to cancel the... or legal challenge until they are no longer needed. (j) The laboratory shall discard a valid specimen...

Evidences of early aqueous Mars: Implications on the origin of branched valleys in the Ius Chasma, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martha, Tapas R.; Jain, Nirmala; Vamshi, Gasiganti T.; Vinod Kumar, K.

2017-11-01

This study shows results of morphological and spectroscopic analyses of Ius Chasma and its southern branched valleys using Orbiter datasets such as Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)-Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (MRO-HiRISE) and digital terrain model (HRSC-DTM). Result of the spectral analysis reveals presence of hydrated minerals such as opal, nontronite and vermiculite in the floor and wall rock areas Ius Chasma indicating alteration of parent rock in an water rich environment of early Mars. Topographic gradient and morphological evidences such as V-shaped valleys with theatre shaped stubby channels, dendritic drainage and river piracy indicate that these valleys were initially developed by surface runoff due to episodic floods and further expanded due to groundwater sapping controlled by faults and fractures. Minerals formed by aqueous alteration during valley formation and their intricate association with different morphological domains suggest that surface runoff played a key role in the development of branched valleys south of Ius Chasma on Mars.

Adaptive Local Spatiotemporal Features from RGB-D Data for One-Shot Learning Gesture Recognition

PubMed Central

Lin, Jia; Ruan, Xiaogang; Yu, Naigong; Yang, Yee-Hong

2016-01-01

Noise and constant empirical motion constraints affect the extraction of distinctive spatiotemporal features from one or a few samples per gesture class. To tackle these problems, an adaptive local spatiotemporal feature (ALSTF) using fused RGB-D data is proposed. First, motion regions of interest (MRoIs) are adaptively extracted using grayscale and depth velocity variance information to greatly reduce the impact of noise. Then, corners are used as keypoints if their depth, and velocities of grayscale and of depth meet several adaptive local constraints in each MRoI. With further filtering of noise, an accurate and sufficient number of keypoints is obtained within the desired moving body parts (MBPs). Finally, four kinds of multiple descriptors are calculated and combined in extended gradient and motion spaces to represent the appearance and motion features of gestures. The experimental results on the ChaLearn gesture, CAD-60 and MSRDailyActivity3D datasets demonstrate that the proposed feature achieves higher performance compared with published state-of-the-art approaches under the one-shot learning setting and comparable accuracy under the leave-one-out cross validation. PMID:27999337

Adaptive Local Spatiotemporal Features from RGB-D Data for One-Shot Learning Gesture Recognition.

PubMed

Lin, Jia; Ruan, Xiaogang; Yu, Naigong; Yang, Yee-Hong

2016-12-17

Noise and constant empirical motion constraints affect the extraction of distinctive spatiotemporal features from one or a few samples per gesture class. To tackle these problems, an adaptive local spatiotemporal feature (ALSTF) using fused RGB-D data is proposed. First, motion regions of interest (MRoIs) are adaptively extracted using grayscale and depth velocity variance information to greatly reduce the impact of noise. Then, corners are used as keypoints if their depth, and velocities of grayscale and of depth meet several adaptive local constraints in each MRoI. With further filtering of noise, an accurate and sufficient number of keypoints is obtained within the desired moving body parts (MBPs). Finally, four kinds of multiple descriptors are calculated and combined in extended gradient and motion spaces to represent the appearance and motion features of gestures. The experimental results on the ChaLearn gesture, CAD-60 and MSRDailyActivity3D datasets demonstrate that the proposed feature achieves higher performance compared with published state-of-the-art approaches under the one-shot learning setting and comparable accuracy under the leave-one-out cross validation.

Converting from DDOR SASF to APF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gladden, Roy E.; Khanampompan, Teerapat; Fisher, Forest W.

2008-01-01

A computer program called ddor_sasf2apf converts delta-door (delta differential one-way range) request from an SASF (spacecraft activity sequence file) format to an APF (apgen plan file) format for use in the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missionplanning- and-sequencing process. The APF is used as an input to APGEN/AUTOGEN in the MRO activity- planning and command-sequencegenerating process to sequence the delta-door (DDOR) activity. The DDOR activity is a spacecraft tracking technique for determining spacecraft location. The input to ddor_sasf2apf is an input request SASF provided by an observation team that utilizes DDOR. ddor_sasf2apf parses this DDOR SASF input, rearranging parameters and reformatting the request to produce an APF file for use in AUTOGEN and/or APGEN. The benefit afforded by ddor_sasf2apf is to enable the use of the DDOR SASF file earlier in the planning stage of the command-sequence-generating process and to produce sequences, optimized for DDOR operations, that are more accurate and more robust than would otherwise be possible.

Hydrovolcanic features on Mars: Preliminary observations from the first Mars year of HiRISE imaging

USGS Publications Warehouse

Keszthelyi, L.P.; Jaeger, W.L.; Dundas, C.M.; Martinez-Alonso, S.; McEwen, A.S.; Milazzo, M.P.

2010-01-01

We provide an overview of features indicative of the interaction between water and lava and/or magma on Mars as seen by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera during the Primary Science Phase of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) mission. The ability to confidently resolve meter-scale features from orbit has been extremely useful in the study of the most pristine examples. In particular, HiRISE has allowed the documentation of previously undescribed features associated with phreatovolcanic cones (formed by the interaction of lava and groundwater) on rapidly emplaced flood lavas. These include "moats" and "wakes" that indicate that the lava crust was thin and mobile, respectively [Jaeger, W.L., Keszthelyi, L.P., McEwen, A.S., Dundas, C.M., Russel, P.S., 2007. Science 317, 1709-1711]. HiRISE has also discovered entablature-style jointing in lavas that is indicative of water-cooling [Milazzo, M.P., Keszthelyi, L.P., Jaeger, W.L., Rosiek, M., Mattson, S., Verba, C., Beyer, R.A., Geissler, P.E., McEwen, A.S., and the HiRISE Team, 2009. Geology 37, 171-174]. Other observations strongly support the idea of extensive volcanic mudflows (lahars). Evidence for other forms of hydrovolcanism, including glaciovolcanic interactions, is more equivocal. This is largely because most older and high-latitude terrains have been extensively modified, masking any earlier 1-10 m scale features. Much like terrestrial fieldwork, the prerequisite for making full use of HiRISE's capabilities is finding good outcrops.

Photography in Dermatologic Surgery: Selection of an Appropriate Lighting Solution for a Particular Clinical Application.

PubMed

Chen, Brian R; Poon, Emily; Alam, Murad

2018-01-01

Lighting is an important component of consistent, high-quality dermatologic photography. There are different types of lighting solutions available. To evaluate currently available lighting equipment and methods suitable for procedural dermatology. Overhead lighting, built-in camera flashes, external flash units, studio strobes, and light-emitting diode (LED) light panels were evaluated with regard to their utility for dermatologic surgeons. A set of ideal lighting characteristics was used to examine the capabilities and limitations of each type of lighting solution. Recommendations regarding lighting solutions and optimal usage configurations were made in terms of the context of the clinical environment and the purpose of the image. Overhead lighting may be a convenient option for general documentation. An on-camera lighting solution using a built-in camera flash or a camera-mounted external flash unit provides portability and consistent lighting with minimal training. An off-camera lighting solution with studio strobes, external flash units, or LED light panels provides versatility and even lighting with minimal shadows and glare. The selection of an optimal lighting solution is contingent on practical considerations and the purpose of the image.

An Icy Crater on Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-07-17

These craters on Tharsis are first visible as new dark spots observed by NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera CTX, which can view much larger areas, and then imaged by HiRISE for a close-up look.

Overt vs. covert speed cameras in combination with delayed vs. immediate feedback to the offender.

PubMed

Marciano, Hadas; Setter, Pe'erly; Norman, Joel

2015-06-01

Speeding is a major problem in road safety because it increases both the probability of accidents and the severity of injuries if an accident occurs. Speed cameras are one of the most common speed enforcement tools. Most of the speed cameras around the world are overt, but there is evidence that this can cause a "kangaroo effect" in driving patterns. One suggested alternative to prevent this kangaroo effect is the use of covert cameras. Another issue relevant to the effect of enforcement countermeasures on speeding is the timing of the fine. There is general agreement on the importance of the immediacy of the punishment, however, in the context of speed limit enforcement, implementing such immediate punishment is difficult. An immediate feedback that mediates the delay between the speed violation and getting a ticket is one possible solution. This study examines combinations of concealment and the timing of the fine in operating speed cameras in order to evaluate the most effective one in terms of enforcing speed limits. Using a driving simulator, the driving performance of the following four experimental groups was tested: (1) overt cameras with delayed feedback, (2) overt cameras with immediate feedback, (3) covert cameras with delayed feedback, and (4) covert cameras with immediate feedback. Each of the 58 participants drove in the same scenario on three different days. The results showed that both median speed and speed variance were higher with overt than with covert cameras. Moreover, implementing a covert camera system along with immediate feedback was more conducive to drivers maintaining steady speeds at the permitted levels from the very beginning. Finally, both 'overt cameras' groups exhibit a kangaroo effect throughout the entire experiment. It can be concluded that an implementation strategy consisting of covert speed cameras combined with immediate feedback to the offender is potentially an optimal way to motivate drivers to maintain speeds at the speed limit. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi.

PubMed

Kongnum, Khanitta; Hongpattarakere, Tipparat

2012-01-01

Two hundred and two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from digestive tracts of cultivated and wild adult shrimp, including Litopenaeus vannamei, Metapenaeus brevicornis and Penaeus merguiensis were selected based on their antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi. LAB strain of MRO3.12 exhibiting highest reduction of V. harveyi was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum MRO3.12 based on the nucleotide sequence of its 16S rDNA, which showed 99% (780/786 bp) homology to L. plantarum strain L5 (GenBank accession number DQ 239698.1). Co-cultivation of V. harveyi and L. plantarum MRO3.12 showed complete reduction of V. harveyi at 24 h under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, whereas L. plantarum increased from 5.29 to 9.47 log CFU ml(-1). After 6-week feeding trial with L. plantarum supplemented diet, white shrimp (L. vannamei) exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) in relative growth rate (% RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival compared to the control group fed with non-supplemented diet. LAB-fed group showed 98.89% survival, whereas only 68.89% survival was observed in the control group. LAB from the digestive tract of probiotic-fed shrimp showed higher level of 5.0 ± 0.14 log CFU/g than the non-supplemented ones (3.34 ± 0.21 log CFU/g). However, total bacterial and non-fermenting vibrios counts decreased in shrimps fed on L. plantarum. Ten days after infection with V. harveyi (5.3-5.5 log CFU ml(-1)), significant survival (p < 0.05) of 77% was observed in LAB supplemented shrimp, while only 67% survival was observed in the control. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extensive MRO CRISM Observations of 1.27 micron O2 Airglow in Mars Polar Night and Their Comparison to MRO MCS Temperature Profiles and LMD GCM Simulations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clancy, R. Todd; Sandor, Brad J.; Wolff, Michael J.; Smith, Michael Doyle; Lefevre, Franck; Madeleine, Jean-Baptiste; Forget, Francois; Murchie, Scott L.; Seelos, Frank P.; Seelos, Kim D.;

Design and Test of an Instrument for Measuring Microthermal Seeing on the Magdalena Ridge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jorgensen, A. M.; Klinglesmith, D. A., III; Speights, J.; Clements, A.; Patel, J.

2009-05-01

We have constructed and operated an automated instrument for measuring ground-level microthermal seeing at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory (MRO). The MRO is located at an altitude of 10500' in the Cibola National Forest in New Mexico, USA. It is the planned site for the MRO Optical Interferometer (MROI) planned for up to 10 collecting elements, each with a diameter of 1.4 m, and baselines eventually up to approximately 400 m. As part of the preparation for construction we deployed a system to characterize the ground-level seeing across the observatory site. The instrument is built largely of off-the-shelf components, with only the sensor head and power supply requiring electronic board assembly. Even in those cases the board architecture is very simple. The first proof-of-concept system was deployed for several weeks in the autumn of 2004, and has since undergone several iterations. The latest configuration operates entirely off batteries, incorporates wireless data acquisition, and is thus able to operate in an area with no shelter, power, or communications. In this paper we present the design of the instrument, and show initial data. The microthermal tower has four sensor pairs at heights from 0.8 to 4.41 m, significantly lower than other microthermal experiments, because of the need to characterize the seeing near the ground. We find significant variation in the contribution of this range of heights to the seeing, contributing up to 0farcs3 of the seeing at some times and only 0farcs02 at other times. The individual sensor power spectra have a slope in the range of 1.4--1.5, which is lower than the 1.67 slope predicted by Kolmogorov turbulence theory. We measure the well known effect of improved seeing immediately around sunset. While we find significant variation in the microthermal seeing, we did not find a pattern of corresponding variations in weather conditions, suggesting that a complicated set of factors control microthermal turbulence.

Backing collisions: a study of drivers’ eye and backing behaviour using combined rear-view camera and sensor systems

PubMed Central

Hurwitz, David S; Pradhan, Anuj; Fisher, Donald L; Knodler, Michael A; Muttart, Jeffrey W; Menon, Rajiv; Meissner, Uwe

2012-01-01

Context Backing crash injures can be severe; approximately 200 of the 2,500 reported injuries of this type per year to children under the age of 15 years result in death. Technology for assisting drivers when backing has limited success in preventing backing crashes. Objectives Two questions are addressed: Why is the reduction in backing crashes moderate when rear-view cameras are deployed? Could rear-view cameras augment sensor systems? Design 46 drivers (36 experimental, 10 control) completed 16 parking trials over 2 days (eight trials per day). Experimental participants were provided with a sensor camera system, controls were not. Three crash scenarios were introduced. Setting Parking facility at UMass Amherst, USA. Subjects 46 drivers (33 men, 13 women) average age 29 years, who were Massachusetts residents licensed within the USA for an average of 9.3 years. Interventions Vehicles equipped with a rear-view camera and sensor system-based parking aid. Main Outcome Measures Subject’s eye fixations while driving and researcher’s observation of collision with objects during backing. Results Only 20% of drivers looked at the rear-view camera before backing, and 88% of those did not crash. Of those who did not look at the rear-view camera before backing, 46% looked after the sensor warned the driver. Conclusions This study indicates that drivers not only attend to an audible warning, but will look at a rear-view camera if available. Evidence suggests that when used appropriately, rear-view cameras can mitigate the occurrence of backing crashes, particularly when paired with an appropriate sensor system. PMID:20363812

Mining the wealth of Phobos multispectral data contained in MEX-OMEGA and MRO-CRISM datasets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pajola, Maurizio; Roush, Ted

2016-04-01

The origin of Phobos is still strongly debated between in situ versus asteroid capture formation scenarios. Growing interest in Phobos as a scientific destination is demonstrated by the multiple NASA-Discovery missions presented in 2015, the proposed ESA-M class mission PhoDEx, and JAXA's Mars Moon's sample return mission (MMX, Mars Moons eXploration). This large number of Phobos dedicated missions and JAXA's planned mission clearly illustrate the scientific interest in Phobos as a destination. We believe that there is still a wealth of data that can be mined in order to constrain Phobos' surface properties and possibly its origin. There are several multispectral Phobos datasets available on the NASA-Planetary Data System. In this work we focus on the first steps aimed to perform a new spectral analysis on the Mars satellite Phobos. We made use of the available Mars Express (MEX) OMEGA spectral cubes, obtained throughout the MEX mission, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) CRISM hyperspectral data obtained during early MRO orbits around Mars. Previous analyses (Fraeman et al. 2012, 2014) mainly focus on three specific Regions of Interest, ROIs, located inside the so-called blue and red regions of Phobos, i.e. inside or close to Stickney crater (the biggest crater on Phobos, 8-km in diameter) and its eastern ejecta blanket. We extended this analysis by considering multiple ROIs located both in the leading and the trailing hemispheres of the satellite, taking advantage of the broader coverage of the OMEGA and CRISM data. This provides the possibility to detect spectral properties of intermediate areas located in the transition region between the blue and the red spectral unit. The analyses can enable i) documentation of how the spectral slope changes between these two units, ii) their boundaries and surface extent, and iii) identify additional surface materials, if present. This work paves the way to a more thorough analysis, foreseen in the near future, where the widest spectral wavelength range available (from near UV to far-IR) will be mined, returning a desirable complete picture of surface properties to enable planning for, and validation/confirmation by, future Phobos spacecraft. Acknowledgements: We make use of the public NASA-Planetary Data System MEX-OMEGA and MRO-CRISM spectral data of Phobos. M.P. was supported for this research by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Ames Research Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. References: Fraeman et al. 2012, J. Geophy. Res, E00J15, 10.1029/2012JE004137; Fraeman et al., 2014, Icarus, 229, 196-205, 10.1016/icarus.2013.11.021

Before-and-After Views Confirm Fresh Craters

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-05-22

These images from the Context Camera on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter were taken before and after an apparent impact scar appeared in the area in March 2012. Comparing the images confirms that fresh craters appeared during the interval.

Visual privacy by context: proposal and evaluation of a level-based visualisation scheme.

PubMed

Padilla-López, José Ramón; Chaaraoui, Alexandros Andre; Gu, Feng; Flórez-Revuelta, Francisco

2015-06-04

Privacy in image and video data has become an important subject since cameras are being installed in an increasing number of public and private spaces. Specifically, in assisted living, intelligent monitoring based on computer vision can allow one to provide risk detection and support services that increase people's autonomy at home. In the present work, a level-based visualisation scheme is proposed to provide visual privacy when human intervention is necessary, such as at telerehabilitation and safety assessment applications. Visualisation levels are dynamically selected based on the previously modelled context. In this way, different levels of protection can be provided, maintaining the necessary intelligibility required for the applications. Furthermore, a case study of a living room, where a top-view camera is installed, is presented. Finally, the performed survey-based evaluation indicates the degree of protection provided by the different visualisation models, as well as the personal privacy preferences and valuations of the users.

Note: Tormenta: An open source Python-powered control software for camera based optical microscopy.

PubMed

Barabas, Federico M; Masullo, Luciano A; Stefani, Fernando D

2016-12-01

Until recently, PC control and synchronization of scientific instruments was only possible through closed-source expensive frameworks like National Instruments' LabVIEW. Nowadays, efficient cost-free alternatives are available in the context of a continuously growing community of open-source software developers. Here, we report on Tormenta, a modular open-source software for the control of camera-based optical microscopes. Tormenta is built on Python, works on multiple operating systems, and includes some key features for fluorescence nanoscopy based on single molecule localization.

Video cameras on wild birds.

PubMed

Rutz, Christian; Bluff, Lucas A; Weir, Alex A S; Kacelnik, Alex

2007-11-02

New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are renowned for using tools for extractive foraging, but the ecological context of this unusual behavior is largely unknown. We developed miniaturized, animal-borne video cameras to record the undisturbed behavior and foraging ecology of wild, free-ranging crows. Our video recordings enabled an estimate of the species' natural foraging efficiency and revealed that tool use, and choice of tool materials, are more diverse than previously thought. Video tracking has potential for studying the behavior and ecology of many other bird species that are shy or live in inaccessible habitats.

Note: Tormenta: An open source Python-powered control software for camera based optical microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barabas, Federico M.; Masullo, Luciano A.; Stefani, Fernando D.

2016-12-01

Until recently, PC control and synchronization of scientific instruments was only possible through closed-source expensive frameworks like National Instruments' LabVIEW. Nowadays, efficient cost-free alternatives are available in the context of a continuously growing community of open-source software developers. Here, we report on Tormenta, a modular open-source software for the control of camera-based optical microscopes. Tormenta is built on Python, works on multiple operating systems, and includes some key features for fluorescence nanoscopy based on single molecule localization.

2013: A Year in Space

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-01-24

2013 was a big year for Ames Research Center's space exploration programs, including several new launches, and continuing a long history of cutting-edge innovations. Projects listed include: LADEE, IRIS, Kepler, PhoneSat, TechEdSat, NLAS, K10 Rover, Seedling Growth-1, Cell Biology Tech Demonstration, ADEPT, Spaceloft 7 and 8, CheMin, MSL, MRO, Bion-M1, Pioneer 11.

49 CFR 40.139 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving opiates?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... legitimate medical explanation for the presence of the drug or drug metabolite in his or her system, as in the case of other drugs (see § 40.137). Consumption of food products (e.g., poppy seeds) must not be...

49 CFR 40.139 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving opiates?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... legitimate medical explanation for the presence of the drug or drug metabolite in his or her system, as in the case of other drugs (see § 40.137). Consumption of food products (e.g., poppy seeds) must not be...

49 CFR 40.139 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving opiates?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the... legitimate medical explanation for the presence of the drug or drug metabolite in his or her system, as in the case of other drugs (see § 40.137). Consumption of food products (e.g., poppy seeds) must not be...

49 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Report Format: Split Specimen Failure To Reconfirm

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... The following items are required on each report: 1. MRO name, address, phone number, and fax number. 2. Collection site name, address, and phone number. 3. Date of collection. 4. Specimen I.D. number. 5. Laboratory accession number. 6. Primary specimen laboratory name, address, and phone number. 7. Date result...

49 CFR 40.329 - What information must laboratories, MROs, and other service agents release to employees?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... other service agents release to employees? 40.329 Section 40.329 Transportation Office of the Secretary... Confidentiality and Release of Information § 40.329 What information must laboratories, MROs, and other service agents release to employees? (a) As an MRO or service agent you must provide, within 10 business days of...

Inventory Management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Known as MRO for Maintenance, Repair and Operating supplies, Tropicana Products, Inc.'s automated inventory management system is an adaptation of the Shuttle Inventory Management System (SIMS) developed by NASA to assure adequate supply of every item used in support of the Space Shuttle. The Tropicana version monitors inventory control, purchasing receiving and departmental costs for eight major areas of the company's operation.

76 FR 21889 - Nebraska Public Power District; Southwest Power Pool Regional Entity; Notice of Extension of Time

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-19

... Time On April 8, 2011, the Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO) filed a motion for an extension of time to file comments in connection with the March 18, 2011 Petition of Nebraska Public Power District... may oppose both petitions. Upon consideration, notice is hereby given that an extension of time for...

A Winter's View of a Gullied Crater

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-04-18

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows the location with the most impressive known gully activity in Mars' northern hemisphere. Gullies are active in the winter due to carbon dioxide frost, but northern winters are shorter and warmer than southern winters, so there is less frost and less gully activity.. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21593

49 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Report Format: Split Specimen Failure To Reconfirm

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... The following items are required on each report: 1. MRO name, address, phone number, and fax number. 2. Collection site name, address, and phone number. 3. Date of collection. 4. Specimen I.D. number. 5. Laboratory accession number. 6. Primary specimen laboratory name, address, and phone number. 7. Date result...

49 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Report Format: Split Specimen Failure To Reconfirm

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... The following items are required on each report: 1. MRO name, address, phone number, and fax number. 2. Collection site name, address, and phone number. 3. Date of collection. 4. Specimen I.D. number. 5. Laboratory accession number. 6. Primary specimen laboratory name, address, and phone number. 7. Date result...

49 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Report Format: Split Specimen Failure To Reconfirm

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... The following items are required on each report: 1. MRO name, address, phone number, and fax number. 2. Collection site name, address, and phone number. 3. Date of collection. 4. Specimen I.D. number. 5. Laboratory accession number. 6. Primary specimen laboratory name, address, and phone number. 7. Date result...

On the performances of computer vision algorithms on mobile platforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Battiato, S.; Farinella, G. M.; Messina, E.; Puglisi, G.; Ravì, D.; Capra, A.; Tomaselli, V.

2012-01-01

Computer Vision enables mobile devices to extract the meaning of the observed scene from the information acquired with the onboard sensor cameras. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in Computer Vision algorithms able to work on mobile platform (e.g., phone camera, point-and-shot-camera, etc.). Indeed, bringing Computer Vision capabilities on mobile devices open new opportunities in different application contexts. The implementation of vision algorithms on mobile devices is still a challenging task since these devices have poor image sensors and optics as well as limited processing power. In this paper we have considered different algorithms covering classic Computer Vision tasks: keypoint extraction, face detection, image segmentation. Several tests have been done to compare the performances of the involved mobile platforms: Nokia N900, LG Optimus One, Samsung Galaxy SII.

Possible Extent of Ancient Lake in Gale Crater, Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-09

This illustration depicts a concept for the possible extent of an ancient lake inside Gale Crater. The base map combines image data from the Context Camera on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and color information from Viking Orbiter imagery.

Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis

Introduction ESA is currently studying a mission to return a sample from Phobos, called Phootprint. This study is performed as part of ESA’s Mars Robotic Exploration Programme. Part of the mission goal is to prepare technology needed for a sample return mission from Mars itself; the mission should also have a strong scientific justification, which is described here. 1. Science goal The main science goal of this mission will be to Understand the formation of the Martian moons Phobos and put constraints on the evolution of the solar system. Currently, there are several possibilities for explaining the formation of the Martian moons: (a) co-formation with Mars (b) capture of objects coming close to Mars (c) Impact of a large body onto Mars and formation from the impact ejecta The main science goal of this mission is to find out which of the three scenarios is the most probable one. To do this, samples from Phobos would be returned to Earth and analyzed with extremely high precision in ground-based laboratories. An on-board payload is foreseen to provide information to put the sample into the necessary geological context. 2. Mission Spacecraft and payload will be based on experience gained from previous studies to Martian moons and asteroids. In particular the Marco Polo and MarcoPolo-R asteroid sample return mission studies performed at ESA were used as a starting point. Currently, industrial studies are ongoing. The initial starting assumption was to use a Soyuz launcher. Uunlike the initial Marco Polo and MarcoPolo-R studies to an asteroid, a transfer stage will be needed. Another main difference to an asteroid mission is the fact that the spacecraft actually orbits Mars, not Phobos or Deimos. It is possible to select a spacecraft orbit, which in a Phobos- or Deimos-centred reference system would give an ellipse around the moon. The following model payload is currently foreseen: - Wide Angle Camera, - Narrow Angle Camera, - Close-Up Camera, - Context camera for sampling context, - visible-IR spectrometer - thermal IR spectrometer - and a Radio Science investigation. It is expected that with these instruments the necessary context for the sample can be provided. The paper will focus on the current status of the mission study.

A practical indoor context-aware surveillance system with multi-Kinect sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Lili; You, Ying; Li, Tiezhu; Zhang, Shun

2014-11-01

In this paper we develop a novel practical application, which give scalable services to the end users when abnormal actives are happening. Architecture of the application has been presented consisting of network infrared cameras and a communication module. In this intelligent surveillance system we use Kinect sensors as the input cameras. Kinect is an infrared laser camera which its user can access the raw infrared sensor stream. We install several Kinect sensors in one room to track the human skeletons. Each sensor returns the body positions with 15 coordinates in its own coordinate system. We use calibration algorithms to calibrate all the body positions points into one unified coordinate system. With the body positions points, we can infer the surveillance context. Furthermore, the messages from the metadata index matrix will be sent to mobile phone through communication module. User will instantly be aware of an abnormal case happened in the room without having to check the website. In conclusion, theoretical analysis and experimental results in this paper show that the proposed system is reasonable and efficient. And the application method introduced in this paper is not only to discourage the criminals and assist police in the apprehension of suspects, but also can enabled the end-users monitor the indoor environments anywhere and anytime by their phones.

Mapping with MAV: Experimental Study on the Contribution of Absolute and Relative Aerial Position Control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skaloud, J.; Rehak, M.; Lichti, D.

2014-03-01

This study highlights the benefit of precise aerial position control in the context of mapping using frame-based imagery taken by small UAVs. We execute several flights with a custom Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) octocopter over a small calibration field equipped with 90 signalized targets and 25 ground control points. The octocopter carries a consumer grade RGB camera, modified to insure precise GPS time stamping of each exposure, as well as a multi-frequency/constellation GNSS receiver. The GNSS antenna and camera are rigidly mounted together on a one-axis gimbal that allows control of the obliquity of the captured imagery. The presented experiments focus on including absolute and relative aerial control. We confirm practically that both approaches are very effective: the absolute control allows omission of ground control points while the relative requires only a minimum number of control points. Indeed, the latter method represents an attractive alternative in the context of MAVs for two reasons. First, the procedure is somewhat simplified (e.g. the lever-arm between the camera perspective and antenna phase centers does not need to be determined) and, second, its principle allows employing a single-frequency antenna and carrier-phase GNSS receiver. This reduces the cost of the system as well as the payload, which in turn increases the flying time.

Validating activity indices from camera traps for commensal rodents and other wildlife in and around farm buildings.

PubMed

Lambert, Mark; Bellamy, Fiona; Budgey, Richard; Callaby, Rebecca; Coats, Julia; Talling, Janet

2018-01-01

Indices of rodent activity are used as indicators of population change during field evaluation of rodenticides. We investigated the potential for using camera traps to determine activity indices for commensal rodents living in and around farm buildings, and sought to compare these indices against previously calibrated survey methods. We recorded 41 263 images of 23 species, including Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) and house mice (Mus musculus L.). We found a positive correlation between activity indices from camera traps and activity indices from a method (footprint tracking) previously shown to have a linear relationship with population size for Norway rats. Filtering the camera trap data to simulate a 30-s delay between camera trigger events removed 59.9% of data and did not adversely affect the correlation between activity indices from camera traps and footprint tracking. The relationship between activity indices from footprint tracking and Norway rat population size is known from a previous study; from this, we determined the relationship between activity indices from camera traps and population size for Norway rats living in and around farm buildings. Systematic use of camera traps was used to determine activity indices for Norway rats living in and around farm buildings; the activity indices were positively correlated with those derived from a method previously calibrated against known population size for this species in this context. © 2017 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Volunteers Help Decide Where to Point Mars Camera

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-07-22

This series of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter successively zooms into "spider" features -- or channels carved in the surface in radial patterns -- in the south polar region of Mars. In a new citizen-science project, volunteers will identify features like these using wide-scale images from the orbiter. Their input will then help mission planners decide where to point the orbiter's high-resolution camera for more detailed views of interesting terrain. Volunteers will start with images from the orbiter's Context Camera (CTX), which provides wide views of the Red Planet. The first two images in this series are from CTX; the top right image zooms into a portion of the image at left. The top right image highlights the geological spider features, which are carved into the terrain in the Martian spring when dry ice turns to gas. By identifying unusual features like these, volunteers will help the mission team choose targets for the orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera, which can reveal more detail than any other camera ever put into orbit around Mars. The final image is this series (bottom right) shows a HiRISE close-up of one of the spider features. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19823

49 CFR 40.145 - On what basis does the MRO verify test results involving adulteration or substitution?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the adulterant found by the laboratory entered the specimen through physiological means. (2) To meet... produce or could have produced urine through physiological means, meeting the creatinine concentration criterion of less than 2 mg/dL and the specific gravity criteria of less than or equal to 1.0010 or greater...

Dunes in Nectaris Montes

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-14

This image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows some of these on the slopes of Nectaris Montes within Coprates Chasma. Sand dunes in Valles Marineris can be impressive in size, with steep slopes that seem to climb and descend. The brighter bedforms are inactive while the bigger dunes move over the landscape, burying and exhuming the surface. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22455

49 CFR 40.160 - What does the MRO do when a valid test result cannot be produced and a negative result is required?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... determine if there is clinical evidence that the individual is currently an illicit drug user. You must make... Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS...., blood) as part of the medically appropriate procedures in determining clinical evidence of drug use. (d...

Transcriptional regulators transforming growth factor-beta 1 and estrogen-related receptor-alpha identified as putative mediators of calf rumen epithelial tissue development and function during weaning

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Molecular mechanisms controlling rumen epithelial development at weaning remain largely unknown. To identify gene networks and regulatory factors responsive to concentrate versus forage feeding at weaning, Holstein bull calves (n = 18) were fed commercial milk replacer only (MRO) until 42 d of age. ...

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... identifying (e.g., a paperwork mistake) or testing (e.g., a false positive or negative) the employee's primary... result only in the following situations: (1) When you have reopened a verification that was done without... laboratory notifies you that it mixed up the two test results, and X was really negative and Y was really...

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... identifying (e.g., a paperwork mistake) or testing (e.g., a false positive or negative) the employee's primary... result only in the following situations: (1) When you have reopened a verification that was done without... laboratory notifies you that it mixed up the two test results, and X was really negative and Y was really...

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... identifying (e.g., a paperwork mistake) or testing (e.g., a false positive or negative) the employee's primary... result only in the following situations: (1) When you have reopened a verification that was done without... laboratory notifies you that it mixed up the two test results, and X was really negative and Y was really...

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... identifying (e.g., a paperwork mistake) or testing (e.g., a false positive or negative) the employee's primary... result only in the following situations: (1) When you have reopened a verification that was done without... laboratory notifies you that it mixed up the two test results, and X was really negative and Y was really...

49 CFR 40.163 - How does the MRO report drug test results?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... tests, the drug(s)/metabolite(s) for which the test was positive; (8) For cancelled tests, the reason... for this purpose, you must provide a written report (e.g., a letter) for each test result. This report... for the test, if indicated on the CCF (e.g., random, post-accident); (4) Date of the collection; (5...

Ionic Transport Through Metal-Rich Organic Coatings

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-19

COVERED October 2013-Septermber 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ionic Transport Through Metal-Rich Organic Coatings 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT...NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Organic coatings are commonly used on aircraft and in the automotive industry to protect against corrosive environments. Although...volume (MPV) percent, solvent polarity, and resin molecular weight impact corrosion protection of metal-rich organic (MRO) coatings. Following design

Ionic Transport Through Metal-Rich Organic Coatings

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-19

COVERED October 2013-Septermber 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ionic Transport Through Metal-Rich Organic Coatings 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT...14. ABSTRACT Organic coatings are commonly used on aircraft and in the automotive industry to protect against corrosive environments. Although...volume (MPV) percent, solvent polarity, and resin molecular weight impact corrosion protection of metal-rich organic (MRO) coatings. Following design of

Retrospective study of urinalysis for dl-amphetamine and dl-methamphetamine analysis under current Department of Defense guidelines.

PubMed

Shippee, R L; Kippenberger, D J

2000-09-01

Under current Department of Defense (DOD) directive, the laboratories certified to conduct urinalyis testing in support of the DOD Drug Deterrence Program are required to conduct dl-isomer analysis on all specimens that confirm at a concentration greater than 500 ng/mL methamphetamine (METH). Although the same cutoff concentration is required for amphetamine (AMP) reporting, there is no requirement for dl-isomer analysis of AMP-positive specimens. Of the 894,823 specimens screened by the Army Drug Testing Laboratory at Ft. Meade, MD during a 19-month period, 339 confirmed positive for METH. From this positive population, seven specimens failed to confirm at or above the DOD cutoff of > 20% d-isomer. One of the seven specimens contained 534 ng/mL l-AMP and was reported positive for AMP. Although 100% of the AMP was the l-isomer, under current DOD directive, this information was not passed along to the Medical Review Officers (MRO) to assist them during the interview process. Although this situation appears to be a rare event, consideration should be given to requiring dl-isomer analysis of AMP-positive specimens and forwarding this information to the MRO.

Visible light optical coherence tomography measures retinal oxygen metabolic response to systemic oxygenation

PubMed Central

Yi, Ji; Liu, Wenzhong; Chen, Siyu; Backman, Vadim; Sheibani, Nader; Sorenson, Christine M.; Fawzi, Amani A.; Linsenmeier, Robert A.; Zhang, Hao F.

2015-01-01

The lack of capability to quantify oxygen metabolism noninvasively impedes both fundamental investigation and clinical diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases including all the major blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Using visible light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT), we demonstrated accurate and robust measurement of retinal oxygen metabolic rate (rMRO2) noninvasively in rat eyes. We continuously monitored the regulatory response of oxygen consumption to a progressive hypoxic challenge. We found that both oxygen delivery, and rMRO2 increased from the highly regulated retinal circulation (RC) under hypoxia, by 0.28 ± 0.08 μL min−1 (p < 0.001), and 0.20 ± 0.04 μL min−1 (p < 0.001) per 100 mmHg systemic pO2 reduction, respectively. The increased oxygen extraction compensated for the deficient oxygen supply from the poorly regulated choroidal circulation. Results from an oxygen diffusion model based on previous oxygen electrode measurements corroborated our in vivo observations. We believe that vis-OCT has the potential to reveal the fundamental role of oxygen metabolism in various retinal diseases. PMID:26658555

Role of five-fold symmetry in undercooled Al-Cu binary alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pasturel, A.; Jakse, N.

2018-04-01

We investigate the role of five-fold symmetry (FFS) in undercooled Al1-xCux liquids (x = 0.3 and 0.4) using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the structure factors and pair-correlation functions display characteristic features which are compatible with the occurrence of FFS and the emergence of a medium range order (MRO) below a temperature TX located close to the liquidus temperature. Then, we demonstrate that the formation of MRO is associated with a strong increase in local FFS-motifs which become more and more connected with decreasing temperature. From the temperature dependence of dynamic properties, we find that TX corresponds also to the onset of dynamic phenomena, like the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of transport properties and the emergence of dynamical heterogeneities (DHs). Finally, we clearly identify a relationship between the fivefold topology at the medium-range scale (IMRO) and the spatial distribution of DHs using isoconfigurational ensemble simulations. This questions the direct role of the connectivity of five-fold-based motifs found in IMRO in nucleation of the parent crystalline ground states, namely, Al2Cu and Al3Cu2, which also display local ordering with a significant degree of FFS.

A Wide-Angle Camera for the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) on Hayabusa-2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmitz, N.; Koncz, A.; Jaumann, R.; Hoffmann, H.; Jobs, D.; Kachlicki, J.; Michaelis, H.; Mottola, S.; Pforte, B.; Schroeder, S.; Terzer, R.; Trauthan, F.; Tschentscher, M.; Weisse, S.; Ho, T.-M.; Biele, J.; Ulamec, S.; Broll, B.; Kruselburger, A.; Perez-Prieto, L.

2014-04-01

JAXA's Hayabusa-2 mission, an asteroid sample return mission, is scheduled for launch in December 2014, for a rendezvous with the C-type asteroid 1999 JU3 in 2018. MASCOT, the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout [1], is a small lander, designed to deliver ground truth for the orbiter remote measurements, support the selection of sampling sites, and provide context for the returned samples.MASCOT's main objective is to investigate the landing site's geomorphology, the internal structure, texture and composition of the regolith (dust, soil and rocks), and the thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the surface. MASCOT comprises a payload of four scientific instruments: camera, radiometer, magnetometer and hyper-spectral microscope. The camera (MASCOT CAM) was designed and built by DLR's Institute of Planetary Research, together with Airbus DS Germany.

Context View from 11' on ladder from southeast corner of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Context View from 11' on ladder from southeast corner of Bottle Village parcel, just inside fence. Doll Head Shrine at far left frame, Living Trailer (c.1960 "Spartanette") in center frame. Little Wishing Well at far right frame. Some shrines and small buildings were destroyed in the January 1994 Northridge earthquake, and only their perimeter walls and foundations exist. Camera facing north northwest. - Grandma Prisbrey's Bottle Village, 4595 Cochran Street, Simi Valley, Ventura County, CA

Snapshot hyperspectral fovea vision system (HyperVideo)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kriesel, Jason; Scriven, Gordon; Gat, Nahum; Nagaraj, Sheela; Willson, Paul; Swaminathan, V.

2012-06-01

The development and demonstration of a new snapshot hyperspectral sensor is described. The system is a significant extension of the four dimensional imaging spectrometer (4DIS) concept, which resolves all four dimensions of hyperspectral imaging data (2D spatial, spectral, and temporal) in real-time. The new sensor, dubbed "4×4DIS" uses a single fiber optic reformatter that feeds into four separate, miniature visible to near-infrared (VNIR) imaging spectrometers, providing significantly better spatial resolution than previous systems. Full data cubes are captured in each frame period without scanning, i.e., "HyperVideo". The current system operates up to 30 Hz (i.e., 30 cubes/s), has 300 spectral bands from 400 to 1100 nm (~2.4 nm resolution), and a spatial resolution of 44×40 pixels. An additional 1.4 Megapixel video camera provides scene context and effectively sharpens the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral data. Essentially, the 4×4DIS provides a 2D spatially resolved grid of 44×40 = 1760 separate spectral measurements every 33 ms, which is overlaid on the detailed spatial information provided by the context camera. The system can use a wide range of off-the-shelf lenses and can either be operated so that the fields of view match, or in a "spectral fovea" mode, in which the 4×4DIS system uses narrow field of view optics, and is cued by a wider field of view context camera. Unlike other hyperspectral snapshot schemes, which require intensive computations to deconvolve the data (e.g., Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometer), the 4×4DIS requires only a linear remapping, enabling real-time display and analysis. The system concept has a range of applications including biomedical imaging, missile defense, infrared counter measure (IRCM) threat characterization, and ground based remote sensing.

The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC): 10 Years of Imaging Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaumann, R.; Neukum, G.; Tirsch, D.; Hoffmann, H.

2014-04-01

The HRSC Experiment: Imagery is the major source for our current understanding of the geologic evolution of Mars in qualitative and quantitative terms.Imaging is required to enhance our knowledge of Mars with respect to geological processes occurring on local, regional and global scales and is an essential prerequisite for detailed surface exploration. The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of ESA's Mars Express Mission (MEx) is designed to simultaneously map the morphology, topography, structure and geologic context of the surface of Mars as well as atmospheric phenomena [1]. The HRSC directly addresses two of the main scientific goals of the Mars Express mission: (1) High-resolution three-dimensional photogeologic surface exploration and (2) the investigation of surface-atmosphere interactions over time; and significantly supports: (3) the study of atmospheric phenomena by multi-angle coverage and limb sounding as well as (4) multispectral mapping by providing high-resolution threedimensional color context information. In addition, the stereoscopic imagery will especially characterize landing sites and their geologic context [1]. The HRSC surface resolution and the digital terrain models bridge the gap in scales between highest ground resolution images (e.g., HiRISE) and global coverage observations (e.g., Viking). This is also the case with respect to DTMs (e.g., MOLA and local high-resolution DTMs). HRSC is also used as cartographic basis to correlate between panchromatic and multispectral stereo data. The unique multi-angle imaging technique of the HRSC supports its stereo capability by providing not only a stereo triplet but also a stereo quintuplet, making the photogrammetric processing very robust [1, 3]. The capabilities for three dimensional orbital reconnaissance of the Martian surface are ideally met by HRSC making this camera unique in the international Mars exploration effort.

Seasonally Active Slipface Avalanches in the North Polar Sand Sea of Mars: Evidence for a Wind-Related Origin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Horgan, Briony H. N.; Bell, James F., III

2012-01-01

Meter-scale MRO/HiRISE camera images of dune slipfaces in the north polar sand sea of Mars reveal the presence of deep alcoves above depositional fans. These features are apparently active under current climatic conditions, because they form between observations taken in subsequent Mars years. Recently, other workers have hypothesized that the alcoves form due to destabilization and mass-wasting during sublimation of CO2 frost in the spring. While there is evidence for springtime modification of these features, our analysis of early springtime images reveals that over 80% of the new alcoves are visible underneath the CO2 frost. Thus, we present an alternative hypothesis that formation of new alcoves and fans occurs prior to CO2 deposition. We propose that fans and alcoves form primarily by aeolian processes in the mid- to late summer, through a sequence of aeolian deposition on the slipface, over-steepening, failure, and dry granular flow. An aeolian origin is supported by the orientations of the alcoves, which are consistent with recent wind directions. Furthermore, morphologically similar but much smaller alcoves form on terrestrial dune slipfaces, and the size differences between the terrestrial and Martian features may reflect cohesion in the near-subsurface of the Martian features. The size and preservation of the largest alcoves on the Martian slipfaces also support the presence of an indurated surface layer; thus, new alcoves might be sites of early spring CO2 sublimation and secondary mass-wasting because they act as a window to looser, less indurated materials that warm up more quickly in the spring.

Mars Sample Return in the Context of the Mars Exploration Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garvin, J. B.

2002-05-01

The scientific priorities developed for the scientific exploration of Mars by the Mars Exploration Program Assessment Group [MEPAG, 2001] and as part of the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) recent assessment of the NASA Mars Exploration Program [COMPLEX, 2001] all involve a campaign of Mars Sample Return (MSR) missions. Such MSR missions are required to address in a definitive manner most of the highest priority investigations within overarching science themes which include: (1) biological potential (past or present); (2) climate (past or present); (3) solid planet (surface and interior, past and present); (4) knowledge necessary to prepare for eventual human exploration of Mars. NASA's current Mars Exploration Program (MEP) contains specific flight mission developments and plans only for the present decade (2002-2010), including a cascade of missions designed to set the stage for an inevitable campaign of MSR missions sometime in the second decade (2011-2020). Studies are presently underway to examine implementation options for a first MSR mission in which at least 500g of martian materials (including lithic fragments) would be returned to Earth from a landing vicinity carefully selected on the basis of the comprehensive orbital and surface-based remote sensing campaign that is ongoing (MGS, ODYSSEY) and planned (MER, MRO, 2009 MSL). Key to the first of several MSR's is attention to risk, cost, and enabling technologies that facilitate access to most scientifically-compelling martian materials at very local scales. The context for MSR's in the upcoming decade remains a vital part of NASA's scientific strategy for Mars exploration.

Young Child.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVoogd, Glenn, Ed.

This document contains the following papers focusing on contexts and activities in which teachers can use technology to promote learning with young children: (1) "Read, Write and Click: Using Digital Camera Technology in a Language Arts and Literacy K-5 Classroom" (Judith F. Robbins and Jacqueline Bedell); (2) "Technology for the…

Visual Privacy by Context: Proposal and Evaluation of a Level-Based Visualisation Scheme

PubMed Central

Padilla-López, José Ramón; Chaaraoui, Alexandros Andre; Gu, Feng; Flórez-Revuelta, Francisco

2015-01-01

Privacy in image and video data has become an important subject since cameras are being installed in an increasing number of public and private spaces. Specifically, in assisted living, intelligent monitoring based on computer vision can allow one to provide risk detection and support services that increase people's autonomy at home. In the present work, a level-based visualisation scheme is proposed to provide visual privacy when human intervention is necessary, such as at telerehabilitation and safety assessment applications. Visualisation levels are dynamically selected based on the previously modelled context. In this way, different levels of protection can be provided, maintaining the necessary intelligibility required for the applications. Furthermore, a case study of a living room, where a top-view camera is installed, is presented. Finally, the performed survey-based evaluation indicates the degree of protection provided by the different visualisation models, as well as the personal privacy preferences and valuations of the users. PMID:26053746

Seeing-Is-Believing: Using Camera Phones for Human-Verifiable Authentication

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-11-01

the context of, e.g., a smart home (Section 7). Our implementation is detailed in Section 8, with a security analysis is Section 9. Section 10...establishment of security parame- ters [17]. This work considers a smart home , where a user may want to establish a security context for controlling...appliances or other devices in a smart - home . We refer to the security property discussed in this work as presence, where it is desirable that only users or

3. Context view includes Building 78 (second from left) and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Context view includes Building 78 (second from left) and Building 59 (partially seen at right edge). Camera is pointed WSW along Farragut Avenue. Buildings on left side of street are, from left: Building 38, Building 78 and Building 431. Crane No. 80 is at Drydock No. 1. Buildings on right side of street are, from right: Building 59 (with porch posts) and Building 856 (two sections). - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Administration Building, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

49 CFR 40.131 - How does the MRO or DER notify an employee of the verification process after receiving laboratory...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... result. In making this contact, you must explain to the employee that, if he or she declines to discuss... staff person must document the employee's decision, including the date and time. (2) A staff person must... numbers listed on the CCF. If you or your staff cannot reach the employee directly after making these...

49 CFR 40.203 - What problems cause a drug test to be cancelled unless they are corrected?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What problems cause a drug test to be cancelled... What problems cause a drug test to be cancelled unless they are corrected? (a) As the MRO, when a... the CCF, you must cancel the test unless the flaw is corrected. (d) The following are correctable...

River Ice Data Instrumentation

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-01

transmission and storage of data. Fi- nally, recommendations are made for further work in the field of ice data collection. North Atlantic \\N...Missouri River Division (MRD) Kansas City Omaha MRK MRO 7 32 20 11 North Atlantic Division (NAD) Baltimore New York Norfolk Philadelphia... Western 1 r~ T T Ice Thickness U Water Temperature < > Air Temperature i ► Discharge < | Water Stage < [ Ice Areal Coverage a Ice

CRISM Observations of Water Vapor and Carbon Monoxide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Michael D.; Wolff, Michael J.; Clancy, R. Todd

2008-01-01

Near-infrared spectra returned by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM, [1]) on-board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) contain the clear spectral signature of several atmospheric gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). Here we describe the seasonal and spatial mapping of water vapor and carbon dioxide for one full Martian year using CRISM spectra.

Imaging of Stellar Surfaces with the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-18

geostationary satel- lite with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferome- ter,” in Proc. Optical and Infrared Interferometry II, W. C. Danchi, F...Cormier, “Imag- ing of geostationary satellites with the MRO inter- ferometer,” in Proc. Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies... geostationary satellites: Signal-to-noise considerations,” in Proc. Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, 2011. 6. D

10 CFR 707.13 - Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.13 Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use. (a) All test results shall be submitted for medical review by the MRO. A confirmed positive test for drugs shall consist of an initial...

Investigating the Department of Defense’s Implementation of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

Logistics Support Activity MIT Massachusetts Institution of Technology MRE Meals -Ready-to-Eat MRO Material Release Order MSC Military Sealift... increase once item tagging becomes mandated. Reader, middleware, specialized hardware, and physical infrastructure costs can add up too. Reader’s...that system integration revenues could surpass hardware by 2007 (Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005, p. 26). (4) Training. Training is another challenge

Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) and Future Exploration of Mars and Europa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McEwen, Alfred S.

2014-11-01

Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow (<5 m), dark markings on steep (25°-40°) slopes that incrementally grow during warm seasons over low-albedo surfaces, fade when inactive, and recur over multiple Mars years. RSL often follow small gullies, but no topographic changes (with one exception) have been detected via 30 cm/pixel images from MRO/HiRISE. Mid-latitude RSL appear and lengthen in the late spring through summer favoring equator-facing slopes. RSL also occur in equatorial regions of Mars, especially in the deep canyons of Valles Marineris; some of these lineae are over 1 km long, again usually following pristine gullies. The fans on which many RSL terminate have distinctive color and spectral properties, but lack water absorption bands in MRO/CRISM. RSL are active at places with peak surface temperatures >250 K, but we do not know what time of day they are active. Laboratory experiments show that water or brines darken basaltic soils but produce weak water absorption bands after partial dehydration during the low-humidity middle afternoon conditions when MRO observes. The primary question is whether RSL are really due to water at or near the surface. All observations can be explained in this way, and no entirely dry model has been offered, but there is no direct detection of water. If they are due to water, where does the water come from and how is it replenished each year? Multiple hypotheses exist. RSL may be evidence for seepage of water today, and may mark the most promising sites to search for extraterrestrial life. There are 2 key unknowns: (1) Does the water originate from the subsurface where microbes would be protected from radiation, or does it have an atmospheric origin and is only skin deep? (2) Is the water too salty for life as we know it? RSL occur on steep, rocky slopes on which landing is dangerous, but several concepts for surface exploration of RSL were presented in http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/. Landing in RSL sites will require additional expenses for planetary protection. For these reasons, it is important to learn as much as possible about RSL from orbital observations.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Uplink Analysis Tool

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khanampompan, Teerapat; Gladden, Roy; Fisher, Forest; Hwang, Pauline

2008-01-01

This software analyzes Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) orbital geometry with respect to Mars Exploration Rover (MER) contact windows, and is the first tool of its kind designed specifically to support MRO-MER interface coordination. Prior to this automated tool, this analysis was done manually with Excel and the UNIX command line. In total, the process would take approximately 30 minutes for each analysis. The current automated analysis takes less than 30 seconds. This tool resides on the flight machine and uses a PHP interface that does the entire analysis of the input files and takes into account one-way light time from another input file. Input flies are copied over to the proper directories and are dynamically read into the tool s interface. The user can then choose the corresponding input files based on the time frame desired for analysis. After submission of the Web form, the tool merges the two files into a single, time-ordered listing of events for both spacecraft. The times are converted to the same reference time (Earth Transmit Time) by reading in a light time file and performing the calculations necessary to shift the time formats. The program also has the ability to vary the size of the keep-out window on the main page of the analysis tool by inputting a custom time for padding each MRO event time. The parameters on the form are read in and passed to the second page for analysis. Everything is fully coded in PHP and can be accessed by anyone with access to the machine via Web page. This uplink tool will continue to be used for the duration of the MER mission's needs for X-band uplinks. Future missions also can use the tools to check overflight times as well as potential site observation times. Adaptation of the input files to the proper format, and the window keep-out times, would allow for other analyses. Any operations task that uses the idea of keep-out windows will have a use for this program.

DESIGN AND TEST OF AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING MICROTHERMAL SEEING ON THE MAGDALENA RIDGE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jorgensen, A. M.; Klinglesmith, D. A.; Speights, J.

2009-05-15

We have constructed and operated an automated instrument for measuring ground-level microthermal seeing at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory (MRO). The MRO is located at an altitude of 10500' in the Cibola National Forest in New Mexico, USA. It is the planned site for the MRO Optical Interferometer (MROI) planned for up to 10 collecting elements, each with a diameter of 1.4 m, and baselines eventually up to approximately 400 m. As part of the preparation for construction we deployed a system to characterize the ground-level seeing across the observatory site. The instrument is built largely of off-the-shelf components, with onlymore » the sensor head and power supply requiring electronic board assembly. Even in those cases the board architecture is very simple. The first proof-of-concept system was deployed for several weeks in the autumn of 2004, and has since undergone several iterations. The latest configuration operates entirely off batteries, incorporates wireless data acquisition, and is thus able to operate in an area with no shelter, power, or communications. In this paper we present the design of the instrument, and show initial data. The microthermal tower has four sensor pairs at heights from 0.8 to 4.41 m, significantly lower than other microthermal experiments, because of the need to characterize the seeing near the ground. We find significant variation in the contribution of this range of heights to the seeing, contributing up to 0.''3 of the seeing at some times and only 0.''02 at other times. The individual sensor power spectra have a slope in the range of 1.4--1.5, which is lower than the 1.67 slope predicted by Kolmogorov turbulence theory. We measure the well known effect of improved seeing immediately around sunset. While we find significant variation in the microthermal seeing, we did not find a pattern of corresponding variations in weather conditions, suggesting that a complicated set of factors control microthermal turbulence.« less

Determination of the Actual Land Use Pattern Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Multispectral Camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dindaroğlu, T.; Gündoğan, R.; Gülci, S.

2017-11-01

The international initiatives developed in the context of combating global warming are based on the monitoring of Land Use, Land Use Changes, and Forests (LULUCEF). Determination of changes in land use patterns is used to determine the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce adverse effects in subsequent processes. This process, which requires the investigation and control of quite large areas, has undoubtedly increased the importance of technological tools and equipment. The use of carrier platforms and commercially cheaper various sensors have become widespread. In this study, multispectral camera was used to determine the land use pattern with high sensitivity. Unmanned aerial flights were carried out in the research fields of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University campus area. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (multi-propeller hexacopter) was used as a carrier platform for aerial photographs. Within the scope of this study, multispectral cameras were used to determine the land use pattern with high sensitivity.

Automatic segmentation of trees in dynamic outdoor environments

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Segmentation in dynamic outdoor environments can be difficult when the illumination levels and other aspects of the scene cannot be controlled. Specifically in agricultural contexts, a background material is often used to shield a camera's field of view from other rows of crops. In this paper, we ...

Volumetric particle image velocimetry with a single plenoptic camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fahringer, Timothy W.; Lynch, Kyle P.; Thurow, Brian S.

2015-11-01

A novel three-dimensional (3D), three-component (3C) particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique based on volume illumination and light field imaging with a single plenoptic camera is described. A plenoptic camera uses a densely packed microlens array mounted near a high resolution image sensor to sample the spatial and angular distribution of light collected by the camera. The multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) computed tomography algorithm is used to reconstruct a volumetric intensity field from individual snapshots and a cross-correlation algorithm is used to estimate the velocity field from a pair of reconstructed particle volumes. This work provides an introduction to the basic concepts of light field imaging with a plenoptic camera and describes the unique implementation of MART in the context of plenoptic image data for 3D/3C PIV measurements. Simulations of a plenoptic camera using geometric optics are used to generate synthetic plenoptic particle images, which are subsequently used to estimate the quality of particle volume reconstructions at various particle number densities. 3D reconstructions using this method produce reconstructed particles that are elongated by a factor of approximately 4 along the optical axis of the camera. A simulated 3D Gaussian vortex is used to test the capability of single camera plenoptic PIV to produce a 3D/3C vector field, where it was found that lateral displacements could be measured to approximately 0.2 voxel accuracy in the lateral direction and 1 voxel in the depth direction over a 300× 200× 200 voxel volume. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated experimentally using a home-built plenoptic camera based on a 16-megapixel interline CCD camera and a 289× 193 array of microlenses and a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. 3D/3C measurements were performed in the wake of a low Reynolds number circular cylinder and compared with measurements made using a conventional 2D/2C PIV system. Overall, single camera plenoptic PIV is shown to be a viable 3D/3C velocimetry technique.

Going Pro: Point of View Cameras in Adventure Sports Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

French, Graham

2016-01-01

The role of the adventure sports coach was first identified by Collins and Collins (2012) who suggested that the sports coaching process is significantly different in an adventurous context. Whilst there is a growing body of literature surrounding coaching pedagogy (Hay, Dickens, Crudginton, & Engstrom, 2012), investigation of coaching…

A New Impact Crater

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-29

NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) keeps finding new impact sites on Mars. This one occurred within the dense secondary crater field of Corinto Crater, to the north-northeast. The new crater and its ejecta have distinctive color patterns. Once the colors have faded in a few decades, this new crater will still be distinctive compared to the secondaries by having a deeper cavity compared to its diameter. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22462

49 CFR 40.201 - What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cancelled and may result in a requirement for another collection? 40.201 Section 40.201 Transportation... TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.201 What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for another collection? As the MRO, you must cancel a drug test when a...

Improving Warehouse Inventory Management Through Rfid, Barcoding and Robotics Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

as a spider merge. This was designed and installed to speed up the conveyors . In their original design , conveyors traveled throughout the warehouse...lifts LCL lower confidence level xiv MRO material release order NPV net present value PMT positive material transfer POM Program Objective...depots. Active Radio Frequency Identification (aRFID ) Migration A program designed to move the active RFID enterprise from a proprietarily air interface

New results from the MRO/CRISM investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murchie, Scott L.; Mustard, John; Arvidson, Raymond; Bishop, Janice; Clancy, R. Todd; Ehlmann, Bethany; Skok, J. R.; Wray, James; Lichtenberg, Kimberly; Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey

The CRISM visible-infrared imaging spectrometer on the MRO spacecraft has completed over 1.7 Mars years of its investigation. During that time CRISM has acquired over 11,500 hyper-spectral observations at 20-40 m/pixel (typically coordinated with 30 cm/pixel HiRISE images and 6 m/pixel CTX images), 12,500 globally distributed measurements of aerosol opacity and trace gas abundances, and 200 m/pixel mapping of 70% of Mars at 72 wavelengths. Ma-jor results from the first Mars year of operation include characterization of the composition, stratigraphy, and geologic setting of ten distinct classes of deposits containing minerals diagnos-tic of past aqueous processes, and monitoring of spatial and seasonal variations in atmospheric properties during the year of a global dust event. New results during the second Mars year of operations include: (a) discovery of Noachian-aged hydrothermal alteration of the crust, includ-ing formation of serpentine; (b) Hesperian-aged hydrothermal deposits, for example in Syrtis Major; (c) more complete mapping of late Noachian-to Hesperian-aged sulfate-bearing layered deposits, revealing correlation with expected locations of groundwater discharge; (d) detailed mineral mapping of candidate MSL landing sites, and characterization of seasonal change at the Phoenix site; and (e) limb profiles of gases and aerosols showing their distribution at vertical scales <1 km.

Raman scattering boson peak and differential scanning calorimetry studies of the glass transition in tellurium-zinc oxide glasses.

PubMed

Stavrou, E; Tsiantos, C; Tsopouridou, R D; Kripotou, S; Kontos, A G; Raptis, C; Capoen, B; Bouazaoui, M; Turrell, S; Khatir, S

2010-05-19

Raman scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been carried out on four mixed tellurium-zinc oxide (TeO(2))(1 - x)(ZnO)(x) (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) glasses under variable temperature, with particular attention being given to the respective glass transition region. From the DSC measurements, the glass transition temperature T(g) has been determined for each glass, showing a monotonous decrease of T(g) with increasing ZnO content. The Raman study is focused on the low-frequency band of the glasses, the so-called boson peak (BP), whose frequency undergoes an abrupt decrease at a temperature T(d) very close to the respective T(g) values obtained by DSC. These results show that the BP is highly sensitive to dynamical effects over the glass transition and provides a means for an equally reliable (to DSC) determination of T(g) in tellurite glasses and other network glasses. The discontinuous temperature dependence of the BP frequency at the glass transition, along with the absence of such a behaviour by the high-frequency Raman bands (due to local atomic vibrations), indicates that marked changes of the medium range order (MRO) occur at T(g) and confirms the correlation between the BP and the MRO of glasses.

Novel Hydrogenosomes in the Microaerophilic Jakobid Stygiella incarcerata

PubMed Central

Leger, Michelle M.; Eme, Laura; Hug, Laura A.; Roger, Andrew J.

2016-01-01

Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) have arisen independently in a wide range of anaerobic protist lineages. Only a few of these organelles and their functions have been investigated in detail, and most of what is known about MROs comes from studies of parasitic organisms such as the parabasalid Trichomonas vaginalis. Here, we describe the MRO of a free-living anaerobic jakobid excavate, Stygiella incarcerata. We report an RNAseq-based reconstruction of S. incarcerata’s MRO proteome, with an associated biochemical map of the pathways predicted to be present in this organelle. The pyruvate metabolism and oxidative stress response pathways are strikingly similar to those found in the MROs of other anaerobic protists, such as Pygsuia and Trichomonas. This elegant example of convergent evolution is suggestive of an anaerobic biochemical ‘module’ of prokaryotic origins that has been laterally transferred among eukaryotes, enabling them to adapt rapidly to anaerobiosis. We also identified genes corresponding to a variety of mitochondrial processes not found in Trichomonas, including intermembrane space components of the mitochondrial protein import apparatus, and enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and cardiolipin biosynthesis. In this respect, the MROs of S. incarcerata more closely resemble those of the much more distantly related free-living organisms Pygsuia biforma and Cantina marsupialis, likely reflecting these organisms’ shared lifestyle as free-living anaerobes. PMID:27280585

Using Mean Orbit Period in Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Maneuver Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chung, Min-Kun J.; Menon, Premkumar R.; Wagner, Sean V.; Williams, Jessica L.

2014-01-01

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has provided communication relays for a number of Mars spacecraft. In 2016 MRO is expected to support a relay for NASA's Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft. In addition, support may be needed by another mission, ESA's ExoMars EDL Demonstrator Module's (EDM), only 21 days after the InSight coverage. The close proximity of these two events presents a unique challenge to a conventional orbit synchronization maneuver where one deterministic maneuver is executed prior to each relay. Since the two events are close together and the difference in required phasing between InSight and EDM may be up to half an orbit (yielding a large execution error), the downtrack timing error can increase rapidly at the EDM encounter. Thus, a new maneuver strategy that does not require a deterministic maneuver in-between the two events (with only a small statistical cleanup) is proposed in the paper. This proposed strategy rests heavily on the stability of the mean orbital period. The ability to search and set the specified mean period is fundamental in the proposed maneuver design as well as in understanding the scope of the problem. The proposed strategy is explained and its result is used to understand and solve the problem in the flight operations environment.

The Australian SKA Pathfinder: project update and initial operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schinckel, Antony E. T.; Bock, Douglas C.-J.

2016-08-01

The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) will be the fastest dedicated cm-wave survey telescope, and will consist of 36 12-meter 3-axis antennas, each with a large chequerboard phased array feed (PAF) receiver operating between 0.7 and 1.8 GHz, and digital beamforming prior to correlation. The large raw data rates involved ( 100 Tb/sec), and the need to do pipeline processing, has led to the antenna incorporating a third axis to fix the parallactic angle with respect to the entire optical system (blockages and phased array feed). It also results in innovative technical solutions to the data transport and processing issues. ASKAP is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO), a new observatory developed for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), 315 kilometres north-east of Geraldton, Western Australia. The MRO also hosts the SKA low frequency pathfinder instrument, the Murchison Widefield Array and will host the initial low frequency instrument of the SKA, SKA1-Low. Commissioning of ASKAP using six antennas equipped with first-generation PAFs is now complete and installation of second-generation PAFs and digital systems is underway. In this paper we review technical progress and commissioning to date, and refer the reader to relevant technical and scientific publications.

Reflectance Spectra Diversity of Silica-Rich Materials: Sensitivity to Environment and Implications for Detections on Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rice, M. S.; Cloutis, E. A.; Bell, J. F., III; Bish, D. L.; Horgan, B. H.; Mertzman, S. A.; Craig, M. A.; Renault, R. W.; Gautason, B.; Mountain, B.

2013-01-01

Hydrated silica-rich materials have recently been discovered on the surface of Mars by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), and the Mars Express Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activite'(OMEGA) in several locations. Having been interpreted as hydrothermal deposits and aqueous alteration products, these materials have important implications for the history of water on the martian surface. Spectral detections of these materials in visible to near infrared (Vis NIR) wavelengths have been based on a H2O absorption feature in the 934-1009 nm region seen with Spirit s Pancam instrument, and on SiOH absorption features in the 2.21-2.26 micron range seen with CRISM. Our work aims to determine how the spectral reflectance properties of silica-rich materials in Vis NIR wavelengths vary as a function of environmental conditions and formation. Here we present laboratory reflectance spectra of a diverse suite of silica-rich materials (chert, opal, quartz, natural sinters and synthetic silica) under a range of grain sizes and temperature, pressure, and humidity conditions. We find that the H2O content and form of H2O/OH present in silica-rich materials can have significant effects on their Vis NIR spectra. Our main findings are that the position of the approx.1.4 microns OH feature and the symmetry of the approx.1.9 microns feature can be used to discern between various forms of silica-rich materials, and that the ratio of the approx.2.2 microns (SiOH) and approx.1.9 microns (H2O) band depths can aid in distinguishing between silica phases (opal-A vs. opal-CT) and formation conditions (low vs. high temperature). In a case study of hydrated silica outcrops in Valles Marineris, we show that careful application of a modified version of these spectral parameters to orbital near-infrared spectra (e.g., from CRISM and OMEGA) can aid in characterizing the compositional diversity of silica-bearing deposits on Mars. We also discuss how these results can aid in the interpretation of silica detections on Mars made by the MER Panoramic Camera (Pancam) and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mast-mounted Camera (Mastcam) instruments.

CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) on MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murchie, Scott L.; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Bedini, Peter; Beisser, K.; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Bishop, J.; Boldt, John D.; Choo, Tech H.; Clancy, R. Todd; Darlington, Edward H.; Des Marais, D.; Espiritu, R.; Fasold, Melissa J.; Fort, Dennis; Green, Richard N.; Guinness, E.; Hayes, John R.; Hash, C.; Heffernan, Kevin J.; Hemmler, J.; Heyler, Gene A.; Humm, David C.; Hutchison, J.; Izenberg, Noam R.; Lee, Robert E.; Lees, Jeffrey J.; Lohr, David A.; Malaret, Erick R.; Martin, T.; Morris, Richard V.; Mustard, John F.; Rhodes, Edgar A.; Robinson, Mark S.; Roush, Ted L.; Schaefer, Edward D.; Seagrave, Gordon G.; Silverglate, Peter R.; Slavney, S.; Smith, Mark F.; Strohbehn, Kim; Taylor, Howard W.; Thompson, Patrick L.; Tossman, Barry E.

2004-12-01

CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) is a hyperspectral imager that will be launched on the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) spacecraft in August 2005. MRO"s objectives are to recover climate science originally to have been conducted on the Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO), to identify and characterize sites of possible aqueous activity to which future landed missions may be sent, and to characterize the composition, geology, and stratigraphy of Martian surface deposits. MRO will operate from a sun-synchronous, near-circular (255x320 km altitude), near-polar orbit with a mean local solar time of 3 PM. CRISM"s spectral range spans the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), 383 nm to 3960 nm. The instrument utilizes a Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 2.12° field-of-view (FOV) to focus light on the entrance slit of a dual spectrometer. Within the spectrometer, light is split by a dichroic into VNIR (visible-near-infrared, 383-1071 nm) and IR (infrared, 988-3960 nm) beams. Each beam is directed into a separate modified Offner spectrometer that focuses a spectrally dispersed image of the slit onto a two dimensional focal plane (FP). The IR FP is a 640 x 480 HgCdTe area array; the VNIR FP is a 640 x 480 silicon photodiode area array. The spectral image is contiguously sampled with a 6.6 nm spectral spacing and an instantaneous field of view of 61.5 μradians. The Optical Sensor Unit (OSU) can be gimbaled to take out along-track smear, allowing long integration times that afford high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at high spectral and spatial resolution. The scan motor and encoder are controlled by a separately housed Gimbal Motor Electronics (GME) unit. A Data Processing Unit (DPU) provides power, command and control, and data editing and compression. CRISM acquires three major types of observations of the Martian surface and atmosphere. In Multispectral Mapping Mode, with the gimbal pointed at planet nadir, data are collected at frame rates of 15 or 30 Hz. A commandable subset of wavelengths is saved by the DPU and binned 5:1 or 10:1 cross-track. The combination of frame rates and binning yields pixel footprints of 100 or 200 m. In this mode, nearly the entire planet can be mapped at wavelengths of key mineralogic absorption bands to select regions of interest. In Targeted Mode, the gimbal is scanned over +/-60° from nadir to remove most along-track motion, and a region of interest is mapped at full spatial and spectral resolution. Ten additional abbreviated, pixel-binned observations are taken before and after the main hyperspectral image at longer atmospheric path lengths, providing an emission phase function (EPF) of the site for atmospheric study and correction of surface spectra for atmospheric effects. In Atmospheric Mode, the central observation is eliminated and only the EPF is acquired. Global grids of the resulting lower data volume observation are taken repeatedly throughout the Martian year to measure seasonal variations in atmospheric properties.

Unsupervised learning of discriminative edge measures for vehicle matching between nonoverlapping cameras.

PubMed

Shan, Ying; Sawhney, Harpreet S; Kumar, Rakesh

2008-04-01

This paper proposes a novel unsupervised algorithm learning discriminative features in the context of matching road vehicles between two non-overlapping cameras. The matching problem is formulated as a same-different classification problem, which aims to compute the probability of vehicle images from two distinct cameras being from the same vehicle or different vehicle(s). We employ a novel measurement vector that consists of three independent edge-based measures and their associated robust measures computed from a pair of aligned vehicle edge maps. The weight of each measure is determined by an unsupervised learning algorithm that optimally separates the same-different classes in the combined measurement space. This is achieved with a weak classification algorithm that automatically collects representative samples from same-different classes, followed by a more discriminative classifier based on Fisher' s Linear Discriminants and Gibbs Sampling. The robustness of the match measures and the use of unsupervised discriminant analysis in the classification ensures that the proposed method performs consistently in the presence of missing/false features, temporally and spatially changing illumination conditions, and systematic misalignment caused by different camera configurations. Extensive experiments based on real data of over 200 vehicles at different times of day demonstrate promising results.

Remote hardware-reconfigurable robotic camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arias-Estrada, Miguel; Torres-Huitzil, Cesar; Maya-Rueda, Selene E.

2001-10-01

In this work, a camera with integrated image processing capabilities is discussed. The camera is based on an imager coupled to an FPGA device (Field Programmable Gate Array) which contains an architecture for real-time computer vision low-level processing. The architecture can be reprogrammed remotely for application specific purposes. The system is intended for rapid modification and adaptation for inspection and recognition applications, with the flexibility of hardware and software reprogrammability. FPGA reconfiguration allows the same ease of upgrade in hardware as a software upgrade process. The camera is composed of a digital imager coupled to an FPGA device, two memory banks, and a microcontroller. The microcontroller is used for communication tasks and FPGA programming. The system implements a software architecture to handle multiple FPGA architectures in the device, and the possibility to download a software/hardware object from the host computer into its internal context memory. System advantages are: small size, low power consumption, and a library of hardware/software functionalities that can be exchanged during run time. The system has been validated with an edge detection and a motion processing architecture, which will be presented in the paper. Applications targeted are in robotics, mobile robotics, and vision based quality control.

Novel X-ray backscatter technique for detection of dangerous materials: application to aviation and port security

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolkoori, S.; Wrobel, N.; Osterloh, K.; Zscherpel, U.; Ewert, U.

2013-09-01

Radiological inspections, in general, are the nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to detect the bulk of explosives in large objects. In contrast to personal luggage, cargo or building components constitute a complexity that may significantly hinder the detection of a threat by conventional X-ray transmission radiography. In this article, a novel X-ray backscatter technique is presented for detecting suspicious objects in a densely packed large object with only a single sided access. It consists of an X-ray backscatter camera with a special twisted slit collimator for imaging backscattering objects. The new X-ray backscatter camera is not only imaging the objects based on their densities but also by including the influences of surrounding objects. This unique feature of the X-ray backscatter camera provides new insights in identifying the internal features of the inspected object. Experimental mock-ups were designed imitating containers with threats among a complex packing as they may be encountered in reality. We investigated the dependence of the quality of the X-ray backscatter image on (a) the exposure time, (b) multiple exposures, (c) the distance between object and slit camera, and (d) the width of the slit. At the end, the significant advantages of the presented X-ray backscatter camera in the context of aviation and port security are discussed.

System-level analysis and design for RGB-NIR CMOS camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geelen, Bert; Spooren, Nick; Tack, Klaas; Lambrechts, Andy; Jayapala, Murali

2017-02-01

This paper presents system-level analysis of a sensor capable of simultaneously acquiring both standard absorption based RGB color channels (400-700nm, 75nm FWHM), as well as an additional NIR channel (central wavelength: 808 nm, FWHM: 30nm collimated light). Parallel acquisition of RGB and NIR info on the same CMOS image sensor is enabled by monolithic pixel-level integration of both a NIR pass thin film filter and NIR blocking filters for the RGB channels. This overcomes the need for a standard camera-level NIR blocking filter to remove the NIR leakage present in standard RGB absorption filters from 700-1000nm. Such a camera-level NIR blocking filter would inhibit the acquisition of the NIR channel on the same sensor. Thin film filters do not operate in isolation. Rather, their performance is influenced by the system context in which they operate. The spectral distribution of light arriving at the photo diode is shaped a.o. by the illumination spectral profile, optical component transmission characteristics and sensor quantum efficiency. For example, knowledge of a low quantum efficiency (QE) of the CMOS image sensor above 800nm may reduce the filter's blocking requirements and simplify the filter structure. Similarly, knowledge of the incoming light angularity as set by the objective lens' F/# and exit pupil location may be taken into account during the thin film's optimization. This paper demonstrates how knowledge of the application context can facilitate filter design and relax design trade-offs and presents experimental results.

Scriptwriting as a Tool for Learning Stylistic Variation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saugera, Valerie

2011-01-01

A film script is a useful tool for allowing students to experiment with language variation. Scripts of love stories comprise a range of language contexts, each triggering a different style on a formal-neutral-informal linguistic continuum: (1) technical cinematographic language in camera directions; (2) narrative language in exposition of scenes,…

Photovoice in the Diversity Classroom: Engagement, Voice, and the "Eye/I" of the Camera

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chio, Vanessa C. M.; Fandt, Patricia M.

2007-01-01

A response to calls for more self-reflective and inclusive pedagogy, this article considers pedagogical and teaching possibilities offered by Photovoice--a community and participatory action research methodology developed by Wang and Burris. Extrapolating Photovoice to the context of the diversity classroom, the authors discuss how the methodology…

Faster than "g", Revisited with High-Speed Imaging

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vollmer, Michael; Mollmann, Klaus-Peter

2012-01-01

The introduction of modern high-speed cameras in physics teaching provides a tool not only for easy visualization, but also for quantitative analysis of many simple though fast occurring phenomena. As an example, we present a very well-known demonstration experiment--sometimes also discussed in the context of falling chimneys--which is commonly…

Geometric calibration of Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System of ESA's Trace Gas Orbiter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tulyakov, Stepan; Ivanov, Anton; Thomas, Nicolas; Roloff, Victoria; Pommerol, Antoine; Cremonese, Gabriele; Weigel, Thomas; Fleuret, Francois

2018-01-01

There are many geometric calibration methods for "standard" cameras. These methods, however, cannot be used for the calibration of telescopes with large focal lengths and complex off-axis optics. Moreover, specialized calibration methods for the telescopes are scarce in literature. We describe the calibration method that we developed for the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) telescope, on board of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). Although our method is described in the context of CaSSIS, with camera-specific experiments, it is general and can be applied to other telescopes. We further encourage re-use of the proposed method by making our calibration code and data available on-line.

Once in a Blue Dune

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-06-11

Sand dunes often accumulate in the floors of craters. In this region of Lyot Crater NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows a field of classic barchan dunes. Just to the south of the group of barchan dunes is one large dune with a more complex structure. This particular dune, appearing like turquoise blue in enhanced color, is made of finer material and/or has a different composition than the surrounding. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22512

Summaries of Research 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AD A177 399 NMRI 86-0009 3CMILLAN M CHERNOW B ROTH BL PHOROOL ESTERS INHIBIT ALPHA I-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR- STIlULATED...PHORBOL ESTERS PHOSPHOINOSITIDES RATS RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA TASOMOTOR SYSTEM AD A171 091 NMRI 86-0010 QUESADA M MILLAR DB SMEJKAL R TUEULIN SYNTHESIS...UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF CALCIUM BY BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 1966 APR;60(4):1446-50 HYPERBARIC MEDICINE MRO41.O.1.1124 REPORT NO

Improved Acquisition for System Sustainment: Availability-Based Importance Framework for Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-30

when these equipment failures cause some of the worst accidents and environmental damages in human history such as the March 2011 Fukushima Nuclear ...ultimately facilitate the MRO acquisition process through effective maintenance triggers and supplier selection Task 2. Stochastic Availability Importance...dollars with a replacement plan lasting for several decades [GAO 2004]. A budget reduction of about 29 percent since 1990 has “forced the branches of the

26TH AFOSR Chemical & Atmospheric Sciences Program Review FY81.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-01

AFOSR-80-0020, 2310/A2 N. Larsen Department of Electrical Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 Light Scattering and Absorption Kuo-Nan...0011; University of Florida 80-0015 (To MRO Contract DAAM 1816 NW G Street 29-78-G-0024), 2310/Al Gainesville, FL 32601 Atmospheric Absorption of...parameters for use in the theoretical spectroscopy, for updating the transmission/emission codes, and for computing molecular absorption /emission line

Ridges near Nirgal Valles

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-03-05

In this observation from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we see a set of straight ridges in ancient bedrock near Nirgal Valles. The patterns indicate fractures from tectonic stresses, but how have they been hardened to now stand in positive relief after billions of years of erosion? It is possible that groundwater flowed through the fractures, depositing various durable minerals, some of which we see in diverse colors. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22333

49 CFR 40.153 - How does the MRO notify employees of their right to a test of the split specimen?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... must have the ability to receive the employee's calls at all times during the 72 hour period (e.g., by use of an answering machine with a “time stamp” feature when there is no one in your office to answer... 72 hours from the time you provide this notification to him or her to request a test of the split...

The Effects of Employing HVM on C-130 Aircraft at WR-ALC to Aircraft Availability

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

processes of numerous commercial companies such as American Airlines, TIMCO, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and Hon Furniture to determine how and why...commercial industry best practices that best achieve higher labor burn rates and the challenges of implementing these practices into the traditional...Challenges According to Jerry Mobley, the HVM team in 2007 initiated the study and industrial analysis of the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO

Glorious Glacier

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-07-15

This image has low-sun lighting that accentuates the many transverse ridges on this slope, extending from Euripus Mons (mountains). These flow-like structures were previously called "lobate debris aprons," but the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument on MRO has shown that they are actually debris-covered flows of ice, or glaciers. There is no evidence for present-day flow of these glaciers, so they appear to be remnants of past climates. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20745

Innovative Techniques to Predict Atmospheric Effects on Sensor Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-15

since acquiring the MRO data, extensive tabulation of all of the data from all visible satellites (generally, non- resolved ) was also accomplished...efficient code has been written to run multiple OSC simulations in less time . Data from many passes of the same satellite is useful for SOI, whether it is...the data analyzed. Questions about the data were resolved using OSC to determine solar phase angle (SPA), range, time of penumbra entrance/exit and

A novel method to reduce time investment when processing videos from camera trap studies.

PubMed

Swinnen, Kristijn R R; Reijniers, Jonas; Breno, Matteo; Leirs, Herwig

2014-01-01

Camera traps have proven very useful in ecological, conservation and behavioral research. Camera traps non-invasively record presence and behavior of animals in their natural environment. Since the introduction of digital cameras, large amounts of data can be stored. Unfortunately, processing protocols did not evolve as fast as the technical capabilities of the cameras. We used camera traps to record videos of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber). However, a large number of recordings did not contain the target species, but instead empty recordings or other species (together non-target recordings), making the removal of these recordings unacceptably time consuming. In this paper we propose a method to partially eliminate non-target recordings without having to watch the recordings, in order to reduce workload. Discrimination between recordings of target species and non-target recordings was based on detecting variation (changes in pixel values from frame to frame) in the recordings. Because of the size of the target species, we supposed that recordings with the target species contain on average much more movements than non-target recordings. Two different filter methods were tested and compared. We show that a partial discrimination can be made between target and non-target recordings based on variation in pixel values and that environmental conditions and filter methods influence the amount of non-target recordings that can be identified and discarded. By allowing a loss of 5% to 20% of recordings containing the target species, in ideal circumstances, 53% to 76% of non-target recordings can be identified and discarded. We conclude that adding an extra processing step in the camera trap protocol can result in large time savings. Since we are convinced that the use of camera traps will become increasingly important in the future, this filter method can benefit many researchers, using it in different contexts across the globe, on both videos and photographs.

Concepts, laboratory, and telescope test results of the plenoptic camera as a wavefront sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodríguez-Ramos, L. F.; Montilla, I.; Fernández-Valdivia, J. J.; Trujillo-Sevilla, J. L.; Rodríguez-Ramos, J. M.

2012-07-01

The plenoptic camera has been proposed as an alternative wavefront sensor adequate for extended objects within the context of the design of the European Solar Telescope (EST), but it can also be used with point sources. Originated in the field of the Electronic Photography, the plenoptic camera directly samples the Light Field function, which is the four - dimensional representation of all the light entering a camera. Image formation can then be seen as the result of the photography operator applied to this function, and many other features of the light field can be exploited to extract information of the scene, like depths computation to extract 3D imaging or, as it will be specifically addressed in this paper, wavefront sensing. The underlying concept of the plenoptic camera can be adapted to the case of a telescope by using a lenslet array of the same f-number placed at the focal plane, thus obtaining at the detector a set of pupil images corresponding to every sampled point of view. This approach will generate a generalization of Shack-Hartmann, Curvature and Pyramid wavefront sensors in the sense that all those could be considered particular cases of the plenoptic wavefront sensor, because the information needed as the starting point for those sensors can be derived from the plenoptic image. Laboratory results obtained with extended objects, phase plates and commercial interferometers, and even telescope observations using stars and the Moon as an extended object are presented in the paper, clearly showing the capability of the plenoptic camera to behave as a wavefront sensor.

Opportunities in Participatory Science and Citizen Science with MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment: A Virtual Science Team Experience

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gulick, Ginny

2009-09-01

We report on the accomplishments of the HiRISE EPO program over the last two and a half years of science operations. We have focused primarily on delivering high impact science opportunities through our various participatory science and citizen science websites. Uniquely, we have invited students from around the world to become virtual HiRISE team members by submitting target suggestions via our HiRISE Quest Image challenges using HiWeb the team's image suggestion facility web tools. When images are acquired, students analyze their returned images, write a report and work with a HiRISE team member to write a image caption for release on the HiRISE website (http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu). Another E/PO highlight has been our citizen scientist effort, HiRISE Clickworkers (http://clickworkers.arc.nasa.gov/hirise). Clickworkers enlists volunteers to identify geologic features (e.g., dunes, craters, wind streaks, gullies, etc.) in the HiRISE images and help generate searchable image databases. In addition, the large image sizes and incredible spatial resolution of the HiRISE camera can tax the capabilities of the most capable computers, so we have also focused on enabling typical users to browse, pan and zoom the HiRISE images using our HiRISE online image viewer (http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/hirise_images/). Our educational materials available on the HiRISE EPO web site (http://hirise.seti.org/epo) include an assortment of K through college level, standards-based activity books, a K through 3 coloring/story book, a middle school level comic book, and several interactive educational games, including Mars jigsaw puzzles, crosswords, word searches and flash cards.

System design of the CRISM (compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars) hyperspectral imager

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silverglate, Peter R.; Fort, Dennis E.

2004-01-01

CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) is a hyperspectral imager that will be launched on the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) in August 2005. The MRO will circle Mars in a polar orbit at a nominal altitude of 325 km. The CRISM spectral range spans the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), 400 nm to 4050 nm. The instrument utilizes a Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 2.06º field of view (FOV) to focus light on the entrance slit of a dual spectrometer. Within the spectrometer light is split by a dichroic into VNIR (visible-near infrared) (λ <= 1.05 μm) and IR (infrared) (λ >= 1.05 μm) beams. Each beam is directed into a separate modified Offner spectrometer that focuses a spectrally dispersed image of the slit onto a two dimensional focal plane (FP). The IR FP is a 640 x 480 HgCdTe area array; the VNIR FP is a 640 x 480 silicon photodiode area array. The spectral image is contiguously sampled with a 6.55 nm spectral spacing and an instantaneous field of view of 60 μradians. The orbital motion of the MRO pushbroom scans the spectrometer slit across the Martian surface, allowing the planet to be mapped in 558 spectral bands. There are four major mapping modes: A quick initial multi-spectral mapping of a major portion of the Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 600 μradians (10:1 binning); an extended multi-spectral mapping of the entire Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning); a high resolution Target Mode, performing hyperspectral mapping of selected targets of interest at full spatial and spectral resolution; and an atmospheric Emission Phase Function (EPF) mode for atmospheric study and correction at full spectral resolution at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning). The instrument is gimbaled to allow scanning over +/-60° for the EPF and Target modes. The scanning also permits orbital motion compensation, enabling longer integration times and consequently higher signal-to-noise ratios for selected areas on the Martian surface in Target Mode.

System design of the CRISM (compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars) hyperspectral imager

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silverglate, Peter R.; Fort, Dennis E.

2003-12-01

CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) is a hyperspectral imager that will be launched on the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) in August 2005. The MRO will circle Mars in a polar orbit at a nominal altitude of 325 km. The CRISM spectral range spans the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), 400 nm to 4050 nm. The instrument utilizes a Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 2.06º field of view (FOV) to focus light on the entrance slit of a dual spectrometer. Within the spectrometer light is split by a dichroic into VNIR (visible-near infrared) (λ <= 1.05 μm) and IR (infrared) (λ >= 1.05 μm) beams. Each beam is directed into a separate modified Offner spectrometer that focuses a spectrally dispersed image of the slit onto a two dimensional focal plane (FP). The IR FP is a 640 x 480 HgCdTe area array; the VNIR FP is a 640 x 480 silicon photodiode area array. The spectral image is contiguously sampled with a 6.55 nm spectral spacing and an instantaneous field of view of 60 μradians. The orbital motion of the MRO pushbroom scans the spectrometer slit across the Martian surface, allowing the planet to be mapped in 558 spectral bands. There are four major mapping modes: A quick initial multi-spectral mapping of a major portion of the Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 600 μradians (10:1 binning); an extended multi-spectral mapping of the entire Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning); a high resolution Target Mode, performing hyperspectral mapping of selected targets of interest at full spatial and spectral resolution; and an atmospheric Emission Phase Function (EPF) mode for atmospheric study and correction at full spectral resolution at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning). The instrument is gimbaled to allow scanning over +/-60° for the EPF and Target modes. The scanning also permits orbital motion compensation, enabling longer integration times and consequently higher signal-to-noise ratios for selected areas on the Martian surface in Target Mode.

Diurnal Variations of Dust from Mars Climate Sounder Observations: Initial Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleinboehl, A.

2017-12-01

Over the recent years, research on the Martian atmosphere has been focusing increasingly on aerosols. One recent focus has been on detached dust layers (DDL) as they have a significant radiative impact on the atmosphere. The dust distribution in the Martian atmosphere is affected by transport processes like lifting, advection, and sedimentation. However, lifting and sedimentation processes are only poorly understood, and the formation mechanism of DDLs is unclear. Significant variations in the occurrence of DDLs have been observed in comparisons of nearly co-located daytime and nighttime dust extinction measurements by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). However, the detailed behavior of changes in the vertical profile of dust over the course of a day has largely been unexplored. To date, aerosol studies by MCS have been limited to observations around 3 am and 3 pm local time due to the sun-synchronous orbit of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), from which MCS is operated. MCS nominally observes in the direction of the MRO orbit track. Since Sep. 2010 the MCS instrument has been performing frequent sideways scans to obtain measurements at various local times. These special measurements yield nearly global coverage while sampling local times within a few hours of the nominal local time determined by the MRO orbit track. Of particular interest is the behavior at latitudes where cross-track measurements intersect with in-track measurements such that the same airmass is sampled 3 times in intervals of 2 hours at mid-latitudes. Here I present initial analyses of dust vertical profiles retrieved from these MCS observations during the dusty season of the Martian year. Dust opacities tend to be highest within 25 km of the surface and decreasing above. Numerous sets of profiles have been identified in the southern mid-latitudes in which this dust opacity slope is lofted by several kilometers in altitude between 4 pm and 6 pm local time. The behavior is largely restricted to ice-free conditions and suggestive of convective lofting of dust to higher altitudes due to absorption of incoming sunlight by dust particles. Most of these events are located in the vicinity of the Hellas basin, suggesting that topographic features may also play a role in their formation.

Field Test of the ExoMars Panoramic Camera in the High Arctic - First Results and Lessons Learned

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmitz, N.; Barnes, D.; Coates, A.; Griffiths, A.; Hauber, E.; Jaumann, R.; Michaelis, H.; Mosebach, H.; Paar, G.; Reissaus, P.; Trauthan, F.

2009-04-01

The ExoMars mission as the first element of the ESA Aurora program is scheduled to be launched to Mars in 2016. Part of the Pasteur Exobiology Payload onboard the ExoMars rover is a Panoramic Camera System (‘PanCam') being designed to obtain high-resolution color and wide-angle multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic images from the mast of the ExoMars rover. The PanCam instrument consists of two wide-angle cameras (WACs), which will provide multispectral stereo images with 34° field-of-view (FOV) and a High-Resolution RGB Channel (HRC) to provide close-up images with 5° field-of-view. For field testing of the PanCam breadboard in a representative environment the ExoMars PanCam team joined the 6th Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) 2008. The expedition took place from 4-17 August 2008 in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, which is considered to be an excellent site, analogue to ancient Mars. 31 scientists and engineers involved in Mars Exploration (among them the ExoMars WISDOM, MIMA and Raman-LIBS team as well as several NASA MSL teams) combined their knowledge, instruments and techniques to study the geology, geophysics, biosignatures, and life forms that can be found in volcanic complexes, warm springs, subsurface ice, and sedimentary deposits. This work has been carried out by using instruments, a rover (NASA's CliffBot), and techniques that will/may be used in future planetary missions, thereby providing the capability to simulate a full mission environment in a Mars analogue terrain. Besides demonstrating PanCam's general functionality in a field environment, test and verification of the interpretability of PanCam data for in-situ geological context determination and scientific target selection was a main objective. To process the collected data, a first version of the preliminary PanCam 3D reconstruction processing & visualization chain was used. Other objectives included to test and refine the operational scenario (based on ExoMars Rover Reference Surface Mission), to investigate data commonalities and data fusion potential w.r.t. other instruments, and to collect representative image data to evaluate various influences, such as viewing distance, surface structure, and availability of structures at "infinity" (e.g. resolution, focus quality and associated accuracy of the 3D reconstruction). Airborne images with the HRSC-AX camera (airborne camera with heritage from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera HRSC), collected during a flight campaign over Svalbard in June 2008, provided large-scale geological context information for all field sites.

Demonstration of Regional Discrimination of Eurasian Seismic Events Using Observations at Soviet IRIS and CDSN Stations

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

Propagation of Lg Waves Across Eastern Europe and Asia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, LLNL Report No. UCRL -52494. Press, F., and M. Ewing...the Nuclear Testing Ground in Eastern Kazakhstan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, LLNL Report No. UCRL -52856. Ruzaikin, A., I. Nersesov...Derring Hall University Park, PA 16802 Blacksburg, VA 24061 Dr. Ralph Alewine, III Dr. Stephen Bratt DARPAftMRO Center for Seismic Studies 3701 North Fairax

A History of the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) 1964-1985

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

Advlwry Cu.rctl Lqu i fWTU1l rv.lu.1 tl~ CLmn!tteo.o r t"l..kral .... m.ro . • Progr.n UJmntl t"t’ H,Hl er PI~ Camu (t~ M.I:soe.uch oInJ ~1 0fTTU...Illinois, 16 Dec. 1983, Records of Prof. William J. Hall, University of Illinois. 21. Ibid.; James J. Costello, University Counsel, to Albert E. Jenner

Looking into the Eye with a Smartphone

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colicchia, Giuseppe; Wiesner, Hartmut

2015-01-01

Thanks to their sensors and the large number of apps available, smartphones can be used as a useful tool to carry out new laboratory experiments in physics. Such devices, very popular among young people, may be a successful approach to improve students' interest in the subject, particularly in a medical context. In addition to their small camera,…

3-D Imaging of Mars’ Polar Ice Caps Using Orbital Radar Data

PubMed Central

Foss, Frederick J.; Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Campbell, Bruce A.; Phillips, Roger J.

2018-01-01

Since its arrival in early 2006, various instruments aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have been collecting a variety of scientific and engineering data from orbit around Mars. Among these is the SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) instrument, supplied by Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) and designed for subsurface sounding in the 15–25 MHz frequency band. As of this writing, MRO has completed over 46,000 nearly polar orbits of Mars, 30% of which have included active SHARAD data collection. By 2009, a sufficient density of SHARAD coverage had been obtained over the polar regions to support 3-D processing and analysis of the data. Using tools and techniques commonly employed in terrestrial seismic data processing, we have processed subsets of the resulting collection of SHARAD observations covering the north and south polar regions as SHARAD 3-D volumes, imaging the interiors of the north and south polar ice caps known, respectively, as Planum Boreum and Planum Australe. After overcoming a series of challenges revealed during the 3-D processing and analysis, a completed Planum Boreum 3-D volume is currently being used for scientific research. Lessons learned in the northern work fed forward into our 3-D processing and analysis of the Planum Australe 3-D volume, currently under way. We discuss our experiences with these projects and present results and scientific insights stemming from these efforts. PMID:29400351

Deep Space Ka-band Link Management and the MRO Demonstration: Long-term Weather Statistics Versus Forecasting

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davarian, Faramaz; Shambayati, Shervin; Slobin, Stephen

2004-01-01

During the last 40 years, deep space radio communication systems have experienced a move toward shorter wavelengths. In the 1960s a transition from L- to S-band occurred which was followed by a transition from S- to X-band in the 1970s. Both these transitions provided deep space links with wider bandwidths and improved radio metrics capability. Now, in the 2000s, a new change is taking place, namely a move to the Ka-band region of the radio frequency spectrum. Ka-band will soon replace X-band as the frequency of choice for deep space communications providing ample spectrum for the high data rate requirements of future missions. The low-noise receivers of deep space networks have a great need for link management techniques that can mitigate weather effects. In this paper, three approaches for managing Ka-band Earth-space links are investigated. The first approach uses aggregate annual statistics, the second one uses monthly statistics, and the third is based on the short-term forecasting of the local weather. An example of weather forecasting for Ka-band link performance prediction is presented. Furthermore, spacecraft commanding schemes suitable for Ka-band link management are investigated. Theses schemes will be demonstrated using NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft in the 2007 to 2008 time period, and the demonstration findings will be reported in a future publication.

Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars investigation and data set from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's primary science phase

USGS Publications Warehouse

Murchie, S.L.; Seelos, F.P.; Hash, C.D.; Humm, D.C.; Malaret, E.; McGovern, J.A.; Choo, T.H.; Seelos, K.D.; Buczkowski, D.L.; Morgan, M.F.; Barnouin-Jha, O. S.; Nair, H.; Taylor, H.W.; Patterson, G.W.; Harvel, C.A.; Mustard, J.F.; Arvidson, R. E.; McGuire, P.; Smith, M.D.; Wolff, M.J.; Titus, T.N.; Bibring, J.-P.; Poulet, F.

2009-01-01

The part of the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) for Mars investigation conducted during the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO's) primary science phase was a comprehensive investigation of past aqueous environments, structure of the planet's crust, past climate, and current meteorology. The measurements to implement this investigation include over 9500 targeted observations of surface features taken at spatial resolutions of better than 40 m/pixel, monitoring of seasonal variations in atmospheric aerosols and trace gases, and acquisition of a 200 m/pixel map covering over 55% of Mars in 72 selected wavelengths under conditions of relatively low atmospheric opacity. Key results from these data include recognition of a diversity of aqueous mineral-containing deposits, discovery of a widespread distribution of phyllosilicates in early to middle Noachian units, the first definitive detection of carbonates in bedrock, new constraints on the sequence of events that formed Hesperian-aged, sulfate-rich layered deposits, characterization of seasonal polar processes, and monitoring of the 2007 global dust event. Here we describe CRISM's science investigations during the Primary Science Phase, the data sets that were collected and their calibration and uncertainties, and how they have been processed and made available to the scientific community. We also describe the ongoing investigation during MRO's extended science phase. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.

Temperature and dust profiles of Mars' atmosphere derived from Mars Climate Sounder (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teanby, N. A.; Irwin, P. G.; Howett, C.; Calcutt, S. B.; Lolachi, R.; Bowles, N. E.; Taylor, F. W.; Schofield, J. T.; Kleinboehl, A.; McCleese, D. J.

2007-12-01

Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) primarily operates as a limb sounding infrared radiometer. The small field of view and limb scanning mode allow retrieval of atmospheric temperature and dust properties from the surface up to approximately 80km with 5km vertical resolution. The polar orbit of MRO gives coverage of all latitudes at 3pm and 3am Mars local-time. The ability of MCS to sounds these altitudes at high spatial and temporal resolution gives a unique dataset with which to test our understanding of the Martian atmosphere. It also complements and extends upon previous climatalogical datasets (for example TES). Measured mid-infrared radiances from MCS were analysed using the correlated-k approximation with Oxford's NEMESIS retrieval software. The correlated-k approximation was compared with a line-by-line model to confirm its accuracy under Martian atmospheric conditions. Dust properties were taken from analysis of TES data by Wolff and Clancy (2003). We present profiles of temperature and dust for data covering September to December 2006. During this period Mars' north pole was experiencing summer and the south pole was in winter. Preliminary results show that high altitude warming over the southern winter pole is greater than that predicted by models. Our results will be compared to numerical models of the Martian atmosphere and the implications discussed.

Vertical Profiles Of Temperature And Dust Derived From Mars Climate Sounder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teanby, Nicholas; Irwin, P. G.; Howett, C.; Calcutt, S.; Lolachi, R.; Bowles, N.; Taylor, F.; Schofield, J. T.; Kleinboehl, A.; McCleese, D. J.

2007-10-01

Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) primarily operates as a limb sounding infrared radiometer. The small field of view and limb scanning mode allow retrieval of temperature and dust properties from the surface up to approximately 80km with 5km vertical resolution. The polar orbit of MRO gives coverage of all latitudes at 3pm and 3am local time. The ability of MCS to sounds these altitudes at high spatial and temporal resolution gives a unique dataset with which to test our understanding of the Martian atmosphere. It also complements and extends upon previous climatalogical datasets (for example TES). Measured mid-infrared radiances from MCS were analysed using the correlated-k approximation with Oxford's NEMESIS retrieval software. The correlated-k approximation was compared with a line-by-line model to confirm its accuracy under Martian atmospheric conditions. Dust properties were taken from analysis of TES data by Wolff and Clancy (2003). We present profiles of temperature and dust for data covering September to December 2006. During this period Mars' north pole was experiencing summer and the south pole was in winter. Preliminary results show that high altitude warming over the southern winter pole is greater than that predicted by models. Our results will be compared to numerical models of the Martian atmosphere and the implications discussed.

Real-Time View Correction for Mobile Devices.

PubMed

Schops, Thomas; Oswald, Martin R; Speciale, Pablo; Yang, Shuoran; Pollefeys, Marc

2017-11-01

We present a real-time method for rendering novel virtual camera views from given RGB-D (color and depth) data of a different viewpoint. Missing color and depth information due to incomplete input or disocclusions is efficiently inpainted in a temporally consistent way. The inpainting takes the location of strong image gradients into account as likely depth discontinuities. We present our method in the context of a view correction system for mobile devices, and discuss how to obtain a screen-camera calibration and options for acquiring depth input. Our method has use cases in both augmented and virtual reality applications. We demonstrate the speed of our system and the visual quality of its results in multiple experiments in the paper as well as in the supplementary video.

Helmet-mounted displays in long-range-target visual acquisition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilkins, Donald F.

1999-07-01

Aircrews have always sought a tactical advantage within the visual range (WVR) arena -- usually defined as 'see the opponent first.' Even with radar and interrogation foe/friend (IFF) systems, the pilot who visually acquires his opponent first has a significant advantage. The Helmet Mounted Cueing System (HMCS) equipped with a camera offers an opportunity to correct the problems with the previous approaches. By utilizing real-time image enhancement technique and feeding the image to the pilot on the HMD, the target can be visually acquired well beyond the range provided by the unaided eye. This paper will explore the camera and display requirements for such a system and place those requirements within the context of other requirements, such as weight.

Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) Slit-Jaw Imaging System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilkerson, P.; Champey, P. R.; Winebarger, A. R.; Kobayashi, K.; Savage, S. L.

2017-12-01

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer is a NASA sounding rocket payload providing a 0.6 - 2.5 nm spectrum with unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution. The instrument is comprised of a novel optical design, featuring a Wolter1 grazing incidence telescope, which produces a focused solar image on a slit plate, an identical pair of stigmatic optics, a planar diffraction grating and a low-noise detector. When MaGIXS flies on a suborbital launch in 2019, a slit-jaw camera system will reimage the focal plane of the telescope providing a reference for pointing the telescope on the solar disk and aligning the data to supporting observations from satellites and other rockets. The telescope focuses the X-ray and EUV image of the sun onto a plate covered with a phosphor coating that absorbs EUV photons, which then fluoresces in visible light. This 10-week REU project was aimed at optimizing an off-axis mounted camera with 600-line resolution NTSC video for extremely low light imaging of the slit plate. Radiometric calculations indicate an intensity of less than 1 lux at the slit jaw plane, which set the requirement for camera sensitivity. We selected a Watec 910DB EIA charge-coupled device (CCD) monochrome camera, which has a manufacturer quoted sensitivity of 0.0001 lux at F1.2. A high magnification and low distortion lens was then identified to image the slit jaw plane from a distance of approximately 10 cm. With the selected CCD camera, tests show that at extreme low-light levels, we achieve a higher resolution than expected, with only a moderate drop in frame rate. Based on sounding rocket flight heritage, the launch vehicle attitude control system is known to stabilize the instrument pointing such that jitter does not degrade video quality for context imaging. Future steps towards implementation of the imaging system will include ruggedizing the flight camera housing and mounting the selected camera and lens combination to the instrument structure.

Windblown Sand in Ganges Chasma

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-04-25

Dark, windblown sand covers intricate sedimentary rock layers in this image captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) from Ganges Chasma, a canyon in the Valles Marineris system. These features are at once familiar and unusual to those familiar with Earth's beaches and deserts. Most sand dunes on Earth are made of silica-rich sand, giving them a light color; these Martian dunes owe their dark color to the iron and magnesium-rich sand found in the region. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21600

Colorful Equatorial Gullies in Krupac Crater

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-02

Although large gullies (ravines) are concentrated at higher latitudes, there are gullies on steep slopes in equatorial regions, as seen in this image captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The colors of the gully deposits match the colors of the eroded source materials. Krupac is a relatively young impact crater, but exposes ancient bedrock. Krupac Crater also hosts some of the most impressive recurring slope lineae (RSL) on equatorial Mars outside of Valles Marineris. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21605

Applying Best Practices to Military Commercial-Derivative Aircraft Engine Sustainment: Assessment of Using Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) Parts and Designated Engineering Representative (DER) Repairs

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

Company HPT high-pressure turbine LPT low-pressure turbine MARPA Modification and Replacement Parts Association MRO maintenance , repair, and overhaul...Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: A KC-10 F103 (CF6-50) engine at the MTU Vancouver facility (courtesy of MTU Maintenance Canada Ltd...representative (DER) repairs to decrease the cost of their aircraft engine maintenance . These parts and repairs are provided by third-party companies and

Cracks in a Debris Apron

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-03-11

This observation from NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows the nature of large fissures in a smooth apron around a mound in the Phlegra region. The apron could be (or could have been) ice-rich, so one possibility is that the fissures are related to ice loss. Based on radar data from MRO combined with studies of the region's geology from other orbiters, scientists think that extensive glaciers covered this region several hundred million years ago. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19307

The Effect of Body Type and Camera Shot on Interpersonal Attraction and Source Credibility.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCain, Thomas A.; Divers, Lawrence

In order to examine the effects of manipulating image size (i.e., relative size) and body type of speakers in a television context on source credibility and interpersonal attraction, a study was conducted at Illinois State University during the spring of 1973. Subjects were eighteen intact groups of students enrolled in speech communication class…

The Imperative to Protect Data and the Rise of Surveillance Cameras in Administering National Testing in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Piattoeva, Nelli

2016-01-01

This article discusses the effects of the datafication and digitalisation of education policy in the context of the Russian Federation. It taps into the policies and practices invented as a result of rising audit cultures and the scientisation and datafication of education governance. These processes turn sites of public examinations into sites of…

The Europa Imaging System (EIS), a Camera Suite to investigate Europa's Geology, Ice Shell, and Potential for Current Activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turtle, E. P.; McEwen, A. S.; Osterman, S. N.; Boldt, J. D.; Strohbehn, K.; EIS Science Team

2016-10-01

EIS NAC and WAC use identical rad-hard rapid-readout 4k × 2k CMOS detectors for imaging during close (≤25 km) fast ( 4.5 km/s) Europa flybys. NAC achieves 0.5 m/pixel over a 2-km swath from 50 km, and WAC provides context pushbroom stereo imaging.

Cloud Computing with Context Cameras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pickles, A. J.; Rosing, W. E.

2016-05-01

We summarize methods and plans to monitor and calibrate photometric observations with our autonomous, robotic network of 2m, 1m and 40cm telescopes. These are sited globally to optimize our ability to observe time-variable sources. Wide field "context" cameras are aligned with our network telescopes and cycle every ˜2 minutes through BVr'i'z' filters, spanning our optical range. We measure instantaneous zero-point offsets and transparency (throughput) against calibrators in the 5-12m range from the all-sky Tycho2 catalog, and periodically against primary standards. Similar measurements are made for all our science images, with typical fields of view of ˜0.5 degrees. These are matched against Landolt, Stetson and Sloan standards, and against calibrators in the 10-17m range from the all-sky APASS catalog. Such measurements provide pretty good instantaneous flux calibration, often to better than 5%, even in cloudy conditions. Zero-point and transparency measurements can be used to characterize, monitor and inter-compare sites and equipment. When accurate calibrations of Target against Standard fields are required, monitoring measurements can be used to select truly photometric periods when accurate calibrations can be automatically scheduled and performed.

A Context-Aware-Based Audio Guidance System for Blind People Using a Multimodal Profile Model

PubMed Central

Lin, Qing; Han, Youngjoon

2014-01-01

A wearable guidance system is designed to provide context-dependent guidance messages to blind people while they traverse local pathways. The system is composed of three parts: moving scene analysis, walking context estimation and audio message delivery. The combination of a downward-pointing laser scanner and a camera is used to solve the challenging problem of moving scene analysis. By integrating laser data profiles and image edge profiles, a multimodal profile model is constructed to estimate jointly the ground plane, object locations and object types, by using a Bayesian network. The outputs of the moving scene analysis are further employed to estimate the walking context, which is defined as a fuzzy safety level that is inferred through a fuzzy logic model. Depending on the estimated walking context, the audio messages that best suit the current context are delivered to the user in a flexible manner. The proposed system is tested under various local pathway scenes, and the results confirm its efficiency in assisting blind people to attain autonomous mobility. PMID:25302812

From knowing our needs to enacting change: findings from community consultations with indigenous communities in Bangladesh.

PubMed

Hussain, Sameera; Ruano, Ana Lorena; Rahman, Atiya; Rashid, Sabina Faiz; Hill, Peter S

2015-11-09

Indigenous peoples are among the most marginalized peoples in the world due to issues relating to well-being, political representation, and economic production. The research consortium Goals and Governance for Global Health (Go4Health) conducted a community consultation process among marginalized groups across the global South aimed at including their voices in the global discourse around health in the post-2015 development agenda. This paper presents findings from the consultations carried out among indigenous communities in Bangladesh. For this qualitative study, our research team consulted the Tripura and Mro communities in Bandarban district living in the isolated Chittagong Hill Tracts region. Community members, leaders, and key informants working in health service delivery were interviewed. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Our findings show that remoteness shapes the daily lives of the communities, and their lack of access to natural resources and basic services prevents them from following health promotion messages. The communities feel that their needs are impossible to secure in a politically indifferent and sometimes hostile environment. Communities are keen to participate and work with duty bearers in creating the conditions that will lead to their improved quality of life. Clear policies that recognize the status of indigenous peoples are necessary in the Bangladeshi context to allow for the development of services and infrastructure.

Optimization of Close Range Photogrammetry Network Design Applying Fuzzy Computation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aminia, A. S.

2017-09-01

Measuring object 3D coordinates with optimum accuracy is one of the most important issues in close range photogrammetry. In this context, network design plays an important role in determination of optimum position of imaging stations. This is, however, not a trivial task due to various geometric and radiometric constraints affecting the quality of the measurement network. As a result, most camera stations in the network are defined on a try and error basis based on the user's experience and generic network concept. In this paper, we propose a post-processing task to investigate the quality of camera positions right after image capturing to achieve the best result. To do this, a new fuzzy reasoning approach is adopted, in which the constraints affecting the network design are all modeled. As a result, the position of all camera locations is defined based on fuzzy rules and inappropriate stations are determined. The experiments carried out show that after determination and elimination of the inappropriate images using the proposed fuzzy reasoning system, the accuracy of measurements is improved and enhanced about 17% for the latter network.

Forward-Looking Infrared Cameras for Micrometeorological Applications within Vineyards

PubMed Central

Katurji, Marwan; Zawar-Reza, Peyman

2016-01-01

We apply the principles of atmospheric surface layer dynamics within a vineyard canopy to demonstrate the use of forward-looking infrared cameras measuring surface brightness temperature (spectrum bandwidth of 7.5 to 14 μm) at a relatively high temporal rate of 10 s. The temporal surface brightness signal over a few hours of the stable nighttime boundary layer, intermittently interrupted by periods of turbulent heat flux surges, was shown to be related to the observed meteorological measurements by an in situ eddy-covariance system, and reflected the above-canopy wind variability. The infrared raster images were collected and the resultant self-organized spatial cluster provided the meteorological context when compared to in situ data. The spatial brightness temperature pattern was explained in terms of the presence or absence of nighttime cloud cover and down-welling of long-wave radiation and the canopy turbulent heat flux. Time sequential thermography as demonstrated in this research provides positive evidence behind the application of thermal infrared cameras in the domain of micrometeorology, and to enhance our spatial understanding of turbulent eddy interactions with the surface. PMID:27649208

Physics teaching by infrared remote sensing of vegetation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schüttler, Tobias; Maman, Shimrit; Girwidz, Raimund

2018-05-01

Context- and project-based teaching has proven to foster different affective and cognitive aspects of learning. As a versatile and multidisciplinary scientific research area with diverse applications for everyday life, satellite remote sensing is an interesting context for physics education. In this paper we give a brief overview of satellite remote sensing of vegetation and how to obtain your own, individual infrared remote sensing data with affordable converted digital cameras. This novel technique provides the opportunity to conduct individual remote sensing measurement projects with students in their respective environment. The data can be compared to real satellite data and is of sufficient accuracy for educational purposes.

Looking into the Eye with a Smartphone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colicchia, Giuseppe; Wiesner, Hartmut

2015-02-01

Thanks to their sensors and the large number of apps available, smartphones can be used as a useful tool to carry out new laboratory experiments in physics.1-3 Such devices, very popular among young people, may be a successful approach to improve students' interest in the subject, particularly in a medical context. In addition to their small camera, smartphones usually have an integrated LED light source that is in line with the visual axis of the camera sensor. Using a smartphone, it is hence possible to take photos or videos of the fundus (retina) inside the eye through the pupil. We will explain the optical principles underlying the methods for observing the fundus of the eye (ophthalmoscopy) and describe how students can perform "fundus" photography on eye models using a smartphone.

Theoretical performance model for single image depth from defocus.

PubMed

Trouvé-Peloux, Pauline; Champagnat, Frédéric; Le Besnerais, Guy; Idier, Jérôme

2014-12-01

In this paper we present a performance model for depth estimation using single image depth from defocus (SIDFD). Our model is based on an original expression of the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) in this context. We show that this model is consistent with the expected behavior of SIDFD. We then study the influence on the performance of the optical parameters of a conventional camera such as the focal length, the aperture, and the position of the in-focus plane (IFP). We derive an approximate analytical expression of the CRB away from the IFP, and we propose an interpretation of the SIDFD performance in this domain. Finally, we illustrate the predictive capacity of our performance model on experimental data comparing several settings of a consumer camera.

Visualizing the history of living spaces.

PubMed

Ivanov, Yuri; Wren, Christopher; Sorokin, Alexander; Kaur, Ishwinder

2007-01-01

The technology available to building designers now makes it possible to monitor buildings on a very large scale. Video cameras and motion sensors are commonplace in practically every office space, and are slowly making their way into living spaces. The application of such technologies, in particular video cameras, while improving security, also violates privacy. On the other hand, motion sensors, while being privacy-conscious, typically do not provide enough information for a human operator to maintain the same degree of awareness about the space that can be achieved by using video cameras. We propose a novel approach in which we use a large number of simple motion sensors and a small set of video cameras to monitor a large office space. In our system we deployed 215 motion sensors and six video cameras to monitor the 3,000-square-meter office space occupied by 80 people for a period of about one year. The main problem in operating such systems is finding a way to present this highly multidimensional data, which includes both spatial and temporal components, to a human operator to allow browsing and searching recorded data in an efficient and intuitive way. In this paper we present our experiences and the solutions that we have developed in the course of our work on the system. We consider this work to be the first step in helping designers and managers of building systems gain access to information about occupants' behavior in the context of an entire building in a way that is only minimally intrusive to the occupants' privacy.

Kinematic control of male Allen's Hummingbird wing trill over a range of flight speeds.

PubMed

Clark, Christopher J; Mistick, Emily A

2018-05-18

Wing trills are pulsed sounds produced by modified wing feathers at one or more specific points in time during a wingbeat. Male Allen's Hummingbird ( Selasphorus sasin ) produce a sexually dimorphic 9 kHz wing trill in flight. Here we investigate the kinematic basis for trill production. The wingtip velocity hypothesis posits that trill production is modulated by the airspeed of the wingtip at some point during the wingbeat, whereas the wing rotation hypothesis posits that trill production is instead modulated by wing rotation kinematics. To test these hypotheses, we flew six male Allen's Hummingbirds in an open jet wind tunnel at flight speeds of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 14 m s -1 , and recorded their flight with two 'acoustic cameras' placed below and behind, or below and lateral to the flying bird. The acoustic cameras are phased arrays of 40 microphones that used beamforming to spatially locate sound sources within a camera image. Trill Sound Pressure Level (SPL) exhibited a U-shaped relationship with flight speed in all three camera positions. SPL was greatest perpendicular to the stroke plane. Acoustic camera videos suggest that the trill is produced during supination. The trill was up to 20 dB louder during maneuvers than it was during steady state flight in the wind tunnel, across all airspeeds tested. These data provide partial support for the wing rotation hypothesis. Altered wing rotation kinematics could allow male Allen's Hummingbird to modulate trill production in social contexts such as courtship displays. © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Paths from Mother-Child and Father-Child Relationships to Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children Differing in Electrodermal Reactivity: a Longitudinal Study from Infancy to Age 10

PubMed Central

Kochanska, Grazyna; Brock, Rebecca L.; Chen, Kuan-Hua; Aksan, Nazan; Anderson, Steven W.

2014-01-01

Electrodermal hyporeactivity (or low skin conductance level, SCL) has been long established as a correlate of and diathesis for antisocial behavior, aggression, disregard for rules of conduct and feelings of others, and generally, externalizing behavior problems in children and adults. Much less is known, however, about how individual differences in children’s SCL and qualities of their early experiences in relationships with parents interact to produce antisocial outcomes. In a community sample of 102 families (51 girls), we examined children’s SCL, assessed in standard laboratory tasks at age 8 (N=81), as a moderator of the links between parent–child socialization history and children’s externalizing behavior problems at ages 8 and 10, reported by mothers and fathers in well-established instruments and by children in clinical interviews. Mother- and father-child socialization history was assessed in frequent, intensive observations. Parent–child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) was observed from infancy to age 10, parental power assertion was observed from 15 months to age 6 ½, and children reported their attachment security in interviews at age 8 and 10. For children with lower SCL, variations in mothers’ power assertion and father-child MRO were associated with parent-rated externalizing problems. The former interaction was consistent with diathesis-stress, and the latter with differential susceptibility. For children with higher SCL, there were no links between socialization history and externalizing problems. PMID:25218772

Paths from mother-child and father-child relationships to externalizing behavior problems in children differing in electrodermal reactivity: a longitudinal study from infancy to age 10.

PubMed

Kochanska, Grazyna; Brock, Rebecca L; Chen, Kuan-Hua; Aksan, Nazan; Anderson, Steven W

2015-05-01

Electrodermal hyporeactivity (or low skin conductance level, SCL) has been long established as a correlate of and diathesis for antisocial behavior, aggression, disregard for rules of conduct and feelings of others, and generally, externalizing behavior problems in children and adults. Much less is known, however, about how individual differences in children's SCL and qualities of their early experiences in relationships with parents interact to produce antisocial outcomes. In a community sample of 102 families (51 girls), we examined children's SCL, assessed in standard laboratory tasks at age 8 (N = 81), as a moderator of the links between parent-child socialization history and children's externalizing behavior problems at ages 8 and 10, reported by mothers and fathers in well-established instruments and by children in clinical interviews. Mother- and father-child socialization history was assessed in frequent, intensive observations. Parent-child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) was observed from infancy to age 10, parental power assertion was observed from 15 months to age 6 ½, and children reported their attachment security in interviews at age 8 and 10. For children with lower SCL, variations in mothers' power assertion and father-child MRO were associated with parent-rated externalizing problems. The former interaction was consistent with diathesis-stress, and the latter with differential susceptibility. For children with higher SCL, there were no links between socialization history and externalizing problems.

AMORE; The Advanced Multimedia Organizer for Requirements Elicitation

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

terms of cinematic primitives, including: perspective, camera, sound, content, and context [Davenport 91]. Ambient sound can be used to provide...concept) [Dumais 88], [Salton 83]. Latent semantic indexing [Dumais 88] could improve the access to video shots described by cinematic primitives. As...into classes (includ- the cited articles) video source ing cinematic primi- tives) CMU/SEI-93-TR-12 33 A.6 Tree-Maps Retrieval Visualization

Assessment of Various Remote Sensing Technologies in Biomass and Nitrogen Content Estimation Using AN Agricultural Test Field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Näsi, R.; Viljanen, N.; Kaivosoja, J.; Hakala, T.; Pandžić, M.; Markelin, L.; Honkavaara, E.

2017-10-01

Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging is usually acquired by satellite and aircraft platforms. Recently, miniaturized hyperspectral 2D frame cameras have showed great potential to precise agriculture estimations and they are feasible to combine with lightweight platforms, such as drones. Drone platform is a flexible tool for remote sensing applications with environment and agriculture. The assessment and comparison of different platforms such as satellite, aircraft and drones with different sensors, such as hyperspectral and RGB cameras is an important task in order to understand the potential of the data provided by these equipment and to select the most appropriate according to the user applications and requirements. In this context, open and permanent test fields are very significant and helpful experimental environment, since they provide a comparative data for different platforms, sensors and users, allowing multi-temporal analyses as well. Objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of an open permanent test field in context of precision agriculture. Satellite (Sentinel-2), aircraft and drones with hyperspectral and RGB cameras were assessed in this study to estimate biomass, using linear regression models and in-situ samples. Spectral data and 3D information were used and compared in different combinations to investigate the quality of the models. The biomass estimation accuracies using linear regression models were better than 90 % for the drone based datasets. The results showed that the use of spectral and 3D features together improved the estimation model. However, estimation of nitrogen content was less accurate with the evaluated remote sensing sensors. The open and permanent test field showed to be suitable to provide an accurate and reliable reference data for the commercial users and farmers.

Autocalibrating vision guided navigation of unmanned air vehicles via tactical monocular cameras in GPS denied environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Celik, Koray

This thesis presents a novel robotic navigation strategy by using a conventional tactical monocular camera, proving the feasibility of using a monocular camera as the sole proximity sensing, object avoidance, mapping, and path-planning mechanism to fly and navigate small to medium scale unmanned rotary-wing aircraft in an autonomous manner. The range measurement strategy is scalable, self-calibrating, indoor-outdoor capable, and has been biologically inspired by the key adaptive mechanisms for depth perception and pattern recognition found in humans and intelligent animals (particularly bats), designed to assume operations in previously unknown, GPS-denied environments. It proposes novel electronics, aircraft, aircraft systems, systems, and procedures and algorithms that come together to form airborne systems which measure absolute ranges from a monocular camera via passive photometry, mimicking that of a human-pilot like judgement. The research is intended to bridge the gap between practical GPS coverage and precision localization and mapping problem in a small aircraft. In the context of this study, several robotic platforms, airborne and ground alike, have been developed, some of which have been integrated in real-life field trials, for experimental validation. Albeit the emphasis on miniature robotic aircraft this research has been tested and found compatible with tactical vests and helmets, and it can be used to augment the reliability of many other types of proximity sensors.

New opportunities in planetary geomorphology: an assessment of the capabilities of the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on The Exomars Trace Gas Orbiter through Image Simulation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tornabene, Livio Leonardo; Seelos, Frank; Pommerol, Antoine; Thomas, Nick; Caudill, Christy; Conway, Susan J.

2017-04-01

The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) is a full-colour visible to near-infrared (VNIR) bi-directional pushframe stereo camera onboard the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). For more details on ExoMars TGO and its payload, please see [4], and for the CaSSIS instrument see [1]. For details on the first Mars Capture Orbit (MCO)-acquired CaSSIS stereo images and preliminary 3D reconstructions from them [5]. CaSSIS will provide full-colour, stereo and repeat imaging spanning different times of day and covering all seasons. Such images will be used to address the following objectives: 1) characterizing possible [surface/subsurface] sources for methane and other trace gases; 2) investigating dynamic surface processes that may contribute to atmospheric gases; and 3) certifying and characterizing candidate landing site safety and hazards (e.g., rocks, slopes, etc.). Here we present a summary, and some highlights, based on the creation and analysis of simulated CaSSIS image cubes [see 2, 3]. We generated simulated images that are spatially (4.6 m/px) and spectrally (4-bands) consistent with CaSSIS from existing Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) datasets. Simulated CaSSIS colours were generated from hyperspectral VNIR (S-detector) data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) after the methods of [6], which were then combined with spatially oversampled and resampled 32-bit calibrated I/F images from the Context Camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) [2, 3]. For more of the details on the simulation process and the various products produced please see [2, 3]. Our simulations show that such colour coverage will be particularly valuable towards facilitating and enhancing seasonal process and change detection studies. For example, a simulation image of Gasa crater demonstrates exactly how additional colour context would facilitate gully change detections that can be subtle and difficult to detect in single-band images, or when missed by the HiRISE colour swath. Another result based on our colour analysis includes, excellent separation of ferrous- and ferric-bearing surface materials provided by band ratio colour composite images utilizing the two NIR bands of CaSSIS (3RED, 4NIR). These images will be particularly useful for associating CaSSIS colour units with spectral units defined by orbiting spectrometers (e.g., CRISM), and thereby extend spectral mapping to CaSSIS spatial scales. This will particularly be beneficial for landing sites where it is difficult to achieve continuous colour coverage with HiRISE. Our analysis shows that dune movement can be detected at the scale of CaSSIS, given a long enough baseline. Other results include resolving: 1) larger individual or sets of Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL), 2) small impacts (including ice excavators), and 3) surface changes associated with landers/rovers (NOTE: lander/rovers and their tracks are not resolvable). References: [1] Thomas N. et al. (2016), submitted to SSR. [2] Tornabene L. et al. (2017), submitted to SSR. [3] Tornabene L. et al. (2016) LPSC 47, Abstract #2695. [4] Vago J. et al. (2015) SSR, 49 518-528. [5] Cremonese G. et al. (2017) LPSC 48. [6] Seelos F. et al. (2011) AGU Fall, vol. 23, Abstract #1714. [7] Delamere A. et al. (2010), Icarus, 205, 38-52. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the spacecraft and instrument engineering teams for the successful completion of the instrument. CaSSIS is a project of the University of Bern and funded through the Swiss Space Office via ESA's PRODEX programme. The instrument hardware development was also supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) (ASI-INAF agreement no.I/018/12/0), INAF/Astronomical Observatory of Padova, and the Space Research Center (CBK) in Warsaw. Support from SGF (Budapest), the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, and NASA are also gratefully acknowledged. The lead author also acknowledges personal Canadian-based support from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and the NSERC DG programme.

Mars Global Digital Dune Database; MC-1

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hayward, R.K.; Fenton, L.K.; Tanaka, K.L.; Titus, T.N.; Colaprete, A.; Christensen, P.R.

2010-01-01

The Mars Global Digital Dune Database presents data and describes the methodology used in creating the global database of moderate- to large-size dune fields on Mars. The database is being released in a series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Reports. The first release (Hayward and others, 2007) included dune fields from 65 degrees N to 65 degrees S (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1158/). The current release encompasses ~ 845,000 km2 of mapped dune fields from 65 degrees N to 90 degrees N latitude. Dune fields between 65 degrees S and 90 degrees S will be released in a future USGS Open-File Report. Although we have attempted to include all dune fields, some have likely been excluded for two reasons: (1) incomplete THEMIS IR (daytime) coverage may have caused us to exclude some moderate- to large-size dune fields or (2) resolution of THEMIS IR coverage (100m/pixel) certainly caused us to exclude smaller dune fields. The smallest dune fields in the database are ~ 1 km2 in area. While the moderate to large dune fields are likely to constitute the largest compilation of sediment on the planet, smaller stores of sediment of dunes are likely to be found elsewhere via higher resolution data. Thus, it should be noted that our database excludes all small dune fields and some moderate to large dune fields as well. Therefore, the absence of mapped dune fields does not mean that such dune fields do not exist and is not intended to imply a lack of saltating sand in other areas. Where availability and quality of THEMIS visible (VIS), Mars Orbiter Camera narrow angle (MOC NA), or Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) images allowed, we classified dunes and included some dune slipface measurements, which were derived from gross dune morphology and represent the prevailing wind direction at the last time of significant dune modification. It was beyond the scope of this report to look at the detail needed to discern subtle dune modification. It was also beyond the scope of this report to measure all slipfaces. We attempted to include enough slipface measurements to represent the general circulation (as implied by gross dune morphology) and to give a sense of the complex nature of aeolian activity on Mars. The absence of slipface measurements in a given direction should not be taken as evidence that winds in that direction did not occur. When a dune field was located within a crater, the azimuth from crater centroid to dune field centroid was calculated, as another possible indicator of wind direction. Output from a general circulation model (GCM) is also included. In addition to polygons locating dune fields, the database includes THEMIS visible (VIS) and Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle (MOC NA) images that were used to build the database. The database is presented in a variety of formats. It is presented as an ArcReader project which can be opened using the free ArcReader software. The latest version of ArcReader can be downloaded at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/download.html. The database is also presented in an ArcMap project. The ArcMap project allows fuller use of the data, but requires ESRI ArcMap(Registered) software. A fuller description of the projects can be found in the NP_Dunes_ReadMe file (NP_Dunes_ReadMe folder_ and the NP_Dunes_ReadMe_GIS file (NP_Documentation folder). For users who prefer to create their own projects, the data are available in ESRI shapefile and geodatabase formats, as well as the open Geography Markup Language (GML) format. A printable map of the dunes and craters in the database is available as a Portable Document Format (PDF) document. The map is also included as a JPEG file. (NP_Documentation folder) Documentation files are available in PDF and ASCII (.txt) files. Tables are available in both Excel and ASCII (.txt)

The NASA 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, J. F.; Squyres, S. W.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Maki, J.; Schwochert, M.; Morris, R. V.; Athena Team

2002-12-01

The Panoramic Camera System (Pancam) is part of the Athena science payload to be launched to Mars in 2003 on NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rover missions. The Pancam imaging system on each rover consists of two major components: a pair of digital CCD cameras, and the Pancam Mast Assembly (PMA), which provides the azimuth and elevation actuation for the cameras as well as a 1.5 meter high vantage point from which to image. Pancam is a multispectral, stereoscopic, panoramic imaging system, with a field of regard provided by the PMA that extends across 360o of azimuth and from zenith to nadir, providing a complete view of the scene around the rover. Pancam utilizes two 1024x2048 Mitel frame transfer CCD detector arrays, each having a 1024x1024 active imaging area and 32 optional additional reference pixels per row for offset monitoring. Each array is combined with optics and a small filter wheel to become one "eye" of a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging system. The optics for both cameras consist of identical 3-element symmetrical lenses with an effective focal length of 42 mm and a focal ratio of f/20, yielding an IFOV of 0.28 mrad/pixel or a rectangular FOV of 16o\\x9D 16o per eye. The two eyes are separated by 30 cm horizontally and have a 1o toe-in to provide adequate parallax for stereo imaging. The cameras are boresighted with adjacent wide-field stereo Navigation Cameras, as well as with the Mini-TES instrument. The Pancam optical design is optimized for best focus at 3 meters range, and allows Pancam to maintain acceptable focus from infinity to within 1.5 meters of the rover, with a graceful degradation (defocus) at closer ranges. Each eye also contains a small 8-position filter wheel to allow multispectral sky imaging, direct Sun imaging, and surface mineralogic studies in the 400-1100 nm wavelength region. Pancam has been designed and calibrated to operate within specifications from -55oC to +5oC. An onboard calibration target and fiducial marks provide the ability to validate the radiometric and geometric calibration on Mars. Pancam relies heavily on use of the JPL ICER wavelet compression algorithm to maximize data return within stringent mission downlink limits. The scientific goals of the Pancam investigation are to: (a) obtain monoscopic and stereoscopic image mosaics to assess the morphology, topography, and geologic context of each MER landing site; (b) obtain multispectral visible to short-wave near-IR images of selected regions to determine surface color and mineralogic properties; (c) obtain multispectral images over a range of viewing geometries to constrain surface photometric and physical properties; and (d) obtain images of the Martian sky, including direct images of the Sun, to determine dust and aerosol opacity and physical properties. In addition, Pancam also serves a variety of operational functions on the MER mission, including (e) serving as the primary Sun-finding camera for rover navigation; (f) resolving objects on the scale of the rover wheels to distances of ~100 m to help guide navigation decisions; (g) providing stereo coverage adequate for the generation of digital terrain models to help guide and refine rover traverse decisions; (h) providing high resolution images and other context information to guide the selection of the most interesting in situ sampling targets; and (i) supporting acquisition and release of exciting E/PO products.

Ultrastructural and Functional Effects of Lipopolysaccharide and Interleukin-2 on Human NK Cells

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

Leu-lla antibody was Fixation in 1% glut 1% paraf Incubation with stained by HRP using the ABC method via a bio - in ice gold-linked tinylated anti...iilnAd rcsofrCa~Arsloaiti.A.Mro graji~howaweakataintig fr th enzye actvityNn h cl iRfaoo ~u1a el.1.ilvngl cain fa mllprioi(arw nfi.l~X)ofte niecl soin ol... Riccardi C, Santoni A, Stadler BM, Tarameill D, In: Immunobiology of Natural Killer Cells, Vol. 1, Timonen T, Varesio L (1980) Immunoregulation in- Lotzova E

Spectral Analysis of the Shuttle Glow. SPAS II/IBSS Mission - AIS hardware

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-23

Mirror Lens C Reflection) CiraCylindrical/-Lens • Plane Mirror j _Slit Slit Mro Fig. 7. Cross section through the reflective foreoptics of the UV Fig. 6...selection. The gratings in the The slit width of 0.045 mm restricted the angular spectrograph are deposited on Zerodur blanks, which width of the FOV...of th*i short fee-1 hlaa, t do, lmw b*WdW 3Wa APO=E OPTIC I VOL 31, ft. 16 1 1~ toes I 48 Secondary Mlirror Primary Mirror - lntaeranas Ptten Image

Mars Briefing

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-08-04

Colin Dundas, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, speaks during a briefing, Thursday, Aug. 4, 2011, at NASA Headquarters in Washington. Observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars. Dark, finger-like features appear and extend down some Martian slopes during late spring through summer, fade in winter, and return during the next spring. Repeated observations have tracked the seasonal changes in these recurring features on several steep slopes in the middle latitudes of Mars' southern hemisphere. Photo Credit: (NASA/Paul E. Alers)

Bridging research with innovative products: a compact hyperspectral camera for investigating artworks: a feasibility study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cucci, Costanza; Casini, Andrea; Stefani, Lorenzo; Picollo, Marcello; Jussila, Jouni

2017-07-01

For more than a decade, a number of studies and research projects have been devoted to customize hyperspectral imaging techniques to the specific needs of conservation and applications in museum context. A growing scientific literature definitely demonstrated the effectiveness of reflectance hyperspectral imaging for non-invasive diagnostics and highquality documentation of 2D artworks. Additional published studies tackle the problems of data-processing, with a focus on the development of algorithms and software platforms optimised for visualisation and exploitation of hyperspectral bigdata sets acquired on paintings. This scenario proves that, also in the field of Cultural Heritage (CH), reflectance hyperspectral imaging has nowadays reached the stage of mature technology, and is ready for the transition from the R&D phase to the large-scale applications. In view of that, a novel concept of hyperspectral camera - featuring compactness, lightness and good usability - has been developed by SPECIM, Spectral Imaging Ltd. (Oulu, Finland), a company in manufacturing products for hyperspectral imaging. The camera is proposed as new tool for novel applications in the field of Cultural Heritage. The novelty of this device relies in its reduced dimensions and weight and in its user-friendly interface, which make this camera much more manageable and affordable than conventional hyperspectral instrumentation. The camera operates in the 400-1000nm spectral range and can be mounted on a tripod. It can operate from short-distance (tens of cm) to long distances (tens of meters) with different spatial resolutions. The first release of the prototype underwent a preliminary in-depth experimentation at the IFAC-CNR laboratories. This paper illustrates the feasibility study carried out on the new SPECIM hyperspectral camera, tested under different conditions on laboratory targets and artworks with the specific aim of defining its potentialities and weaknesses in its use in the Cultural Heritage field.

Pre-hibernation performances of the OSIRIS cameras onboard the Rosetta spacecraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magrin, S.; La Forgia, F.; Da Deppo, V.; Lazzarin, M.; Bertini, I.; Ferri, F.; Pajola, M.; Barbieri, M.; Naletto, G.; Barbieri, C.; Tubiana, C.; Küppers, M.; Fornasier, S.; Jorda, L.; Sierks, H.

2015-02-01

Context. The ESA cometary mission Rosetta was launched in 2004. In the past years and until the spacecraft hibernation in June 2011, the two cameras of the OSIRIS imaging system (Narrow Angle and Wide Angle Camera, NAC and WAC) observed many different sources. On 20 January 2014 the spacecraft successfully exited hibernation to start observing the primary scientific target of the mission, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Aims: A study of the past performances of the cameras is now mandatory to be able to determine whether the system has been stable through the time and to derive, if necessary, additional analysis methods for the future precise calibration of the cometary data. Methods: The instrumental responses and filter passbands were used to estimate the efficiency of the system. A comparison with acquired images of specific calibration stars was made, and a refined photometric calibration was computed, both for the absolute flux and for the reflectivity of small bodies of the solar system. Results: We found a stability of the instrumental performances within ±1.5% from 2007 to 2010, with no evidence of an aging effect on the optics or detectors. The efficiency of the instrumentation is found to be as expected in the visible range, but lower than expected in the UV and IR range. A photometric calibration implementation was discussed for the two cameras. Conclusions: The calibration derived from pre-hibernation phases of the mission will be checked as soon as possible after the awakening of OSIRIS and will be continuously monitored until the end of the mission in December 2015. A list of additional calibration sources has been determined that are to be observed during the forthcoming phases of the mission to ensure a better coverage across the wavelength range of the cameras and to study the possible dust contamination of the optics.

Camera, Hand Lens, and Microscope Probe (CHAMP): An Instrument Proposed for the 2009 MSL Rover Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mungas, Greg S.; Beegle, Luther W.; Boynton, John E.; Lee, Pascal; Shidemantle, Ritch; Fisher, Ted

2004-01-01

The Camera, Hand Lens, and Microscope Probe (CHAMP) will allow examination of martian surface features and materials (terrain, rocks, soils, samples) on spatial scales ranging from kilometers to micrometers, thus enabling both microscopy and context imaging with high operational flexibility. CHAMP is designed to allow the detailed and quantitative investigation of a wide range of geologic features and processes on Mars, leading to a better quantitative understanding of the evolution of the martian surface environment through time. In particular, CHAMP will provide key data that will help understand the local region explored by Mars Surface Laboratory (MSL) as a potential habitat for life. CHAMP will also support other anticipated MSL investigations, in particular by helping identify and select the highest priority targets for sample collection and analysis by the MSL's analytical suite.

Carnivore use of avocado orchards across an agricultural-wildland gradient

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nogeire, Theresa M.; Davis, Frank W.; Duggan, Jennifer M.; Crooks, Kevin R.; Boydston, Erin E.

2013-01-01

Wide-ranging species cannot persist in reserves alone. Consequently, there is growing interest in the conservation value of agricultural lands that separate or buffer natural areas. The value of agricultural lands for wildlife habitat and connectivity varies as a function of the crop type and landscape context, and quantifying these differences will improve our ability to manage these lands more effectively for animals. In southern California, many species are present in avocado orchards, including mammalian carnivores. We examined occupancy of avocado orchards by mammalian carnivores across agricultural-wildland gradients in southern California with motion-activated cameras. More carnivore species were detected with cameras in orchards than in wildland sites, and for bobcats and gray foxes, orchards were associated with higher occupancy rates. Our results demonstrate that agricultural lands have potential to contribute to conservation by providing habitat or facilitating landscape connectivity.

Sensor network based vehicle classification and license plate identification system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frigo, Janette Rose; Brennan, Sean M; Rosten, Edward J

Typically, for energy efficiency and scalability purposes, sensor networks have been used in the context of environmental and traffic monitoring applications in which operations at the sensor level are not computationally intensive. But increasingly, sensor network applications require data and compute intensive sensors such video cameras and microphones. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of two such systems: a vehicle classifier based on acoustic signals and a license plate identification system using a camera. The systems are implemented in an energy-efficient manner to the extent possible using commercially available hardware, the Mica motes and the Stargate platform.more » Our experience in designing these systems leads us to consider an alternate more flexible, modular, low-power mote architecture that uses a combination of FPGAs, specialized embedded processing units and sensor data acquisition systems.« less

Low-Cost Method for Quantifying Sodium in Coconut Water and Seawater for the Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Laboratory: Flame Test, a Mobile Phone Camera, and Image Processing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moraes, Edgar P.; da Silva, Nilbert S. A.; de Morais, Camilo de L. M.; das Neves, Luiz S.; de Lima, Kassio M. G.

2014-01-01

The flame test is a classical analytical method that is often used to teach students how to identify specific metals. However, some universities in developing countries have difficulties acquiring the sophisticated instrumentation needed to demonstrate how to identify and quantify metals. In this context, a method was developed based on the flame…

Evidence for Basinwide Mud Volcanism in Acidalia Planitia, Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oehler, Dorothy Z.; Allen, Carlton C.

2010-01-01

High-albedo mounds in Acidalia Planitia occur in enormous numbers. They have been variously interpreted as pseudocraters, cinder cones, tuff cones, pingos, ice disintegration features, or mud volcanoes. Our work uses regional mapping, basin analysis, and new data from the Context Camera (CTX), High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) to re-assess the origin and significance of these structures.

Outflow Stream from Relatively Recent Martian Lake

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-15

Streamlined forms and channel bars in this Martian valley resulted from the outflow of a lake hundreds of millions years more recently than an era of Martian lakes previously confirmed, according to 2016 findings. This excerpt from an image taken by the Context Camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter covers an area about 8 miles (13 kilometers) wide in the northern Arabia Terra region of Mars. The flow direction was generally northward (toward the top of this image). The channel breached a water-filled basin identified as "B" in a hydrologic-modeling map at PIA20839 and flowed toward a larger basin, informally called "Heart Lake," about 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the northwest. Researchers estimate this stream and the lakes it linked held water at some time in the range of 2 billion to 3 billion years ago. That is several hundred million to about 1 billion years later than better-known ancient lake environments on Mars, such as those documented by NASA's Curiosity rover mission. The later wet period came after it is generally thought that most of Mars' original atmosphere had been lost and most of the remaining water on the planet had frozen. Seasonal melting may have fed this stream. This is a portion of Context Camera image B18_016815_2151. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20837

Applications of optical fibers and miniature photonic elements in medical diagnostics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blaszczak, Urszula; Gilewski, Marian; Gryko, Lukasz; Zajac, Andrzej; Kukwa, Andrzej; Kukwa, Wojciech

2014-05-01

Construction of endoscopes which are known for decades, in particular in small devices with the diameter of few millimetres, are based on the application of fibre optic imaging bundles or bundles of fibers in the illumination systems (usually with a halogen source). Cameras - CCD and CMOS - with the sensor size of less than 5 mm emerging commercially and high power LED solutions allow to design and construct modern endoscopes characterized by many innovative properties. These constructions offer higher resolution. They are also relatively cheaper especially in the context of the integration of the majority of the functions on a single chip. Mentioned features of the CMOS sensors reduce the cycle of introducing the newly developed instruments to the market. The paper includes a description of the concept of the endoscope with a miniature camera built on the basis of CMOS detector manufactured by Omni Vision. The set of LEDs located at the operator side works as the illuminating system. Fibre optic system and the lens of the camera are used in shaping the beam illuminating the observed tissue. Furthermore, to broaden the range of applications of the endoscope, the illuminator allows to control the spectral characteristics of emitted light. The paper presents the analysis of the basic parameters of the light-and-optical system of the endoscope. The possibility of adjusting the magnifications of the lens, the field of view of the camera and its spatial resolution is discussed. Special attention was drawn to the issues related to the selection of the light sources used for the illumination in terms of energy efficiency and the possibility of providing adjusting the colour of the emitted light in order to improve the quality of the image obtained by the camera.