Mumps outbreaks in a highly vaccinated population: Investigation of a neutralization titre against the current circulating wildtype genotype G5 mumps virus.

PubMed

Kenny, Lena; O'Kelly, Edwin; Connell, Jeff; De Gascun, Cillian; Hassan, Jaythoon

2016-01-01

Mumps outbreaks continue to occur globally, despite high levels of uptake of the mumps vaccine. In order to address immunity to the current circulating wildtype virus, we sought to determine a mumps G5 specific IgG quantitative value which correlates with genotype G5 specific neutralization ability in vitro. Sera from 199 individuals including controls and acute mumps cases were assessed for mumps specific IgG titres using five different enzyme immunoassays coated with antigen from different mumps virus strains. A subset of 66 sera was also assessed for in vitro neutralizing antibody against a contemporary circulating genotype G5 mumps virus. For all the different antigenic targets, mumps specific IgG titres were higher in patients following acute mumps infection compared to controls. In acute mumps infected patients, females showed significantly higher serum titres of anti-G5 IgG compared to males (p<0.05). Furthermore, control males did not show any change in G5 specific IgG with increasing age whereas females show a progressive rise in titre. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between the mumps G5 specific IgG levels in the EIA and the in vitro neutralization titres (r(2)=0.59). Specific IgG to the current circulating genotype G5 mumps strain showed significantly lower titres in males which supports our previous observation that there is a male gender bias in cases of acute mumps infection. Furthermore, in this preliminary study, the data indicate that genotype G5 specific IgG levels of >40 RU/ml are required for neutralization capability to be observed in vitro. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of a Third Dose of Mumps Virus-Containing Vaccine in Persons at Increased Risk for Mumps During an Outbreak.

PubMed

Marin, Mona; Marlow, Mariel; Moore, Kelly L; Patel, Manisha

2018-01-12

A substantial increase in the number of mumps outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases has occurred in the United States since late 2015 (1,2). To address this public health problem, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed the available evidence and determined that a third dose of measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and effective at preventing mumps. During its October 2017 meeting, ACIP recommended a third dose of a mumps virus-containing vaccine* for persons previously vaccinated with 2 doses who are identified by public health authorities as being part of a group or population at increased risk for acquiring mumps because of an outbreak. The purpose of the recommendation is to improve protection of persons in outbreak settings against mumps disease and mumps-related complications. This recommendation supplements the existing ACIP recommendations for mumps vaccination (3).

[Mumps vaccine virus transmission].

PubMed

Otrashevskaia, E V; Kulak, M V; Otrashevskaia, A V; Karpov, I A; Fisenko, E G; Ignat'ev, G M

2013-01-01

In this work we report the mumps vaccine virus shedding based on the laboratory confirmed cases of the mumps virus (MuV) infection. The likely epidemiological sources of the transmitted mumps virus were children who were recently vaccinated with the mumps vaccine containing Leningrad-Zagreb or Leningrad-3 MuV. The etiology of the described cases of the horizontal transmission of both mumps vaccine viruses was confirmed by PCR with the sequential restriction analysis.

Estimating true hospital morbidity of complications associated with mumps outbreak, England, 2004/05.

PubMed

Yung, C F; Ramsay, M

2016-08-18

Mumps outbreaks in highly vaccinated populations continue to be reported globally. Therefore, quantifying the burden of mumps morbidity accurately will be necessary to better assess the impact of mumps vaccination programmes. We aim to estimate the true morbidity resulting from mumps complications in terms of hospitalised orchitis, meningitis, oophoritis and pancreatitis in England during the outbreak in 2004/05. This outbreak in England led to a clear increase in hospitalisations coded to mumps for complications of orchitis in those born in the 1970s and 1980s and possibly for meningitis in those born in the 1980s. A simple statistical model, based on analysing time trends for diagnosed complications in hospital databases with routine laboratory surveillance data, found that the actual morbidity was much higher. There were 2.5 times (166 cases) more mumps orchitis cases in the 1970s cohort and 2.0 times (708 cases) more mumps orchitis cases in the 1980s cohort than complications coded to mumps in hospital databases. Our study demonstrated that the mumps outbreak in England 2004/05 resulted in a substantial increase in hospitalised mumps complications, and the model we used can improve the ascertainment of morbidity from a mumps outbreak. This article is copyright of The Authors, 2016.

Mumps encephalitis with akinesia and mutism.

PubMed

Suga, Kenichi; Goji, Aya; Shono, Miki; Matsuura, Sato; Inoue, Miki; Toda, Eiko; Miyazaki, Tatsushi; Kawahito, Masami; Mori, Kazuhiro

2015-08-01

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination is routine in many countries, but the mumps vaccine remains voluntary and is not covered by insurance in Japan. A 5-year-old Japanese boy who had not received the mumps vaccine was affected by mumps parotitis. Several days later, he presented with various neurological abnormalities, including akinesia, mutism, dysphagia, and uncontrolled respiratory disorder. Mumps encephalitis was diagnosed. Despite steroid pulse and immunoglobulin treatment, the disease progressed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed necrotic changes in bilateral basal ganglia, midbrain, and hypothalamus. At 1 year follow up, he was bedridden and required enteral feeding through a gastric fistula and tracheostomy. Mumps vaccination should be made routine as soon as possible in Japan, because mumps encephalitis carries the risk of severe sequelae. © 2015 Japan Pediatric Society.

Mumps vaccine virus strains and aseptic meningitis.

PubMed

Bonnet, Marie-Claude; Dutta, Anil; Weinberger, Clement; Plotkin, Stanley A

2006-11-30

Mumps immunization can easily be included in national schedules, particularly if combined with measles or measles and rubella vaccines, but debate continues concerning the relative safety of various licensed mumps vaccine strains. The opportunities for control of mumps are also being affected by differences in the cost of the vaccines prepared with different strains of mumps virus. The present report evaluates available data on the association of the Urabe and other strains of mumps vaccine with the occurrence of aseptic meningitis. We also review the comparative immunogenicity and efficacies of the most widely used mumps vaccines in controlled clinical trials and field evaluations, and briefly examine relative cost as it relates to the implementation of national immunization programs. We conclude that extensive experience with the most widely used mumps vaccine strains in many countries has shown that the risk-benefit ratio of live mumps vaccines is highly favourable for vaccination, despite the occasional occurence of aseptic meningitis.

Presumed Cases of Mumps in Pregnancy: Clinical and Infection Control Implications

PubMed Central

Lozo, Svjetlana; Ahmed, Ahmed; Chapnick, Edward; O'Keefe, Mary; Minkoff, Howard

2012-01-01

Recently, a mumps outbreak in New York and New Jersey was reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Subsequently, the dissemination of the disease was rapid, and, from June 28th 2009 through January 29th 2010, a total of 1,521 cases of mumps were reported in New York and New Jersey. Seven presumed cases occurred in pregnant women cared for at our institution. Mumps diagnosis as per the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene was based on clinical manifestations, particularly parotitis. Prior immunizations with mumps vaccine and negative IgM were not adequate to rule out mumps infections. All of our seven patients had exposure to mumps in either their household or their community, and some of the them had symptoms of mumps. Due to the difficulties in interpreting serologies of these patients, their cases led to a presumed diagnosis of mumps. The diagnosis of mumps lead to the isolation of patients and health care personnel that were in contact with them. In this paper, we detail the presenting findings, diagnostic dilemmas and infection control challenges associated with presumed cases of mumps in pregnancy. PMID:22505798

[Clinical, epidemiological and etiological studies of adult aseptic meningitis: Report of 13 cases with mumps meningitis].

PubMed

Takeshima, Shinichi; Yoshimoto, Takeshi; Shiga, Yuji; Kanaya, Yuhei; Neshige, Shuichiro; Himeno, Takahiro; Kono, Ryuhei; Takamatsu, Kazuhiro; Shimoe, Yutaka; Kuriyama, Masaru

2015-01-01

We experienced 13 cases (29.8 ± 7.0 years) of mumps meningitis and 365 cases of adult aseptic meningitis during 11 years from 2004 to 2014. A small epidemic of mumps occurred for 3-4 years, and the incidence rate of adult mumps meningitis coincided with the epidemic without seasonal fluctuation. Parotitis was observed in 8 of the 13 mumps meningitis patients (61.5%) and orchitis in 2 of 7 male patients (28.6%). There were no differences in clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and outcome between patients with adult mumps meningitis and those with echovirus 9 meningitis (9 patients), except for the low frequency of nausea/vomiting and a high percentage of mononuclear cells of the cerebrospinal fluid in those with mumps. Eight patients had contact with persons with mumps before the symptomatic stage of meningitis. Only one patient had received mumps vaccination in childhood. On the basis of the values of the anti-mumps IgM and IgG antibodies, we speculated primary infection and the re-infection of mumps in 6 and 2 patients, respectively. Moreover, second vaccine failure was suggested in the vaccinated patient.

Immune responses to mumps vaccine in adults who were vaccinated in childhood.

PubMed

Hanna-Wakim, Rima; Yasukawa, Linda L; Sung, Phillip; Arvin, Ann M; Gans, Hayley A

2008-06-15

In a mumps outbreak in the United States, many infected individuals were adults who had received 2 doses of mumps vaccine. The persistence of cellular immunity to mumps vaccine has not been defined. This was an observational, nonrandomized cohort study evaluating cell-mediated and humoral immunity to mumps in 10 vaccinated and 10 naturally immune adults. Mumps-specific T cell activation and interferon (IFN)-gamma production were measured using lymphoproliferative and flow cytometry assays, and mumps immunoglobulin (Ig) G was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. T cell immunity to mumps was high in both groups; 70% of vaccinated and 80% of naturally immune individuals had a positive (> or =3) stimulation index (SI) (P = 1.0). The mean percentages of mumps-specific CD4+ T cells that expressed CD69 and produced IFN-gamma were equivalent in the 2 groups: 0.06% and 0.12%, respectively (P = .11). The mean SIs in the groups were also equivalent, although IFN-gamma concentrations from cultures stimulated with mumps antigen were higher in naturally immune adults than in vaccinated adults (P < or = .01). All adults were positive for mumps IgG. T and B cell immunity to mumps was detected in adults at least 10 years after immunization. Except for IFN-gamma release, responses in vaccinated adults paralleled those observed in naturally immune individuals.

Immune Responses to Mumps Vaccine in Adults Who Were Vaccinated in Childhood

PubMed Central

Hanna-Wakim, Rima; Yasukawa, Linda L.; Sung, Phillip; Arvin, Ann M.; Gans, Hayley A.

2008-01-01

Background In a mumps outbreak in the United States, many infected individuals were adults who had received 2 doses of mumps vaccine. The persistence of cellular immunity to mumps vaccine has not been defined. Methods This was an observational, nonrandomized cohort study evaluating cell-mediated and humoral immunity to mumps in 10 vaccinated and 10 naturally immune adults. Mumps-specific T cell activation and interferon (IFN)–γ production were measured using lymphoproliferative and flow cytometry assays, and mumps immunoglobulin (Ig) G was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results T cell immunity to mumps was high in both groups; 70% of vaccinated and 80% of naturally immune individuals had a positive (≥3) stimulation index (SI) (P = 1.0). The mean percentages of mumps-specific CD4+ T cells that expressed CD69 and produced IFN-γ were equivalent in the 2 groups: 0.06% and 0.12%, respectively (P = .11). The mean SIs in the groups were also equivalent, although IFN-γ concentrations from cultures stimulated with mumps antigen were higher in naturally immune adults than in vaccinated adults (P ≤ .01). All adults were positive for mumps IgG. Conclusion T and B cell immunity to mumps was detected in adults at least 10 years after immunization. Except for IFN-γ release, responses in vaccinated adults paralleled those observed in naturally immune individuals. PMID:18419345

Mumps virus F gene and HN gene sequencing as a molecular tool to study mumps virus transmission.

PubMed

Gouma, Sigrid; Cremer, Jeroen; Parkkali, Saara; Veldhuijzen, Irene; van Binnendijk, Rob S; Koopmans, Marion P G

2016-11-01

Various mumps outbreaks have occurred in the Netherlands since 2004, particularly among persons who had received 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Genomic typing of pathogens can be used to track outbreaks, but the established genotyping of mumps virus based on the small hydrophobic (SH) gene sequences did not provide sufficient resolution. Therefore, we expanded the sequencing to include fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene sequences in addition to the SH gene sequences from 109 mumps virus genotype G strains obtained between 2004 and mid 2015 in the Netherlands. When the molecular information from these 3 genes was combined, we were able to identify separate mumps virus clusters and track mumps virus transmission. The analyses suggested that multiple mumps virus introductions occurred in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2015 resulting in several mumps outbreaks throughout this period, whereas during some local outbreaks the molecular data pointed towards endemic circulation. Combined analysis of epidemiological data and sequence data collected in 2015 showed good support for the phylogenetic clustering. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Severity of mumps disease is related to MMR vaccination status and viral shedding.

PubMed

Gouma, Sigrid; Hahné, Susan J M; Gijselaar, Daphne B; Koopmans, Marion P G; van Binnendijk, Rob S

2016-04-07

During recent years, various mumps outbreaks have occurred among measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccinated persons in various countries worldwide, including the Netherlands. We studied mumps virus shedding in MMR vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps patients and related these findings to clinical data. In this study, we included 1112 mumps patients of whom diagnostic samples were tested positive in our laboratory between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2014. We compared mumps virus shedding and severity of disease between patients who had received 2 doses of MMR (n=592) and unvaccinated mumps patients (n=195). Mumps virus shedding in saliva and urine specimens was measured by qPCR. Severity of disease was studied in a subset of patients with clinical data available. Mumps patients who had received 2 MMR doses shed less often mumps virus in their urine than unvaccinated patients. Salivary viral loads were higher at day of onset of disease in twice MMR vaccinated patients with viruria than in twice MMR vaccinated patients without viruria. However, salivary viral loads did not significantly differ between patients who had received 2 MMR doses and unvaccinated patients. Bilateral parotitis and orchitis were less often reported in patients who had received 2 MMR doses than in unvaccinated patients. Furthermore, the prevalence of bilateral parotitis and orchitis was higher among twice MMR vaccinated patients with viruria than among twice MMR vaccinated patients without viruria. MMR vaccination was associated with less severe disease among mumps patients. Systemic spread of virus was associated with more severe disease. The elevated salivary viral loads in patients with systemic mumps disease suggest that these patients pose a higher risk for mumps virus transmission. Our study contributes to the understanding of mumps virus pathogenesis and shows the protective effect of MMR vaccination on severity of disease. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mumps vaccine effectiveness and risk factors for disease in households during an outbreak in New York City.

PubMed

Livingston, Kara A; Rosen, Jennifer B; Zucker, Jane R; Zimmerman, Christopher M

2014-01-09

Mumps outbreaks have been reported among vaccinated populations, and declining mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE) has been suggested as one possible cause. During a large mumps outbreak in New York City, we assessed: (1) VE of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) against mumps and (2) risk factors for acquiring mumps in households. Cases of mumps were investigated using standard methods. Additional information on disease and vaccination status of household contacts was collected. Case households completed follow-up phone interviews 78-198 days after initial investigation to ascertain additional cases. Mumps cases meeting the study case definition were included in the analysis. Risk factors for mumps were assessed, and VE was calculated using secondary household attack rates. Three hundred and eleven households with 2176 residents were included in the analysis. The median age of residents was 13 years (range <1-85), and 462 (21.2%) residents met the study mumps case definition. Among 7-17 year olds, 89.7% received one or more doses of MMR vaccine, with 76.7% receiving two doses. Young adults aged 10-14 years (OR=2.4, CI=1.3-4.7) and 15-19 years (OR=2.5, CI=1.3-5.0) were at highest risk of mumps. The overall 2-dose VE for secondary contacts aged five and older was 86.3% (CI 63.3-94.9). The two-dose effectiveness of MMR vaccine against mumps was 86.3%, consistent with other published mumps VE estimates. Many factors likely contributed to this outbreak. Suboptimal MMR coverage in the affected population combined with VE may not have conferred adequate immunity to prevent transmission and may have contributed to this outbreak. Achieving high MMR coverage remains the best available strategy for prevention of mumps outbreaks. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An adult case of mumps brainstem encephalitis.

PubMed

Koyama, S; Morita, K; Yamaguchi, S; Fujikane, T; Sasaki, N; Aizawa, H; Kikuchi, K

2000-06-01

We present an adult case of mumps brainstem encephalitis. He was successfully treated with steroid pulse therapy and recovered completely except for persistent dysuria. He had not been vaccinated and had no history of acute mumps infection. We consider that encephalitis in this case was caused by a reversible autoimmune process triggered by mumps infection. We emphasize the usefulness of pulse therapy for the treatment of some cases of mumps brainstem encephalitis in addition to the importance of mumps vaccination to prevent such a severe complication as encephalitis.

Investigation of a mumps outbreak among university students with two measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations, Virginia, September-December 2006.

PubMed

Rota, J S; Turner, J C; Yost-Daljev, M K; Freeman, M; Toney, D M; Meisel, E; Williams, N; Sowers, S B; Lowe, L; Rota, P A; Nicolai, L A; Peake, L; Bellini, W J

2009-10-01

Following the clinical diagnosis of the first case of mumps on September 22, 2006 at the University of Virginia (UVA), 52 suspected cases were identified through active surveillance for mumps by the end of December 2006. Samples were collected from 47 students who presented with parotitis despite a documented history of two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Six of 47 serum samples (13%) were positive for mumps IgM, and 46/47 specimens were positive for mumps IgG. Endpoint titration of acute phase serum samples from laboratory-confirmed cases did not provide evidence that elevated serum IgG is a consistent marker for infection among cases due to secondary vaccine failure. Buccal swab samples from 39 of the 47 students were tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or viral culture. Mumps virus or mumps RNA was detected in 12 of 39 buccal samples (31%). Genetic analysis of the virus from the outbreak at UVA indicated that the outbreak was not linked to the large mumps outbreak in the Midwestern US that occurred earlier in 2006. Our findings support the use of viral detection to improve laboratory diagnosis of mumps among persons who have received two doses of MMR.

About Mumps

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Establishing a small animal model for evaluating protective immunity against mumps virus.

PubMed

Pickar, Adrian; Xu, Pei; Elson, Andrew; Zengel, James; Sauder, Christian; Rubin, Steve; He, Biao

2017-01-01

Although mumps vaccines have been used for several decades, protective immune correlates have not been defined. Recently, mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. To better understand the causes of the outbreaks and to develop means to control outbreaks in mumps vaccine immunized populations, defining protective immune correlates will be critical. Unfortunately, no small animal model for assessing mumps immunity exists. In this study, we evaluated use of type I interferon (IFN) alpha/beta receptor knockout mice (IFN-α/βR-/-) for such a model. We found these mice to be susceptible to mumps virus administered intranasally and intracranially. Passive transfer of purified IgG from immunized mice protected naïve mice from mumps virus infection, confirming the role of antibody in protection and demonstrating the potential for this model to evaluate mumps immunity.

Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Mumps Virus RNA in Clinical Specimens▿

PubMed Central

Boddicker, Jennifer D.; Rota, Paul A.; Kreman, Trisha; Wangeman, Andrea; Lowe, Louis; Hummel, Kimberly B.; Thompson, Robert; Bellini, William J.; Pentella, Michael; DesJardin, Lucy E.

2007-01-01

The mumps virus is a negative-strand RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Mumps infection results in an acute illness with symptoms including fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by swelling of the salivary glands. Complications of mumps can include meningitis, deafness, pancreatitis, orchitis, and first-trimester abortion. Laboratory confirmation of mumps infection can be made by the detection of immunoglobulin M-specific antibodies to mumps virus in acute-phase serum samples, the isolation of mumps virus in cell culture, or by detection of the RNA of the mumps virus by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. We developed and validated a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid mumps diagnosis in a clinical setting. This assay used oligonucleotide primers and a TaqMan probe targeting the mumps SH gene, as well as primers and a probe that targeted the human RNase P gene to assess the presence of PCR inhibitors and as a measure of specimen quality. The test was specific, since it did not amplify a product from near-neighbor viruses, as well as sensitive and accurate. Real-time RT-PCR results showed 100% correlation with results from viral culture, the gold standard for mumps diagnostic testing. Assay efficiency was over 90% and displayed good precision after performing inter- and intraassay replicates. Thus, we have developed and validated a molecular method for rapidly diagnosing mumps infection that may be used to complement existing techniques. PMID:17652480

Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay Detection of Mumps-Specific Antibody-Secreting B Cells as an Alternative Method of Laboratory Diagnosis ▿

PubMed Central

Latner, Donald R.; McGrew, Marcia; Williams, Nobia; Lowe, Luis; Werman, Roniel; Warnock, Eli; Gallagher, Kathleen; Doyle, Peter; Smole, Sandra; Lett, Susan; Cocoros, Noelle; DeMaria, Alfred; Konomi, Raimond; Brown, Cedric J.; Rota, Paul A.; Bellini, William J.; Hickman, Carole J.

2011-01-01

Although high measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage has been successful in dramatically reducing mumps disease in the United States, mumps (re)infections occasionally occur in individuals who have been either previously vaccinated or naturally infected. Standard diagnostics that detect virus or virus-specific antibody are dependable for confirming primary mumps infection in immunologically naïve persons, but these methods perform inconsistently for individuals with prior immune exposure. We hypothesized that detection of activated mumps-specific antibody-secreting B cells (ASCs) by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay could be used as a more reliable diagnostic. To test this, a time course of virus-specific ASC responses was measured by ELISPOT assay following MMR vaccination of 16 previously vaccinated or naturally exposed adult volunteers. Mumps-specific ASCs were detectable in 68% of these individuals at some point during the first 3 weeks following revaccination. In addition, mumps-specific ASCs were detected in 7/7 previously vaccinated individuals who recently had been infected as part of a confirmed mumps outbreak. These data suggest that ELISPOT detection of mumps-specific ASCs has the potential for use as an alternative method of diagnosis when suspect cases cannot be confirmed by detection of IgM or virus. In addition, it was determined that mumps-specific memory B cells are detected at a much lower frequency than measles- or rubella-specific cells, suggesting that mumps infection may not generate robust B-cell memory. PMID:21047998

Effectiveness of previous mumps vaccination during a summer camp outbreak.

PubMed

Schaffzin, Joshua K; Pollock, Lynn; Schulte, Cynthia; Henry, Kyle; Dayan, Gustavo; Blog, Debra; Smith, Perry

2007-10-01

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease that may cause outbreaks. In July 2005, an outbreak of mumps occurred during a children's summer camp in upstate New York. An investigation was initiated to describe the cases and evaluate vaccine effectiveness. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 541 children from the United States and abroad who attended a 1- or 2-month overnight summer camp. Patients with mumps were interviewed; serologic analysis was conducted for 6 case patients. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated by retrospective review of immunization records for 507 attendees who were eligible for vaccination and had verified immunization history. Thirty-one camp attendees were identified as having mumps (attack rate: 5.7%); 5 (83%) of 6 patients tested had positivity for mumps immunoglobulin M. Of the 507 participants (including 29 patients) with available immunization history, 440 (including 16 [87%] patients) were 2-dose recipients of mumps vaccine (attack rate: 3.6%); 46 participants (including 4 [9%] patients) were 1-dose recipients (attack rate: 8.7%); and 21 (including 9 [4%] patients) were unvaccinated (attack rate: 42.9%). Vaccine effectiveness was 92% for 2 doses and 80% for 1 dose. Outbreaks of mumps in settings such as summer camps can occur despite high vaccination rates. Vaccine effectiveness for 2 mumps vaccinations was greater than vaccine effectiveness for 1 mumps vaccination. Therefore, recommendation of 2 mumps vaccinations for summer camp participants continues to be appropriate. Control of mumps disease relies on broad vaccination coupled with correct clinical diagnosis and strict control measures.

Recombinant mumps virus as a cancer therapeutic agent

PubMed Central

Ammayappan, Arun; Russell, Stephen J; Federspiel, Mark J

2016-01-01

Mumps virus belongs to the family of Paramyxoviridae and has the potential to be an oncolytic agent. Mumps virus Urabe strain had been tested in the clinical setting as a treatment for human cancer four decades ago in Japan. These clinical studies demonstrated that mumps virus could be a promising cancer therapeutic agent that showed significant antitumor activity against various types of cancers. Since oncolytic virotherapy was not in the limelight until the beginning of the 21st century, the interest to pursue mumps virus for cancer treatment slowly faded away. Recent success stories of oncolytic clinical trials prompted us to resurrect the mumps virus and to explore its potential for cancer treatment. We have obtained the Urabe strain of mumps virus from Osaka University, Japan, which was used in the earlier human clinical trials. In this report we describe the development of a reverse genetics system from a major isolate of this Urabe strain mumps virus stock, and the construction and characterization of several recombinant mumps viruses with additional transgenes. We present initial data demonstrating these recombinant mumps viruses have oncolytic activity against tumor cell lines in vitro and some efficacy in preliminary pilot animal tumor models. PMID:27556105

The epidemiology of mumps in southern Alberta 1980-1982.

PubMed

Falk, W A; Buchan, K; Dow, M; Garson, J Z; Hill, E; Nosal, M; Tarrant, M; Westbury, R C; White, F M

1989-10-01

The full spectrum of mumps in Southern Alberta was studied over the years 1980-1982. In the community, a random sample of 3,497 children was tested for prevalence of immunity to mumps. The 1,816 who were not immune were retested after one year. The incidence of new immunity was 16.5%. Most seroconverters had no illness suggestive of mumps. History of previous mumps or immunization were found to be unreliable predictors of serologic immune status. In the family study, information was obtained on 342 cases diagnosed as mumps by family physician recorders. The overall complication rate was 10.8% and the secondary attack rate within families was 11.7%. Hospital records of all 25 patients admitted in Calgary with mumps during the same period were analyzed. Estimated costs of unopposed mumps over 20 years compared with the estimated costs of vaccination showed that a vaccination program could give a benefit-cost ratio between 6.4 and 247. These studies show that mumps is a mild disease with relatively few serious complications or sequelae. Even so, there would be definite medical and economic benefit with immunization. A low-cost addition of mumps vaccine to the immunization program would be justified.

A comparative study of the incidence of aseptic meningitis in symptomatic natural mumps patients and monovalent mumps vaccine recipients in Japan.

PubMed

Nagai, Takao; Okafuji, Teruo; Miyazaki, Chiaki; Ito, Yuhei; Kamada, Makoto; Kumagai, Takuji; Yuri, Kenji; Sakiyama, Hiroshi; Miyata, Akiko; Ihara, Toshiaki; Ochiai, Hitoshi; Shimomura, Kunihisa; Suzuki, Eitaro; Torigoe, Sadayoshi; Igarashi, Masahiro; Kase, Tetsuo; Okuno, Yoshinobu; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2007-03-30

To compare the incidence of aseptic meningitis associated with symptomatic natural mumps infection and in mumps vaccine recipients, we conducted a prospective comparative study. Consecutive samples of 1051 children with mumps were enrolled by 10 pediatricians and 21,465 vaccine recipients by 143 pediatric primary care practitioners, from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2003. Parents used a daily diary to record symptoms during the period of illness (15 days) or 30-day period following immunization. Mumps infection was confirmed by virus isolation and/or detection of mumps virus genome in salivary and CSF samples. The incidence of aseptic meningitis was 13/1051 (1.24%) in patients with symptomatic natural mumps infection and was estimated to be 0.7-1.1% of overall infection in considering asymptomatic infection, and 10/21,465 (0.05%) in vaccine recipients. Although aseptic meningitis is a clear side effect of the mumps vaccine, the incidence is considerably lower than among those with symptomatic natural infection. Our results provide an informative data for consideration to resume mumps vaccine as a part of routine immunization schedule for Japanese children.

Technical Aspects of Interfacing MUMPS to an External SQL Relational Database Management System

PubMed Central

Kuzmak, Peter M.; Walters, Richard F.; Penrod, Gail

1988-01-01

This paper describes an interface connecting InterSystems MUMPS (M/VX) to an external relational DBMS, the SYBASE Database Management System. The interface enables MUMPS to operate in a relational environment and gives the MUMPS language full access to a complete set of SQL commands. MUMPS generates SQL statements as ASCII text and sends them to the RDBMS. The RDBMS executes the statements and returns ASCII results to MUMPS. The interface suggests that the language features of MUMPS make it an attractive tool for use in the relational database environment. The approach described in this paper separates MUMPS from the relational database. Positioning the relational database outside of MUMPS promotes data sharing and permits a number of different options to be used for working with the data. Other languages like C, FORTRAN, and COBOL can access the RDBMS database. Advanced tools provided by the relational database vendor can also be used. SYBASE is an advanced high-performance transaction-oriented relational database management system for the VAX/VMS and UNIX operating systems. SYBASE is designed using a distributed open-systems architecture, and is relatively easy to interface with MUMPS.

The association between the incidence of mumps and meteorological parameters in Taiwan

PubMed Central

Ho, Yi-Chien; Su, Bo-Hua; Su, Huey-Jen; Chang, Hsiao-Ling; Lin, Chuan-Yao; Chen, Huifen; Chen, Kow-Tong

2015-01-01

Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus. It is an acute, but mild infectious disease. However, approximately 10% of patients with mumps can develop severe meningoencephalitis, disability, and death. Seasonal patterns in mumps vary across countries, but the reasons for this phenomenon remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the role of meteorological factors on mumps infection. We investigated the relationships between weather variability and the incidence of mumps in Taiwan using a Poisson regression analysis and case-crossover methodology. Between 2006 and 2011, 6,612 cases of mumps were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan (Taiwan CDC). The incidence of mumps showed a significant seasonality in summertime (for oscillation, P < 0.001). The number of mumps started to increase at temperatures of 20°C (r2 = 0.73, P < 0.001), and the case count of mumps began to decline when the temperatures were higher than approximately 25°C (r2 = 0.24, p = 0.04), producing an inverted V-shaped relationship. Similarly, the number of mumps began to increase at a vapor pressure of 5–9 hPa (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.005) and decreased at a vapor pressure higher than 25–29 hPa (r2 = 0.21, p = 0.05). The number of mumps cases was positively associated with temperature and vapor pressure in the preceding period of the infection. In conclusion, this study showed that the occurrence of mumps is significantly associated with increasing temperature and vapor pressure in Taiwan. Therefore, these factors could be regarded as warning signals indicating the need to implement preventive measures. PMID:25891825

The association between the incidence of mumps and meteorological parameters in Taiwan.

PubMed

Ho, Yi-Chien; Su, Bo-Hua; Su, Huey-Jen; Chang, Hsiao-Ling; Lin, Chuan-Yao; Chen, Huifen; Chen, Kow-Tong

2015-01-01

Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus. It is an acute, but mild infectious disease. However, approximately 10% of patients with mumps can develop severe meningoencephalitis, disability, and death. Seasonal patterns in mumps vary across countries, but the reasons for this phenomenon remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the role of meteorological factors on mumps infection. We investigated the relationships between weather variability and the incidence of mumps in Taiwan using a Poisson regression analysis and case-crossover methodology. Between 2006 and 2011, 6,612 cases of mumps were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan (Taiwan CDC). The incidence of mumps showed a significant seasonality in summertime (for oscillation, P < 0.001). The number of mumps started to increase at temperatures of 20°C (r(2) = 0.73, P < 0.001), and the case count of mumps began to decline when the temperatures were higher than approximately 25°C (r(2) = 0.24, p = 0.04), producing an inverted V-shaped relationship. Similarly, the number of mumps began to increase at a vapor pressure of 5-9 hPa (r(2) = 0.87, P < 0.005) and decreased at a vapor pressure higher than 25-29 hPa (r(2) = 0.21, p = 0.05). The number of mumps cases was positively associated with temperature and vapor pressure in the preceding period of the infection. In conclusion, this study showed that the occurrence of mumps is significantly associated with increasing temperature and vapor pressure in Taiwan. Therefore, these factors could be regarded as warning signals indicating the need to implement preventive measures.

Recent resurgence of mumps in the United States.

PubMed

Dayan, Gustavo H; Quinlisk, M Patricia; Parker, Amy A; Barskey, Albert E; Harris, Meghan L; Schwartz, Jennifer M Hill; Hunt, Kae; Finley, Carol G; Leschinsky, Dennis P; O'Keefe, Anne L; Clayton, Joshua; Kightlinger, Lon K; Dietle, Eden G; Berg, Jeffrey; Kenyon, Cynthia L; Goldstein, Susan T; Stokley, Shannon K; Redd, Susan B; Rota, Paul A; Rota, Jennifer; Bi, Daoling; Roush, Sandra W; Bridges, Carolyn B; Santibanez, Tammy A; Parashar, Umesh; Bellini, William J; Seward, Jane F

2008-04-10

The widespread use of a second dose of mumps vaccine among U.S. schoolchildren beginning in 1990 was followed by historically low reports of mumps cases. A 2010 elimination goal was established, but in 2006 the largest mumps outbreak in two decades occurred in the United States. We examined national data on mumps cases reported during 2006, detailed case data from the most highly affected states, and vaccination-coverage data from three nationwide surveys. A total of 6584 cases of mumps were reported in 2006, with 76% occurring between March and May. There were 85 hospitalizations, but no deaths were reported; 85% of patients lived in eight contiguous midwestern states. The national incidence of mumps was 2.2 per 100,000, with the highest incidence among persons 18 to 24 years of age (an incidence 3.7 times that of all other age groups combined). In a subgroup analysis, 83% of these patients reported current college attendance. Among patients in eight highly affected states with known vaccination status, 63% overall and 84% between the ages of 18 and 24 years had received two doses of mumps vaccine. For the 12 years preceding the outbreak, national coverage of one-dose mumps vaccination among preschoolers was 89% or more nationwide and 86% or more in highly affected states. In 2006, the national two-dose coverage among adolescents was 87%, the highest in U.S. history. Despite a high coverage rate with two doses of mumps-containing vaccine, a large mumps outbreak occurred, characterized by two-dose vaccine failure, particularly among midwestern college-age adults who probably received the second dose as schoolchildren. A more effective mumps vaccine or changes in vaccine policy may be needed to avert future outbreaks and achieve the elimination of mumps. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Transmission of Mumps

MedlinePlus

... Links World Health Organization Medline Plus Transmission of Mumps Language: English (US) Español (Spanish) Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir Español: Transmisión de las paperas Mumps Virus Still Around Mumps still occurs in the ...

Updated recommendations for isolation of persons with mumps.

PubMed

2008-10-10

Mumps, an acute vaccine-preventable viral illness transmitted by respiratory droplets and saliva, has an incubation period most commonly of 16-18 days. The classic clinical presentation of mumps is parotitis, which can be preceded by several days of nonspecific prodromal symptoms; however, mumps also can be asymptomatic, especially in young children. Mumps transmission can occur from persons with subclinical or clinical infections and during the prodromal or symptomatic phases of illness. In 2006, during a mumps resurgence in the United States, the latest national recommendations from CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) stipulated that persons with mumps be maintained in isolation with standard precautions and droplet precautions for 9 days after onset of parotitis. However, the existence of conflicting guidance (i.e., that the infectious period of mumps extended through the fourth day after parotitis onset) led to confusion regarding the appropriate length of isolation. In addition, during the 2006 resurgence, compliance with recommendations for isolation in university settings was substantially lower for 9 days (65%) compared with 4-5 days (86%). In 2007, after a review of the evidence supporting the 9-day isolation guidance by AAP and CDC, AAP changed its isolation guidance for health-care workers in ambulatory settings from 9 days to 5 days. In February 2008, after review of data on mumps in health-care settings, mumps viral load, and mumps virus isolation, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) approved changes in its recommendations related to mumps in in-patient settings. As a result, CDC, AAP, and HICPAC all now recommend a 5-day period after onset of parotitis, both for isolation of persons with mumps in either community or health-care settings and for use of standard precautions and droplet precautions. This report summarizes the scientific basis for these changes in mumps isolation guidance.

Human leukocyte antigen and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms associated with heterogeneous immune responses to mumps viral vaccine.

PubMed

Ovsyannikova, Inna G; Jacobson, Robert M; Dhiman, Neelam; Vierkant, Robert A; Pankratz, V Shane; Poland, Gregory A

2008-05-01

Mumps outbreaks continue to occur throughout the world, including in highly vaccinated populations. Vaccination against mumps has been successful; however, humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccines vary significantly from person to person. We set out to assess whether HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with variations in the immune response to mumps viral vaccine. To identify genetic factors that might contribute to variations in mumps vaccine-induced immune responses, we performed HLA genotyping in a group of 346 healthy schoolchildren (12-18 years of age) who previously received 2 doses of live mumps vaccine. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (minor allele frequency of >5%) in cytokine and cytokine receptor genes were genotyped for a subset of 118 children. Median values for mumps-specific antibody titers and lymphoproliferative stimulation indices were 729 IU/mL and 4.8, respectively. Girls demonstrated significantly higher mumps antibody titers than boys, indicating gender-linked genetic differences in humoral immune response. Significant associations were found between the HLA-DQB1*0303 alleles and lower mumps-specific antibody titers. An interesting finding was the association of several HLA class II alleles with mumps-specific lymphoproliferation. Alleles of the DRB1 (*0101, *0301, *0801, *1001, *1201, and *1302), DQA1 (*0101, *0105, *0401, and *0501), and DQB1 (*0201, *0402, and *0501) loci were associated with significant variations in lymphoproliferative immune responses to mumps vaccine. Additional associations were observed with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-10RA, interleukin-12RB1, and interleukin-12RB2 cytokine receptor genes. Minor alleles for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within interleukin-10RA and interleukin-12RB genes were associated with variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccination. These data suggest the important role of HLA and immunoregulatory cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms in explaining variations in mumps vaccine-induced immune responses.

Human Leukocyte Antigen and Cytokine Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Heterogeneous Immune Responses to Mumps Viral Vaccine

PubMed Central

Ovsyannikova, Inna G.; Jacobson, Robert M.; Dhiman, Neelam; Vierkant, Robert A.; Pankratz, V. Shane; Poland, Gregory A.

2009-01-01

OBJECTIVES Mumps outbreaks continue to occur throughout the world, including in highly vaccinated populations. Vaccination against mumps has been successful; however, humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccines vary significantly from person to person. We set out to assess whether HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with variations in the immune response to mumps viral vaccine. METHODS To identify genetic factors that might contribute to variations in mumps vaccine–induced immune responses, we performed HLA genotyping in a group of 346 healthy schoolchildren (12–18 years of age) who previously received 2 doses of live mumps vaccine. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (minor allele frequency of >5%) in cytokine and cytokine receptor genes were genotyped for a subset of 118 children. RESULTS Median values for mumps-specific antibody titers and lymphoproliferative stimulation indices were 729 IU/mL and 4.8, respectively. Girls demonstrated significantly higher mumps antibody titers than boys, indicating gender-linked genetic differences in humoral immune response. Significant associations were found between the HLA-DQB1*0303 alleles and lower mumps-specific antibody titers. An interesting finding was the association of several HLA class II alleles with mumps-specific lymphoproliferation. Alleles of the DRB1 (*0101, *0301, *0801, *1001, *1201, and *1302), DQA1 (*0101, *0105, *0401, and *0501), and DQB1 (*0201, *0402, and *0501) loci were associated with significant variations in lymphoproliferative immune responses to mumps vaccine. Additional associations were observed with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-10RA, interleukin-12RB1, and interleukin-12RB2 cytokine receptor genes. Minor alleles for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within interleukin-10RA and interleukin-12RB genes were associated with variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to mumps vaccination. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the important role of HLA and immunoregulatory cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms in explaining variations in mumps vaccine–induced immune responses. PMID:18450852

Mumps vaccine performance among university students during a mumps outbreak.

PubMed

Cortese, Margaret M; Jordan, Hannah T; Curns, Aaron T; Quinlan, Patricia A; Ens, Kim A; Denning, Patricia M; Dayan, Gustavo H

2008-04-15

The largest reported mumps outbreak at a US college in 19 years occurred in 2006 at a Kansas university with a 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination policy. We assessed vaccine performance and mumps risk factors, including the possibility of waning vaccine protection. Case students were compared with a cohort of the university's approximately 19,000 undergraduates. The secondary attack rate for clinical mumps was determined among roommates exposed to case students. Time from receipt of the second dose of MMR vaccine was compared between case students and roommates without mumps. Coverage with > or =2 dose of MMR vaccine was > or =95% among 140 undergraduate case students and 444 cohort students. The secondary attack rate for clinical mumps among roommates who had received 2 doses of vaccine ranged from 2.2% to 7.7%, depending on the case definition. Compared with roommates without mumps, case students were more likely (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-4.82) to have received their second dose of MMR vaccine > or =10 years earlier. The odds of being a case student increased with each 1-year increase in time from receipt of the second dose of MMR vaccine (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.68) among case students and roommates aged 18-19 years but not among those aged > or =20 years. Students aged 18-19 years had a higher risk of mumps (risk ratio, 3.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-6.16), compared with students aged > or =22 years; women living in dormitories had increased risk of mumps (risk ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.76), compared with men not living in dormitories. High 2-dose MMR coverage protected many students from developing mumps but was not sufficient to prevent the mumps outbreak. Vaccine-induced protection may wane. Similar US settings where large numbers of young adults from wild-type naive cohorts live closely together may be at particular risk for mumps outbreaks.

Measles and Mumps Tests: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information

MedlinePlus

... medlineplus.gov/labtests/measlesandmumpstests.html Measles and Mumps Tests To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. What are measles and mumps tests? Measles and mumps are infections caused by similar ...

Comparative efficacy of Rubini, Jeryl-Lynn and Urabe mumps vaccine in an Asian population.

PubMed

Ong, Gary; Goh, Kee Tai; Ma, Stefan; Chew, Suok Kai

2005-11-01

The comparative efficacy of the three mumps vaccine strains (Jeryl-Lynn, Urabe and Rubini) was conducted in an Asian population from data arising from an epidemiological investigation of seven institutional outbreaks of mumps in Singapore. Demographic information (gender, age, ethnic group), clinical presentation and vaccination history (date and place of mumps vaccination, type of mumps vaccine received) of all children who attended the six childcare centres and one primary school where outbreaks of 20 or more cases of mumps occurred in 1999 were collected. The attack rate of the unvaccinated group and the attack rates of the vaccine groups (for each vaccine strain) were determined and the vaccine efficacy of the three vaccines calculated. The vaccine efficacy of the Jeryl-Lynn strain, Urabe strain and Rubini strain mumps vaccine were 80.7, 54.4 and -55.3%, respectively. Rubini strain mumps vaccine conferred no protection and has since been deregistered in Singapore.

Is it Right Time to Introduce Mumps Vaccine in Indias Universal Immunization Program?

PubMed

Vaidya, S R; Hamde, V S

2016-06-08

Measles, mumps and rubella are vaccine preventable diseases. However, morbidity and mortality due to these diseases remain largely unnoticed in India. Measles has received much attention; mumps and rubella still need to garner attention. According to the World Health Organization, near-elimination of mumps could be achieved by maintaining high vaccine coverage using a two-dose strategy. However, Government of India has not yet decided on mumps vaccine. In this review, we have reviewed sero-prevalence studies, vaccine studies, outbreak investigations, virus isolation and virus genotyping studies on mumps. Overall, mumps seems to be a significant public health problem in India, but does not garner attention due to the absence of a surveillance and documentation system. Thus, inclusion of mumps antigen in the Universal immunization program would have added advantages, the economic burden imposed by the cost of the vaccine offset by a reduction in disease burden.

[A case of orchitis following vaccination with freeze-dried live attenuated mumps vaccine].

PubMed

Suzuki, Masayasu; Takizawa, Akitoshi; Furuta, Akira; Yanada, Shuichi; Iwamuro, Shinya; Tashiro, Kazuya

2002-05-01

In Japan, freeze-dried live attenuated mumps vaccine has been used optionally since 1981. The effectiveness of mumps vaccination has been established by worldwide research since 1971. On the other hand, because of it's live activity several untoward effects have been reported. Vaccination-related mumps orchitis is a rare adverse effect of mumps vaccine. Only 9 cases of vaccination-related mumps orchitis have been reported in Japan. We describe a case of orchitis following mumps vaccination in adolescence. A 16 years-old male has admitted because of acute orchitis with high fever and painful swelling of right testis. The patient had received vaccination with freeze-dried live attenuated mumps vaccine 16 days before admission. After admission, the bed-rest had completely relieved the symptoms on 6th hospital day. The impaired testis has maintained normal size and consistency 6 months after discharge.

Questionnaire survey on mumps vaccination for parents in Nara prefecture, Japan.

PubMed

Kitano, Taito; Nishikawa, Hiroki; Onaka, Masayuki; Ishihara, Mariko; Nishiyama, Atsuko; Yoshida, Sayaka

2018-04-01

Although the mumps vaccine has not been included in the national immunization program (NIP) in Japan, it has been shown that a two-dose routine vaccine program would be highly cost-effective. In this study, we carried outa questionnaire-based study to investigate how many Japanese parents want the mumps vaccine to be included in the NIP with proper information. The questionnaire was given to parents who visited the Pediatrics or neonatal intensive care unit of Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Japan, between 1 March 2017 and 31 August 2017. The questionnaire consisted of information about mumps and six questions, for example (i) do parents know that mumps can be prevented by vaccine; (ii) do they know that they need to pay for mumps vaccines; and (iii) do they hope that the government will resume routine mumps vaccination. In total, 1,224 parents answered the questionnaire. A total of 81% and 75.4% of parents knew that mumps can be prevented by vaccination and that mumps vaccine is not included in the NIP, respectively, before reading the information. After reading the information, 95.0% of parents thought that mumps vaccine should be included in the NIP. While 61.7% of parents answered that they would choose two-dose vaccination without governmental financial support, 92.1% of them would choose two-dose vaccination with governmental financial support (P < 0.0001). Japanese parents want the mumps vaccine to be included in the NIP. Japan is able to start routine use of the mumps vaccine now. © 2017 Japan Pediatric Society.

Mumps vaccine failure investigation in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2002-2004.

PubMed

Atrasheuskaya, A V; Kulak, M V; Rubin, S; Ignatyev, G M

2007-07-01

The aims of this study were to estimate the importance of vaccine failure (VF) in cases of mumps during 2002-2004 in the city of Novosibirsk, Western Siberia, Russia, and to genotype the responsible virus strain. Mumps virus-specific RT-PCR testing of saliva was performed for 18 cases of mumps. Sera were tested for IgM and IgG, IgG avidity, and the ability to neutralise a panel of mumps viruses, including the Leningrad-3 mumps vaccine virus. Of the 12 patients for whom vaccination status was positively determined, 11 showed serological evidence of primary VF. Sequence analysis of virus RNA amplified from saliva revealed a genotype C2 virus in 2002, a genotype H2 virus in 2003, and both genotypes in 2004. Although several vaccinated patients were positive for mumps virus IgG at the time of first sampling, only nominal levels of neutralising antibody were detected, and these were effective in neutralising the vaccine strain, but not genotype C and H mumps virus strains. These results suggest that the majority of cases of mumps in vaccinees are caused by primary VF, defined as either a lack of seroconversion or a lack of IgG maturity, as based on avidity testing. The results also support the hypothesis that sera of low neutralising antibody titre have a limited ability to neutralise heterologous mumps virus strains, suggesting that antigenic differences between circulating and mumps vaccine virus strains may play a role in cases of breakthrough infection. Consistent with previous reports, mumps virus genotypes C and H continue to circulate in Novosibirsk.

Mumps outbreak on a university campus--California, 2011.

PubMed

2012-12-07

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable viral disease characterized by swelling of the salivary glands; serious complications (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, or oophoritis) can occur. On September 29, 2011, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) three cases of mumps among students recently evaluated at their university's student health services with symptoms suggestive of mumps. An investigation by CDPH, student health services, and the local health department identified 29 mumps cases. The presumed source patient was an unvaccinated student with a history of recent travel to Western Europe, where mumps is circulating. The student had mumps symptoms >28 days before the onset of symptoms among the patients confirmed on September 29. Recognizing that at least two generations of transmission had occurred before public health authorities were alerted, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was provided as a control measure. This outbreak demonstrates the potential value of requiring MMR vaccination (including documentation of immunization or other evidence of immunity) before college enrollment, heightened clinical awareness, and timely reporting of suspected mumps patients to public health authorities.

Identification of conformational neutralization sites on the fusion protein of mumps virus.

PubMed

Šantak, Maja; Örvell, Claes; Gulija, Tanja Košutić

2015-05-01

In spite of the success of the mumps vaccination, recent mumps outbreaks have been reported even among individuals with a history of mumps vaccination. For a better understanding of why the vaccination failed in cases of vaccinees who fell ill during recent mumps outbreaks, the immunological events during infection and/or vaccination should be better defined. In the work presented here we sought to identify new neutralization sites on the mumps virus surface glycoproteins. By using anti-mumps mAbs, three amino acid positions at residues 221, 323 and 373 in the F protein of mumps virus were shown to be located in at least two conformational neutralization epitopes. mAbs that specifically target these sites effectively neutralized mumps virus in vitro. The newly acquired glycosylation site at position 373 or loss of the existing one at position 323 was identified as the mechanism behind the escape from the specific mAbs. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the influence of the antigenic structure of the F protein should not be ignored in a thorough investigation of the underlying mechanism of the mumps vaccine failure or when making a strategy for development of a new vaccine. © 2015 The Authors.

Waning immunity of one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to mumps in children from kindergarten to early school age: a prospective study.

PubMed

Liu, Yuanbao; Liu, Zhihao; Deng, Xiuying; Hu, Ying; Wang, Zhiguo; Lu, Peishan; Guo, Hongxiong; Sun, Xiang; Xu, Yan; Tang, Fenyang; Zhu, Feng-Cai

2018-05-01

In China, one dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) was administered to children aged 18-24 months. The mumps incidence was still high. Data on the waning immunity to mumps after MMR vaccination are limited. This study aimed to describe the waning immunity to mumps in kindergarten and primary school children to provide a scientific basis for confirming an optimal age for a second dose. An observational, prospective study on one-dose MMR in children in kindergarten and primary school was conducted from 2015 to 2016. Waning immunity to mumps in terms of seropositivity and geometric antibody concentration (GMC) with time was analyzed. In total, 7436 eligible subjects in kindergarten (3435) and primary school (4001) were included in 2015. The overall GMC (201.7 U/ml) and seropositivity (75.4%) to mumps antibodies in 2016 were significantly lower compared to those in 2015 (218.7 U/ml, 78.4%). Asymptomatic infection occurred within one year in 8.8% of children who received one-dose MMR. Children who received one-dose MMR in kindergarten and primary school were at high risk of mumps infection, and waning immunity occurred with time. Determining the optimal age for the second dose of MMR in children should be prioritized to prevent mumps epidemics.

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Titers in Air Force Recruits: Below Herd Immunity Thresholds?

PubMed

Lewis, Paul E; Burnett, Daniel G; Costello, Amy A; Olsen, Cara H; Tchandja, Juste N; Webber, Bryant J

2015-11-01

Preventable diseases like measles and mumps are occurring with increasing frequency in the U.S. despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Given concern that an outbreak may occur among military recruits, we compared serologic evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella among military recruits with known herd immunity thresholds and determined whether the current Department of Defense policy of presuming mumps immunity based on measles and rubella titers is reliable. Serum antibody levels for measles, mumps, and rubella were obtained from all new recruits upon arrival at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas, from 25 April 2013 through 24 April 2014. Seroprevalence of each disease was assessed by age and sex, and concordance between mumps titers and measles and rubella titers was calculated. Data analysis was performed in 2014-2015. Among 32,502 recruits, seroprevalences for measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies were 81.6%, 80.3%, and 82.1%, respectively. Of the 22,878 recruits seropositive for both measles and rubella antibodies, 87.7% were also seropositive for mumps. Seroprevalences for measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies among a large cohort of recruits entering U.S. Air Force basic training were generally lower than levels required to maintain herd immunity. In order to reduce the incidence of mumps infections, the Department of Defense should consider obtaining antibody titers for measles, mumps, and rubella and vaccinating all individuals susceptible to one or more of the viruses. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Mumps outbreak and laboratory diagnosis.

PubMed

Maillet, Mylène; Bouvat, Eric; Robert, Nicole; Baccard-Longère, Monique; Morel-Baccard, Christine; Morand, Patrice; Vabret, Astrid; Stahl, Jean-Paul

2015-01-01

Several mumps outbreaks have been reported in Europe and in the United States among highly vaccinated populations. Biological diagnosis is classically based on the detection of mumps-specific IgM, but the ability of serological tests to confirm mumps infection seems to be limited among vaccinated patients. We aim to report a mumps outbreak in an engineering school in Grenoble, France, from February to June 2013 and results of the biological testing. WHO definitions were used to define cases. Mumps--specific IgM and IgG were assessed by a commercially available EIA. Mumps RNA detection by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR) and mumps genotyping were performed by the French National Reference Centre for Paramyxoviridae. Sixty two mumps patient-cases were identified using WHO case definitions, 20 being biologically explored, of which 17 were confirmed by biological tests. Vaccination status was documented for 27 patients/62: 4 (14.8%) patients had received one dose of MMR vaccine, and 23 (85.2) two doses of MMR vaccine. Among the biologically explored patients, 83% had a positive RT PCR at the first sampling whereas only 45% had positive or equivocal IgM. All the genotyped strains were genotype G. Mumps laboratory diagnosis in a highly vaccinated population is challenging. Serological tests among vaccinated patients should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed by RT-PCR tests at the beginning of a mumps outbreak. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cross-neutralization between three mumps viruses & mapping of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) epitopes.

PubMed

Vaidya, Sunil R; Dvivedi, Garima M; Jadhav, Santoshkumar M

2016-01-01

The reports from the countries where mumps vaccine is given as routine immunization suggest differences in mumps virus neutralizing antibody titres when tested with vaccine and wild type viruses. Such reports are unavailable from countries like India where mumps vaccine is not included in routine immunization. We, therefore, undertook this study to understand the cross-neutralization activity of Indian mumps viruses. By using commercial mumps IgG enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a rapid focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), a panel of serum samples was tested. The panel consisted of 14 acute and 14 convalescent serum samples collected during a mumps outbreak and 18 archived serum samples. Two wild types (genotypes C and G) and Leningrad-Zagreb vaccine strain (genotype N) were used for the challenge experiments and FRNT titres were determined and further compared. The HN protein sequence of three mumps viruses was analyzed for the presence of key epitopes. All serum samples effectively neutralized mumps virus wild types and a vaccine strain. However, significantly lower FRNT titres were noted to wild types than to vaccine strain (P<0.05). The comparison between EIA and FRNT results revealed 95.6 per cent agreement. No amino acid changes were seen in the epitopes in the Indian wild type strains. All potential N-linked glycosylation sites were observed in Indian strains. Good cross-neutralization activity was observed for three mumps virus strains, however, higher level of FRNT titres was detected for mumps virus vaccine strain compared to Indian wild type isolates.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Mumps Meningoencephalitis with Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions without Preceding Acute Parotitis: A Case Report.

PubMed

Woo, Ah Reum; Lee, Ha Young; Lim, Myung Kwan; Kang, Young Hye; Cho, Soon Gu; Choi, Seong Hye; Baek, Ji Hyeon

2017-01-01

Meningitis is a common central nervous system (CNS) complication of the mumps, a viral infection, but encephalitis and meningoencephalitis are less common in mumps. We describe magnetic resonance imaging findings of acute mumps meningoencephalitis in a 32-year-old male who showed bilateral hippocampal lesions without preceding parotitis. Although it is rare, hippocampal involvement should be considered a CNS complication of mumps infection.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Mumps Meningoencephalitis with Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions without Preceding Acute Parotitis: A Case Report

PubMed Central

Woo, Ah Reum; Lim, Myung Kwan; Kang, Young Hye; Cho, Soon Gu; Choi, Seong Hye; Baek, Ji Hyeon

2017-01-01

Meningitis is a common central nervous system (CNS) complication of the mumps, a viral infection, but encephalitis and meningoencephalitis are less common in mumps. We describe magnetic resonance imaging findings of acute mumps meningoencephalitis in a 32-year-old male who showed bilateral hippocampal lesions without preceding parotitis. Although it is rare, hippocampal involvement should be considered a CNS complication of mumps infection. PMID:28246518

[Comparative evaluation of neurovirulence of domestic and foreign live mumps vaccine].

PubMed

Maksimova, O A; Popov, V F; Bektimirov, T A; Grigor'eva, L V; Iunasova, T N; Kaplunova, O P; Sharova, O K

2001-01-01

Morphological and immunofluorescent study of changes in the central nervous system of monkeys with mumps was carried out in order to determine the criteria of neurovirulence of different mumps virus strains. Quantitative evaluation showed a lower residual neurovirulence of L-3 strain vs. Jeryl Lynn and Urabe Am9 strains. Use of new methodological approaches to evaluation of mumps vaccine strain neurovirulence will improve the safety control of live mumps vaccines.

A spatial analysis of the spread of mumps: the importance of college students and their spring-break-associated travel.

PubMed

Polgreen, P M; Bohnett, L C; Yang, M; Pentella, M A; Cavanaugh, J E

2010-03-01

To characterize the association between county-level risk factors and the incidence of mumps in the 2006 Iowa outbreak, we used generalized linear mixed models with the number of mumps cases per county as the dependent variable. To assess the impact of spring-break travel, we tested for differences in the proportions of mumps cases in three different age groups. In the final multivariable model, the proportion of Iowa's college students per county was positively associated (P<0.0001) with mumps cases, but the number of colleges was negatively associated with cases (P=0.0002). Thus, if the college students in a county were spread among more campuses, this was associated with fewer mumps cases. Finally, we found the proportion of mumps cases in both older and younger persons increased after 1 April (P=0.0029), suggesting that spring-break college travel was associated with the spread of mumps to other age groups.

Sounding rocket flight report, MUMP 9 and MUMP 10

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grassl, H. J.

1971-01-01

The results of the launching of two-Marshall-University of Michigan Probes (MUMP 9 and MUMP 10), Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads, are summarized. The MUMP is similar to the thermosphere probe, an ejectable instrument package for studying the variability of the earth's atmospheric parameters. The MUMP 9 payload included an omegatron mass analyzer, a molecular fluorescence densitometer, a mini-tilty filter, and a lunar position sensor. This complement of instruments permitted the determination of the molecular nitrogen density and temperature in the altitude range from approximately 143 to 297 km over Wallops Island, Virginia, during January 1971. The MUMP 10 payload included an omegatron mass analyzer, an electron temperature probe, a cryogenic densitometer, and a solar position sensor. These instruments permitted the determination of the molecular nitrogen density and temperature and the charged particle density and temperature in the altitude range from approximately 145 to 290 km over Wallops Island during the afternoon preceding the MUMP 9 launch.

Estimates of Mumps Seroprevalence May Be Influenced by Antibody Specificity and Serologic Method

PubMed Central

McGrew, Marcia; Williams, Nobia J.; Sowers, Sun B.; Bellini, William J.; Hickman, Carole J.

2014-01-01

Neutralizing antibodies are assumed to be essential for protection against mumps virus infection, but their measurement is labor- and time-intensive. For this reason, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are typically used to measure mumps-specific IgG levels. However, since there is poor correlation between mumps neutralization titers and ELISAs that measure the presence of mumps-specific IgG levels, ELISAs that better correlate with neutralization are needed. To address this issue, we measured mumps antibody levels by plaque reduction neutralization, by a commercial ELISA (whole-virus antigen), and by ELISAs specific for the mumps nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin. The results indicate that differences in the antibody response to the individual mumps proteins could partially explain the lack of correlation among various serologic tests. Furthermore, the data indicate that some seropositive individuals have low levels of neutralizing antibody. If neutralizing antibody is important for protection, this suggests that previous estimates of immunity based on whole-virus ELISAs may be overstated. PMID:24371258

Mumps Postexposure Prophylaxis with a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Orange County, New York, USA

PubMed Central

Lawler, Jacqueline; Curns, Aaron T.; Brandeburg, Christina; Wallace, Gregory S.

2013-01-01

Although the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is not recommended for mumps postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), data on its effectiveness are limited. During the 2009–2010 mumps outbreak in the northeastern United States, we assessed effectiveness of PEP with a third dose of MMR vaccine among contacts in Orthodox Jewish households who were given a third dose within 5 days of mumps onset in the household’s index patient. We compared mumps attack rates between persons who received a third MMR dose during the first incubation period after onset in the index patient and 2-dose vaccinated persons who had not. Twenty-eight (11.7%) of 239 eligible household members received a third MMR dose as PEP. Mumps attack rates were 0% among third-dose recipients versus 5.2% among 2-dose recipients without PEP (p = 0.57). Although a third MMR dose administered as PEP did not have a significant effect, it may offer some benefits in specific outbreak contexts. PMID:23965729

Mumps outbreak in Israel's highly vaccinated society: are two doses enough?

PubMed

Anis, E; Grotto, I; Moerman, L; Warshavsky, B; Slater, P E; Lev, B

2012-03-01

Mumps outbreaks in recent years have given rise to questions about the effectiveness of the mumps vaccine. This study examined the epidemiological data from a recent mumps outbreak in Israel and from outbreaks in other countries with high vaccination coverage, and considered whether long-established vaccination policies designed to protect against mumps are in need of revision. Of over 5000 case patients in the Israeli outbreak, half of whom were in the Jerusalem health district, nearly 40% were aged ≥15 years and, of those whose vaccination status was known, 78% had been fully vaccinated for their age - features similar to those in recent mumps outbreaks in Europe and North America. The epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggests that many previously vaccinated adolescents and young adults are now susceptible to mumps because their vaccine-based immunity has waned. Booster vaccination programmes for those at high risk of infection during mumps outbreaks - particularly those in congregate living environments - merit priority consideration.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with neutralization tests for evaluation of live mumps vaccines.

PubMed Central

Sakata, H; Hishiyama, M; Sugiura, A

1984-01-01

Mumps-specific antibody levels before and after vaccination with live mumps vaccines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization tests. A correlation was found between neutralization titers and optical density in ELISA. However, postvaccination sera from some vaccinees who failed to seroconvert by neutralization contained significant levels of mumps-specific antibody detectable by ELISA. In some of these serum specimens, the antibody directed to the F polypeptide of mumps virus was predominant. Most sera positive in ELISA neutralized mumps virus upon the addition of fresh guinea pig serum to the virus-serum mixture. Images PMID:6361060

Mumps Virus: Modification of the Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool for Frontline Healthcare Providers.

PubMed

Koenig, Kristi L; Shastry, Siri; Mzahim, Bandr; Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed; Burns, Michael J

2016-09-01

Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection that became rare in most industrialized countries following the introduction of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1967. The disease, however, has been re-emerging with several outbreaks over the past decade. Many clinicians have never seen a case of mumps. To assist frontline healthcare providers with detecting potential cases and initiating critical actions, investigators modified the "Identify-Isolate-Inform" tool for mumps infection. The tool is applicable to regions with rare incidences or local outbreaks, especially seen in college students, as well as globally in areas where vaccination is less common. Mumps begins with a prodrome of low-grade fever, myalgias and malaise/anorexia, followed by development of nonsuppurative parotitis, which is the pathognomonic finding associated with acute mumps infection. Orchitis and meningitis are the two most common serious complications, with hearing loss and infertility occurring rarely. Providers should consider mumps in patients with exposure to a known case or international travel to endemic regions who present with consistent signs and symptoms. If mumps is suspected, healthcare providers must immediately implement standard and droplet precautions and notify the local health department and hospital infection control personnel.

Mumps Virus: Modification of the Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool for Frontline Healthcare Providers

PubMed Central

Koenig, Kristi L.; Shastry, Siri; Mzahim, Bandr; Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed; Burns, Michael J.

2016-01-01

Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection that became rare in most industrialized countries following the introduction of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1967. The disease, however, has been re-emerging with several outbreaks over the past decade. Many clinicians have never seen a case of mumps. To assist frontline healthcare providers with detecting potential cases and initiating critical actions, investigators modified the “Identify-Isolate-Inform” tool for mumps infection. The tool is applicable to regions with rare incidences or local outbreaks, especially seen in college students, as well as globally in areas where vaccination is less common. Mumps begins with a prodrome of low-grade fever, myalgias and malaise/anorexia, followed by development of nonsuppurative parotitis, which is the pathognomonic finding associated with acute mumps infection. Orchitis and meningitis are the two most common serious complications, with hearing loss and infertility occurring rarely. Providers should consider mumps in patients with exposure to a known case or international travel to endemic regions who present with consistent signs and symptoms. If mumps is suspected, healthcare providers must immediately implement standard and droplet precautions and notify the local health department and hospital infection control personnel. PMID:27625709

[Prevalence of anti-mumps IgG antibodies in a pediatric population].

PubMed

Suárez, J; Castañeda, M R; Gutiérrez, C; Tascón, R; Rodríguez, E F

1992-03-01

To assess the prevalence of IgG antibodies against mumps virus, using an enzyme-linked immune assay, among a pediatric population aged from 2 to 14 years. Using a systematic sampling technique among rural and urban pediatric population in a sanitary Spanish area (Leon, Spain) we enrolled 800 children in the study. In all cases the vaccination status, prior history of mumps and also data regarding the place where the vaccination took place were recorded. The presence or absence of IgG antibodies against mumps virus was determined using a standard commercially-available technique (EIA Stat IgG Mumps). Of all children enrolled in the study, a 76.87% +/- 2.92% showed a positive antibody response against mumps virus. The percentage of susceptible children to mumps virus was therefore deemed to be 27.13% +/- 2.9%. A total of 100 children (25.8%) of all 387 who were previously vaccinated did not show presence of antibodies against mumps. In our study, the immunity pattern did not showed statistical positive correlation with all variables assessed: sex, place where the vaccine was given, residence (rural/urban). The high rates of vaccination coverage achieved among children aged 2 to 14 had induced a major change in the immune status, a 71.20% of children had IgG antibodies against mumps, that in nearly all cases had been generated by the use of the mumps vaccine.

Migration of legacy mumps applications to relational database servers.

PubMed

O'Kane, K C

2001-07-01

An extended implementation of the Mumps language is described that facilitates vendor neutral migration of legacy Mumps applications to SQL-based relational database servers. Implemented as a compiler, this system translates Mumps programs to operating system independent, standard C code for subsequent compilation to fully stand-alone, binary executables. Added built-in functions and support modules extend the native hierarchical Mumps database with access to industry standard, networked, relational database management servers (RDBMS) thus freeing Mumps applications from dependence upon vendor specific, proprietary, unstandardized database models. Unlike Mumps systems that have added captive, proprietary RDMBS access, the programs generated by this development environment can be used with any RDBMS system that supports common network access protocols. Additional features include a built-in web server interface and the ability to interoperate directly with programs and functions written in other languages.

Mumps prophylaxis in the light of a new test for antibody.

PubMed Central

Mortimer, P P

1978-01-01

A radial haemolysis test was used to investigate immunity to mumps. Antibody was found in 92 (42%) out of 220 children aged up to 5 years, 124 (78%) out of 159 children aged 6--10 years, 192 (86%) out of 222 children aged 11 years, 138 (92%) out of 150 children aged 15 years, and 280 (95%) out of 296 women attending an antenatal clinic. A group of 307 cadets aged 16--18 years were also tested and interviewed: 133 (95%) out of 140 who said that they had had mumps and 108 (87%) out of 124 who said that they had not had mumps were found to have antibody. The results suggest that tests for immunity to mumps by radial haemolysis would permit more rational use of mumps-specific immunoglobulin and attenuated mumps vaccine. PMID:365288

Factors associated with mumps meningitis and the possible impact of vaccination

PubMed Central

Rhie, Kyuyol; Park, Heung-Keun; Kim, Young-Soo; Park, Ji Sook; Seo, Ji-Hyun; Park, Eun Sil; Lim, Jae-Young; Park, Chan-Hoo; Woo, Hyang-Ok; Youn, Hee-Shang

2016-01-01

Purpose Mumps meningitis is a common complication of mumps infection; however, information on mumps meningitis in the postvaccine era is limited. The purpose of the present study was to determine factors associated with mumps meningitis and to discuss the effect of vaccination on this disease. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients younger than 19 years with mumps, diagnosed at a university hospital in Korea between 2003 and 2013. Patients were divided into groups with and without meningitis, and the clinical features of the 2 groups were compared. Results The study enrolled 119 patients: 19 patients with meningitis and 100 patients without. Univariate analysis showed that older age (median: 15 years vs. 9.5 years, respectively), a longer interval from last vaccination (median: 10.2 years vs. 4.8 years, respectively), and febrile presentation (94.7% vs. 31.0%, respectively) were significantly associated with mumps meningitis. Sex, number of vaccination doses, bilateral parotitis, and the presence of complications other than meningitis did not differ between the 2 groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.89; P=0.04) and fever (odds ratio, 30.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.27–283.61; P<0.01) remained independent factors for mumps meningitis. Conclusion Clinicians in the postvaccine era should be aware of the possibility of mumps meningitis in febrile cases of mumps in adolescents, regardless of the number of vaccination doses. To establish the role of vaccination in mumps meningitis, further studies will be necessary. PMID:26893600

Cross-neutralization between three mumps viruses & mapping of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) epitopes

PubMed Central

Vaidya, Sunil R.; Dvivedi, Garima M.; Jadhav, Santoshkumar M.

2016-01-01

Background & objectives: The reports from the countries where mumps vaccine is given as routine immunization suggest differences in mumps virus neutralizing antibody titres when tested with vaccine and wild type viruses. Such reports are unavailable from countries like India where mumps vaccine is not included in routine immunization. We, therefore, undertook this study to understand the cross-neutralization activity of Indian mumps viruses. Methods: By using commercial mumps IgG enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a rapid focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), a panel of serum samples was tested. The panel consisted of 14 acute and 14 convalescent serum samples collected during a mumps outbreak and 18 archived serum samples. Two wild types (genotypes C and G) and Leningrad-Zagreb vaccine strain (genotype N) were used for the challenge experiments and FRNT titres were determined and further compared. The HN protein sequence of three mumps viruses was analyzed for the presence of key epitopes. Results: All serum samples effectively neutralized mumps virus wild types and a vaccine strain. However, significantly lower FRNT titres were noted to wild types than to vaccine strain (P<0.05). The comparison between EIA and FRNT results revealed 95.6 per cent agreement. No amino acid changes were seen in the epitopes in the Indian wild type strains. All potential N-linked glycosylation sites were observed in Indian strains. Interpretation & conclusions: Good cross-neutralization activity was observed for three mumps virus strains, however, higher level of FRNT titres was detected for mumps virus vaccine strain compared to Indian wild type isolates. PMID:26997012

A large outbreak of mumps in the postvaccine era.

PubMed

Wharton, M; Cochi, S L; Hutcheson, R H; Bistowish, J M; Schaffner, W

1988-12-01

During a county-wide mumps outbreak in Nashville, Tennessee, 332 cases of mumps were identified at a public high school (attack rate, 18.8%). A pep rally 17 d before the peak of the outbreak at a single public high school may have provided an opportunity for point-source exposure. A case-control study demonstrated that vaccine efficacy was 75% (we used provider-verified records and excluded students with a history of mumps disease). Although school records were nonuniform, mumps immunization status was correct, compared with provider-verified records, in at least 85% of both cases and controls. Parental reports were much less reliable. The cost of the outbreak was estimated at $154/case. Receiving mumps vaccine at a vaccine clinic held after the outbreak had peaked was associated with a decrease in risk of mumps disease. Thus, these clinics may have a role in the control of such outbreaks.

Mumps virus pathogenesis: Insights and knowledge gaps.

PubMed

Gouma, Sigrid; Koopmans, Marion P G; van Binnendijk, Rob S

2016-12-01

The recent mumps outbreaks among MMR vaccinated persons have raised questions about the biological mechanisms related to mumps symptoms and complications in the background of waning immunity. Contrary to other paramyxoviruses, the understanding of mumps virus pathogenesis is limited, and further in-depth clinical studies are required to provide answers to important research questions.

Epidemiologic and genetic characteristics of mumps viruses isolated in China from 1995 to 2010.

PubMed

Cui, Aili; Zhu, Zhen; Chen, Meng; Zheng, Huanying; Liu, Leng; Wang, Yan; Ma, Yan; Wang, Changyin; Fang, Xueqiang; Li, Ping; Guan, Ronghui; Wang, Shuang; Zhou, Jianhui; Zheng, Lei; Gao, Hui; Ding, Zhengrong; Li, Liqun; Bo, Fang; Sun, Zhaodan; Zhang, Zhenying; Feng, Daxing; He, Jilan; Chen, Hui; Jin, Li; Rota, Paul A; Xu, Wenbo

2014-01-01

The epidemiologic and genetic characteristics of mumps viruses detected in China from 1995 to 2010 were analyzed in this study. Mumps remains endemic in China with a high overall incidence rate. The incidence of mumps in Western China was higher than that in other regions of the country. Each year, most of mumps cases occurred between April and July, but a small peak also occurred in November and December. Mumps cases primarily affected the under 15 year old age group. Virologic data demonstrated that genotype F was the predominant circulating genotype throughout China for at least 15 years and no other genotype was detected between 1995 and 2010. Analysis of sequence data from the small hydrophobic (SH) gene indicated that multiple transmission chains of genotype F were found in various provinces of China, with no apparent chronologic and geographic restriction. This is the first report describing the epidemiology of mumps and genetic characterization of mumps viruses at the national level in China. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular Epidemiological Evaluation of the Recent Resurgence in Mumps Virus Infections in Ireland ▿

PubMed Central

Carr, Michael J.; Moss, Eibhlín; Waters, Allison; Dean, Jonathan; Jin, Li; Coughlan, Suzie; Connell, Jeff; Hall, William W.; Hassan, Jaythoon

2010-01-01

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease; however, outbreaks have been reported in a number of countries with childhood immunization programs, particularly among young adults at the tertiary stage of education. We have retrospectively investigated the epidemiological, virological, and serological factors associated with mumps cases identified in Ireland from 2004 to 2009. Genetic analysis of mumps virus strain variability demonstrated that a single genotype, genotype G, was circulating, and it was also detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from patients with meningitis. We observed that younger individuals were disproportionately affected with neurological sequelae following mumps virus infection, and the average age of patients with mumps virus RNA detected in cerebrospinal fluid was 19.25 years (median, 19 years; range, 14 to 24 years). Our analysis showed a 4-fold rise in mumps cases in 2008-2009 and an increased incidence in infection in those ≥30 years of age. Over a 6-year period (2004 to 2009), a total of 7,805 serum samples were investigated; of this number, 1,813 (23%) were positive for mumps virus-specific IgM. We observed a strong bias for acute mumps virus infection in males compared to females (P < 10−32) that was independent of vaccination status. PMID:20660212

Spatial distribution of mumps in South Korea, 2001-2015: identifying clusters and population risk factors.

PubMed

Choe, Y-J; Min, K; Cho, S-I

2017-07-01

In South Korea, the resurgence of mumps was noted primarily among school-aged children and adolescents since 2000. We analyzed spatial patterns in mumps incidence to give an indication to the geographical risk. We used National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data from 2001 to 2015, classifying into three periods according to the level of endemicity. A geographic-weighted regression analysis was performed to find demographic predictors of mumps incidence according to district level. We assessed the association between the total population size, population density, percentage of children (age 0-19 years), timely vaccination rate of measles-mumps-rubella vaccines and the higher incidence rate of mumps. During low endemic periods, there were sporadic regional distributions of outbreak in the central and northern part of the country. During intermediate endemic periods, the increase of incidence was noted across the country. During high endemic period, a nationwide high incidence of mumps was noted especially concentrated in southwestern regions. A clear pattern for the mumps cluster shown through global spatial autocorrelation analysis from 2004 to 2015. The 'non-timely vaccination coverage' (P = 0·002), and 'proportion of children population' (P < 0·001) were the predictors for high mumps incidence in district levels. Our study indicates that the rate of mumps incidence according to geographic regions vary by population proportion and neighboring regions, and timeliness of vaccination, suggesting the importance of community-level surveillance and improving of timely vaccination.

Mumps Antibody Response in Young Adults After a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

PubMed Central

Fiebelkorn, Amy Parker; Coleman, Laura A.; Belongia, Edward A.; Freeman, Sandra K.; York, Daphne; Bi, Daoling; Zhang, Cheryl; Ngo, Laurie; Rubin, Steven

2014-01-01

Background  Mumps outbreaks in populations with high 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage raise the question whether a third dose of MMR vaccine (MMR3) is needed. However, data on the immunogenicity of MMR3 are limited. We assessed mumps virus neutralizing antibody levels pre- and post-MMR3 in a nonoutbreak setting. Methods  Mumps antibody titers were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 1 year after MMR3 in subjects aged 18–28 years. Results  At baseline, 5 of 656 (0.8%) subjects had seronegative mumps neutralizing antibody titers and 38 (5.8%) had low titers. One year post-MMR3, these numbers declined to 3 (0.5%) and 16 (2.4%), respectively. Subjects with low baseline titers were more likely to have low 1-month and 1-year titers (R2 = 0.81–0.87, P < .0001). Compared to baseline, geometric mean titers were significantly higher at 1 month (P < .0001) and 1 year (P < .01) post-MMR3; however, reverse cumulative distribution curves showed only minimal shifts in mumps titers from baseline to 1 month and 1 year. Conclusions  Very few subjects had negative or low baseline mumps titers. Nonetheless, mumps titers had modest but significant increases when measured 1 month and 1 year post-MMR3. This temporary increase in titers could decrease susceptibility to disease during outbreaks, but may have limited value for routine use in vaccinated populations. PMID:25734162

Mumps in Poland in 2014

PubMed

Korczyńska, Monika Roberta; Rogalska, Justyna

Vaccination against mumps from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Earlier this vaccination was only recommended. Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common disease among the children. To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2014, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2014” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2014” (1). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2014 was also used. In total, there were 2 508 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2014. Incidence of mumps was 6.5 per 100,000 and it was higher by 3.1 % in comparison with 2013 and lower by 9.7 % in comparison with median for the years 2008-2012. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 4 years (61.3 per 100,000). Incidence in men (7.8 per 100,000) was higher than in women (5.3). In 2014, 31 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2013 was 97.0% and it was lower by 0.5 % in comparison with year 2013 (97.5 %). Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.

Mumps in Poland in 2013.

PubMed

Korczyńska, Monika Roberta; Rogalska, Justyna

2015-01-01

Vaccination against mumps from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Earlier this vaccination was only recommended. Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common childhood disease. To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2013, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2013" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2013" (Czarkowski MP i in., Warszawa 2013, NIZP-PZH i GIS). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2013 was also used. In total, there were 2 436 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2013. Incidence of mumps was 6.3 per 100,000 and it was lower by 12.5% in comparison with 2012 and lower by 18.2% in comparison with median for the years 2007-2010. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 5 years (54.0 per 100,000). Incidence in men (7.5) was higher than in women (5.2). In 2013, 38 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2013 was 97.5% and it was lower by 0.4% in comparison with year 2012. Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.

Mumps in Poland in 2012.

PubMed

Rogalska, Justyna; Paradowska-Stankiewicz, Iwona

2014-01-01

Vaccination against mumps, introduced initially as recommended, from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common childhood disease in Poland. To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2012, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2012" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2012" (Czarkowski MP i in., Warszawa 2013, NIZP-PZH i GIS). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2012 was also used. In total, there were 2779 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2012. Incidence of mumps was 7.2 per 100 000 and it was higher by 7.5% in comparison with 2011 and lower by 19.4% in comparison to median for the years 2006-2010. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 5 years (71.8 per 100 000). Incidence in women (5.9) was lower than in men (8.6). In 2012, 25 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2012 was 97.9%. Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.

A case of mumps-related acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

PubMed

Hazama, Kyoko; Shiihara, Takashi; Tsukagoshi, Hiroyuki; Hasegawa, Shunji; Dowa, Yuri; Watanabe, Mio

2017-10-01

Mumps is a common childhood viral disease characterized by fever and swelling of the parotid gland. The prognosis is generally good, although some complications, such as encephalitis (0.1%), exist. Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion is the most common type of acute encephalopathy. However, this type of encephalopathy has not been reported in association with mumps infection. A previously healthy 3-year-old Japanese boy had a brief convulsion after fever for 3days, and then had conscious disturbance and parotitis. After several days, he had a second brief convulsion and was admitted. Increased serum amylase levels and presence of anti-mumps immunoglobulin M antibody confirmed mumps parotitis. The patient had another brief seizure later the day of admission. He did not have status or cluster seizures, although the biphasic nature of his seizures, conscious disturbance between the seizures, no pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid, and brain magnetic resonance images were consistent with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. In Japan, the mumps vaccine is not administered as a part of routine immunizations. It thus has low coverage (30-40%), and as a result, mumps infections are still common. However, this is the first case of mumps-related acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. This case may be representative of only a minority of patients with mumps-associated central nervous system involvement. Nevertheless, this diagnostic possibility may be considered. In order to prevent mumps-related complications, routine mumps vaccination might be warranted. Copyright © 2017 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mumps-containing vaccine effectiveness during outbreaks in two schools in Guangdong, China, 2012.

PubMed

Man, Wang; Jin-Kou, Zhao; Tao, Wang; Li-Xin, Hao; Chao, Ma; Qi-Ru, Su; Hui-Ming, Luo

2012-10-01

Mumps-containing vaccine was licensed in the 1990s in China with a single dose administered routinely to children aged 18-24 months since 2008. However, an increase in reported mumps cases during the period 2009 to 2012 casts doubt on the effectiveness of a single-dose mumps vaccination. In March 2012, large numbers of mumps cases in a day-care centre and primary school in Guangdong Province were investigated to estimate the effectiveness of mumps-containing vaccine. A mumps case was defined as a case with acute onset of unilateral or bilateral swelling of the parotid gland or other salivary glands. Clinical data were collected among students and staff members in the two schools from 6 February to 3 June 2012. Vaccination history was obtained from immunization certificates. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated among children in classes that had more than two mumps cases. The cohort included 369 children from seven classes, four from the day-care centre and three from the primary school. Vaccination certificates available for 347 children showed immunization coverage of 82% (285/347). The overall attack rate was 14.6% (54/369); the VE for a single dose of mumps vaccine was 65% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%-85%) when given within three years and 15% (95% CI: -2%-52%) when given three to six years before the outbreak. For two doses of vaccine the VE was 53% (95% CI: -15-80%). A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine was not effective to prevent these outbreaks among preschool and schoolchildren. A second dose of mumps-containing vaccine to four to five-year-old children should be considered in China.

Characteristics of a large mumps outbreak: Clinical severity, complications and association with vaccination status of mumps outbreak cases.

PubMed

Zamir, C Stein; Schroeder, H; Shoob, H; Abramson, N; Zentner, G

2015-01-01

In recent years, large mumps outbreaks, involving mainly adolescents and young adults, have re-emerged in several countries. We investigated a large mumps outbreak, evaluated the association between mumps clinical severity (complications, hospitalization) and vaccination status (number of previous measles, mumps and rubella - MMR vaccine doses), and assessed vaccine effectiveness. The first mumps cases emerged in an ultra-orthodox boys' school in Jerusalem and were epidemiologically linked to the mumps outbreak in New York. Overall, 3130 mumps cases were notified in the Jerusalem district during September 2009-August 2011 (median age 13y, 64% males). Most cases were reported from community clinics. Patients with systemic symptoms and/or complications (419, 13.4%) were either hospitalized (n = 79) or treated in an emergency medical center (n = 340). The main complications included orchitis (3.8% males> age 12y) and meningoencephalitis (0.5%). The mumps virus genotype was G5. The distribution of previous MMR vaccine doses (n = 0,1,2) was: 24.8%, 28.3% and 46.9%, respectively. The number of previous vaccine doses was inversely associated with clinical severity. Adjusted values for MMR vaccine effectiveness against complications were estimated as 52.1% (95% CI -4 -78%) for one vaccine dose and 62.7% (95% CI 25.7-81.3%) for 2 doses. The outbreak was characterized by predominance of male students; the majority of whom had been previously vaccinated. The reported complication rate was relatively low. Vaccination status was associated with age and disease severity. The combination of limited mumps vaccine effectiveness and the specific school setting (dense learning and living conditions) probably contributed to the disease spread.

Characteristics of a large mumps outbreak: Clinical severity, complications and association with vaccination status of mumps outbreak cases

PubMed Central

Zamir, C Stein; Schroeder, H; Shoob, H; Abramson, N; Zentner, G

2015-01-01

In recent years, large mumps outbreaks, involving mainly adolescents and young adults, have re-emerged in several countries. We investigated a large mumps outbreak, evaluated the association between mumps clinical severity (complications, hospitalization) and vaccination status (number of previous measles, mumps and rubella - MMR vaccine doses), and assessed vaccine effectiveness. The first mumps cases emerged in an ultra-orthodox boys' school in Jerusalem and were epidemiologically linked to the mumps outbreak in New York. Overall, 3130 mumps cases were notified in the Jerusalem district during September 2009-August 2011 (median age 13y, 64% males). Most cases were reported from community clinics. Patients with systemic symptoms and/or complications (419, 13.4%) were either hospitalized (n = 79) or treated in an emergency medical center (n = 340). The main complications included orchitis (3.8% males> age 12y) and meningoencephalitis (0.5%). The mumps virus genotype was G5. The distribution of previous MMR vaccine doses (n = 0,1,2) was: 24.8%, 28.3% and 46.9%, respectively. The number of previous vaccine doses was inversely associated with clinical severity. Adjusted values for MMR vaccine effectiveness against complications were estimated as 52.1% (95% CI −4 −78%) for one vaccine dose and 62.7% (95% CI 25.7–81.3%) for 2 doses. The outbreak was characterized by predominance of male students; the majority of whom had been previously vaccinated. The reported complication rate was relatively low. Vaccination status was associated with age and disease severity. The combination of limited mumps vaccine effectiveness and the specific school setting (dense learning and living conditions) probably contributed to the disease spread. PMID:25874726

Laboratory-based investigation of suspected mumps cases submitted to the German National Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, 2008 to 2013.

PubMed

Mankertz, Annette; Beutel, Ulrike; Schmidt, Franz-Josef; Borgmann, Stefan; Wenzel, Jürgen J; Ziegler, Peter; Weißbrich, Benedikt; Santibanez, Sabine

2015-10-01

From 2008 to 2013, sample sets from 534 patients displaying clinical symptoms of mumps were submitted to the German Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps and Rubella. Mumps virus infection was confirmed in 216 cases (40%) by PCR and/or serology. Confirmed cases were more frequently seen in male than in female patients (128 vs. 81); the age group predominantly affected was 15 to 29 years old (65%, median age: 26.4 years). The majority of the confirmed cases had a remote history of vaccination with one or two doses of a mumps-containing vaccine (69%). Our results indicate that mumps virus caused two outbreaks in Bavaria in 2008 and 2010/2011 and a third one in Lower Saxony in 2011. Mumps virus genotype G was preponderantly detected from 2008 to 2013. For 107 of the 216 patients with a confirmed mumps infection, we correlated the results from PCR and serology. PCR detected cases during the first week after onset of symptoms (74% positive results). PCR worked best with throat swabs and oral fluids (61% and 60% positive results, respectively). IgM was more reliable with a longer time after onset of symptoms (67%), but indirect IgM serology was of insufficient sensitivity for vaccinated mumps cases (30%); the IgM μ-capture assay detected more cases in this group. Mumps virus is able to initiate an infection in vaccinated patients (secondary vaccine failure, SVF) although it is unclear to what extent. Since SVF does occur in highly vaccinated populations and IgM will not increase to detectable levels in all SVF patients, we strongly recommend using PCR plus serology tests to avoid false-negative diagnoses in vaccinated individuals with clinical signs of mumps. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Protective effect of vaccination against mumps complications, Czech Republic, 2007-2012.

PubMed

Orlíková, Hana; Malý, Marek; Lexová, Pavla; Šebestová, Helena; Limberková, Radomíra; Jurzykowská, Lucie; Kynčl, Jan

2016-04-01

In the Czech Republic, two-dose immunization against mumps achieves 98% coverage. The routine reporting detects mumps cases, clinical complications, and hospital admissions in unvaccinated but also in vaccinated individuals. Using surveillance data of patients with mumps we assessed the effectiveness of mumps vaccination on mumps clinical complications and hospitalization need. We also investigated the effect of the time since immunization. We analysed data on incident mumps cases reported to the Czech national surveillance system in 2007-2012. Using a logistic regression model with adjustment for age, sex, year of onset, and the administrative region, the association between vaccination and the most frequent mumps complications and hospitalization was evaluated. The adjusted odds ratios (ORa) for mumps complications were compared between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups, reflecting the vaccine effectiveness (VEa) computed as VEa = (1-ORa) × 100. We estimated the risk of mumps complications by the time from vaccination. From total of 9663 mumps analysed cases 5600 (58%) occurred in males. The mean age at the disease onset was 17.3, median 16 years. Ninety percent of the study patients had no complications, while 1.6% developed meningitis, 0.2% encephalitis, and 0.6% pancreatitis. Mumps orchitis occurred in 659 (11.8%) male cases. In total, 1192 (12.3%) patients required hospitalization. Two doses of vaccine received by 81.8% cases significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization: ORa 0.29 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.35). Two doses showed statistically significant VEa 64% (95% CI: 46, 79) for meningitis, 93% (95% CI: 66, 98) for encephalitis in all cases, and 72% (95% CI: 64, 78) for orchitis in males. Vaccine effectiveness for orchitis declined from 81 to 74% and 56% in the most affected age groups 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 years, respectively. Among 7850 two-dose recipients, the rate of complications rose from below 1 to 16% in categories up to 6 years and 24 and more years after the second dose, respectively. This study demonstrates a significant preventive effect of two-dose vaccination against mumps complications (orchitis, meningitis, or encephalitis) and hospitalization for mumps. The risk of complications increases with time interval from vaccination. Teenagers and young adults were the most affected age groups.

[The benefit from mumps virus IgG antibody avidity testing in the population with high vaccine coverage in the context of other serological methods for laboratory diagnosis of mumps and the current epidemiological].

PubMed

Limberková, R; Smíšková, D; Havlíčková, M; Herrmannová, K; Lexová, P; Marešová, V

2016-01-01

Regular vaccination against mumps resulted in a significant reduction in epidemic mumps in the Czech Republic. However, mumps cases have recently shown an upward trend, even in the vaccinated population where a considerable proportion of cases have occurred. The aim of this study was to find out, by mumps virus IgG antibody avidity testing, whether the high incidence of mumps in the vaccinated population is a result of primary or secondary vaccine failure and whether the vaccinated differ from the naturally immunised in anamnestic antibody avidity. Given the problematic laboratory diagnosis of mumps in the population with high vaccination coverage, the informative value of the detected IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies was also considered as well as the potential of antibody avidity testing for improving laboratory diagnosis from a single sample of blood, the most commonly analysed clinical material, in patients with suspected mumps. Sixty-four patients laboratory confirmed with mumps, whose vaccination status was known, were included in the study (groups 1 and 2). Other study groups were 30 healthy naturally immunised subjects (group 3) and 22 vaccinated children 2-4-years of age with no etiological link to the mumps virus (group 4). The avidity index (AI) was determined using the Siemens Enzygnost Anti-Mumps/IgG kit and 6M urea, able to induce the dissociation of antigen-antibody bonds proportionally to the antibody avidity. IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies were tested using the Siemens Enzygnost Anti-Mumps/IgM and /IgG, and Mast Diagnostica Mastazyme Mumps IgA kits. The EPIDAT system served as the data source. The results showed that the mumps virus induces antibodies with a low AI after both vaccination, even recent, and natural immunisation. Antibodies with a high AI were only detected in convalescent sera of the vaccinated patients or in re-infected, naturally immunised persons, as a result of recent contact with the mumps virus. The comparison of the results of acute sera testing revealed that in the vaccinated patients, 56% of cases were laboratory confirmed based on IgA positivity, i.e. 20% more cases in comparison with routine detection of IgM antibodies, while of unvaccinated cases, 87% were IgA positive and 74% IgM positive. The results of mumps virus IgG antibody avidity testing suggest that the high proportion of cases in the vaccinated patients result from secondary vaccine failure, also known as waning immunity. Diagnostic benefit from antibody avidity testing has been observed in convalescent sera and/or acute sera from both vaccinated and naturally immunised patients collected from day 6 after the onset of the disease when significant increase in AI occurs.The comparison of the serological methods for the detection of IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies in acute sera revealed that the highest percentage of mumps infection was detected by IgA antibody testing. The addition of this serological method to mumps laboratory diagnosis made the latter considerably more effective, particularly in the vaccinated patients.

Mumps Cases and Outbreaks

MedlinePlus

... Providers Laboratory Testing for Mumps Infection Specimen Collection, Storage, and ... SC, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, and WV **Preliminary data reported to CDC. Mumps outbreaks are not reportable. * ...

Epidemiology and the economic assessment of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population, Orange County, New York, 2009–2010

PubMed Central

Kutty, Preeta Krishnan; Lawler, Jacqueline; Rausch-Phung, Elizabeth; Ortega-Sanchez, Ismael R; Goodell, Stephen; Schulte, Cynthia; Pollock, Lynn; Valure, Barbara; Hudson, Jean; Gallagher, Kathleen; Blog, Debra

2014-01-01

Studies assessing the economic burden of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population are limited. The Orange County Health Department (OCHD), New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a mumps investigation in an affected village with a highly vaccinated population. To understand the epidemiology, standardized mumps case definition and active surveillance were used to identify mumps cases. In addition, an economic assessment of a combined outbreak investigation and third dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine intervention conducted by OCHD and NYS DOH was performed; estimated by retrospectively evaluating public health response-related activities including use of a third dose of MMR vaccine. From September 24, 2009, through June 15, 2010, 790 mumps cases were reported—64% were male and highest attack rate was among 11–17 year age group (99.1 cases per 1000 individuals). Of the 658 cases with known vaccination history, 83.6% had documentation of 2 doses of mumps containing vaccine. No deaths were reported. The 2 major exposure settings were schools (71.8%) and households (22.5%). Approximately 7736 h of public health personnel time were expended with the total approximate cost of US $463 000, including US $34 392 for MMR vaccine—the estimated cost per household was US $827. Mumps continues to be endemic in many parts of the world, resulting in importations into the United States. Large mumps outbreaks similar to this in highly vaccinated populations may require considerable investigation and control activities. PMID:24633360

Epidemiology and the economic assessment of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population, Orange County, New York, 2009-2010.

PubMed

Kutty, Preeta Krishnan; Lawler, Jacqueline; Rausch-Phung, Elizabeth; Ortega-Sanchez, Ismael R; Goodell, Stephen; Schulte, Cynthia; Pollock, Lynn; Valure, Barbara; Hudson, Jean; Gallagher, Kathleen; Blog, Debra

2014-01-01

Studies assessing the economic burden of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population are limited. The Orange County Health Department (OCHD), New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a mumps investigation in an affected village with a highly vaccinated population. To understand the epidemiology, standardized mumps case definition and active surveillance were used to identify mumps cases. In addition, an economic assessment of a combined outbreak investigation and third dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine intervention conducted by OCHD and NYS DOH was performed; estimated by retrospectively evaluating public health response-related activities including use of a third dose of MMR vaccine. From September 24, 2009, through June 15, 2010, 790 mumps cases were reported-64% were male and highest attack rate was among 11-17 year age group (99.1 cases per 1000 individuals). Of the 658 cases with known vaccination history, 83.6% had documentation of 2 doses of mumps containing vaccine. No deaths were reported. The 2 major exposure settings were schools (71.8%) and households (22.5%). Approximately 7736 h of public health personnel time were expended with the total approximate cost of US $463,000, including US $34,392 for MMR vaccine-the estimated cost per household was US $827. Mumps continues to be endemic in many parts of the world, resulting in importations into the United States. Large mumps outbreaks similar to this in highly vaccinated populations may require considerable investigation and control activities.

The risk of aseptic meningitis associated with the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain following mass vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1997.

PubMed

da Silveira, Claudio Marcos; Kmetzsch, Claudete Iris; Mohrdieck, Renate; Sperb, Alethea Fagundes; Prevots, D Rebecca

2002-10-01

Few data are available on the risk of aseptic meningitis following vaccination with the Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z) strain of mumps vaccine. In 1997 the mumps vaccine was introduced into the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil through mass vaccination with mumps-measles-rubella (MMR), targeting children aged 1-11 years. Five municipalities used exclusively MMR vaccine containing the L-Z strain of mumps. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis was observed shortly after the mass campaign. To estimate the risk of aseptic meningitis associated with this strain, we analysed vaccination and meningitis case surveillance data from the selected municipalities. A case of vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis was defined as one with a pleocytosis of 10-1,500 leukocytes/ml and occurring within 15-35 days after vaccine receipt. We estimated a risk of 2.9 cases per 10,000 doses of L-Z administered, equivalent to 1 case per 3,390 doses administered. The overall risk of aseptic meningitis following the campaign was increased 12.2-fold (95% CI: 6.0-24.7) compared with the same period in 1995-1996. Following the mass campaign, the incidence of mumps declined 93% during 1998-2000. Vaccination with the L-Z strain of mumps vaccine as part of a mass campaign was associated with a significantly increased risk of aseptic meningitis. Decisions about type of mumps vaccine and mumps vaccination strategies must consider vaccine safety issues in addition to other criteria.

A prolonged mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

PubMed

Bangor-Jones, Revle D; Dowse, Gary K; Giele, Carolien M; van Buynder, Paul G; Hodge, Meredith M; Whitty, Mary M

2009-10-05

To describe a prolonged outbreak of mumps in the Kimberley region of Western Australia in 2007-2008. Descriptive analysis of all mumps cases notified to the WA Notifiable Infectious Diseases Database for the period 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008. Notified cases of mumps by patients' place of residence, age, Indigenous or non-Indigenous ethnicity, vaccination status and method of diagnosis. 84% (153/183) of mumps notifications in WA over the study period occurred in the Kimberley region or were directly linked to Kimberley cases. Median age of patients was 18 years (range, 2-63 years), and 54% of patients were aged less than 20 years. Almost all (92%) were Australian Aboriginal people; 67% (102/153) had received at least one dose of mumps vaccine, and 52% had received two doses. The highest notification rate (1816 cases per 100,000 population) was in the Aboriginal 15-19-years age group, and 92% of these patients had received at least one dose of mumps vaccine. Almost all outbreak cases (94%) were laboratory confirmed. Genotyping was performed on 20 mumps virus isolates: all were genotype J. A prolonged outbreak of mumps occurred in a well defined, highly vaccinated, predominantly young Aboriginal population in the remote Kimberley region of WA. This outbreak raises questions about the effectiveness and scheduling of the current vaccine (which is genotype A-derived), especially for Aboriginal people. Surveillance of circulating mumps virus genotypes and neutralisation studies will help in evaluating the protection provided by the current vaccine against genotypically different strains.

Genetic characteristics of mumps viruses isolated in Korea from 2007 to 2012.

PubMed

Kim, Seung Tae; Kim, You-Jin; Yang, Jeong-Sun; Nam, Jeong-Gu; Kim, Kisoon; Kim, Sung Soon; Kang, Hae Ji

2016-09-01

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable viral disease. Despite vaccine coverage of >95%, the incidence of mumps has increased in Korea since 2007. This study aimed to genetically characterize mumps virus (MuV) strains that circulated in Korea between 2007 and 2012 to determine the factors underlying mumps outbreaks. MuV was isolated from 175 clinical specimens between 2007 and 2012 in Korea. Upon analysis of the SH gene in Korean mumps virus isolates, three different genotypes were identified: I, H, and F. The MuV genotypes I and H co-circulated in Korea, and eight isolates of Korean genotype F were found within the same time period in 2008. An analysis of HN amino-acid sequence data showed that Korean isolates had no changes in their glycosylation sites. At putative neutralizing epitope sites, the Jeryl-Lynn strain showed 4-5 different amino acid sequences from those observed in Korean isolates. Korean isolates of genotypes I and H shared distinctive point mutations on putative neutralizing epitope positions in each genotype. This report describes the genetic characteristics of MuV strains circulating in Korea and provides information on endemic mumps infections. This information may be important to help prevent mumps and control outbreaks of mumps in Korea. J. Med. Virol. 88:1479-1486, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The clinical features and prognosis of mumps-associated hearing loss: a retrospective, multi-institutional investigation in Japan.

PubMed

Morita, Shinya; Fujiwara, Keishi; Fukuda, Atsushi; Fukuda, Satoshi; Nishio, Shin-Ya; Kitoh, Ryosuke; Hato, Naohito; Ikezono, Tetsuo; Ishikawa, Kotaro; Kaga, Kimitaka; Matsubara, Atsushi; Matsunaga, Tatsuo; Murata, Takaaki; Naito, Yasushi; Nishizaki, Kazunori; Ogawa, Kaoru; Sano, Hajime; Sato, Hiroaki; Sone, Michihiko; Suzuki, Mikio; Takahashi, Haruo; Tono, Tetsuya; Yamashita, Hiroshi; Yamasoba, Tatsuya; Usami, Shin-Ichi

2017-01-01

The majority of hearing loss due to mumps presents as unilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, which is refractory to treatment. In rare cases of bilateral total deafness, cochlear implants were beneficial for speech perception. Vaccination against mumps is recommended to prevent mumps-associated hearing loss. The objective of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of hearing loss due to mumps and to evaluate hearing outcomes. The clinical parameters were analyzed under a retrospective multi-institutional study design in patients diagnosed with hearing loss due to mumps at the Otolaryngology departments of 19 hospitals between 1987 and 2016. Sixty-seven patients with hearing loss due to mumps were enrolled. The study population consisted of 35 males and 32 females, ranging in age from 1 to 54, with a median age of 9.5 years. Sixty-three patients presented with unilateral, and 4 with bilateral hearing loss. Profound hearing loss was observed in 65 ears. Only one ear with severe hearing loss showed complete recovery. Four patients with bilateral hearing loss received cochlear implant surgery. Most of the patients with hearing loss due to mumps had no history of vaccination.

Mumps disease outbreak in Davangere district of Karnataka, India.

PubMed

Raut, C G; Sinha, D P; Jayaprakash, H; Hanumiah, H; Manjunatha, M J

2015-01-01

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease that usually occurs as a parotitis, but it can also lead to several life- threatening complications, including pancreatitis, meningitis and encephalitis. To determine and diagnosis of mumps disease, which is communicable disease usually affects childrens. Although it is seen worldwide, but outbreaks not common in India. Thirty one suspected mumps cases, who presented to the unimmunized population of Chikkahallivana village in Davangere district of Karnataka, India in January 2014, with clinical evidence of fever, cervical lymphadenitis and ear pain, manifest with self-limited uni-or bilateral parotitis. A total of 31 cases consisting of 31 blood and 31 throat swabs were tested for diagnosis of mumps disease. Of the 31 suspected cases, laboratory results showed 18 positive for mumps IgM antibodies and 7 cases showed presence of mumps virus RNA by RT-PCR using MV specific nested primers. From 31 cases, 5 were positive with both the methods. We confirmed the cases by serological as well as a sensitive RT-nested PCR-based method and sequencing results for the molecular identification of mumps infection. Sequencing results of the SH gene identified outbreak strain as genotype C, which was consistent with other outbreaks in India.

Sounding rocket flight report: MUMP 9 and MUMP 10

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grassl, H. J.

1971-01-01

The results of the launching of two Marshall-University of Michigan Probes (MUMP 9 and MUMP 10), Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads, are summarized. The MUMP 9 paylaod included an omegatron mass analyzer, a molecular fluorescence densitometer, a mini-tilty filter, and a lunar position sensor. This complement of instruments permitted the determination of the molecular nitrogen density and temperature in the altitude range from approximately 143 to 297 km over Wallops Island, Virginia, during January 1971. The MUMP 10 payload included an omegatron mass analyzer, an electron temperature probe (Spencer, Brace, and Carignan, 1962), a cryogenic densitometer, and a solar position sensor. This complement of instruments permitted the determination of the molecular nitrogen density and temperature and the charged particle density and temperature in the altitude range from approximately 145 to 290 km over Wallops Island, Virginia, during the afternoon preceding the MUMP 9 launch in January 1971. A general description of the payload kinematics, orientation analysis, and the technique for the reduction and analysis of the data is given.

Seroprevalence of Mumps in The Netherlands: Dynamics over a Decade with High Vaccination Coverage and Recent Outbreaks

PubMed Central

Smits, Gaby; Mollema, Liesbeth; Hahné, Susan; de Melker, Hester; Tcherniaeva, Irina; Waaijenborg, Sandra; van Binnendijk, Rob; van der Klis, Fiona; Berbers, Guy

2013-01-01

Here we present mumps virus specific antibody levels in a large cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance study performed in the Netherlands in 2006/2007 (n = 7900). Results were compared with a similar study (1995/1996) and discussed in the light of recent outbreaks. Mumps antibodies were tested using a fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Overall seroprevalence was 90.9% with higher levels in the naturally infected cohorts compared with vaccinated cohorts. Mumps virus vaccinations at 14 months and 9 years resulted in an increased seroprevalence and antibody concentration. The second vaccination seemed to be important in acquiring stable mumps antibody levels in the long term. In conclusion, the Dutch population is well protected against mumps virus infection. However, we identified specific age- and population groups at increased risk of mumps infection. Indeed, in 2007/2008 an outbreak has occurred in the low vaccination coverage groups emphasizing the predictive value of serosurveillance studies. PMID:23520497

Risk factors for mumps at a university with a large mumps outbreak.

PubMed

Huang, Angela S; Cortese, Margaret M; Curns, Aaron T; Bitsko, Rebecca H; Jordan, Hannah T; Soud, Fatma; Villalon-Gomez, Jose; Denning, Patricia M; Ens, Kim A; Hanson, Gail R; Dayan, Gustavo H

2009-01-01

Routine measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine use has greatly decreased the incidence of mumps in the U.S. However, a resurgence of mumps occurred in 2006. We investigated the large outbreak at a university and assessed risk factors for disease. We described the outbreak and conducted a case-control study. We interviewed case students (identified from student health service and health department records) and control students (selected from a randomly ordered administrative list) and assessed their vaccination status. We compared case students with > or = 2 MMR doses and control students with > or = 2 MMR doses in univariate and multivariate analyses. The mean age of the 174 case students was 20.9 years; 65% were women. Ninety-seven case students and 147 control students were enrolled in the study. Two-dose MMR coverage was 99% among case and control students with complete records. Only 33% of case students reported exposure to someone with mumps. Case students were more likely than control students to be aged 18 to 19 years (vs. aged 22 years, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.09, 14.74), to report exposure to mumps (AOR=2.31, 95% CI 1.13, 4.73), and to have worked/volunteered on campus (AOR=2.91, 95% CI 1.33, 6.33). Also, women in dormitories had increased odds of mumps compared with men in dormitories. High two-dose MMR coverage was not sufficient to prevent the outbreak. Further study is needed to better understand the effects of dormitory residency and gender on mumps transmission. Clinicians should be vigilant for mumps in young adults presenting with parotitis regardless of immunization history.

[Application of State Space model in the evaluation of the prevention and control for mumps].

PubMed

Luo, C; Li, R Z; Xu, Q Q; Xiong, P; Liu, Y X; Xue, F Z; Xu, Q; Li, X J

2017-09-10

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in 2012 and 2014, and to explore the preventive effect of the second dose of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) in mumps in Shandong province. Methods: On the basis of certain model assumptions, a Space State model was formulated. Iterated Filter was applied to the epidemic model to estimate the parameters. Results: The basic reproduction number ( R (0)) for children in schools was 4.49 (95 %CI : 4.30-4.67) and 2.50 (95 %CI : 2.38-2.61) respectively for the year of 2012 and 2014. Conclusions: Space State model seems suitable for mumps prevalence description. The policy of 2-dose MuCV can effectively reduce the number of total patients. Children in schools are the key to reduce the mumps.

Epidemic of complicated mumps in previously vaccinated young adults in the South-West of France.

PubMed

Vareil, M-O; Rouibi, G; Kassab, S; Soula, V; Duffau, P; Lafon, M-E; Neau, D; Cazanave, C

2014-12-01

We report the features and diagnosis of complicated mumps in previously vaccinated young adults. We retrospectively studied 7 cases of complicated mumps managed during 1 year at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The diagnosis was suggested by the clinical presentation and confirmed using specific RT-PCR. Five cases of meningitis, 1 of orchitis, and 1 of unilateral hearing impairment were identified. Each of the 7 patients had been previously vaccinated with MMR, 4 had received 2 doses of this vaccine. Blood tests revealed high rates of IgG antibodies, usually considered as sufficient for immunological protection, and every patient had at least 1 positive RT-PCR test for mumps. Outbreaks of complicated mumps may still occur despite a broad coverage of MMR vaccination. The clinical presentation suggested mumps but the final diagnosis could only be confirmed by genomic detection of the virus. Unusual viral strains with increased neurovirulence, insufficient population coverage associated with immunity decrease over time may explain outbreaks of complicated mumps. A full vaccine scheme of contact people or a third injection of vaccine for previously vaccinated people who are at risk of developing mumps are required to prevent further spreading of the disease during the outbreak. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Forecasting the Incidence of Mumps in Zibo City Based on a SARIMA Model.

PubMed

Xu, Qinqin; Li, Runzi; Liu, Yafei; Luo, Cheng; Xu, Aiqiang; Xue, Fuzhong; Xu, Qing; Li, Xiujun

2017-08-17

This study aimed to predict the incidence of mumps using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, and provide theoretical evidence for early warning prevention and control in Zibo City, Shandong Province, China. Monthly mumps data from Zibo City gathered between 2005 and 2013 were used as a training set to construct a SARIMA model, and the monthly mumps in 2014 were defined as a test set for the model. From 2005 to 2014, a total of 8722 cases of mumps were reported in Zibo City; the male-to-female ratio of cases was 1.85:1, the age group of 1-20 years old accounted for 94.05% of all reported cases, and students made up the largest proportion (65.89%). The main serious endemic areas of mumps were located in Huantai County, Linzi District, and Boshan District of Zibo City. There were two epidemic peaks from April to July and from October to January in next year. The fitted model SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1) 12 was established (AIC = 157.528), which has high validity and reasonability. The SARIMA model fitted dynamic changes of mumps in Zibo City well. It can be used for short-term forecasting and early warning of mumps.

Forecasting the Incidence of Mumps in Zibo City Based on a SARIMA Model

PubMed Central

Xu, Qinqin; Li, Runzi; Liu, Yafei; Luo, Cheng; Xu, Aiqiang; Xue, Fuzhong; Xu, Qing; Li, Xiujun

2017-01-01

This study aimed to predict the incidence of mumps using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, and provide theoretical evidence for early warning prevention and control in Zibo City, Shandong Province, China. Monthly mumps data from Zibo City gathered between 2005 and 2013 were used as a training set to construct a SARIMA model, and the monthly mumps in 2014 were defined as a test set for the model. From 2005 to 2014, a total of 8722 cases of mumps were reported in Zibo City; the male-to-female ratio of cases was 1.85:1, the age group of 1–20 years old accounted for 94.05% of all reported cases, and students made up the largest proportion (65.89%). The main serious endemic areas of mumps were located in Huantai County, Linzi District, and Boshan District of Zibo City. There were two epidemic peaks from April to July and from October to January in next year. The fitted model SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1)12 was established (AIC = 157.528), which has high validity and reasonability. The SARIMA model fitted dynamic changes of mumps in Zibo City well. It can be used for short-term forecasting and early warning of mumps. PMID:28817101

[Vaccination against rubella, measles, chickenpox, and mumps in nursing students].

PubMed

Tashiro, Takayoshi; Urata, Hideko; Okada, Junya; Iwanaga, Kikuko; Tokunaga, Mizuko; Matsumoto, Tadashi

2004-05-01

The past history of infection and vaccination, and serum antibodies against rubella, measles, chickenpox, and mumps were investigated, before vaccine was inoculated in the susceptible nursing students. The subjects were 221 nursing students (208 women, 13 men, the average age 18.4 +/- 1.8 years old) who entered Nagasaki University from 2001 to 2003. The positive rates of the past history of rubella, measles, chickenpox, and mumps were 49.8%, 28.1%, 86.4%, 50.7%, and that of previous vaccination were 31.7%, 69.2%, 10.9%, 5.3%, respectively. The serum antibody was measured with HI assay for rubella, or with EIA assay for measles, chickenpox, and mumps. The positive rates for the antibodies against rubella, measles, chickenpox, and mumps were 92.8%, 90.0%, 82.3%, and 85.0%, respectively. The rates for vaccine inoculation to the students without antibody were 92.8% in rubella, 100.0% in measles, 66.7% in chickenpox, 85.0% in mumps, and that to the low titer antibody (2.0 < or = EIA-IgG < 4.0) students were 70.6% in measles, 48.0% in chickenpox, 93.8% in mumps, respectively. Susceptible nursing students, as well as the medical stuff, should be vaccinated in order to prevent hospital infection of rubella, measles, chickenpox, and mumps.

Outbreak of measles in medical students and determination of immune status to measles-mumps-rubella viruses.

PubMed

Yalçin, Songül S; Kanra, Güler; Pehlivan, Tamer

2006-01-01

We conducted an investigation after a measles outbreak in medical students to determine the immunity of the medical students, the correlation between history and seropositivity, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine effectiveness. After a preliminary study done during measles outbreak, a cross-sectional study was planned. Serum samples from 322 medical students were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, vaccinated volunteers, then re-tested vaccinees. Histories of measles, mumps and rubella were taken. Of 322 students, seven students (2.2%) were seronegative to measles, 13 (4.0%) to mumps, and 13 (4.0%) to rubella. Historical information revealed 30.4% of sensitivity in measles and 34.3% in mumps, whereas 5.2% in rubella. Among those seronegative on admission and vaccinated, seroconversion rates were 100% (5/5), 90.9% (10/11), 100% (8/8) in measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, respectively. Of 265 vaccinated students parotitis was detected in one female student, arthralgia was observed in three students (1.1%) and myalgia in two (0.7%), and 240 students reported no side effects. We detected the unreliable historical screening and high seroprevalence of measles, mumps and rubella in prevaccine era for mumps and rubella and, safety of MMR vaccination in medical students in Turkey.

Matched Case-Control Study of Effectiveness of Live, Attenuated S79 Mumps Virus Vaccine against Clinical Mumps▿

PubMed Central

Fu, Chuanxi; Liang, Jianhua; Wang, Ming

2008-01-01

Mumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live, attenuated S79 mumps virus vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. There has been no assessment of its efficacy. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of live, attenuated S79 mumps virus vaccine against clinical mumps. Cases were selected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during September 2004 to March 2005. Each case was matched to a control by gender, age, and area of residency. In all, 469 cases and 469 controls were enrolled in the study. Vaccination information was obtained from the Children's EPI Administrative Computerized System. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated for one or two doses of S79 vaccine, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). VE of mumps virus vaccine for one dose versus none was protection of 86.0% (95% CI, 77.2% to 91.5%) of recipients, and VE was much higher in the first 4 years than in the 5 to 12 years after vaccination. The S79 vaccine can effectively prevent clinical mumps, and a second dose of mumps virus vaccine is necessary for the protection of children in China. PMID:18667635

Pericardial Tamponade in an Adult Suffering from Acute Mumps Infection

PubMed Central

Flieger, Robert Rainer; Mankertz, Annette; Yilmaz, Kadir; Roepke, Torsten Kai

2016-01-01

Here, we report a case of a 51-year-old man with acute pericardial tamponade requiring emergency pericardiocentesis after he suffered from sore throat, headache, malaise, and sweats for two weeks. Serological analyses revealed increased mumps IgM and IgG indicating an acute mumps infection whereas other bacterial and viral infections were excluded. In addition, MRI revealed atypical swelling of the left submandibular gland. Whereas mumps has become a rare entity in children due to comprehensive vaccination regimens in western civilizations, our case highlights mumps as an important differential diagnosis also in adults, where the virus can induce life-threatening complications such as pericardial tamponade. PMID:27818687

[Application of exponential smoothing method in prediction and warning of epidemic mumps].

PubMed

Shi, Yun-ping; Ma, Jia-qi

2010-06-01

To analyze the daily data of epidemic Mumps in a province from 2004 to 2008 and set up exponential smoothing model for the prediction. To predict and warn the epidemic mumps in 2008 through calculating 7-day moving summation and removing the effect of weekends to the data of daily reported mumps cases during 2005-2008 and exponential summation to the data from 2005 to 2007. The performance of Holt-Winters exponential smoothing is good. The result of warning sensitivity was 76.92%, specificity was 83.33%, and timely rate was 80%. It is practicable to use exponential smoothing method to warn against epidemic Mumps.

Reemergence of mumps in São Paulo, Brazil - the urgent need for booster shot campaign to prevent a serious infectious disease.

PubMed

Urbano, Paulo Roberto; Fujita, Dennis Minoru; Romano, Camila Malta

2017-01-01

Neglected infectious diseases like mumps may be opportunistic in controlled areas with low vaccine coverage, particularly in developed and emerging countries. A retrospective analysis of mumps-related data from 2001 to 2016 for São Paulo State, Brazil was conducted. From 2014 to 2015, there was an increase of 82% in reported mumps cases in São Paulo, with prevalence of n=49 and 297, respectively in young adults aged 15-29 years. A booster-shot campaign on MMR vaccination is recommended to prevent the spread of mumps in unvaccinated children and recipients of only the first dose.

An outbreak of mumps among young adults in Vancouver, British Columbia, associated with 'rave' parties.

PubMed

Buxton, J; Craig, C; Daly, P; Bigham, M; Bell, A; Fyfe, M

1999-01-01

In early 1997 an unexpectedly high number of cases of mumps was reported in Vancouver, British Columbia. A case control study was conducted to address four objectives: 1) Describe the outbreak and the population at risk, 2) examine the impact of mumps on this population, 3) identify personal risk factors for infection, and 4) test the hypothesis that social gatherings, 'rave' parties in particular, were a risk factor in this outbreak. Mumps infection was associated with: attending a rave party [OR = 17; 95% CI: 2.7-710], residing in Vancouver [OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.4-10], and contact with a person with mumps [OR = 13; 95% CI: 2-552], during the 'exposure' period. Vaccine effectiveness, ascertained by self-reported immunization status, was 80% [95% CI: 29%-96%]. Attendance at rave parties was associated with mumps infection during this outbreak. Many persons aged 17-40 may remain susceptible to mumps; in BC these persons are eligible for one dose of MMR and should be encouraged to be vaccinated.

Infection of Mice, Ferrets, and Rhesus Macaques with a Clinical Mumps Virus Isolate

PubMed Central

Xu, Pei; Huang, Zhixiang; Gao, Xiudan; Michel, Frank J.; Hirsch, Gwen; Hogan, Robert J.; Sakamoto, Kaori; Ho, Wenzhe; Wu, Jianguo

2013-01-01

In recent years, many mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations worldwide. The reasons for these outbreaks are not clear. Animal models are needed to investigate the causes of outbreaks and to understand the pathogenesis of mumps virus (MuV). In this study, we have examined the infection of three animal models with an isolate of mumps virus from a recent outbreak (MuV-IA). We have found that while both ferrets and mice generated humoral and cellular immune responses to MuV-IA infection, no obvious signs of illness were observed in these animals; rhesus macaques were the most susceptible to MuV-IA infection. Infection of rhesus macaques via both intranasal and intratracheal routes with MuV-IA led to the typical clinical signs of mumps 2 weeks to 4 weeks postinfection. However, none of the infected macaques showed any fever or neurologic signs during the experimental period. Mumps viral antigen was detected in parotid glands by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Rhesus macaques represent the best animal model for the study of mumps virus pathogenesis. PMID:23678169

Mumps Outbreak at a University and Recommendation for a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - Illinois, 2015-2016.

PubMed

Albertson, Justin P; Clegg, Whitney J; Reid, Heather D; Arbise, Benjamin S; Pryde, Julie; Vaid, Awais; Thompson-Brown, Rachella; Echols, Fredrick

2016-07-29

Mumps is an acute viral disease characterized by fever and swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. On May 1, 2015, the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) confirmed a mumps outbreak at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. IDPH and the Champaign-Urbana Public Health District (C-UPHD) conducted an investigation and identified 317 cases of mumps during April 2015-May 2016. Because of sustained transmission in a population with high 2-dose coverage with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, a third MMR dose was recommended by IDPH, C-UPHD, and the university's McKinley Health Center. No formal recommendation for or against the use of a third MMR dose has been issued by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (1). However, CDC has provided guidelines for use of a third dose as a control measure during mumps outbreaks in settings in which persons are in close contact with one another, where transmission is sustained despite high 2-dose MMR coverage, and when traditional control measures fail to slow transmission (2).

Trend of measles, mumps, and rubella incidence following the measles-rubella catch up vaccination in the Republic of Korea, 2001.

PubMed

Choe, Young June; Eom, Hye-Eun; Cho, Sung-Il

2017-09-01

Following the introduction of measles-rubella (MR) catch-up vaccination in 2001 and two dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR2) keep-up program in 2002, the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella was not evaluated systematically. To describe the recent changes in epidemiology, a population-based incidence study from 2001 to 2015 using national notifiable disease surveillance data was conducted. Between 2001 and 2015, there was decrease in the incidence of measles and rubella, whereas a steady increase in mump incidence was noted. The age distribution of mumps cases has shifted to the older age group, whereas rubella became more frequent in younger age group. The incidence of mumps showed an increase in every birth cohorts, except for the decrease in incidence for catch-up vaccination cohort from 131 cases in 2007-2011 to 64 cases per 100 000 in 2012-2015. Continuing in monitoring of mumps and strengthening of the high two-dose MMR vaccination coverage should be taken place in Korea. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The effectiveness of the mumps component of the MMR vaccine: a case control study.

PubMed

Harling, Richard; White, Joanne M; Ramsay, Mary E; Macsween, Karen F; van den Bosch, Corry

2005-07-01

In 1998/1999, an outbreak of mumps occurred among children of a religious community in North East London. A case control study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the mumps component of the MMR vaccine. One hundred and sixty-one cases of mumps were identified and 192 controls were selected. Fifty-one percent of cases and 77% of controls had a history at least one MMR vaccination. The observed effectiveness of any MMR vaccination adjusted for age, sex and general practice was 69% (95% CI: 41-84%). This is consistent with the results of other observational studies of mumps containing vaccines, but lower than the immunogenicity of mumps vaccines reported by clinical trials. This discrepancy is because observational studies tend to underestimate vaccine effectiveness, and because immunogenicity is not necessarily an accurate biological marker of vaccine effectiveness. Two doses of vaccine were more effective (88% (95% CI: 62-96%)) than a single dose (64% (95% CI: 40-78%)). The current two-dose vaccination programme remains the best method for controlling mumps infection in the community.

Antibody induced by immunization with the Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine strain effectively neutralizes a heterologous wild-type mumps virus associated with a large outbreak.

PubMed

Rubin, Steven A; Qi, Li; Audet, Susette A; Sullivan, Bradley; Carbone, Kathryn M; Bellini, William J; Rota, Paul A; Sirota, Lev; Beeler, Judy

2008-08-15

Recent mumps outbreaks in older vaccinated populations were caused primarily by genotype G viruses, which are phylogenetically distinct from the genotype A vaccine strains used in the countries affected by the outbreaks. This finding suggests that genotype A vaccine strains could have reduced efficacy against heterologous mumps viruses. The remote history of vaccination also suggests that waning immunity could have contributed to susceptibility. To examine these issues, we obtained consecutive serum samples from children at different intervals after vaccination and assayed the ability of these samples to neutralize the genotype A Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine strain and a genotype G wild-type virus obtained during the mumps outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2006. Although the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers against the genotype G virus were approximately one-half the titers measured against the vaccine strain, and although titers to both viruses decreased with time after vaccination, antibody induced by immunization with the Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine strain effectively neutralized the outbreak-associated virus at all time points tested.

Universal measles-mumps-rubella vaccination to new recruits and the incidence of mumps in the military.

PubMed

Moon, Jong Youn; Jung, Jaehun; Huh, Kyungmin

2017-07-13

In response to the resurgence of mumps, the Korean Armed Forces started the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination to all new recruits regardless of prior vaccination history. We evaluated the effectiveness of the vaccination by comparing the incidence between the military and civilian populations before and after implementation of the new policy. The standardized incidence ratio of mumps in the military was 7.06 in the prevaccine period, which declined to 0.96 in the postvaccine period. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated at 86.4%. Incidence rate ratio was lower in the 1996-1998 birth cohort (BC) compared with 1989-1995 BC (0.10 vs. 0.55), suggesting higher effectiveness of vaccination in the 1996-1998 BC. Our data provide evidence for the use of the MMR vaccination in the prevention of mumps in high-risk adults. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification and development of a promising novel mumps vaccine candidate strain.

PubMed

Liang, Yan; Ma, Shaohui; Liu, Longding; Zhao, Hongling; Wang, Lichun; Jiang, Li; Xie, Zhongping; Dong, Chenghong; Li, Qihan

2010-12-01

Mumps epidemics are usually caused by airborne transmission of mumps virus (MuV) and have high morbidity in non-immunized children. Epidemiological studies in many regions of China show that the genotype F viral strain is the most prevalent. However, the genotype A strain is currently used to prepare vaccines. Regional epidemiological MuV data suggest a significant application for the development of live attenuated mumps vaccines targeting specific genotypes. This article reports the isolation and culture of a genotype F MuV candidate strain that could be used to prepare a live attenuated mumps vaccine. This strain is shown to have good immunological efficacy and stability in neurovirulence evaluations. This work should facilitate the implementation of mumps vaccination in mainland China by targeting the most prevalent MuV genotype, genotype F. Copyright © 2010 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Development of a simplified and convenient assay for cell-mediated immunity to the mumps virus.

PubMed

Otani, Naruhito; Shima, Masayuki; Nakajima, Kazuhiko; Takesue, Yoshio; Okuno, Toshiomi

2014-09-01

Because methods for measuring cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to the mumps virus are expensive, time-consuming, and technically demanding, the role of CMI in mumps virus infection remains unclear. To address this issue, we report here the development of a simplified method for measuring mumps virus-specific CMI that is suitable for use in diverse laboratory and clinical settings. A mumps vaccine was cultured with whole blood, and interferon (IFN)-γ released into the culture supernatant was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IFN-γ production in blood from vaccinated subjects markedly increased in response to the vaccine and decreased before the antibody titer decreased in some cases, suggesting that this assay may be used as a simple surrogate method for measuring CMI specific for the mumps virus. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mumps antibody in the Thai population 17 years after the universal measles mumps rubella vaccination program.

PubMed

Ngaovithunvong, Varisara; Wanlapakorn, Nasamon; Tesapirat, Lita; Suratannon, Narrissara; Poovorawan, Yong

2016-08-02

mumps vaccination implementation in the form of MMR - measles, mumps, and rubella) in Thailand for first-grade school students since 1997 and for infants 9-12 months of age since 2010 resulted in a dramatic decline in the incidence of and deaths from mumps. However, there has been a resurgence of mumps outbreaks in Thailand, even in vaccinated populations. We aimed to determine the current seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to mumps in those 0-60 years of age from four different geographic areas of Thailand, and compare the results with our previous serosurvey in 2004. Seropositivity rates in children 0-7 years of age increased significantly from 45.8% in 2004 to 72.3% in 2014 after the launch of the MMR vaccine for infants. In the 8-14-year age group who had received one dose of mumps vaccination, the seropositivity rate was 66.7%. In the 15-19-year age group the seropositivity rate was the lowest, at 52.5%. Our findings correspond well with the vaccination schedules, as the highest seropositivity rate was found in children between 0 and 7 years of age. For those older than 7, there was a decline in seropositivity rate despite good vaccine coverage and reached its lowest in the 15-19-year age group. This suggested that certain population groups might be incompletely vaccinated, or the humoral immunity provided by vaccination gradually declined over time. We recommend a booster dose of MMR vaccine for Thai adolescents in order to prevent future mumps outbreaks.

Immunogenicity of Novel Mumps Vaccine Candidates Generated by Genetic Modification

PubMed Central

Xu, Pei; Chen, Zhenhai; Phan, Shannon; Pickar, Adrian

2014-01-01

Mumps is a highly contagious human disease, characterized by lateral or bilateral nonsuppurative swelling of the parotid glands and neurological complications that can result in aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. A mumps vaccination program implemented since the 1960s reduced mumps incidence by more than 99% and kept the mumps case numbers as low as hundreds of cases per year in the United States before 2006. However, a large mumps outbreak occurred in vaccinated populations in 2006 and again in 2009 in the United States, raising concerns about the efficacy of the vaccination program. Previously, we have shown that clinical isolate-based recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of either the V protein (rMuVΔV) or the SH protein (rMuVΔSH) are attenuated in a neurovirulence test using newborn rat brains (P. Xu et al., Virology 417:126–136, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.003; P. Xu et al., J. Virol. 86:1768–1776, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06019-11) and may be good candidates for vaccine development. In this study, we examined immunity induced by rMuVΔSH and rMuVΔV in mice. Furthermore, we generated recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of both the V protein and the SH protein (rMuVΔSHΔV). Analysis of rMuVΔSHΔV indicated that it was stable in tissue culture cell lines. Importantly, rMuVΔSHΔV was immunogenic in mice, indicating that it is a promising candidate for mumps vaccine development. PMID:24352450

Immunogenicity of novel mumps vaccine candidates generated by genetic modification.

PubMed

Xu, Pei; Chen, Zhenhai; Phan, Shannon; Pickar, Adrian; He, Biao

2014-03-01

Mumps is a highly contagious human disease, characterized by lateral or bilateral nonsuppurative swelling of the parotid glands and neurological complications that can result in aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. A mumps vaccination program implemented since the 1960s reduced mumps incidence by more than 99% and kept the mumps case numbers as low as hundreds of cases per year in the United States before 2006. However, a large mumps outbreak occurred in vaccinated populations in 2006 and again in 2009 in the United States, raising concerns about the efficacy of the vaccination program. Previously, we have shown that clinical isolate-based recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of either the V protein (rMuVΔV) or the SH protein (rMuVΔSH) are attenuated in a neurovirulence test using newborn rat brains (P. Xu et al., Virology 417:126-136, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.003; P. Xu et al., J. Virol. 86:1768-1776, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06019-11) and may be good candidates for vaccine development. In this study, we examined immunity induced by rMuVΔSH and rMuVΔV in mice. Furthermore, we generated recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of both the V protein and the SH protein (rMuVΔSHΔV). Analysis of rMuVΔSHΔV indicated that it was stable in tissue culture cell lines. Importantly, rMuVΔSHΔV was immunogenic in mice, indicating that it is a promising candidate for mumps vaccine development.

Seroepidemiology of mumps in the general population of Jiangsu province, China after introduction of a one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.

PubMed

Liu, Yuanbao; Hu, Ying; Deng, Xiuying; Wang, Zhiguo; Lu, Peishan; Ma, Fubao; Zhou, Minghao; Liu, Pei; Min, Jie

2015-10-01

The mumps surveillance data from 2004 to 2011 showed that the incidence of mumps remained high after the one-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in China in 2008. A cross-sectional survey of mumps IgG in the general population of Jiangsu province was conducted in 2012 to gain comprehensive information on the immunity profile of the general population. The mean incidence was 15.2 per 100 000 individuals in Jiangsu province from 2004-2013. Two mumps incidence peaks were observed each year after introduction of the one-dose MMR vaccine. The seroprevalence did not significantly differ by region or sex, while the GMC significantly differed by region and sex. The overall GMC in Jiangsu province was 99.1 IU/ml (95% CI: 90.1-108.2), while the seroprevalence was only 59.1% (95% CI: 56.5-61.6). The seroprevalences for the 2 age groups that received the one-dose MMR vaccine, with reported coverage exceeding 95%, were 42.6% and 70.0%, respectively. The data on the incidence, MMR coverage, and seroprevalence in children younger than 6 years of age indicate that a two-dose MMR strategy should be considered. Mumps surveillance should be strengthened in children aged 6-11 and in those aged 12-17 because of their high contact rates and relatively low seroprevalences.

Mumps increase in Flanders, Belgium, 2012-2013: results from temporary mandatory notification and a cohort study among university students.

PubMed

Braeye, Toon; Linina, Indra; De Roy, Rikka; Hutse, Veronik; Wauters, Magali; Cox, Pia; Mak, Ruud

2014-07-31

In 2012, an increase in mumps notifications occurred in Belgium, affecting young vaccinated adults. At the end of 2012, a mumps outbreak occurred at the Catholic University of Leuven KU Leuven in Flanders. We investigated the outbreak to estimate incidence, mumps vaccine effectiveness and to detect potential risk factors for the disease. In June 2012, we set up mandatory notification in Flanders and we collected information on circulating genotypes from the National Reference Centre. We conducted a cohort study among KU Leuven students. We defined a case as self-reported parotitis, between September 2012 and March 2013. We distributed web-based questionnaires to a random sample of students. We calculated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the risks in students vaccinated twice with those vaccinated once. We estimated risk ratios (RR) to identify risk factors. From 16th June 2012 to 1st April 2013, 4061 mumps cases were notified to the regional public health office (30% were vaccinated once and 69% were vaccinated twice). All 16 samples collected at the KU Leuven were genotype G5. Of 717 participants of the cohort study, 38 (5%; 95%CI 4-8%) met the case-definition. All reported being vaccinated with at least one dose of mumps-containing vaccine. The incidence of mumps was 5% among those vaccinated twice and 16% among those vaccinated once (vaccine effectiveness of two doses compared to one: 68%, 95%CI -24% to 92%). The risk of mumps was lower among those vaccinated with two doses of mumps-containing vaccine ≤10 years before (RR: 0.33, 95%CI 0.10-1.02) and higher among students working in a bar (RR: 3.6, 95%CI 1.8-7.0). Incomplete protection by two doses of mumps-containing vaccine, possible waning immunity and intense social contacts may have contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak in Flanders. Efforts to maintain high vaccination coverage with two doses remain essential. However, the reasons for low vaccine effectiveness must be further explored and additional immunological research for more immunogenic mumps vaccines is necessary. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

[SH and HN Protein Genetic Characterization Analysis of Mumps Virus Isolated in Liaoning Province from 2008 to 2014].

PubMed

Wang, Yan; Ma, Yan; Hao, Shuang; Xu, Xiaoting; Han, Yue; Yao, Wenqing; Zhao, Zhuo

2016-03-01

To analyze the genetic characterization of epidemic mumps virus strains in Liaoning Province and provide the basis for mumps control. A total of 32 mumps viruses strains were isolated during 2008-2104. The fragment of SH genes and HN genes were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Basing on the 316 nucleotides of SH gene, The phylogenetic analyses were processed with the data of WHO mumps reference strains downloaded from GenBank and 32 mumps viruses strains. It showed that the 31 mumps virus strains belong to F genotype except MuVi/Liaoning. CHN/16.11 which was G genotype . Comparing to the A reference strains (Jeryl-Lynn and S-79), F genotype MuV were mutated on 12 amino acids sites and 27 amino acids siteson on HN gene. F genotype MuV added one N-glycosylation site in 464th-466th amino acids. The antigenic sites on HN were mutated on 121th, 123th, 279th, 287th, 336th, 356th and 442th. Maybe, it will influence the MuV antigenic.

An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland.

PubMed

Willocks, L J; Guerendiain, D; Austin, H I; Morrison, K E; Cameron, R L; Templeton, K E; DE Lima, V R F; Ewing, R; Donovan, W; Pollock, K G J

2017-11-01

An outbreak of mumps within a student population in Scotland was investigated to assess the effect of previous vaccination on infection and clinical presentation, and any genotypic variation. Of the 341 cases, 79% were aged 18-24. Vaccination status was available for 278 cases of whom 84% had received at least one dose of mumps containing vaccine and 62% had received two. The complication rate was 5·3% (mainly orchitis), and 1·2% were admitted to hospital. Genetic sequencing of mumps virus isolated from cases across Scotland classified 97% of the samples as genotype G. Two distinct clusters of genotype G were identified, one circulating before the outbreak and the other thereafter, suggesting the virus that caused this outbreak was genetically different from the previously circulating virus. Whilst the poor vaccine effectiveness we found may be due to waning immunity over time, a contributing factor may be that the current mumps vaccine is less effective against some genotypes. Although the general benefits of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine should continue to be promoted, there may be value in reassessing the UK vaccination schedule and the current mumps component of the MMR vaccine.

Mumps vaccine associated orchitis: Evidence supporting a potential immune-mediated mechanism.

PubMed

Clifford, Vanessa; Wadsley, Jane; Jenner, Bernard; Buttery, Jim P

2010-03-19

We report 3 cases of orchitis following vaccination with mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine, two with an onset within 3 days following vaccination. Orchitis is a common complication of mumps infection, particularly in post-pubertal males, and is also recognized as a very rare complication of mumps vaccination. These cases, discussed together with a comprehensive review of the existing literature regarding post-vaccine orchitis, highlight uncertainty regarding the pathogenesis of post-vaccine orchitis. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The relationship between meteorological factors and mumps incidence in Guangzhou, China, 2005–2012:

PubMed Central

Yang, Qiongying; Yang, Zhicong; Ding, Haiyuan; Zhang, Xiao; Dong, Zhiqiang; Hu, Wensui; Liu, Xiangyi; Wang, Ming; Hu, Guifang; Fu, Chuanxi

2014-01-01

Background Over the past decade, there have been resurgences and large-scale outbreaks of mumps worldwide. Little evidence is available on the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence of mumps. We aimed to explore the effects of meteorological factors on mumps incidence. Methods: A Poisson regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to evaluate the association between meteorological factors and the mumps incidence in Guangzhou, China, 2005–2012. Results Nonlinear relationships between meteorological factors, except sunshine hours, and mumps incidence were observed. The relative risks (RRs) of mean temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure were 1.81 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41 to 2.32), 1.28 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.59), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95) comparing the 99th percentile to the median of their own, respectively. For wind velocity, the RR was 0.70 (95%CI, 0.54 to 0.91) comparing the 1st percentile to the median. The hot effect and cold effect were larger in females than in males, and the hot effect increased with age. Conclusions Mean temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure might be important predictors of the mumps incidence. Tropical cyclone caused a higher increase in mumps cases. Our findings highlight the need to strengthen the awareness of using protective measures during typhoon days and allocating more attention to the susceptible populations during the summer. The two-dose regimen of mumps vaccine should be included in the National Immunization Program schedule, and the catch-up vaccination campaigns should be promoted among adults. PMID:25424950

Mumps Outbreak Among a Highly Vaccinated University Community-New York City, January-April 2014.

PubMed

Patel, Leena N; Arciuolo, Robert J; Fu, Jie; Giancotti, Francesca R; Zucker, Jane R; Rakeman, Jennifer L; Rosen, Jennifer B

2017-02-15

On 14 January 2014, a vaccinated student presented with parotitis. Mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing was negative and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was not performed, resulting in a missed diagnosis and the start of an outbreak at a New York City (NYC) university. Mumps case investigations included patient interviews, medical records review, and laboratory testing including mumps serology and RT-PCR. Case patients were considered linked to the outbreak if they attended or had epidemiologic linkage to the university. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data for outbreak cases residing in NYC were analyzed. Fifty-six NYC residents with mumps were identified with onset between 12 January and 30 April 2014. Fifty-three cases (95%) were university students, 1 (2%) was a staff member, and 2 (4%) had epidemiologic links to the university. The median age was 20 years (range 18-37 years). All cases had parotitis. Three cases were hospitalized, including 1 of 2 cases with orchitis. Fifty-four (96%) cases had received ≥1 mumps-containing vaccine, 1 (2%) was unvaccinated due to religious exemption, and 1 (2%) had unknown vaccination status. Two of the 44 (5%) cases tested by serology were mumps IgM positive, and 27 of the 40 (68%) tested by RT-PCR were positive. Mumps outbreaks can occur in highly vaccinated populations. Mumps should be considered in patients with parotitis regardless of vaccination status. RT-PCR is the preferred testing method; providers should not rely on IgM testing alone. High vaccination coverage and control measures likely limited the extent of the outbreak. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Viral etiology of mumps-like illnesses in suspected mumps cases reported in Catalonia, Spain

PubMed Central

Barrabeig, Irene; Costa, Josep; Rovira, Ariadna; Marcos, M Angeles; Isanta, Ricard; López-Adalid, Rubén; Cervilla, Ana; Torner, Nuria; Domínguez, Angela

2014-01-01

We investigated the etiology of reported sporadic suspected mumps cases with a negative RT-PCR result for the mumps virus in the Barcelona-South region in 2007–2011. Samples from mumps virus-negative patients presenting unilateral or bilateral parotitis or other salivary gland swelling were tested for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by real-time PCR and for respiratory viruses by two multiplex-PCR-based assays to detect parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1–4, influenza virus (InV) A, B and C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus OC43, and rhinovirus. 101 samples were analyzed in persons aged 8 months to 50 years. Oral samples were collected on the first day of glandular swelling in 53 patients (52.5%), and on the first two days in 74 patients (73.3%). Viruses were detected in 52 (51.5%) of samples: one virus (25 EBV, 8 PIV3, 4 adenovirus, 4 PIV2, 1 PIV1, 1 InVA, and 1 enterovirus) was detected in 44 patients (84.6%), two viruses in 7 patients, and three viruses in one patient. In 58 patients (57.5%) whose sample was collected in the first 2 days after onset of parotitis and had received two doses of MMR vaccine and in 15 patients (14.8%) whose sample was collected on the first day, it is very likely that the cause was not the mumps virus. This would mean that 72.3% (73/101) of the reported sporadic suspected mumps cases were not mumps cases. The timing of oral-sample collection is crucial to correctly interpret the negative results for mumps virus RNA, especially when suspected cases occur in vaccinated persons. PMID:25483547

Analysis of mumps vaccine failure by means of avidity testing for mumps virus-specific immunoglobulin G.

PubMed

Narita, M; Matsuzono, Y; Takekoshi, Y; Yamada, S; Itakura, O; Kubota, M; Kikuta, H; Togashi, T

1998-11-01

To characterize patients with mumps vaccine failure, avidity testing was performed with the Enzygnost Anti-Parotitis Virus/IgG kit using a single-dilution-6 M urea denaturation method. Five groups of patients were tested. Group 1 consisted of 29 patients with primary mumps infections; group 2 was 20 children and adults with a definite history of natural infection; group 3 was 7 patients with a recent mumps vaccination, 1 of whom developed parotid gland swelling and aseptic meningitis; group 4 was 14 patients with mumps vaccine failure; and group 5 was 6 patients with recurrent episodes of parotitis in addition to a history of vaccination. On the basis of the results of groups 1 and 2, an avidity of /=32% was determined to be high. Avidity maturation from low to high appears to occur around 180 days after the acute illness. The results of group 3 showed that the vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) had very low avidity. Among the 14 patients in group 4, 12 patients, including 7 with a positive IgM response, were diagnosed as having secondary vaccine failures. The results of group 5 suggested the possibility that the avidity of the mumps vaccine-induced IgG remains low or borderline. These results showed that secondary mumps vaccine failure occurs not infrequently, even among school age children under condition in which the vaccine coverage is low (i.e., 33% in our study population), and therefore, vaccinees are prone to be exposed to wild-type viruses. Avidity testing should provide information useful for the analysis of mumps virus infections.

Analysis of Mumps Vaccine Failure by Means of Avidity Testing for Mumps Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin G

PubMed Central

Narita, Mitsuo; Matsuzono, Yoshihiro; Takekoshi, Yasuo; Yamada, Satoshi; Itakura, Osamu; Kubota, Mitsuru; Kikuta, Hideaki; Togashi, Takehiro

1998-01-01

To characterize patients with mumps vaccine failure, avidity testing was performed with the Enzygnost Anti-Parotitis Virus/IgG kit using a single-dilution–6 M urea denaturation method. Five groups of patients were tested. Group 1 consisted of 29 patients with primary mumps infections; group 2 was 20 children and adults with a definite history of natural infection; group 3 was 7 patients with a recent mumps vaccination, 1 of whom developed parotid gland swelling and aseptic meningitis; group 4 was 14 patients with mumps vaccine failure; and group 5 was 6 patients with recurrent episodes of parotitis in addition to a history of vaccination. On the basis of the results of groups 1 and 2, an avidity of ≦31% was determined to be low, and ≧32% was determined to be high. Avidity maturation from low to high appears to occur around 180 days after the acute illness. The results of group 3 showed that the vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) had very low avidity. Among the 14 patients in group 4, 12 patients, including 7 with a positive IgM response, were diagnosed as having secondary vaccine failures. The results of group 5 suggested the possibility that the avidity of the mumps vaccine-induced IgG remains low or borderline. These results showed that secondary mumps vaccine failure occurs not infrequently, even among school age children under condition in which the vaccine coverage is low (i.e., 33% in our study population), and therefore, vaccinees are prone to be exposed to wild-type viruses. Avidity testing should provide information useful for the analysis of mumps virus infections. PMID:9801337

Three cases of mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection in children with enteroviral meningitis

PubMed Central

Rasti, Mojtaba; Makvandi, Manoochehr; Neisi, Niloofar; Azaran, Azarakhsh; Rastegarvand, Nasrin; Khalafkhany, Davod; Jahangirnezhad, Emad; Teimoori, Ali; Hadian, Maryam; Shabani, Abdolnabi; Shamsizadeh, Ahmad; Nikfar, Roya; Varnaseri, Mehran

2016-01-01

Abstract Several viruses are responsible for aseptic meningitis; however, in the region of Southwest Iran, the role played by each virus is still not very well known. The aim of this study is to determine the relative frequencies of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses, as well as coinfections among them, in patients with aseptic meningitis. In this cross-sectional study, samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected between December 2012 and December 2013 from patients under 14 years, who were hospitalized in Abuzar Children's Hospital in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran (the only children's hospital in Khuzestan province and Southwest Iran). All 66 cerebrospinal fluid samples and corresponding clinical data were collected from patients with aseptic meningitis by specialists, and with the patients’ consent. The DNA and RNA were extracted from these samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction as well as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses. Nine of the samples (3 mumps-positive and 6 enterovirus-positive) were sequenced. The mumps virus sequences were investigated for possible mutations in the SH and partial HN regions. Up to 39 patients (59.09%) were found to be positive for enteroviruses, 3 (4.5%) for mumps virus, and 1 (1.5%) for herpes viruses (specifically, the varicella-zoster virus). Two patients (3.03%) had a mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection. Among the 3 detected mumps virus samples, 1 belonged to genotype B, while the others belonged to genotype N. Six sequenced enteroviruses indicated the highest similarity with Echovirus 30. An amino acid substitution at position 51 (N→T) was detected in the HN region of genotype N mumps virus samples, in comparison to the reference strain. PMID:27930588

Three cases of mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection in children with enteroviral meningitis.

PubMed

Rasti, Mojtaba; Makvandi, Manoochehr; Neisi, Niloofar; Azaran, Azarakhsh; Rastegarvand, Nasrin; Khalafkhany, Davod; Jahangirnezhad, Emad; Teimoori, Ali; Hadian, Maryam; Shabani, Abdolnabi; Shamsizadeh, Ahmad; Nikfar, Roya; Varnaseri, Mehran

2016-12-01

Several viruses are responsible for aseptic meningitis; however, in the region of Southwest Iran, the role played by each virus is still not very well known. The aim of this study is to determine the relative frequencies of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses, as well as coinfections among them, in patients with aseptic meningitis.In this cross-sectional study, samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected between December 2012 and December 2013 from patients under 14 years, who were hospitalized in Abuzar Children's Hospital in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran (the only children's hospital in Khuzestan province and Southwest Iran).All 66 cerebrospinal fluid samples and corresponding clinical data were collected from patients with aseptic meningitis by specialists, and with the patients' consent. The DNA and RNA were extracted from these samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction as well as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses. Nine of the samples (3 mumps-positive and 6 enterovirus-positive) were sequenced. The mumps virus sequences were investigated for possible mutations in the SH and partial HN regions.Up to 39 patients (59.09%) were found to be positive for enteroviruses, 3 (4.5%) for mumps virus, and 1 (1.5%) for herpes viruses (specifically, the varicella-zoster virus). Two patients (3.03%) had a mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection. Among the 3 detected mumps virus samples, 1 belonged to genotype B, while the others belonged to genotype N. Six sequenced enteroviruses indicated the highest similarity with Echovirus 30. An amino acid substitution at position 51 (N→T) was detected in the HN region of genotype N mumps virus samples, in comparison to the reference strain.

How will the MMR universal mass vaccination change the epidemiologic pattern of mumps? A 2012 Italian serosurvey.

PubMed

Tafuri, Silvio; Gallone, Maria Serena; Larocca, Angela Maria Vittoria; Germinario, Cinzia

2016-11-01

To investigate the changes in the epidemiologic pattern of mumps, we carried out a serosurvey among young adults from Apulia, Italy. A convenience sample of 1,764 blood donors were enrolled in 2012: 93.4% (95% confidence interval, 92.1-94.5) showed a positive antimumps immunoglobulin G titre, geometric mean titer was 2.05. Results were consistent with previously published data on the immunogenicity of mumps vaccine but showed a lack of immunity (10% of people aged 18-26 years susceptible for mumps). Future research must be focused on the long-time immunogenicity of the mumps vaccine. Copyright © 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Effectiveness of a combined live mumps-measles vaccine].

PubMed

Unanov, S S; Korzh, Iu N; Dorofeev, V M; Iuminova, N V; Myshliaeva, L A

1987-01-01

The reactogenic and areactogenic properties of a live combined mumps-measles vaccine (MMV) prepared in primary cultures of Japanese quail embryo cells from attenuated strains of mumps (L-3) and measles (L-16) viruses were under study. The observations involved 648 infants varying in ages from 1 to 3 years, seronegative to measles and mumps viruses, without the history of the disease and vaccinations against these infections or contraindications to vaccinations. The infants were vaccinated with 5 batches of MMV with different portions of the mumps and measles components. The vaccinees and controls (placebo injections) were observed for 30 days postvaccination. The live MMV was shown to be a safe, well tolerated preparation with low reactogenicity and a high antigenic activity.

[Comparative evaluation of Leningrad-3 mumps vaccine virus neurovirulence in a neonatal rat model].

PubMed

Ignat'ev, G M; Otrashevskaia, E V; Rubin, S A

2011-01-01

The neurovirulence and replication potential of several mumps virus strains, including Leningrad-3 mumps vaccine virus (FSUE SIC "Microgen", Russia) and wild type strains isolated in the Novosibirsk Region (Russia), were assessed in rat tests. The mean neurovirulence scores of the Leningrad-3 virus (< 4.0) were significantly lower than those of wild type strains (ranging from 6.1 to 15.2) and were in accordance with the scores determined for other attenuated mumps vaccine strains (usually ranging from 0 to 5). In general, the relative ability of the viruses to replicate in the rat brain tracked with their neurovirulence scores. These results indicate a low neurovirulence potential of the Leningrad-3 mumps vaccine virus for humans.

High seroprevalence of varicella, measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis antibodies in first-grade medical students.

PubMed

Socan, Maja; Berginc, Natasa

2008-01-01

The aim of the study was to investigate seropositivity for five vaccine-preventable communicable diseases - varicella, measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis - in a sample of first-grade medical students. A total of 256 students were tested for varicella IgG antibodies. In addition, 138 of the students were serologically screened for measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis antibodies. Data on vaccination and history of measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis were collected. Immunity to varicella, measles, mumps and rubella was established in 97.6%, 96.4%, 97.8% and 99.3% participants, respectively. Anti-pertussis toxin antibodies were detected in 81.2% of the students. The rates of varicella, measles, mumps and rubella immunity in first-grade medical students are very high. To identify those students who need vaccination before commencing practical work in healthcare facilities, a meticulous disease and vaccination history should be taken and medical records should be reviewed. Medical students providing no written evidence of adequate vaccination status should be serologically tested and vaccinated if necessary.

Vaccination of school children with live mumps virus vaccine.

PubMed

Furesz, J; Nagler, F P

1970-05-30

Live, attenuated mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax) was administered to 146 school children 6 to 9 years of age. One child developed clinical mumps nine days after vaccination; epidemiological and serological data strongly suggest that this child had become infected before vaccination. Apart from this single instance there were no apparent clinical reactions that could be ascribed to the administration of the vaccine. Sixty-three of the 146 children with no clinical history of mumps had an initial serum neutralizing antibody titre of less than 1:2. Specific antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 93.5% of the sera of the susceptible children 28 days after vaccination, and the geometric mean antibody titre of these sera was low (1:6). Of the 80 initially seropositive children 21 (26.2%) showed a significant antibody response to the vaccine and this was influenced by the pre-existing antibody level. These data have further demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the live mumps vaccine in children.

Vaccination of School Children With Live Mumps Virus Vaccine

PubMed Central

Furesz, J.; Nagler, F. P.

1970-01-01

Live, attenuated mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax) was administered to 146 school children 6 to 9 years of age. One child developed clinical mumps nine days after vaccination; epidemiological and serological data strongly suggest that this child had become infected before vaccination. Apart from this single instance there were no apparent clinical reactions that could be ascribed to the administration of the vaccine. Sixty-three of the 146 children with no clinical history of mumps had an initial serum neutralizing antibody titre of less than 1:2. Specific antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 93.5% of the sera of the susceptible children 28 days after vaccination, and the geometric mean antibody titre of these sera was low (1:6). Of the 80 initially seropositive children 21 (26.2%) showed a significant antibody response to the vaccine and this was influenced by the pre-existing antibody level. These data have further demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the live mumps vaccine in children. PMID:5420994

Case of mumps orchitis after vaccination.

PubMed

Kanda, Takayoshi; Mochida, Junichi; Takada, Shogo; Hori, Yutaro; Yamaguchi, Kenya; Takahashi, Satoru

2014-04-01

We present a case of mumps orchitis after vaccination. A 35-year-old man visited the emergency unit of our hospital for fever and right testicular pain on 7 January 2012. Two weeks before the visit, he underwent vaccination for mumps. After 7 days of hospitalization, the patient recovered from fever and testicular pain. Scrotal magnetic resonance imaging suggested right orchitis, and an increased level of serum mumps immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G indicated an initial infection of mumps virus. The peak value of immunoglobulin G showed 106 enzyme immunoassay unit 5 weeks after vaccination, which was 10-fold higher than the ordinary rise of a vaccinated individual. This fact leads to two possibilities. One is this happened as an adverse event of vaccination, and the other is that he actually had a wild-type infection at the same time as vaccination. There are some reports regarding adverse events of mumps vaccine; however, they might include wild-type infection. © 2013 The Japanese Urological Association.

Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine.

PubMed

May, Meghan; Rieder, Courtney A; Rowe, Rebecca J

2018-01-01

Mumps outbreaks among vaccinated patients have become increasingly common in recent years. While there are multiple conditions driving this re-emergence, convention has suggested that these outbreaks are associated with waning immunity rather than vaccine escape. Molecular evidence from both the ongoing American and Dutch outbreaks in conjunction with recent structural biology studies challenge this convention, and suggest that emergent lineages of mumps virus exhibit key differences in antigenic epitopes from the vaccine strain employed: Jeryl-Lynn 5. The American and Dutch 2016-2017 outbreak lineages were examined using computational biology through the lens of diversity in immunogenic epitopes. Findings are discussed and the laboratory evidence indicating neutralization of heterologous mumps strains by serum from vaccinated individuals is reviewed. Taken together, it is concluded that the number of heterologous epitopes occurring in mumps virus in conjunction with waning immunity is facilitating small outbreaks in vaccinated patients, and that consideration of a polyvalent mumps vaccine is warranted. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Seroepidemiology of mumps in the general population of Jiangsu province, China after introduction of a one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine

PubMed Central

Liu, Yuanbao; Hu, Ying; Deng, Xiuying; Wang, Zhiguo; Lu, Peishan; Ma, Fubao; Zhou, Minghao; Liu, Pei; Min, Jie

2015-01-01

The mumps surveillance data from 2004 to 2011 showed that the incidence of mumps remained high after the one-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in China in 2008. A cross-sectional survey of mumps IgG in the general population of Jiangsu province was conducted in 2012 to gain comprehensive information on the immunity profile of the general population. The mean incidence was 15.2 per 100 000 individuals in Jiangsu province from 2004–2013. Two mumps incidence peaks were observed each year after introduction of the one-dose MMR vaccine. The seroprevalence did not significantly differ by region or sex, while the GMC significantly differed by region and sex. The overall GMC in Jiangsu province was 99.1 IU/ml (95% CI: 90.1–108.2), while the seroprevalence was only 59.1% (95% CI: 56.5–61.6). The seroprevalences for the 2 age groups that received the one-dose MMR vaccine, with reported coverage exceeding 95%, were 42.6% and 70.0%, respectively. The data on the incidence, MMR coverage, and seroprevalence in children younger than 6 years of age indicate that a two-dose MMR strategy should be considered. Mumps surveillance should be strengthened in children aged 6–11 and in those aged 12–17 because of their high contact rates and relatively low seroprevalences. PMID:26423223

Evidence of Mumps Infection Among Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

PubMed

Doshi, Reena H; Alfonso, Vivian H; Hoff, Nicole A; Mukadi, Patrick; Gerber, Sue; Bwaka, Ado; Higgins, Stephen G; Mwamba, Guillaume Ngoie; Okitolonda, Emile; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques; Rimoin, Anne W

2017-05-01

Mumps is an acute viral infection and while the infection is usually mild, complications can lead to permanent sequelae including brain damage and deafness. The burden of mumps is currently unknown the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we therefore assessed susceptibility to mumps infection among children 6-59 months of age. In collaboration with the 2013-2014 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, we conducted a serosurvey to assess population immunity to vaccine preventable diseases. Dried blood spot samples were collected from children 6 to 59 months of age and processed at the UCLA-DRC laboratory in Kinshasa, DRC using the Dynex Technologies Multiplier FLEX chemiluminescent immunoassay platform (Dynex multiplex assay, Chantilly, VA). Logistic multivariate analyses were used to determine risk factors for mumps seropositivity. Serologic and survey data were matched for 7195, 6-59 month-old children, among whom 22% were positive and 3% indeterminate for mumps antibodies in weighted analyses. In multivariate analyses, the odds of seropositivity increased with increasing age, female gender, number of children in household, increasing socioeconomic status and province (Kinshasa with the highest odds of positive test result compared with all other provinces). These data suggest that mumps virus is circulating in DRC and risk of exposure increases with age. At present, the introduction of a combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine remains unlikely, as the capacity to maintain adequate vaccine coverage levels for routine immunization must be improved before additional antigens can be considered for the routine immunization schedule.

Mumps Epidemiology and Mumps Virus Genotypes Circulating in Mainland China during 2013-2015.

PubMed

Cui, Aili; Zhu, Zhen; Hu, Ying; Deng, Xiuying; Sun, Zhaodan; Zhang, Yan; Mao, Naiying; Xu, Songtao; Fang, Xueqiang; Gao, Hui; Si, Yuan; Lei, Yake; Zheng, Huanying; He, Jilan; Wu, Hongwei; Xu, Wenbo

2017-01-01

With the implementation of mumps virus (MuV) vaccination in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in mainland China since 2008, the incidence of mumps has decreased, and the natural epidemic pattern of mumps has slightly changed during 2013-2015. The two epidemic peaks (April-July and November-December) became less obvious than those observed from 2004 to 2012. Children and adolescents younger than 15, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old age group, remain the target group and should be the focus of high-quality immunization activities in mainland China. However, it was also found that the incidence and reported cases of mumps decreased in each age group during 2013-2015, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old and ten-to-fourteen-year-old age groups. The proportion of mumps cases among adults in some provinces also increased. Unlike the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of mumps affected by vaccination, the data of MuV virology surveillance indicated that most of the MuV transmission chains have not yet been effectively interrupted, and MuV remains a natural epidemic pattern in mainland China. In the MuV virology surveillance, 194 MuV strains during 2013-2015 were isolated from 10 of 31 provinces in mainland China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, both genotype F (99.0%) and G (1.0%) were identified, and genotype F was still the predominant genotype continuously circulating in mainland China. Representative genotype F and G strains isolated in China from 1995 to 2012 were selected for further analysis. The results indicated that there were multiple transmission chains within genotype F, with no obvious geographical or time differences. The high genetic diversity of genotype F strains could be a result of the continuous transmission and evolution of the MuV in mainland China. Genotype G was also detected in four provinces in mainland China. Because of the limited epidemiological data, it was uncertain whether the genotype G MuV strains found in 2011 and 2013 were imported from other countries. Therefore, combined high-quality epidemiological and virological surveillance is necessary for mumps control; it can also be used to observe the changes in epidemiological characteristics and viral transmission of mumps over time after mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) implementation and to provide a comprehensive epidemiological and genetic baseline for mumps elimination in mainland China.

Mumps Epidemiology and Mumps Virus Genotypes Circulating in Mainland China during 2013-2015

PubMed Central

Cui, Aili; Zhu, Zhen; Hu, Ying; Deng, Xiuying; Sun, Zhaodan; Zhang, Yan; Mao, Naiying; Xu, Songtao; Fang, Xueqiang; Gao, Hui; Si, Yuan; Lei, Yake; Zheng, Huanying; He, Jilan; Wu, Hongwei; Xu, Wenbo

2017-01-01

With the implementation of mumps virus (MuV) vaccination in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in mainland China since 2008, the incidence of mumps has decreased, and the natural epidemic pattern of mumps has slightly changed during 2013–2015. The two epidemic peaks (April-July and November-December) became less obvious than those observed from 2004 to 2012. Children and adolescents younger than 15, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old age group, remain the target group and should be the focus of high-quality immunization activities in mainland China. However, it was also found that the incidence and reported cases of mumps decreased in each age group during 2013–2015, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old and ten-to-fourteen-year-old age groups. The proportion of mumps cases among adults in some provinces also increased. Unlike the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of mumps affected by vaccination, the data of MuV virology surveillance indicated that most of the MuV transmission chains have not yet been effectively interrupted, and MuV remains a natural epidemic pattern in mainland China. In the MuV virology surveillance, 194 MuV strains during 2013–2015 were isolated from 10 of 31 provinces in mainland China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, both genotype F (99.0%) and G (1.0%) were identified, and genotype F was still the predominant genotype continuously circulating in mainland China. Representative genotype F and G strains isolated in China from 1995 to 2012 were selected for further analysis. The results indicated that there were multiple transmission chains within genotype F, with no obvious geographical or time differences. The high genetic diversity of genotype F strains could be a result of the continuous transmission and evolution of the MuV in mainland China. Genotype G was also detected in four provinces in mainland China. Because of the limited epidemiological data, it was uncertain whether the genotype G MuV strains found in 2011 and 2013 were imported from other countries. Therefore, combined high-quality epidemiological and virological surveillance is necessary for mumps control; it can also be used to observe the changes in epidemiological characteristics and viral transmission of mumps over time after mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) implementation and to provide a comprehensive epidemiological and genetic baseline for mumps elimination in mainland China. PMID:28085897

MUMPS Based Integration of Disparate Computer-Assisted Medical Diagnosis Modules

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-12

modules use a Bayesian approach, while the Opthalmology module uses a Rule Based approach. In the current effort, MUMPS is used to develop an...Abdominal and Chest Pain modules use a Bayesian approach, while the Opthalmology module uses a Rule Based approach. In the current effort, MUMPS is used

21 CFR 866.3380 - Mumps virus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Mumps virus serological reagents. 866.3380 Section 866.3380 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES Serological Reagents § 866.3380 Mumps virus...

21 CFR 866.3380 - Mumps virus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Mumps virus serological reagents. 866.3380 Section 866.3380 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES Serological Reagents § 866.3380 Mumps virus...

21 CFR 866.3380 - Mumps virus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Mumps virus serological reagents. 866.3380 Section 866.3380 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES Serological Reagents § 866.3380 Mumps virus...

21 CFR 866.3380 - Mumps virus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Mumps virus serological reagents. 866.3380 Section 866.3380 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES Serological Reagents § 866.3380 Mumps virus...

21 CFR 866.3380 - Mumps virus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Mumps virus serological reagents. 866.3380 Section 866.3380 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES Serological Reagents § 866.3380 Mumps virus...

Saliva antibody testing and vaccination in a mumps outbreak.

PubMed

Ramsay, M E; Brown, D W; Eastcott, H R; Begg, N T

1991-08-16

Saliva antibody testing was performed to describe the epidemiology of an outbreak of mumps and identify susceptible children. Thirty-three out of 171 children (19%) were designated susceptible. A past history of mumps illness was found to be unreliable. No further cases of mumps were notified after 28 susceptible children were given MMR vaccine. The use of MMR vaccination may have contributed to the control of this outbreak and its use should be considered where a defined population is expected to have a significant proportion of susceptible individuals.

[Are measles and mumps vaccinations worth while in Switzerland?].

PubMed

Just, M

1978-11-11

Cost-benefit analyses have been performed in investigating the usefulness of general vaccination against measles and mumps in all children. Even by a conservative reckoning the cost of general measles immunization for all children in the second year of life is much lower than the financial effects of the disease. In the case of general mumps vaccination, cost-benefit analyses fo not give so significant an outweight of financial benefit as for measles vaccination. If only for economic reasons, however, general immunization against mumps is recommended for all children in the second year of life. From the economic viewpoint, general immunization programs for teenagers do not pay either with regard to mumps or measles. Such vaccinations may of course be recommended on an individual basis, especially for teenagers with a negative measles history.

Immunogenicity and efficacy of Hoshino strain of mumps vaccine in Iran; two years study.

PubMed

Avijgan, M; Hafizi, M; Moghni, M; Kheiri, S; Esteghamati, A; Sarikhani, S

2011-06-01

This report describes the immunogenicity and efficacy and long term immunity of Hoshino strain of Mumps (included in MMR Vaccine) in shahr-e-kord, Islamic Republic of Iran (I.R.Iran). A total of 338 Children aged 3-18 years were tested for Mumps IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportion of susceptible, mumps IgG negative, children was 19.8% (67 subjects). Of the 67 susceptible children, 36 received the MMR vaccination and successfully completed the study. Blood was collected by venipuncture 3, 12, and 24 months after vaccination and serum samples were tested by ELISA for detection of Mumps IgM and IgG. The overall seroconversion rate was 86.1%, 77.7% and 75% at 3, 12, and 24 months after vaccination respectively.

Rapid Diagnostic Method for Detection of Mumps Virus Genome by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

PubMed Central

Okafuji, Takao; Yoshida, Naoko; Fujino, Motoko; Motegi, Yoshie; Ihara, Toshiaki; Ota, Yoshinori; Notomi, Tsugunori; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2005-01-01

Most mumps patients are clinically diagnosed without any virological examinations, but some diagnosed cases of mumps may be caused by other pathogens or secondary vaccine failure (SVF). To clarify these issues, a sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic method is required. We obtained 60 salivary swabs from 34 patients with natural infection during the course of the illness, 10 samples from patients with vaccine-associated parotitis, and 5 samples from patients with SVF. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for genome amplification. We detected mumps virus RNA corresponding to 0.1 PFU by LAMP within 60 min after RNA extraction, with the same sensitivity as RT-nested PCR. Mumps virus was isolated in 30 of 33 samples within day 2, and mumps virus genome was amplified by LAMP in 32 of them. The quantity of virus titer was calculated by monitoring the time to reach the threshold of turbidity. The viral load decreased after day 3 and was lower in patients serologically diagnosed as having SVF with milder illness. Accuracy of LAMP for the detection of mumps virus genome was confirmed; furthermore, it is of benefit for calculating the viral load, which reflects disease pathogenesis. PMID:15814976

Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013.

PubMed

Vygen, Sabine; Fischer, Aurélie; Meurice, Laure; Mounchetrou Njoya, Ibrahim; Gregoris, Marina; Ndiaye, Bakhao; Ghenassia, Adrien; Poujol, Isabelle; Stahl, Jean Paul; Antona, Denise; Le Strat, Yann; Levy-Bruhl, Daniel; Rolland, Patrick

2016-01-01

In 2013, 15 clusters of mumps were notified in France; 72% (82/114) of the cases had been vaccinated twice with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. To determine whether the risk of mumps increased with time since the last vaccination, we conducted a case-control study among clusters in universities and military barracks. A confirmed case had an inflammation of a salivary gland plus laboratory confirmation in 2013. A probable case presented with inflammation of a salivary gland in 2013 either lasting for > 2 days or with epidemiological link to a confirmed case. Controls had no mumps symptoms and attended the same university course, student party or military barracks. We collected clinical and vaccination data via web questionnaire and medical records. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using logistic regression. 59% (50/85) of cases and 62% (199/321) of controls had been vaccinated twice. The odds of mumps increased for twice-vaccinated individuals by 10% for every year that had passed since the second dose (aOR 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.19; p = 0.02). Mumps immunity waned with increasing time since vaccination. Our findings contributed to the French High Council of Public Health's decision to recommend a third MMR dose during outbreaks for individuals whose second dose dates > 10 years.

Update: mumps outbreak - New York and New Jersey, June 2009-January 2010.

PubMed

2010-02-12

State and local health departments, in collaboration with CDC, continue to investigate a mumps outbreak that began in New York in June 2009. The index case occurred in a boy aged 11 years who had returned on June 17 from a trip to the United Kingdom, where approximately 7,400 reports of laboratory-confirmed mumps were received by the Health Protection Agency in 2009. He then attended a New York summer camp for tradition-observant Jewish boys, where he became symptomatic on June 28. Subsequently, other camp attendees and a staff member were reported to have mumps, and transmission continued in multiple locations when the camp attendees returned home. As of January 29, 2010, a total of 1,521 cases had been reported, with onset dates from June 28, 2009, through January 29, 2010, a substantial increase from the 179 cases reported as of October 30, 2009. The outbreak has remained confined primarily to the tradition-observant Jewish community, with <3% of cases occurring among persons outside the community. The largest percentage of cases (61%) has occurred among persons aged 7-18 years, and 76% of the patients are male. Among the patients for whom vaccination status was reported, 88% had received at least 1 dose of mumps-containing vaccine, and 75% had received 2 doses. This is the largest mumps outbreak that has occurred in the United States since 2006. Although mumps vaccination alone was not sufficient to prevent this outbreak, maintaining high measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage remains the most effective way to prevent outbreaks and limit their size when they occur.

Seroprevalences of Specific IgG Antibodies to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in Korean Infants.

PubMed

Cho, Hye Kyung; Lee, Hyunju; Kim, Han Wool; Kim, Sung Soon; Kang, Hae Ji; Kim, In Tae; Kim, Kyung Hyo

2016-12-01

In this study, the seroprevalences of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in infants were determined to assess the immunization strategy and control measures for these infectious diseases. Serum samples from infants < 1 year of age and their mothers were collected to measure the concentrations of specific IgG antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For selected infant serum samples, measles-specific neutralizing antibody levels were determined by using the plaque reduction neutralization test. The sera from 295 of infants and 80 of their mothers were analyzed. No infants had past measles, mumps, or rubella infections. Almost all infants < 2 months of age were positive for measles and rubella IgG antibodies. However, seroprevalence of measles and rubella antibodies decreased with age, and measles IgG and rubella IgG were barely detectable after 4 months of age. The seroprevalence of mumps antibodies was lower than that of measles and rubella antibodies in infants ≤ 4 months old, and mumps IgG was barely detectable after 2 months of age. The seropositivity of measles-specific neutralizing antibody was 63.6% in infants aged 2 months and undetectable in infants ≥ 6 months old. Because the seropositivity rates of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies were low after the first few months of age in Korean infants, active immunization with vaccines is strongly recommended for infants aged 6-11 months when measles is epidemic. Timely administration of the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 12 months of age should be encouraged in non-epidemic situations.

The short-term association between meteorological factors and mumps in Jining, China.

PubMed

Li, Runzi; Lin, Hualiang; Liang, Yumin; Zhang, Tao; Luo, Cheng; Jiang, Zheng; Xu, Qinqin; Xue, Fuzhong; Liu, Yanxun; Li, Xiujun

2016-10-15

An increasing trend of the incidence of mumps has been observed in a few developing countries in recent years, presenting a major threat to children's health. A few studies have examined the relationship between meteorological factors and mumps with inconsistent findings. The daily data of meteorological variables and mumps from 2009 to 2013 were obtained from Jining, a temperate inland city of China. A generalized additive model was used to quantify the association between meteorological factors and mumps based on the exposure-response relationship. A total of 8520 mumps cases were included in this study. We found a nonlinear relationship of daily mean temperature, sunshine duration and relative humidity with mumps, with an approximately linear association for mean temperature above 4°C (excess risk (ER) for 1°C increase was 2.72%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.38%, 3.05% on the current day), for relative humidity above 54%, the ER for 1% increase was -1.86% (95% CI: -2.06%, -1.65%) at lag day 14; and for sunshine duration higher than 5h/d, the ER for per 1h/d increase was12.91% (95% CI: 11.38%, 14.47%) at lag day 1. While we found linear effects for daily wind speed (ER: 2.98%, 95% CI: 2.71%, 3.26% at lag day 13). This study suggests that meteorological factors might be important predictors of incidence of mumps, and should be considered in its control and prevention. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seroprevalences of Specific IgG Antibodies to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in Korean Infants

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

In this study, the seroprevalences of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in infants were determined to assess the immunization strategy and control measures for these infectious diseases. Serum samples from infants < 1 year of age and their mothers were collected to measure the concentrations of specific IgG antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For selected infant serum samples, measles-specific neutralizing antibody levels were determined by using the plaque reduction neutralization test. The sera from 295 of infants and 80 of their mothers were analyzed. No infants had past measles, mumps, or rubella infections. Almost all infants < 2 months of age were positive for measles and rubella IgG antibodies. However, seroprevalence of measles and rubella antibodies decreased with age, and measles IgG and rubella IgG were barely detectable after 4 months of age. The seroprevalence of mumps antibodies was lower than that of measles and rubella antibodies in infants ≤ 4 months old, and mumps IgG was barely detectable after 2 months of age. The seropositivity of measles-specific neutralizing antibody was 63.6% in infants aged 2 months and undetectable in infants ≥ 6 months old. Because the seropositivity rates of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies were low after the first few months of age in Korean infants, active immunization with vaccines is strongly recommended for infants aged 6–11 months when measles is epidemic. Timely administration of the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 12 months of age should be encouraged in non-epidemic situations. PMID:27822935

Mumps virus reinfection is not a rare event confirmed by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

PubMed

Yoshida, Naoko; Fujino, Motoko; Miyata, Akiko; Nagai, Takao; Kamada, Makoto; Sakiyama, Hiroshi; Ihara, Toshiaki; Kumagai, Takuji; Okafuji, Teruo; Okafuji, Takao; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2008-03-01

Clinically apparent mumps reinfection is considered extremely rare, but several cases have been suspected of reinfection in an out-patient clinic. In this study, virological examination, virus isolation, the reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and IgG and IgM EIA antibodies, were examined in order to identify mumps reinfection. Patients were divided into three categories; the reinfection group comprised 29 patients with a history of natural infection, the vaccine-failure group consisted of 37 patients with an immunization history, and two patients had histories of both immunization and mumps infection. Another 25 patients were enrolled as a primary infection group. Mumps virus was isolated in 5 (17%) and the genome was detected in 12 (41%) of 29 in the reinfection group. Reinfection was confirmed in 21/28, demonstrating high avidity of IgG EIA. Mumps virus was isolated in 15 (41%) and there was a higher positivity of genome amplification in 25 (68%) of 37 patients in the vaccine-failure group. Among these, 23 were confirmed as secondary vaccine failure by high avidity IgG EIA serology. In the primary infection group, the isolation rate and genome detection rate was higher in 16 (64%) and in 18 (72%) of 25 patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus load among the three groups but high mumps virus load was suspected in the IgM EIA-positive group based on the shorter amplification time on RT-LAMP. Mumps virus reinfection was confirmed by RT-LAMP and an IgG avidity test and was not a rare event.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) use, measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, and autistic disorder: the results of a parent survey.

PubMed

Schultz, Stephen T; Klonoff-Cohen, Hillary S; Wingard, Deborah L; Akshoomoff, Natacha A; Macera, Caroline A; Ji, Ming

2008-05-01

The present study was performed to determine whether acetaminophen (paracetamol) use after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination could be associated with autistic disorder. This case-control study used the results of an online parental survey conducted from 16 July 2005 to 30 January 2006, consisting of 83 children with autistic disorder and 80 control children. Acetaminophen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was significantly associated with autistic disorder when considering children 5 years of age or less (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.42-26.3), after limiting cases to children with regression in development (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.11-14.3), and when considering only children who had post-vaccination sequelae (OR 8.23, 95% CI 1.56-43.3), adjusting for age, gender, mother's ethnicity, and the presence of illness concurrent with measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Ibuprofen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was not associated with autistic disorder. This preliminary study found that acetaminophen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was associated with autistic disorder.

Infertility treatment for azoospermic patients with a history of infectious parotitis (mumps) using combined techniques.

PubMed

Zhang, Shuiwen; Li, Jianhua; Zhou, Guoping; Qin, Silong; Xin, Nan; Guo, Junhong; Xu, Ye

2013-12-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of in vitro maturation-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVM-ICSI) technique on the treatment of azoospermic patients with a history of infectious parotitis (mumps). Spermatozoa were obtained from the testes of azoospermic patients with a history of mumps and fertilized by ICSI. Eggs were retrieved from the spouse of patients in the natural cycle. Fertilized embryos were transferred into the uterus of patients' respective spouses. Live sperm were retrieved from 16 of out of 24 (67%) azoospermic patients with a history of mumps. Using IVM-ICSI, the normal fertilization rate was 71.2%. A total of 23 treatment cycles were completed in the spouses of 16 patients and of these, 9 patients' spouses became pregnant (a pregnancy rate of 39.1%). The success rate for infertility treatment of mumps patients was equally high at 56.3% (9/16). The IVM-ICSI technique is a simple, effective and economic method for infertility treatment in azoospermic patients with a history of mumps.

Factors associated with mothers not vaccinating their children against mumps in Japan.

PubMed

Tsuchiya, Y; Shida, N; Izumi, S; Ogasawara, M; Kakinuma, W; Tsujiuchi, T; Machida, K

2016-08-01

In Japan, mumps immunization is not mandatory, and the prevalence of mumps immunization among eligible children is only about 30%, raising concerns about increased risk of meningitis, encephalitis and deafness caused by mumps. In 2011, to understand why families are not voluntarily immunizing their children against mumps, we surveyed mothers who were university graduates to examine the factors and barriers influencing mumps vaccination in Japan. A cross sectional design. We sent questionnaires including questions on demographic data and vaccination status, barriers and factors for immunizations to university alumnae to recruit participants. Data were analysed by Student's t-test for continuous variables and by univariate and multivariate analysis to obtain the odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio. Two hundred and twenty-six mothers with children responded with an average (range) age of 44.7 years (SD = 5.02; 30-55 years). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) from logistic regression analysis identified fear of harmful side-effects (aOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.10 to 5.89), the vaccination not being mandatory (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.41 to 7.72), perceived non-efficacy (aOR, 6.21; 95% CI, 1.85 to 20.91) and being busy (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.21 to 9.01) were significantly and inversely associated with mumps vaccination. Recommendations from family doctors (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.71), living abroad when their children would be vaccinated (aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.68) and the maternal age (aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.96) were significant and positively associated with vaccination. In the absence of mandatory vaccinations, a public education campaign about mumps, their potential consequences and the nature and value of vaccination could improve the prevalence of mumps vaccination among children and prevent the consequences of this disease. Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Horizontal transmission of the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain: a report of six symptomatic cases of parotitis and one case of meningitis.

PubMed

Atrasheuskaya, Alina; Kulak, Mikhail; Fisenko, Elena G; Karpov, Igor; Ignatyev, George; Atrasheuskaya, Alena

2012-08-03

Here we report horizontal symptomatic transmission of the Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Zagreb) mumps vaccine virus. Children who were the source of transmission had been vaccinated with the MMR vaccine (Serum Institute of India) contained L-Zagreb mumps virus. This is the first report of horizontal symptomatic transmission of this vaccine. The etiology of all seven contact cases was confirmed by epidemiological linking, serology and by F, SH, NP and HN mumps virus genes sequencing. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An adult case of mumps brainstem meningoencephalitis with a past measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination.

PubMed

Hong, Ji Man; Jung, Ki Young

2006-06-01

Severe complications such as meningoencephalitis are quite rare in the setting of mumps infection. We report here on a 24-year-old soldier with a past history of MMR vaccination who was admitted because of aseptic meningitis. His mental status rapidly deteriorated and swelling of both parotid glands was observed. The MR findings revealed discrete lesions in the brainstem and thalamus. He barely recovered within 2 months. Among the adults with failure to acquire immunity despite MMR vaccination, institutional crowding can lead to cases of potentially fatal CNS complication such as mumps meningoencephalitis.

Strategy for an Extensible Microcomputer-Based Mumps System for Private Practice

PubMed Central

Walters, Richard F.; Johnson, Stephen L.

1979-01-01

A macro expander technique has been adopted to generate a machine independent single user version of ANSI Standard MUMPS running on an 8080 Microcomputer. This approach makes it possible to have the medically oriented MUMPS language available on inexpensive systems suitable for small group practice settings. Substitution of another macro expansion set allows the same interpreter to be implemented on another computer, thereby providing compatibility with comparable or larger scale systems. Furthermore, since the global file handler can be separated from the interpreter, this approach permits development of a distributed MUMPS system with no change in applications software.

Genetic characterization of L-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain.

PubMed

Ivancic, Jelena; Gulija, Tanja Kosutic; Forcic, Dubravko; Baricevic, Marijana; Jug, Renata; Mesko-Prejac, Majda; Mazuran, Renata

2005-04-01

Eleven mumps vaccine strains, all containing live attenuated virus, have been used throughout the world. Although L-Zagreb mumps vaccine has been licensed since 1972, only its partial nucleotide sequence was previously determined (accession numbers , and ). Therefore, we sequenced the entire genome of L-Zagreb vaccine strain (Institute of Immunology Inc., Zagreb, Croatia). In order to investigate the genetic stability of the vaccine, sequences of both L-Zagreb master seed and currently produced vaccine batch were determined and no difference between them was observed. A phylogenetic analysis based on SH gene sequence has shown that L-Zagreb strain does not belong to any of established mumps genotypes and that it is most similar to old, laboratory preserved European strains (1950s-1970s). L-Zagreb nucleotide and deduced protein sequences were compared with other mumps virus sequences obtained from the GenBank. Emphasis was put on functionally important protein regions and known antigenic epitopes. The extensive comparisons of nucleotide and deduced protein sequences between L-Zagreb vaccine strain and other previously determined mumps virus sequences have shown that while the functional regions of HN, V, and L proteins are well conserved among various mumps strains, there can be a substantial amino acid difference in antigenic epitopes of all proteins and in functional regions of F protein. No molecular pattern was identified that can be used as a distinction marker between virulent and attenuated strains.

[Application of multiple seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model in predicting the mumps incidence].

PubMed

Hui, Shisheng; Chen, Lizhang; Liu, Fuqiang; Ouyang, Yanhao

2015-12-01

To establish multiple seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA) according to mumps disease incidence in Hunan province, and to predict the mumps incidence from May 2015 to April 2016 in Hunan province by the model. The data were downloaded from "Disease Surveillance Information Reporting Management System" in China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The monthly incidence of mumps in Hunan province was collected from January 2004 to April 2015 according to the onset date, including clinical diagnosis and laboratory confirmed cases. The predictive analysis method was the ARIMA model in SPSS 18.0 software, the ARIMA model was established on the monthly incidence of mumps from January 2004 to April 2014, and the date from May 2014 to April 2015 was used as the testing sample, Box-Ljung Q test was used to test the residual of the selected model. Finally, the monthly incidence of mumps from May 2015 to April 2016 was predicted by the model. The peak months of the mumps incidence were May to July every year, and the secondary peak months were November to January of the following year, during January 2004 to April 2014 in Hunan province. After the data sequence was handled by smooth sequence, model identification, establishment and diagnosis, the ARIMA(2,1,1) × (0,1,1)(12) was established, Box-Ljung Q test found, Q=8.40, P=0.868, the residual sequence was white noise, the established model to the data information extraction was complete, the model was reasonable. The R(2) value of the model fitting degree was 0.871, and the value of BIC was -1.646, while the average absolute error of the predicted value and the actual value was 0.025/100 000, the average relative error was 13.004%. The relative error of the model for the prediction of the mumps incidence in Hunan province was small, and the predicting results were reliable. Using the ARIMA(2,1,1) ×(0,1,1)(12) model to predict the mumps incidence from April 2016 to May 2015 in Hunan province, the peak months of the mumps incidence were May to July, and the secondary peak months were November to January of the following year, the incidence of the peak month was close to the same period. The ARIMA(2,1,1)×(0,1,1)(12) model is well fitted the trend of the mumps disease incidence in Hunan province, it has some practical value for the prevention and control of the disease.

[Contribution of the detection of IgA antibodies to the laboratory diagnosis of mumps in the population with a high vaccination coverage].

PubMed

Limberková, R; Smíšková, D; Havlíčková, M; Herrmannová, K; Lexová, P; Malý, M

2015-03-01

Serological diagnosis of epidemic mumps can be difficult in vaccinated persons, particularly due to the absence of specific IgM antibodies. The aim was to find whether adding the detection of IgA antibodies to the currently used routine serological diagnosis of mumps (detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in an acute serum sample) would make the serological diagnosis of mumps more effective in a population with a high vaccination coverage. At the same time, ELISA kits for the detection of early IgA and IgM antibodies against the mumps virus were compared and statistical analysis of the results was performed. Sixty-four acute sera from patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of mumps were included in the study. Clinical specimens were collected at the onset of clinical symptoms. To test the sera, the MASTAZYME ELISA Mumps IgA kit (MAST DIAGNOSTICA, Germany) with the MASTSORB sorbent (RF and IgG) and Enzygnost Anti-Parotitis-Virus/IgM kit (Siemens, Germany) were used. A panel of 121 acute sera with no epidemiological link to mumps virus served as specificity controls for the IgA assay. The epidemiological data were derived from the EPIDAT system. The level of agreement was assessed using the McNemara test and Cohen's coefficient kappa. The Stata 9.2 software (Stata Corp LP, College Station, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The detection of IgA and IgM antibodies against the mumps virus yielded concordant results in 50/64 acute sera, 32 positive and 18 negative, i.e. an agreement of 78.12 %. Of the remaining 14 samples, 13 were only IgA positive and one was only IgM positive. The controls showed non-specific IgA positivity in 5/121 samples which indicates a 96% specificity. The absence of specific IgM antibodies against mumps virus is relatively often seen in vaccinated indivi-duals; nevertheless, the test is routinely used in patients with suspected active infection. The test for IgA antibodies, which is not routinely performed, significantly increased the detection rate of the disease. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the combination of the anti-mumps IgM and IgA assays increased the effectiveness of the serological diagnosis at the onset of clinical symptoms from less than 52% to nearly 72%.

High prevalence of mumps in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

PubMed

Hübschen, J M; Vilivong, K; Souvannaso, C; Black, A P; Lütteke, N; Samountry, B; Phongsavath, V; Khamphaphongphane, B; Denny, J; Sayyavong, C; Woo, G K S; Sengsaya, K; Sausy, A; Vongphrachanh, P; Jutavijittum, P; Phonekeo, D; Muller, C P

2014-10-01

In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), mumps is not a notifiable disease and mumps vaccine is currently not included in the routine childhood immunization programme. In order to assess the burden of disease, we investigated the seroprevalence of mumps-specific IgG antibodies across four provinces. In addition, we genetically characterized mumps viruses from the past 3 years from several outbreaks and single cases. Blood and/or throat swabs from suspected cases were investigated for specific IgM antibodies or viral RNA. Mumps cases occurred between March and November in 2011-2013 and 5- to 15-year-olds were most affected. Four sequences from an outbreak in the north of Lao PDR in 2011 were identical and belonged to genotype G. Eight sequences from two outbreaks and two individual cases from 2012 and 2013 belonged to genotype J. In addition, sera collected from 2379 healthy infants and school pupils aged between 9 months and 19 years and from pregnant women aged between 16 and 46 years were investigated for mumps-specific IgG. Overall, 58.2% were positive, 39.5% were negative and the remaining 2.3% were equivocal. The seropositivity increased with age, with the lowest percentage found in <1-year-old infants (9.1%) and the highest in the cohort of pregnant women (69.2%). More female subjects than male subjects were seropositive (60.4 vs. 54.9%). There were some differences between the locations. Mumps should be a notifiable disease in Lao PDR in order to get more accurate case numbers and cost estimates for public health-care, and vaccination of children and high-risk groups should be considered. © 2014 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

Diagnostic Yield of Laboratory Methods and Value of Viral Genotyping during an Outbreak of Mumps in a Partially Vaccinated Population in British Columbia, Canada.

PubMed

Nunn, Alexandra; Masud, Shazia; Krajden, Mel; Naus, Monika; Jassem, Agatha N

2018-05-01

Mumps remains endemic in North America despite routine use of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In 2016, an outbreak of mumps in British Columbia, Canada, provided an opportunity to determine the diagnostic utility of laboratory testing methods. Specimens from patients with clinical mumps were tested for infection using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody detection and an in-house reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting viral fusion and small hydrophobic (SH) genes. Viral genotyping was performed by SH gene sequencing. Laboratory data was linked with epidemiologic case data. Of the 139 confirmed cases, 94 (68%) had reported or documented history of MMR vaccination. Specimens were typically collected 1 day (for buccal and IgM tests) or 2 days (for urine tests) after symptom onset. Most confirmed cases (69%) were confirmed by buccal swab RT-PCR. Among cases tested by multiple methods, the percent positivity for buccal swab RT-PCR was 90% (96/107) compared to 43% (30/69) for both IgM ELISA and urine RT-PCR. Mumps IgM detection was higher in confirmed cases with no history of vaccination than in those with history (64% versus 34%, P = 0.02). The outbreak strain was identified as genotype G related to MuVi/Sheffield.GBR/1.05 but with conserved variations in five nucleotides within the SH gene that allowed linkage of geographically distinct cases. In conclusion, RT-PCR of buccal specimens had the highest diagnostic yield during a mumps outbreak in a partially vaccinated population. To optimize mumps diagnostic potential, clinicians should collect specimens depending on when the patient presents for care and their immunization history. © Crown copyright 2018.

Are we missing mumps epididymo-orchitis?

PubMed

Emerson, C; Dinsmore, W W; Quah, S P

2007-05-01

Mumps epididymo-orchitis has not been recorded as a cause of testicular symptoms without systemic features (including parotitis). The aim of the present study was to assess if we were missing cases in the genitourinary clinic during a previous outbreak of mumps in the community. During a prospective pilot study from November 2005 to February 2006, all patients presenting with symptoms or signs of epididymo-orchitis were studied. These patients were assessed for previous exposure to mumps virus or vaccine, and any current evidence of systemic illness. All patients included had a full sexual health screen (loop test, chlamydia polymerase chain reaction [PCR], gonorrhoea culture, HIV and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [test]/Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay), urinary tract infection excluded by urinalysis and mid-stream specimen of urine (MSSU) and mumps serology (Immunoglobulin M [IgM] and Immunoglobulin G [IgG]) performed. Twenty-three patients met inclusion criteria. Their ages ranged from 16 to 50 years, average 30.8 years. All had symptoms of these, 18 had testicular pain, eight swelling, (four had both pain and swelling) and three also had dysuria. On examination, 12 had tenderness, seven swelling, (two both tenderness and swelling) and six had no signs. Seventeen denied history of mumps, one patient had a record of vaccination and five described fever. None had parotid swelling. Three patients were chlamydia PCR positive, two had candida cultured, three had non-specific urethritis (>10 polymorphonuclear leucocyte/high powered field) and 13 had negative sexually transmitted infection screen (one known HIV-positive). Three had positive IgM mumps serology and two were IgG-positive. It is important to include mumps in the differential of epididymo-orchitis and to be aware of outbreaks in the community that may present with genital symptoms, as the management and partner notification will be different.

An assessment of mumps vaccine effectiveness by dose during an outbreak in Canada

PubMed Central

Deeks, Shelley L.; Lim, Gillian H.; Simpson, Mary Anne; Gagné, Louise; Gubbay, Jonathan; Kristjanson, Erik; Fung, Cecilia; Crowcroft, Natasha S.

2011-01-01

Background This investigation was done to assess vaccine effectiveness of one and two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine during an outbreak of mumps in Ontario. The level of coverage required to reach herd immunity and interrupt community transmission of mumps was also estimated. Methods Information on confirmed cases of mumps was retrieved from Ontario’s integrated Public Health Information System. Cases that occurred between Sept. 1, 2009, and June 10, 2010, were included. Selected health units supplied coverage data from the Ontario Immunization Record Information System. Vaccine effectiveness by dose was calculated using the screening method. The basic reproductive number (R0) represents the average number of new infections per case in a fully susceptile population, and R0 values of between 4 and 10 were considered for varying levels of vaccine effectiveness. Results A total of 134 confirmed cases of mumps were identified. Information on receipt of MMR vaccine was available for 114 (85.1%) cases, of whom 63 (55.3%) reported having received only one dose of vaccine; 32 (28.1%) reported having received two doses. Vaccine effectiveness of one dose of the MMR vaccine ranged from 49.2% to 81.6%, whereas vaccine effectiveness of two doses ranged from 66.3% to 88.0%. If we assume vaccine effectiveness of 85% for two doses of the vaccine, vaccine coverage of 88.2% and 98.0% would be needed to interrupt community transmission of mumps if the corresponding reproductive values were four and six. Interpretation Our estimates of vaccine effectiveness of one and two doses of mumps-containing vaccine were consistent with the estimates that have been reported in other outbreaks. Outbreaks occurring in Ontario and elsewhere serve as a warning against complacency over vaccination programs. PMID:21576295

Comparison of the effectiveness of two mumps vaccines during an outbreak in Switzerland in 1999 and 2000: a case-cohort study.

PubMed

Richard, Jean-Luc; Zwahlen, Marcel; Feuz, Mirjam; Matter, Hans C

2003-01-01

In two recent nation-wide outbreaks of mumps in Switzerland two-thirds of young children with clinical mumps had a history of primary vaccination. On average, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage is 80%. Two types of vaccine are commonly used: Jeryl-Lynn and Rubini. The effectiveness of the latter has been questioned in several publications. The authors therefore compared Rubini to Jeryl-Lynn in a case-cohort study. The study included 111 young children with clinical mumps who had been reported to the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH) by primary care physicians of the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network (SSSN) between January 1999 and May 2000. Sentinel physicians also sampled 661 children from the same birth cohort as the cases. While we found no evidence for the effectiveness of the Rubini strain, vaccination with the Jeryl-Lynn strain was 70% effective against clinical mumps. Furthermore, children vaccinated with the Rubini strain attended primary health care more frequently with clinical mumps than those who had received Jeryl-Lynn (odds ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 4.7). Restricting the analysis to laboratory confirmed cases increased the odds ratio to 18.4 (95% CI: 2.5, 811.2). Our study confirms the low effectiveness of the Rubini strain vaccine in the field. This vaccine should therefore be considered inappropriate for the control and elimination of mumps and its use should be discontinued. As other vaccines with comparable quality and safety standards and a substantially higher effectiveness are available the MMR vaccination program in Switzerland will not be compromised if the use of Rubini is no longer recommended.

Economic evaluation of vaccination programme of mumps vaccine to the birth cohort in Japan.

PubMed

Hoshi, Shu-ling; Kondo, Masahide; Okubo, Ichiro

2014-07-16

The most common preventative measure against mumps is vaccination with mumps vaccine. In most parts of the world, mumps vaccine is routinely delivered through live attenuated Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine. In Japan, receiving mumps vaccine is voluntary and vaccine uptake rate is less than 30%. The introduction of mumps vaccine into routine vaccination schedule has become one of the current topics in health policy and has raised the need to evaluate efficient ways in protecting children from mumps-related diseases in Japan. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis with Markov model and calculated incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of 11 different programmes; a single-dose programme at 12-16 months and 10 two-dose programmes with second dose uptakes at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Our base-case analyse set the cost per shot at ¥6951 (US$72; 1US$=96.8). Results show that single-dose programme dominates status quo. On the other hand, ICERs of all 10 two-dose programmes are under ¥6,300,000 (US$65,082) per QALY from payer's perspective while it ranged from cost-saving to <¥7,000,000 (US$72,314) per QALY from societal perspective. By adopting WHO's classification that an intervention is cost-effective if ICER (in QALY) is between one and three times of GDP as a criterion, either of the vaccination programme is concluded as cost-effective from payer's or societal perspectives. Likewise, to uptake second dose at 3-5 years old is more favourable than an uptake at any other age because of lower incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An assessment of mumps vaccine effectiveness by dose during an outbreak in Canada.

PubMed

Deeks, Shelley L; Lim, Gillian H; Simpson, Mary Anne; Gagné, Louise; Gubbay, Jonathan; Kristjanson, Erik; Fung, Cecilia; Crowcroft, Natasha S

2011-06-14

This investigation was done to assess vaccine effectiveness of one and two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine during an outbreak of mumps in Ontario. The level of coverage required to reach herd immunity and interrupt community transmission of mumps was also estimated. Information on confirmed cases of mumps was retrieved from Ontario's integrated Public Health Information System. Cases that occurred between Sept. 1, 2009, and June 10, 2010, were included. Selected health units supplied coverage data from the Ontario Immunization Record Information System. Vaccine effectiveness by dose was calculated using the screening method. The basic reproductive number (R(0)) represents the average number of new infections per case in a fully susceptible population, and R(0) values of between 4 and 10 were considered for varying levels of vaccine effectiveness. A total of 134 confirmed cases of mumps were identified. Information on receipt of MMR vaccine was available for 114 (85.1%) cases, of whom 63 (55.3%) reported having received only one dose of vaccine; 32 (28.1%) reported having received two doses. Vaccine effectiveness of one dose of the MMR vaccine ranged from 49.2% to 81.6%, whereas vaccine effectiveness of two doses ranged from 66.3% to 88.0%. If we assume vaccine effectiveness of 85% for two doses of the vaccine, vaccine coverage of 88.2% and 98.0% would be needed to interrupt community transmission of mumps if the corresponding reproductive values were four and six. Our estimates of vaccine effectiveness of one and two doses of mumps-containing vaccine were consistent with the estimates that have been reported in other outbreaks. Outbreaks occurring in Ontario and elsewhere serve as a warning against complacency over vaccination programs.

Mumps orchitis in the post-vaccine era (1967-2009): a single-center series of 67 patients and review of clinical outcome and trends.

PubMed

Ternavasio-de la Vega, Hugo-Guillermo; Boronat, Mauro; Ojeda, Antonio; García-Delgado, Yaiza; Angel-Moreno, Alfonso; Carranza-Rodríguez, Cristina; Bellini, Raquel; Francès, Adela; Nóvoa, Francisco Javier; Pérez-Arellano, José-Luis

2010-03-01

Since the introduction of the mumps vaccine, the age of appearance of mumps infection has shifted from children to adolescents and young adults, groups with a higher incidence of disease complications and sequelae. During the years 2000-2001, the Gran Canaria Island was part of an epidemic of mumps. In that period, our institution attended 67 cases of serologically confirmed acute mumps orchitis, the most serious complication of mumps infection in young postpubertal males. We conducted a descriptive and prospective study of this cohort and extensively reviewed the literature from 1967 (the year the first mumps vaccine was introduced) to 2009. Fifty-six patients were admitted because of general impairment and were treated with alpha-interferon. Sixty-six patients presented parotitis previous to orchitis (interval from parotitis to orchitis, 4.9 d). Orchitis was unilateral in 89.5% and bilateral in 10.4% of cases. More than 98% of patients had orchitis-associated fever. Nine patients had clinical and biochemical data showing acute mumps meningitis, and 11 had subclinical pancreatitis. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.6 days (range, 1-9). During the acute phase, more than 41% of the evaluated testes had a volume >25 mL. Acute hormonal disturbances were highly prevalent. These included decreased levels of testosterone and inhibin B with low or normal levels of gonadotropins in 35% of subjects, and, to our knowledge not previously reported, an atypical hormonal pattern consisting of low levels of free testosterone and inhibin B, along with increased measures of luteinizing hormone but low or normal follicle-stimulating hormone levels (11% of cases). During the follow-up period (mean, 331 d) a high incidence of sperm disturbance was found.

Mumps Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated University-Affiliated Setting Before and After a Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination Campaign-Iowa, July 2015-May 2016.

PubMed

Shah, Minesh; Quinlisk, Patricia; Weigel, Andrew; Riley, Jacob; James, Lisa; Patterson, James; Hickman, Carole; Rota, Paul A; Stewart, Rebekah; Clemmons, Nakia; Kalas, Nicholas; Cardemil, Cristina

2018-01-06

In response to a mumps outbreak at the University of Iowa and surrounding community, university, state, and local health officials implemented a vaccination campaign targeting students <25 years of age with an additional dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. More than 4700 vaccine campaign doses were administered; 97% were documented third doses. We describe the epidemiology of the outbreak before and after the campaign, focusing on cases in university students. Mumps cases were identified from reportable disease databases and university health system records. Detailed information on student cases was obtained from interviews, medical chart abstractions, university and state vaccination records, and state public health laboratory results. Pre- and postcampaign incidence among students, university faculty/staff, and community members <25 vs ≥25 years old were compared using Fisher exact test. Multivariable regression modeling was performed to identify variables associated with a positive mumps polymerase chain reaction test. Of 453 cases in the county, 301 (66%) occurred in university students. Student cases were primarily undergraduates (90%) and highly vaccinated (86% had 2 MMR doses, and 12% had 3 MMR doses). Fewer cases occurred in students after the campaign (75 [25%]) than before (226 [75%]). Cases in the target group (students <25 years of age) declined 9% postcampaign (P=.01). A positive mumps polymerase chain reaction test was associated with the presence of parotitis and early sample collection, and inversely associated with recent receipt of MMR vaccine. Following a large additional dose MMR vaccination campaign, fewer mumps cases occurred overall and in the target population. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Mumps outbreak in vaccinated children in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain.

PubMed Central

Montes, M.; Cilla, G.; Artieda, J.; Vicente, D.; Basterretxea, M.

2002-01-01

A mumps outbreak occurred in a group of vaccinated children aged 3-4 years in San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain) in 2000 during the same period as a revaccination campaign against measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) was performed. The clinical cases were confirmed by viral culture, detection of viral RNA and/or specific IgM. Eighty-eight percent of the children had been vaccinated with the Rubini strain and the remainder with the Jeryl-Lynn strain. The attack rate was 47.9% (35 cases in 73 school-attending children of this age). The outbreak was caused by an H genotype strain of mumps virus which was circulating at the same time as a D genotype strain that caused sporadic cases. By sequencing the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, the strains of the clinical cases were identified as wild-type mumps virus with heterologous genotypes in comparison to the vaccine strains used in our area. PMID:12558338

Bilateral neuroretinitis associated with mumps.

PubMed

Khubchandani, Raju; Rane, Tej; Agarwal, Premlata; Nabi, Fazal; Patel, Phiroze; Shetty, Avinash K

2002-10-01

Involvement of the optic nerve is a rare complication of mumps infection. To report a case of bilateral neuroretinitis complicating a mumps infection and to review 5 previously reported cases. Case report and literature review. Tertiary hospital. A 7-year-old girl had sudden-onset blindness due to bilateral neuroretinitis. Approximately 3 weeks prior to the initial examination, she developed a self-limited febrile illness with parotid swelling and subsequent meningoencephalitis. Mumps was determined to be the underlying cause of the meningoencephalitis and bilateral optic neuritis because of the exposure history in this nonvaccinated child, the typical clinical signs and symptoms, and the positive serologic test results. Recovery of visual function was gradual but nearly complete. Physicians should be aware that optic nerve involvement may be a manifestation of mumps infection. The delayed onset of optic neuritis, the bilateral involvement, and the near complete recovery suggest an immune-mediated pathogenesis.

Bilateral isolated submandibular gland mumps.

PubMed

Cheung, Linnea; Henderson, Arthur Harry; Banfield, Graham; Carswell, Andrew

2017-06-05

Isolated submandibular swellings pose a diagnostic challenge to the practising otolaryngologist. We report an unusual case of mumps isolated to bilateral submandibular glands. We discuss the case and the literature surrounding this condition and remind clinicians that mumps should be considered as a diagnosis in the presence of submandibular gland swelling in the absence of typical parotid swelling associated with mumps. Early consideration of this differential diagnosis, serological testing and a multidisciplinary approach may help to clinch the diagnosis earlier and prevent spread of the virus. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Acute Motor Axonal Polyneuropathy Following Mumps Infection in a 9-Year-Old Girl.

PubMed

Pediredla, Karunakar; Abimannane, Anitha; Chandrasekaran, Venkatesh; Jagadisan, Barath; Biswal, Niranjan

2018-04-12

A 9-year-old girl presented with lower motor neuron type of paralysis involving limbs, trunk and multiple cranial nerves (7, 9 and 10) with preceding history of mumps 1 week before the onset of weakness. There were no features to suggest either a meningitis or encephalitis in the child. Cerebrospinal fluid showed hypoglycorrhachia and mild protein elevation; magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal. Nerve conduction study showed motor axonal neuropathy. Serology for mumps IgM was positive, consistent with a diagnosis of post-mumps acute motor axonal polyneuropathy. The girl made a complete recovery within 3 weeks.

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Mumps Epidemics of 2015 in Okinawa, Japan.

PubMed

Kuba, Yumani; Kyan, Hisako; Arakaki, Eri; Takara, Taketoshi; Kato, Takashi; Okano, Sho; Oshiro, Yuko; Kudaka, Jun; Kidokoro, Minoru

2017-05-24

Although major mumps epidemics occurred every 4-5 years in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan, no laboratory diagnoses were conducted. A mumps epidemic started in Okinawa in October 2014, and we collected clinical samples from 31 patients in 4 areas (Hokubu, Nanbu, Miyako, and Yaeyama) from July to December 2015, for virus isolation and RT-PCR, whose positive ratios were 52% and 87%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates were classified into genotype G, and with one exception, consisted of 2 subgenotypes, Ge (55.6%) and Gw (40.7%), which have been prominent in Japan recently. One isolate was classified in another lineage, which was detected in Japan for the first time, and was similar to a Hong Kong isolate from 2014. Remarkably, the geographic distributions of the 2 major lineages were separated. The Ge viruses were isolated from the main island of Okinawa and the Yaeyama Islands, whereas the Gw isolates were mainly detected from the Miyako Islands. These results suggest that the Ge and Gw mumps viruses mainly caused the mumps epidemics of 2015 in Okinawa, and that they spread independently in separate regions. This is the first report describing the molecular epidemiology of mumps epidemics in Okinawa Prefecture.

Serological diagnosis of mumps: Value of the titration of specific IgG.

PubMed

Sanz, Juan Carlos; Ramos, Belén; Fernández, Aurora; García-Comas, Luis; Echevarría, Juan Emilio; de Ory, Fernando

2018-03-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate a cut-off point of the titration of IgG by ELISA in the diagnosis of mumps. A study was made of serum samples from 85 mumps cases (confirmed by PCR in saliva) and 2,351 controls of the general population of the Region of Madrid. The IgM detection was positive in 21 cases (sensitivity of 24.7%). The best cut-off point corresponded to IgG titres ≥4,900 (sensitivity of 64.7% and specificity of 86.1%). Among 42 patients immunised with at least one dose of measles mumps, rubella vaccine IgM was detected in 4 cases. However, the detection of IgG ≥4,900 was positive in 29 (sensitivity of 69.0%). An IgG result of ≥4.900 was almost 5 times more probable in a patient with mumps than in a non-infected patient. The detection of high titres of IgG against mumps could improve the IgM results in vaccinated people. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.

Smoking and older age associated with mumps in an outbreak in a group of highly-vaccinated individuals attending a youth club party, the Netherlands, 2012.

PubMed

Ladbury, G; Ostendorf, S; Waegemaekers, T; van Binnendijk, R; Boot, H; Hahne, S

2014-04-24

We describe a mumps outbreak in a highly-vaccinated population attending a party at a youth club. In a retrospective cohort study with 60 of approximately 100 participants responding, vaccination status was verified for 58/59 respondents, of whom 54 were vaccinated twice and four once. The attack rate was 22% (13 cases, all vaccinated), with smoking at the party (risk ratio (RR) 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6–6.0, p=0.001) and age ≥21 years (RR 4.7; 95% CI: 2.1–10.2, p<0.0001) as risk factors for disease in the binominal regression analysis. Mild upper respiratory illness was also highly prevalent in those who did not meet the mumps case definition (n=46) after the party, suggesting that mumps virus infection may cause mild disease in vaccinated individuals. Our investigation adds toevidence that crowded social events and smoking may facilitate spread of mumps virus among vaccinated populations, with waning immunity playing a role. The suggestion that mumps virus infection in vaccinated individuals may manifest as mild upper respiratory illness could have implications for transmission and warrants further investigation.

Increasing mumps incidence rates among children and adolescents in the Republic of Korea: age-period-cohort analysis.

PubMed

Choe, Young-June; Lee, Young Hwa; Cho, Sung-Il

2017-04-01

To characterize the temporal dynamics of mumps epidemiology according to the different vaccine strains used, sex-specific trends were decomposed in an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis for mumps cases reported in South Korea. National surveillance data were used to describe the epidemiology of mumps cases from 2001 to 2015. An APC model was used to break down the reported mumps cases into the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. From 2001 to 2015, the incidence started to increase from fewer than 10 cases to more than 100 cases per 100 000. The incidence rate was highest among males aged 15-17 years during 2013-2015, reaching 508.7 per 100 000 persons. There was an increased incidence during the late teenage years in the 1998-2000 cohort. An age shift towards the earlier teenage years was observed across the 2001-2003 and 2004-2006 cohorts. The risk of mumps increased according to the birth cohort; the net drift from 2001 to 2015 was 27.67 (95% confidence interval 27.5.47-29.90) for males and 27.25 (95% confidence interval 24.91-29.65) for females. The increase in mumps seen in Korea may have been affected by the birth cohort exposed to the Rubini strain; however other factors may have contributed to the increase in non-exposed cohorts. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

A Mumps Outbreak in Vojvodina, Serbia, in 2012 Underlines the Need for Additional Vaccination Opportunities for Young Adults.

PubMed

Nedeljković, Jasminka; Kovačević-Jovanović, Vesna; Milošević, Vesna; Šeguljev, Zorica; Petrovic, Vladimir; Muller, Claude P; Hübschen, Judith M

2015-01-01

In 2012, mumps was introduced from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Vojvodina, causing an outbreak with 335 reported cases. The present manuscript analyses the epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of this outbreak, identifies its main causes and suggests potential future preventive measures. Sera of 133 patients were tested for mumps-specific antibodies by ELISA and 15 nose/throat swabs were investigated for mumps virus RNA by RT-PCR. IgG antibodies were found in 127 patients (95.5%). Mumps infection was laboratory-confirmed in 53 patients, including 44 IgM and 9 PCR positive cases. All other 282 cases were classified as epidemiologically-confirmed. More than half of the patients (n = 181, 54%) were 20-29 years old, followed by the 15-19 age bracket (n = 95, 28.4%). Twice as many males as females were affected (67% versus 33%). Disease complications were reported in 13 cases (3.9%), including 9 patients with orchitis and 4 with pancreatitis. According to medical records or anamnestic data, 190 patients (56.7%) were immunized with two doses and 35 (10.4%) with one dose of mumps-containing vaccine. The Serbian sequences corresponded to a minor genotype G variant detected during the 2011/2012 mumps outbreak in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vaccine failures, the initial one-dose immunization policy and a vaccine shortage between 1999 and 2002 contributed to the outbreak. Additional vaccination opportunities should be offered to young adults during transition periods in their life trajectories.

A Mumps Outbreak in Vojvodina, Serbia, in 2012 Underlines the Need for Additional Vaccination Opportunities for Young Adults

PubMed Central

Nedeljković, Jasminka; Kovačević-Jovanović, Vesna; Milošević, Vesna; Šeguljev, Zorica; Petrovic, Vladimir; Muller, Claude P.; Hübschen, Judith M.

2015-01-01

In 2012, mumps was introduced from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Vojvodina, causing an outbreak with 335 reported cases. The present manuscript analyses the epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of this outbreak, identifies its main causes and suggests potential future preventive measures. Sera of 133 patients were tested for mumps-specific antibodies by ELISA and 15 nose/throat swabs were investigated for mumps virus RNA by RT-PCR. IgG antibodies were found in 127 patients (95.5%). Mumps infection was laboratory-confirmed in 53 patients, including 44 IgM and 9 PCR positive cases. All other 282 cases were classified as epidemiologically-confirmed. More than half of the patients (n = 181, 54%) were 20–29 years old, followed by the 15–19 age bracket (n = 95, 28.4%). Twice as many males as females were affected (67% versus 33%). Disease complications were reported in 13 cases (3.9%), including 9 patients with orchitis and 4 with pancreatitis. According to medical records or anamnestic data, 190 patients (56.7%) were immunized with two doses and 35 (10.4%) with one dose of mumps-containing vaccine. The Serbian sequences corresponded to a minor genotype G variant detected during the 2011/2012 mumps outbreak in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vaccine failures, the initial one-dose immunization policy and a vaccine shortage between 1999 and 2002 contributed to the outbreak. Additional vaccination opportunities should be offered to young adults during transition periods in their life trajectories. PMID:26496490

Identification of a new genotype H wild-type mumps virus strain and its molecular relatedness to other virulent and attenuated strains.

PubMed

Amexis, Georgios; Rubin, Steven; Chatterjee, Nando; Carbone, Kathryn; Chumakov, Kostantin

2003-06-01

A single clinical isolate of mumps virus designated 88-1961 was obtained from a patient hospitalized with a clinical history of upper respiratory tract infection, parotitis, severe headache, fever and lymphadenopathy. We have sequenced the full-length genome of 88-1961 and compared it against all available full-length sequences of mumps virus. Based upon its nucleotide sequence of the SH gene 88-1961 was identified as a genotype H mumps strain. The overall extent of nucleotide and amino acid differences between each individual gene and protein of 88-1961 and the full-length mumps samples showed that the missense to silent ratios were unevenly distributed. Upon evaluation of the consensus sequence of 88-1961, four positions were found to be clearly heterogeneous at the nucleotide level (NP 315C/T, NP 318C/T, F 271A/C, and HN 855C/T). Sequence analysis revealed that the amino acid sequences for the NP, M, and the L protein were the most conserved, whereas the SH protein exhibited the highest variability among the compared mumps genotypes A, B, and G. No identifying molecular patterns in the non-coding (intergenic) or coding regions of 88-1961 were found when we compared it against relatively virulent (Urabe AM9 B, Glouc1/UK96, 87-1004 and 87-1005) and non-virulent mumps strains (Jeryl Lynn and all Urabe Am9 A substrains). Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

[An epidemic outbreak of mumps. A study of vaccinal efficacy].

PubMed

López Hernández, B; Martín Vélez, R M; Román García, C; Peñalver Sánchez, I; López Rosique, J A

2000-02-28

Description of an outbreak of mumps in an urban area. Study of the effectiveness of the mumps component of the triple virus (TV) vaccination. Cross sectional descriptive study of the outbreak. The cases were obtained from the Andalusian Register of Infectious Diseases (SVEA in Spanish). The effectiveness of the vaccine was studied through a retrospective cohort design, with the cohorts defined according to their vaccination history. Urban area of low social class and income and young population pyramid. The outbreak occurred between March and November 1997. The effectiveness of vaccination at one school was studied. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS, RESIDENTS IN THE AREA: The source of the population was the 1996 municipal census. The declared cases of mumps were taken from the SVEA. The state of vaccination was documented through a review of the school registration records, vaccination cards and the health centre register of names. A total of 283 cases of mumps were declared. There were more cases in the 0-10 age group than at older ages. 79% of cases were vaccinated (95% CI, 74.3-73.7). Effectiveness of a dose of the mumps component of the vaccine was low (46%; CI, 0-84), though the effectiveness of a second dose was higher (87%; CI, 27-99). The low effectiveness of the mumps component of the TV vaccination was confirmed. It is proposed that the age for the second dose should be brought forward to school-starting age (primary, first year). Ensuring school vaccination is recommended.

Comparison of LISP and MUMPS as implementation languages for knowledge-based systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Curtis, A.C.

1984-01-01

Major components of knowledge-based systems are summarized, along with the programming language features generally useful in their implementation. LISP and MUMPS are briefly described and compared as vehicles for building knowledge-based systems. The paper concludes with suggestions for extensions to MUMPS which might increase its usefulness in artificial intelligence applications without affecting the essential nature of the language. 8 references.

[Antibody titers against measles, rubella, mumps and varicella-zoster viruses in medical students].

PubMed

Yoshida, Noriko; Tsumura, Naoki; Toyomasu, Koji; Sagawa, Kimitaka

2007-01-01

It is important to identify and immunize susceptible students who have clinical practice to prevent and control hospital infections. The antibody titers to measles, rubella, mumps and varicella viruses were measured in 1,139 students(417 men, 722 women, average age 21.3+/-2.7 yr old)including 510 medical students, 442 nursing students and 187 students of the School of Medical Technology in Kurume University. Antibodies against measles virus were detected by particle agglutination assay(PA), those against rubella virus by hemagglutination inhibition assay(HI), and those against mumps and varicella viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(EIA). The serological susceptibilities to measles, rubella, mumps and varicella viruses were 112(9.8%), 112(9.8%), 163(14.3%)and 73(6.4%), respectively. The serological susceptibilities to measles, rubella and mumps viruses in male students were not different from those in female students. The susceptibility to varicella virus in female students was significantly higher than that in male students. After susceptible students were recommended to have vaccinations against each virus, the vaccination rate of the students without antibody was 99.1%. The history of infection and vaccination against the viruses were examined by self-recorded questionnaires in 406 students from all disciplines. The serological susceptibility of students with positive vaccination history was 11.1% for measles, 6.8% for rubella, 18.3% for mumps, and 4.9% for varicella. The serological susceptibility of students with a positive infection history was 5.7% for measles, 3.4% for rubella, 2.9% for mumps, and 4.9% for varicella. In the self-recorded questionnaire, the rate of unknown infection and vaccination histories were 57.5% and 71.6% for measles, 52.5% and 68.4% for rubella, 34.3% and 75.6% for mumps, and 27.1% and 80.5% for varicella, respectively. In conclusion, these data confirm that it is essential to assess immune status against measles, rubella, mumps and varicella in students who have clinical practice in hospital regardless of infection or vaccination history. Accordingly, susceptible students should be vaccinated to prevent those viral infections in hospital.

Immunocompetent, Immunized Male With Mumps, Complicated by Orchitis and Meningitis.

PubMed

Tomich, Allison; Grubish, Lindsay; Young, Scott; Franklin, Jillian

2015-10-01

Mumps is a rare pathology often not encountered in the emergency department setting. It is an especially unusual finding in a fully immunized individual. We present a case of a 26-year-old Army active duty male who was evaluated in the emergency department for mumps over the course of two visits. The military population is presumed fully immunized and immunocompetent, travels widely and often lives in close quarters. This case highlights the importance for providers to consider such a disease that carries a risk of significant morbidity, and rarely, mortality. A literature review was performed evaluating mumps in the vaccinated population. Reprint & Copyright © 2015 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Epidemic of Mumps among Vaccinated Persons, the Netherlands, 2009–2012

PubMed Central

Gouma, Sigrid; Koopmans, Marion; de Melker, Hester; Swaan, Corien; van Binnendijk, Rob; Hahné, Susan

2014-01-01

To analyze the epidemiology of a nationwide mumps epidemic in the Netherlands, we reviewed 1,557 notified mumps cases in persons who had disease onset during September 1, 2009–August 31, 2012. Seasonality peaked in spring and autumn. Most case-patients were males (59%), 18–25 years of age (67.9%), and vaccinated twice with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (67.7%). Nearly half (46.6%) of cases occurred in university students or in persons with student contacts. Receipt of 2 doses of vaccine reduced the risk for orchitis, the most frequently reported complication (vaccine effectiveness [VE] 74%, 95% CI 57%–85%); complications overall (VE 76%, 95% CI 61%–86%); and hospitalization (VE 82%, 95% CI 53%–93%). Over time, the age distribution of case-patients changed, and proportionally more cases were reported from nonuniversity cities (p<0.001). Changes in age and geographic distribution over time may reflect increased immunity among students resulting from intense exposure to circulating mumps virus. PMID:24655811

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mumps.

PubMed

Kurekci, A Emin; Atay, A Avni; Demirkaya, Erkan; Sarici, S Umit; Ozcan, Okan

2006-03-01

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood is characterized by a typical history of acute development of purpura and bruising in an otherwise healthy child. In children it usually follows a viral infection (eg, mumps, rubella) or immunization. We report for the first time a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed immune thrombocytopenic purpura due to mumps during the maintenance phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment.

[Drug clinics. Drug of the month. A new measles-rubella-mumps vaccine (Priorix)].

PubMed

Senterre, J

1999-02-01

A novel measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (Priorix) has been marketed by SmithKline Beecham. It contains live attenuated virus with measles and mumps strains slightly different from those present in MMR VAX (Pasteur Merieux MSD). The indications and contraindications are similar for both vaccines. Immunogenicity is also equivalent as well as general reactogenicity. By contrast local symptoms were reported significantly less frequently after Priorix.

Challenges in Interpretation of Diagnostic Test Results in a Mumps Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population.

PubMed

Trotz-Williams, L A; Mercer, N J; Paphitis, K; Walters, J M; Wallace, D; Kristjanson, E; Gubbay, J; Mazzulli, T

2017-02-01

In spite of a greatly reduced incidence rate due to vaccination, mumps outbreaks continue to occur in several areas of the world, sometimes in vaccinated populations. This article describes an outbreak in a highly vaccinated population in southwestern Ontario, Canada, and the challenges encountered in interpreting the results of diagnostic tests used in the outbreak. During the outbreak, patients were interviewed and classified according to the outbreak case definition, and specimens were collected for diagnostic testing according to Ontario guidelines. Twenty-seven individuals were classified as confirmed cases (n = 19) or suspect cases (n = 8) according to the case definition, only 9 of which were laboratory-confirmed cases: 7 confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and 2 by IgM serology. All 19 confirmed cases represented patients who were associated with secondary schools in the local area and had been vaccinated against mumps with one (n = 2) or two (n = 17) doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This is the first published report of an outbreak of mumps in Ontario in which all confirmed cases had been vaccinated against the disease. It highlights the limitations of and difficulties in interpreting current mumps diagnostic tests when used in vaccinated individuals. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Immune response to the mumps component of the MMR vaccine in the routine of immunisation services in the Brazilian National Immunisation Program

PubMed Central

dos Santos, Eliane Matos; Sá, Gloria Regina da Silva e; Siqueira, Marilda Mendonça; Martins, Reinaldo de Menezes; Camacho, Luiz Antonio Bastos; von Doellinger, Vanessa dos Reis; Maia, Maria de Lourdes de Sousa

2014-01-01

A non-controlled longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunogenicity in 150 children vaccinated in the routine of three health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008-2009, without other vaccines administered during the period from 30 days before to 30 days after vaccination. A previous study conducted in Brazil in 2007, in 1,769 children ranging from 12-15 months of age vaccinated against yellow fever and MMR simultaneously or at intervals of 30 days or more between doses, had shown low seroconversion for mumps regardless of the interval between administration of the two vaccines. The current study showed 89.5% (95% confidence interval: 83.3; 94.0) seroconversion rate for mumps. All children seroconverted for measles and rubella. After revaccination, high antibody titres and seroconversion rates were achieved against mumps. The results of this study and others suggest that two MMR doses confer optimal immunoresponses for all three antigens and the possible need for additional doses should be studied taking into account not only serological, but also epidemiological data, as there is no serological correlate of protection for mumps. PMID:24821058

Secondary attack rate of hepatitis A, varicella and mumps in household settings and reliability of family history to detect seronegative children for necessity of vaccination.

PubMed

Ceyhan, Mehmet; Tezer, Hasan; Yildirim, Inci

2009-01-01

Hepatitis A, varicella, and mumps are common in countries without universal immunization against these infections. Information about secondary household attack rates is limited. A prospective study was conducted in children <16 y of age who had household contact with the above infections. History for previous infections and vaccination was obtained from the parents. Specific antibodies in the sera during enrollment and at the end of the longest incubation periods were determined. A total of 113 children who had household contact with cases of varicella, hepatitis A, or mumps were enrolled. Secondary attack rate (SAR) was lower in hepatitis A (43.3%) than those for varicella (75.0%) and mumps (65.3%) (p<0.05). Rate of secondary asymptomatic infections was 25.6% in the hepatitis A group, 3.1% in the varicella group, and 16.6% in the mumps group. Positive predictive value (PPV) of the history was 100% for all 3 diseases and negative predictive value (NPV) was 85% for hepatitis A, 80.0% for varicella, and 56.2% for mumps. In conclusion, asymptomatic infections are important in the calculation of SARs in household contacts. PPV and NPV of medical history taken from parents might be useful when deciding the need for vaccination.

Challenges in Interpretation of Diagnostic Test Results in a Mumps Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population

PubMed Central

Mercer, N. J.; Paphitis, K.; Walters, J. M.; Wallace, D.; Kristjanson, E.; Gubbay, J.; Mazzulli, T.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT In spite of a greatly reduced incidence rate due to vaccination, mumps outbreaks continue to occur in several areas of the world, sometimes in vaccinated populations. This article describes an outbreak in a highly vaccinated population in southwestern Ontario, Canada, and the challenges encountered in interpreting the results of diagnostic tests used in the outbreak. During the outbreak, patients were interviewed and classified according to the outbreak case definition, and specimens were collected for diagnostic testing according to Ontario guidelines. Twenty-seven individuals were classified as confirmed cases (n = 19) or suspect cases (n = 8) according to the case definition, only 9 of which were laboratory-confirmed cases: 7 confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and 2 by IgM serology. All 19 confirmed cases represented patients who were associated with secondary schools in the local area and had been vaccinated against mumps with one (n = 2) or two (n = 17) doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This is the first published report of an outbreak of mumps in Ontario in which all confirmed cases had been vaccinated against the disease. It highlights the limitations of and difficulties in interpreting current mumps diagnostic tests when used in vaccinated individuals. PMID:28003216

Cost effectiveness of prevaccination screening of health care workers for immunity to measles, rubella and mumps.

PubMed

Ferson, M J; Robertson, P W; Whybin, L R

1994-04-18

To determine the value of infection and vaccination histories as predictors of immunity to measles, rubella and mumps, and to compare the costs of various screening strategies with the cost of universal vaccination of health care workers. Staff employed by a Sydney children's hospital. Histories of measles, rubella and mumps infection or vaccination were compared with the results of serological testing to determine which historical statements had high positive predictive values (PPV) for immunity. Using this, we devised three prevaccination screening strategies and compared their costs with the cost of universal staff vaccination. Of 235 participants, 98.3% were serologically immune to measles, 96.6% to rubella and 83.0% to mumps. Historical statements indicating immunity with a PPV of more than 95% were histories of measles or of rubella vaccination, and personal recollection of mumps infection. Strategies using historical screening were cheaper than universal vaccination, which in turn was cheaper than using serological screening alone. Among health care workers at occupational risk of measles, rubella and mumps, the need for vaccination can be reduced by combining historical and serological screening. Where screening is felt to impose an administrative burden, a universal vaccination strategy costs 30%-50% more than strategies which use historical screening.

Anti-rubella, Mumps and Measles IgG Antibodies in Medical Students of Tehran University.

PubMed

Keshavarz, Maryam; Nicknam, Mohammad Hossein; Tebyanian, Majid; Shahkarami, Mohammad Kazem; Izad, Maryam

2016-06-01

Measles, mumps and rubella are viral infectious diseases that may result in serious complications. Since the production of vaccines, the number of cases of these diseases has been dropped. Nevertheless, these infectious diseases are still one of the major health problems in developing countries. In this study, in order to evaluate the protective responses against measles, mumps and rubella, the level and avidity of virus-specific IgG antibodies were measured in 53 medical students of Tehran University, aged between 20-30 years. Except for mumps vaccine, all the students had been vaccinated against measles and rubella according to Iran's nationwide mass vaccination protocol for all persons aged 5-25 in 2003. Our results showed that 96.2% of the volunteers had a protective level (>15 IU/ml) of IgG against rubella, 79.2% had a protective level (>11 IU/ml) of IgG against measles and 64.16% had a protective level (>11 IU/ml) of IgG against mumps. Over ten years after nationwide measles-rubella vaccination campaign, most young adults aged 20-30 had protective levels of humoral immunity against measles and rubella. However, Iranian young population is still unvaccinated against mumps, and therefore relatively large number of young adults had no protective level of IgG against it. This finding may be due to reduction in circulating of wild strain. We recommend screening of medical students for immunity against infectious agents such as measles, mumps, rubella, because they are at a high risk of these infectious agents.

Mumps resurgences in the United States: A historical perspective on unexpected elements.

PubMed

Barskey, Albert E; Glasser, John W; LeBaron, Charles W

2009-10-19

In 2006 the United States experienced the largest nationwide mumps epidemic in 20 years, primarily affecting college dormitory residents. Unexpected elements of the outbreak included very abrupt time course (75% of cases occurred within 90 days), geographic focality (85% of cases occurred in eight rural Midwestern states), rapid upward and downward shift in peak age-specific attack rate (5-9-year olds to 18-24-year olds, then back), and two-dose vaccine failure (63% of case-patients had received two doses). To construct a historical context in which to understand the recent outbreak, we reviewed US mumps surveillance data, vaccination coverage estimates, and relevant peer-reviewed literature for the period 1917-2008. Many of the unexpected features of the 2006 mumps outbreak had been reported several times previously in the US, e.g., the 1986-1987 mumps resurgence had extremely abrupt onset, rural geographic focality, and an upward-then-downward age shift. Evidence suggested recurrent mumps outbreak patterns were attributable to accumulation of susceptibles in dispersed situations where the risk of endemic disease exposure was low and were triggered when this susceptible population was brought together in crowded living conditions. The 2006 epidemic followed this pattern, with two unique variations: it was preceded by a period of very high vaccination rates and very low disease incidence and was characterized by two-dose failure rates among adults vaccinated in childhood. Data from the past 80 years suggest that preventing future mumps epidemics will depend on innovative measures to detect and eliminate build-up of susceptibles among highly vaccinated populations.

Poor recall of prior exposure to varicella zoster, rubella, measles, or mumps in patients with IBD.

PubMed

Naganuma, Makoto; Nagahori, Masakazu; Fujii, Toshimitsu; Morio, Junko; Saito, Eiko; Watanabe, Mamoru

2013-02-01

Few studies have measured the levels of antibodies specific for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster/chickenpox viruses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients undergoing treatment with immunomodulators/biologics. We prospectively recruited 139 IBD outpatients. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used as the serological tests for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster. We defined anti-rubella IgG < 10 IU/mL, anti-measles IgG < 16 IU/mL, and anti-mumps/varicella zoster IgG <4 IU/mL as seronegative for viruses. We also asked participants about past immunizations against or infections with measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses. The proportion of patients with seronegative levels of antibodies specific for varicella zoster, rubella, measles, and mumps viruses was 5%, 30%, 34%, and 37%, respectively. Approximately 40% of the IBD patients did not remember whether they had previously been infected with any of the viruses, and almost one-third of the patients could not remember whether they had previously been vaccinated. Almost 30% of the patients with a past history of rubella or measles did not have seropositive antibody levels. A total of 54% of the patients being treated with immunosuppressant displayed seronegative levels of antibodies specific for at least one of the viruses. Many IBD patients were unaware of whether they had previously been vaccinated against or infected with the viruses causing varicella zoster, rubella, measles, or mumps. Therefore, measuring the current levels of antibodies specific for such viruses is useful for determining whether patients have seropositive antibody levels before immunomodulators/biologics are used for therapy.

Association of Mumps Virus V Protein with RACK1 Results in Dissociation of STAT-1 from the Alpha Interferon Receptor Complex

PubMed Central

Kubota, Toru; Yokosawa, Noriko; Yokota, Shin-ichi; Fujii, Nobuhiro

2002-01-01

It has been reported that mumps virus protein V or the C-terminal Cys-rich region of protein V (Vsp) is associated with blocking of the interferon (IFN) signal transduction pathway through a decrease in STAT-1 production. The intracellular target of the V protein was investigated by using a two-hybrid screening system with Vsp as bait. Full-length V protein and Vsp were able to bind to RACK1, and the interaction did not require two WD domains, WD1 and WD2, in RACK1. A significant interaction between V protein and RACK1 was also demonstrated in cells persistently infected with mumps virus (FLMT cells), and the formation of the complex was not affected by treatment with IFN. On the other hand, in uninfected cells, STAT-1 was associated with the long form of the β subunit of the alpha IFN receptor, and this association was mediated by the function of RACK1 as an adaptor protein. Immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments revealed that the association of RACK1 or mumps virus V protein with the IFN receptor was undetectable in mumps virus-infected cells. Furthermore, RACK1 interacted with mumps virus V protein with a higher affinity than STAT-1 did. Therefore, it is suggested that mumps virus V protein has the ability to interact strongly with RACK1 and consequently to bring about the disruption of the complex formed from STAT-1, RACK1, and the IFN receptor. PMID:12438593

Effectiveness of a Third Dose of MMR Vaccine for Mumps Outbreak Control.

PubMed

Cardemil, Cristina V; Dahl, Rebecca M; James, Lisa; Wannemuehler, Kathleen; Gary, Howard E; Shah, Minesh; Marin, Mona; Riley, Jacob; Feikin, Daniel R; Patel, Manisha; Quinlisk, Patricia

2017-09-07

The effect of a third dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in stemming a mumps outbreak is unknown. During an outbreak among vaccinated students at the University of Iowa, health officials implemented a widespread MMR vaccine campaign. We evaluated the effectiveness of a third dose for outbreak control and assessed for waning immunity. Of 20,496 university students who were enrolled during the 2015-2016 academic year, mumps was diagnosed in 259 students. We used Fisher's exact test to compare unadjusted attack rates according to dose status and years since receipt of the second MMR vaccine dose. We used multivariable time-dependent Cox regression models to evaluate vaccine effectiveness, according to dose status (three vs. two doses and two vs. no doses) after adjustment for the number of years since the second dose. Before the outbreak, 98.1% of the students had received at least two doses of MMR vaccine. During the outbreak, 4783 received a third dose. The attack rate was lower among the students who had received three doses than among those who had received two doses (6.7 vs. 14.5 cases per 1000 population, P<0.001). Students had more than nine times the risk of mumps if they had received the second MMR dose 13 years or more before the outbreak. At 28 days after vaccination, receipt of the third vaccine dose was associated with a 78.1% lower risk of mumps than receipt of a second dose (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.39). The vaccine effectiveness of two doses versus no doses was lower among students with more distant receipt of the second vaccine dose. Students who had received a third dose of MMR vaccine had a lower risk of mumps than did those who had received two doses, after adjustment for the number of years since the second dose. Students who had received a second dose of MMR vaccine 13 years or more before the outbreak had an increased risk of mumps. These findings suggest that the campaign to administer a third dose of MMR vaccine improved mumps outbreak control and that waning immunity probably contributed to propagation of the outbreak. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).

Shift within age-groups of mumps incidence, hospitalizations and severe complications in a highly vaccinated population. Spain, 1998-2014.

PubMed

López-Perea, Noemí; Masa-Calles, Josefa; Torres de Mier, María de Viarce; Fernández-García, Aurora; Echevarría, Juan E; De Ory, Fernando; Martínez de Aragón, María Victoria

2017-08-03

The mumps vaccine (Jeryl-Lynn-strain) was introduced in Spain in 1981, and a vaccination policy which included a second dose was added in 1995. From 1992-1999, a Rubini-strain based vaccine was administered in many regions but later withdrawn due to lack of effectiveness. Despite high levels of vaccination coverage, epidemics have continued to appear. We characterized the three epidemic waves of mumps between 1998 and 2014, identifying major changes in susceptible populations using Poisson regression. For the period 1998-2003 (P1), the most affected group was from 1 to 4years old (y) [Incidence Rate (IR)=71.7 cases/100,000 population]; in the periods 2004-2009 (P2) and 2010-2014 (P3) IR ratio (IRR) increased among 15-24y (P2=1.46; P3=2.68) and 25-34y (P2=2.17; P3=4.05). Hospitalization rate (HR), complication rate (CR) and neurological complication rate (NR) among hospitalized subjects decreased across the epidemics, except for 25-34y which increased: HR ratio (HRR) (P2=2.18; P3=2.16), CRR (P3=2.48), NRR (P3=2.41). In Spain mumps incidence increased, while an overall decrease of hospitalizations and severe complications occurred across the epidemics. Cohorts born during periods of low vaccination coverage and those vaccinated with Rubini-strain were the most affected populations, leading to a shift in mumps cases from children to adolescents and young adults; this also reveals the waning immunity provided by the mumps vaccine. Despite not preventing all mumps cases, the vaccine appears to prevent serious forms of the disease. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Association of measles and mumps with cardiovascular disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study.

PubMed

Kubota, Yasuhiko; Iso, Hiroyasu; Tamakoshi, Akiko

2015-08-01

Although it has been suggested that exposure to infections during childhood could decrease risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the evidence is scarce. We investigated the association of measles and mumps with CVD. 43,689 men and 60,147 women aged 40-79 years at baseline (1988-1990) completed a lifestyle questionnaire, including their history of measles and mumps, and were followed until 2009. Histories of infections were categorized as having no infection (reference), measles only, mumps only, or both infections. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality from CVD across histories of infections were calculated. Men with measles only had multivariable HR (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.85-0.99) for total CVD, those with mumps only had 0.52 (0.28-0.94) for total stroke and 0.21 (0.05-0.86) for hemorrhagic stroke, and those with both infections had 0.80 (0.71-0.90) for total CVD, 0.71 (0.53-0.93) for myocardial infarction, and 0.83 (0.69-0.98) for total stroke. Women with both infections had 0.83 (0.74-0.92) for total CVD and 0.84 (0.71-0.99) for total stroke. We also compared subjects with measles only or mumps only (reference) and those with both infections. Men with both infections had 0.88 (0.78-0.99) for total CVD. Women with both infections had 0.85 (0.76-0.94) for total CVD, 0.79 (0.67-0.93) for total stroke, 0.78 (0.62-0.98) for ischemic stroke and 0.78 (0.62-0.98) for hemorrhagic stroke. Measles and mumps, especially in case of both infections, were associated with lower risks of mortality from atherosclerotic CVD. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Epidemic profile of mumps in China during 2004-2013].

PubMed

Su, Q R; Liu, J; Ma, C; Fan, C X; Wen, N; Luo, H M; Wang, H Q; Li, L; Hao, L X

2016-07-06

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China from 2004 to 2013. Data of mump cases occurring between 2004 and 2013 were gathered from the national notifiable disease reporting system in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan); only cases classified as "final card" , laboratory confirmed, or clinical diagnosis were included. Descriptive epidemiology techniques were used to analyze features of sex, age, trends over time, and geography. Average incidence of mumps between 2004 to 2013 was 24.20/100 000. Peaks were in 2011 and 2012, with incidence 33.9/100 000 (454 385/1.340 million) and 35.6/100 000 (479 518/1.347 million). Two seasonal peaks occurred regularly in years, one from April to July in the first year, and the other from November to January in the next year. During the study period, provinces with the highest incidence were Ningxia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Guangxi; incidences were 72.1/100 000 (4 425/6.13 million), 48.5/100 000 (1 396/3 million), 51.7/100 000 (10 887/21.04 million), and 40.8/100 000 (19 179/46.99 million), respectively. Guangdong (28 078), Sichuan (21 924), Guangxi (21 616), and Zhejiang (20 000) provinces reported the highest number of mumps cases. Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai showed a consistently low incidence. Mumps cases occurred primarily among children aged 5-9 years, with incidence ranging from 118.2/100 000 to 281.4/100 000. In 2004-2008, the peak age was 6-8 years (174.1/100 000) and in 2009-2013, peak age was 5-7 years (234.5/100 000). The highest incidences of mumps in China were reported in 2011 and 2012, with children of school age constituting the majority of cases.

Waning Immunity Is Associated with Periodic Large Outbreaks of Mumps: A Mathematical Modeling Study of Scottish Data

PubMed Central

Hamami, Dalila; Cameron, Ross; Pollock, Kevin G.; Shankland, Carron

2017-01-01

Vaccination programs for childhood diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella have greatly contributed to decreasing the incidence and impact of those diseases. Nonetheless, despite long vaccination programmes across the world, mumps has not yet been eradicated in those countries: indeed, large outbreaks continue. For example, in Scotland large outbreaks occurred in 2004, 2005, and 2015, despite introducing the MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella) vaccine more than 20 years ago. There are indications that this vaccine-preventable disease is re-emerging in highly vaccinated populations. Here we investigate whether the resurgence of mumps is due to waning immunity, and further, could a booster dose be the solution to eradicate mumps or would it just extend the period of waning immunity? Using mathematical modeling we enhance a seasonally-structured disease model with four scenarios: no vaccination, vaccinated individuals protected for life, vaccinated individuals at risk of waning immunity, and introduction of measures to increase immunity (a third dose, or a better vaccine). The model is parameterised from observed clinical data in Scotland 2004–2015 and the literature. The results of the four scenarios are compared with observed clinical data 2004–2016. While the force of infection is relatively sensitive to the duration of immunity and the number of boosters undertaken, we conclude that periodic large outbreaks of mumps will be sustained for all except the second scenario. This suggests that the current protocol of two vaccinations is optimal in the sense that while there are periodic large outbreaks, the severity of cases in vaccinated individuals is less than in unvaccinated individuals, and the size of the outbreaks does not decrease sufficiently with a third booster to make economic sense. This recommendation relies on continuous efforts to maintain high levels of vaccination uptake. PMID:28487657

Analysis of the Effect of Estrogen/Androgen Perturbation on Penile Development in Transgenic and Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Mice

PubMed Central

BLASCHKO, SARAH D.; MAHAWONG, PHITSANU; FERRETTI, MAX; CUNHA, TRISTAN J.; SINCLAIR, ADRIANE; WANG, HONG; SCHLOMER, BRUCE J.; RISBRIDGER, GAIL; BASKIN, LAURENCE S.; CUNHA, GERALD R.

2013-01-01

Because both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors α/β. Penises of adult wild-type, estrogen receptor-α knockout (αERKO), estrogen receptor-β knockout (βERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom-KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. αERKO, βERKO, and Arom-KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES-treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES-treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial-surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ERβ signaling is strongly implicated. PMID:23653160

Waning Immunity Is Associated with Periodic Large Outbreaks of Mumps: A Mathematical Modeling Study of Scottish Data.

PubMed

Hamami, Dalila; Cameron, Ross; Pollock, Kevin G; Shankland, Carron

2017-01-01

Vaccination programs for childhood diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella have greatly contributed to decreasing the incidence and impact of those diseases. Nonetheless, despite long vaccination programmes across the world, mumps has not yet been eradicated in those countries: indeed, large outbreaks continue. For example, in Scotland large outbreaks occurred in 2004, 2005, and 2015, despite introducing the MMR (Measles-Mumps-Rubella) vaccine more than 20 years ago. There are indications that this vaccine-preventable disease is re-emerging in highly vaccinated populations. Here we investigate whether the resurgence of mumps is due to waning immunity, and further, could a booster dose be the solution to eradicate mumps or would it just extend the period of waning immunity? Using mathematical modeling we enhance a seasonally-structured disease model with four scenarios: no vaccination, vaccinated individuals protected for life, vaccinated individuals at risk of waning immunity, and introduction of measures to increase immunity (a third dose, or a better vaccine). The model is parameterised from observed clinical data in Scotland 2004-2015 and the literature. The results of the four scenarios are compared with observed clinical data 2004-2016. While the force of infection is relatively sensitive to the duration of immunity and the number of boosters undertaken, we conclude that periodic large outbreaks of mumps will be sustained for all except the second scenario. This suggests that the current protocol of two vaccinations is optimal in the sense that while there are periodic large outbreaks, the severity of cases in vaccinated individuals is less than in unvaccinated individuals, and the size of the outbreaks does not decrease sufficiently with a third booster to make economic sense. This recommendation relies on continuous efforts to maintain high levels of vaccination uptake.

[Mumps--an underestimated disease].

PubMed

Duszczyk, Ewa; Krynicka-Czech, Beata; Talarek, Ewa; Popielska, Jolanta

2006-01-01

In countries, where vaccination against mumps is not obligatory, epidemic increase in morbidity is observed every 4-5 years. In Poland vaccination had not been obligatory until 2004. Year 2004 was an epidemic year--135,178 cases were reported. In 2005 (up to 31.07.05) 64,062 cases were noted and many hospitalizations. The aim was analysis of clinical course of mumps in children hospitalized between 1.01.04 and 31.07.05. 292 children in age from 11 months to 16 years, 90 (30,8%) girls and 202 (69,2%) boys. Diagnosis of mumps was based on typical clinical picture, history of exposure and amylase activity in serum and urine. 111/292 (38%) children were referred to the hospital with suspicion of meningitis: in 68/292 (23,3%) lymphocytic meningitis was diagnosed (49 boys and 19 girls) and in 43 meningeal signs were not observed. Orchitis was observed in 48/202 (23,76%) boys 12-16 years old, in 3 of them both testes were affected. In 3 boys meningitis and orchitis were diagnosed, in one of them with encephalitic symptoms. 73/292 (25%) children were admitted to the hospital because of emesis and dehydration. 43/292 were hospitalized with suspicion of meningitis. 15 children were admitted because of high fever with poor response for antipyretics. In two children unilateral deafness was observed. In two children edema of subcutaneous tissue of upper chest. In remaining cases mumps was diagnosed in children with hematologic and oncologic diseases, kidney failure, congenital defects. Complications of mumps and need for hospitalization in children with mumps still are problems of public health. The only method of prophylaxis is accurate vaccination pragramme.

Evidence of pestivirus RNA in human virus vaccines.

PubMed Central

Harasawa, R; Tomiyama, T

1994-01-01

We examined live virus vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella for the presence of pestivirus RNA or of pestiviruses by reverse transcription PCR. Pestivirus RNA was detected in two measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccines and in two monovalent vaccines against mumps and rubella. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR products indicated that a modified live vaccine strain used for immunization of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea is not responsible for the contamination of the vaccines. Images PMID:8077414

Multimodal imaging in a case of bilateral outer retinitis associated with mumps infection.

PubMed

Kahloun, Rim; Ben Amor, Hager; Ksiaa, Imen; Zina, Sourour; Jelliti, Bechir; Ben Yahia, Salim; Khairallah, Moncef

2018-02-01

To report the results of multimodal imaging of acute outer retinitis associated to mumps infection. A patient with mumps-associated outer retinitis evaluated by color fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). We report a case of a 12-year-old boy who developed bilateral outer retinitis related to mumps. Ophthalmoscopy showed confluent areas of outer retinitis involving the posterior pole and the periphery with a centrifugal gyrate pattern. SD-OCT revealed a marked disorganization of the outer retinal layers with multiple highly reflective spicules. FA shows diffuse late hyperfluorescence with optic disk staining. ICGA shows macular and peripheral hyperfluorescent lesions with a geographical pattern in the late phases. The patient was treated with acyclovir and oral prednisone. Four weeks after presentation visual acuity remained unchanged, and retinal changes seen at the acute phase had resolved leading to extensive retinal atrophy and optic disk pallor. SD-OCT showed atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal layers. FAF revealed scattered hyperautofluorescent lesions. Electrophysiology showed generalized retinal dysfunction. Mumps infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral necrotizing outer retinitis in children and young adults. A multimodal imaging approach may help distinguish mumps-associated retinitis from other causes of viral retinitis and facilitate appropriate management.

An Adult Case of Fulminant Mumps Keratitis With Positive Viral RNA in Aqueous Humor Detected by RT-PCR.

PubMed

Shibata, Teppei; Takahashi, Yoriko; Okamoto, Ayako; Sasaki, Hiroshi; Kitagawa, Kazuko

2016-04-01

To report an adult case of mumps keratitis with mumps virus in aqueous humor and decreased corneal endothelial cell density. Case report. A 60-year-old female with a 39°C fever and bilateral parotid swelling diagnosed with mumps and treated for photophobia, pain, redness, and decreased vision in 1 eye, was referred to our hospital when her condition deteriorated despite receiving betamethasone phosphate instillation and antiglaucoma agents for elevated intraocular pressure (52 mm Hg) and iritis. Her right eye was normal, whereas her left eye showed 20/400 visual acuity, 21 mm Hg intraocular pressure, ciliary injection and edema, opacity, and Descemet folds in the entire cornea. Round white keratic precipitates were present on the posterior corneal surface, whereas anterior chamber cells could not be examined in detail because of corneal edema. Mumps virus was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in an aqueous humor sample taken at the time of admission. Following diagnosis of keratitis, administration of 30 mg oral prednisolone daily and frequent instillation of betamethasone phosphate steadily improved her corneal edema and opacity. In her left eye, visual acuity recovered to 20/16 and keratitis was resolved at 4 weeks; however, corneal endothelial cell density was significantly decreased to less than 400 per square millimeter. Mumps keratitis may cause severe corneal endothelial cell loss.

Mumps

MedlinePlus

... These 12 to 24 days are called the incubation period. Treatment How are mumps treated? If you ... citrus fruits. Gargle with warm salt water several times a day. Try popsicles to soothe your throat. ...

Are cases of mumps in vaccinated patients attributable to mismatches in both vaccine T-cell and B-cell epitopes?

PubMed Central

Homan, E Jane; Bremel, Robert D

2014-01-01

Resurgent mumps outbreaks have raised questions about the current efficacy of mumps vaccines. We have applied immunoinformatics techniques based on principal component analysis to evaluate patterns in predicted B-cell linear epitopes, MHC binding affinity and cathepsin cleavage in the hemagglutinin neuraminidase protein of vaccine strains and wild-type mumps isolates. We have mapped predicted MHC-peptide binding for 37 MHC-I and 28 MHC-II alleles and predicted cleavage by cathepsin B, L and S. By all measures we applied Jeryl-Lynn JL5 major strain is an outlier with immunomic features arising from a small number of amino acid changes that distinguish it from other virus strains. Individuals vaccinated with Jeryl-Lynn who are not exposed to wild-type virus until their protective antibody titer has waned may be unable to recall a protective immune response when exposed to wild-type virus. Dependence on serology to evaluate mumps vaccines may have overemphasized the conservation of one neutralizing antibody epitope, at the expense of monitoring other related changes in the HN protein that could affect recall responses. PMID:24275080

Correlation of genetic variability with safety of mumps vaccine Urabe AM9 strain.

PubMed

Amexis, G; Fineschi, N; Chumakov, K

2001-08-15

The Urabe AM9 strain of mumps vaccine live is known for its genetic instability and some vaccines derived from this strain were withdrawn from the market due to an excessive number of vaccine-associated parotitis and meningitis cases. To identify the molecular basis of this instability, we determined complete nucleotide sequences of several stocks of the Urabe strain used for vaccine production by different manufacturers and of two clinical isolates from cases of vaccine-associated meningitis. In contrast to previously published studies relating the Lys335 --> Glu mutation in the viral HN gene with neurovirulence of mumps virus, we could not confirm any association of this mutation with the safety of mumps vaccine. Each of the three vaccine stocks studied had its own characteristic profile of mutations that was identified by cDNA sequencing and quantitated by mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage. Determination of the mutational profile of mumps vaccine lots could allow vaccine manufacturers to characterize seed viruses and monitor the consistency of vaccine production to prevent emergence of virulent revertants.

Mumps Photos

MedlinePlus

... content Start of Search Controls Search Form Controls Cancel Submit Search The CDC CDC A-Z Index ... Z # Start of Search Controls Search Form Controls Cancel Submit Search The CDC Mumps Note: Javascript is ...

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines.

PubMed

Wharton, M; Cochi, S L; Williams, W W

1990-03-01

With widespread use of the live virus vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella, there has been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of all three diseases. At the same time, an increasing proportion of the remaining cases are occurring in adolescents and adults. Thus, vaccinations for these three diseases of childhood must be included in a comprehensive program for adult immunization. The vaccines have a proven history of safety and efficacy and are usually administered together as combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccination for measles, mumps, and rubella is particularly important for susceptible adults likely to come in contact with infected children. Adults at particularly high risk for exposure may include daycare center workers, teachers and other school employees, college students, medical personnel, and those planning to travel outside the United States.

MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)

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Attenuvax® Measles Vaccine ... R-Vax® II (as a combination product containing Measles Vaccine, Rubella Vaccine) ... M-R® II (as a combination product containing Measles Vaccine, Mumps Vaccine, Rubella Vaccine)

Defense Information Systems Agency Technical Integration Support (DISA- TIS). MUMPS Study.

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

usable in DoD, MUMPS must continue to improve in its support of DoD and OSE standards such as SQL , X-Windows, POSIX, PHIGS, etc. MUMPS and large AlSs...Language ( SQL ), X-Windows, and Graphical Kernel Services (GKS)) 2.2.2.3 FIPS Adoption by NIST The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST...many of the performance tuning mechanisms that must be performed explicitly with other systems. The VA looks forward to the SQL binding (1993 ANS) that

Measles, mumps, and rubella.

PubMed

White, Sarah J; Boldt, Kristi L; Holditch, Sara J; Poland, Gregory A; Jacobson, Robert M

2012-06-01

Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral diseases that may adversely affect nonimmune pregnant women and their fetuses/neonates. Prevention of these diseases and their complications can be achieved through measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination before pregnancy. The vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy, because it contains live, attenuated viruses that pose a theoretical risk to the fetus. However, accidental receipt of MMR vaccination is not known to cause maternal/fetal complications. MMR immunization is recommended to nonimmune obstetric patients upon completion or termination of pregnancy.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

MedlinePlus

... disorder follows a viral illness, such as the mumps or the flu. It may be that the ... the disorder after a viral illness, such as mumps, measles or a respiratory infection. Complications A rare ...

Measles, mumps, and rubella antibody patterns of persistence and rate of decline following the second dose of the MMR vaccine.

PubMed

Seagle, Emma E; Bednarczyk, Robert A; Hill, Tenisha; Fiebelkorn, Amy Parker; Hickman, Carole J; Icenogle, Joseph P; Belongia, Edward A; McLean, Huong Q

2018-02-01

Antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella decline 3% per year on average, and have a high degree of individual variation. Yet, individual variations and differences across antigens are not well understood. To better understand potential implications on individual and population susceptibility, we reanalyzed longitudinal data to identify patterns of seropositivity and persistence. Children vaccinated with the second dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR2) at 4-6 years of age were followed up to 12 years post-vaccination. The rates of antibody decline were assessed using regression models, accounting for differences between and within subjects. Most of the 302 participants were seropositive throughout follow-up (96% measles, 88% mumps, 79% rubella). The rate of antibody decline was associated with MMR2 response and baseline titer for measles and age at first dose of MMR (MMR1) for rubella. No demographic or clinical factors were associated with mumps rate of decline. One month post-MMR2, geometric mean titer (GMT) to measles was high (3892 mIU/mL), but declined on average 9.7% per year among those with the same baseline titer and <2-fold increase post-MMR2. Subjects with ≥2-fold experienced a slower decline (≤7.4%). GMT to rubella was 149 one month post-MMR2, declining 2.6% and 5.9% per year among those who received MMR1 at 12-15 months and >15 months, respectively. GMT to mumps one month post-MMR2 was 151, declining 9.2% per year. Only 14% of subjects had the same persistence trends for all antigens. The rate of antibody decay varied substantially among individuals and the 3 antigen groups. A fast rate of decline coupled with high variation was observed for mumps, yet no predictors were identified. Future research should focus on better understanding waning titers to mumps and its impacts on community protection and individual susceptibility, in light of recent outbreaks in vaccinated populations. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rubella - Fact Sheet for Parents

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... A Hepatitis B Hib Measles Mumps Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus Rubella Tetanus Whooping Cough (Pertussis) For Parents of ... A Hepatitis B Hib Measles Mumps Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus Rubella Tetanus Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Top of Page ...

FastStats: Measles

MedlinePlus

... Women’s Health State and Territorial Data Reproductive Health Contraceptive Use Infertility Reproductive Health Notice Regarding FastStats Mobile ... measles, mumps, rubella: 91.9% (2015) Percent of adolescents aged 13-17 years vaccinated against measles, mumps, ...

Whooping Cough (Pertussis) - Fact Sheet for Parents

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... A Hepatitis B Hib Measles Mumps Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus Rubella Tetanus Whooping Cough (Pertussis) For Parents of ... A Hepatitis B Hib Measles Mumps Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus Rubella Tetanus Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Top of Page ...

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases In Pediatric Patients: A Review Of Measles, Mumps, Rubella, And Varicella.

PubMed

Levine, Deborah A

2016-12-01

Vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella continue to plague children and adults worldwide. Although public health programs have helped decrease the prevalence and sequelae of these diseases, outbreaks still occur. To limit the spread of these diseases, emergency clinicians must be able to readily identify the characteristic presentations of the rashes associated with measles, rubella, and varicella, as well as the common presenting features associated with mumps. Diagnostic laboratory studies are not usually necessary, as a complete history and physical examination usually lead to an accurate diagnosis. Treatment for these vaccine-preventable diseases usually consists of supportive care, but, in some cases, severe complications and death may occur. This issue provides a review of the clinical features, differential diagnoses, potential complications, and treatment options for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.

Complete genome sequence of mumps viruses isolated from patients with parotitis, pancreatitis and encephalitis in India.

PubMed

Vaidya, Sunil R; Chowdhury, Deepika T; Jadhav, Santoshkumar M; Hamde, Venkat S

2016-04-01

Limited information is available regarding epidemiology of mumps in India. Mumps vaccine is not included in the Universal Immunization Program of India. The complete genome sequences of Indian mumps virus (MuV) isolates are not available, hence this study was performed. Five isolates from bilateral parotitis and pancreatitis patients from Maharashtra, a MuV isolate from unilateral parotitis patient from Tamil Nadu, and a MuV isolate from encephalitis patient from Uttar Pradesh were genotyped by the standard protocol of the World Health Organization and subsequently complete genomes were sequenced. Indian MuV genomes were compared with published MuV genomes, including reference genotypes and eight vaccine strains for the genetic differences. The SH gene analysis revealed that five MuV isolates belonged to genotype C and two belonged to genotype G strains. The percent nucleotide divergence (PND) was 1.1% amongst five MuV genotype C strains and 2.2% amongst two MuV genotype G strains. A comparison with widely used mumps Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain revealed that Indian mumps isolates had 54, 54, 53, 49, 49, 38, and 49 amino acid substitutions in Chennai-2012, Kushinagar-2013, Pune-2008, Osmanabad-2012a, Osmanabad-2012b, Pune-1986 and Pune-2012, respectively. This study reports the complete genome sequences of Indian MuV strains obtained in years 1986, 2008, 2012 and 2013 that may be useful for further studies in India and globally. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Outbreak of mumps in a school setting, United Kingdom, 2013.

PubMed

Aasheim, Erlend T; Inns, Thomas; Trindall, Amy; Emmett, Lynsey; Brown, Kevin E; Williams, Chris J; Reacher, Mark

2014-01-01

Effective protection against mumps can be achieved through 2 doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. However, outbreaks of mumps have recently been described among populations with high vaccination coverage, including 2 doses of MMR. Here we describe an outbreak at a school in the East of England, UK. The school was attended by 540 pupils aged 10-19 years and had 170 staff. In total, 28 cases of mumps (24 pupils and 4 staff) were identified during 10 January to 16 March 2013. Vaccination status was known in 25 of the cases, and among these 21 (84.0%) had a documented history of 2 doses of MMR while the remaining had a history of one dose (2/25 cases, 8.0%) or no doses (2/25, 8.0%) of MMR. An outbreak control team recommended that MMR vaccine should be offered to all pupils whose parents consented to it, regardless of previous vaccination status. Additional MMR vaccines were administered to 103 pupils, including 76 (73.8%) third doses of MMR. Offering an additional dose of MMR appeared to be acceptable to parents, and we found it feasible to administer the intervention in a timely manner with resources from the local Public Health Centre (Primary Care Trust). An additional dose of MMR to all individuals at risk can be considered as an acceptable control measure for mumps outbreaks in schools even if the vaccination coverage is high. However, further evidence on the effectiveness, acceptability, and safety of this intervention is needed.

Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella and varicella among staff of a hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

PubMed

Abbas, Moustafa; Atwa, Mona; Emara, Amany

2007-01-01

This study aimed at screening immune status of Health Care Workers (HCWs) against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, and assessing the reliability of the history of previous illness due to these infections or vaccination against them as an indicator of the immune status, as checked by laboratory tests. Demographic data, history of previous illnesses and previous vaccinations were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Also, serologic screening was done for these infections. Antibodies tested using ELISA. Among tested hospital staff, 71.8%, 60.3%, 47.9% and 68.4% reported history of infection or vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella respectively, while laboratory results proved that 4.5%, 10.8%, 12.9% and 11.3% were susceptible respectively. Susceptibility was most frequent among housekeeping staff against measles and varicella, while administrative staff were the most susceptibles to mumps, and nurses were the most susceptibles to rubella. Sensitivity of past history of illness as an indicator of the immune status, was found to be (85%, 83%, 66%, 86%); Specificity was (81%, 81%, 89%, 87%); Positive Predictive value (PV) was (99%, 98%, 98%, 98%) and Negative PV was (16%, 29%, 22%, 39%) for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella respectively. Screening for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella among hospital staff is mandatory to detect those who are susceptible for infections and should be vaccinated, and so preventing transmission of these infections to their colleagues or patients.

Mumps orchitis in the non-immune postpubertal male: a resurgent threat to male fertility?

PubMed

Philip, Joe; Selvan, David; Desmond, Anthony D

2006-01-01

To report clinical findings associated with an increased incidence of mumps orchitis in Liverpool, UK, as in the last 2 years there has been a four-fold increase in the number of notified viral mumps cases in the UK. In the 8 months before April 2005, patients presenting to the Accident and Emergency/Urology Departments of the Royal Liverpool University Hospital with a diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis were identified from the emergency urological admission database. Of 195 males presenting with an acute history of testicular pain and swelling, 25 gave a history of mumps parotitis 4-11 days earlier. Three had bilateral orchitis and two needed scrotal exploration to exclude torsion. Scrotal ultrasonography findings varied from increased vascularity to abnormal testicular echo texture. Treatment included analgesia, scrotal support, re-hydration and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Of the 10 patients followed-up to date, four had testicular abnormalities; one had persistent testicular pain, one a change in testicular consistency, one a noticeably reduced size of one testis, and one significant testicular atrophy. As postpubertal mumps in males is associated with a 40% incidence of orchitis, parents should be made aware that failing to immunize their children threatens the future fertility of their sons. Young men not immunized as children should be counselled and offered urgent vaccination. Clinicians should be aware that epididymo-orchitis may be secondary to mumps infection even with no history or clinical evidence of parotitis.

Detection of measles, mumps and rubella viruses by immuno-colorimetric assay and its application in focus reduction neutralization tests.

PubMed

Vaidya, Sunil R; Kumbhar, Neelakshi S; Bhide, Vandana S

2014-12-01

Measles, mumps and rubella are vaccine-preventable diseases; however limited epidemiological data are available from low-income or developing countries. Thus, it is important to investigate the transmission of these viruses in different geographical regions. In this context, a cell culture-based rapid and reliable immuno-colorimetric assay (ICA) was established and its utility studied. Twenty-three measles, six mumps and six rubella virus isolates and three vaccine strains were studied. Detection by ICA was compared with plaque and RT-PCR assays. In addition, ICA was used to detect viruses in throat swabs (n = 24) collected from patients with suspected measles or mumps. Similarly, ICA was used in a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and the results compared with those obtained by a commercial IgG enzyme immuno assay. Measles and mumps virus were detected 2 days post-infection in Vero or Vero-human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule cells, whereas rubella virus was detected 3 days post-infection in Vero cells. The blue stained viral foci were visible by the naked eye or through a magnifying glass. In conclusion, ICA was successfully used on 35 virus isolates, three vaccine strains and clinical specimens collected from suspected cases of measles and mumps. Furthermore, an application of ICA in a neutralization test (i.e., FRNT) was documented; this may be useful for sero-epidemiological, cross-neutralization and pre/post-vaccine studies. © 2014 The Societies and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Experience with live rubella virus vaccine combined with live vaccines against measles and mumps*

PubMed Central

Smorodintsev, A. A.; Nasibov, M. N.; Jakovleva, N. V.

1970-01-01

Vaccination of pre-school children in the 1-7-years age-group for the specific prophylaxis of mumps and rubella is often difficult to arrange because of the already large number of inoculations given to these children. Combined vaccines to protect against measles, mumps and rubella should therefore be a valuable development. The existence of effective live vaccines for each of these 3 diseases makes possible the production of a single preparation suitable for subcutaneous inoculation. Tests on vaccine strains of measles (Leningrad-16), mumps (Leningrad-3) and rubella (Leningrad-8) viruses in various combinations have established that divalent or trivalent vaccines remain clinically harmless, highly immunogenic and epidemiologically effective. Single subcutaneous administrations of live measles vaccine combined with mumps or rubella vaccines or both, when given to children aged 1-8 years, brough about a high percentage of serological conversions and an increase in antibodies to a level comparable with that achieved with the corresponding monovalent vaccines. Morbidity from the 3 diseases was reduced among those vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine by 10 or more times, i.e., by about the same factor as when monovalent or divalent vaccines were used. PMID:5310140

Transmission of the L-Zagreb mumps vaccine virus, Croatia, 2005-2008.

PubMed

Kaic, B; Gjenero-Margan, I; Aleraj, B; Ljubin-Sternak, S; Vilibic-Cavlek, T; Kilvain, S; Pavic, I; Stojanovic, D; Ilic, A

2008-04-17

We report on three cases of symptomatic transmission of the L-Zagreb mumps vaccine virus from three vaccinated children to five adult contacts. The five contact cases were parents of the vaccinated children and presented with parotitis and in one case also with aseptic meningitis. The etiology of the contacts' illness was determined by viral culture, genomic sequencing, serology and epidemiological linking. Two of the vaccinated children developed vaccine associated parotitis as an adverse event three weeks following immunization. Symptoms in contact cases developed five to seven weeks after the vaccination of the children. The five contact cases, as well as the three children with adverse events recovered completely. The children had been vaccinated with MMR vaccine produced by the Institute of Immunology Zagreb, each of them with a different lot. One of the possible explanations for these adverse events is that the very low levels of wild mumps virus circulation in the last decade, combined with waning immunity in those who received one dose of vaccine or suffered from mumps in childhood, resulted in susceptible young adults and that this unique epidemiological situation allows us to detect horizontal transmission of mumps vaccine virus.

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know

MedlinePlus

... rubella combination vaccine Measles=Rubeola Measles=”10-day”, “hard” and “red” measles MMRV=measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella combination vaccine File Formats Help: How do I view different file formats ( ...

Mumps

MedlinePlus

... you or your child has mumps along with: Red eyes Constant drowsiness Constant vomiting or abdominal pain Severe headache Pain or a lump in testicle Call the local emergency number (such as 911) or visit the emergency room if convulsions occur.

MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine - what you need to know

MedlinePlus

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html . Updated February 12, 2018. Accessed February 14, 2018.

Mumps in the Czech Republic in 2013: Clinical Characteristics, Mumps Virus Genotyping, and Epidemiological Links.

PubMed

Havlíčková, Martina; Limberková, Radomíra; Smíšková, Dita; Herrmannová, Kristýna; Jiřincová, Helena; Nováková, Ludmila; Lexová, Pavla; Kynčl, Jan; Arientová, Simona; Marešová, Vilma

2016-03-01

The aim of the study was to map the incidence of mumps in the Czech Republic in terms of clinical symptoms, epidemiological links, and characteristics of circulating genotypes. Patients with suspected mumps examined in the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the Na Bulovce Hospital in 2013 were enrolled in the study. Buccal swab specimens were tested by means of nucleic acid detection (RT-qPCR) and when positive, they were cultured in tissue culture. Sequencing was carried out using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit and Genetic Analyzer 3500. The SeqScape software was used for the analysis of sequencing data and filtering out low quality reads. The phylogenetic analysis and genotyping were performed using the Mega 6 software. To generate the phylogenetic tree, all sequences were aligned by the MAFFT tool and the alignment obtained was edited using the BioEdit software. In all patients, selected biochemical markers (C-reactive protein, white blood cell count and serum amylase) were measured. The EPIDAT system used for reporting infectious diseases, record keeping, and data analysis in the Czech Republic was the source of statistical data. Eighty-nine patients with suspected mumps were examined in the Na Bulovce Hospital and 65 of them were laboratory confirmed with mumps: 40 males (61.5%) and 25 females (38.5%). The mean age of the study cohort was 25.9 years (median age of 23 years, age range from 10 to 73 years) and 14 patients were under 18 years of age. Thirty-four (52.3%) patients were vaccinated in childhood, 28 (43.1%) were unvaccinated, and for three persons, vaccination data were not available. A severe course of the disease was reported in 15 (23.1%) patients. Fourteen of them needed hospitalization because of orchitis (9 males) and meningitis (5 patients). One patient with orchitis was treated on an outpatient basis. The need for hospitalization tended to be lower in the unvaccinated patients (14.7% vs. 35.7%, p=0.076). In 2013, 1,553 cases of mumps were reported to the EPIDAT system. Of these, 640 were laboratory confirmed. The most often reported complications were orchitis (90 cases, i.e. 10.3%) and meningitis (21 cases, i.e. 1.4%). Orchitis was diagnosed in 30.3% of the unvaccinated and in 6.4% of the vaccinated males. Meningitis occurred in 3.1% of the unvaccinated and in 1.0% of the vaccinated patients. Despite the emergence of mumps among the vaccinated population, the present study has confirmed a positive effect of the vaccine, particularly on the incidence of complications and inflammatory markers. All 30 sequenced mumps virus strains were assigned to group G. A secondary vaccine failure due to waning immunity seems to be a plausible explanation for the rise in mumps cases. Copyright© by the National Institute of Public Health, Prague 2015.

Determinants of students' willingness to accept a measles-mumps-rubella booster vaccination during a mumps outbreak: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Donkers, Hanna W; Hautvast, Jeannine L A; Akkermans, Reinier P; Swaan, Corien M; Ruijs, Wilhelmina L M; Hulscher, Marlies E J L

2015-06-20

Despite high vaccination coverage, a mumps outbreak that affected mainly vaccinated university students and their contacts took place in the Netherlands in the period 2009-2012. We presented university students with a hypothetical case in which we offered them a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) booster vaccination to control the mumps outbreak. The aim of this study was to get insight into the determinants of university students' willingness to accept this vaccination. A questionnaire containing 38 items was developed for the purpose of assessing students' willingness and the psychosocial and social demographic determinants influencing their willingness to accept an MMR booster vaccination. In addition, we explored how organisational characteristics influenced the willingness to be vaccinated. Data were collected at six Dutch universities; a total of 790 students from various faculties were invited to participate. This was a convenience sampling procedure. 687 university students participated (response rate 87.0%) and 60.4% of the participants said they would be willing accept the hypothetical MMR booster vaccination. The perceived seriousness of mumps (OR 6.1) was the most important predictor of willingness to accept vaccination. Students who expected the MMR vaccination to be effective and to prevent individual illness and who believed their own vaccination would help stop the epidemic were more likely to be willing than others. The students were more willing to accept vaccination when they perceived that the social norms of significant others and the government favoured vaccination. Organisational characteristics, such as offering vaccination cost free and offering it at the university site, increased students' willingness. During a mumps outbreak, university students were generally willing to accept a hypothetical MMR booster vaccination. Risk perception, outcome expectations, perceived social norms, and organisational characteristics should be taken into account in the planning of any vaccination campaign for university students during an outbreak of an infectious disease.

Seroconversion rates to combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine of children with upper respiratory tract infection.

PubMed

Dennehy, P H; Saracen, C L; Peter, G

1994-10-01

To determine if upper respiratory tract infection (URI) affects the seroconversion rate or quantitative response to each component of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine. One hundred forty-nine children between 15 and 18 months of age were prospectively divided into two groups according to the presence of URI or recent history of URI symptoms within the 4 weeks before vaccination. Once stratified, 74 children in the healthy group and 75 children in the URI group were randomly assigned to receive one of three lots of measles-mumps-rubella varicella vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the deltoid area. Serum was obtained from each child just before vaccination and 4 to 6 weeks later for measuring antibody levels against each virus. Prevaccination antibody levels against each virus in the URI and healthy groups did not differ. Nine children had pre-existing antibodies to varicella and six to mumps; no child had positive serologies for measles or rubella before vaccination. Children with pre-existing antibody were excluded from analysis of seroconversion for that virus. Seroconversion to measles, mumps, and rubella occurred in 100% of children in both groups. Mean antibody levels did not differ between the healthy and URI groups for measles (111 vs 122), mumps (97 vs 108), or rubella (96 vs 102). Three (4%) of 70 children with URIs in whom varicella serologies were available failed to seroconvert to varicella vaccine although none of the 69 healthy children had vaccine failure (P = .24). The mean varicella antibody level was 11.3 +/- 1.4 in the healthy children, which did not differ significantly from the level of 9.5 +/- 0.9 in the URI group. Seroconversion to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella was not significantly affected by the presence of a concurrent or recent URI in 15- to 18-month-old children.

[A case of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing triggered by mumps meningitis in a patient with recurrent primary stabbing headache].

PubMed

Unai, Yuki; Sato, Kenta

2018-03-28

A 32-year-old man with a 16-year history of recurrent primary stabbing headache was admitted to our hospital, owing to mumps meningitis. On day 2 of admission, he began experiencing episodes of unbearable intermittent stabbing pain, each lasting few seconds, with conjunctival injection and tearing, on the temporal side of the left orbit. We suspected trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, and administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), oxygen, and sumatriptan; however, the pain episodes persisted. Subsequently, after the start of intravenous lidocaine administration, the pain episodes stopped. We diagnosed a short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), triggered by mumps meningitis. This is a valuable case report, involving a patient with a history of primary stabbing headache who was diagnosed with SUNCT triggered by mumps meningitis.

Vaccine-preventable diseases in pediatric patients: a review of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella [digest].

PubMed

Levine, Deborah A; Pade, Kathryn H

2016-12-22

Vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella continue to plague children and adults worldwide. Although public health programs have helped decrease the prevalence and sequelae of these diseases, outbreaks still occur. To limit the spread of these diseases, emergency clinicians must be able to readily identify the characteristic presentations of the rashes associated with measles, rubella, and varicella, as well as the common presenting features associated with mumps. Diagnostic laboratory studies are not usually necessary, as a complete history and physical examination usually lead to an accurate diagnosis. Treatment for these vaccine-preventable diseases usually consists of supportive care, but, in some cases, severe complications and death may occur. This issue provides a review of the clinical features, differential diagnoses, potential complications, and treatment options for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. [Points & Pearls is a digest of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice].

[Epidemic parotiditis, a reportable disease].

PubMed

Boverhoff, J C; Baart, J A

2013-01-01

Three consecutive patients with an acute swelling of one of the cheeks, were diagnosed with epidemic parotiditis. The first phase of the diagnostic procedure for an acute cheek swelling is to eliminate the possibility of odontogenic causes. When odontogenic problems have been excluded, non-dentition-related causes may be considered. An acute, progressive swelling in the preauricular area can often be attributed to an inflammation of the parotid gland, but epidemic parotiditis should also be considered. Epidemic parotiditis, or mumps, is caused by the mumps virus. Contamination occurs aerogenically. In the Netherlands, mumps vaccine is an ingredient of the governmental combined mump-measles-rubella inoculation programme. However, in recent years several small-scale parotiditis epidemics have broken out, predominantly among young, inoculated adults. Oropharyngeal mucus and blood samples are needed to diagnose the disease. Each case of the disease should be reported to the community healthcare service.

Mumps vaccine virus genome is present in throat swabs obtained from uncomplicated healthy recipients.

PubMed

Nagai, T; Nakayama, T

2001-01-08

Seven children were followed for up to 42 days post-vaccination with live mumps vaccine and 37 throat swabs were obtained serially. Viral genomic RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the phosphoprotein (P) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) regions. Virus isolation was also attempted. Genomic differentiation of detected mumps virus genome was performed by sequence analysis and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). No adverse reaction was observed in these children. Although mumps virus was not isolated from any of the samples, viral RNA was detected in four samples from three vaccine recipients, 18, 18 and 26, and 7 days after vaccination, respectively. Detected viral RNA was identified as the vaccine strain. Our data suggests that vaccine virus inoculated replicates in the parotid glands but the incidence of virus transmission from recipients to other susceptible subjects should be low.

Meta-analysis of vaccine effectiveness of mumps-containing vaccine under different immunization strategies in China.

PubMed

Wang, Huaqing; Hu, Yongmei; Zhang, Guomin; Zheng, Jingshan; Li, Li; An, Zhijie

2014-08-20

To evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of mumps-containing vaccine (MuV) under different immunization strategies. We conducted Medline, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wan Fang Database (WF) searches for Chinese and English language articles describing studies of mumps VE in a Chinese population. Evaluated articles were scored on quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using random effects models. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted to explore heterogeneity. A total of 32 studies in 19 papers were included; 14 were case-control studies, and 18 were cohort studies. Half of the studies were of high quality; 41% were of moderate quality. The overall VE for mumps containing vaccine (either one dose or two doses) was 85% (95% CI 76-90%) for cohort studies and 88% (95% CI 82-92%) for case-control studies. Using random effects meta-regression we found significant differences in some study covariates; for instance, VE varied by population (VE=88% in day care versus 69% in pupil, p=0.008) and emergency versus routine immunization (VE=80% for routine immunization versus 95% for emergency immunization, p=0.041). However, these results must be interpreted with caution due to the low number of studies in subgroups, with the permutation test giving non-significant results that indicated that the results may be due to chance. MuV provides good protection from mumps infection. Further studies of mumps VE with larger sample sizes enabling subgroup analyses will be needed to confirm our findings. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mutual interference on the immune response to yellow fever vaccine and a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.

PubMed

Nascimento Silva, Juliana Romualdo; Camacho, Luiz Antonio B; Siqueira, Marilda M; Freire, Marcos de Silva; Castro, Yvone P; Maia, Maria de Lourdes S; Yamamura, Anna Maya Y; Martins, Reinaldo M; Leal, Maria de Luz F

2011-08-26

A randomized trial was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines (YFV) given either simultaneously in separate injections, or 30 days or more after a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Volunteers were also randomized to YFV produced from 17DD and WHO-17D-213 substrains. The study group comprised 1769 healthy 12-month-old children brought to health care centers in Brasilia for routine vaccination. The reactogenicity was of the type and frequency expected for the vaccines and no severe adverse event was associated to either vaccine. Seroconversion and seropositivity 30 days or more after vaccination against yellow fever was similar across groups defined by YFV substrain. Subjects injected YFV and MMR simultaneously had lower seroconversion rates--90% for rubella, 70% for yellow fever and 61% for mumps--compared with those vaccinated 30 days apart--97% for rubella, 87% for yellow fever and 71% for mumps. Seroconversion rates for measles were higher than 98% in both comparison groups. Geometric mean titers for rubella and for yellow fever were approximately three times higher among those who got the vaccines 30 days apart. For measles and mumps antibodies GMTs were similar across groups. MMR's interference in immune response of YFV and YFV's interference in immune response of rubella and mumps components of MMR had never been reported before but are consistent with previous observations from other live vaccines. These results may affect the recommendations regarding primary vaccination with yellow fever vaccine and MMR. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

RNA Polymerase in Mumps Virion

PubMed Central

Bernard, Jacqueline P.; Northrop, Robert L.

1974-01-01

Mumps virions of the Enders' strain were examined for polymerase activity in vitro. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was found to be associated with the virion. The general properties of the reaction appear to be similar to those described for other paramyxoviruses. PMID:4836602

Detection of mumps virus genotype H in two previously vaccinated patients from Mexico City.

PubMed

Del Valle, Alberto; García, Alí A; Barrón, Blanca L

2016-06-01

Infections caused by mumps virus (MuV) have been successfully prevented through vaccination; however, in recent years, an increasing number of mumps outbreaks have been reported within vaccinated populations. In this study, MuV was genotyped for the first time in Mexico. Saliva samples were obtained from two previously vaccinated patients in Mexico City who had developed parotitis. Viral isolation was carried out in Vero cells, and the SH and HN genes were amplified by RT-PCR. Amplicons were sequenced and compared to a set of reference sequences to identify the MuV genotype.

Clinical evaluation of a new measles-mumps-rubella combined live virus vaccine in the Dominican Republic*

PubMed Central

Ehrenkranz, N. Joel; Ventura, Arnoldo K.; Medler, Edward M.; Jackson, Joseph E.; Kenny, Michael T.

1975-01-01

Over 900 children were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study of measles (Schwarz strain), mumps (Jeryl Lynn strain), and rubella (Cendehill strain) trivalent vaccine. The trivalent vaccine caused about the same degree of reactivity as is generally associated with the Schwarz strain measles vaccine. Paired sera from triplesusceptible vaccinees had seroconversion rates of 99% for measles, 94% for mumps, and 93% for rubella. The results of this study show that this trivalent vaccine is as well tolerated and as effective as its component vaccines. PMID:764997

Altered protein prenylation in Sertoli cells is associated with adult infertility resulting from childhood mumps infection.

PubMed

Wang, Xiu-Xing; Ying, Pu; Diao, Fan; Wang, Qiang; Ye, Dan; Jiang, Chen; Shen, Ning; Xu, Na; Chen, Wei-Bo; Lai, Shan-Shan; Jiang, Shan; Miao, Xiao-Li; Feng, Jin; Tao, Wei-Wei; Zhao, Ning-Wei; Yao, Bing; Xu, Zhi-Peng; Sun, Hai-Xiang; Li, Jian-Min; Sha, Jia-Hao; Huang, Xing-Xu; Shi, Qing-Hua; Tang, Hong; Gao, Xiang; Li, Chao-Jun

2013-07-29

Mumps commonly affects children 5-9 yr of age, and can lead to permanent adult sterility in certain cases. However, the etiology of this long-term effect remains unclear. Mumps infection results in progressive degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium and, occasionally, Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Thus, the remaining Sertoli cells may be critical to spermatogenesis recovery after orchitis healing. Here, we report that the protein farnesylation/geranylgeranylation balance is critical for patients' fertility. The expression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPPS) was decreased due to elevated promoter methylation in the testes of infertile patients with mumps infection history. When we deleted GGPPS in mouse Sertoli cells, these cells remained intact, whereas the adjacent spermatogonia significantly decreased after the fifth postnatal day. The proinflammatory MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were constitutively activated in GGPPS(-/-) Sertoli cells due to the enhanced farnesylation of H-Ras. GGPPS(-/-) Sertoli cells secreted an array of cytokines to stimulate spermatogonia apoptosis, and chemokines to induce macrophage invasion into the seminiferous tubules. Invaded macrophages further blocked spermatogonia development, resulting in a long-term effect through to adulthood. Notably, this defect could be rescued by GGPP administration in EMCV-challenged mice. Our results suggest a novel mechanism by which mumps infection during childhood results in adult sterility.

Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella amongphysicians and nurses in Jordan.

PubMed

Bakri, Faris Ghalib; Abdelrahim, Zakaria Mohammad; Alkalbani, Alaqahira Samih; Khrais, Ghada Mohammad; Shamroukh, Deena Shamroukh; Hayajneh, Ferial Ahmad; Mahafza, Azmi

2016-04-19

Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella can affect susceptible healthcare workers who might subsequently spread the infection to susceptible patients and workers. Here, we aim to determine the seroprevalence of these infections among physicians and nurses and to compare the history of varicella with the results of varicella antibodies among study participants. Two randomly selected groups, one group of physicians and one of nurses, from a university hospital in Jordan were interviewed and their serum IgG antibodies were measured. The physicians and nurses group had 252 and 241 participants, respectively. The physicians group had significantly more males and younger participants. The percentage of individuals in the physician and nurse groups with positive antibodies to measles was 75.4% and 75.1%, respectively; mumps, 88.5% and 94.2%; rubella, 89.3% and 87.1%; and varicella, 92.1% and 92.5%. Immunity was similar between the 2 groups except for mumps, where significantly more nurses were immune. The positive and negative predictive values for the history of varicella to predict immunity in all participants were 95% and 13.5%, respectively. A small but important proportion of our healthcare workers are still susceptible to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. In addition, the recall history to varicella showed suboptimal ability to predict immunity.

Viruses detected among sporadic cases of parotitis, United States, 2009-2011.

PubMed

Barskey, Albert E; Juieng, Phalasy; Whitaker, Brett L; Erdman, Dean D; Oberste, M Steven; Chern, Shur-Wern Wang; Schmid, D Scott; Radford, Kay W; McNall, Rebecca J; Rota, Paul A; Hickman, Carole J; Bellini, William J; Wallace, Gregory S

2013-12-15

Sporadic cases of parotitis are generally assumed to be mumps, which often requires a resource-intensive public health response. This project surveyed the frequency of viruses detected among such cases. During 2009-2011, 8 jurisdictions throughout the United States investigated sporadic cases of parotitis. Epidemiologic information, serum, and buccal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected. Polymerase chain reaction methods were used to detect a panel of viruses. Anti-mumps virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were detected using a variety of methods. Of 101 specimens, 38 were positive for a single virus: Epstein-Barr virus (23), human herpesvirus (HHV)-6B (10), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)-2 (3), HPIV-3 (1), and human bocavirus (1). Mumps virus, enteroviruses (including human parechovirus), HHV-6A, HPIV-1, and adenoviruses were not detected. Early specimen collection did not improve viral detection rate. Mumps IgM was detected in 17% of available specimens. Patients in whom a virus was detected were younger, but no difference was seen by sex or vaccination profile. No seasonal patterns were identified. Considering the timing of specimen collection, serology results, patient vaccination status, and time of year may be helpful in assessing the likelihood that a sporadic case of parotitis without laboratory confirmation is mumps.

Mumps in the US Army 1980-86: should recruits be immunized?

PubMed Central

Arday, D R; Kanjarpane, D D; Kelley, P W

1989-01-01

The US Army's experience with mumps hospitalizations was examined for the years 1980 through 1986. One hundred fifty-two cases among active duty Army soldiers were identified. Mumps rates declined from 3.85 per 100,000 active duty soldiers per year in 1980 to 1.28 in 1985, but an outbreak during 1986 caused rates to jump to 6.65. Attack rates were found to decline dramatically with increasing age or length of military service, with 74 per cent of cases occurring in soldiers with three years or less of service. Rates for Blacks and Whites were similar, but were higher for other minorities. Complications reported were mild. A cost-benefit analysis, assuming all recruits were to be vaccinated, estimated average annual vaccination program costs of $286,789; this figure exceeds average annual reported hospitalized mumps disease costs of $61,525 by a factor of 4.7. Mumps attack rates would have to reach at least 15.0 per 100,000 per year before savings would equal recruit vaccination costs. Failure to show that a vaccine program would be cost-saving may be due to limitations in identifying cases or to the requirement that all recruits be immunized regardless of prior immune status. It is likely that a program to immunize susceptible individuals alone would show benefit. PMID:2494895

[Seroprevalence of antibodies to measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B viruses and all three poliovirus serotypes among children in Quindío, Colombia].

PubMed

González, María M; Sarmiento, Luis; Giraldo, Alejandra M; Padilla, Leonardo; Rey-Benito, Gloria; Castaño, Jhon C

2016-02-01

Objective The main goal of this research was to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B and all three poliovirus serotypes among children in the Quindío Department, Colombia. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 170 healthy children aged 5-9 years from nine municipalities in Quindío. The presence of serum IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps and Hepatitis B were determined using commercial indirect ELISA kits. Immunity to poliomyelitis was assessed through the presence of neutralizing antibodies following the method recommended by the World Health Organization. Results Among the 170 children enrolled, 169 (99.41%), 170 (100 %), and 167 (98.2 %) were seropositive to poliovirus 1, poliovirus 2, and poliovirus 3, respectively. The average reciprocal antibody titers were 178 for poliovirus type 1, 120 for type 2 and 56 for type 3. Of the 170 children, 96.47 % were protected against mumps and rubella, and 86.47 % against measles. Only 106 (62.35 %) of the studied subjects were proved to be seropositive to hepatitis B. Conclusion The immunization program in Quindío has provided seroprotection against all three poliomyelitis serotypes, rubella and mumps. However, the child population is not fully protected against measles and hepatitis B virus infections.

Childhood Diseases - What Parents Need to Know

MedlinePlus

... is covered in the vaccine. Similarly, the MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, viral infections that cause serious symptoms. Measles and mumps often can lead to chronic conditions, such as deafness, brain damage, and reproductive problems. Rubella is also known as ...

Outbreak-related mumps vaccine effectiveness among a cohort of children and of young adults in Germany 2011

PubMed Central

Takla, Anja; Böhmer, Merle M; Klinc, Christina; Kurz, Norbert; Schaffer, Alice; Stich, Heribert; Stöcker, Petra; Wichmann, Ole; Koch, Judith

2014-01-01

Mumps outbreaks in populations with high 2-dose vaccination coverage and among young adults are increasingly reported. However, data on the duration of vaccine-induced protection conferred by mumps vaccines are scarce. As part of a supra-regional outbreak in Germany 2010/11, we conducted two retrospective cohort studies in a primary school and among adult ice hockey teams to determine mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE). Via questionnaires we collected information on demography, clinical manifestations, and reviewed vaccination cards. We estimated VE as 1-RR, RR being the rate ratio of disease among two-times or one-time mumps-vaccinated compared with unvaccinated persons. The response rate was 92.6% (100/108—children cohort) and 91.7% (44/48—adult cohort). Fourteen cases were identified in the children and 6 in the adult cohort. In the children cohort (mean age: 9 y), 2-dose VE was 91.9% (95% CI 81.0–96.5%). In the adult cohort (mean age: 26 y), no cases occurred among the 13 2-times vaccinated, while 1-dose VE was 50.0% (95% CI –9.4–87.1%). Average time since last vaccination showed no significant difference for cases and non-cases, but cases were younger at age of last mumps vaccination (children cohort: 2 vs. 3 y, P = 0.04; adult cohort: 1 vs. 4 y, P = 0.03). We did not observe signs of waning immunity in the children cohort. Due to the small sample size VE in the adult cohort should be interpreted with caution. Given the estimated VE, very high 2-dose vaccination coverage is required to prevent future outbreaks. Intervention efforts to increase coverage must especially target young adults who received <2 vaccinations during childhood. PMID:24091837

Seroprevalence of Measles-, Mumps- and Rubella-Specific IgG Antibodies in German Children and Adolescents and Predictors for Seronegativity

PubMed Central

Poethko-Müller, Christina; Mankertz, Annette

2012-01-01

We have undertaken a seroprevalence study with more than 13,000 children, who had been included in the German KIGGS survey, a representative sample of children and adolescents 0–17 years of age. The IgG titres against measles, mumps and rubella were determined in 1 to 17 year olds While 88.8% of the children were MMR-vaccinated at least once, 76.8% of children aged 1 to 17 years showed prevalence of antibodies to MMR. The highest seronegativity was seen with respect to mumps. Gender differences were most pronounced with regard to rubella IgG titres: girls aged 14 to 17 years were best protected, although seronegativity in 6.8% of this vulnerable group still shows the need of improvement. Search for predictors of missing seroprevalence identified young age to be the most important predictor. Children living in the former West and children born outside of Germany had a higher risk of lacking protection against measles and rubella, while children with a migration background but born in Germany were less often seronegative to measles antibodies than their German contemporaries. An association of seronegativity and early vaccination was seen for measles but not for mumps and rubella. A high maternal educational level was associated with seronegativity to measles and rubella. In vaccinated children, seronegativity was highest for mumps and lowest for rubella. For mumps, high differences were observed for seronegativity after one-dose and two-dose vaccination, respectively. Seronegativity increases as time since last vaccination passes thus indicating significant waning effects for all three components of MMR. PMID:22880124

The pathogenesis of iodide mumps: A case report.

PubMed

Zhang, Guilian; Li, Tao; Wang, Heying; Liu, Jiao

2017-11-01

Iodide mumps is an uncommon condition, induced by iodide-containing contrast, and is characterized by a rapid, painless enlargement of the bilateral or unilateral salivary gland. At present, the pathogenesis of iodide mumps is not yet clear. It may be related to an idiosyncratic reaction, a toxic accumulation of iodine in the gland duct, or renal function damage leading to an iodine excretion disorder. This paper reports the clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging results of one case of iodide mumps, which occurred after digital subtraction angiography. A 66-year-old Chinese man presented to our department with a 1-month speech barrier and 1 day of vomiting. He had the history of high blood sugar, the history of high blood pressure and the history of Vitiligo. He had no history of allergies and had never previously received iodide-containing contrast. His renal function and other laboratory examinations were normal. During the digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the patient received approximately 130 mL of nonionic contrast agent (iodixanol). Five hours postsurgery, the patient experienced bilateral parotid enlargement with no other discomfort, such as pain, fever, skin redness, itching, hives, nausea, vomiting, or respiratory abnormalities. We thought the diagnosis was iodide mumps. Intravenous dexamethasone (5 mg) was administered. 20 hours post-DSA, after which the bilateral parotid shrunk. By 4 days postsurgery, the patient's bilateral parotid had recovered completely. We found no obvious abnormal sequence signal in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging or the corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient. Our findings suggest that vasogenic edema may play an important role in the pathogenesis of iodide mumps. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of the Sensitivity of Laboratory Diagnostic Methods from a Well-Characterized Outbreak of Mumps in New York City in 2009

PubMed Central

Rosen, Jennifer B.; Doll, Margaret K.; McNall, Rebecca J.; McGrew, Marcia; Williams, Nobia; Lopareva, Elena N.; Barskey, Albert E.; Punsalang, Amado; Rota, Paul A.; Oleszko, William R.; Hickman, Carole J.; Zimmerman, Christopher M.; Bellini, William J.

2013-01-01

A mumps outbreak in upstate New York in 2009 at a summer camp for Orthodox Jewish boys spread into Orthodox Jewish communities in the Northeast, including New York City. The availability of epidemiologic information, including vaccination records and parotitis onset dates, allowed an enhanced analysis of laboratory methods for mumps testing. Serum and buccal swab samples were collected from 296 confirmed cases with onsets from September through December 2009. All samples were tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) capture IgM enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) that targets the short hydrophobic gene. A subset of the samples (n = 205) was used to evaluate 3 commercial mumps IgM assays and to assess the sensitivity of using an alternative target gene (nucleoprotein) in the rRT-PCR protocol. Among 115 cases of mumps with 2 documented doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the CDC capture IgM EIA detected IgM in 51% of serum samples compared to 9% to 24% using three commercial IgM assays. The rRT-PCR that targeted the nucleoprotein gene increased RNA detection by 14% compared to that obtained with the original protocol. The ability to detect IgM improved when serum was collected 3 days or more after symptom onset, whereas sensitivity of RNA detection by rRT-PCR declined when buccal swabs were collected later than 2 days after onset. Selection of testing methods and timing of sample collection are important factors in the ability to confirm infection among vaccinated persons. These results reinforce the need to use virus detection assays in addition to serologic tests. PMID:23324519

Measles, mumps, and rubella antibody status and response to immunization in children after therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PubMed

Aytac, Selin; Yalcin, S Songul; Cetin, Mualla; Yetgin, Sevgi; Gumruk, Fatma; Tuncer, Murat; Yurdakok, Kadriye; Gurgey, Aytemiz

2010-08-01

Seventy-seven patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were in complete remission and whose therapies had been stopped for at least 6 months before enrollment in this study were retrospectively analyzed regarding their antibody status for measles, mumps, and rubella, with the aim to demonstrate the seropositivity rate after treatment in the authors' group. Each patient's serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to determine the antibody titers before and after immunization. Measles serology was available in 77 children; 45 (58%) were seronegative. Initial ages of measle-seronegative patients were statistically lower than those of seropositive cases (median 3.29 versus 4.91 years, respectively). Mumps serology was available in 76 children; 36 (47%) were seronegative. Mumps-seropositive cases tended to have more frequent previous history of infection than seronegative cases (55.0% versus 28.6%, respectively, P = .05). Rubella serology was available in 76 children, and 20 (26.3%) were seronegative. It was determined that initial ages of rubella-seronegative patients were statistically lower than those of seropositive cases (median 3.03 versus 4.32 years, respectively). The authors concluded based on the results of their study that at a median of 3.31 years after completion of chemotherapy for ALL, the majority of cases had antibody levels lower than protective values for measles (58.4%); however, these values were 47.3% for mumps and 26.3% for rubella. Seroconversion rates after measles (55%) and mumps vaccination (57.1%) were still low. However, in the available cases, relatively adequate response to rubella vaccination (92.3%) was observed.

Non-mumps Viral Parotitis During the 2014-2015 Influenza Season in the United States.

PubMed

Elbadawi, Lina I; Talley, Pamela; Rolfes, Melissa A; Millman, Alexander J; Reisdorf, Erik; Kramer, Natalie A; Barnes, John R; Blanton, Lenee; Christensen, Jaime; Cole, Stefanie; Danz, Tonya; Dreisig, John J; Garten, Rebecca; Haupt, Thomas; Isaac, Beth M; Jackson, Mary Anne; Kocharian, Anna; Leifer, Daniel; Martin, Karen; McHugh, Lisa; McNall, Rebecca J; Palm, Jennifer; Radford, Kay W; Robinson, Sara; Rosen, Jennifer B; Sakthivel, Senthilkumar K; Shult, Peter; Strain, Anna K; Turabelidze, George; Webber, Lori A; Weinberg, Meghan Pearce; Wentworth, David E; Whitaker, Brett L; Finelli, Lyn; Jhung, Michael A; Lynfield, Ruth; Davis, Jeffrey P

2018-03-30

During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sore throat (55%) and fever (48%). Viruses were detected in 210 (71%) of 294 NMP patients with adequate samples for testing, ≥2 viruses were detected in 37 samples, and 248 total virus detections were made among all samples. These included 156 influenza A(H3N2), 42 HHV6B, 32 EBV, 8 HPIV2, 2 HPIV3, 3 adenovirus, 4 HSV-1, and 1 HSV-2. Influenza A(H3N2), HHV6B, and EBV were the most frequently codetected viruses. Our findings suggest that, in addition to mumps, clinicians should consider respiratory viral (influenza) and herpes viral etiologies for parotitis, particularly among patients without epidemiologic links to mumps cases or outbreaks.

Genetic characterization of historical epidemic mumps viruses in northern Spain, 1987-1990.

PubMed

Cilla, Gustavo; Montes, Milagrosa; Zapico, Maria S; Piñeiro, Luis; Satrustegi, Miren; Pérez-Yarza, Eduardo G; Pérez-Trallero, Emilio

2014-12-01

The mumps virus (MuV) is genetically diverse and is divided into 12 genotypes. The World Health Organization has recommended expanding virological surveillance for MuV, and therefore molecular characterization of circulating strains (i.e. genotypes) is increasingly performed. Nevertheless, little is known about the genotypes circulating before the massive vaccination of children and adolescents. The present study analyzed the strains causing the 1988-1989 mumps epidemic in the Basque Country, northern Spain, which occurred in the early vaccination period, before the endemic circulation of mumps virus was blocked. The epidemic reached an annual incidence rate of more than 400 cases/100,000 inhabitants, and caused a large number of cases of mumps meningitis. MuV RNA was amplified from the cerebrospinal fluid of 15 infected patients during the epidemic and from three more patients affected shortly before or after this epidemic (1987, early 1988 and 1990). Genotyping of the complete small hydrophobic gene (316 nucleotides), amplified in the 18 strains, as well as of the entire hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene (1749 nucleotides), amplified in four strains, assigned all strains to genotype K, a genotype infrequently detected at present. Although the putative HN protein sequence differed by 4.8-5.5% in relation to Jeryl Lynn 5 strain (the main strain used in the vaccination program in this region), the vaccine was effective, and dramatically reduced the incidence of mumps over the following years. The presence of genotype K strains in Spain in the 1980s, together with their contemporary detection in Scandinavia, suggests that this genotype could have caused the Spanish epidemic and was also circulating widely in Europe at that time. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Study of a population-wide epidemic outbreak of mumps virus G1 in Jerez de la Frontera (Spain)].

PubMed

González, Pascasio Peña; Barrios, José Almenara; Morales Serna, Juan Carlos

2012-06-01

To characterize the mumps outbreak, assess the effectiveness of vaccines and discuss prevention and control measures. Observational cross-sectional study of cases by person, place, and time. City Jerez de la Frontera and 8 Primary Care centres. A total of 116 cases of mumps were reported throughout seven months, with the last case in June 2008. age, sex, place of study or work, symptoms start date, clinical description, complications, and genotype of virus isolation, history and vaccination compositions. Calculation of total vaccine effectiveness. Active case finding and contact studies were performed on the families, work places and leisure areas. The mean age of the cases was 16.24 years(SD 10.6). The majority (68.96%) of the cases were children at school and 31.03% arose from family and work areas. Mumps vaccine coverage rates were above 90%. The complete vaccine effectiveness (2 doses); for those under 20 years-old it was: 99.84% (95% CI=99.77 - 99.89), being lower in schools with the highest attack rate, immunised with current vaccine from Jeryl Lynn strain: 71.01% (95% CI=55.85 80.97). Two doses of this strain were used in 13.79% of the cases. Susceptible populations were vaccinated at the start of the outbreak: 11,381 doses used in schools and 93 outside schools. An outbreak of mumps virus G 1 population with high rates of mumps vaccine coverage, with areas with low vaccine effectiveness with current vaccine. Mass vaccination of population has contributed to the resolution of the outbreak. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of a vaccination program against mumps in Ukraine.

PubMed

Hrynash, Y; Nadraga, A; Dasho, M

2008-12-01

Medical records and incidence data were analyzed retrospectively to document the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of mumps in relation to vaccination status in the Lviv province of Ukraine over a 7.5-year period, beginning in 2000, when a second dose of mumps vaccine was introduced. Lviv, 1 of 27 provinces in western Ukraine, with a land area of 21,833 km(2), had a total population of about 2,555,834 in 2006. The initial success of the second dose introduction in 2000 in Ukraine was limited by a local outbreak of mumps in Lviv province in 2000-2002 due to a vaccine shortage; most cases were over the age of 7 years. The vaccine with the Leningrad-3 virus strain used before 2001 was then replaced by the triple vaccine "Priorix", with the RIT 4385 derivate of the Jeryl Lynn strain, Belgium. Orchitis and aseptic meningitis were associated with the Russian vaccine. Of the 10,894 reported cases, the most severe (367 cases, 3.4%) were hospitalized in the Lviv Hospital for Infectious Diseases. Admitted patients were predominantly male and over 14 years old. Of the 367 patients admitted to the Lviv Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 45.8% had been vaccinated (mostly by a first dose of Russian vaccine), 15.9% had not been vaccinated, and 38.1% had an unknown vaccination status. More mumps cases occurred in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. The clinical picture and complications (orchitis, pancreatitis, meningitis, and encephalitis) were typical of this disease. The vaccine shortage and an increase in the susceptible population among those who received the Russian vaccine contributed to the outbreak. The use of vaccine with a derivate of the Jeryl Lynn strain has resulted in a dramatic drop in mumps cases since 2002.

Outbreak-related mumps vaccine effectiveness among a cohort of children and of young adults in Germany 2011.

PubMed

Takla, Anja; Böhmer, Merle M; Klinc, Christina; Kurz, Norbert; Schaffer, Alice; Stich, Heribert; Stöcker, Petra; Wichmann, Ole; Koch, Judith

2014-01-01

Mumps outbreaks in populations with high 2-dose vaccination coverage and among young adults are increasingly reported. However, data on the duration of vaccine-induced protection conferred by mumps vaccines are scarce. As part of a supra-regional outbreak in Germany 2010/11, we conducted two retrospective cohort studies in a primary school and among adult ice hockey teams to determine mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE). Via questionnaires we collected information on demography, clinical manifestations, and reviewed vaccination cards. We estimated VE as 1-RR, RR being the rate ratio of disease among two-times or one-time mumps-vaccinated compared with unvaccinated persons. The response rate was 92.6% (100/108--children cohort) and 91.7% (44/48--adult cohort). Fourteen cases were identified in the children and 6 in the adult cohort. In the children cohort (mean age: 9 y), 2-dose VE was 91.9% (95% CI 81.0-96.5%). In the adult cohort (mean age: 26 y), no cases occurred among the 13 2-times vaccinated, while 1-dose VE was 50.0% (95% CI -9.4-87.1%). Average time since last vaccination showed no significant difference for cases and non-cases, but cases were younger at age of last mumps vaccination (children cohort: 2 vs. 3 y, P=0.04; adult cohort: 1 vs. 4 y, P=0.03). We did not observe signs of waning immunity in the children cohort. Due to the small sample size VE in the adult cohort should be interpreted with caution. Given the estimated VE, very high 2-dose vaccination coverage is required to prevent future outbreaks. Intervention efforts to increase coverage must especially target young adults who received<2 vaccinations during childhood.

Mumps Outbreak among Highly Vaccinated Teenagers and Children in the Central Region of Portugal, 2012-2013.

PubMed

Cordeiro, Eugénio; Ferreira, Muriel; Rodrigues, Fernanda; Palminha, Paula; Vinagre, Elsa; Pimentel, João Pedro

2015-01-01

Mumps vaccine was introduced in the National Immunization Program in Portugal in 1987, rapidly reaching a national coverage > 92%, with important reduction in the annual incidence of the disease. We report a mumps outbreak in the Central Region of Portugal, occurred in the winter 2012-13. Cases of salivary-gland swelling and other symptoms compatible with mumps were investigated. Geodemographics, clinical, laboratory and vaccination data were analyzed. Over six months, 148 outbreak-related cases were reported: 87.8% occurred in three of the 16 affected counties and 78.4% had a known epidemiological link. Median age was 14.5 years (2-62) and 70.3% were 11-20 years old; 61.5% were male. The mean duration of disease was seven days (2-20). The disease was generally mild; 80.4% had fever and in 55.4% there was unilateral involvement of the parotid gland. Seven cases had orchitis, one oophoritis and one had nephritis. Two cases were hospitalized. School transmission predominated and class attack rates were < 30%. Most of the cases occurred in vaccinated individuals (92%) of whom 86.8% had received 2 doses; 17.7% had received one dose of the vaccine containing the Rubini strain. Mumps virus genotype G was identified in 4 cases. This mumps outbreak among a highly vaccinated population, occurring mostly in teenagers at school, could be due to the partial effectiveness of the vaccine against the disease (particularly in the group vaccinated with Rubini strain), waning immunity overtime and genotype mismatch. This outbreak report shows the importance of discussion about the need of more booster dose of the actual vaccine or new vaccine including more genotypes to improve immunogenicity.

Real-time PCR and its application to mumps rapid diagnosis.

PubMed

Jin, L; Feng, Y; Parry, R; Cui, A; Lu, Y

2007-11-01

A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was initially developed in China to detect mumps genome. The primers and TaqMan-MGB probe were selected from regions of the hemagglutinin gene of mumps virus. The primers and probe for the real-time PCR were evaluated by both laboratories in China and in the UK using three different pieces of equipment, LightCycler (Roche), MJ DNA Engine Option 2 (BIO-RAD) and TaqMan (ABI Prism) on different samples. The reaction was performed with either a one-step (China) or two-step (UK) process. The sensitivity (10 copies) was estimated using a serial dilution of constructed mumps-plasmid DNA and a linear standard curve was obtained between 10 and 10(7) DNA copies/reaction, which can be used to quantify viral loads. The detection limit on cell culture-grown virus was approximately 2 pfu/ml with a two-step assay on TaqMan, which was equivalent to the sensitivity of the nested PCR routinely used in the UK. The specificity was proved by testing a range of respiratory viruses and several genotypes of mumps strains. The concentration of primers and probe is 22 pmol and 6.25 or 7 pmol respectively for a 25 microl reaction. The assay took 3 hr from viral RNA extraction to complete the detection using any of the three pieces of equipment. Three hundred forty-one (35 in China and 306 in the UK) clinical specimens were tested, the results showing that this real-time PCR assay is suitable for rapid and accurate detection of mumps virus RNA in various types of clinical specimens. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus

PubMed Central

Rubin, Steven; Eckhaus, Michael; Rennick, Linda J; Bamford, Connor GG; Duprex, W Paul

2014-01-01

Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. The virus is highly neurotropic, with laboratory evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection in approximately half of cases. Symptomatic CNS infection occurs less frequently; nonetheless, prior to the introduction of routine vaccination, MuV was a leading cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in many developed countries. Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. Cases of aseptic meningitis associated with some vaccine strains and a global resurgence of cases, including in highly vaccinated populations, has renewed interest in the virus, particularly in its pathogenesis and the need for development of clinically relevant models of disease. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on the virus, its pathogenesis and its clinical and pathological outcomes. PMID:25229387

[Increased incidence of mumps orchitis in adolescence and adulthood--sequelae of low vaccination rate?].

PubMed

Siemer, S W; Uder, M; Scholz, M; Steffens, J; Jeanelle, J P; Humke, U

1997-09-01

In recent years, mumps orchitis has become a rarely reported disease. However, since October 1994 a clear increase in the incidence of this disease has been observed. At four hospitals in the Saarland, Germany, 45 cases of mumps orchitis in adolescents and adults were diagnosed in this period. In addition to the case history and clinical findings, the diagnosis was confirmed by an increased IgM titer. None of the patients had been previously vaccinated. The main reason for this was a lack of parental knowledge of the necessity for this vaccination, one which has almost no side effects. The goal of this study is to describe the disease, present our own results, and indicate the need for vaccination. In addition to providing information, a further aim of the study is to increase the motivation of adolescents and adults for vaccination. Although many treatments for mumps have been published in recent years, the most successful therapy is still prophylactic vaccination.

Development and Operation of a MUMPS Laboratory Information System: A Decade's Experience

PubMed Central

Miller, R. E.; Causey, J. P.; Moore, G. W.; Wilk, G. E.

1988-01-01

We describe more than a decade's experience with inhouse development and operation of a clinical laboratory computer system written in the MUMPS programming language for a 1000 bed teaching hospital. The JHLIS is a networked minicomputer system that supports accessioning, instrument monitoring, and result reporting for over 3000 specimens and 30,000 test results daily. Development and operation of the system accounts for 6% of the budget of the laboratories which have had a 70% increase in workload over the past decade. Our experience with purchased MUMPS software maintained and enhanced inhouse suggests an attractive alternative to lengthy inhouse development.

How Architecture-Driven Modernization Is Changing the Game in Information System Modernization

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

Health Administration MUMPS  to Java 300K 4 mo. State of OR Employee Retirement System COBOL to C# .Net 250K 4 mo. Civilian State of WA Off. of Super of...Jovial, Mumps , A MagnaX, Natural, B PVL, P owerBuilder, A SQL, Vax Basic, s V B 6, + Others E revolution, inc. C, Target System "To Be" C#, C...successfully completed in 4 months • Created a new JANUSTM MUMPS parser TM , Implementation • Final “To-Be” Documentation • JANUS rules engine

Aerospace Medicine: Immunizations and Chemoprophylaxis

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-11-01

disease transmission. 15.2. Navy and Marine Corps Only. Officer and enlisted acces- sions receive mumps vaccine and influenza vaccine year–round. 16...documented history of prior receipt of live virus mumps vaccine or MMR vaccine is adequate evidence of immunity. 34.3. Health Care Workers. All military and

[Comparative analysis on the complete genome sequence of mumps epidemic strain and mumps vaccine strain S79 isolated in Zhejiang province, China between year 2005 and 2010].

PubMed

Zhang, Dong-Yan; Feng, Yan; Zhong, Shu-Ling; Lu, Yi-Yu; Zhuang, Fang-Cheng; Xu, Chang-Ping

2012-03-01

To compare the differences in the complete genome sequence between mumps epidemic strain and mumps vaccine strain S79 isolated in Zhejiang province. A total of 4 mumps epidemic strains, which were separated from Zhejiang province during 2005 to 2010, named as ZJ05-1, ZJ06-3, ZJ08-1 and ZJ10-1 were selected in the study. The complete genome sequences were amplified using RT-PCR. The genetic differences between vaccine strain S79 and other genotype strains were compared; while the genetic-distance was calculated and the evolution was analyzed. The biggest difference between the 4 epidemic strains and the vaccine strain S79 was found on the membrane associated protein gene; whose average nucleotide differential number was 42.5 +/- 3.0 and the average variant ratio was 13.6%; while the mean amino acid differential number was 12.8 +/- 1.5 and the average variant ratio was 22.4%. The smallest difference among the 4 epidemic strains and the vaccine strain was found in stromatin genes, whose average nucleotide differential number was 73.8 +/- 2.5 and the average variant ratio was 5.9%; while the mean amino acid differential number was 3.0 +/- 0.8 and the average variant ratio was 0.8%. The dn/ds value of the stromatin genes of the 4 epidemic strains reached the highest, as 0.6526; but without any positive pressure (dn/ds < 1, chi2 = 0.87, P > 0.05). There were mutations happened on the known antigen epitope, as 8th amino acid of membrane associated protein genes and on the 336th and 356th amino acid of hemagglutinin/neuraminidase proteins. Compared with the vaccine strain, the glycosylation sites of ZJ05-1, ZJ06-3, ZJ08-1 and ZJ10-1 increased 1, 1, 2 and 2 respectively. The complete amino acid sequence of all strains showed that there were 17 characteristic sites found on the genotype-F mumps strain. Within the complete genome, the genetic-distance between epidemic strains and vaccine strains in Zhejiang province (0.071) was significantly larger than the genetic-distance between strains in Yunnan province (0.013); the difference showing statistical significance (t = 4.14, P < 0.05). Except nucleocapsid protein genes, all the genes shared similar evolution tree. There were significant differences found in the genes between mumps epidemic strain and mumps vaccine in Zhejiang province.

Seroprevalence of mumps in an epidemic period in Medellín, Colombia.

PubMed

Santacruz-Sanmartín, Eduardo; Hincapié-Palacio, Doracelly; Ospina, Marta C; Perez-Toro, Olga; Bernal-Restrepo, Luz M; Buitrago-Giraldo, Seti; Lenis-Ballesteros, Viviana; Díaz, Francisco J

2015-10-13

We related seroprevalence and outbreaks data in order to identify factors that could explain the occurrence of outbreaks despite high vaccination coverage in Medellín Colombia. Samples from a population seroprevalence data obtained in 2009 in a random survey were analyzed. IgG levels were determined for mumps using 2 commercial tests of 2119 individuals aged 6-64 years. A comparative analysis was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information of 98 epidemiological investigations of mumps outbreaks reported in 2009. Overall, seroprevalence was 91.6% (95% CI=89.3-93.5%). The age-specific seronegativity was 20.3% and 20.6% in age groups 11-15 years and 16-20 years respectively. Individuals aged 6-20 years were the most affected during outbreaks. In individuals born in 2003, a year after the change in the booster schedule from 10 to 5 years, the proportion of unvaccinated individuals (14%) and those who received only one dose of MMR (45%) increased substantially. On average, 23.5 days elapsed between the onset of symptoms in secondary cases and the outbreak investigation. Potential contributing factors for the occurrence of outbreaks of mumps were the relatively high prevalence of seronegativity among individuals aged 11-20 years, delays in investigation and control of outbreaks, and incomplete vaccination schedules. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between mumps during childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

PubMed

Saad, Hafi Anwer; Patterson, Chris C; Cardwell, Chris R

2016-10-01

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between mumps and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Literature searches were conducted using Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science including studies published before February 2014. Crude and, where available, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from the published reports of each included study. Combined OR estimates and tests of heterogeneity were obtained using meta-analysis techniques. The analysis was repeated in subgroups of studies on the basis of quality defined by the score on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). In total, 18 articles met the eligibility criteria, and overall there was some evidence of a weak association between clinically diagnosed mumps and T1DM (OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.00-1.51; p=0.05) but marked heterogeneity between studies (I2=49%; p for heterogeneity=0.01). Restricting analyses to 13 high quality studies, there was little evidence of association between clinically diagnosed mumps and T1DM (OR=1.11, 95% CI 0.91-1.35; p=0.29) and there was much less heterogeneity (I2=26%; p for heterogeneity=0.18). Overall there was little evidence of any strong association between mumps infection and T1DM.

Seroprevalence of mumps, varicella and rubella antibodies in children 1-16 years of age in eastern Turkey.

PubMed

Gürgöze, Metin Kaya; Yilmaz, Erdal; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet; Akça, Zehra; Doğan, Yaşar; Akarsu, Saadet; Aygün, A Denizmen

2006-01-01

In this study, seroprevalence of mumps, varicella and rubella was investigated in 803 unvaccinated children in eastern Turkey whose ages ranged between 1 and 16 years. Mumps IgG, varicella IgG and rubella IgG antibody levels in all children were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Information regarding socioeconomic characteristics, number of siblings and disease history was gathered for each participant. No significant difference in seropositivity was detected between girls and boys. Seroprevalence of mumps increased with age, with a seropositivity rate of 29.9% in children aged 1-4 years and of 88.8% in those aged 13-16 years. Seroprevalence of varicella increased with age, with a seropositivity rate of 26.8% in children aged 1-4 years and of 90.3% in those aged 13-16 years. Seroprevalence of rubella also increased with age, with a seropositivity rate of 47.3% in the children aged 1-4 years and of 89.2% in those aged 13-16 years. There was a statistically significant increase in the rate of seropositivity with advancing age through the group of 13-16 years old (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in order to avoid mumps, varicella and rubella diseases and their possible complications, children should be vaccinated against these three diseases before the age of two, since seroprevalence increases with age.

No demonstrable association between the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain and aseptic meningitis in a large clinical trial in Egypt.

PubMed

Sharma, H J; Oun, S Aly; Bakr, S S Abou; Kapre, S V; Jadhav, S S; Dhere, R M; Bhardwaj, S

2010-04-01

To address the claim that the Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z) mumps vaccine strain is causally associated with aseptic meningitis, a prospective, post-marketing safety study was conducted with a measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) (TRESIVAC(R); Serum Institute of India Ltd., Pune, India), which uses the L-Z strain as its mumps component in Egypt. In all, 453 119 children (65 423 children aged 16-24 months and 329 211 children aged 5-7 years) received MMR. The control groups which, as a result of local health regulations, were slightly younger than vaccinees, comprised 12 253 and 46 232 children, respectively. Using questionnaires, the parents recorded solicited local, systemic and neurological adverse events for up to 42 days post-vaccination. All data were analysed externally on an intention-to-treat basis by individuals not participating in the study. Local and/or systemic reactions were reported in a small percentage of participants, with pain, fever and parotitis being the most common signs among vaccinees in both age groups. No case of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, anaphylaxis or convulsions was observed in any participant. Thus, in this series of more than 450 000 Egyptian children, the L-Z mumps vaccine strain in this vaccine did not cause aseptic meningitis. The vaccine is considerably cheaper than Western competitors and a valid alternative to other MMR vaccines.

Measles, mumps, rubella and VZV: importance of serological testing of vaccine-preventable diseases in young adults living with HIV in Germany.

PubMed

Schwarze-Zander, C; Draenert, R; Lehmann, C; Stecher, M; Boesecke, C; Sammet, S; Wasmuth, J C; Seybold, U; Gillor, D; Wieland, U; Kümmerle, T; Strassburg, C P; Mankertz, A; Eis-Hübinger, A M; Jäger, G; Fätkenheuer, G; Bogner, J R; Rockstroh, J K; Vehreschild, J J

2017-01-01

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection can cause serious diseases and complications in the HIV-positive population. Due to successful vaccination programmes measles, mumps and congenital rubella syndrome has become neglected in Germany. However, recent outbreaks of measles have occurred from import-associated cases. In this cross-sectional study the serostatus for MMR and VZV in 2013 HIV-positive adults from three different university outpatient clinics in Bonn (n = 544), Cologne (n = 995) and Munich (n = 474) was analysed. Sera were tested for MMR- and VZV-specific immunglobulin G antibodies using commercial immunoassays. Seronegativity was found in 3% for measles, 26% for mumps, 11% for rubella and 2% for VZV. Regarding MMR, 35% of patients lacked seropositivity against at least one infectious agent. In multivariable analysis younger age was strongly associated with seronegativity against all four viruses, measles, mumps, rubella (P < 0·001, P < 0·001 and P = 0·001, respectively) and VZV (P = 0·001). In conclusion, there is high need for MMR and VZV vaccination in people living with HIV in Germany born in 1970 or later. Thus, systematic MMR and VZV antibody screening and vaccination should be implemented in the HIV-positive population to prevent serious disease and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Development of an Epidemiological Database Management, Extraction, and Analysis System (EPISYS)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-07-01

Hepatitis 62 1 Rabies 63 1 Mumps 64 4 Psittacosis 65 1 Coxsackie Virus Diseases 66 1 Infectious Mononucleosis 67 5 Trachoma 68 1 Other Viral Disease...Rabies Cowpox Mumps Other Viral Exanthemata Coxsackie Virus Yellow Fever Infectious Mononucleosis Dengue Other Viral Diseases. Conjunctiva Mosquito

Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus.

PubMed

Rubin, Steven; Eckhaus, Michael; Rennick, Linda J; Bamford, Connor G G; Duprex, W Paul

2015-01-01

Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. The virus is highly neurotropic, with laboratory evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection in approximately half of cases. Symptomatic CNS infection occurs less frequently; nonetheless, prior to the introduction of routine vaccination, MuV was a leading cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in many developed countries. Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. Cases of aseptic meningitis associated with some vaccine strains and a global resurgence of cases, including in highly vaccinated populations, has renewed interest in the virus, particularly in its pathogenesis and the need for development of clinically relevant models of disease. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on the virus, its pathogenesis and its clinical and pathological outcomes. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effectiveness of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination in the prevention of pediatric hospitalizations for targeted and untargeted infections: A retrospective cohort study.

PubMed

La Torre, Giuseppe; Saulle, Rosella; Unim, Brigid; Meggiolaro, Angela; Barbato, Angelo; Mannocci, Alice; Spadea, Antonietta

2017-08-03

To evaluate the effectiveness of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in reducing hospitalizations for infectious disease, targeted and not targeted, as well as from respiratory diseases in children in Rome. The cohort was recomposed through record linkage of 2 archives (vaccination register and hospital discharge records. The analysis included 11,004 children. 20.9% did not receive the MMR vaccination, 49% and 30.1% received one and 2 doses. There were no hospitalizations for rubella, 2 for mumps, and 12 for measles. The vaccine was highly protective against measles and mumps hospitalizations (HR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.03.0.34). Regarding all infectious diseases there were 414 hospitalizations, and the vaccine was protective (HR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.34). Concerning respiratory diseases, there were 809 admissions (7.4%), and the vaccine was highly protective (HR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.48). MMR vaccination is effective for the primary prevention of target and not targeted infectious diseases and may also limit hospitalizations for respiratory diseases.

[Seroprevalence of measles, rubella, mumps and varicella in health workers in the Community of Madrid].

PubMed

Rodríguez, Ma Luisa; Martínez, David; Santos-Sancho, Juana Maria; Borda, Jenry Ricardo; Orero, Ana

2014-06-01

The vaccination of health workers has a large repercussion on the health of the workers, the patients and the population in general. Due to this, we proposed to discover the serological status for varicella, rubella, mumps and measles in the workers of a tertiary hospital in Madrid. We have conducted a retrospective epidemiological study of 1060 health workers, obtaining information such as age, sex, service area, employment status, pre-exposure vaccination and post-vaccination serology and vaccination status. In the population studied, 90.1% were protected against varicella, 65.6% against mumps, 95.6% against rubella and 92.9% against measles. There is no better protection against these illnesses for workers who treat patients directly, workers who treat immunosuppressed patients or for workers in services or units with a higher risk of infection. There is no better protection against varicella, rubella, mumps and measles for the workers who have higher risk of infection at work; and the workers who treat patients, that if they suffer these diseases, this could put their health at risk.

Development of a new live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in human diploid cells.

PubMed

Sassani, A; Mirchamsy, H; Shafyi, A; Ahourai, P; Razavi, J; Gholami, M R; Mohammadi, A; Ezzi, A; Rahmani, M; Fateh, G

1991-07-01

A new live attenuated mumps vaccine was developed in human diploid cells. The S-12 virus was isolated from a 10-year-old girl showing typical symptoms of mumps infection, the diagnosis was confirmed by a pediatrician. The virus was isolated in green monkey kidney cells, without passage in chick embryo cavity or chick embryo fibroblasts. Attenuation of the wild virus was performed by serial passages in human diploid cells (MRC-5). The attenuated virus was characterized by identity tests, as well as by a reduction in plaque size, as marker tests. The virus was free from adventitious agents and safe for laboratory animals as well as for monkeys. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the S-12 virus for man was investigated by administration of a monovalent vaccine to 20 seronegative adult male volunteers and 30 children aged 1 to 5 years without history of mumps infection or vaccination. Seroconversion was obtained in 95% of the vaccinees. The new vaccine has the advantage of not requiring specific pathogen-free eggs, and being free from avian proteins and therefore can be used in sensitized patients.

Investigation of mumps vaccine failures in Minsk, Belarus, 2001-2003.

PubMed

Atrasheuskaya, Alena V; Blatun, Elena M; Kulak, Michail V; Atrasheuskaya, Alina; Karpov, Igor A; Rubin, Steven; Ignatyev, George M

2007-06-11

The purpose of this study was to investigate mumps vaccine failures (VF) in a highly vaccinated population of Minsk, Belarus, and to investigate a possible role for virus strain-specific immunity. During our 3-year study period, 22 adults were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Minsk with a diagnosis of mumps. A genotype H1 mumps virus (MuV) strain was identified in all patients. Of 15 patients from whom the paired sera were collected, 9 were confirmed to have been previously vaccinated. Serological examinations indicated primary VF in seven of these cases and secondary VF in two. Despite almost all vaccinated patients possessing MuV specific IgG, few possessed neutralizing antibody to the vaccine strain and titers were nominal. Importantly, none of the sera were able to neutralize a genotype H MuV strain. Our results demonstrate the importance of assaying for neutralizing antibody and support the assertion that antigenic differences between wild type and vaccine MuV strains may play a role in cases of breakthrough infection in vaccinees.

Evaluation of the thermal stability of a novel strain of live-attenuated mumps vaccine (RS-12 strain) lyophilized in different stabilizers.

PubMed

Jamil, Razieh Kamali; Taqavian, Mohammad; Sadigh, Zohreh-Azita; Shahkarami, Mohammad-Kazem; Esna-Ashari, Fatemeh; Hamkar, Rasool; Hosseini, Seyedeh-Marzieh; Hatami, Alireza

2014-04-01

The stability of live-attenuated viral vaccines is important for immunization efficacy. Here, the thermostabilities of lyophilized live-attenuated mumps vaccine formulations in two different stabilizers, a trehalose dihydrate-based stabilizer and a stabilizer containing sucrose, human serum albumin and sorbitol were investigated using accelerated stability tests at 4°C, 25°C and 37°C at time points between 4h (every 4h for the first 24h) and 1 week. Even under the harshest storage conditions of 37°C for 1 week, the 50% cell culture infective dose (CCID50) determined from titrations in Vero cells dropped by less than 10-fold using each stabilizer formulation and thus complied with the World Health Organization's requirements for the potency of live-attenuated mumps vaccines. However, as the half-life of the RS-12 strain mumps virus infectivity was lengthened substantially at elevated temperatures using the trehalose dihydrate (TD)-based stabilizer, this stabilizer is recommended for vaccine use. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mumps Hoshino and Torii vaccine strains were distinguished from circulating wild strains.

PubMed

Sawada, Akihito; Yamaji, Yoshiaki; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2013-06-01

Aseptic meningitis and acute parotitis have been observed after mumps vaccination. Mumps outbreaks have been reported in Japan because of low vaccine coverage, and molecular differentiation is required to determine whether these cases are vaccine associated. RT-nested PCR was performed in the small hydrophobic gene region, and viruses were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. A total of 584 nucleotides were amplified. The PCR product of the Hoshino strain was cut into two fragments (313 and 271 nucleotides) by MfeI; that of the Torii strain was digested with EcoT22I, resulting in 332- and 252-nucleotide fragments. Both strains were genotype B and had an XbaI site, resulting in two fragments: 299 and 285 nucleotides. Current circulating wild types were cut only by XbaI or MfeI. However, the MfeI site of the wild types was different from that of the Hoshino strain, resulting in 451- and 133-nucleotide fragments. Using three restriction enzymes, two mumps vaccine strains were distinguished from wild types, and this separation was applied to the identification of vaccine-related adverse events.

[Measles, mumps and rubella virus infection in pregnancy. Possible adverse effects on pregnant women, pregnancy outcome and the fetus].

PubMed

Enders, M; Biber, M; Exler, S

2007-11-01

Measles, mumps and rubella are common childhood diseases. Therefore, frequent and intense contact with children of preschool age may be associated with a higher infection risk for childcare providers. This overview summarizes current knowledge on possible adverse effects of these infections on pregnant women, pregnancy outcome and the fetus. Acute rubella or mumps virus infections are apparently not more severe in pregnant than non-pregnant women. In contrast, measles virus infection in pregnancy is linked to a higher incidence of pneumonitis and hospitalization. Evidence of congenital defects due to fetal infection is only provided in case of rubella virus infection in early pregnancy. Following rubella virus infection in the first trimester an increased fetal loss rate was reported. In 1966, a prospective study showed also a significant association between maternal mumps in the first trimester and an increased risk of abortion. But other investigators could not confirm this association. Measles and rubella but not mumps virus infections are linked to an increased premature birth rate. Occurring in late pregnancy, all three infections can result in birth of an infected infant. But severe disease occurs rarely and is mostly reported for premature infants with early neonatal measles. Preventive measures, aimed to reduce the risk of infection or severe complications for pregnant childcare providers, should consider the individual history of the employee (e.g. previous immunizations or antibody test results), the current epidemiological situation and possible interventions like passive immunization in case of exposure to measles.

Prevaccination screening of health-care workers for immunity to measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella in a developing country: What do we save?

PubMed

Alp, Emine; Cevahir, Fatma; Gökahmetoglu, Selma; Demiraslan, Hayati; Doganay, Mehmet

2012-04-01

A structured questionnaire was administered to health-care workers (HCWs). The HCWs were also screened for measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella (MMRV) using serological methods. One thousand two hundred and fifty-five HCWs were tested. Of the HCWs examined, 94% were immune to measles, 97% to rubella, 90% to mumps and 98% to varicella. The positive predictive values of histories of measles, mumps, rubella and varicella were 96%, 93%, 100% and 98%, respectively. The negative predictive values of histories of measles, mumps, rubella and varicella were 13%, 17%, 5% and 2%, respectively. The cost of vaccination without screening was significantly more expensive (cost difference: €24,385) for varicella, although vaccination without screening was cheap (cost difference: €5693) for MMR. Although the use of cheaper vaccines supports the implementation of vaccination programs without screening, the cost of vaccination should not be calculated based only on the direct costs. The indirect costs associated with lost work time due to vaccination and its side effects and the direct costs of potential side effects should be considered. However, if prescreening is not conducted, some HCWs (2-7%) would be unprotected against these contagious illnesses because of the unreliability of their MMRV history. In conclusion, the screening of HCWs before vaccination continues to be advisable. Copyright © 2011 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the Urabe Am 9 live mumps vaccine and persistence of vaccine induced antibodies in healthy young children.

PubMed

Ehrengut, W; Georges, A M; André, F E

1983-04-01

The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the Urabe Am 9 mumps virus vaccine strain were studied after the administration of different doses of the vaccine to 197 children ranging in age from seven and a half months to nine years and without a history of mumps. There was no effect of dose on the response in serum neutralizing antibodies in the range of 10(2.9) to 10(4.7) TCID50/dose. In the 90 subjects without detectable serum neutralization antibodies before vaccination seroconversion was obtained in 94.4% after 42 days. Half of a group of 34 seropositive children who were tested also showed a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies. Persistence of vaccine-enhanced haemagluttinin-inhibition (EHI) antibodies was satisfactory as only two of 46 vaccinees followed-up for between 27 and 32 months had undetectable levels of EHI antibodies and the geometric mean titre of vaccine-induced EHI antibodies had only fallen to about one-third by 32 months after vaccination. Although there was serological evidence of a subclinical re-infection in three subjects, to date none of the vaccinees has had clinical mumps indicating that the vaccine confers protection against disease. The vaccine was well tolerated. Furthermore, the majority of the few 'reactions' reported were probably not vaccine-related. It is concluded that the Urabe Am 9 is an acceptable strain for use in live mumps vaccines.

Difficulties in eliminating measles and controlling rubella and mumps: a cross-sectional study of a first measles and rubella vaccination and a second measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination.

PubMed

Wang, Zhifang; Yan, Rui; He, Hanqing; Li, Qian; Chen, Guohua; Yang, Shengxu; Chen, Enfu

2014-01-01

The reported coverage of the measles-rubella (MR) or measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is greater than 99.0% in Zhejiang province. However, the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella remains high. In this study, we assessed MMR seropositivity and disease distribution by age on the basis of the current vaccination program, wherein the first dose of MR is administered at 8 months and the second dose of MMR is administered at 18-24 months. Cross-sectional serological surveys of MMR antibodies were conducted by collecting epidemiological data in Zhejiang province, China in 2011. In total, 1015 participants were randomly selected from two surveillance sites. Serum MMR-specific immunoglobulin G levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The geometric mean titers and seroprevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by age and gender. Proportions of different dose of vaccine by age by vaccine were also identified. Statistically significant differences between categories were assessed by the Chi-square test. Over 95% seroprevalence rates of measles were seen in all age groups except <7 months infants. Children aged 5-9 years were shown lower seropositivity rates of mumps while elder adolescences and young adults were presented lower rubella seroprevalence. Especially, rubella seropositivity was significantly lower in female adults than in male. Nine measles cases were unvaccinated or unknown vaccination history. Among them, 66.67% (6/9) patients were aged 20-29 years while 33.33% (3/9) were infants aged 8-12 months. In addition, 57.75% (648/1122) patients with mumps were children aged 5-9 years, and 50.54% (94/186) rubella cases were aged 15-39 years. A timely two-dose MMR vaccination schedule is recommended, with the first dose at 8 months and the second dose at 18-24 months. An MR vaccination speed-up campaign may be necessary for elder adolescents and young adults, particularly young females.

Antibody persistence for 3 years following two doses of tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy children.

PubMed

Knuf, Markus; Zepp, Fred; Helm, Klaus; Maurer, Hartwig; Prieler, Albrecht; Kieninger-Baum, Dorothee; Douha, Martine; Willems, Paul

2012-03-01

Two doses of a varicella-containing vaccine in healthy children <12 years are suggested to induce better protection than a single dose. Persistence of immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella as well as varicella breakthrough cases were assessed 3 years after two-dose measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccination or concomitant MMR (Priorix™) and varicella (Varilrix™) vaccination. Four hundred ninety-four healthy children, 12-18 months old at the time of the first dose, received either two doses of MMRV vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) 42-56 days apart (MMRV, N = 371) or one dose of MMR and varicella vaccines administered simultaneously at separate sites, followed by another MMR vaccination 42-56 days later (MMR + V, N = 123). Three hundred-four subjects participated in 3-year follow-up for persistence of immunity and occurrence of breakthrough varicella (MMRV, N = 225; MMR + V, N = 79). Antibodies were measured by ELISA (measles, mumps, rubella) and immunofluorescence (varicella). Contacts with individuals with varicella or zoster and cases of breakthrough varicella disease were recorded. Three years post-vaccination seropositivity rates in subjects seronegative before vaccination were: MMRV-measles, 98.5% (geometric mean titer [GMT] = 3,599.6); mumps, 97.4% (GMT = 1,754.5); rubella, 100% (GMT = 51.9); varicella, 99.4% (GMT = 225.5); MMR + V-measles, 97.0% (GMT = 1,818.8); mumps, 93.8% (GMT = 1,454.6); rubella, 100% (GMT = 53.8); and varicella, 96.8% (GMT = 105.8). Of the subjects, 15-20% reported contact with individuals with varicella/zoster each year. After 3 years, the cumulative varicella breakthrough disease rate was 0.7% (two cases) in the MMRV group and 5.4% (five cases) in the MMR + V group. Immunogenicity of the combined MMRV vaccine was sustained 3 years post-vaccination. (208136/041/NCT00406211).

Seroprevalence of antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella, and serologic responses after vaccination among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected adults in Northern Thailand.

PubMed

Chaiwarith, Romanee; Praparattanapan, Jutarat; Nuket, Khanuengnit; Kotarathitithum, Wilai; Supparatpinyo, Khuanchai

2016-04-30

After the global implementation of national immunization programs for prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), the prevalences of protective antibodies to these viruses are high in general population. However, there are limited data among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected individuals. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to these viruses, and the serologic responses after vaccination among HIV-infected adults in Northern Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 500 HIV-infected adults, aged 20-59 years, receiving combination antiretroviral therapy, CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm(3), and plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL, and 132 HIV-uninfected controls, aged 20-59 years, at Chiang Mai University Hospital during July and August 2011. Prevalences of protective antibodies to these viruses as well as serologic responses after MMR vaccination in those without protective antibody to at least one of the three viruses were compared between groups. The prevalences of protective antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella were 94.2, 55.0, and 84.6 % among HIV-infected adults, and 97.7, 67.5, and 89.4 % among HIV-uninfected controls, respectively. The prevalence of protective antibody to mumps was significantly lower in HIV-infected adults (p-value = 0.010). MMR vaccination was done in 249 HIV-infected and 46 HIV-uninfected controls; at week 8 to 12 after vaccination, the seroprotective rates against measles, mumps, and rubella in HIV-infected adults were 96.4, 70.7, and 98.0 %, respectively, whereas those in HIV-uninfected controls were 100, 87, and 100 %, respectively. No serious adverse effects were observed. In contrast to measles and rubella, the prevalence of protective antibody to mumps was low in both HIV-infected adults and HIV-uninfected controls in northern Thailand. The seroprotective rates after MMR vaccination in both groups were considerably high, except only for mumps. Therefore, MMR vaccination should be considered in all HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm(3). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02724852 , registered on March 31, 2016.

Cross-Neutralization between Human and African Bat Mumps Viruses.

PubMed

Katoh, Hiroshi; Kubota, Toru; Ihara, Toshiaki; Maeda, Ken; Takeda, Makoto; Kidokoro, Minoru

2016-04-01

Recently, a new paramyxovirus closely related to human mumps virus (MuV) was detected in bats. We generated recombinant MuVs carrying either or both of the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bat virus glycoproteins. These viruses showed replication kinetics similar to human MuV in cultured cells and were neutralized efficiently by serum from healthy humans.

Cantilever-type Thermal Microactuators Fabricated by SOI-MUMPs with U-type and I-type Configurations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osada, Takahiro; Ochiai, Kuniyuki; Osada, Kazuki; Muro, Hideo

Recently, the micro fluid systems have been extensively studied, where microactuators such as micro valves fabricated by MEMS technology are essential for realizing these systems. In this paper thermal microactuators with U-type and I-type shapes fabricated by SOI-MUMPs technology have been investigated for optimizing their configurations.

An Example of the Estimation and Display of a Smoothly Varying Function of Time and Space--The Incidence of the Disease Mumps.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eddy, William F.; Mockus, Audris

1994-01-01

Describes animation algorithms for creating smooth functions of time- and space-varying phenomenon. The incidence of the disease mumps from 1968-88 in the United States is used to demonstrate the algorithms. Figures that illustrate the findings are included. (14 references) (KRN)

Reports of sensorineural deafness after measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation.

PubMed Central

Stewart, B J; Prabhu, P U

1993-01-01

There have been nine reports of sensorineural hearing loss after measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunisation. In three cases the deafness was unrelated to MMR immunisation. In six cases the cause was unknown and MMR remained a possible aetiology. Any risk associated with attenuated viruses must be weighed against the risks of the natural diseases. PMID:8024302

Perils of childhood. Immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella.

PubMed

Levine, B E; Lavi, S

1991-01-01

Some children with a positive history and skin test for egg allergy require a unique desensitization protocol for the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The pathophysiology of food allergies, skin testing and the MMR desensitization protocol are described. Strategies appropriate to the children's developmental stage are suggested to enhance the nurse's supportive role throughout the desensitization process.

75 FR 48715 - Proposed Vaccine Information Materials for Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Vaccines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-11

... United States who intends to administer one of these covered vaccines is required to provide copies of..., mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent these diseases. Most children who get their MMR shots will... one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they can show that they have had either the vaccines or the diseases...

Air-coupled MUMPs capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with resonant cavities.

PubMed

Octavio Manzanares, Alberto; Montero de Espinosa, Francisco

2012-04-01

This work reports performance improvements of air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) using resonant cavities. In order to perform this work, we have designed and manufactured a CMUT employing multi-user microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) processes (MUMPs). The transducer was designed using Helmholtz resonator principles. This was characterised by the dimensions of the cavity and several acoustic ports, which had the form of holes in the CMUT plate. The MUMPs process has the advantage of being low cost which allows the manufacture of economic prototypes. In this paper we show the effects of the resonant cavities and acoustic ports in CMUTs using laser Doppler vibrometry and acoustical measurements. We also use Finite Element (FE) simulations in order to support experimental measurements. The results show that it is possible to enhance the output pressure and bandwidth in air by tuning the resonance frequency of the plate (f(p)) with that of the Helmholtz resonator (f(H)). The experimental measurements show the plate resonance along with an additional resonance in the output pressure spectrum. This appears due to the effect of the new resonant cavities in the transducer. FE simulations show an increase of 11 dB in the output pressure with respect to that of a theoretical vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT by properly tuning the transducer. The bandwidth has been also analyzed by calculating the mechanical Q factor of the tuned CMUT. This has been estimated as 4.5 compared with 7.75 for the vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Community effectiveness of vaccines against infectious parotiditis (mumps). Report of cases].

PubMed

Limón Mora, J; Molina López, T; Domínguez Camacho, J C

1999-01-01

In our country, there are two types of infectious mumps vaccines available. In recent times, doubts have been raised regarding the overall effectiveness of these vaccines and the comparative effectiveness of the two strains (Rubini strain and Jeryl Lynn strain). In the "East Seville" Primary Care district, 245 cases were reported in 1997 (90.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). This study is aimed at taking advantage of the outbreak of cases of mumps to evaluate affected populations and comparative incidence according to type of vaccines given during childhood. Descriptive analysis of the cases (age, territorial spread, inoculation history') and trend analysis (annual incident rates) within this health care district and the surrounding area. The overall effectiveness of the mumps vaccines. The case incidence rates among those inoculated with Rubini strain and those inoculated with Jeryl Lynn strain are also estimated. The highest rates of incidence are found among children in the 1-4 age range. Overall effectiveness rates for these vaccines have been estimated. A significantly higher rate of infection has been found among the children inoculated with Rubini strain than those inoculated with the Jeryl Lynn strain (relative risk of 6.5 with a Confidence Interval of 95% 3.6-11.8). The effectiveness which follows from this study does not seem as good as the theoretical effectiveness anticipated for the mumps vaccines. It thus seems advisable for other case studies to be conducted by types of vaccines used. The data to be furnished by means of sero-epidemiological studies are also of major interest.

Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated mumps vaccine

PubMed Central

Liang, Yan; Ma, Jingchen; Li, Changgui; Chen, Yuguo; Liu, Longding; Liao, Yun; Zhang, Ying; Jiang, Li; Wang, Xuan-Yi; Che, Yanchun; Deng, Wei; Li, Hong; Cui, Xiaoyu; Ma, Na; Ding, Dong; Xie, Zhongping; Cui, Pingfang; Ji, Qiuyan; Wang, Jingjing; Zhao, Yuliang; Wang, Junzhi; Li, Qihan

2014-01-01

Background: Mumps, a communicable, acute and previously well-controlled disease, has had recent and occasional resurgences in some areas. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, controlled and multistep phase I study of an F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine produced in human diploid cells was conducted. A total of 300 subjects were enrolled and divided into 4 age groups: 16–60 years, 5–16 years, 2–5 years and 8–24 months. The groups were immunized with one injection per subject. Three different doses of the F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine, A (3.5 ± 0.25 logCCID50), B (4.25 ± 0.25 logCCID50) and C (5.0 ± 0.25 logCCID50), as well as a placebo control and a positive control of a licensed A-genotype vaccine (S79 strain) were used. The safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine were compared with those of the controls. Results: The safety evaluation suggested that mild adverse reactions were observed in all groups. No serious adverse event (SAE) was reported throughout the trial. The immunogenicity test showed a similar seroconversion rate of the neutralizing and ELISA antibody in the 2- to 5-year-old and 8- to 24-month-old groups compared with the seroconversion rate in the positive control. The GMT of the neutralizing anti-F-genotype virus antibodies in the vaccine groups was slightly higher than that in the positive control group. Conclusions: The F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine evaluated in this clinical trial was demonstrated to be safe and have effective immunogenicity vs. control. PMID:24614759

Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated mumps vaccine: a phase I clinical trial.

PubMed

Liang, Yan; Ma, Jingchen; Li, Changgui; Chen, Yuguo; Liu, Longding; Liao, Yun; Zhang, Ying; Jiang, Li; Wang, Xuan-Yi; Che, Yanchun; Deng, Wei; Li, Hong; Cui, Xiaoyu; Ma, Na; Ding, Dong; Xie, Zhongping; Cui, Pingfang; Ji, Qiuyan; Wang, JingJing; Zhao, Yuliang; Wang, Junzhi; Li, Qihan

2014-01-01

Mumps, a communicable, acute and previously well-controlled disease, has had recent and occasional resurgences in some areas. A randomized, double-blind, controlled and multistep phase I study of an F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine produced in human diploid cells was conducted. A total of 300 subjects were enrolled and divided into 4 age groups: 16-60 years, 5-16 years, 2-5 years and 8-24 months. The groups were immunized with one injection per subject. Three different doses of the F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine, A (3.5 ± 0.25 logCCID50), B (4.25 ± 0.25 logCCID50) and C (5.0 ± 0.25 logCCID50), as well as a placebo control and a positive control of a licensed A-genotype vaccine (S79 strain) were used. The safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine were compared with those of the controls. The safety evaluation suggested that mild adverse reactions were observed in all groups. No serious adverse event (SAE) was reported throughout the trial. The immunogenicity test showed a similar seroconversion rate of the neutralizing and ELISA antibody in the 2- to 5-year-old and 8- to 24-month-old groups compared with the seroconversion rate in the positive control. The GMT of the neutralizing anti-F-genotype virus antibodies in the vaccine groups was slightly higher than that in the positive control group. The F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine evaluated in this clinical trial was demonstrated to be safe and have effective immunogenicity vs. control.

The Thasian epidemic of mumps during the 5th century BC.

PubMed

Tsoucalas, Gregory; Laios, Kostantinos; Karamanou, Marianna; Androutsos, George

2013-06-01

This article briefly reminds the readers of the huge importance of Hippocrates observation about the epidemic of mumps in Thasos during the fifth century BC. By putting great emphasis on the value of observation of the disease process, mainly from the practical point of view, the Corpus Hippocraticum gave us the first written detailed description of the disease.

Laboratory tests for mumps vaccines.

PubMed

Minor, P D

1997-03-01

The action of live attenuated vaccines against mumps is poorly understood although their clinical efficacy is beyond doubt. The attenuated character of the vaccine is assured by consistency of production related to clinical trials, and limited studies of vaccine seeds in primates. Potency is assessed by infectivity in vitro and is subject to poorly understood sources of variation. Molecular biological studies are at an early stage.

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Use, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination, and Autistic Disorder: The Results of a Parent Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schultz, Stephen T.; Klonoff-Cohen, Hillary S.; Wingard, Deborah L.; Akshoomoff, Natacha A.; Macera, Caroline A.; Ji, Ming

2008-01-01

The present study was performed to determine whether acetaminophen (paracetamol) use after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination could be associated with autistic disorder. This case-control study used the results of an online parental survey conducted from 16 July 2005 to 30 January 2006, consisting of 83 children with autistic disorder and 80…

The potential dysfunction of otolith organs in patients after mumps infection

PubMed Central

Tian, Liang; Han, Zhao; Wang, Jing; Chi, Fang-Lu

2017-01-01

Objective To investigate the relationship between mumps and the extent of hearing impairment and otolith organ damage. Methods A total of 27 patients with unilateral hearing impairment following mumps were enrolled. The degrees of hearing loss and otolith organ damage were confirmed by audiometric and vestibular evoked myogenic potential [VEMP] tests. All the results were compared and analyzed using Stata 13.0 software for Windows. Results The VEMP thresholds of the affected ears were significantly higher than those of the unaffected ears in both tests (cervical VEMP [cVEMP] test and ocular VEMP [oVEMP] test; p = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively). The mean cVEMP and oVEMP threshold values of the affected ears with hearing impairment for ≤10 years were significantly lower than those of affected ears with hearing impairment for >10 years [p = 0.009 and 0.004, respectively]. Conclusions Deafness resulting from mumps is usually profound and permanent, which indicates severe damage to the cochlea due to the disease. The functions of otolith organs in the vestibular system are also impaired. Over time, the function of the otolith organs or their neural pathway may suffer secondary damage. PMID:28746415

Effectiveness of Jeryl Lynn-containing vaccine in Spanish children.

PubMed

Castilla, Jesús; García Cenoz, Manuel; Arriazu, Maite; Fernández-Alonso, Mirian; Martínez-Artola, Víctor; Etxeberria, Jaione; Irisarri, Fátima; Barricarte, Aurelio

2009-03-26

We evaluated the effectiveness of the Jeryl Lynn strain vaccine in a large outbreak of mumps in Navarre, Spain, 2006-2008. Each of the 241 cases of mumps occurring in children over 15 months of age born between 1998 and 2005 was compared with 5 controls individually matched by sex, birth date, district of residence and paediatrician. Vaccination history was obtained blindly from clinical records. Conditional logistic regression was used to obtain the matched odds ratios (ORs), and effectiveness was calculated as 1-OR. Some 70% of cases had received one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and 24% had received two doses. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 72% (95% CI, 39-87%). Two doses were more effective (83%; 54-94%) than a single dose (66%; 25-85%). Among vaccinated children, risk was higher in those who had received the first dose after 36 months of age (OR=3.1; 1.2-8.4) and those who had received the second dose 3 or more years before study enrolment (OR=10.2; 1.5-70.7). Early waning of immunity in children after the second dose may contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness for mumps prevention.

Susceptibility to measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella-zoster viruses among healthcare workers.

PubMed

Aypak, Cenk; Bayram, Yasemin; Eren, Hayriye; Altunsoy, Adalet; Berktaş, Mustafa

2012-01-01

It is important to identify and immunize susceptible healthcare workers to prevent and control hospital infections. Our aim was to evaluate the specific antibodies against the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and the varicella zoster virus among healthcare workers in a tertiary-care hospital. A total of 284 healthcare workers (89 men and 195 women; mean age, 33.5 ± 11 years), including 111 nurses, 87 physicians, 34 laboratory technicians, and 52 members of the housekeeping staff, of Van Training and Research Hospital were enrolled in this study. Antibodies were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The numbers of workers with serological susceptibility to mumps, measles, rubella, or chicken pox were 26 (9.2%), 18 (6.3%), 7 (2.5%), and 5 (1.8%), respectively. Although the difference was not statistical significant, the rate of seroprevalence of antibodies was lowest for measles (90.8%; p>0.05). Susceptibility to measles, mumps, and rubella, and chicken pox was more prevalent among young healthcare workers (p<0.001). Not all healthcare workers born before 1957 were immune to these vaccine-preventable diseases. These data confirm that screening and vaccination of susceptible healthcare workers is essential regardless of age.

Epidemic of mumps in a partially immune population.

PubMed Central

Lewis, J E; Chernesky, M A; Rawls, M L; Rawls, W E

1979-01-01

The incidence of mumps in vaccinated and nonvaccinated schoolchildren was studied after a recent epidemic. Information was collected by telephone interviews with the parents and a review of the physicians' records. The vaccine appeared to be effective, for the incidence of mumps in the 145 vaccinated children--5.5%, or 8 cases--was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than the incidence in the 350 children considered susceptible to infection--21.7%, or 76 cases. The percentage of children who had been immunized decreased with increasing age, and acquisition of immunity through natural infection had the reverse trend; thus, the proportions of children susceptible to infection in each age group were about the same, and the age-specific attack rates were similar. Although the mothers were accurate in indicating absence of vaccination, they incorrectly indicated vaccination of their children 43.0% of the time; this error in reporting could influence vaccine administration in older children. Our findings suggest that mumps vaccination may substitute for natural illness in immunizing populations, and that more extensive use of the vaccine over a broader age range is required to prevent similar epidemics in the future. PMID:519614

Mumps vaccine effectiveness in highly immunized populations.

PubMed

Domínguez, Angela; Torner, Núria; Castilla, Jesús; Batalla, Joan; Godoy, Pere; Guevara, Marcela; Carnicer, Dolors; Caylà, Joan; Rius, Cristina; Jansà, Josep Maria

2010-04-30

The aim of the study was to investigate effectiveness of mumps MMR component in communities with high MMR coverage. Outbreak-related cases of mumps born between 1995 and 2005 notified to Navarre and Catalonia public health services during the period 2005-2007 were studied. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) and their 95%CI were calculated using the screening method. Of 47 confirmed, 85.1% immunized with at least one dose (1MMR) and 44.9% with two (2MMR). Estimated VE was 85.4% (95%CI: 67.3-93.4) for 1MMR and 88.5% (95%CI: 78.1-93.9) for 2MMR. High 2MMR coverage, improved confirmation techniques and further VE studies with all confirmed cases are needed to prevent further outbreaks. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of different continuous cell lines in the isolation of mumps virus by the shell vial method from clinical samples

PubMed Central

Reina, J; Ballesteros, F; Mari, M; Munar, M

2001-01-01

Aims—To compare prospectively the efficacy of the Vero, LLC-MK2, MDCK, Hep-2, and MRC-5 cell lines in the isolation of the mumps virus from clinical samples by means of the shell vial method. Methods—During an epidemic outbreak of parotiditis 48 clinical samples (saliva swabs and CSF) were studied. Two vials of the Vero, LLC-MK2, MDCK, MRC-5, and Hep-2 cell lines were inoculated with 0.2 ml of the samples by the shell vial assay. The vials were incubated at 36°C for two and five days. The vials were then fixed with acetone at -20°C for 10 minutes and stained by a monoclonal antibody against mumps virus by means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results—The mumps virus was isolated from 36 samples. The Vero and LLC-MK2 cell lines showed a 100% isolation capacity, MDCK showed 77.7%, MRC-5 showed 44.4%, and Hep-2 showed 22.2%. The Vero and LLC-MK2 lines were significantly different to the other cell lines (p < 0.001). The sensitivity for the Vero and LLC-MK2 lines at two and five days of incubation was identical (100%). The values obtained in the study of the quantitative isolation capacity (positive isolation with > 5 infectious foci) were 94.4% for Vero, 97.2% for LLC-MK2, 5.5% for MDCK, 5.5% for Hep-2, and 0% for MRC-5. Conclusions—The Vero and LLC-MK2 cell lines are equally efficient at two and five days incubation for the isolation of the mumps virus from clinical samples, and the use of the shell vial method considerably shortens the time of aetiological diagnosis with higher specificity. Key Words: mumps virus • Vero cell line • LLC-MK2 cell line • MDCK cell line • Hep-2 cell line • MRC-5 cell line • isolation • shell vial PMID:11729211

Immunogenicity and safety of a novel MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) containing the Edmonston-Zagreb measles strain, the Hoshino mumps strain, and the RA 27/3 rubella strain: Results of a randomized, comparative, active controlled phase III clinical trial.

PubMed

Sood, Ashwani; Mitra, Monjori; Joshi, Himanshu Arvind; Nayak, Uma Siddhartha; Siddaiah, Prashanth; Babu, T Ramesh; Mahapatro, Samarendra; Sanmukhani, Jayesh; Gupta, Gaurav; Mittal, Ravindra; Glueck, Reinhard

2017-07-03

This phase III clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the single-dose and multi-dose formulations of a novel MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) developed by M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited, India (Cadila MMR vaccine), containing the Hoshino mumps strain, compared to that of an existing MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) developed by M/s Serum Institute of India Limited, India (Serum MMR vaccine). These two vaccines have similar measles and rubella strains, but different mumps strains (Hoshino in Cadila MMR vaccine, and L-Zagreb in Serum MMR vaccine). Three hundred and twenty-eight subjects of either sex, aged 15-18 months, were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either the Cadila or Serum MMR vaccine. Immunogenicity assessments (IgG antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses) were done at baseline and 42 d after vaccination. Solicited (local and systemic) and unsolicited adverse events were recorded for up to 42 d following vaccination. The Cadila MMR vaccine was found to be non-inferior to the Serum MMR vaccine in terms of end-of-study proportion of subjects seropositive for anti-measles antibodies (100.0% in both groups), anti-mumps antibodies (94.5% vs. 94.0%), and anti-rubella antibodies (95.5% vs. 91.0%). Both vaccines were well tolerated by all study participants; the most common adverse event reported in both groups was fever, followed by rash. The results of this phase III clinical trial show that the novel Cadila MMR vaccine is non-inferior to the Serum MMR vaccine.

Immunity to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in US Children With Perinatal HIV Infection or Perinatal HIV Exposure Without Infection

PubMed Central

Siberry, George K.; Patel, Kunjal; Bellini, William J.; Karalius, Brad; Purswani, Murli U.; Burchett, Sandra K.; Meyer, William A.; Sowers, Sun Bae; Ellis, Angela; Van Dyke, Russell B.

2015-01-01

Background. Children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PHIV) may not be protected against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) because of impaired initial vaccine response or waning immunity. Our objectives were to estimate seroimmunity in PHIV-infected and perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children and identify predictors of immunity in the PHIV cohort. Methods. PHIV and HEU children were enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) at ages 7–15 years from 2007 to 2009. At annual visits, demographic, laboratory, immunization, and clinical data were abstracted and serologic specimens collected. Most recent serologic specimen was used to determine measles seroprotection by plaque reduction neutralization assay and rubella seroprotection and mumps seropositivity by enzyme immunoassay. Sustained combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was defined as taking cART for at least 3 months. Results. Among 428 PHIV and 221 HEU PHACS participants, the prevalence was significantly lower in PHIV children for measles seroprotection (57% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 52%–62%] vs 99% [95% CI, 96%–100%]), rubella seroprotection (65% [95% CI, 60%–70%] vs 98% [95% CI, 95%–100%]), and mumps seropositivity (59% [95% CI, 55%–64%] vs 97% [95% CI, 94%–99%]). On multivariable analysis, greater number of vaccine doses while receiving sustained cART and higher nadir CD4 percentage between last vaccine dose and serologic testing independently improved the cumulative prediction of measles seroprotection in PHIV. Predictors of rubella seroprotection and mumps seropositivity were similar. Conclusions. High proportions of PHIV-infected children, but not HEU children, lack serologic evidence of immunity to MMR, despite documented immunization and current cART. Effective cART before immunization is a strong predictor of current seroimmunity. PMID:26060291

Detection of serum antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella after primary measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in children.

PubMed

Rafiei Tabatabaei, Sedigheh; Esteghamati, Abdoul-Reza; Shiva, Farideh; Fallah, Fatemeh; Radmanesh, Raheleh; Abdinia, Babak; Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza; Khairkhah, Masoumeh; Shekari Ebrahimabad, Hamideh; Karimi, Abdollah

2013-01-01

In Iran, the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in a two-dose protocol where the first dose is scheduled at 12 months of age. This study aims to determine the efficacy of the MMR vaccine by testing IgM and IgG antibody levels 4 - 7 weeks after primary vaccination. A single group cohort study was performed on healthy children, 12 - 15 months of age, who were vaccinated at health centers affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, from January to April 2009. Children with negative vaccination and/or clinical history for measles, mumps or rubella were administered the first dose of the MMR live attenuated vaccine. IgG and IgM antibodies were checked by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) in serum samples 4 - 7 weeks after vaccination. A child was considered seropositive if antibody levels were higher than the assay cut-off level set by the ELISA kit. Samples from 240 children were checked for antibodies against measles and rubella. Measles serum IgM level was positive in 71.7% of samples and IgG in 75.8%. The rubella serum IgM level was positive in 71.7% of children and IgG in 73.8%. From 190 blood samples that were checked for mumps antibodies, serum IgM was positive in 68.9% and IgG in 95.3%. No significant relationship was found between seropositivity and age or gender. IgG and IgM antibody levels were below the assay cut-off levels against measles and rubella in approximately one-fourth of the children following primary MMR vaccination. A second dose was necessary to raise the level of protection against measles and rubella.

Self-reported histories of disease and vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella in health care personnel in Japan.

PubMed

Kumakura, Shunichi; Onoda, Keiichi; Hirose, Masahiro

2014-03-01

Health care personnel are required to be immune against vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of self-reported histories of disease and vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in order to determine the immune status of health care personnel. A self-reported questionnaire of history of previous disease and vaccination against these diseases was administered to a total of 910 health care personnel in Shimane university hospital in Japan, whose results were compared with serological evidences. There were numerous subjects who did not remember a history of disease (greater than 33% each) and of vaccination (greater than 58% each). Self-reported history of disease and vaccination had high positive predictive value against either disease for testing positive for antiviral antibodies. However, a considerable number of false-negative subjects could be found; 88.9% of subjects for measles, 89.3% for mumps, 62.2% for rubella and 96.3% for varicella in the population who had neither a self-reported history of disease nor a vaccination against each disease. In addition, regardless of the disease in question, a negative predictive value in self-reported history of disease and vaccination was remarkably low. These results suggest that self-reported history of disease and vaccination was not predictive to determine the accurate immune status of health care personnel against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. A seroprevalence survey, followed by an adequate immunization program for susceptible subjects, is crucial to prevent and control infection in hospital settings. Copyright © 2013 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cellular and humoral immunity after vaccination or natural mumps infection.

PubMed

Terada, Kihei; Hagihara, Kimiko; Oishi, Tomohiro; Miyata, Ippei; Akaike, Hiroto; Ogita, Satoko; Ohno, Naoki; Ouchi, Kazunobu

2017-08-01

This study measured cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and serum antibody to clarify the basis of breakthrough after vaccination and reinfection after mumps. From a pool of 54 college students, 17 seronegative subjects and 14 subjects with intermediate level of antibodies against mumps were vaccinated with a monovalent mumps vaccine, and CMI was assessed using interferon-γ release assay. CMI positivity according to pre-existing antibody level, defined as titer <2.0 index units, negative; 2.0-3.9 index units, intermediate; and ≥4.0 index units, positive, was 8/17 (47.1%), 9/14 (64.3%) and 19/23 (82.6%) before vaccination, respectively. Of the 17 seronegative subjects, seven (41.2%) had a history of vaccination and/or natural infection, four (57.1%) of whom were CMI positive or intermediate. Ten (71%) of 14 subjects with intermediate antibody level had a history of vaccination or natural infection, eight (80%) of whom were CMI positive or intermediate. After vaccination the interferon (IFN)-γ and antibody titers increased significantly, but seven (41.2%) of the 17 seronegative subjects and 13 (92.9%) of the 14 intermediate-level subjects tested positive for both antibody and CMI. In a comparison of the natural infection group (confirmed as IgG seropositive and/or CMI positive without vaccination) versus the vaccination group, IgG antibody titer (mean ± SD) was 14.4 ± 8.0 versus 3.6 ± 2.4 index units (P < 0.01) and IFN-γ was 122.7 ± 90.0 pg/mL versus 59.5 ± 37.8 pg/mL (P > 0.05), respectively. Vaccination or even natural mumps infection did not always induce both cellular and humoral immunity. © 2017 Japan Pediatric Society.

Serological survey of mumps antibodies in adults in the Czech Republic and the need for changes to the vaccination strategy.

PubMed

Smetana, Jan; Chlibek, Roman; Hanovcova, Irena; Sosovickova, Renata; Smetanova, Libuse; Polcarova, Petra; Gal, Peter; Dite, Petr

2018-04-03

Mumps outbreaks, especially in adolescents and young adults, have been reported in the Czech Republic. The aim of the presented study was to determine the seroprevalence of specific IgG antibodies against mumps in the adult population of the Czech Republic. The study was designed as a multicenter serological survey of adults aged 18 years and over. Specific IgG antibodies against mumps were detected in blood samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 1,911 serum samples were examined. The overall seropositivity reached 55.3%. In individual age groups, the highest seropositivity 63% (63.5-65.2%) was recorded in adults aged 40 years and over; the lowest seropositivity was found in adults aged 18-29 years (27.4%). The difference in seropositivity rate between the 18-29 years age group and the 40 years and over age groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Only the 18-29 years age group included both vaccinated and unvaccinated (born in the pre-vaccine era) individuals. In vaccinated individuals, seropositivity was reported in only 19.1% of persons; in unvaccinated individuals, seropositivity reached 48.2%. Our results demonstrate the long-term persistence of antibodies following natural infection and the decrease in seropositivity that occurs after vaccination over time. This immunity waning may account for the higher susceptibility of adolescents and young adults to mumps. Therefore, the current vaccination program in the Czech Republic could be considered as less effective. It will be modified with the shifting of the second dose of vaccine from two years of age to the preschool age.

The resurgence of mumps and pertussis

PubMed Central

Sabbe, Martine; Vandermeulen, Corinne

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Vaccines and extended vaccination programs have had an extensive impact on morbidity and mortality rates due to infectious diseases. Because of the continuous and extensive use of vaccines in industrialized countries, many infectious diseases such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria and measles have been reduced to near-extinction. However, in recent years, many countries including the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Belgium, have been confronted with a resurgence of mumps and pertussis, despite high vaccination coverage for both vaccines. In this commentary, possible causes of this resurgence will be discussed, such as the occurrence of adapted microbes, failure to vaccinate and primary and secondary vaccine failure. Additional research of the immunological mechanisms is clearly needed to support the development of possible new and more immunogenic vaccines against mumps and pertussis. Meanwhile, extensive vaccination campaigns with both vaccines remain necessary. PMID:26751186

The resurgence of mumps and pertussis.

PubMed

Sabbe, Martine; Vandermeulen, Corinne

2016-04-02

Vaccines and extended vaccination programs have had an extensive impact on morbidity and mortality rates due to infectious diseases. Because of the continuous and extensive use of vaccines in industrialized countries, many infectious diseases such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria and measles have been reduced to near-extinction. However, in recent years, many countries including the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Belgium, have been confronted with a resurgence of mumps and pertussis, despite high vaccination coverage for both vaccines. In this commentary, possible causes of this resurgence will be discussed, such as the occurrence of adapted microbes, failure to vaccinate and primary and secondary vaccine failure. Additional research of the immunological mechanisms is clearly needed to support the development of possible new and more immunogenic vaccines against mumps and pertussis. Meanwhile, extensive vaccination campaigns with both vaccines remain necessary.

Neurovirulence safety testing of mumps vaccines--historical perspective and current status.

PubMed

Rubin, S A; Afzal, M A

2011-04-05

Many live, attenuated viral vaccines are derived from wild type viruses with known neurovirulent properties. To assure the absence of residual neurotoxicity, pre-clinical neurovirulence safety testing of candidate vaccines is performed. For mumps virus, a highly neurotropic virus, neurovirulence safety testing is performed in monkeys. However, laboratory studies suggest an inability of this test to correctly discern among virus strains of varying neurovirulence potential in man, and, further, some vaccines found to be neuroattenuated in monkeys were later found to be neurovirulent in humans when administered in large numbers. Over the past decade, concerted efforts have been made to replace monkey-based neurovirulence safety testing with more informative, alternative methods. This review summarizes the current status of mumps vaccine neurovirulence safety testing and insights into models currently approved and those under development. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Development and biological properties of a new live attenuated mumps vaccine.

PubMed

Saika, Shizuko; Kidokoro, Minoru; Kubonoya, Hiroko; Ito, Kozo; Ohkawa, Tokitada; Aoki, Athuko; Nagata, Noriyo; Suzuki, Kazuyoshi

2006-01-01

To develop a new live attenuated mumps vaccine, a wild mumps Y7 strain isolated from a patient who developed mild parotitis was treated with nitrosoguanidine and ultraviolet, followed by selection of a temperature-sensitive clone. The selected clone, Y125, showed stable temperature-sensitivity in Vero cells. Intraspinal inoculation of marmosets with the Y125 produced only minimal histopathological changes, while intracerebral inoculation of neonatal rats revealed that the Y125 did not cause hydrocephalus. Both these effects of the Y125 were similar to those of the non-neurovirulent Jeryl Lynn strain. Furthermore, subcutaneous inoculation of the Y125 induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies in all Cercopithecus monkeys examined. Although the safety and immunogenicity should be confirmed in further field trials in humans, the present results indicate that the Y125 could be a promising vaccine candidate.

Medical Resource Allocation: Injury and Disease Incidence among Marines in Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

Meningc-encephalitis, uncomplicated 302 Mumps, all cases 303 Infectious mononucleosis , all cases 304 Hepatitis, infectious , viral, all cases 305...MENINGITUS DUE TO ENTOVIRUS 301 04100 MUMPS ALL 302 06300 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS ALL 303 06600 HEPATITIS INFECT VIRAL ALL 304 06100 PANCREATITIS ACUTE ALL...from hostile action), geographical area of incidence (denotes region in which injury or infectious disease was incurred), and location code (states the

Postpartum live virus vaccination: lessons from veterinary medicine.

PubMed

Yazbak, F Edward; Diodati, Catherine J M

2002-09-01

Pregnant rubella-susceptible women are often revaccinated during the postpartum period with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR). It is known that the rubella virus from vaccine is secreted in breast milk and persists in the nose and throat for up to 28 days but it is not known whether the measles and mumps viruses are similarly secreted. It is probable the measles virus from vaccine is.

Retinopathy following measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in an immuno-incompetent girl.

PubMed

Schuil, J; van de Putte, E M; Zwaan, C M; Koole, F D; Meire, F M

1998-01-01

We describe a 4-year-old girl with subnormal visual acuity due to a bilateral retinopathy. The child had a history of encephalitis following MMR vaccination. Temporary retinopathy associated with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination has been described. Recently an idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia in the child was diagnosed. This cellular immunodeficiency supports our hypothesis of measles retinopathy after vaccination of an immuno-deficient child.

Persistence of rubella and mumps antibodies, following changes in the recommended age for the second dose of MMR vaccine in Portugal.

PubMed

Gonçalves, G; Frade, J; Nascimento, M S J; Mesquita, J R; Nunes, C

2016-11-01

In Portugal, the recommended age for the second dose of MMR (MMR2) was changed from 10-13 years to 5-6 years for those born in 1994 and afterwards. This study aimed to assess if MMR schedule and time elapsed from the last dose are associated with the concentration of rubella and mumps IgG antibodies. Three Portuguese birth cohorts (convenience samples) were selected for this study (66, 59 and 41 participants born respectively in 1990-1993, 1994-1995 and 2001-2003). Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) for mumps IgG were respectively 36, 30 and 38 RU/ml (P = 0·236) and for rubella IgG were 18, 20 and 17 IU/ml (P = 0·641). For both specific antibodies, no differences were observed with time since MMR2. Receiving MMR2 at 5-6 or 10-13 years was not associated with concentration of both antibodies. The GMC of rubella IgG was lower in males (P = 0·029). Taking into account previous evidence and the logistics needed to change vaccination schedules, it seems reasonable that sustaining very high coverage with two doses of MMR is currently the most pragmatic way to control mumps and rubella rather than any changes to the schedule.

[Serological survey of measles, rubella and mumps immunity among pediatric and resident physicians, Valencia, Spain].

PubMed

Andani Cervera, Joaquín; Castañeda Gordillo, Patricia; Fuente Goig, M Teresa; Giménez Martí, M José; Alcaraz Soriano, M Jesús; Gómez Pajares, Fernando; Diez Domingo, Javier; Boitos, Cristina

2014-10-01

Health workers are exposed to vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore, vaccination programs are essential for preventing sanitary environment-acquired infections and avoiding additional damage to patients. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella and mumps among physicians of the Clinical Area of Children Diseases of the La Fe University Hospital (Valencia) and to study its relationship with history of disease, vaccination and professional status. Observational, cross-sectional and analytical study. All subjects underwent a serological test for detection of specific antibodies against measles, rubella and mumps. Some of them also completed a questionnaire about the history of disease and vaccination. A descriptive and relation analysis was performed to each disease. 97 physicians participated in the study. 75 participants (77,3%) had positive serology to measles, 85 (87,6%) to rubella and 68 (70,1%) to mumps. The logistic regression model showed a significant effect of age (OR 1,22) in the prevalence of antibodies against measles and a significant effect of sex (OR 5,16) in the prevalence of antibodies against rubella. Given the high prevalence of seronegative young physicians and taking into account their professional activity, vaccination in this group would be recommended. Therefore it would be desirable to design strategies to achieve the accession of physicians to the vaccination program.

Impact of State Public Health Spending on Disease Incidence in the United States from 1980 to 2009.

PubMed

Verma, Reetu; Clark, Samantha; Leider, Jonathon; Bishai, David

2017-02-01

To understand the relationship between state-level spending by public health departments and the incidence of three vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs): mumps, pertussis, and rubella in the United States from 1980 to 2009. This study uses state-level public health spending data from The Census Bureau and annual mumps, pertussis, and rubella incidence counts from the University of Pittsburgh's project Tycho. Ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects, and random effects regression models were tested, with results indicating that a fixed effects model would be most appropriate model for this analysis. Model output suggests a statistically significant, negative relationship between public health spending and mumps and rubella incidence. Lagging outcome variables indicate that public health spending actually has the greatest impact on VPD incidence in subsequent years, rather than the year in which the spending occurred. Results were robust to models with lagged spending variables, national time trends, and state time trends, as well as models with and without Medicaid and hospital spending. Our analysis indicates that there is evidence of a significant, negative relationship between a state's public health spending and the incidence of two VPDs, mumps and rubella, in the United States. © Health Research and Educational Trust.

Molecular epidemiology of mumps virus in Japan and proposal of two new genotypes.

PubMed

Inou, Yoko; Nakayama, Tetsuo; Yoshida, Naoko; Uejima, Hajime; Yuri, Kenji; Kamada, Makoto; Kumagai, Takuji; Sakiyama, Hiroshi; Miyata, Akiko; Ochiai, Hitoshi; Ihara, Toshiaki; Okafuji, Teruo; Okafuji, Takao; Nagai, Takao; Suzuki, Eitaro; Shimomura, Kunihisa; Ito, Yuhei; Miyazaki, Chiaki

2004-05-01

We isolated 872 strains of mumps virus from naso-pharyngeal secretions in seven different districts of Japan from January 2000 to July 2001. Among them, 57 strains were geno-typed by nucleotide sequencing in part of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and small hydrophobic (SH) protein regions. Four different genotypes (B, G, K, and L) of mumps virus were co-circulating in Japan and the distribution of genotypes varied in geographically different districts. Two new clusters designated as genotypes K and L had more than 7% nucleotide variation in the SH gene. Among the 57 strains, 11 were classified as B, 35 as G, three as K, and eight as L, which was mainly isolated in Tokyo. We also examined 104 stains isolated in a clinic in Mie prefecture from 1993 to 2003. Genotype B was the indigenous strain and genotype K was introduced in 1994. Genotypes B and K co-circulated in the 1990s and were replaced by genotype G in 2000. There was no significant change in neutralizing test antibody titers against genotypes B, G, K, and L using seven post-vaccination sera with Hoshino strain (genotype B) and these four genotypes had a different antigenicity from genotype A. We should continue to watch on mumps virus molecular epidemiology. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Design and fabrication of MEMS devices using the integration of MUMPs, trench-refilled molding, DRIE and bulk silicon etching processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Mingching; Fang, Weileun

2005-03-01

This work integrates multi-depth DRIE etching, trench-refilled molding, two poly-Si layers MUMPs and bulk releasing to improve the variety and performance of MEMS devices. In summary, the present fabrication process, named MOSBE II, has three merits. First, this process can monolithically fabricate and integrate poly-Si thin-film structures with different thicknesses and stiffnesses, such as the flexible spring and the stiff mirror plate. Second, multi-depth structures, such as vertical comb electrodes, are available from the DRIE processes. Third, a cavity under the micromachined device is provided by the bulk silicon etching process, so that a large out-of-plane motion is allowed. In application, an optical scanner driven by the self-aligned vertical comb actuator was demonstrated. The poly-Si micromachined components fabricated by MOSBE II can further integrate with the MUMPs devices to establish a more powerful MOEMS platform.

Immunogenicity of mumps virus vaccine candidates matching circulating genotypes in the United States and China.

PubMed

Zengel, James; Phan, Shannon I; Pickar, Adrian; Xu, Pei; He, Biao

2017-07-13

Mumps virus (MuV) causes acute infection in humans with characteristic swelling of the parotid gland. While vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of MuV infection, there have been multiple large outbreaks of mumps virus (MuV) in highly vaccinated populations. The most common vaccine strain, Jeryl Lynn, belongs to genotype A, which is no longer a circulating genotype. We have developed two vaccine candidates that match the circulating genotypes in the United States (genotype G) and China (genotype F). We found that there was a significant decrease in the ability of the Jeryl Lynn vaccine to produce neutralizing antibody responses to non-matched viruses, when compared to either of our vaccine candidates. Our data suggests that an updated vaccine may allow for better immunity against the circulating MuV genotypes G and F. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Deep sequencing reveals persistence of cell-associated mumps vaccine virus in chronic encephalitis.

PubMed

Morfopoulou, Sofia; Mee, Edward T; Connaughton, Sarah M; Brown, Julianne R; Gilmour, Kimberly; Chong, W K 'Kling'; Duprex, W Paul; Ferguson, Deborah; Hubank, Mike; Hutchinson, Ciaran; Kaliakatsos, Marios; McQuaid, Stephen; Paine, Simon; Plagnol, Vincent; Ruis, Christopher; Virasami, Alex; Zhan, Hong; Jacques, Thomas S; Schepelmann, Silke; Qasim, Waseem; Breuer, Judith

2017-01-01

Routine childhood vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella has virtually abolished virus-related morbidity and mortality. Notwithstanding this, we describe here devastating neurological complications associated with the detection of live-attenuated mumps virus Jeryl Lynn (MuV JL5 ) in the brain of a child who had undergone successful allogeneic transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This is the first confirmed report of MuV JL5 associated with chronic encephalitis and highlights the need to exclude immunodeficient individuals from immunisation with live-attenuated vaccines. The diagnosis was only possible by deep sequencing of the brain biopsy. Sequence comparison of the vaccine batch to the MuV JL5 isolated from brain identified biased hypermutation, particularly in the matrix gene, similar to those found in measles from cases of SSPE. The findings provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of paramyxovirus brain infections.

Immunogenicity and safety of early vaccination with two doses of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy Indian children from 9 months of age: a phase III, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

PubMed

Lalwani, Sanjay; Chatterjee, Sukanta; Balasubramanian, Sundaram; Bavdekar, Ashish; Mehta, Shailesh; Datta, Sanjoy; Povey, Michael; Henry, Ouzama

2015-09-11

This study (NCT00969436) compared the immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) followed by MMR+varicella (V) vaccines to (1) 2 doses of combined MMRV and (2) MMR followed by MMRV, in Indian children. Phase III, open, randomised, non-inferiority study. 6 tertiary care hospitals located in India. Healthy participants aged 9-10 months not previously vaccinated against/exposed to measles, mumps, rubella and varicella or without a history of these diseases. Participants were randomised (2:2:1) to receive 2 doses of either MMRV (MMRV/MMRV group) or MMR followed by MMRV (MMR/MMRV group) or MMR followed by MMR+V (MMR/MMR+V, control group) at 9 and 15 months of age. Antibody titres against measles, mumps and rubella were measured using ELISA and against varicella using an immunofluorescence assay. To demonstrate non-inferiority of the 2 vaccination regimens versus the control in terms of seroconversion rates, defined as a group difference with a lower bound of the 95% CI >-10% for each antigen, 43 days postdose 2. Parents/guardians recorded solicited local and general symptoms for a 4-day and 43-day period after each vaccine dose, respectively. Seroconversion rates postdose 1 ranged from 87.5% to 93.2% for measles, 83.3% to 86.1% for mumps and 98.7% to 100% for rubella across the 3 vaccine groups. The seroconversion rates postdose 2 were 100% for measles, mumps and rubella and at least 95.8% for varicella across the 3 vaccine groups. Non-inferiority of MMRV/MMRV and MMR/MMRV to MMR/MMR+V was achieved for all antigens, 43 days postdose 2. The 3 vaccination regimens were generally well tolerated in terms of solicited local and general symptoms. The immune responses elicited by the MMRV/MMRV and MMR/MMRV vaccination regimens were non-inferior to those elicited by the MMR/MMR+V regimen for all antigens. The 3 vaccination schedules also exhibited an acceptable safety profile in Indian children. NCT00969436. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Ongoing mumps outbreak in Israel, January to August 2017

PubMed Central

Indenbaum, Viki; Hübschen, Judith M; Stein-Zamir, Chen; Mendelson, Ella; Sofer, Danit; Hindiyeh, Musa; Anis, Emilia; Abramson, Nitza; Haas, Eric J; Yosef, Yochi; Dukhan, Larisa; Singer, Shepherd Roee

2017-01-01

In Israel, 262 mumps cases were registered between 1 January and 28 August 2017 despite a vaccine coverage of ≥ 96%. The majority (56.5%) of cases were adolescents and young adults between 10 and 24 years of age. Nearly twice as many cases were reported in males than in females. Sequence information identified genotype G and suggested specific transmission chains in different religious communities, with the Muslim population in Jerusalem being most severely affected. PMID:28877843

Advancing MEMS Technology Usage through the MUMPS (Multi-User MEMS Processes) Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koester, D. A.; Markus, K. W.; Dhuler, V.; Mahadevan, R.; Cowen, A.

1995-01-01

In order to help provide access to advanced micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies and lower the barriers for both industry and academia, the Microelectronic Center of North Carolina (MCNC) and ARPA have developed a program which provides users with access to both MEMS processes and advanced electronic integration techniques. The four distinct aspects of this program, the multi-user MEMS processes (MUMP's), the consolidated micro-mechanical element library, smart MEMS, and the MEMS technology network are described in this paper. MUMP's is an ARPA-supported program created to provide inexpensive access to MEMS technology in a multi-user environment. It is both a proof-of-concept and educational tool that aids in the development of MEMS in the domestic community. MUMP's technologies currently include a 3-layer poly-silicon surface micromachining process and LIGA (lithography, electroforming, and injection molding) processes that provide reasonable design flexibility within set guidelines. The consolidated micromechanical element library (CaMEL) is a library of active and passive MEMS structures that can be downloaded by the MEMS community via the internet. Smart MEMS is the development of advanced electronics integration techniques for MEMS through the application of flip chip technology. The MEMS technology network (TechNet) is a menu of standard substrates and MEMS fabrication processes that can be purchased and combined to create unique process flows. TechNet provides the MEMS community greater flexibility and enhanced technology accessibility.

Humoral responses to independent vaccinations are correlated in healthy boosted adults

PubMed Central

Garman, Lori; Vineyard, Amanda J.; Crowe, Sherry R.; Harley, John B.; Spooner, Christina E.; Collins, Limone C.; Nelson, Michael R.; Engler, Renata J.M.; James, Judith A.

2015-01-01

Background Roughly half of U.S. adults do not receive recommended booster vaccinations, but protective antibody levels are rarely measured in adults. Demographic factors, vaccination history, and responses to other vaccinations could help identify at-risk individuals. We sought to characterize rates of seroconversion and determine associations of humoral responses to multiple vaccinations in healthy adults. Methods Humoral responses toward measles, mumps, tetanus toxoid, pertussis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and anthrax protective antigen were measured by ELISA in post-immunization samples from 1,465 healthy U.S. military members. We examined the effects of demographic and clinical factors on immunization responses, as well as assessed correlations between vaccination responses. Results Subsets of boosted adults did not have seroprotective levels of antibodies toward measles (10.4%), mumps (9.4%), pertussis (4.7%), hepatitis B (8.6%) or protective antigen (14.4%) detected. Half-lives of antibody responses were generally long (>30 years). Measles and mumps antibody levels were correlated (r=0.31, p<0.001), but not associated with select demographic features or vaccination history. Measles and mumps antibody levels also correlated with tetanus antibody response (r=0.11, p<0.001). Conclusions Vaccination responses are predominantly robust and vaccine specific. However, a small but significant portion of the vaccinated adult population may not have quantitative seroprotective antibody to common vaccine-preventable infections. PMID:25140930

Production of migration inhibitory factor in response to bacterial and fungal antigens in patients with untreated Graves' disease

PubMed Central

Wall, Jack R.; Ryan, E. Ann

1980-01-01

Tests for the production of migration inhibitory factor by peripheral blood leukocytes in response to ubiquitous bacterial and fungal antigens were carried out in patients with untreated Graves' disease and in healthy control subjects. Dose-response studies, tests for the production of this factor after 72 hours' stimulation with phytohemagglutinin as a test for reserve, and tests before and after 24 hours' preculture to deplete suppressor cells were also performed in some patients. The antigens used were Candida, Trichophyton-Oidiomyces-Epidermophyton, mumps live attenuated virus and purified protein derivative of tuberculin. The production of migration inhibitory factor was measured by the agarose microdroplet method. The production of migration inhibitory factor in response to all the antigens except mumps virus was slightly greater in the patients than in the control subjects, although the differences were not significant. The dose-response characteristics and the production of migration inhibitory factor after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin were similar in the two groups. The production of migration inhibitory factor in response to suboptimal concentrations of Candida, Trichophyton-Oidiomyces-Epidermophyton and mumps virus was not enhanced in either group after 24 hours' preculture apart from a slight increase in response to mumps virus in the patients. These results fail to support the suggestion that patients with Graves' disease have a deficiency of suppressor cells. PMID:6446374

Investigating Mumps Outbreak in Odisha, India: An Opportunity to Assess the Health System by Utilizing the Essential Public Health Services Framework.

PubMed

Paul, Sourabh; Mahajan, Preetam B; Sahoo, Jyotiranjan; Bhatia, Vikas; Subba, Sonu H

2017-05-01

AbstractMumps, a highly contagious, viral disease continues to spread in India, despite the availability of an effective vaccine. On November 24, 2014, we came across a suspected case of mumps in a 6-year-old boy in a village of Bhusandapur sector in Odisha. We initiated an outbreak investigation using standard techniques outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. This uncovered a silent epidemic of 94 case patients (10% of the population) over a period of 16 weeks between August and December 2014, in a single village, which had gone completely unnoticed by the existing health-care system. Since the index case was one of the last case patients of the outbreak, investigation for immediate control was not a priority. Hence, we have used this exercise to describe the outbreak and identify causes that led to its nondetection. Age range of the case patients was between 2 and 40 years; 85 (90.4%) case patients were ≤ 15 years of age and 54 (57.4%) were females. Average duration of illness was 9 days. No child had received the mumps vaccine. The outbreak had led to a community expenditure of 538 USD. The exercise uncovered a number of weak links in the essential public health services within the health-care delivery system in the area.

Investigating Mumps Outbreak in Odisha, India: An Opportunity to Assess the Health System by Utilizing the Essential Public Health Services Framework

PubMed Central

Paul, Sourabh; Mahajan, Preetam B.; Sahoo, Jyotiranjan; Bhatia, Vikas; Subba, Sonu H.

2017-01-01

Mumps, a highly contagious, viral disease continues to spread in India, despite the availability of an effective vaccine. On November 24, 2014, we came across a suspected case of mumps in a 6-year-old boy in a village of Bhusandapur sector in Odisha. We initiated an outbreak investigation using standard techniques outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. This uncovered a silent epidemic of 94 case patients (10% of the population) over a period of 16 weeks between August and December 2014, in a single village, which had gone completely unnoticed by the existing health-care system. Since the index case was one of the last case patients of the outbreak, investigation for immediate control was not a priority. Hence, we have used this exercise to describe the outbreak and identify causes that led to its nondetection. Age range of the case patients was between 2 and 40 years; 85 (90.4%) case patients were ≤ 15 years of age and 54 (57.4%) were females. Average duration of illness was 9 days. No child had received the mumps vaccine. The outbreak had led to a community expenditure of 538 USD. The exercise uncovered a number of weak links in the essential public health services within the health-care delivery system in the area. PMID:28500809

Humoral responses to independent vaccinations are correlated in healthy boosted adults.

PubMed

Garman, Lori; Vineyard, Amanda J; Crowe, Sherry R; Harley, John B; Spooner, Christina E; Collins, Limone C; Nelson, Michael R; Engler, Renata J M; James, Judith A

2014-09-29

Roughly half of U.S. adults do not receive recommended booster vaccinations, but protective antibody levels are rarely measured in adults. Demographic factors, vaccination history, and responses to other vaccinations could help identify at-risk individuals. We sought to characterize rates of seroconversion and determine associations of humoral responses to multiple vaccinations in healthy adults. Humoral responses toward measles, mumps, tetanus toxoid, pertussis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and anthrax protective antigen were measured by ELISA in post-immunization samples from 1465 healthy U.S. military members. We examined the effects of demographic and clinical factors on immunization responses, as well as assessed correlations between vaccination responses. Subsets of boosted adults did not have seroprotective levels of antibodies toward measles (10.4%), mumps (9.4%), pertussis (4.7%), hepatitis B (8.6%) or protective antigen (14.4%) detected. Half-lives of antibody responses were generally long (>30 years). Measles and mumps antibody levels were correlated (r=0.31, p<0.001), but not associated with select demographic features or vaccination history. Measles and mumps antibody levels also correlated with tetanus antibody response (r=0.11, p<0.001). Vaccination responses are predominantly robust and vaccine specific. However, a small but significant portion of the vaccinated adult population may not have quantitative seroprotective antibody to common vaccine-preventable infections. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Virus strain specific serum neutralizing antibodies in children and adolescents immunized with a Russian mumps vaccine].

PubMed

Otrashevskaia, E V; Krasil'nikov, I V; Ignat'ev, G M

2010-01-01

Postvaccination immunity was studied in the children and teenagers without a history of clinical mumps infection, who had been immunized with the Leningrad-3 mumps vaccine. The level of specific lgG in ELISA and that and spectrum of their neutralizing activity against a vaccine strain and three heterologous mumps virus (MV) strains (genotypes A, C, and H) were measured. The investigation included 151 sera from the vaccinees aged 3 to 17 years, possessing the detectable specific IgG titers in ELISA and the detectable neutralizing titers against the vaccine strain. 97.4% of the vaccinees had neutralizing activity against 1-3 heterologous MV strains. A preponderance of neutralizing titers against heterologous MV strains by 1-log2 in some sera (6.5-32.5 depending on age) was most likely to suggest that the vaccinees' had been in contact with these virus strains in the past. In our investigation, a combination of positive IgG titers and neutralizing titers against the vaccine strain 2-log2 or higher provided the protection of the vaccinated children and teenagers against the symptomatic infection. There was a pronounced buster effect of the second immunization and a drop in the neutralizing activity of the sera from the vaccinated children and adolescents over time after the first and second immunization.

The immunizing effect and reactogenicity of two live attenuated mumps virus vaccines in Swedish schoolchildren.

PubMed

Christenson, B; Heller, L; Böttiger, M

1983-10-01

An evaluation of the seroconversion and booster effects after vaccination with two different mumps vaccines, the Urabe Am 9 strain and the Jeryl Lynn strain, was carried out in schoolchildren. Four hundred and fifty-four schoolchildren aged 11 to 12 years with no previous history of mumps or mumps vaccination were enrolled for the study. The antibody responses were measured by serum neutralization (SN) and haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) tests. Of the 454 subjects, 130 were found to be initially seronegative. Two lots of different strengths of each vaccine were used to evaluate the relationships. The Urabe Am 9 vaccine lots had infectivity titres of 100 000 and 19 000 TCID50 per dose and the Jeryl Lynn vaccine titres of 59 000 and 28 000 TCID50 per dose. Only slight differences in seroconversion rates were seen between the lots. The overall seroconversion rate, measured by SN, was 94% for the Urabe Am 9 vaccine and 91% for the Jeryl Lynn vaccine, whereas the geometric mean titre for virus-neutralizing antibody in seroconverting children was 7.4 with the Urabe Am 9 vaccine and 10.7 with the Jeryl Lynn vaccine. In children who were seropositive prior to vaccination, a marked rise in antibody titre was found 8 weeks after vaccine injection indicating a booster effect. The miscellaneous post-vaccination side-effects were mild and inconsequential.

Can mumps vaccine induce remission in recurrent respiratory papilloma?

PubMed

Pashley, Nigel R T

2002-07-01

To describe our experience using laser excision and locally injected mumps vaccine to induce remission in patients with recurrent respiratory papilloma (RRP). Tertiary care regional medical center. Initially, 11 children with RRP treated in a pilot study with laser excision at regular intervals for at least a year without adjuvant therapy; later, a series of 18 children and 20 adults with RRP, some of whom had used various adjuvant therapy with interval laser excision. Both patient groups continued their same interval laser excision with the same or similar laser, same clinical setting, and same surgeon. Locally injected mumps vaccine was then administered into the excision site after each laser removal of papilloma. Larynx and trachea were microphotographed with each treatment. Two consecutive disease-free intervals and a follow-up of at least 1 year were required criteria for remission. In the pilot study, remission was induced in 9 (82%) of 11 patients by 1 to 10 injections, with follow-up of 5 to 19 years. In the subsequent series, remission was induced in 29 (76%) of 38 patients by 4 to 26 injections, and follow-up was 2 to 5 years. Combined with serial laser excision, mumps vaccine positively influences induction of remission in children with RRP. The mechanisms of this effect are unclear, but the treatment is readily available, inexpensive, and has a low risk of adverse effects.

Modeling of stress-induced curvature in surface-micromachined devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowan, William D.; Bright, Victor M.; Elvin, Alex A.; Koester, David A.

1997-09-01

This paper compares measured to modeled stress-induced curvature of simple piston micromirrors. Two similar flexure-beam micromirror designs were fabricate using the 11th DARPA-supported multi-user MEMS processes (MUMPs) run. The test devices vary only in the MUMPs layers used for fabrication. In one case the mirror plate is the 1.5 micrometers thick Poly2 layer. The other mirror design employs stacked Poly1 and Poly2 layers for a total thickness of 3.5 micrometers . Both mirror structures are covered with the standard MUMPs metallization of approximately 200 angstrom of chromium and 0.5 micrometers of gold. Curvature of these devices was measured to within +/- 5 nm with a computer controlled microscope laser interferometer system. As intended, the increased thickness of the stacked polysilicon layers reduces the mirror curvature by a factor of 4. The two micromirror designs were modeled using IntelliCAD, a commercial CAD system for MEMS. The basis of analysis was the finite element method. Simulated results using MUMPs 11 film parameters showed qualitative agreement with measured data, but obvious quantitative differences. Subsequent remeasurement of the metal stress and use of the new value significantly improved model agreement with the measured data. The paper explores the effect of several film parameters on the modeled structures. Implications for MEMS film metrology, and test structures are considered.

[Antibody persistence following on different vaccination strategies of domestic measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine: a 3-year follow-up study].

PubMed

He, H Q; Li, Q; Yan, R; Zhou, Y; Tang, X W; Deng, X; Xie, S Y; Chen, Z P

2017-04-06

Objective: To assess the 3-year antibody persistence after vaccination of domestic measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine (MMR) with different program. Methods: Children from three different vaccination strategies (Group 8 m MR: 8 months and 18 months vaccinated with measles-rubella combined attenuated live vaccine and domestic MMR,respectively; Group 8 m MMR: 8 months and 18 months both vaccinated with domestic MMR; Group 12 m MMR: 12 months and 22 months both vaccinated with domestic MMR ) were followed up in Zhejiang province in July 2015. There were 170 participants in Group 8 m MR, 171 participants in Group 8 m MMR and 173 participants in Group 12 m MMR selected by simple random sampling method .Blood samples (venous blood 2-3 ml) were collected 1 month after the first dose vaccination of MMR (only in Group 8 m MMR and Group 12 m MMR) and 3 years (36-38 months) after the last dose vaccination of MMR and tested for antibody IgG against Measles, Mumps and Rubella using ELISA. Seropostive rate and Geometric mean concentration (GMC) were calculated and compared among different groups by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results: A total of 514 participants (8 m MR: 170; 8 m MMR:171; 12 m MMR:173) were enrolled. The overall seropositivity rate of measles, mumps and rubella was 98.1% (504), 93.4% (480) and 88.1% (453), respectively, with corresponding GMC was 1 012.33 mU/ml, 502.87 U/ml and 50.53 U/ml respectively. There was no significant difference of seropositivity rate for measles among three groups (all groups were>97%). The highest seropositivity rate for mumps was found in the Group 12 m MMR with the rate of 98.8% (171/173), followed by Group 8 m MMR and Group 8 m MR with 93.0% (159/171) and 88.2%(150/170) respectively (Fisher exact test, P< 0.001). The highest seropositivity rate for rubella was also found in the Group 12 m MMR with the rate of 94.8% (164/173), followed by Group 8 m MMR and Group 8 m MR with 86.6%(148/171) and 82.9%(141/170) respectively (Fisher exact test, P= 0.002). The highest GMC of antibody against measles, mumps and rubella were all found in Group 12 m MMR, with 1 217.30 (1 119.35-1 323.82) mU/ml, 717.07 (643.83-798.65) U/ml and 62.54(56.21-69.58) U/ml respectively. The lowest GMC of antibody against measles and mumps were both in Group 12 m MR with 812.01 (734.52-897.67) mU/ml and 363.28 (305.42-432.11) U/ml respectively. The lowest GMC of antibody against rubella was in Group 8 m MMR with 44.10 (39.08-49.76) U/ml. These differences of GMCs among three groups were all reach significant means ( P< 0.05). Conclusion: High level seropostive rates and GMCs were exist against measles and rubella after 3-year vaccination of domestic MMR among different program. Higher antibody level against mumps were found in those children with two doses vaccination of MMR.

Do HIV-positive adult immigrants need to be screened for measles-mumps-rubella and varicella zoster virus immunization?

PubMed

Llenas-García, Jara; Rubio, Rafael; Hernando, Asunción; Arrazola, Pilar; Pulido, Federico

2013-08-01

A systematic screening for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in HIV-positive adult immigrants in Spain was evaluated, and factors associated with MMR and VZV vaccines' indication were studied. Every HIV-positive immigrant was tested for VZV and MMR-IgG. MMR vaccine was indicated to patients with lymphocytes CD4+ >200 cells/mm³ and a negative measles-IgG, a negative mumps-IgG and/or a negative rubella-IgG. VZV vaccine was indicated to every VZV-IgG negative patient with CD4+ >400 cells/mm³. In total, 289 patients were screened; seroprevalence was 95.2%, 92.2%, 70.3% and 89.3% for VZV, measles, mumps and rubella IgG, respectively. Having a negative VZV-IgG was statistically associated with coming from sub-Saharan Africa (prevalence ratio [PR]: 6.52; 95% CI: 1.71-24.84; p=0.006), while having secondary education was a protective factor (PR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07-0.97; p=0.045). Fourteen patients (4.8%) had indication of VZV vaccine; vaccination was feasible in 21.4% of them at first visit. Eighty-one patients (29.7%) had indication of MMR vaccine, most of them due to mumps-IgG negative (53.1%) or rubella-IgG negative (24.7%). Age < 30 years at first visit was the only factor statistically associated with MMR vaccine indication (PR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.02-2.11; p=0.04). According to CD4+ cell counts, vaccination was feasible in 71.6% of patients at first visit. In conclusion, more than a third of HIV-infected immigrant patients are susceptible to at least one easily preventable infectious disease. Especial attention should be given to immigrant women of childbearing age.

Two-year antibody persistence in children vaccinated at 12-15 months with a measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine without human serum albumin.

PubMed

Berry, Andrea A; Abu-Elyazeed, Remon; Diaz-Perez, Clemente; Mufson, Maurice A; Harrison, Christopher J; Leonardi, Michael; Twiggs, Jerry D; Peltier, Christopher; Grogg, Stanley; Carbayo, Antonio; Shapiro, Steven; Povey, Michael; Baccarini, Carmen; Innis, Bruce L; Henry, Ouzama

2017-07-03

One combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine without Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is currently licensed in the USA (M-M-R II; Merck, USA) and another has been developed (Priorix™ [MMR-RIT, GSK, Belgium]). In this follow-up study, children from USA or Puerto Rico, who had received one dose of M-M-R II or MMR-RIT at 12-15 months of age in the primary study (NCT00861744), were followed-up for 2 y post-vaccination. Anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and anti-mumps antibodies using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded during the entire follow-up. The according-to-protocol (ATP) persistence cohort included 752 children (M-M-R II = 186, MMR-RIT = 566), who received primary vaccination at a mean age of 12.3 ( ± 0.67) months. 104 children were revaccinated with MMR-containing vaccines; therefore, serology results for timepoints after revaccination were excluded from the analysis. Seropositivity for measles (Year 1≥ 98.3%; Year 2≥ 99.4%) and rubella (Year 1≥ 98.9%; Year 2 = 100%) remained as high at Year 2 as at Day 42. Similarly, seropositivity for mumps determined by ELISA (Year 1≥ 90.1%; Year 2≥ 94.1%) and PRN assays (Year 1≥ 87.5%; Year 2≥ 91.7%) persisted. Thirty-three SAEs were recorded in 23 children; 2 SAEs (inguinal adenitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) and one SAE (febrile convulsion) were considered as potentially related to MMR-RIT and M-M-R II, respectively. This study showed that antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella persisted for up to 2 y post-vaccination with either MMR vaccine in children aged 12-15 months, and that both vaccines were well-tolerated during the follow-up period.

Effectiveness and safety of immunization with live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines for pediatric liver transplantation recipients.

PubMed

Kawano, Yoshihiko; Suzuki, Michio; Kawada, Jun-ichi; Kimura, Hiroshi; Kamei, Hideya; Ohnishi, Yasuharu; Ono, Yasuyuki; Uchida, Hiroo; Ogura, Yasuhiro; Ito, Yoshinori

2015-03-17

Liver transplantation recipients are at high risk for severe complications due to infections because of being treated with immunosuppressive drugs that affect the immune system. Vaccination for liver transplantation candidates is generally recommended before surgery, but the opportunities for vaccination prior to transplantation in pediatric candidates are often limited by severe disease conditions. The participants in this study comprised 39 pediatric recipients of living donor liver transplantation performed between 2005 and 2013. Criteria for administering live-attenuated (measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella) and inactivated (hepatitis B, pertussis, and Japanese encephalitis) vaccines were as follows: (1) >1 year after transplantation; (2) no use of systemic steroids to treat acute rejection within the last 6 months; (3) serum trough concentration of tacrolimus <5 ng/mL; (4) no severe immunosuppression according to blood examinations; and (5) provision of written informed consent. Median age at transplantation was 17 months, and median period from transplantation to the beginning of immunization was 18 months. Seroprotection rates for measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, hepatitis B, pertussis, and Japanese encephalitis after post-transplant immunization were 44% (11/25), 70% (19/27), 48% (12/25), 32% (6/19), 83% (19/23), 87% (13/15), and 88% (7/8), respectively. Seroprotection rates for measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella after second vaccination for recipients with primary vaccine failure after first vaccination were 100% (8/8), 50% (1/2), 71% (5/7), and 50% (5/10), respectively. While four recipients contracted mumps and eight contracted varicella before immunization, one recipient developed varicella after immunization. No serious systemic adverse events were observed in vaccinated recipients. Seroprotection rates for measles, mumps, and varicella appeared low in children after the first post-transplantation vaccination. Immunizations with four live-attenuated and three inactivated vaccines were safe and effective for pediatric liver transplantation recipients who were not severely immunosuppressed. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Immunity to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in US Children With Perinatal HIV Infection or Perinatal HIV Exposure Without Infection.

PubMed

Siberry, George K; Patel, Kunjal; Bellini, William J; Karalius, Brad; Purswani, Murli U; Burchett, Sandra K; Meyer, William A; Sowers, Sun Bae; Ellis, Angela; Van Dyke, Russell B

2015-09-15

Children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PHIV) may not be protected against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) because of impaired initial vaccine response or waning immunity. Our objectives were to estimate seroimmunity in PHIV-infected and perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children and identify predictors of immunity in the PHIV cohort. PHIV and HEU children were enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) at ages 7-15 years from 2007 to 2009. At annual visits, demographic, laboratory, immunization, and clinical data were abstracted and serologic specimens collected. Most recent serologic specimen was used to determine measles seroprotection by plaque reduction neutralization assay and rubella seroprotection and mumps seropositivity by enzyme immunoassay. Sustained combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was defined as taking cART for at least 3 months. Among 428 PHIV and 221 HEU PHACS participants, the prevalence was significantly lower in PHIV children for measles seroprotection (57% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 52%-62%] vs 99% [95% CI, 96%-100%]), rubella seroprotection (65% [95% CI, 60%-70%] vs 98% [95% CI, 95%-100%]), and mumps seropositivity (59% [95% CI, 55%-64%] vs 97% [95% CI, 94%-99%]). On multivariable analysis, greater number of vaccine doses while receiving sustained cART and higher nadir CD4 percentage between last vaccine dose and serologic testing independently improved the cumulative prediction of measles seroprotection in PHIV. Predictors of rubella seroprotection and mumps seropositivity were similar. High proportions of PHIV-infected children, but not HEU children, lack serologic evidence of immunity to MMR, despite documented immunization and current cART. Effective cART before immunization is a strong predictor of current seroimmunity. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2015. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Quality of Care Provided by Physician’s Extenders in Air Force Primary Medicine Clinics.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

WITHOUT 214 ARRHYTHMIAS OR HEART BLOCK GASTROENTERITIS :634 HEART MURMUR [ 11 13. 15 MEASLES. MUMPS, CHICKEN POX 213. 215. 217 OTHER HEART DISEASES 01...mumps, chicken pox 8 11 7 16 Hepatitis or exposure to hepatitis 11 8 4 17 Infectious mononucleosis 1 15 2 *4 Gonorrhea (or exposure to gonorrhea) 17 28...Operation of the New Mexico Experimental Medical Care Review Organization," Medical Care 14 (Supplement 9), December 1976. Daniels, M., and S. A

Ongoing mumps outbreak in Israel, January to August 2017.

PubMed

Indenbaum, Viki; Hübschen, Judith M; Stein-Zamir, Chen; Mendelson, Ella; Sofer, Danit; Hindiyeh, Musa; Anis, Emilia; Abramson, Nitza; Haas, Eric J; Yosef, Yochi; Dukhan, Larisa; Singer, Shepherd Roee

2017-08-31

In Israel, 262 mumps cases were registered between 1 January and 28 August 2017 despite a vaccine coverage of ≥ 96%. The majority (56.5%) of cases were adolescents and young adults between 10 and 24 years of age. Nearly twice as many cases were reported in males than in females. Sequence information identified genotype G and suggested specific transmission chains in different religious communities, with the Muslim population in Jerusalem being most severely affected. This article is copyright of The Authors, 2017.

Medical Resource Planning: The Need to Use a Standardized Diagnostic System

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

Migraine, all cases 300 Meningo-encephalitis, complicated 301 Meningo-encephalitis, uncomplicated 302 Mumps, all cases 303 Infectious mononucleosis , all...MUMPS 072XX INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS 075XX TRACHOMA 076XXC 077,%X 13910 ICD9 diagnostic codes ending in XX represent entire range of five digit codes...0.00026 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS 456 0.4 0.00357 TRACHOMA 7 0.0 0.00005 STD-SYPHILIS 48 0.0 0.00038 STD-GONOCOCCAL INFECTIONS 363 0.3 0.00284 STD

Influences on immunization rates: Vaccination coverage of mumps, measles, rubella and varicella before and after the STIKO intervention 2011 - A retrospective study.

PubMed

Sanftenberg, Linda; Schrörs, Hans-Jürgen; Schelling, Jörg

2016-07-25

In September 2011, the German Standing Committee on Vaccinations (STIKO) changed their recommendation regarding the mumps-measles-rubella-varicella vaccination (MMRV). We compared the immunization rates against MMRV in Germany before and after the STIKO intervention. We recorded the immunization status of children born between 09/2008 and 08/2012 in 35 selected doctor's surgeries in Germany. After the STIKO intervention, the ratio of the combined MMRV vaccine as the first dose immunization was reduced to approximately 25% of the initial value. A slight increase in the number of children not sufficiently vaccinated against varicella (1.2%) was observed, but the immunization rates against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella did not significantly decrease. The STIKO intervention led to a significant change in physicians' vaccination procedures. The separate administration MMR+V vaccination may be a helpful option to improve the immunization rates in general. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella among Thai population: evaluation of measles/MMR immunization programme.

PubMed

Tharmaphornpilas, Piyanit; Yoocharean, Pornsak; Rasdjarmrearnsook, Aim-Orn; Theamboonlers, Apiradee; Poovorawan, Yong

2009-02-01

Stored serum specimens, from four regions of Thailand, of healthy children attending well baby clinics and of healthy people with acute illnesses visiting outpatient clinics were randomly sampled and tested for IgG antibody to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). The immunity patterns of rubella and mumps fitted well with the history of rubella and MMR vaccination, seroprotective rates being over 85% among those aged over seven years. A high proportion of younger children acquired the infection before the age of vaccination. MMR vaccination should preferably be given to children at an earlier age. For measles, 73% seroprotective rates among children, aged 8-14 years, who should have received two doses of measles/MMR vaccine, were lower than expected. This finding was consistent with the age-group reported in outbreaks of measles in Thailand. The apparent ineffectiveness (in relation to measles) of MMR immunization of 1st grade students warrants further studies.

Mandatory vaccinations in European countries, undocumented information, false news and the impact on vaccination uptake: the position of the Italian pediatric society.

PubMed

Bozzola, Elena; Spina, Giulia; Russo, Rocco; Bozzola, Mauro; Corsello, Giovanni; Villani, Alberto

2018-06-14

High rates of vaccination coverage are important in preventing infectious diseases. Enforcing mandatory vaccinations is one of the strategies that some Countries adopted to protect the community when vaccination coverage is not satisfactory. In Italy, in 2017 vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella became compulsory in childhood. In order to contrast vaccination policies, anti-vaccination campaigns contribute to the spread of fake news. Among them, there is the false information that Italy is the only one country with mandatory vaccination policy. Aim of our study is confronting vaccination policies in children under 18 months against among different European countries for the following vaccines: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella. Information on policies of mandatory or recommended vaccinations of the European Countries were gathered by ECDC and compared to the Italian one. European Countries recommend or contemplate compulsory vaccines. Among them, eleven Countries (35.4%) have mandatory vaccinations for at least one out of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine. Not only in Italy, vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella is mandatory in children under 18 months. Other European countries adopted compulsory policies in order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and to protect the community.

Changes in mumps virus neurovirulence phenotype associated with quasispecies heterogeneity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sauder, Christian J.; Vandenburgh, Kari M.; Iskow, Rebecca C.

2006-06-20

Mumps virus is a highly neurotropic virus with evidence of central nervous system invasion (CNS) in approximately half of all cases of infection. In countries where live attenuated mumps virus vaccines were introduced, the number of mumps cases declined dramatically; however, recently, the safety of some vaccine strains has been questioned. For example, one of the most widely used vaccines, the Urabe AM9 strain, was causally associated with meningitis, leading to the withdrawal of this product from the market in several countries. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the attenuation process and the identification of markers ofmore » attenuation. To this end, we further attenuated the Urabe AM9 strain by serial passage in cell culture and compared the complete nucleotide sequences of the parental and passaged viruses. Interestingly, despite a dramatic decrease in virus virulence (as assayed in rats), the only genomic changes were in the form of changes in the level of genetic heterogeneity at specific genome sites, i.e., either selection of one nucleotide variant at positions where the starting material exhibited nucleotide heterogeneity or the evolution of an additional nucleotide to create a heterogenic site. This finding suggests that changes in the level of genetic heterogeneity at specific genome sites can have profound neurovirulence phenotypic consequences and, therefore, caution should be exercised when evaluating genetic markers of virulence or attenuation based only on a consensus sequence.« less

When, and how, should we introduce a combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine into the national childhood expanded immunization programme in South Africa?

PubMed

Cameron, Neil A

2012-09-07

This article briefly reviews the history and epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella disease and the case for introducing combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine into the national childhood immunization schedule in South Africa. Despite adopting the World Health Organization's Measles Elimination strategy in 1996 and achieving a significant decrease the incidence of measles, added effort is needed in South and southern Africa to reach the goal to eliminate endogenous spread measles. Mumps is still common disease of childhood and while there are few sequelae, even the rare complications are important in large populations. Congenital rubella syndrome is seldom reported, but it is estimated that of the million or so children born every year in South Africa over 600 infants are affected to some degree by rubella infection. The naturally acquired immunity to rubella in women of childbearing age in South Africa has been estimated at over 90%, so that introducing a rubella containing vaccine in childhood may paradoxically increase the proportion of girls reaching puberty still susceptible to rubella. The elimination of endogenous measles and rubella is being achieved in many countries in South America, and despite the recent measles epidemic, must still be seriously considered for South and southern Africa. Current constraints and potential steps needed to reach the goal in South Africa are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

PubMed

Watson, J C; Hadler, S C; Dykewicz, C A; Reef, S; Phillips, L

1998-05-22

These revised recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on measles, mumps, and rubella prevention supersede recommendations published in 1989 and 1990. This statement summarizes the goals and current strategies for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) elimination and for mumps reduction in the United States. Changes from previous recommendations include: Emphasis on the use of combined MMR vaccine for most indications; A change in the recommended age for routine vaccination to 12-15 months for the first dose of MMR, and to 4-6 years for the second dose of MMR; A recommendation that all states take immediate steps to implement a two dose MMR requirement for school entry and any additional measures needed to ensure that all school-aged children are vaccinated with two doses of MMR by 2001; A clarification of the role of serologic screening to determine immunity; A change in the criteria for determining acceptable evidence of rubella immunity; A recommendation that all persons who work in health-care facilities have acceptable evidence of measles and rubella immunity; Changes in the recommended interval between administration of immune globulin and measles vaccination; and Updated information on adverse events and contraindications, particularly for persons with severe HIV infection, persons with a history of egg allergy or gelatin allergy, persons with a history of thrombocytopenia, and persons receiving steroid therapy.

[An outbreak of mumps in a high school: Estimation of vaccine effectiveness. Zaragoza 2011].

PubMed

Compés-Dea, Cecilia; Guimbao-Bescós, Joaquín; Gaspar-Escayola, José Ignacio; Lázaro-Belanche, María Ángeles; Aznar-Brieba, Amaya

2015-01-01

Mumps outbreaks continue to occur, even after the consolidation of vaccination programs. An outbreak of mumps occurred in a high school in Zaragoza during December 2011. To describe the outbreak and estimate vaccine effectiveness. unilateral or bilateral swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands for three or more days without any other apparent cause. People attending the 'Parque Goya' High School or with transmission chain origin in the High School. From two days before the onset of symptoms of the first case to five days after the last case. Samples were collected for virus confirmation (IgM, urine culture and oropharyngeal exudate), and isolates were processed for genotyping. A retrospective cohort study was performed in two high school classrooms to estimate vaccine efficacy. Public health authorities conducted active surveillance, isolation of cases, and vaccination of susceptible contacts. There were 27 cases. Twenty-one (77.8%) were vaccinated with two doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine. Twelve (44%) were confirmed microbiologically. G1 genotype was determined in six cases. According to the cohort study, vaccine efficacy for one dose was 34% (95%CI: -44 to 70), and was 67% (95%CI: 28 to 83) for two doses. Vaccine effectiveness was lower than expected. Early detection and isolation of cases have been instrumental in preventing new cases in schools. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.

Association of infectious mononucleosis with multiple sclerosis. A population-based study.

PubMed

Ramagopalan, Sreeram V; Valdar, William; Dyment, David A; DeLuca, Gabriele C; Yee, Irene M; Giovannoni, Gavin; Ebers, George C; Sadovnick, A Dessa

2009-01-01

Genetic and environmental factors have important roles in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. Several studies have attempted to correlate exposure to viral illness with the subsequent development of MS. Here in a population-based Canadian cohort, we investigate the relationship between prior clinical infection or vaccination and the risk of MS. Using the longitudinal Canadian database, 14,362 MS index cases and 7,671 spouse controls were asked about history of measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and infectious mononucleosis as well as details about vaccination with measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and influenza vaccines. Comparisons were made between cases and spouse controls. Spouse controls and stratification by sex appear to correct for ascertainment bias because with a single exception we found no significant differences between cases and controls for all viral exposures and vaccinations. However, 699 cases and 165 controls reported a history of infectious mononucleosis (p < 0.001, corrected odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.71-2.48). Females were more aware of disease history than males (p < 0.001). The data further confirms a reporting distortion between males and females. Historically reported measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and vaccination for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps and rubella are not associated with increased risk of MS later in life. A clinical history of infectious mononucleosis is conspicuously associated with increased MS susceptibility. These findings support studies implicating Epstein-Barr virus in MS disease susceptibility, but a co-association between MS susceptibility and clinically apparent infectious mononucleosis cannot be excluded.

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella - Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Vol. 47/No. RR-8.

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-05-22

America William P. Glezen, M.D. Houston, Texas Mexico’s Health Secretariat Roberto Tapia Conyer, M.D. MEXICO National Medical Association Walter...were similar in two groups, one of which was administered MMR and varicella vaccines simultaneously at separate sites and the other of which received... Varicella prophylaxis (VZIG) Measles prophylaxis (IG) - Standard (i.e., nonimmuno- compromised) contact - Immunocompromised contact Blood

Concepts, characterization, and modeling of MEMS microswitches with gold contacts in MUMPs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lafontan, Xavier; Dufaza, Christian; Robert, Michel; Pressecq, Francis; Perez, Guy

2001-04-01

This paper demonstrates that RF MEMS micro-switches can be realized with a low cost MEMS technology such as MUMPs. Two different switches are proposed, namely the hinged beam switch and the gold overflowing switch. Their concepts, design and characterization are described in details. On-resistance as low as 5 - 6 (Omega) for the gold overflowing switch and 2 - 3 (Omega) for the hinged beam switch have been measured. Finally, experimental measurements showed that force and electrical current had strong influences on the overall electrical contact.

Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Alumina Films Created Using the Atomic Layer Deposition Technique

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Transducers (iMINT), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Article history : Received 8 March 2010 Received in revised...technology [68], the microcantilever method is not well suited for the MUMPs technology [70], because the nominal radius of curvature of polySi/SiO2...polySi compos- ite structures is roughly 43 (m−1). That is, the tip of similar MUMPs beams will contact the substrate for lengths >200m. The curvature of

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 13, Number 2, February/March 2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

13/No. 2 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Influenza Varicella Hep B Pertussis Hep A Mumps Meningococcal disease Vaccine-preventable disease R ep or te... pertussis (ICD- 9: 033), mumps (ICD-9: 072), influenza (ICD-9: 487), hepatitis B (ICD-9: 070.2, 070.3), and hepatitis A (ICD- 9: 070.0, 070.1) were defined by...Influenza Varicella Hep B w/o coma Pertussis Hep A w/o coma MSMR 17Vol. 13/No. 2 conditions should account for potential changes in case ascertainment and

Autism and vaccination-the current evidence.

PubMed

Miller, Lisa; Reynolds, Joni

2009-07-01

The purpose of this article is to review relevant background literature regarding the evidence linking thimerosal-containing vaccine and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine to autism. Rigorous scientific studies have not identified links between autism and either thimerosal-containing vaccine or the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Nurses are often in the position of providing advice regarding vaccines in their formal practice areas as well as in their daily lives. Families need current and credible evidence to make decisions for their children. Excellent vaccine information resources are available online.

Difficulties in Eliminating Measles and Controlling Rubella and Mumps: A Cross-Sectional Study of a First Measles and Rubella Vaccination and a Second Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhifang; Yan, Rui; He, Hanqing; Li, Qian; Chen, Guohua; Yang, Shengxu; Chen, Enfu

2014-01-01

Background The reported coverage of the measles–rubella (MR) or measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine is greater than 99.0% in Zhejiang province. However, the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella remains high. In this study, we assessed MMR seropositivity and disease distribution by age on the basis of the current vaccination program, wherein the first dose of MR is administered at 8 months and the second dose of MMR is administered at 18–24 months. Methods Cross-sectional serological surveys of MMR antibodies were conducted by collecting epidemiological data in Zhejiang province, China in 2011. In total, 1015 participants were randomly selected from two surveillance sites. Serum MMR-specific immunoglobulin G levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The geometric mean titers and seroprevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by age and gender. Proportions of different dose of vaccine by age by vaccine were also identified. Statistically significant differences between categories were assessed by the Chi-square test. Results Over 95% seroprevalence rates of measles were seen in all age groups except <7 months infants. Children aged 5–9 years were shown lower seropositivity rates of mumps while elder adolescences and young adults were presented lower rubella seroprevalence. Especially, rubella seropositivity was significantly lower in female adults than in male. Nine measles cases were unvaccinated or unknown vaccination history. Among them, 66.67% (6/9) patients were aged 20–29 years while 33.33% (3/9) were infants aged 8–12 months. In addition, 57.75% (648/1122) patients with mumps were children aged 5–9 years, and 50.54% (94/186) rubella cases were aged 15–39 years. Conclusions A timely two-dose MMR vaccination schedule is recommended, with the first dose at 8 months and the second dose at 18–24 months. An MR vaccination speed-up campaign may be necessary for elder adolescents and young adults, particularly young females. PMID:24586717

The elimination of indigenous measles, mumps, and rubella from Finland by a 12-year, two-dose vaccination program.

PubMed

Peltola, H; Heinonen, O P; Valle, M; Paunio, M; Virtanen, M; Karanko, V; Cantell, K

1994-11-24

In the 1970s measles, mumps, and rubella were rampant in Finland, and rates of immunization were inadequate. In 1982 a comprehensive national vaccination program began in which two doses of a combined live-virus vaccine were used. Public health nurses at 1036 child health centers administered the vaccine to children at 14 to 18 months of age and again at 6 years, and also to selected groups of older children and young adults. Vaccination was voluntary and free of charge. In follow-up studies, we focused on rates of vaccination, reasons for noncompliance, adverse reactions, immunogenicity, persistence of antibody, and incidence of the three diseases. Since 1987, paired serum samples have been collected from all patients with suspected cases of measles, mumps, or rubella. Over a period of 12 years, 1.5 million of the 5 million people in Finland were vaccinated. Coverage now exceeds 95 percent. The vaccine was efficient and safe, even in those with a history of severe allergy. No deaths or persistent sequelae were attributable to vaccination. The most frequent complication requiring hospitalization was acute thrombocytopenic purpura, which occurred at a rate of 3.3 per 100,000 vaccinated persons. The 99 percent decrease in the incidence of the three diseases was accompanied by an increasing rate of false positive clinical diagnoses. In 655 vaccinated patients with clinically diagnosed disease, serologic studies confirmed the presence of measles in only 0.8 percent, mumps in 2.0 percent, and rubella in 1.2 percent. The few localized outbreaks were confined to patients in the partially vaccinated age groups. There are now fewer than 30 sporadic cases of each of the three diseases per year, and those are probably imported. Over a 12-year period, an immunization program using two doses of combined live-virus vaccine has eliminated indigenous measles, mumps, and rubella from Finland. Serologic studies show that most reported sporadic cases are now due to other causes, but a continued high rate of vaccination coverage is essential to prevent outbreaks resulting from exposure to imported disease.

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers using commercial multi-user MUMPs process: capability and limitations

PubMed Central

Liu, Jessica; Oakley, Clyde; Shandas, Robin

2009-01-01

The objective of this work is to construct capacitive micromachined ultrasouind transducers (cMUTs) using multi-user MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) process (MUMPs) and to analyze the capability of this process relative to the customized processes commonly in use. The MUMPs process has the advantages of low cost and accessibility to general users since it is not necessary to have access to customized fabrication capability such as wafer-bonding and sacrificial release processes. While other researchers have reported fabricating cMUTs using the MUMPs process none has reported the limitations in the process that arise due to the use of standard design rules that place limitations on the material thicknesses, gap thicknesses, and materials that may be used. In this paper we explain these limitations, and analyze the capabilities using 1D modeling, Finite Element Analysis, and experimental devices. We show that one of the limitations is that collapse voltage and center frequency can not be controlled independently. However, center frequencies up to 9 MHz can be achieved with collapse voltages of less than 200 volts making such devices suitable for medical and non-destructive evaluation imaging applications. Since the membrane and base electrodes are made of polysilicon, there is a larger series resistance than that resulting from processes that use metal electrodes. We show that the series resistance is not a significant problem. The conductive polysilicon can also destroy the cMUT if the top membrane is pulled in the bottom. As a solution we propose the application of an additional dielectric layer. Finally we demonstrate a device built with a novel beam construction that produces transmitted pressure pulse into air with 6% bandwidth and agrees reasonably well with the 1D model. We conclude that cMUTS made with MUMPS process have some limitations that are not present in customized processes. However these limitations may be overcome with the proper design considerations that we have presented putting a low cost, highly accessible means of making cMUT devices into the hands of academic and industrial researchers. PMID:19640557

Factors influencing preclinical in vivo evaluation of mumps vaccine strain immunogenicity

PubMed Central

Halassy, B; Kurtović, T; Brgles, M; Lang Balija, M; Forčić, D

2015-01-01

Immunogenicity testing in animals is a necessary preclinical assay for demonstration of vaccine efficacy the results of which are often the basis for the decision whether to proceed or withdraw the further development of the novel vaccine candidate. However, in vivo assays are rarely, if at all, optimized and validated. Here we clearly demonstrate the importance of in vivo assay (mumps virus immunogenicity testing in guinea pigs) optimization for gaining reliable results and the suitability of Fractional factorial design of experiments (DoE) for such a purpose. By the use of DoE with resolution IV (2IV(4-1)) we clearly revealed that the parameters significantly increasing assay sensitivity were interval between animal immunizations followed by the body weight of experimental animals. The quantity (0 versus 2%) of the stabilizer (fetal bovine serum, FBS) in the sample was shown as non-influencing parameter in DoE setup. However, the separate experiment investigating only the FBS influence, and performed under other parameters optimally set, showed that FBS also influences the results of immunogenicity assay. Such finding indicated that (a) factors with strong influence on the measured outcome can hide the effects of parameters with modest/low influence and (b) the matrix of mumps virus samples to be compared for immunogenicity must be identical for reliable virus immunogenicity comparison. Finally the 3 mumps vaccine strains widely used for decades in the licensed vaccines were for the first time compared in an animal model, and results obtained were in line with their reported immunogenicity in human population supporting the predictive power of the optimized in vivo assay. PMID:26376015

Factors influencing preclinical in vivo evaluation of mumps vaccine strain immunogenicity.

PubMed

Halassy, B; Kurtović, T; Brgles, M; Lang Balija, M; Forčić, D

2015-01-01

Immunogenicity testing in animals is a necessary preclinical assay for demonstration of vaccine efficacy the results of which are often the basis for the decision whether to proceed or withdraw the further development of the novel vaccine candidate. However, in vivo assays are rarely, if at all, optimized and validated. Here we clearly demonstrate the importance of in vivo assay (mumps virus immunogenicity testing in guinea pigs) optimization for gaining reliable results and the suitability of Fractional factorial design of experiments (DoE) for such a purpose. By the use of DoE with resolution IV (2IV((4-1))) we clearly revealed that the parameters significantly increasing assay sensitivity were interval between animal immunizations followed by the body weight of experimental animals. The quantity (0 versus 2%) of the stabilizer (fetal bovine serum, FBS) in the sample was shown as non-influencing parameter in DoE setup. However, the separate experiment investigating only the FBS influence, and performed under other parameters optimally set, showed that FBS also influences the results of immunogenicity assay. Such finding indicated that (a) factors with strong influence on the measured outcome can hide the effects of parameters with modest/low influence and (b) the matrix of mumps virus samples to be compared for immunogenicity must be identical for reliable virus immunogenicity comparison. Finally the 3 mumps vaccine strains widely used for decades in the licensed vaccines were for the first time compared in an animal model, and results obtained were in line with their reported immunogenicity in human population supporting the predictive power of the optimized in vivo assay.

The Use of Gamma Radiation for the Preparation of Virus Vaccines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Polley, John R.

1962-08-01

Suspensions of the viruses (mumps, influenza A (PR8), A/sub 1/ (FM/sub 1/ ), B, and swine influenza A) were irradiated in a Co/sup 60/ cell with a dose of 1.5 x 10/sup 6/ rad, which is about 50% higher thin the dose calculated to be required for inactivation. A protective agent such as histidine or Na p- aminohippurite was added to purified suspensions of influenzi and mumps viruses. It was then possible to inactivate them while retaining most of the hemagglutination titer. It was demonstrated in mice that a vaccine prepared from a mouse-adapted virus (Shope's swine influenza) conferred protectionmore » against challenge by the live virus and produced an antibody response as measured by the hemagglutinationinhibition technique. Vaccines prepared with the viruses of influenza A(PR8), influenza B, and mumps were shown to produce antibody responses in guinea pigs as measured by the hemigglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization techniques. The use of gamma irradiation has an advantage over most chemical procedures because its dosage of inactivation can be more accurately controlled. (H.H.D.)« less

[Specific humoral immunity after single immunization with mumps vaccine: data of a 3-year follow-up].

PubMed

Otrashevskaia, A V; Bukin, E K; Krasil'nikov, I V; Ignat'ev, G M

2011-01-01

The level and spectrum of humoral specific immunity were studied in 60 volunteers immunized with Russian mumps vaccine. Specific IgG levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and neutralization test using the Leningrad-3 (L-3) mumps virus (MV) vaccine strain and 5 heterologous MV strains of various genotypes (A, B, C, D, and H). The maximum functional activity of antibodies was recorded at an average of 18 months postvaccination. Within 3 years after vaccination, starting at 6 months, specific IgG neutralized all 6 MV strains having varying activity in relation to the genotype. Neutralizing titers (NT) against the L-3 strain were 1.3-1.7-fold higher than those against heterologous MV strains throughout the follow-up. Despite a tendency towards lower specific IgG levels, within 3 years postvaccination, EIA IgG titers remained to be 2.5 -log, L-3 strain HT were -log, or more, and the titers against 5 heterologous MV strains were 2 -log2 or more in all the volunteers.

[Mumps outbreak in the Plzeň Region in 2011].

PubMed

Pazdiora, P; Skálová, J; Kubátová, A; Ježová, I; Morávková, I; Podlesná, I; Průchová, J; Spáčilová, M; Švecová, M

2015-10-01

The mumps outbreak in the Plzeň Region in 2011 was analysed retrospectively using the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. Vaccine efficacy analysis was also conducted in various population groups. The routine procedure and standard form were used by the epidemiologists to collect data on the age, sex, place of residence, presence in collectivities, date of disease onset, type of complications and date of their onset, hospital admission, vaccination, and results of laboratory analyses. Based on the records of general practitioners for children and adolescents, data on the vaccination of children born in the previous three years have been provided to the epidemic control departments every year by 30 June since 1989. To estimate the vaccination coverage rate, the numbers of single-dose or two-dose recipients are related to the number of children registered in a given year. The first year of vaccine recipients were children born in 1986 who were aged 25 in 2011. The data collected on the population of the Plzeň Region were used for the primary analyses. To estimate the efficacy of the mumps vaccine, age and vaccine coverage cohort analysis was performed using the screening method. To analyse categories, the chi-square test with Yates correction was applied at a significance level of p = 0.05 % (EPIINFO version 6.04d). In 2011, 721 mumps cases were reported in the Plzeň Region (incidence: 126.1 cases per 100 000 population). The average patient age was 19.4 years, with a median of 18 years (age range 1-77 years). Four hundred and seventeen (57.8%) patients were males. Biological specimens from 375 (52.0%) patients were investigated serologically in the virology laboratory and mumps were laboratory confirmed in 316 (43.8%) of them - in 222 patients, one blood specimen was analysed. The most afflicted area was the Klatovy district with the incidence of 449.3/100 000 population. The most affected age group were 15-19 year-olds with the incidence of 1008.2/100 000 population. Forty-two (5.8%) patients were diagnosed with complications and 68 (9.4%) patients were admitted to the hospital. No statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of complications between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. The assessment of hospitalisation risk showed a statistically significant difference between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated persons in both the whole study cohort and subcohort of patients who received the mumps vaccine within the childhood immunization schedule (p = 0.000 and p = 0.004, respectively). The average age of the vaccinated patients was 16.1 years (median of 17) and that of the non-vaccinated patients was, 29.3 years (median of 27). At the six to ten-month interval, as laid down by the legislation, the second dose of the vaccine was only given to 83.6 % of the patients. The screening method showed a high efficacy of the vaccine in the age group 20-25 years (97.6% in two-dose recipients), declining to 29.6% in the most affected age group of 15-19 years. Mumps outbreak may has been a result of the accumulation of high numbers of susceptible individuals in the population. The most affected area was the Klatovy district where the last epidemic outbreak occurred 23 years ago. To make the favourable epidemiological situation with occasional local outbreaks continue, the high two-dose vaccine coverage rate needs to be maintained.

Combination Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Children

PubMed Central

Ma, Shu-Juan; Li, Xing; Xiong, Yi-Quan; Yao, A.-.ling; Chen, Qing

2015-01-01

Abstract A combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine is expected to facilitate universal immunization against these 4 diseases. This study was undertaken to synthesize current research findings of the immunogenicity and safety of MMRV in healthy children. We searched PubMed, Embase, BIOSIS Previews, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and other databases through September 9, 2014. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected and collected independently by 2 reviewers. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 and RevMan 5.3. Twenty-four RCTs were included in qualitative synthesis. Nineteen RCTs compared single MMRV dose with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine with or without varicella vaccine (MMR + V/MMR). Similar seroconversion rates of these 4 viruses were found between comparison groups. There were comparable geometric mean titers (GMTs) against mumps and varicella viruses between MMRV group and MMR + V/MMR group. MMRV group achieved enhanced immune response to measles component, with GMT ratio of 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48, 1.86; P < 0.001) for MMRV versus MMR and 1.62 (95% CI 1.51, 1.70; P < 0.001) for MMRV versus MMR + V. Meanwhile, immune response to rubella component in MMRV group was slightly reduced, GMT ratios were 0.81 (95% CI 0.78, 0.85; P < 0.001) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.76, 0.83; P < 0.001), respectively. Well tolerated safety profiles were demonstrated except higher incidence of fever (relative risks 1.12–1.60) and measles/rubella-like rash (relative risks 1.44–1.45) in MMRV groups. MMRV had comparable immunogenicity and overall safety profiles to MMR + V/MMR in healthy children based on current evidence. PMID:26554769

Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered by disposable-syringe jet injector in healthy Brazilian infants: a randomized non-inferiority study.

PubMed

de Menezes Martins, Reinaldo; Curran, Birute; Maia, Maria de Lourdes Sousa; Ribeiro, Maria das Graças Tavares; Camacho, Luiz Antonio Bastos; da Silva Freire, Marcos; Yamamura, Anna Maya Yoshida; Siqueira, Marilda Mendonça; Lemos, Maria Cristina F; de Albuquerque, Elizabeth Maciel; von Doellinger, Vanessa dos Reis; Homma, Akira; Saganic, Laura; Jarrahian, Courtney; Royals, Michael; Zehrung, Darin

2015-03-01

This study aimed to determine if immunogenicity to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered to infants via a disposable-syringe jet injector (DSJI) was non-inferior to that administered by needle and syringe (NS). Vaccination safety was evaluated, as were the use, performance, and acceptability of each delivery method. The DSJI was the PharmaJet 2009 generation-1 device (G1) and the vaccine was measles-mumps-rubella vaccine from Bio-Manguinhos. Five hundred eighty-two healthy Brazilian infants were randomized to receive vaccine via G1 or NS. Seroconversion rates against measles and mumps viruses in the G1 treatment group did not meet non-inferiority criteria when compared with the NS group; however, responses in the G1 group to rubella virus were non-inferior to those of NS vaccinees. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. Crying after injection was more frequent in the NS group, and local skin reactions were more common in the G1 group. Five serious adverse events were judged causally unrelated to treatment and all resolved. Parents/guardians expressed a strong preference for G1 over NS for their children. Vaccinators found the G1 easy to use but noted incomplete vaccine delivery in some cases. Although the G1 has been superseded by an updated device, our results are important for the continued improvement and evaluation of DSJIs, which have the potential to overcome many of the challenges and risks associated with needle-based injections worldwide. Recommendations for future DSJI clinical studies include rigorous training of vaccinators, quantitative measurement of wetness on the skin following injection, and regular monitoring of device and vaccinator performance. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Long-term safety and serologic response to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in HIV-1 infected adults.

PubMed

Stermole, Benjamin M; Grandits, Greg A; Roediger, Mollie P; Clark, Brychan M; Ganesan, Anuradha; Weintrob, Amy C; Crum-Cianflone, Nancy F; Ferguson, Tomas M; Macalino, Grace E; Landrum, Michael L

2011-04-05

We analyzed HIV viral load (VL) and CD4 count changes, and antibody responses following MMR vaccination of individuals in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study cohort. Cases receiving at least one dose of MMR vaccine after HIV diagnosis were matched 1:2 to HIV-positive controls not receiving the vaccine. Baseline was defined as time of vaccination for cases and indexed and matched to the time post-HIV diagnosis for controls. Changes in CD4 count and VL at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were compared between cases and controls using a general linear model. Available sera from cases were tested for MMR seropositivity at baseline and post-vaccination at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Overall mean CD4 count change from baseline through 24 months was 20 (±23) cells/μL greater for cases than controls (p=0.39). Similar non-significant changes in CD4 cell count were seen in the subset of those not on HAART at baseline. VL changes were small and similar between groups (mean differential change -0.04 (±0.18) log(10) copies/mL; p=0.84). Of 21 vaccinated participants with baseline serologic testing, 14 (67%) were reactive to measles, 19 (91%) to mumps, and 20 (95%) to rubella. Three (43%) of 7 participants nonreactive to measles developed measles IgG; for mumps, 1 (50%) of 2 developed mumps IgG; for rubella, 1 (100%) developed rubella IgG. MMR vaccination did not result in detrimental immunologic or virologic changes through 24 months post-vaccination. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seroprevalence of measles, mumps and rubella among young adults, after 20 years of universal 2-dose MMR vaccination in Israel

PubMed Central

Levine, Hagai; Zarka, Salman; Ankol, Omer E; Rozhavski, Vladi; Davidovitch, Nadav; Aboudy, Yair; Balicer, Ran D

2015-01-01

Evidence-based vaccination policy is important for the global and local efforts of achieving control over measles. In 2007, the first Israeli birth cohort to be twice vaccinated during childhood with Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine reached adulthood. In parallel, Israel experienced its largest measles outbreak since 1994. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of measles IgG antibodies and concordance with rubella and mumps seroprevalence among young Israeli adults born 1988–9 in comparison to previous birth cohorts, in order to inform evidence based prevention policy. We conducted a seroprevalence study of IgG antibodies among 439 Israeli adults born in 1988–9, based on a representative sample of sera collected at age 18–19 upon recruitment to mandatory military service in 2007. In total, 85.7% were seropositive for measles as compared with 95.6% in the 1996 recruitment (P < 0.001). The absolute decline was significant both for males (8.8%, P = 0.001) and females (12.1%, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in seropositivity by gender, years of education, country of birth or smoking status. Rubella seropositivity among measles seropositives was 90.4%, significantly (P < 0.001) higher than 72.1% among measles seronegatives. Mumps seropositivity among measles seropositives was 87.0%, significantly (P < 0.001) higher than 62.3% among measles seronegatives. Results were similar for Israeli-born only. Our findings indicate that measles seroprevalence decreased after the last change in vaccination policy and reach sub-optimal level. Until global eradication is reached, a proactive vaccination program to supplement routine childhood vaccination program should be considered in Israel and in other countries. PMID:25891446

In vitro and in vivo growth alter the population dynamic and properties of a Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine

PubMed Central

Connaughton, Sarah M.; Wheeler, Jun X.; Vitková, Eva; Minor, Philip; Schepelmann, Silke

2015-01-01

Mumps vaccines are live attenuated viruses. They are known to vary in effectiveness, degree of attenuation and adverse event profile. However, the underlying reasons are poorly understood. We studied two closely related mumps vaccines which originate from the same attenuated Jeryl Lynn-5 strain but have different efficacies. Jeryl Lynn-Canine Kidney (JL-CK), produced on primary canine kidney cells, is less effective than RIT4385, which is produced on chicken embryo fibroblasts. JL-CK and RIT4385 could be distinguished by a number of in vitro and in vivo properties. JL-CK produced heterogeneous, generally smaller plaques than RIT4385, but gave 100-fold higher titres when grown in cells and showed a higher degree of hydrocephalus formation in neonatal rat brains. Sanger sequencing of JL-CK identified 14 regions of heterogeneity throughout the genome. Plaque purification of JL-CK demonstrated the presence of five different Jeryl Lynn-5 variants encompassing the 14 mutations. One JL-CK mutation was associated with a small plaque phenotype, the effects of the others in vitro or in vivo were less clear. Only 4% of the JL-CK population corresponded to the parental Jeryl Lynn-5 strain. Next generation sequencing of JL-CK and virus before and after growth in cell lines or neonatal rat brains showed that propagation in vitro or in vivo altered the population dramatically. Our findings indicate that growth of JL-CK in primary canine kidney cells resulted in the selection of a mixture of mumps virus variants that have different biological properties compared to the parent Jeryl Lynn-5 virus. We also report three previously unknown heterogenic regions within the N gene of the RIT4385 vaccine. PMID:26187256

In vitro and in vivo growth alter the population dynamic and properties of a Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine.

PubMed

Connaughton, Sarah M; Wheeler, Jun X; Vitková, Eva; Minor, Philip; Schepelmann, Silke

2015-08-26

Mumps vaccines are live attenuated viruses. They are known to vary in effectiveness, degree of attenuation and adverse event profile. However, the underlying reasons are poorly understood. We studied two closely related mumps vaccines which originate from the same attenuated Jeryl Lynn-5 strain but have different efficacies. Jeryl Lynn-Canine Kidney (JL-CK), produced on primary canine kidney cells, is less effective than RIT4385, which is produced on chicken embryo fibroblasts. JL-CK and RIT4385 could be distinguished by a number of in vitro and in vivo properties. JL-CK produced heterogeneous, generally smaller plaques than RIT4385, but gave 100-fold higher titres when grown in cells and showed a higher degree of hydrocephalus formation in neonatal rat brains. Sanger sequencing of JL-CK identified 14 regions of heterogeneity throughout the genome. Plaque purification of JL-CK demonstrated the presence of five different Jeryl Lynn-5 variants encompassing the 14 mutations. One JL-CK mutation was associated with a small plaque phenotype, the effects of the others in vitro or in vivo were less clear. Only 4% of the JL-CK population corresponded to the parental Jeryl Lynn-5 strain. Next generation sequencing of JL-CK and virus before and after growth in cell lines or neonatal rat brains showed that propagation in vitro or in vivo altered the population dramatically. Our findings indicate that growth of JL-CK in primary canine kidney cells resulted in the selection of a mixture of mumps virus variants that have different biological properties compared to the parent Jeryl Lynn-5 virus. We also report three previously unknown heterogenic regions within the N gene of the RIT4385 vaccine. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Associations between Cytokine/Cytokine Receptor SNPs and Humoral Immunity to Measles, Mumps and Rubella in a Somali Population

PubMed Central

Dhiman, Neelam; Ovsyannikova, Inna G.; Vierkant, Robert A.; Pankratz, V. Shane; Jacobson, Robert M.; Poland, Gregory A.

2008-01-01

We genotyped a Somali population (n=85; age ≤ 30 years) for 617 cytokine and cytokine receptor SNPs using Illumina GoldenGate genotyping to determine associations with measles, mumps and rubella immunity. Overall, sixty-one significant associations (p≤0.01) were found between SNPs belonging to cytokine receptor genes regulating Th1 (IL12RB2, IL2RA and B) and Th2 (IL4R, IL10RB) immunity, and cytokine (IL1B, TNFA, IL6 and IFNB1) and cytokine receptor (IL1RA, IFNAR2, IL18R1, TNFRSF1A and B) genes regulating innate immunity, and variations in antibody levels to measles, mumps or rubella. SNPs within two major inflammatory cytokine genes, TNFA and IL6, demonstrated associations with measles-specific antibodies. Specifically, the minor allele variant of rs1799964 (TNFA -1211 C>T) was associated with primarily seronegative values (median EIA index values ≤0.87; p=0.002; q=0.23) in response to measles disease and/or vaccination. A heterozygous variant CT for rs2069849 (IL6 +4272C>T; Phe201Phe) was also associated with seronegative values and a lower median level of antibody response to measles disease and/or vaccination (p=0.004; q=0.36) or measles vaccination alone (p=0.008). Several SNPs within the coding and regulatory regions of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes demonstrated associations with mumps and rubella antibody levels, but were less informative as strong LD patterns and lower frequencies for minor alleles were observed among these SNPs. Our study identifies specific SNPs in innate immune response genes that may play a role in modulating antibody responses to measles vaccination and/or infection in Somali subjects. PMID:18715339

Seroprevalence of measles, mumps and rubella among young adults, after 20 years of universal 2-dose MMR vaccination in Israel.

PubMed

Levine, Hagai; Zarka, Salman; Ankol, Omer E; Rozhavski, Vladi; Davidovitch, Nadav; Aboudy, Yair; Balicer, Ran D

2015-01-01

Evidence-based vaccination policy is important for the global and local efforts of achieving control over measles. In 2007, the first Israeli birth cohort to be twice vaccinated during childhood with Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine reached adulthood. In parallel, Israel experienced its largest measles outbreak since 1994. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of measles IgG antibodies and concordance with rubella and mumps seroprevalence among young Israeli adults born 1988-9 in comparison to previous birth cohorts, in order to inform evidence based prevention policy. We conducted a seroprevalence study of IgG antibodies among 439 Israeli adults born in 1988-9, based on a representative sample of sera collected at age 18-19 upon recruitment to mandatory military service in 2007. In total, 85.7% were seropositive for measles as compared with 95.6% in the 1996 recruitment (P < 0.001). The absolute decline was significant both for males (8.8%, P = 0.001) and females (12.1%, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in seropositivity by gender, years of education, country of birth or smoking status. Rubella seropositivity among measles seropositives was 90.4%, significantly (P < 0.001) higher than 72.1% among measles seronegatives. Mumps seropositivity among measles seropositives was 87.0%, significantly (P < 0.001) higher than 62.3% among measles seronegatives. Results were similar for Israeli-born only. Our findings indicate that measles seroprevalence decreased after the last change in vaccination policy and reach sub-optimal level. Until global eradication is reached, a proactive vaccination program to supplement routine childhood vaccination program should be considered in Israel and in other countries.

Optical properties of micromachined polysilicon reflective surfaces with etching holes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Jun; Byrne, Colin; Liu, Chang; Brady, David J.

1998-08-01

MUMPS (Multi-User MEMS Process) is receiving increasingly wide use in micro optics. We have investigated the optical properties of the polysilicon reflective surface in a typical MUMPS chip within the visible light spectrum. The effect of etching holes on the reflected laser beam is studied. The reflectivity and diffraction patterns at five different wavelengths have been measured. The optical properties of the polysilicon reflective surface are greatly affected by the surface roughness, the etching holes, as well as the material. The etching holes contribute to diffraction and reduction of reflectivity. This study provides a basis for optimal design of micromachined free-space optical systems.

[Analysis on origin and evolution of mumps].

PubMed

Zhao, Yan

2004-10-01

There was a preliminary recognition on mumps during the Qin-Han to Sui-Tang dynasty, laying a foundation for the scholastic development on this topic in later generations. The title of this disease was identified in Song-Jin-Yuan dynasty with gradual deepening on its principle-method-formula-medication system, a great progress of recognition as compared with the previous ages. In the Ming-Qing dynasty, the recognition became even more systematic, with certain breakthrough in the system of principle-method-formula-medication. In modern age, the experiences were inherited and developed to integrate to modern biomedicine, so that the theory and clinical practice become even more perfect.

Mumps: a year of enhanced surveillance in Catalonia, Spain.

PubMed

Dominguez, Angela; Oviedo, Manuel; Torner, Nuria; Carmona, Gloria; Costa, Josep; Caylà, Joan; Sala, M Rosa; Barrabeig, Irene; Camps, Neus; Minguell, Sofia; Alvarez, Josep; Godoy, Pere; Jansà, Josep M

2009-05-26

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease candidate for elimination. Positive predictive value (PPV) of clinical case definition was assessed. During 2007, 410 suspected cases were reported in Catalonia: 348 fulfilled clinical case definition and 159 were laboratory confirmed. Incidence rate was 4.8 per 100,000 for cases that fulfilled the clinical definition, and 2.2 for laboratory confirmed cases. Global PPV was 44.5%; 38.5% in <15 years and 50% in > or =15 years (p=0.04). Most laboratory confirmed cases (72.3%) received at least one MMR dose. With sustained high MMR coverage, laboratory confirmation is necessary to control the disease and assess vaccine failure.

Measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (M-M-R™II): a review of 32 years of clinical and postmarketing experience.

PubMed

Lievano, Fabio; Galea, Susan A; Thornton, Michele; Wiedmann, Richard T; Manoff, Susan B; Tran, Trung N; Amin, Manisha A; Seminack, Margaret M; Vagie, Kristen A; Dana, Adrian; Plotkin, Stanley A

2012-11-06

M-M-R™II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live; Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Corp.) is indicated for simultaneous vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella in individuals ≥ 12 months of age. Before the vaccine era, these viruses infected most exposed individuals, with subsequent morbidity and mortality. One of the greatest achievements of public health has been to eliminate these 3 diseases in large geographic areas. The safety profile of M-M-R™II is described using data from routine global postmarketing surveillance. Postmarketing surveillance has limitations (including incomplete reporting of case data), but allows collection of real-world information on large numbers of individuals, who may have concurrent medical problems excluding them from clinical trials. It can also identify rare adverse experiences (AEs). Over its 32-year history, ≈ 575 million doses of M-M-R™II have been distributed worldwide, with 17,536 AEs voluntarily reported for an overall rate of 30.5 AEs/1,000,000 doses distributed. This review provides evidence that the vaccine is safe and well-tolerated. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Common acute childhood infections and appendicitis: a historical study of statistical association in 27 English public boarding schools, 1930-1934.

PubMed

Smallman-Raynor, M R; Cliff, A D; Ord, J K

2010-08-01

Although the involvement of common childhood infections in the aetiology of acute appendicitis has long been conjectured, supporting evidence is largely restricted to a disparate set of clinical case reports. A systematic population-based analysis of the implied comorbid associations is lacking in the literature. Drawing on a classic epidemiological dataset, assembled by the School Epidemics Committee of the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC) in the 1930s, this paper presents a historical analysis of the association between termly outbreaks of each of six common childhood infections (chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) and operated cases of acute appendicitis in 27 English public boarding schools. When controlled for the potential confounding effects of school, year and season, multivariate negative binomial regression revealed a positive association between the level of appendicitis activity and the recorded rate of mumps (beta=0.15, 95% CI 0.07-0.24, P<0.001). Non-significant associations were identified between appendicitis and the other sample infectious diseases. Subject to data caveats, our findings suggest that further studies are required to determine whether the comorbid association between mumps and appendicitis is causal.

Antibodies against mumps virus component proteins.

PubMed

Matsubara, Keita; Iwata, Satoshi; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2012-08-01

The neutralization (NT) test is regarded as the most reliable method for detection of protective antibodies, but is labor-intensive and time consuming. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) is frequently used in sero-epidemiological studies because of its simplicity and ease of use. In this study, immunofluorescent (IF) antibodies against nucleocapsid (N), fusion (F), and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins were investigated in comparison with NT and EIA antibodies. The antibody against N protein was dominant in serum samples obtained from patients with a previous history of mumps infection. Titers of antibodies against F and HN proteins were very low. Many serum samples were positive for EIA but negative for NT, and no significant correlation was noted between NT and EIA antibodies. Among the three component proteins, correlation of EIA and IF antibodies with N protein was relatively good. After vaccination with mumps vaccine, EIA positivity was closely related to the IF antibodies against N protein, and after vaccination NT-positive sera became positive for IF antibodies against F and HN proteins. IF antibodies against F and HN proteins were considered to have a strong association with NT antibodies, and those against N protein were considered to have a strong association with EIA antibodies.

Decreased measles antibody response after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in infants with colds.

PubMed

Krober, M S; Stracener, C E; Bass, J W

1991-04-24

We examined the possibility that the common cold or afebrile upper respiratory tract infection might interfere with successful immunization in children who receive standard measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Infants 15 to 18 months of age presenting at our well-child clinics for routine examination and immunizations were divided into two groups. Those infants with a history and physical findings of upper respiratory tract infection were compared with healthy control group infants who did not have upper respiratory tract infections, and who did not have a history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms within the previous month. Both groups were studied for their serologic response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Prevaccination serum samples were obtained prior to vaccine administration and postvaccination serum samples were obtained 6 to 8 weeks later. Measles antibody was measured in these serum samples by an indirect fluorescein-tagged antibody test. Ten (21%) of 47 infants with colds failed to develop measles antibody, while only one (2%) of 51 well infants failed to develop antibody. We conclude that infants with colds have a significant seroconversion failure rate associated with measles vaccine administration and that this may be the cause of some primary measles vaccine failures.

C-Terminal DxD-Containing Sequences within Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsid Proteins Determine Matrix Protein Compatibility and Can Direct Foreign Proteins into Budding Particles

PubMed Central

Ray, Greeshma; Schmitt, Phuong Tieu

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Paramyxovirus particles are formed by a budding process coordinated by viral matrix (M) proteins. M proteins coalesce at sites underlying infected cell membranes and induce other viral components, including viral glycoproteins and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs), to assemble at these locations from which particles bud. M proteins interact with the nucleocapsid (NP or N) components of vRNPs, and these interactions enable production of infectious, genome-containing virions. For the paramyxoviruses parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and mumps virus, M-NP interaction also contributes to efficient production of virus-like particles (VLPs) in transfected cells. A DLD sequence near the C-terminal end of PIV5 NP protein was previously found to be necessary for M-NP interaction and efficient VLP production. Here, we demonstrate that 15-residue-long, DLD-containing sequences derived from either the PIV5 or Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein C-terminal ends are sufficient to direct packaging of a foreign protein, Renilla luciferase, into budding VLPs. Mumps virus NP protein harbors DWD in place of the DLD sequence found in PIV5 NP protein, and consequently, PIV5 NP protein is incompatible with mumps virus M protein. A single amino acid change converting DLD to DWD within PIV5 NP protein induced compatibility between these proteins and allowed efficient production of mumps VLPs. Our data suggest a model in which paramyxoviruses share an overall common strategy for directing M-NP interactions but with important variations contained within DLD-like sequences that play key roles in defining M/NP protein compatibilities. IMPORTANCE Paramyxoviruses are responsible for a wide range of diseases that affect both humans and animals. Paramyxovirus pathogens include measles virus, mumps virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and the zoonotic paramyxoviruses Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Infectivity of paramyxovirus particles depends on matrix-nucleocapsid protein interactions which enable efficient packaging of encapsidated viral RNA genomes into budding virions. In this study, we have defined regions near the C-terminal ends of paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins that are important for matrix protein interaction and that are sufficient to direct a foreign protein into budding particles. These results advance our basic understanding of paramyxovirus genome packaging interactions and also have implications for the potential use of virus-like particles as protein delivery tools. PMID:26792745

C-Terminal DxD-Containing Sequences within Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsid Proteins Determine Matrix Protein Compatibility and Can Direct Foreign Proteins into Budding Particles.

PubMed

Ray, Greeshma; Schmitt, Phuong Tieu; Schmitt, Anthony P

2016-01-20

Paramyxovirus particles are formed by a budding process coordinated by viral matrix (M) proteins. M proteins coalesce at sites underlying infected cell membranes and induce other viral components, including viral glycoproteins and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs), to assemble at these locations from which particles bud. M proteins interact with the nucleocapsid (NP or N) components of vRNPs, and these interactions enable production of infectious, genome-containing virions. For the paramyxoviruses parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and mumps virus, M-NP interaction also contributes to efficient production of virus-like particles (VLPs) in transfected cells. A DLD sequence near the C-terminal end of PIV5 NP protein was previously found to be necessary for M-NP interaction and efficient VLP production. Here, we demonstrate that 15-residue-long, DLD-containing sequences derived from either the PIV5 or Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein C-terminal ends are sufficient to direct packaging of a foreign protein, Renilla luciferase, into budding VLPs. Mumps virus NP protein harbors DWD in place of the DLD sequence found in PIV5 NP protein, and consequently, PIV5 NP protein is incompatible with mumps virus M protein. A single amino acid change converting DLD to DWD within PIV5 NP protein induced compatibility between these proteins and allowed efficient production of mumps VLPs. Our data suggest a model in which paramyxoviruses share an overall common strategy for directing M-NP interactions but with important variations contained within DLD-like sequences that play key roles in defining M/NP protein compatibilities. Paramyxoviruses are responsible for a wide range of diseases that affect both humans and animals. Paramyxovirus pathogens include measles virus, mumps virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and the zoonotic paramyxoviruses Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Infectivity of paramyxovirus particles depends on matrix-nucleocapsid protein interactions which enable efficient packaging of encapsidated viral RNA genomes into budding virions. In this study, we have defined regions near the C-terminal ends of paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins that are important for matrix protein interaction and that are sufficient to direct a foreign protein into budding particles. These results advance our basic understanding of paramyxovirus genome packaging interactions and also have implications for the potential use of virus-like particles as protein delivery tools. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

[Analysis of pathogen spectrum of Encephalitis/Meningitis in northwestern area of China].

PubMed

Zhang, Xiao-shu; Wang, Xu-xia; Yu, De-shan; Jiang, Jian-xiang; Zhang, Guang-ye; Wang, Fang; Li, Hui

2013-10-01

To learn the characteristics of pathogen spectrum of Encephalitis /Meningitis in northwestern area of China. Between January 1st 2009 and March 31st 2011, a total of 569 patients with clinical symptoms of Encephalitis/Meningitis were selected from the hospitals in Gansu, Qinghai,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang province. 1514 samples of specimen were collected from the 515 patients, to detect the IgM of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), enterovirus (EV, including Coxsackie virus, ECHO virus and enterovirus 71), Mumps virus, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Meanwhile, Neisseria meningitis (Nm), Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib), Staphylococcus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus Suis, E. Coli and Cryptococci were also identified. The detection results were analyzed by different region, time and age range. Pathogenic bacteria were identified in the specimen from 16 patients, with the rate at 3.65%, of which the dominant ones were Streptococcus pneumonia (7 patients, 43.75%). Virus were identified in the specimen from 132 patients, with the rate at 27.05%, of which the dominant types were EV and HSV, accounting for 33.33% (44 cases) and 31.82% (42 cases) respectively. The detection rate of virus showed a significant seasonal trend, with the peak appearing between June and November each year. The peak of EV detection was between July and September, with 24 cases detected out; the peak of HSV was between June and August (11 cases detected out); mumps virus was mainly found between July and December (25 cases). There was no significant time-distribution found in the detection of bacteria. The EV and HSV were mainly distributed in Gansu and Qinghai province (70 cases) ;most of mumps virus were found in Gansu province (24 cases);and JEV were only found in Gansu province (20 cases). The viral pathogen spectrum was identified in all ages, and the EV and mumps virus were mainly found in children aged 0-14 years old (42 and 17 cases respectively) ; JEV were identified in people over 15 years old, with 13 detected out of the 20 patients. The main pathogen of acute encephalitis and meningitis in northwestern area of China was virus, and the main pathogens of encephalitis and meningitis in children under 15 years were Herpes simplex virus and Mumps virus.

[Study of mumps immunity after administrating measles-mumps-rubella vaccine among children aged 2-7 years old in Jiangsu Province in 2015].

PubMed

Liu, Y B; Hu, Y; Deng, X Y; Wang, Z G; Sun, X; Lu, P S; Guo, H X; Tang, F Y; Zhou, M H

2017-07-06

Objective: To investigate the immunity to mumps after administrating measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) among children aged 2-7 years old in Jiangsu province in 2015. Methods: A total of 4 190 healthy children aged 2-7 years old, living in local places for at least 3 months, and having been vaccinated at least 1 dose MMR were recruited to the study from Wujin district of Changzhou city, Gaogang district of Taizhou city and Ganyu district of Lianyungang city by using stratified cluster random sampling method between September and November, 2015. Those who did not accept MMR vaccination, who refused venous blood collection, who had affected mumps according to the memory of parents or teachers and who were diagnosed serious disease by clinical doctors were excluded from study. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the general information of the subjects and their MMR immunization history; and 0.5-2.0 ml of venous blood was collected from each subject. ELISA was used to detect the mumps antibody level in the serum of patients. Positive was defined as the antibody level ≥108 mU/ml, and negative as <108 mU/ml. χ(2) test was used to compare the difference in positive rates among subjects; and analysis of variance was used to compare the GMC changes in different time points after MMR vaccination. Results: Among 4 190 children, 2 280 were males (54.42%) and 1 910 were females(45.58%), and the positive rate of IgG antibody was 81.38% (3 344). There were 3 156 (95.18%) children vaccinated with one dose MMR, 187 (4.80%) children with two dose MMR, and 1 (0.02%) child with three dose MMR. The difference in positive rate of IgG antibody among different aged subjects showed statistical significance (χ(2)=58.61, P< 0.001), the highest positive rate was in group of subjects aged 4-5 years old, at 89.43% (406/454), while the lowest positive rate was found among subjects aged 6-7 years old, at 75.63% (1 648/2 179). The positive rate after one dose of MMR vaccination was 79.14% (3 156/3 988), significantly less than it after two doses (93.03%, 187/201) (χ(2)=22.93, P< 0.001). The GMC level at years<1, 1-<2, 2-<3, 3-<4, ≥4 following one dose MMR in the 3 988 children was 152.47, 227.78, 167.08, 126.91, 79.43 mU/ml, whose difference was statistically significant ( F= 51.29, P< 0.001). Conclusion: The sero-prevalence of IgG antibody in the children aged 2-7 years old in Jiangsu province was high. The positive rate among who received two doses MMR was significantly higher than it among who received just one dose, and the GMC level waned with times.

Encephalitis

MedlinePlus

... due to some viruses, including: Measles Mumps Polio Rabies Rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Other viruses that cause encephalitis ... Vaccinate animals to prevent encephalitis caused by the rabies virus.

A database perspective of the transition from single-use (ancillary-based) systems to integrated models supporting clinical care and research in a MUMPS-based system.

PubMed

Siegel, J; Kirkland, D

1991-01-01

The Composite Health Care System (CHCS), a MUMPS-based hospital information system (HIS), has evolved from the Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP) installed within VA Hospitals. The authors explore the evolution of an ancillary-based system toward an integrated model with a look at its current state and possible future. The history and relationships between orders of different types tie specific patient-related data into a logical and temporal model. Diagrams demonstrate how the database structure has evolved to support clinical needs for integration. It is suggested that a fully integrated model is capable of meeting traditional HIS needs.

Detection of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.

PubMed

Tipples, Graham; Hiebert, Joanne

2011-01-01

Measles, mumps, and rubella are infections caused by RNA viruses of the same name and are vaccine preventable. The vaccines are frequently administered in a trivalent form. Laboratory diagnostic methods can include indirect detection via antibody (IgM and IgG) detection methods and direct detection by viral culture or viral genome detection. There are challenges for the laboratory in areas with low prevalence due to high vaccine uptake. In those areas, routine serological methods such as IgM detection may have a reduced positive predictive value and thus require confirmation by other methods. Direct detection of viral genomic material using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodologies can play an important role for laboratory confirmation of acute infections. Furthermore, genotyping of these three viruses provides useful molecular epidemiological data for differentiating vaccine from wild-type strains, linking cases and outbreaks, and tracking geographic spread and elimination. The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance for the laboratory diagnosis of measles, mumps, and rubella virus infections. Where assays are commercially available or previously published, the appropriate references are provided as well as brief comments on the interpretation of results. Detailed protocols are provided for the molecular assays which have been developed and more commonly applied in recent years.

Comparison of a neutralization enzyme immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluation of immune status of children vaccinated for mumps.

PubMed Central

Harmsen, T; Jongerius, M C; van der Zwan, C W; Plantinga, A D; Kraaijeveld, C A; Berbers, G A

1992-01-01

A 50% neutralization enzyme immunoassay (N50-EIA) was compared with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determining mumps virus antibodies in three consecutive serum samples from 138 children vaccinated with a live mumps vaccine at the age (in years) of 1.5. By the N50-EIA, most (132 of 138) preserum samples did not show neutralizing activity. Eight to 12 weeks after vaccination, 17 of the children were still negative, but only 7 remained so after 2.5 years, resulting in a seroconversion rate of 125 of 132 (95%). Over the same period, the neutralization geometric mean titer rose from 3.6 to 9.9. By an indirect ELISA, 128 of 138 preserum samples were found negative. The early and late postvaccination sera of 8 children were ELISA negative, resulting in a seroconversion rate of 120 of 128 (94%). Only two children remained seronegative by both methods. Seven of the late postvaccination serum samples yielded noncorresponding results, reflecting 95% correlation between both methods. Due to cross-reactivity with parainfluenza viruses, the ELISA proved to be less specific, but on the other hand, it showed a greater sensitivity than the N50-EIA. PMID:1500523

Effect of age on the incidence of aseptic meningitis following immunization with monovalent mumps vaccine.

PubMed

Muta, Hiromi; Nagai, Takao; Ito, Yuhei; Ihara, Toshiaki; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2015-11-09

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of aseptic meningitis after mumps vaccination in younger children compared with older children. This prospective cohort study included a total of 21,465 children under 18 years of age who had received the first dose of three of the Japanese mumps monovalent vaccine. We compared the cumulative incidence of aseptic meningitis for 30 days after vaccination among the following age groups: ≤ 1, 2, 3-4, and ≥ 5 years old. We also investigated the cumulative incidence of salivary gland swelling, a fever (≥ 38°C) lasting at least 3 days during the 10 to 25 days following immunization, vomiting of 3 times or more, headache, and seizure. A total of 10 aseptic meningitis, 551 salivary gland swelling, 844 fevers, 669 vomiting, 757 headaches, and 29 seizure cases were identified. The cumulative incidence of aseptic meningitis increased with age (0.016%, 0.021%, 0.066%, and 0.096%, respectively). Statistical significance was observed between children ≥ 3 years old and those < 3 years of age [0.078% vs. 0.018%, RR 4.35 (95% CI 1.05-18.2), p=0.04]. The cumulative incidence of salivary gland swelling also increased with age (1.8%, 3.0%, 3.5%, and 4.5%, respectively). For non-specific adverse events, the cumulative incidence of fever or seizure decreased with age. In contrast, the cumulative incidence of headache increased with age. The cumulative incidence of vomiting was similar among children ≤ 4 years of age; however, that in those children ≥ 5 years old was significantly lower. The first dose of mumps vaccine that is currently available for use in Japan may be administered in children less than 3 years of age in order to complicate a less aseptic meningitis after immunization. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines coadministered with a fourth dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in toddlers: a pooled analysis of randomized trials.

PubMed

Bryant, Kristina; McVernon, Jodie; Marchant, Colin; Nolan, Terry; Marshall, Gary; Richmond, Peter; Marshall, Helen; Nissen, Michael; Lambert, Stephen; Aris, Emmanuel; Mesaros, Narcisa; Miller, Jacqueline

2012-08-01

A pooled analysis was conducted of 1257 toddlers who received a fourth dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (HibMenCY-TT) or Hib conjugate vaccine (Hib polysaccharide conjugated to N. meningitidis outer membrane protein) coadministered with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and varicella (VAR) vaccines (NCT00134719/NCT00289783). Noninferiority of immunological responses to MMR and VAR was demonstrated between groups and incidences of MMR- and VAR-specific solicited symptoms were similar, indicating that HibMenCY-TT can be coadministered with MMR and VAR.

Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

PubMed

Belgamwar, R B; Prasad, S; Appaya, P

1997-11-01

The incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the measles virus, has declined with widespread use of measles vaccine. The risk of SSPE after measles vaccination has been estimated at 0.7/million doses. This paper reports the case of a 15-year-old girl from India who developed SSPE presumably as a result of a delayed effect of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. She presented with a 2-month history of behavioral disturbances, a deterioration in school performance, forgetfulness, silly smiling, handwriting changes, social withdrawal, and ataxia. The girl had received MMR vaccine at 9 months of age and had no past history of measles. Her measles antibody titre was 1:625 in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

The effect of zinc on cellular immunity in chronic uremia.

PubMed

Antoniou, L D; Shalhoub, R J; Schechter, G P

1981-09-01

Delayed hypersensitivity to mumps was examined in 25 apparently well-nourished men receiving regular hemodialysis, each of whom had a history of mumps. A positive reaction was observed in eight of nine patients already under therapy with zinc added to the dialysis bath. In contrast, 11 of 16 untreated patients were anergic. Four of the anergic patients were subsequently treated with zinc resulting in restoration of sensitivity in three patients. There were no significant differences in lymphocyte, monocyte, or T-cell counts between the two groups of patients. Consequently, zinc probably acts by improving the function of one or more of these cell types. Protracted zinc deficiency may be a major cause of impaired cellular immunity in chronic renal failure.

Combination of Vaccine-Strain Measles and Mumps Viruses Enhances Oncolytic Activity against Human Solid Malignancies.

PubMed

Son, Ho Anh; Zhang, LiFeng; Cuong, Bui Khac; Van Tong, Hoang; Cuong, Le Duy; Hang, Ngo Thu; Nhung, Hoang Thi My; Yamamoto, Naoki; Toan, Nguyen Linh

2018-02-07

Oncolytic measles and mumps viruses (MeV, MuV) have a potential for anti-cancer treatment. We examined the anti-tumor activity of MeV, MuV, and MeV-MuV combination (MM) against human solid malignancies (HSM). MeV, MuV, and MM targeted and significantly killed various cancer cell lines of HSM but not normal cells. MM demonstrated a greater anti-tumor effect and prolonged survival in a human prostate cancer xenograft tumor model compared to MeV and MuV. MeV, MuV, and MM significantly induced the expression of immunogenic cell death markers and enhanced spleen-infiltrating immune cells. In conclusion, MM combination significantly improves the treatment of human solid malignancies.

Measles, mumps, rubella, and human parvovirus B19 infections and neurologic disease.

PubMed

Bale, James F

2014-01-01

While the systemic disorders associated with measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and human parvovirus B19 tend to be mild, each virus can produce potentially life-threatening neurologic disease in human hosts, especially when these viruses infect young children. Two of the viruses, rubella and parvovirus B19, can be vertically transmitted to fetuses during maternal infection and cause congenital infection. Neurologic complications are common after intrauterine infection with the rubella virus, a condition known as the congenital rubella syndrome. Two, measles and rubella viruses, can induce "slow viral" infections, serious, disorders that can occur several years after the initial exposure to the virus and typically have fatal outcomes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of tetravalent vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) in healthy children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PubMed

Leung, Julia Hy; Hirai, Hoyee W; Tsoi, Kelvin Kf

2015-01-01

Varicella is a highly infectious childhood disease. Tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine was introduced as one-syringe dose. To evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of MMRV vaccine versus trivalent MMR with varicella (V) vaccines in healthy children and to assess the respective safety issue. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from the OVID databases. Trials were eligible if healthy children were randomized to receive MMRV or MMR+V vaccine. Seroconversions in serum antibody titers were the primary outcomes; adverse events were the secondary outcomes. Ten RCTs with 8961 healthy children were identified. MMRV and MMR+V vaccines showed comparable immunogenicity against measles (relative risk [RR] = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98-1.00), mumps (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97-1.00), rubella (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01) and varicella (RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.95-1.01). At least 93% of children in both groups had seroconverted within 6 weeks. MMRV group showed significantly higher incidences of fever (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09-1.31) and rash (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06-1.43). The immunogenicities of MMRV and MMR+V vaccines were comparable in healthy children; however, MMRV vaccination showed higher incidences of fever and rash.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of central structure domains from mumps virus F protein

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yueyong; Xu, Yanhui; Zhu, Jieqing

2005-09-01

Single crystals of the central structure domains from mumps virus F protein have been obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. A diffraction data set has been collected to 2.2 Å resolution. Fusion of members of the Paramyxoviridae family involves two glycoproteins: the attachment protein and the fusion protein. Changes in the fusion-protein conformation were caused by binding of the attachment protein to the cellular receptor. In the membrane-fusion process, two highly conserved heptad-repeat (HR) regions, HR1 and HR2, are believed to form a stable six-helix coiled-coil bundle. However, no crystal structure has yet been determined for this state in themore » mumps virus (MuV, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family). In this study, a single-chain protein consisting of two HR regions connected by a flexible amino-acid linker (named 2-Helix) was expressed, purified and crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. A complete X-ray data set was obtained in-house to 2.2 Å resolution from a single crystal. The crystal belongs to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 161.2, b = 60.8, c = 40.1 Å, β = 98.4°. The crystal structure will help in understanding the molecular mechanism of Paramyxoviridae family membrane fusion.« less

Development of a novel translation micromirror for adaptive optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Siyuan; Ben Mrad, Ridha

2003-10-01

Conventional translation micromirrors for adaptive optics use attractive electrostatic force and therefore have two limitations: 1) the stroke is limited to less than one third of the initial gap distance between the mirror plate and the substrate. Normally the stroke is in the range of submicrometers; 2) stiction happens during operation. A novel translation micromirror, which uses a repulsive electrostatic force, is presented in this paper. This novel translation micromirror completely overcomes the limitations associated with conventional translation micromirrors and its stroke is not limited by the initial gap distance between the mirror plate and the substrate and therefore is able to achieve a much larger vertical stroke to modulate lights over a wider spectrum than that achieved by conventional translation micromirrors. The novel translation micromirror has no stiction problem and is highly compatible with mature surface micromachining technology. An analytical model is derived for the novel translation micromirror and prototypes are fabricated. The prototype of the novel translation micromirror, which is deliberately not optimized so it could be fabricated using MUMPS, achieved a vertical stroke of 1.75μm using a driving voltage of 50 volts, which is three times the stroke of conventional MUMPS translation micromirrors. It is expected that if standard surface micromachining is used instead of MUMPs, the design of the novel translation micromirror can be optimized and a much larger vertical stroke can be achieved.

Measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella seroprevalence among health care workers in Turkey: is prevaccination screening cost-effective?

PubMed

Celikbas, Aysel; Ergonul, Onder; Aksaray, Sabahat; Tuygun, Nilden; Esener, Harika; Tanir, Gonul; Eren, Sebnem; Baykam, Nurcan; Guvener, Engin; Dokuzoguz, Basak

2006-11-01

To investigate the immune status of health care workers (HCWs) against measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella zoster (MMRV) in Turkey and to define an appropriate vaccination program among HCWs. Voluntary HCWs from a children's hospital and a general hospital were included in the study between March and May 2005. The specific IgG antibodies against MMRV viruses were screened by ELISA. Three hundred sixty-three HCWs participated in the study; 186 (51%) were physicians, 118 (33%) were nurses, 36 (10%) were housekeeping staff, and 23 (6%) were medical technicians. The proportion of HCWs who had antibodies against measles was 98.6%; rubella, 98.3%; mumps, 92.2%; and varicella, 98%. No association was found between the susceptibility to at least 1 of MMRV virus infections and gender, age, duration of work, profession, and department of work in analysis either among the whole study group, or each hospital. The positive predictive value for the history of varicella was 100%, whereas it was 92% for MMR. The cost of vaccination for varicella was significantly expensive without screening before vaccination. However, there was not much difference for MMR infections. A policy based on obtaining the history of varicella infection from the staff and then screening the ones with negative history and vaccination of only seronegative HCWs was found to be appropriate.

Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Indicators of Immune Function in Children Aged 12 – 19 years: NHANES

PubMed Central

Stein, Cheryl R.; McGovern, Kathleen J.; Pajak, Ashley M.; Maglione, Paul J.; Wolff, Mary S.

2016-01-01

Background Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are immunotoxic in laboratory studies. Humans studies of immune effects are inconsistent. Using the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) we examined PFAS serum concentration and indicators of prevalent immune function among 12 to 19 year old children. Methods In this cross-sectional study we examined PFAS serum concentration in relation to measles, mumps, and rubella antibody concentrations in NHANES 1999 – 2000 and 2003 – 2004 (n=1,191) and to allergic conditions and allergic sensitization in NHANES 2005 – 2006 (n=640). Results In adjusted, survey-weighted models, a doubling of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration among seropositive children was associated with a 13.3% (95% CI −19.9, −6.2) decrease in rubella antibody concentration and a 5.9% decrease in mumps antibody concentration (95% CI −9.9, −1.6). We observed no adverse association between exposure and current allergic conditions, including asthma. Children with higher PFOS concentration were less likely to be sensitized to any allergen (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58, 0.95). Conclusion Increased exposure to several PFAS was associated with lower levels to mumps and rubella antibody concentrations, especially among seropositive individuals. These lower antibody concentrations may indicate a less robust response to vaccination or greater waning of vaccine-derived immunity over time. PMID:26492286

Decay of Passively Acquired Maternal Antibodies against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses

PubMed Central

Nicoara, Corina; Zäch, Kristina; Trachsel, Daniel; Germann, Daniel; Matter, Lukas

1999-01-01

The decay of maternally derived antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in Swiss infants was studied in order to determine the optimal time for vaccination. A total of 500 serum or plasma samples from infants up to 2 years of age were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescent-antibody testing. The decline of antibody prevalence was slowest against the measles virus. By 9 to 12 months of age, only 5 of 58 (8.6%; 95% CI, 2.9 to 19.0) infants were antibody positive for the measles virus, and only 2 had levels above 200 mIU/ml. Mumps and rubella virus antibody seropositivity was lowest at 9 to 12 months of age with 3 of 58 (5.2%; 95% CI, 1.1 to 14.4) infants and at 12 to 15 months with 1 of 48 (2.1%; 95% CI, 0.1 to 11.1) infants, respectively. Concentrations of passively acquired antibodies decreased rapidly within the first 6 months of life. We observed no significant differences in antibody prevalence or concentration according to gender in any age group. In conclusion, MMR vaccination at 12 instead of 15 months of age could reduce the pool of susceptible subjects in infancy and support the efforts to eliminate these infections, particularly in combination with a second vaccine dose before school entry. PMID:10548578

Measles

MedlinePlus

... protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, can cause autism. Parents and caregivers should know that: Large studies ... no connection between this or any vaccine and autism. Reviews by all major health organizations in the ...

77 FR 58843 - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-24

..., hepatitis B vaccine, meningococcal vaccines, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, pertussis and vaccine...-rubella vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, child/adolescent immunization schedule, and the adult immunization...

77 FR 30015 - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-21

..., influenza, pneumococcal vaccines, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, pertussis, development of evidence- based recommendations, Institute of Medicine vaccine committee report, and anthrax vaccine adsorbed and vaccine supply...

Rubella Test

MedlinePlus

... and Mumps Tests Mercury Metanephrines Methotrexate Methylmalonic Acid Mononucleosis (Mono) Test MRSA Screening MTHFR Mutation Mycophenolic Acid ... 23 days after coming in contact with an infectious person. A person is usually infectious about a ...

Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine

MedlinePlus

ProQuad® (as a combination product containing Measles Vaccine, Mumps Vaccine, Rubella Vaccine, Varicella Vaccine) ... Has a parent, brother, or sister with a history of immune system problems. Is taking salicylates (such ...

Physical and reliability issues in MEMS microrelays with gold contacts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lafontan, Xavier; Pressecq, Francis; Perez, Guy; Dufaza, Christian; Karam, Jean Michel

2001-10-01

This paper presents the work we have done on micro-relays with gold micro-contacts in MUMPs. Firstly, the theoretical physical principles of MEMS micro-relay are described. This study is divided in two parts: the micro-contact and the micro-actuator. The micro-contact part deals with resistance of constriction, contact area, adhesion, arcing and wear. Whereas the micro-actuator part describes general principles, contact force, restoring force and actuator reliability. Then, in a second part, an innovative electrostatic relay design in MUMPs is presented. The concept, the implementation and the final realization are discussed. Then, in the third part, characterization results are reported. This part particularly focuses on the micro-contact study. Conduction mode, contact area, mechanical and thermal deformation, and adhesion energies are presented.

Ferret airway epithelial cell cultures support efficient replication of influenza B virus but not mumps virus.

PubMed

Elderfield, Ruth A; Parker, Lauren; Stilwell, Peter; Roberts, Kim L; Schepelmann, Silke; Barclay, Wendy S

2015-08-01

Ferrets have become the model animal of choice for influenza pathology and transmission experiments as they are permissive and susceptible to human influenza A viruses. However, inoculation of ferrets with mumps virus (MuV) did not lead to successful infections. We evaluated the use of highly differentiated ferret tracheal epithelium cell cultures, FTE, for predicting the potential of ferrets to support respiratory viral infections. FTE cultures supported productive replication of human influenza A and B viruses but not of MuV, whereas analogous cells generated from human airways supported replication of all three viruses. We propose that in vitro strategies using these cultures might serve as a method of triaging viruses and potentially reducing the use of ferrets in viral studies.

Use of a current varicella vaccine as a live polyvalent vaccine vector.

PubMed

Murakami, Kouki; Mori, Yasuko

2016-01-04

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella and zoster. The varicella vaccine was developed to control VZV infection in children. The currently available Oka vaccine strain is the only live varicella vaccine approved by the World Health Organization. We previously cloned the complete genome of the Oka vaccine strain into a bacterial artificial chromosome vector and then successfully reconstituted the virus. We then used this system to generate a recombinant Oka vaccine virus expressing mumps virus gene(s). The new recombinant vaccine may be an effective polyvalent live vaccine that provides protection against both varicella and mumps viruses. In this review, we discussed about possibility of polyvalent live vaccine(s) using varicella vaccine based on our recent studies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is there a 'regressive phenotype' of Autism Spectrum Disorder associated with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine? A CPEA Study.

PubMed

Richler, Jennifer; Luyster, Rhiannon; Risi, Susan; Hsu, Wan-Ling; Dawson, Geraldine; Bernier, Raphael; Dunn, Michelle; Hepburn, Susan; Hyman, Susan L; McMahon, William M; Goudie-Nice, Julie; Minshew, Nancy; Rogers, Sally; Sigman, Marian; Spence, M Anne; Goldberg, Wendy A; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Volkmar, Fred R; Lord, Catherine

2006-04-01

A multi-site study of 351 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 31 typically developing children used caregiver interviews to describe the children's early acquisition and loss of social-communication milestones. For the majority of children with ASD who had experienced a regression, pre-loss development was clearly atypical. Children who had lost skills also showed slightly poorer outcomes in verbal IQ and social reciprocity, a later mean age of onset of autistic symptoms, and more gastrointestinal symptoms than children with ASD and no regression. There was no evidence that onset of autistic symptoms or of regression was related to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. The implications of these findings for the existence of a 'regressive phenotype' of ASD are discussed.

A parallel algorithm for 2D visco-acoustic frequency-domain full-waveform inversion: application to a dense OBS data set

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sourbier, F.; Operto, S.; Virieux, J.

2006-12-01

We present a distributed-memory parallel algorithm for 2D visco-acoustic full-waveform inversion of wide-angle seismic data. Our code is written in fortran90 and use MPI for parallelism. The algorithm was applied to real wide-angle data set recorded by 100 OBSs with a 1-km spacing in the eastern-Nankai trough (Japan) to image the deep structure of the subduction zone. Full-waveform inversion is applied sequentially to discrete frequencies by proceeding from the low to the high frequencies. The inverse problem is solved with a classic gradient method. Full-waveform modeling is performed with a frequency-domain finite-difference method. In the frequency-domain, solving the wave equation requires resolution of a large unsymmetric system of linear equations. We use the massively parallel direct solver MUMPS (http://www.enseeiht.fr/irit/apo/MUMPS) for distributed-memory computer to solve this system. The MUMPS solver is based on a multifrontal method for the parallel factorization. The MUMPS algorithm is subdivided in 3 main steps: a symbolic analysis step that performs re-ordering of the matrix coefficients to minimize the fill-in of the matrix during the subsequent factorization and an estimation of the assembly tree of the matrix. Second, the factorization is performed with dynamic scheduling to accomodate numerical pivoting and provides the LU factors distributed over all the processors. Third, the resolution is performed for multiple sources. To compute the gradient of the cost function, 2 simulations per shot are required (one to compute the forward wavefield and one to back-propagate residuals). The multi-source resolutions can be performed in parallel with MUMPS. In the end, each processor stores in core a sub-domain of all the solutions. These distributed solutions can be exploited to compute in parallel the gradient of the cost function. Since the gradient of the cost function is a weighted stack of the shot and residual solutions of MUMPS, each processor computes the corresponding sub-domain of the gradient. In the end, the gradient is centralized on the master processor using a collective communation. The gradient is scaled by the diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix. This scaling is computed only once per frequency before the first iteration of the inversion. Estimation of the diagonal terms of the Hessian requires performing one simulation per non redondant shot and receiver position. The same strategy that the one used for the gradient is used to compute the diagonal Hessian in parallel. This algorithm was applied to a dense wide-angle data set recorded by 100 OBSs in the eastern Nankai trough, offshore Japan. Thirteen frequencies ranging from 3 and 15 Hz were inverted. Tweny iterations per frequency were computed leading to 260 tomographic velocity models of increasing resolution. The velocity model dimensions are 105 km x 25 km corresponding to a finite-difference grid of 4201 x 1001 grid with a 25-m grid interval. The number of shot was 1005 and the number of inverted OBS gathers was 93. The inversion requires 20 days on 6 32-bits bi-processor nodes with 4 Gbytes of RAM memory per node when only the LU factorization is performed in parallel. Preliminary estimations of the time required to perform the inversion with the fully-parallelized code is 6 and 4 days using 20 and 50 processors respectively.

Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: mumps 2008-2012.

PubMed

Bag, Shopna K; Dey, Aditi; Wang, Han; Beard, Frank

2015-03-31

In 2007, Australia recorded the highest notification rate (2.8 per 100,000) for mumps since it became notifiable, with outbreaks in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Of particular concern was the number of cases seen in vaccinated individuals. The aim of this study was to review subsequent epidemiological data. Notification, hospitalisation and mortality data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, the National Hospital Morbidity Database and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) respectively, from 2008 to 2012 for notifications and 2008 to 2011 for hospitalisations and deaths, were analysed by age, year and jurisdiction. ABS population data were used to calculate rates. National mumps notification rates decreased from 1.3 per 100,000 in 2008 to 0.4 per 100,000 in 2010, but then increased to 0.9 per 100,000 in 2012, predominantly due to increased notifications in New South Wales (1.4 per 100,000). Hospitalisation rates remained stable at 0.4 per 100,000 over the 2008-2011 period. The median age of notified cases was 30 years and for hospitalisations, 27 years. The highest rate of notifications and hospitalisations was in the 25-34 years age group. Completeness of vaccination status ranged from 16% to 39%. The increasing trend in mumps notifications needs to be closely monitored. Improved data quality, in particular on vaccination status, is needed to inform the monitoring of vaccine effectiveness. In March 2014 the World Health Organization certified that Australia had achieved measles elimination. Greater availability of case history (vaccination status and place of acquisition) and genotyping data would facilitate an assessment of Australia's progress in relation to mumps elimination. This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce the whole or part of this work in unaltered form for your own personal use or, if you are part of an organisation, for internal use within your organisation, but only if you or your organisation do not use the reproduction for any commercial purpose and retain this copyright notice and all disclaimer notices as part of that reproduction. Apart from rights to use as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 or allowed by this copyright notice, all other rights are reserved and you are not allowed to reproduce the whole or any part of this work in any way (electronic or otherwise) without first being given the specific written permission from the Commonwealth to do so. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights are to be sent to the Online, Services and External Relations Branch, Department of Health, GPO Box 9848, Canberra ACT 2601, or by email to copyright@health.gov.au.

Strep Throat Test

MedlinePlus

... and Mumps Tests Mercury Metanephrines Methotrexate Methylmalonic Acid Mononucleosis (Mono) Test MRSA Screening MTHFR Mutation Mycophenolic Acid ... for results. According to 2012 guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), confirmatory testing on ...

Lab Test Information

MedlinePlus

... Mumps Tests MPV Blood Test Mucus in Urine N Nitrites in Urine P Pap Smear Porphyrin Test ... V Vitamin D Test Vitamin E (tocopherol) Test Y Yeast Infection Test Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Laboratory ...

Enhancing global vaccine pharmacovigilance: Proof-of-concept study on aseptic meningitis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps containing vaccination

PubMed Central

Perez-Vilar, Silvia; Weibel, Daniel; Sturkenboom, Miriam; Black, Steven; Maure, Christine; Castro, Jose Luis; Bravo-Alcántara, Pamela; Dodd, Caitlin N.; Romio, Silvana A.; de Ridder, Maria; Nakato, Swabra; Molina-León, Helvert Felipe; Elango, Varalakshmi; Zuber, Patrick L.F.

2017-01-01

New vaccines designed to prevent diseases endemic in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are now being introduced without prior record of utilization in countries with robust pharmacovigilance systems. To address this deficit, our objective was to demonstrate feasibility of an international hospital-based network for the assessment of potential epidemiological associations between serious and rare adverse events and vaccines in any setting. This was done through a proof-of-concept evaluation of the risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and aseptic meningitis (AM) following administration of the first dose of measles-mumps-containing vaccines using the self-controlled risk interval method in the primary analysis. The World Health Organization (WHO) selected 26 sentinel sites (49 hospitals) distributed in 16 countries of the six WHO regions. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of 5.0 (95% CI: 2.5-9.7) for ITP following first dose of measles-containing vaccinations, and of 10.9 (95% CI: 4.2-27.8) for AM following mumps-containing vaccinations were found. The strain-specific analyses showed significantly elevated ITP risk for measles vaccines containing Schwarz (IRR: 20.7; 95% CI: 2.7-157.6), Edmonston-Zagreb (IRR: 11.1; 95% CI: 1.4-90.3), and Enders´Edmonston (IRR: 8.5; 95% CI: 1.9-38.1) strains. A significantly elevated AM risk for vaccines containing the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain (IRR: 10.8; 95% CI: 1.3-87.4) was also found. This proof-of-concept study has shown, for the first time, that an international hospital-based network for the investigation of rare vaccine adverse events, using common standardized procedures and with high participation of LMICs, is feasible, can produce reliable results, and has the potential to characterize differences in risk between vaccine strains. The completion of this network by adding large reference hospitals, particularly from tropical countries, and the systematic WHO-led implementation of this approach, should permit the rapid post-marketing evaluation of safety signals for serious and rare adverse events for new and existing vaccines in all settings, including LMICs. PMID:28558983

[Comparison of genotype characteristics between the circulating mumps virus strain in Beijing area and the vaccine strain].

PubMed

Chen, Meng; Zhang, Tie-gang; Chen, Li-juan; Wu, Jiang; Yang, Jie; Zhang, Wei

2009-11-01

To compare the genetic characteristics of mumps virus strain circulating in Beijing with vaccine strain and to preliminarily analysis the reasons of vaccine ineffectiveness. The following methods were used: Isolation and identification of the mumps virus which had been circulating in Beijing, immunization history analysis, SH gene sequence analysis and comparison genotype homology with reference strains and analysis of the key amino acid sites of HN variation. In 38 mumps cases that virus had been isolated from, another seven cases were IgM negative. In 2007 and 2008, the positive rates on virus isolation, RT-PCR and IgM-decreased significantly, while the cases with immunization history had an increase. Cases without histories of vaccination had both higher positive rates on virus isolation and IgM. Thirty-eight strains belonged to F genotype virus, but vaccine strain was A genotype. The circulating viruses showed 5.6% sequence divergence on SH gene nucleotide and 16.0% - 18.1% from vaccine strain. Conservative hydrophobic amino acids on SH protein of some Beijing strains had changed. For example, there were 6 strains, from No.8: L-->F. The circulating viruses showed 2.3% sequence divergence on HN protein amino acid sequences and 4.2% - 5.3% from vaccine strain. Amino acids sites, which deciding the ability of cross-neutralization of the Beijing strains and vaccine strains were different. At the 354 and 356 sites, all the Beijing strains were different from the vaccine strains. The N-glycosylation sites on HN of Beijing strains were also different from those on vaccine strains. Locations 464 - 466 appeared to be NCS on Beijing strain, but locations 464 - 466 were NCR on the vaccine strains. Another 18 unknown function amino acids sites of all Beijing strains were different from those on vaccine strains. In recent years, genotype F became the main genotype of circulating strains in Beijing without genotype variation, but larger difference was found between them. There was a big difference between SH and HN protein of Beijing strains and vaccine strain, which might explain the ineffectiveness of the vaccine.

Enhancing global vaccine pharmacovigilance: Proof-of-concept study on aseptic meningitis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps containing vaccination.

PubMed

Perez-Vilar, Silvia; Weibel, Daniel; Sturkenboom, Miriam; Black, Steven; Maure, Christine; Castro, Jose Luis; Bravo-Alcántara, Pamela; Dodd, Caitlin N; Romio, Silvana A; de Ridder, Maria; Nakato, Swabra; Molina-León, Helvert Felipe; Elango, Varalakshmi; Zuber, Patrick L F

2018-01-08

New vaccines designed to prevent diseases endemic in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are now being introduced without prior record of utilization in countries with robust pharmacovigilance systems. To address this deficit, our objective was to demonstrate feasibility of an international hospital-based network for the assessment of potential epidemiological associations between serious and rare adverse events and vaccines in any setting. This was done through a proof-of-concept evaluation of the risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and aseptic meningitis (AM) following administration of the first dose of measles-mumps-containing vaccines using the self-controlled risk interval method in the primary analysis. The World Health Organization (WHO) selected 26 sentinel sites (49 hospitals) distributed in 16 countries of the six WHO regions. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of 5.0 (95% CI: 2.5-9.7) for ITP following first dose of measles-containing vaccinations, and of 10.9 (95% CI: 4.2-27.8) for AM following mumps-containing vaccinations were found. The strain-specific analyses showed significantly elevated ITP risk for measles vaccines containing Schwarz (IRR: 20.7; 95% CI: 2.7-157.6), Edmonston-Zagreb (IRR: 11.1; 95% CI: 1.4-90.3), and Enders'Edmonston (IRR: 8.5; 95% CI: 1.9-38.1) strains. A significantly elevated AM risk for vaccines containing the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain (IRR: 10.8; 95% CI: 1.3-87.4) was also found. This proof-of-concept study has shown, for the first time, that an international hospital-based network for the investigation of rare vaccine adverse events, using common standardized procedures and with high participation of LMICs, is feasible, can produce reliable results, and has the potential to characterize differences in risk between vaccine strains. The completion of this network by adding large reference hospitals, particularly from tropical countries, and the systematic WHO-led implementation of this approach, should permit the rapid post-marketing evaluation of safety signals for serious and rare adverse events for new and existing vaccines in all settings, including LMICs. Copyright © 2017 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Facts about Mumps for Adults

MedlinePlus

... containing vaccine or have other acceptable evidence of immunity to the disease. College and university students, healthcare ... MMR vaccine or have other acceptable evidence of immunity to ensure adequate protection. Vaccine safety The MMR ...

Mumps

MedlinePlus

... been raised about a connection between the MMR vaccine and autism, extensive reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics, ... there's no scientifically proven link between the MMR vaccine and autism. By Mayo Clinic Staff . Mayo Clinic Footer Legal ...

Complications of Mumps

MedlinePlus

... updated: July 27, 2016 Content source: Content source: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD) , Division of Viral Diseases ... 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta , GA 30329-4027 USA 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) , TTY: 888- ...

Healthy Family 2009: Protecting Toddlers and Teens

MedlinePlus

... 15 Months Hib, PCV Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles) vaccine— MMR A "3 in 1" vaccine ... death in some cases Rubella, also known as German measles. A generally mild disease, it can cause ...

Warning: Your Classroom May Be Dangerous to Your Health

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Califano, Joseph A., Jr.

1978-01-01

The United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare discusses the national need to ensure that all children are immunized against childhood diseases--polio, measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. (RK)

Genetic heterogeneity of L-Zagreb mumps virus vaccine strain.

PubMed

Kosutic-Gulija, Tanja; Forcic, Dubravko; Santak, Maja; Ramljak, Ana; Mateljak-Lukacevic, Sanja; Mazuran, Renata

2008-07-10

The most often used mumps vaccine strains Jeryl Lynn (JL), RIT4385, Urabe-AM9, L-Zagreb and L-3 differ in immunogenicity and reactogenicity. Previous analyses showed that JL, Urabe-AM9 and L-3 are genetically heterogeneous. We identified the heterogeneity of L-Zagreb throughout the entire genome. Two major variants were defined: variant A being identical to the consensus sequence of viral seeds and vaccine(s) and variant B which differs from variant A in three nucleotide positions. The difference between viral variants in L-Zagreb strain is insufficient for distinct viral strains to be defined. We demonstrated that proportion of variants in L-Zagreb viral population depends on cell substrate used for viral replication in vitro and in vivo. L-Zagreb strain should be considered as a single strain composed of at least two variant viral genomes.

Integration of a UV curable polymer lens and MUMPs structures on a SOI optical bench

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, Jerwei; Hsiao, Sheng-Yi; Lai, Chun-Feng; Fang, Weileun

2007-08-01

This work presents the design concept of integrating a polymer lens, poly-Si MUMPs and single-crystal-silicon HARM structures on a SOI wafer to form a silicon optical bench. This approach enables the monolithic integration of various optical components on the wafer so as to improve the design flexibility of the silicon optical bench. Fabrication processes, including surface and bulk micromachining on the SOI wafer, have been established to realize bi-convex spherical polymer lenses with in-plane as well as out-of-plane optical axes. In addition, a micro device consisting of an in-plane polymer lens, a thick fiber holder and a mechanical shutter driven by an electrothermal actuator is also demonstrated using the present approach. In summary, this study significantly improves the design flexibility as well as the functions of SiOBs.

Study of scratch drive actuator force characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Lijie; Brown, J. Gordon; Uttamchandani, Deepak

2002-11-01

Microactuators are one of the key components in MEMS technology, and various designs have been realized through different fabrication processes. One type of microactuator commonly used is the scratch drive actuator (SDA) that is frequently fabricated by surface micromachining processes. An experimental investigation has been conducted on the force characteristics of SDAs fabricated using the JDSU Microsystems MUMPs process. One-, two-, three- and four-plate SDAs connected to box-springs have been designed and fabricated for these experiments using MUMPs run 44. The spring constant for the box-springs has been calculated by FEM using ANSYS software. The product of the spring constant and spring extension is used to measure the forces produced by these SDAs. It is estimated that the forces produced exceed 250 μN from a one-plate SDA and 850 μN from a four-plate SDA.

MEMS reagent and sample handling procedure: Feasibility of viral antibody detection by passive immune agglutination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bailey, G. D.; Tenoso, H. J.

1975-01-01

An attempt was made to develop a test requiring no preadsorption steps for the assessment of antibodies to rubella and mumps viruses using the passive immune agglutination (PIA) method. Both rubella and mumps antigens and antibodies were prepared. Direct PIA tests, using rubella antigen-coated beads, and indirect PIA tests, using rubella antibody-coated beads, were investigated. Attempts, using either method, were unsuccessful. Serum interference along with nonspecific agglutination of beads by the rubella antigen resulted in no specific response under the test conditions investigated. A new, highly sensitive approach, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test system, is recommended to overcome the nonspecificity. This system is a logical outgrowth of some of the solid phase work done on MEMS and represents the next generation tests system that can be directly applied to early disease detection and monitoring.

Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella seroprevalence in refugees in Germany in 2015.

PubMed

Jablonka, Alexandra; Happle, Christine; Grote, Ulrike; Schleenvoigt, Benjamin Thomas; Hampel, Annika; Dopfer, Christian; Hansen, Gesine; Schmidt, Reinhold Ernst; Behrens, Georg M N

2016-12-01

The current extent of migration poses emerging socio-economic and humanitarian challenges. Little is known on vaccination rates in migrants entering Europe, and the implementation of guidelines for serological testing and vaccination of refugees are pending. We conducted seroprevalence analyses for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) in 678 refugees coming to Germany during the current crisis. The mean age of refugees was 28.8±11.4 years, and 76.1 % of subjects were male. Overall, IgG seronegativity was 7.4 % (95 % CI 5.5-9.6) for measles, 10.2 % (95 % CI 8.0-12.5) for mumps, 2.2 % (95 % CI 1.2-3.4) for rubella, and 3.3 % (95 % CI 1.9-4.9) for varicella. Seropositivity rates were age-dependent with considerably low values in children. For example, overall MMR immunity was 90.9 % (95 % CI 88.8-93.1), but only 73.1 % of minor aged refugees displayed complete seroprevalence against all three diseases, and only 68.9 % of children and adolescents were completely MMRV immune. Our initial data set suggests overall satisfactory MMRV immunity in adult migrants coming to Europe, but the observed low MMRV seroprevalences in refugee children support thorough and prompt vaccination of young migrants entering Europe. Taken together, our data set underlines the urgent need to implement and validate vaccination guidelines for refugee care in the current crisis.

Influence of population diversity on neurovirulence potential of plaque purified L-Zagreb variants.

PubMed

Ivancic-Jelecki, Jelena; Forcic, Dubravko; Jagusic, Maja; Kosutic-Gulija, Tanja; Mazuran, Renata; Balija, Maja Lang; Isakov, Ofer; Shomron, Noam

2016-04-29

Despite continuing research efforts, determinants of mumps virus virulence are still largely unknown. One of consequences of this is difficulty in striking a balance between efficacy and safety of live attenuated mumps vaccines. Among mumps vaccine strains associated with occurrence of postvaccinal aseptic meningitis is L-Zagreb, developed by further attenuation of vaccine strain L-3. Starting from an archived L-Zagreb sample with suboptimal neuroattenuation score, we isolated different viral variants and compared their genetic and phenotypic properties, in investigation of neurovirulence markers. Six different L-Zagreb variants were isolated by plaque purification. Their neurovirulent status was determined by rat-based neurovirulence test; population structure was determined by deep sequencing. We isolated one well neuroattenuated viral variant, two marginally neuroattenuated, and three insufficiently neuroattenuated. No genetic markers of neurovirulence could be identified. None of variants had detectable amounts of defective interfering particles. Two characteristics set insufficiently neuroattenuated variants apart from less-neurovirulent ones: elevated variability level in regions 1293-3314, 5363-7773 and 9382-11657, and/or elevated number of mutations present in frequencies ≥ 1%. The most neurovirulent variants possessed both of these features. Distinctive heterogeneity profiles were obtained for insufficiently neuroattenuated L-Zagreb variants. No markers that would discriminate between marginally and well neuroattenuated variants were identified. The findings of this study may serve as a guideline during development of an improved L3/L-Zagreb vaccine strain. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the immune status against measles, mumps, and rubella in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients.

PubMed

Kawamura, Koji; Yamazaki, Rie; Akahoshi, Yu; Nakano, Hirofumi; Ugai, Tomotaka; Wada, Hidenori; Yamasaki, Ryoko; Ishihara, Yuko; Sakamoto, Kana; Ashizawa, Masahiro; Sato, Miki; Terasako-Saito, Kiriko; Kimura, Shun-ichi; Kikuchi, Misato; Nakasone, Hideki; Kanda, Junya; Kako, Shinichi; Tanihara, Aki; Nishida, Junji; Kanda, Yoshinobu

2015-03-01

Previous studies have shown that most patients lose immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) during long-term follow-up after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and immunizations against them have been investigated. However, these previous studies mainly targeted pediatric patients and information in adult patients is still insufficient. We evaluated the immunity to MMR in 45 adult allogeneic HSCT patients. None of these patients received vaccination after HSCT. The seropositive rates at six years after allogeneic HSCT were estimated to be less than 44% for measles, less than 10% for mumps, and less than 36% for rubella. Thirteen of the 16 female patients who were 16-39 years old were negative or equivocal for rubella. Patients who developed grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease tended to become seronegative for measles and rubella at two years after HSCT, although the difference was not statistically significant. This study showed that most adult patients lost immunity to MMR after allogeneic HSCT. Although we did not evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccination in this study, most HSCT guidelines recommend vaccination for HSCT recipients without active chronic graft-versus-host disease or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy at 24 months after HSCT. Immunization against rubella is especially important for female patients of reproductive age. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the effect of vaccination on the antibody response in adult allogeneic HSCT recipients.

Assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine viruses among patients with asthma.

PubMed

Yoo, Kwang Ha; Agarwal, Kanishtha; Butterfield, Michael; Jacobson, Robert M; Poland, Gregory A; Juhn, Young J

2010-01-01

Little is known about the influence of asthma status on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine viruses. We compared the virus-specific IgG levels and lymphoproliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to MMR vaccine viruses between asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. The study subjects included 342 healthy children aged 12-18 years who had received two doses of the MMR vaccine. We ascertained asthma status by applying predetermined criteria. Of the 342 subjects, 230 were available for this study of whom 25 were definite asthmatic patients (10.9%) and the rest of subjects were nonasthmatic patients. The mean of the log-transformed lymphoproliferative responses between definite asthma and nonasthma who had a family history of asthma were for measles, 0.92 ± 0.31 versus 1.54 ± 0.17 (p = 0.125); for mumps, 0.98 ± 0.64 versus 2.20 ± 0.21 (p = 0.035); and for rubella, 0.12 ± 0.37 versus 0.97 ± 0.16 (p = 0.008), respectively, adjusting for the duration between the first MMR vaccination and determination of the immune responses. There were no such differences among children without a family history of asthma. MMR virus-specific IgG levels were not different between study subjects with or without asthma. The study findings suggest asthmatic patients may have a suboptimal cell-mediated immune response to MMR vaccine viruses and a family history of asthma modifies this effect.

Application of Oral Fluid Assays in Support of Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Control Programs.

PubMed

Maple, Peter A C

2015-12-09

Detection of specific viral antibody or nucleic acid produced by infection or immunization, using oral fluid samples, offers increased potential for wider population uptake compared to blood sampling. This methodology is well established for the control of HIV and measles infections, but can also be applied to the control of other vaccine preventable infections, and this review describes the application of oral fluid assays in support of mumps, rubella and varicella national immunization programs. In England and Wales individuals with suspected mumps or rubella, based on clinical presentation, can have an oral fluid swab sample taken for case confirmation. Universal varicella immunization of children has led to a drastic reduction of chickenpox in those countries where it is used; however, in England and Wales such a policy has not been instigated. Consequently, in England and Wales most children have had chickenpox by age 10 years; however, small, but significant, numbers of adults remain susceptible. Targeted varicella zoster virus (VZV) immunization of susceptible adolescents offers the potential to reduce the pool of susceptible adults and oral fluid determination of VZV immunity in adolescents is a potential means of identifying susceptible individuals in need of VZV vaccination. The main application of oral fluid testing is in those circumstances where blood sampling is deemed not necessary, or is undesirable, and when the documented sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid assay methodology to be used is considered sufficient for the purpose intended.

Quantitative mutant analysis of viral quasispecies by chip-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

PubMed Central

Amexis, Georgios; Oeth, Paul; Abel, Kenneth; Ivshina, Anna; Pelloquin, Francois; Cantor, Charles R.; Braun, Andreas; Chumakov, Konstantin

2001-01-01

RNA viruses exist as quasispecies, heterogeneous and dynamic mixtures of mutants having one or more consensus sequences. An adequate description of the genomic structure of such viral populations must include the consensus sequence(s) plus a quantitative assessment of sequence heterogeneities. For example, in quality control of live attenuated viral vaccines, the presence of even small quantities of mutants or revertants may indicate incomplete or unstable attenuation that may influence vaccine safety. Previously, we demonstrated the monitoring of oral poliovirus vaccine with the use of mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC). In this report, we investigate genetic variation in live attenuated mumps virus vaccine by using both MAPREC and a platform (DNA MassArray) based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Mumps vaccines prepared from the Jeryl Lynn strain typically contain at least two distinct viral substrains, JL1 and JL2, which have been characterized by full length sequencing. We report the development of assays for characterizing sequence variants in these substrains and demonstrate their use in quantitative analysis of substrains and sequence variations in mixed virus cultures and mumps vaccines. The results obtained from both the MAPREC and MALDI-TOF methods showed excellent correlation. This suggests the potential utility of MALDI-TOF for routine quality control of live viral vaccines and for assessment of genetic stability and quantitative monitoring of genetic changes in other RNA viruses of clinical interest. PMID:11593021

Facial nerve palsy: analysis of cases reported in children in a suburban hospital in Nigeria.

PubMed

Folayan, M O; Arobieke, R I; Eziyi, E; Oyetola, E O; Elusiyan, J

2014-01-01

The study describes the epidemiology, treatment, and treatment outcomes of the 10 cases of facial nerve palsy seen in children managed at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife over a 10 year period. It also compares findings with report from developed countries. This was a retrospective cohort review of pediatric cases of facial nerve palsy encountered in all the clinics run by specialists in the above named hospital. A diagnosis of facial palsy was based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Information retrieved from the case note included sex, age, number of days with lesion prior to presentation in the clinic, diagnosis, treatment, treatment outcome, and referral clinic. Only 10 cases of facial nerve palsy were diagnosed in the institution during the study period. Prevalence of facial nerve palsy in this hospital was 0.01%. The lesion more commonly affected males and the right side of the face. All cases were associated with infections: Mainly mumps (70% of cases). Case management include the use of steroids and eye pads for cases that presented within 7 days; and steroids, eye pad, and physical therapy for cases that presented later. All cases of facial nerve palsy associated with mumps and malaria infection fully recovered. The two cases of facial nerve palsy associated with otitis media only partially recovered. Facial nerve palsy in pediatric patients is more commonly associated with mumps in the study environment. Successes are recorded with steroid therapy.

Tdap Booster Requirements for Secondary Schools

MedlinePlus

... HPV Rubella Influenza Smallpox Measles Tetanus MenACWY Varicella (chickenpox) MenB Zoster (shingles) Mumps View All Pertussis Talking ... TRANSLATE FOR IAC TRAVEL (INTERNATIONAL) UNPROTECTED PEOPLE REPORTS Chickenpox Diphtheria Hepatitis A Hepatitis B >> view all VACCINATING ...

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)

MedlinePlus

... due largely to international travel. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , in 2014, there were 23 ... effects, and who should get vaccinated About Measles Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) About Rubella (German Measles) Centers ...

Signs and Symptoms of Mumps

MedlinePlus

... Privacy FOIA No Fear Act OIG 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta , GA 30329-4027 USA 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) , TTY: 888-232-6348 Email CDC-INFO U.S. Department of Health & Human Services HHS/Open USA.gov TOP

Rubella

MedlinePlus

... dangerous for a pregnant woman's baby. It can cause miscarriage or birth defects. Rubella spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People without symptoms can still spread it. There is no treatment, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. Centers ...

Genetic heterogeneity of L-Zagreb mumps virus vaccine strain

PubMed Central

Kosutic-Gulija, Tanja; Forcic, Dubravko; Šantak, Maja; Ramljak, Ana; Mateljak-Lukacevic, Sanja; Mazuran, Renata

2008-01-01

Background The most often used mumps vaccine strains Jeryl Lynn (JL), RIT4385, Urabe-AM9, L-Zagreb and L-3 differ in immunogenicity and reactogenicity. Previous analyses showed that JL, Urabe-AM9 and L-3 are genetically heterogeneous. Results We identified the heterogeneity of L-Zagreb throughout the entire genome. Two major variants were defined: variant A being identical to the consensus sequence of viral seeds and vaccine(s) and variant B which differs from variant A in three nucleotide positions. The difference between viral variants in L-Zagreb strain is insufficient for distinct viral strains to be defined. We demonstrated that proportion of variants in L-Zagreb viral population depends on cell substrate used for viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion L-Zagreb strain should be considered as a single strain composed of at least two variant viral genomes. PMID:18616793

Comparison between Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay and Shell Vial Culture for Detection of Mumps Virus from Clinical Samples

PubMed Central

Reina, Jordi; Ballesteros, Francisca; Ruiz de Gopegui, Enrique; Munar, Maria; Mari, Margarita

2003-01-01

We report a prospective comparison of the efficacies of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and shell vial culture (SVC) of throat swab and urine samples from patients with mumps. Throat swab samples were used for the IFA; the urine samples and throat swabs were inoculated into vials of Vero cells. We studied 62 patients by using 62 throat swabs and 50 urine samples (50 patients with both samples). Sixty (96.7%) throat samples were positive in the SVC, and 61 (98.3%) were positive in the IFA. For the 50 patients from whom both samples were available, the IFA was positive in 50 (100%) cases, the urine sample was positive in 49 (98%) cases, and the throat swab was positive in 48 (96%) cases (P > 0.05). This comparison of throat swabs and urine samples has shown that the two clinical samples are similar in efficacy. PMID:14605158

Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature.

PubMed

Doja, Asif; Roberts, Wendy

2006-11-01

Because of a temporal correlation between the first notable signs and symptoms of autism and the routine childhood vaccination schedule, many parents have become increasingly concerned regarding the possible etiologic role vaccines may play in the development of autism. In particular, some have suggested an association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. Our literature review found very few studies supporting this theory, with the overwhelming majority showing no causal association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. The vaccine preservative thimerosal has alternatively been hypothesized to have a possible causal role in autism. Again, no convincing evidence was found to support this claim, nor for the use of chelation therapy in autism. With decreasing uptake of immunizations in children and the inevitable occurrence of measles outbreaks, it is important that clinicians be aware of the literature concerning vaccinations and autism so that they may have informed discussions with parents and caregivers.

Effect of jet injection on infectivity of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in a bench model.

PubMed

Coughlin, Melissa M; Collins, Marcus; Saxon, Gene; Jarrahian, Courtney; Zehrung, Darin; Cappello, Chris; Dhere, Rajeev; Royals, Michael; Papania, Mark; Rota, Paul A

2015-08-26

Disposable-syringe jet injectors (DSJIs) with single-use, auto disable, needle-free syringes offer the opportunity to avoid hazards associated with injection using a needle and syringe. Clinical studies have evaluated DSJIs for vaccine delivery, but most studies have focused on inactivated, subunit, or DNA vaccines. Questions have been raised about possible damage to live attenuated viral vaccines by forces generated during the jet injection process. This study examines the effect of jet injection on the integrity of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR), measured by viral RNA content and infectivity. Three models of DSJIs were evaluated, each generating a different ejection force. Following jet injection, the RNA content for each of the vaccine components was measured using RT-qPCR immediately after injection and following passage in Vero cells. Jet injection was performed with and without pig skin as a simulation of human skin. There was little to no reduction of RNA content immediately following jet injection with any of the three DSJIs. Samples passaged in Vero cells showed no loss in infectivity of the measles vaccine following jet injection. Mumps vaccine consistently showed increased replication following jet injection. Rubella vaccine showed no loss after jet injection alone but some infectivity loss following injection through pig skin with two of the devices. Overall, these data demonstrated that forces exerted on a live attenuated MMR vaccine did not compromise vaccine infectivity. The bench model and protocol used in this study can be applied to evaluate the impact of jet injection on other live virus vaccines. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Similar Antibody Levels in 3-Year-Old Children Vaccinated Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella at the Age of 12 Months or 18 Months.

PubMed

Kontio, Mia; Palmu, Arto A; Syrjänen, Ritva K; Lahdenkari, Mika; Ruokokoski, Esa; Davidkin, Irja; Vaarala, Outi; Melin, Merit

2016-06-15

Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations have been offered to Finnish children at 14-18 months and 6 years of age. In May 2011, the recommended age for the first vaccine dose was lowered to 12 months because of the European measles epidemic. Fingertip capillary blood samples were collected from 3-year-old Finnish children vaccinated once with MMR vaccine at 11-19 months of age. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to all 3 MMR antigens were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralizing antibodies and the avidity of antibodies were measured for measles virus. From April through October 2013, 187 children were enrolled. Equally high proportions of the samples were seropositive for measles virus, mumps virus, or rubella virus antibodies, and there were no significant differences in the IgG antibody concentrations in children vaccinated at 11-13 months of age, compared with those vaccinated at 17-19 months of age. However, among children vaccinated at 11-13 months of age, boys had lower antibody concentrations than girls. Neutralizing measles virus antibody titers were above the threshold for protective immunity in all 78 samples analyzed. The measles virus antibody avidity indexes were high for all children. MMR induces similar antibody responses in 12-month-old children as compared to 18-month-old children, but in boys increasing age appears to improve the antibody responses. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.

Prevaccination antibody screening and immunization program for healthcare personnel against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in a Japanese tertiary care hospital.

PubMed

Kanamori, Hajime; Tokuda, Koichi; Ikeda, Shinobu; Endo, Shiro; Ishizawa, Chiyuki; Hirai, Yukari; Takahashi, Masami; Aoyagi, Tetsuji; Hatta, Masumitsu; Gu, Yoshiaki; Yano, Hisakazu; Weber, David J; Kaku, Mitsuo

2014-10-01

Susceptible healthcare personnel (HCP) are at high risk for acquiring and transmitting measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV). Presumptive evidence of immunity to MMRV is recommended for HCP. The aim of this investigation was to examine the seroprevalence of MMRV in Japanese HCP and the association with history or vaccination in terms of occupational safety. To improve infection control at our hospital, we also assessed their immune status by implementing prevaccination antibody screening and an immunization program with postvaccination serological testing. We implemented seroprevalence surveys on MMRV antibodies among 243 newly and 2,664 previously hired HCP in a Japanese tertiary care hospital. Self-administered questionnaires about history of MMRV and vaccination with or without written documentation were completed for newly hired HCP. Prevaccination and postvaccination serological tests were performed using virus-specific IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Indeed, only a few HCP accurately remembered or had written records of their disease or vaccination history. After our immunization program was implemented, the seropositivity rate reached levels as high as ~98% for measles, rubella, and varicella, and increased to ~80% for mumps. Our program was cost-effective, and no severe adverse reactions were reported. The prevaccination antibody screening for HCP would be helpful, given the lack of written vaccination records or documented disease history, and is also useful for the prevention of adverse reactions associated with unnecessary vaccination. It is important for infection control practitioners to comprehend the immune status of HCP against MMRV, and then provide an appropriate immunization program for susceptible HCP.

Allergic reactions to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination.

PubMed

Patja, A; Mäkinen-Kiljunen, S; Davidkin, I; Paunio, M; Peltola, H

2001-02-01

Immunization of egg-allergic children against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is often deferred or even denied, although the safety of this vaccination has been clearly shown. Moreover, the majority of severe allergic reactions have occurred in egg-tolerant vaccinees. Other allergenic vaccine components have been sought, and gelatin has been suggested as one cause of allergic adverse events. The aim of this study was to further characterize the actual allergenic vaccine components. Serum samples from 36 recipients of MMR vaccine with anaphylaxis, urticaria with or without angioedema, asthmatic symptoms, or Henoch-Schönlein purpura were analyzed by CAP System radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and immunospot methods to detect the allergenic vaccine component. To evaluate the correspondence between the findings in the CAP System RAST or the immunospot and clinical symptoms, histories of allergies and present hypersensitivity symptoms were assessed. Of the 36 participants, 10 were demonstrated to be allergic to gelatin. Seven of them had persistent allergic symptoms, possibly attributable to foods containing gelatin or cross-reactive allergens. The results of the immunospot suggested concomitant allergy to gelatin and egg, chicken, and feathers, as well as cow's milk, or they reflected allergen cross-reactivity. Although severe allergic adverse events attributable to MMR vaccination are extremely rare, all serious allergic reactions should be further assessed to detect the likely causative vaccine component, including gelatin. The current recommendation for immunization of egg-allergic persons according to standard MMR vaccination schedules is reinforced. measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, immunization, adverse effects, allergic reactions, gelatin allergy, CAP System, radioallergosorbent test, immunospot, immunoglobulin E.

Immunologic effects of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia.

PubMed

Lederman, Howard M; Connolly, Margaret A; Kalpatthi, Ram; Ware, Russell E; Wang, Winfred C; Luchtman-Jones, Lori; Waclawiw, Myron; Goldsmith, Jonathan C; Swift, Andrea; Casella, James F

2014-10-01

Susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria is well known in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hydroxyurea use is common in adults and children with SCD, but little is known about hydroxyurea's effects on immune function in SCD. Because hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, causing cell cycle arrest at the G1-S interface, we postulated that hydroxyurea might delay transition from naive to memory T cells, with inhibition of immunologic maturation and vaccine responses. T-cell subsets, naive and memory T cells, and antibody responses to pneumococcal and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were measured among participants in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hydroxyurea in infants and young children with SCD (BABY HUG). Compared with placebo, hydroxyurea treatment resulted in significantly lower total lymphocyte, CD4, and memory T-cell counts; however, these numbers were still within the range of historical healthy controls. Antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccination were not affected, but a delay in achieving protective measles antibody levels occurred in the hydroxyurea group. Antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella showed no differences between groups at exit, indicating that effective immunization can be achieved despite hydroxyurea use. Hydroxyurea does not appear to have significant deleterious effects on the immune function of infants and children with SCD. Additional assessments of lymphocyte parameters of hydroxyurea-treated children may be warranted. No changes in current immunization schedules are recommended; however, for endemic disease or epidemics, adherence to accelerated immunization schedules for the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine should be reinforced. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Immunologic Effects of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia

PubMed Central

Lederman, Howard M.; Connolly, Margaret A.; Kalpatthi, Ram; Ware, Russell E.; Wang, Winfred C.; Luchtman-Jones, Lori; Waclawiw, Myron; Goldsmith, Jonathan C.; Swift, Andrea

2014-01-01

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria is well known in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hydroxyurea use is common in adults and children with SCD, but little is known about hydroxyurea’s effects on immune function in SCD. Because hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, causing cell cycle arrest at the G1–S interface, we postulated that hydroxyurea might delay transition from naive to memory T cells, with inhibition of immunologic maturation and vaccine responses. METHODS: T-cell subsets, naive and memory T cells, and antibody responses to pneumococcal and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were measured among participants in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hydroxyurea in infants and young children with SCD (BABY HUG). RESULTS: Compared with placebo, hydroxyurea treatment resulted in significantly lower total lymphocyte, CD4, and memory T-cell counts; however, these numbers were still within the range of historical healthy controls. Antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccination were not affected, but a delay in achieving protective measles antibody levels occurred in the hydroxyurea group. Antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella showed no differences between groups at exit, indicating that effective immunization can be achieved despite hydroxyurea use. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxyurea does not appear to have significant deleterious effects on the immune function of infants and children with SCD. Additional assessments of lymphocyte parameters of hydroxyurea-treated children may be warranted. No changes in current immunization schedules are recommended; however, for endemic disease or epidemics, adherence to accelerated immunization schedules for the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine should be reinforced. PMID:25180279

42 CFR 51b.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.202 Definitions. As used in this subpart: Childhood immunization program means a preventive health service program to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and...

42 CFR 51b.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.202 Definitions. As used in this subpart: Childhood immunization program means a preventive health service program to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and...

42 CFR 51b.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.202 Definitions. As used in this subpart: Childhood immunization program means a preventive health service program to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and...

42 CFR 51b.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.202 Definitions. As used in this subpart: Childhood immunization program means a preventive health service program to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and...

42 CFR 51b.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.202 Definitions. As used in this subpart: Childhood immunization program means a preventive health service program to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and...

30-year trends in admission rates for encephalitis in children in England and effect of improved diagnostics and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination: a population-based observational study.

PubMed

Iro, Mildred A; Sadarangani, Manish; Goldacre, Raphael; Nickless, Alecia; Pollard, Andrew J; Goldacre, Michael J

2017-04-01

Encephalitis is a serious neurological disorder, yet data on admission rates for all-cause childhood encephalitis in England are scarce. We aimed to estimate admission rates for childhood encephalitis in England over 33 years (1979-2011), to describe trends in admission rates, and to observe how these rates have varied with the introduction of vaccines and improved diagnostics. We did a retrospective analysis of hospital admission statistics for encephalitis for individuals aged 0-19 years using national data from the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry (HIPE, 1979-85) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES, 1990-2011). We analysed annual age-specific and age-standardised admission rates in single calendar years and admission rate trends for specified aetiologies in relation to introduction of PCR testing and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. We compared admission rates between the two International Classification of Diseases (ICD) periods, ICD9 (1979-94) and ICD10 (1995-2011). We found 16 571 encephalitis hospital admissions in the period 1979-2011, with a mean hospital admission rate of 5·97 per 100 000 per year (95% CI 5·52-6·41). Hospital admission rates declined from 1979 to 1994 (ICD9; annual percentage change [APC] -3·30%; 95% CI -2·88 to -3·66; p<0·0001) and increased between 1995 and 2011 (ICD10; APC 3·30%; 2·75-3·85; p<0·0001). Admissions for measles decreased by 97% (from 0·32 to 0·009) and admissions for mumps encephalitis decreased by 98% (from 0·60 to 0·01) after the introduction of the two-dose MMR vaccine. Hospital admission rates for encephalitis of unknown aetiology have increased by 37% since the introduction of PCR testing. Hospital admission rates for all-cause childhood encephalitis in England are increasing. Admissions for measles and mumps encephalitis have decreased substantially. The numbers of encephalitis admissions without a specific diagnosis are increasing despite availability of PCR testing, indicating the need for strategies to improve aetiological diagnosis in children with encephalitis. None. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Colds and the Flu: Respiratory Infections during Pregnancy

MedlinePlus

... includes viruses such as regular measles, mumps, roseola, mononucleosis (“mono”), and bronchiolitis. In normal pregnancies, the risk of serious birth defects is 2% to 3%. To protect yourself from all infectious viruses: Wash your hands frequently, especially after using ...

Automated Tumor Registry for Oncology. A VA-DHCP MUMPS application.

PubMed

Richie, S

1992-01-01

The VA Automated Tumor Registry for Oncology, Version 2, is a multifaceted, completely automated user-friendly cancer database. Easy to use modules include: Automatic Casefinding; Suspense Files; Abstracting and Printing; Follow-up; Annual Reports; Statistical Reports; Utility Functions.

Measles, Mumps, Rubella and the MMR Vaccine during Pregnancy

MedlinePlus

... defects. I have heard about a chance of autism with vaccines. Is there a chance for autism with the MMR vaccine? There is no evidence ... or while breastfeeding would increase the chance for autism in a child. Also, there is no evidence ...

MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine - what you need to know

MedlinePlus

... the blood, bones, or joints. Rarely, varicella can cause death. Some people who get chickenpox get a painful ... injections. This happens very rarely. Any medication can cause a ... or death. The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. ...

Automated Tumor Registry for Oncology. A VA-DHCP MUMPS application.

PubMed Central

Richie, S.

1992-01-01

The VA Automated Tumor Registry for Oncology, Version 2, is a multifaceted, completely automated user-friendly cancer database. Easy to use modules include: Automatic Casefinding; Suspense Files; Abstracting and Printing; Follow-up; Annual Reports; Statistical Reports; Utility Functions. PMID:1482866

Persistent measles virus infection of the intestine: confirmation by immunogold electron microscopy.

PubMed Central

Lewin, J; Dhillon, A P; Sim, R; Mazure, G; Pounder, R E; Wakefield, A J

1995-01-01

This study sought to investigate persistent measles virus infection of the intestine: a novel protocol for immunogold electron microscopy was developed using a polyclonal anti-measles nucleoprotein antibody on reprocessed, formalin fixed paraffin wax embedded tissue sections. Antibody binding was detected using both immunoperoxidase and light microscopy on tissue sections, and 10 nm gold conjugated secondary antibody and electron microscopy on ultrathin sections. The techniques were validated using both measles infected vero cells and human tissues with established measles infection: these included brain affected by subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and acute measles appendicitis. The technique was applied subsequently to six untreated cases of granulomatous Crohn's disease, and two cases of ileocaecal tuberculosis, a granulomatous control. Mumps primary antibody--applied to both mumps infected vero cells, and measles infected vero cells and tissues studied by immunoperoxidase, and measles antibody on mumps infected cells studied by immunoperoxidase and immunogold--were used as specificity controls: the primary antibodies identified their respective target antigen and there was no antibody cross reactivity. Measles virus nucleocapsids labelled with gold conjugated antibody in both infected cells and tissues, including foci of granulomatous inflammation in five of six cases of Crohn's disease: in the fifth case, the granuloma could not be identified in ultrathin section. In one of the tuberculosis cases, a low level of signal was noted while the second case was negative. Labelling adopted a characteristic pattern in all infected tissues, strengthening the specificity of these findings. This study provides the first direct confirmation of persistent measles virus infection of the intestine. Images Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 PMID:7737565

A double blind, randomized, active controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of measles, mumps rubella, and varicella vaccine (MMRV) manufactured using an alternative process.

PubMed

Marshall, Gary S; Senders, Shelly D; Shepard, Julie; Twiggs, Jerry D; Gardner, Julie; Hille, Darcy; Hartzel, Jonathan; Valenzuela, Rowan; Stek, Jon E; Helmond, Frans A

2016-08-02

Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella is recommended for all children in the US. Limitations manufacturing Oka/Merck strain varicella-zoster virus have hampered the availability of the combination vaccine (MMRV) against these 4 viruses, which drove the need to investigate an alternative manufacturing process. Healthy children 12-to-23 months of age at 71 US sites were randomized (1:1) to receive MMRV manufactured using an alternative process (MMRV AMP ) or the currently licensed MMRV. Subjects received 2 0.5 mL doses 3 months apart. Sera were collected before and 6 weeks after Dose-1. Adverse experiences (AEs) were collected for 42 d after each dose and serious AEs and events of special interest for 180 d after Dose-2. Overall, 706 subjects were randomized to MMRV AMP and 706 to MMRV and 698 and 702 received at least 1 dose of study vaccine, respectively. The risk difference in response rates and geometric mean concentrations of antibody to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella viruses 6 weeks after Dose-1 met non-inferiority criteria for MMRV AMP versus, MMRV. Response rates met acceptability criteria for each virus, and the seroconversion rate to varicella-zoster virus was 99.5% in both groups. Vaccine-related AEs were mostly mild-to-moderate in intensity and somewhat more common after MMRV AMP . Febrile seizures occurred at similar rates in both groups during the first 42 d after each vaccine dose. MMRV AMP is non-inferior to MMRV and represents an important advancement in maintaining an adequate supply of vaccines against these diseases.

Childhood febrile illness and the risk of myopia in UK Biobank participants.

PubMed

Guggenheim, J A; Williams, C

2016-04-01

Historical reports suggest febrile illness during childhood is a risk factor for myopia. The establishment of the UK Biobank provided a unique opportunity to investigate this relationship. We studied a sample of UK Biobank participants of White ethnicity aged 40-69 years old who underwent autorefraction (N=91 592) and were classified as myopic (≤-0.75 Dioptres (D)), highly myopic (≤-6.00 D), or non-myopic (>-0.75 D). Self-reported age at diagnosis of past medical conditions was ascertained during an interview with a nurse at a Biobank assessment centre. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for myopia or high myopia associated with a diagnosis before age 17 years of each of nine febrile illnesses, after adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, highest educational qualification, and birth order). Rubella, mumps, and pertussis were associated with myopia: rubella, OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.03-1.85, P=0.030; mumps, OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.64, P=0.010; and pertussis, OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.03-1.87, P=0.029. Measles, rubella, and pertussis were associated with high myopia: measles, OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07, P=0.019; rubella, OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.12-3.35, P=0.017; and pertussis, OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.24-3.71, P=0.006. The evidence did not support an interaction between education and febrile illness in explaining the above risks. A history of childhood measles, rubella, or pertussis was associated with high myopia, whereas a history of childhood rubella, mumps, or pertussis was associated with any myopia. The reasons for these associations are unclear.

Protection of medical and paramedical university students in Lebanon against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella: active measures are needed.

PubMed

Chamat, Soulaima; Salameh, Pascale; Haddad, Nabil; Berry, Atika; Chedid, Philippe; Bouharoun-Tayoun, Hasnaa

2011-08-01

In many countries, universities require students to either show a physician-certified proof of immunity or to get vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, prior to their registration in medical and paramedical majors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the need to implement this policy in Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was performed on students of the Lebanese University (LU), faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy and Public Health. The serological immunity status was assessed by determining specific antibody titer and the disease and vaccination history of 502 students was collected. Based on percentages of susceptibility, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to compare systematic vaccination without prior serological testing with selective vaccination of seronegative students. Percentages of individuals with serologically confirmed immunity against varicella, measles, rubella and mumps were 93%, 86%, 88% and 75% respectively, and 42% of the students were susceptible to at least one of the pathogens covered by the MMR vaccine. Compilation of 186 vaccination records indicated that only 19 students (10%) had been adequately vaccinated. Moreover, among those, 7 students (37%) were still unprotected against at least one virus. Systematic vaccination against MMR was found to be 4-5 times less expensive than selective vaccination, while selective vaccination of seronegative individuals was more cost-efficient for varicella. Since, in this population, very few individuals were able to present a proof of adequate vaccination, it is recommended to systematically vaccinate healthcare students in Lebanon against MMR. For varicella, selective vaccination after serological testing should be performed. Copyright © 2011 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures.

PubMed

Klein, Nicola P; Fireman, Bruce; Yih, W Katherine; Lewis, Edwin; Kulldorff, Martin; Ray, Paula; Baxter, Roger; Hambidge, Simon; Nordin, James; Naleway, Allison; Belongia, Edward A; Lieu, Tracy; Baggs, James; Weintraub, Eric

2010-07-01

In February 2008, we alerted the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to preliminary evidence of a twofold increased risk of febrile seizures after the combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine when compared with separate measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccines. Now with data on twice as many vaccine recipients, our goal was to reexamine seizure risk after MMRV vaccine. Using 2000-2008 Vaccine Safety Datalink data, we assessed seizures and fever visits among children aged 12 to 23 months after MMRV and separate MMR + varicella vaccines. We compared seizure risk after MMRV vaccine to that after MMR + varicella vaccines by using Poisson regression as well as with supplementary regressions that incorporated chart-review results and self-controlled analyses. MMRV vaccine recipients (83,107) were compared with recipients of MMR + varicella vaccines (376,354). Seizure and fever significantly clustered 7 to 10 days after vaccination with all measles-containing vaccines but not after varicella vaccination alone. Seizure risk during days 7 to 10 was higher after MMRV than after MMR + varicella vaccination (relative risk: 1.98 [95% confidence interval: 1.43-2.73]). Supplementary analyses yielded similar results. The excess risk for febrile seizures 7 to 10 days after MMRV compared with separate MMR + varicella vaccination was 4.3 per 10,000 doses (95% confidence interval: 2.6-5.6). Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles-containing vaccine, fever and seizure were elevated 7 to 10 days after vaccination. Vaccination with MMRV results in 1 additional febrile seizure for every 2300 doses given instead of separate MMR + varicella vaccines. Providers who recommend MMRV should communicate to parents that it increases the risk of fever and seizure over that already associated with measles-containing vaccines.

Childhood infections and risk of multiple sclerosis.

PubMed

Bager, Peter; Nielsen, Nete Munk; Bihrmann, Kristine; Frisch, Morten; Hjalgrim, Henrik; Wohlfart, Jan; Koch-Henriksen, Nils; Melbye, Mads; Westergaard, Tine

2004-11-01

Multiple sclerosis has been hypothesized to be the result from an aberrant immune response possibly triggered by delayed exposure to a common childhood infection. Because the vast majority of previous studies testing this hypothesis have been based on a history of childhood infections recalled years to decades later in adulthood, we investigated whether age at six common childhood infections was associated with risk of multiple sclerosis, using information recalled in the childhood of a historical cohort of school children in Denmark. Cases included all individuals with multiple sclerosis in the country born between 1940 and 1975, who had attended school in the capital, Copenhagen. Controls were age- and sex-matched peers. School health records were obtained for all subjects. The records contained information on measles, pertussis, scarlet fever, birth order, sibship size, social class of the father, school years, and name of school and attended school classes for children born since 1940 (n(cases) = 455, n(controls) = 1801). For children born since 1950, the records also contained information on rubella, varicella and mumps (n(cases) = 182, n(controls) = 690). Neither age at infection with measles, rubella, varicella, mumps, pertussis and scarlet fever (upper age limit, 14 years) nor the cumulative number of these infections between the ages of 10 and 14 years was associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis. In addition, the risk of multiple sclerosis was not associated with birth order or social class. No clustering of multiple sclerosis in school classes was observed. Our findings suggest that measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, pertussis and scarlet fever, even if acquired late in childhood, are not associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis later in life.

Updated data on effective and safe immunizations with live-attenuated vaccines for children after living donor liver transplantation.

PubMed

Shinjoh, Masayoshi; Hoshino, Ken; Takahashi, Takao; Nakayama, Tetsuo

2015-01-29

Although immunizations using live-attenuated vaccines are not recommended for children post-liver transplant due to their theoretical risks, they will inevitably encounter vaccine-preventable viral diseases upon returning to real-life situations. The window of opportunity for vaccination is usually limited prior to transplantation because these children often have unstable disease courses. Also, vaccine immunity does not always persist after transplantation. Beginning in 2002, subcutaneous immunizations with four individual live-attenuated vaccines (measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps) to pediatric patients following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) were performed for those who fulfilled the clinical criteria, including humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Written informed consent was collected. We included the study on 70 immunizations for 18 cases that we reported in 2008 (Shinjoh et al., 2008). A total of 196 immunizations were administered to 48 pediatric post-LDLT recipients. Of these, 144 were first immunizations and 52 were repeated immunizations following LDLT. The seroconversion rates at the first dose for measles (AIK-C), rubella (TO-336), varicella (Oka), and mumps (Hoshino) were 100% (36/36), 100% (35/35), 70% (23/33), and 75% (24/32), respectively. Antibody levels did not fall over time in patients immunized with rubella vaccine. Three mild cases of breakthrough varicella were observed. Two cases with transient parotid gland swelling were observed after mumps immunization. Two admissions because of fever at 2-3 weeks after the measles vaccine were reported but the patients had no symptoms of measles. Immunizations using selected live-attenuated vaccines were safe and effective for post-LDLT children who were not severely immunosuppressed. However, with the exception of rubella, repeated immunization may be necessary. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biological characteristics of genetic variants of Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine virus.

PubMed

Wright, K E; Dimock, K; Brown, E G

2000-03-01

The Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine is composed of a mixture of variants distinguishable by a difference at nucleotide (nt) 1081 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene (Brown, E.G., Dimock, K., Wright, K.E., 1996. The Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine is a mixture of viruses differing at amino acid (aa) 335 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene with one form associated with disease. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 619-622.). Further genetic and biological variation was detected in plaque purified viruses from the Urabe AM9 vaccine by examining the HN gene sequence, plaque morphology, cytopathic effects and growth in Vero cells, and temperature sensitivity (ts). Infection of Vero cells with plaque purified viruses with a G at nt 1081 of the HN gene produced large, clear plaques, caused significant CPE early after infection but yielded lower titres of virus than other purified viruses. None of these viruses were ts. In contrast, half of the plaque purified viruses with an A at nt 1081 were sensitive to a temperature of 39.5 degrees C. These viruses produced small plaques, caused significant CPE and grew to low titres. Two ts viruses possessed a unique aa substitution at aa 468 of HN. The remaining A(1081) viruses were not ts, produced large plaques but little CPE, and grew to titres 10-fold higher than the G(1081) viruses. Isolates of Urabe AM9 associated with post-vaccination illness were similar to these non-ts A(1081) viruses, but could be further sub-divided into two groups on the basis of a difference at aa 464 of HN. The post-vaccination isolates may represent insufficiently attenuated components of the vaccine, while the G(1081) and ts subset of A(1081) viruses may be more fully attenuated.

A double blind, randomized, active controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of measles, mumps rubella, and varicella vaccine (MMRV) manufactured using an alternative process

PubMed Central

Marshall, Gary S.; Senders, Shelly D.; Shepard, Julie; Twiggs, Jerry D.; Gardner, Julie; Hille, Darcy; Hartzel, Jonathan; Valenzuela, Rowan; Stek, Jon E.; Helmond, Frans A.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella is recommended for all children in the US. Limitations manufacturing Oka/Merck strain varicella-zoster virus have hampered the availability of the combination vaccine (MMRV) against these 4 viruses, which drove the need to investigate an alternative manufacturing process. Healthy children 12-to-23 months of age at 71 US sites were randomized (1:1) to receive MMRV manufactured using an alternative process (MMRVAMP) or the currently licensed MMRV. Subjects received 2 0.5 mL doses 3 months apart. Sera were collected before and 6 weeks after Dose-1. Adverse experiences (AEs) were collected for 42 d after each dose and serious AEs and events of special interest for 180 d after Dose-2. Overall, 706 subjects were randomized to MMRVAMP and 706 to MMRV and 698 and 702 received at least 1 dose of study vaccine, respectively. The risk difference in response rates and geometric mean concentrations of antibody to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella viruses 6 weeks after Dose-1 met non-inferiority criteria for MMRVAMP versus, MMRV. Response rates met acceptability criteria for each virus, and the seroconversion rate to varicella-zoster virus was 99.5% in both groups. Vaccine-related AEs were mostly mild-to-moderate in intensity and somewhat more common after MMRVAMP. Febrile seizures occurred at similar rates in both groups during the first 42 d after each vaccine dose. MMRVAMP is non-inferior to MMRV and represents an important advancement in maintaining an adequate supply of vaccines against these diseases. PMID:27149048

Neurological diseases associated with viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

PubMed Central

Assaad, F.; Gispen, R.; Kleemola, M.; Syrůček, L.; Esteves, K.

1980-01-01

In 1963 the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and dissemination of information on viral infections and by 1976, laboratories in 49 countries were participating in this scheme. The present study is in two parts: part 1 is an analysis of almost 60 000 reports on neurological disease associated with viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections reported during the 10-year period 1967-76. This analysis showed a steady increase in the yearly number of reports of viral neurological diseases, which closely followed the general increase in the overall reporting of virus diseases. Likewise, the seasonal pattern was similar to that seen in general for any given virus. Over 75% of the cases were in children. Over half of all viral neurological diseases were associated with enteroviruses, while the myxoviruses accounted for almost 30%. Among the myxoviruses, mumps virus was by far the most frequently reported. The polioviruses were the agents most commonly detected in cases of paralytic disease. The other enteroviruses, mumps virus, and the herpesviruses were the most frequently reported viruses in cases of aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. On the other hand, one-third to over one-half of the reports on the myxoviruses (excluding mumps and measles) related to ill-defined clinical conditions. Part 2 of the study deals in particular with viruses whose role in neurological disease is less well documented. One laboratory reported an outbreak of adenoviral aseptic meningitis in Czechoslovakia, while another described neurological disease associated with M. pneumoniae infection in Finland. Part 2 also includes a detailed appraisal of viral infections diagnosed in the Netherlands during the period 1973-76. The results are very similar to those routinely reported. PMID:6249511

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions About Routine Childhood Vaccinations Among Jewish Ultra-Orthodox Mothers Residing in Communities with Low Vaccination Coverage in the Jerusalem District.

PubMed

Stein Zamir, Chen; Israeli, Avi

2017-05-01

Background and aims Childhood vaccinations are an important component of primary prevention. Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics in Israel provide routine vaccinations without charge. Several vaccine-preventable-diseases outbreaks (measles, mumps) emerged in Jerusalem in the past decade. We aimed to study attitudes and knowledge on vaccinations among mothers, in communities with low immunization coverage. Methods A qualitative study including focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Results Low immunization coverage was defined below the district's mean (age 2 years, 2013) for measles-mumps-rubella-varicella 1st dose (MMR1\\MMRV1) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis 4th dose (DTaP4), 96 and 89%, respectively. Five communities were included, all were Jewish ultra-orthodox. The mothers' (n = 87) median age was 30 years and median number of children 4. Most mothers (94%) rated vaccinations as the main activity in the MCH clinics with overall positive attitudes. Knowledge about vaccines and vaccination schedule was inadequate. Of vaccines scheduled at ages 0-2 years (n = 13), the mean number mentioned was 3.9 ± 2.8 (median 4, range 0-9). Vaccines mentioned more often were outbreak-related (measles, mumps, polio) and HBV (given to newborns). Concerns about vaccines were obvious, trust issues and religious beliefs were not. Vaccination delay was very common and timeliness was considered insignificant. Practical difficulties in adhering to the recommended schedule prevailed. The vaccinations visits were associated with pain and stress. Overall, there was a sense of self-responsibility accompanied by inability to influence others. Conclusion Investigating maternal knowledge and attitudes on childhood vaccinations provides insights that may assist in planning tailored intervention programs aimed to increase both vaccination coverage and timeliness.

The Development of MUMPS-Based Rehabilitation Psychology Computer Applications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dutro, Kenneth R.

The use of computer assisted programs in career exploration and occupational information is well documented. Various phases of the vocational counseling process, i.e., diagnostic evaluation, program planning, career exploration, case management, and program evaluation, offer similarly promising opportunities for computerization. Using the…

Special Technology Area Review on Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MOEMS)

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-12-01

Optical Interference in Night Vision Systems "* DMD Assisted Intelligent Manufacturing of ................................................... SRI...CONCEPT ......................................... p. 8 FIGURE 3(a): DMD LIGHT SWITCHES...p. 9 FIGURE 3(b): SEM PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF DMD CHIPS ........................................ p. 9 FIGURE 4: MULTI-USER MEMS PROJECTS (MUMPS

Rubella in Israel after the MMR vaccine: elimination or containment?

PubMed

Anis, Emilia; Grotto, Itamar; Moerman, Larisa; Kaliner, Ehud; Warshavsky, Bruce; Slater, Paul E; Lev, Boaz

2013-05-01

Since 1996, after the full institution of the two-dose measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) regimen in Israel, rubella incidence has declined dramatically and has remained extremely low. Cyclical outbreaks ended; the two brief outbreaks that did occur were quickly contained; and epidemiological data indicate that the disease is practically absent from the country. But similar steep declines in the incidence of measles and mumps, the two other MMR-preventable diseases, were followed by major outbreaks in 2007 and 2010. Epidemiological analyses show that undervaccination of subgroups within the Jewish ultra-orthodox population, both in Israel and abroad, and virus importation into Israel, continue to be risk factors for all three MMR-preventable diseases. Israel's public health system, therefore, should focus on a policy of containment: improve MMR coverage among undervaccinated subgroups and assure that virus importation is no longer a risk. Then the goal of rubella elimination will become feasible. We discuss how the Israeli experience may contribute to the World Health Organization Initiative to eliminate simultaneously measles and rubella.

A random cluster survey and a convenience sample give comparable estimates of immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in children of school age in Victoria, Australia.

PubMed

Kelly, Heath; Riddell, Michaela A; Gidding, Heather F; Nolan, Terry; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L

2002-08-19

We compared estimates of the age-specific population immunity to measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and varicella zoster viruses in Victorian school children obtained by a national sero-survey, using a convenience sample of residual sera from diagnostic laboratories throughout Australia, with those from a three-stage random cluster survey. When grouped according to school age (primary or secondary school) there was no significant difference in the estimates of immunity to measles, mumps, hepatitis B or varicella. Compared with the convenience sample, the random cluster survey estimated higher immunity to rubella in samples from both primary (98.7% versus 93.6%, P = 0.002) and secondary school students (98.4% versus 93.2%, P = 0.03). Despite some limitations, this study suggests that the collection of a convenience sample of sera from diagnostic laboratories is an appropriate sampling strategy to provide population immunity data that will inform Australia's current and future immunisation policies. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.

A molded surface-micromachining and bulk etching release (MOSBE) fabrication platform on (1 1 1) Si for MOEMS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Mingching; Fang, Weileun

2006-02-01

This work attempts to integrate poly-Si thin film and single-crystal-silicon (SCS) structures in a monolithic process. The process integrated multi-depth DRIE (deep reactive ion etching), trench-refilled molding, a two poly-Si MUMPs process and (1 1 1) Si bulk micromachining to accomplish multi-thickness and multi-depth structures for superior micro-optical devices. In application, a SCS scanning mirror driven by self-aligned vertical comb-drive actuators was demonstrated. The stiffness of the mirror was significantly increased by thick SCS structures. The thin poly-Si film served as flexible torsional springs and electrical routings. The depth difference of the vertical comb electrodes was tuned by DRIE to increase the devices' stroke. Finally, a large moving space was available after the bulk Si etching. In summary, the present fabrication process, named (1 1 1) MOSBE (molded surface-micromachining and bulk etching release on (1 1 1) Si substrate), can further integrate with the MUMPs devices to establish a more powerful platform.

Structural characterization of Mumps virus fusion protein core

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Yueyong; Xu Yanhui; Lou Zhiyong

2006-09-29

The fusion proteins of enveloped viruses mediating the fusion between the viral and cellular membranes comprise two discontinuous heptad repeat (HR) domains located at the ectodomain of the enveloped glycoproteins. The crystal structure of the fusion protein core of Mumps virus (MuV) was determined at 2.2 A resolution. The complex is a six-helix bundle in which three HR1 peptides form a central highly hydrophobic coiled-coil and three HR2 peptides pack against the hydrophobic grooves on the surface of central coiled-coil in an oblique antiparallel manner. Fusion core of MuV, like those of simian virus 5 and human respiratory syncytium virus,more » forms typical 3-4-4-4-3 spacing. The similar charecterization in HR1 regions, as well as the existence of O-X-O motif in extended regions of HR2 helix, suggests a basic rule for the formation of the fusion core of viral fusion proteins.« less

Evaluation of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination Among Newly Arrived Refugees.

PubMed

Lee, Deborah; Weinberg, Michelle; Benoit, Stephen

2017-05-01

To assess US availability and use of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination documentation for refugees vaccinated overseas. We selected 1500 refugee records from 14 states from March 2013 through July 2015 to determine whether overseas vaccination records were available at the US postarrival health assessment and integrated into the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices schedule. We assessed number of doses, dosing interval, and contraindications. Twelve of 14 (85.7%) states provided data on 1118 (74.5%) refugees. Overseas records for 972 (86.9%) refugees were available, most from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Electronic Disease Notification system (66.9%). Most refugees (829; 85.3%) were assessed appropriately for MMR vaccination; 37 (3.8%) should have received MMR vaccine but did not; 106 (10.9%) did not need the MMR vaccine but were vaccinated. Overseas documentation was available at most clinics, and MMR vaccinations typically were given when needed. Further collaboration between refugee health clinics and state immunization information systems would improve accessibility of vaccination documentation.

Clinical safety issues of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines.

PubMed Central

Afzal, M. A.; Minor, P. D.; Schild, G. C.

2000-01-01

The clinical safety of measles and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines has been questioned in recent reports that propose a possible link between measles virus or measles vaccines and the occurrence of juvenile Crohn disease and autism. This article reviews the outcomes of several laboratory investigations which were carried out independently to identify the presence or absence of measles virus in the intestinal tissues derived from cases of inflammatory bowel disease. One research group reported the presence of measles virus particles and genomic RNA in inflammatory bowel disease tissues, but this could not be confirmed by other groups, despite use of techniques that are highly specific and sensitive for the detection of measles virus nucleic acid in clinical specimens down to the molecular level. Based on the published data reviewed here, it can be concluded that there is no direct association between measles virus or measles vaccines and the development of Crohn disease, a conclusion which is supported by most epidemiological findings. PMID:10743285

Overview of measles and mumps vaccine: origin, present, and future of vaccine production.

PubMed

Betáková, T; Svetlíková, D; Gocník, M

2013-01-01

Measles and mumps are common viral childhood diseases that can cause serious complications. Vaccination remains the most efficient way to control the spread of these viruses. The manufacturing capability for viral vaccines produced in embryonated hen eggs and conventional/classical cell substrates, such as chicken embryo fibroblast or primary dog kidney cell substrates, is no longer sufficient. This limitation can be overcome by utilizing other recognized cell substrates such as Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), Vero (monkey origin) cells, MRC-5 (human diploid) or as an alternative, introducing new cell substrates of human or avian origin. A very important factor in vaccine production is the safety and immunogenicity of the final vaccine, where the proper choice of cell substrate used for virus propagation is made. All substrates used in vaccine production must be fully characterized to avoid the contamination of hidden unknown pathogens which is difficult to achieve in primary cell substrates.

EMR Database Upgrade from MUMPS to CACHE: Lessons Learned.

PubMed

Alotaibi, Abduallah; Emshary, Mshary; Househ, Mowafa

2014-01-01

Over the past few years, Saudi hospitals have been implementing and upgrading Electronic Medical Record Systems (EMRs) to ensure secure data transfer and exchange between EMRs.This paper focuses on the process and lessons learned in upgrading the MUMPS database to a the newer Caché database to ensure the integrity of electronic data transfer within a local Saudi hospital. This paper examines the steps taken by the departments concerned, their action plans and how the change process was managed. Results show that user satisfaction was achieved after the upgrade was completed. The system was stable and offered better healthcare quality to patients as a result of the data exchange. Hardware infrastructure upgrades improved scalability and software upgrades to Caché improved stability. The overall performance was enhanced and new functions were added (CPOE) during the upgrades. The essons learned were: 1) Involve higher management; 2) Research multiple solutions available in the market; 3) Plan for a variety of implementation scenarios.

Childhood Vaccines: What They Are and Why Your Child Needs Them

MedlinePlus

... vaccine? The DTaP vaccine is 3 vaccines in 1 shot. It protects against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. It’s ... mumps, and rubella (MMR). It’s given as 2 shots when your child is 1 year old and again when they are 4- ...

Mumps and the Vaccine (Shot) to Prevent It

MedlinePlus

... 6 months to 11 months old should have 1 dose of MMR shot before traveling abroad. Fact Sheet for Parents Color [ ... my child? To learn more about the MMR shot, talk to your child’s doctor, call 1-800-CDC-INFO, or visit www.cdc.gov/ ...

Vaccines: What You Need to Know

MedlinePlus

... childhood diseases and improving child mortality rates. For example, measles is one highly contagious disease for which we have a ... causes a high fever and rash, and about one of four people who gets measles ... loss, and in rarer cases, brain swelling and death. Mumps is known for ...

Compulsory and recommended vaccination in Italy: evaluation of coverage and non-compliance between 1998-2002 in Northern Italy

PubMed Central

Stampi, Serena; Ricci, Rita; Ruffilli, Isa; Zanetti, Franca

2005-01-01

Background Since vaccinations are an effective prevention tool for maintaining the health of society, the monitoring of immunization coverage allows us to identify areas where disease outbreaks are likely to occur, and possibly assist us in predicting future outbreaks. The aim of this study is the investigation of the coverage achieved for compulsory (diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hepatitis B,) and recommended (pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, measles-mumps-rubella) vaccinations between 1998 and 2002 in the municipality of Bologna and the identification of the subjects not complying with compulsory and recommended vaccinations. Methods The statistics regarding vaccinal coverage were elaborated from the data supplied by the Bologna vaccinal registration system (1998–2000) and the IPV4 program (2001–2002). To calculate the coverage for compulsory vaccinations and cases of non-compliance reference was made to the protocol drawn up by the Emilia Romagna Regional Administration. The reasons for non-compliance were divided into various categories Results In Bologna the levels of immunization for the four compulsory vaccinations are satisfactory: over 95% children completed the vaccinal cycle, receiving the booster for anti-polio foreseen in their 3rd year and for anti-dyphteria, tetanus, pertussis at 6 years. The frequency of subjects with total non-compliance (i.e. those who have not begun any compulsory vaccinations by the age of one year) is generally higher in Bologna than in the region, with a slight increase in 2002 (2.52% and 1.06% in the city and the region respectively). The frequency of the anti-measles vaccination is higher than that of mumps and rubella, which means that the single vaccine, as opposed to the combined MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) was still being used in the period in question. The most common reason for non compliance is objection of parents and is probably due to reduction of certain diseases or anxiety about the possible risks. Conclusion In Bologna the frequency of children aged 12 and 24 months who have achieved compulsory vaccination varied, in 2002, between 95% and 98%. As regards recommended vaccinations the percentage of coverage against Haemophilus influenzae is 93.3%, while the levels for measles, mumps and pertussis range from 84% to approx. 92%. Although these percentages are higher if compared to those obtained by other Italian regions, every effort should be made to strengthen the aspects that lead to a successful vaccinal strategy. PMID:15845144