Sample records for nano floating gate

  1. Ambipolar organic thin-film transistor-based nano-floating-gate nonvolatile memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Jinhua; Wang, Wei; Ying, Jun; Xie, Wenfa

    2014-01-01

    An ambipolar organic thin-film transistor-based nano-floating-gate nonvolatile memory was demonstrated, with discrete distributed gold nanoparticles, tetratetracontane (TTC), pentacene as the floating-gate layer, tunneling layer, and active layer, respectively. The electron traps at the TTC/pentacene interface were significantly suppressed, which resulted in an ambipolar operation in present memory. As both electrons and holes were supplied in the channel and trapped in the floating-gate by programming/erasing operations, respectively, i.e., one type of charge carriers was used to overwrite the other, trapped, one, a large memory window, extending on both sides of the initial threshold voltage, was realized.

  2. Physical implication of transition voltage in organic nano-floating-gate nonvolatile memories

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Shun; Gao, Xu, E-mail: wangsd@suda.edu.cn, E-mail: gaoxu@suda.edu.cn; Zhong, Ya-Nan

    High-performance pentacene-based organic field-effect transistor nonvolatile memories, using polystyrene as a tunneling dielectric and Au nanoparticles as a nano-floating-gate, show parallelogram-like transfer characteristics with a featured transition point. The transition voltage at the transition point corresponds to a threshold electric field in the tunneling dielectric, over which stored electrons in the nano-floating-gate will start to leak out. The transition voltage can be modulated depending on the bias configuration and device structure. For p-type active layers, optimized transition voltage should be on the negative side of but close to the reading voltage, which can simultaneously achieve a high ON/OFF ratio andmore » good memory retention.« less

  3. Direct probing of electron and hole trapping into nano-floating-gate in organic field-effect transistor nonvolatile memories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cui, Ze-Qun; Wang, Shun; Chen, Jian-Mei; Gao, Xu; Dong, Bin; Chi, Li-Feng; Wang, Sui-Dong

    2015-03-01

    Electron and hole trapping into the nano-floating-gate of a pentacene-based organic field-effect transistor nonvolatile memory is directly probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The probing is straightforward and non-destructive. The measured surface potential change can quantitatively profile the charge trapping, and the surface characterization results are in good accord with the corresponding device behavior. Both electrons and holes can be trapped into the nano-floating-gate, with a preference of electron trapping than hole trapping. The trapped charge quantity has an approximately linear relation with the programming/erasing gate bias, indicating that the charge trapping in the device is a field-controlled process.

  4. DIFMOS - A floating-gate electrically erasable nonvolatile semiconductor memory technology. [Dual Injector Floating-gate MOS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gosney, W. M.

    1977-01-01

    Electrically alterable read-only memories (EAROM's) or reprogrammable read-only memories (RPROM's) can be fabricated using a single-level metal-gate p-channel MOS technology with all conventional processing steps. Given the acronym DIFMOS for dual-injector floating-gate MOS, this technology utilizes the floating-gate technique for nonvolatile storage of data. Avalanche injection of hot electrons through gate oxide from a special injector diode in each bit is used to charge the floating gates. A second injector structure included in each bit permits discharge of the floating gate by avalanche injection of holes through gate oxide. The overall design of the DIFMOS bit is dictated by the physical considerations required for each of the avalanche injector types. The end result is a circuit technology which can provide fully decoded bit-erasable EAROM-type circuits using conventional manufacturing techniques.

  5. Fabrication of arrayed Si nanowire-based nano-floating gate memory devices on flexible plastics.

    PubMed

    Yoon, Changjoon; Jeon, Youngin; Yun, Junggwon; Kim, Sangsig

    2012-01-01

    Arrayed Si nanowire (NW)-based nano-floating gate memory (NFGM) devices with Pt nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in Al2O3 gate layers are successfully constructed on flexible plastics by top-down approaches. Ten arrayed Si NW-based NFGM devices are positioned on the first level. Cross-linked poly-4-vinylphenol (PVP) layers are spin-coated on them as isolation layers between the first and second level, and another ten devices are stacked on the cross-linked PVP isolation layers. The electrical characteristics of the representative Si NW-based NFGM devices on the first and second levels exhibit threshold voltage shifts, indicating the trapping and detrapping of electrons in their NPs nodes. They have an average threshold voltage shift of 2.5 V with good retention times of more than 5 x 10(4) s. Moreover, most of the devices successfully retain their electrical characteristics after about one thousand bending cycles. These well-arrayed and stacked Si NW-based NFGM devices demonstrate the potential of nanowire-based devices for large-scale integration.

  6. Investigation of field induced trapping on floating gates

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gosney, W. M.

    1975-01-01

    The development of a technology for building electrically alterable read only memories (EAROMs) or reprogrammable read only memories (RPROMs) using a single level metal gate p channel MOS process with all conventional processing steps is outlined. Nonvolatile storage of data is achieved by the use of charged floating gate electrodes. The floating gates are charged by avalanche injection of hot electrodes through gate oxide, and discharged by avalanche injection of hot holes through gate oxide. Three extra diffusion and patterning steps are all that is required to convert a standard p channel MOS process into a nonvolatile memory process. For identification, this nonvolatile memory technology was given the descriptive acronym DIFMOS which stands for Dual Injector, Floating gate MOS.

  7. Radiation Issues and Applications of Floating Gate Memories

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Scheick, L. Z.; Nguyen, D. N.

    2000-01-01

    The radiation effects that affect various systems that comprise floating gate memories are presented. The wear-out degradation results of unirradiated flash memories are compared to irradiated flash memories. The procedure analyzes the failure to write and erase caused by wear-out and degradation of internal charge pump circuits. A method is described for characterizing the radiation effects of the floating gate itself. The rate dependence, stopping power dependence, SEU susceptibility and applications of floating gate in radiation environment are presented. The ramifications for dosimetry and cell failure are discussed as well as for the long term use aspects of non-volatile memories.

  8. Extraction of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient in floating gate non-volatile memories: Statistical study of the effect of mismatching between floating gate memory and reference transistor in dummy cell extraction methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rafhay, Quentin; Beug, M. Florian; Duane, Russell

    2007-04-01

    This paper presents an experimental comparison of dummy cell extraction methods of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient for floating gate non-volatile memory structures from different geometries and technologies. These results show the significant influence of mismatching floating gate devices and reference transistors on the extraction of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient. In addition, it demonstrates the accuracy of the new bulk bias dummy cell extraction method and the importance of the β function, introduced recently in [Duane R, Beug F, Mathewson A. Novel capacitance coupling coefficient measurement methodology for floating gate non-volatile memory devices. IEEE Electr Dev Lett 2005;26(7):507-9], to determine matching pairs of floating gate memory and reference transistor.

  9. Memory operations in Au nanoparticle single-electron transistors with floating gate electrodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Azuma, Yasuo; Sakamoto, Masanori; Teranishi, Toshiharu; Majima, Yutaka

    2016-11-01

    Floating gate memory operations are demonstrated in a single-electron transistor (SET) fabricated by a chemical assembly using the Au nanogap electrodes and the chemisorbed Au nanoparticles. By applying pulse voltages to the control gate, phase shifts were clearly and stably observed both in the Coulomb oscillations and in the Coulomb diamonds. Writing and erasing operations on the floating gate memory were reproducibly observed, and the charges on the floating gate electrodes were maintained for at least 12 h. By considering the capacitance of the floating gate electrode, the number of electrons in the floating gate electrode was estimated as 260. Owing to the stability of the fabricated SET, these writing and erasing operations on the floating gate memory can be applied to reconfigurable SET circuits fabricated by a chemically assembled technique.

  10. High Performance Transparent Transistor Memory Devices Using Nano-Floating Gate of Polymer/ZnO Nanocomposites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shih, Chien-Chung; Lee, Wen-Ya; Chiu, Yu-Cheng; Hsu, Han-Wen; Chang, Hsuan-Chun; Liu, Cheng-Liang; Chen, Wen-Chang

    2016-02-01

    Nano-floating gate memory devices (NFGM) using metal nanoparticles (NPs) covered with an insulating polymer have been considered as a promising electronic device for the next-generation nonvolatile organic memory applications NPs. However, the transparency of the device with metal NPs is restricted to 60~70% due to the light absorption in the visible region caused by the surface plasmon resonance effects of metal NPs. To address this issue, we demonstrate a novel NFGM using the blends of hole-trapping poly (9-(4-vinylphenyl) carbazole) (PVPK) and electron-trapping ZnO NPs as the charge storage element. The memory devices exhibited a remarkably programmable memory window up to 60 V during the program/erase operations, which was attributed to the trapping/detrapping of charge carriers in ZnO NPs/PVPK composite. Furthermore, the devices showed the long-term retention time (>105 s) and WRER test (>200 cycles), indicating excellent electrical reliability and stability. Additionally, the fabricated transistor memory devices exhibited a relatively high transparency of 90% at the wavelength of 500 nm based on the spray-coated PEDOT:PSS as electrode, suggesting high potential for transparent organic electronic memory devices.

  11. Reduced distribution of threshold voltage shift in double layer NiSi2 nanocrystals for nano-floating gate memory applications.

    PubMed

    Choi, Sungjin; Lee, Junhyuk; Kim, Donghyoun; Oh, Seulki; Song, Wangyu; Choi, Seonjun; Choi, Eunsuk; Lee, Seung-Beck

    2011-12-01

    We report on the fabrication and capacitance-voltage characteristics of double layer nickel-silicide nanocrystals with Si3N4 interlayer tunnel barrier for nano-floating gate memory applications. Compared with devices using SiO2 interlayer, the use of Si3N4 interlayer separation reduced the average size (4 nm) and distribution (+/- 2.5 nm) of NiSi2 nanocrystal (NC) charge traps by more than 50% and giving a two fold increase in NC density to 2.3 x 10(12) cm(-2). The increased density and reduced NC size distribution resulted in a significantly decrease in the distribution of the device C-V characteristics. For each program voltage, the distribution of the shift in the threshold voltage was reduced by more than 50% on average to less than 0.7 V demonstrating possible multi-level-cell operation.

  12. Floating Gate CMOS Dosimeter With Frequency Output

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garcia-Moreno, E.; Isern, E.; Roca, M.; Picos, R.; Font, J.; Cesari, J.; Pineda, A.

    2012-04-01

    This paper presents a gamma radiation dosimeter based on a floating gate sensor. The sensor is coupled with a signal processing circuitry, which furnishes a square wave output signal, the frequency of which depends on the total dose. Like any other floating gate dosimeter, it exhibits zero bias operation and reprogramming capabilities. The dosimeter has been designed in a standard 0.6 m CMOS technology. The whole dosimeter occupies a silicon area of 450 m250 m. The initial sensitivity to a radiation dose is Hz/rad, and to temperature and supply voltage is kHz/°C and 0.067 kHz/mV, respectively. The lowest detectable dose is less than 1 rad.

  13. Floating gate transistors as biosensors (Conference Presentation)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Frisbie, C. Daniel

    2016-11-01

    Electrolyte gated transistors (EGTs) are a sub-class of thin film transistors that are extremely promising for biological sensing applications. These devices employ a solid electrolyte as the gate insulator; the very large capacitance of the electrolyte results in low voltage operation and high transconductance or gain. This talk will describe the fabrication of floating gate EGTs and their use as ricin sensors. The critical performance metrics for EGTs compared with other types of TFTs will also be reviewed.

  14. High-Performance Flexible Organic Nano-Floating Gate Memory Devices Functionalized with Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles.

    PubMed

    Jung, Ji Hyung; Kim, Sunghwan; Kim, Hyeonjung; Park, Jongnam; Oh, Joon Hak

    2015-10-07

    Nano-floating gate memory (NFGM) devices are transistor-type memory devices that use nanostructured materials as charge trap sites. They have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to their excellent performance, capability for multilevel programming, and suitability as platforms for integrated circuits. Herein, novel NFGM devices have been fabricated using semiconducting cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) as charge trap sites and pentacene as a p-type semiconductor. Monodisperse CoFe2O4 NPs with different diameters have been synthesized by thermal decomposition and embedded in NFGM devices. The particle size effects on the memory performance have been investigated in terms of energy levels and particle-particle interactions. CoFe2O4 NP-based memory devices exhibit a large memory window (≈73.84 V), a high read current on/off ratio (read I(on)/I(off)) of ≈2.98 × 10(3), and excellent data retention. Fast switching behaviors are observed due to the exceptional charge trapping/release capability of CoFe2O4 NPs surrounded by the oleate layer, which acts as an alternative tunneling dielectric layer and simplifies the device fabrication process. Furthermore, the NFGM devices show excellent thermal stability, and flexible memory devices fabricated on plastic substrates exhibit remarkable mechanical and electrical stability. This study demonstrates a viable means of fabricating highly flexible, high-performance organic memory devices. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  15. Solution processed molecular floating gate for flexible flash memories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhou, Ye; Han, Su-Ting; Yan, Yan; Huang, Long-Biao; Zhou, Li; Huang, Jing; Roy, V. A. L.

    2013-10-01

    Solution processed fullerene (C60) molecular floating gate layer has been employed in low voltage nonvolatile memory device on flexible substrates. We systematically studied the charge trapping mechanism of the fullerene floating gate for both p-type pentacene and n-type copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) semiconductor in a transistor based flash memory architecture. The devices based on pentacene as semiconductor exhibited both hole and electron trapping ability, whereas devices with F16CuPc trapped electrons alone due to abundant electron density. All the devices exhibited large memory window, long charge retention time, good endurance property and excellent flexibility. The obtained results have great potential for application in large area flexible electronic devices.

  16. Solution processed molecular floating gate for flexible flash memories

    PubMed Central

    Zhou, Ye; Han, Su-Ting; Yan, Yan; Huang, Long-Biao; Zhou, Li; Huang, Jing; Roy, V. A. L.

    2013-01-01

    Solution processed fullerene (C60) molecular floating gate layer has been employed in low voltage nonvolatile memory device on flexible substrates. We systematically studied the charge trapping mechanism of the fullerene floating gate for both p-type pentacene and n-type copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) semiconductor in a transistor based flash memory architecture. The devices based on pentacene as semiconductor exhibited both hole and electron trapping ability, whereas devices with F16CuPc trapped electrons alone due to abundant electron density. All the devices exhibited large memory window, long charge retention time, good endurance property and excellent flexibility. The obtained results have great potential for application in large area flexible electronic devices. PMID:24172758

  17. A semi-floating gate memory based on van der Waals heterostructures for quasi-non-volatile applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Chunsen; Yan, Xiao; Song, Xiongfei; Ding, Shijin; Zhang, David Wei; Zhou, Peng

    2018-05-01

    As conventional circuits based on field-effect transistors are approaching their physical limits due to quantum phenomena, semi-floating gate transistors have emerged as an alternative ultrafast and silicon-compatible technology. Here, we show a quasi-non-volatile memory featuring a semi-floating gate architecture with band-engineered van der Waals heterostructures. This two-dimensional semi-floating gate memory demonstrates 156 times longer refresh time with respect to that of dynamic random access memory and ultrahigh-speed writing operations on nanosecond timescales. The semi-floating gate architecture greatly enhances the writing operation performance and is approximately 106 times faster than other memories based on two-dimensional materials. The demonstrated characteristics suggest that the quasi-non-volatile memory has the potential to bridge the gap between volatile and non-volatile memory technologies and decrease the power consumption required for frequent refresh operations, enabling a high-speed and low-power random access memory.

  18. Floating-Point Units and Algorithms for field-programmable gate arrays

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Underwood, Keith D.; Hemmert, K. Scott

    2005-11-01

    The software that we are attempting to copyright is a package of floating-point unit descriptions and example algorithm implementations using those units for use in FPGAs. The floating point units are best-in-class implementations of add, multiply, divide, and square root floating-point operations. The algorithm implementations are sample (not highly flexible) implementations of FFT, matrix multiply, matrix vector multiply, and dot product. Together, one could think of the collection as an implementation of parts of the BLAS library or something similar to the FFTW packages (without the flexibility) for FPGAs. Results from this work has been published multiple times and wemore » are working on a publication to discuss the techniques we use to implement the floating-point units, For some more background, FPGAS are programmable hardware. "Programs" for this hardware are typically created using a hardware description language (examples include Verilog, VHDL, and JHDL). Our floating-point unit descriptions are written in JHDL, which allows them to include placement constraints that make them highly optimized relative to some other implementations of floating-point units. Many vendors (Nallatech from the UK, SRC Computers in the US) have similar implementations, but our implementations seem to be somewhat higher performance. Our algorithm implementations are written in VHDL and models of the floating-point units are provided in VHDL as well. FPGA "programs" make multiple "calls" (hardware instantiations) to libraries of intellectual property (IP), such as the floating-point unit library described here. These programs are then compiled using a tool called a synthesizer (such as a tool from Synplicity, Inc.). The compiled file is a netlist of gates and flip-flops. This netlist is then mapped to a particular type of FPGA by a mapper and then a place- and-route tool. These tools assign the gates in the netlist to specific locations on the specific type of FPGA chip used

  19. Floating Gate sensor for in-vivo dosimetry in radiation therapies. Design and first characterization.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Faigon, A.; Martinez Vazquez, I.; Carbonetto, S.; García Inza, M.; G

    2017-01-01

    A floating gate dosimeter was designed and fabricated in a standard CMOS technology. The design guides and characterization are presented. The characterization included the controlled charging by tunneling of the floating gate, and its discharging under irradiation while measuring the transistor drain current whose change is the measure of the absorbed dose. The resolution of the obtained device is close to 1 cGy satisfying the requirements for most radiation therapies dosimetry. Pending statistical proofs, the dosimeter is a potential candidate for wide in-vivo control of radiotherapy treatments.

  20. CMOS Active-Pixel Image Sensor With Simple Floating Gates

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fossum, Eric R.; Nakamura, Junichi; Kemeny, Sabrina E.

    1996-01-01

    Experimental complementary metal-oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) active-pixel image sensor integrated circuit features simple floating-gate structure, with metal-oxide/semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as active circuit element in each pixel. Provides flexibility of readout modes, no kTC noise, and relatively simple structure suitable for high-density arrays. Features desirable for "smart sensor" applications.

  1. Disturb-Free Three-Dimensional Vertical Floating Gate NAND with Separated-Sidewall Control Gate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seo, Moon-Sik; Endoh, Tetsuo

    2012-02-01

    Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) vertical floating gate (FG) type NAND cell arrays with the sidewall control gate (SCG) structure are receiving attention to overcome the reliability issues of charge trap (CT) type 3D NAND. In order to achieve the multilevel cell (MLC) operation for lower bit cost in 3D NAND, it is important to eliminate reliability issues, such as the Vth distribution with interference and disturbance problems and Vth shift with retention issues. In this paper, we intensively investigated the disturbance problems of the 3D vertical FG type NAND cell with separated-sidewall control gate (S-SCG) structure for the reliable MLC operation. Above all, we successfully demonstrate the fully suppressed disturbance problems, such as indirect programming of the unselected cells, hot electron injection of the edge cells and direct influence to the neighboring passing cells, by using the S-SCG with 30 nm pillar size.

  2. Modeling and simulation of floating gate nanocrystal FET devices and circuits

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hasaneen, El-Sayed A. M.

    The nonvolatile memory market has been growing very fast during the last decade, especially for mobile communication systems. The Semiconductor Industry Association International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors states that the difficult challenge for nonvolatile semiconductor memories is to achieve reliable, low power, low voltage performance and high-speed write/erase. This can be achieved by aggressive scaling of the nonvolatile memory cells. Unfortunately, scaling down of conventional nonvolatile memory will further degrade the retention time due to the charge loss between the floating gate and drain/source contacts and substrate which makes conventional nonvolatile memory unattractive. Using nanocrystals as charge storage sites reduces dramatically the charge leakage through oxide defects and drain/source contacts. Floating gate nanocrystal nonvolatile memory, FG-NCNVM, is a candidate for future memory because it is advantageous in terms of high-speed write/erase, small size, good scalability, low-voltage, low-power applications, and the capability to store multiple bits per cell. Many studies regarding FG-NCNVMs have been published. Most of them have dealt with fabrication improvements of the devices and device characterizations. Due to the promising FG-NCNVM applications in integrated circuits, there is a need for circuit a simulation model to simulate the electrical characteristics of the floating gate devices. In this thesis, a FG-NCNVM circuit simulation model has been proposed. It is based on the SPICE BSIM simulation model. This model simulates the cell behavior during normal operation. Model validation results have been presented. The SPICE model shows good agreement with experimental results. Current-voltage characteristics, transconductance and unity gain frequency (fT) have been studied showing the effect of the threshold voltage shift (DeltaVth) due to nanocrystal charge on the device characteristics. The threshold voltage shift due to

  3. Solution-processed nanoparticle super-float-gated organic field-effect transistor as un-cooled ultraviolet and infrared photon counter.

    PubMed

    Yuan, Yongbo; Dong, Qingfeng; Yang, Bin; Guo, Fawen; Zhang, Qi; Han, Ming; Huang, Jinsong

    2013-01-01

    High sensitivity photodetectors in ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) range have broad civilian and military applications. Here we report on an un-cooled solution-processed UV-IR photon counter based on modified organic field-effect transistors. This type of UV detectors have light absorbing zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) sandwiched between two gate dielectric layers as a floating gate. The photon-generated charges on the floating gate cause high resistance regions in the transistor channel and tune the source-drain output current. This "super-float-gating" mechanism enables very high sensitivity photodetectors with a minimum detectable ultraviolet light intensity of 2.6 photons/μm(2)s at room temperature as well as photon counting capability. Based on same mechansim, infrared photodetectors with lead sulfide NPs as light absorbing materials have also been demonstrated.

  4. Ambipolar nonvolatile memory based on a quantum-dot transistor with a nanoscale floating gate

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Che, Yongli; Zhang, Yating, E-mail: yating@tju.edu.cn; Song, Xiaoxian

    2016-07-04

    Using only solution processing methods, we developed ambipolar quantum-dot (QD) transistor floating-gate memory (FGM) that uses Au nanoparticles as a floating gate. Because of the bipolarity of the active channel of PbSe QDs, the memory could easily trap holes or electrons in the floating gate by programming/erasing (P/E) operations, which could shift the threshold voltage both up and down. As a result, the memory exhibited good programmable memory characteristics: a large memory window (ΔV{sub th} ∼ 15 V) and a long retention time (>10{sup 5 }s). The magnitude of ΔV{sub th} depended on both P/E voltages and the bias voltage (V{sub DS}): ΔV{sub th}more » was a cubic function to V{sub P/E} and linearly depended on V{sub DS}. Therefore, this FGM based on a QD transistor is a promising alternative to its inorganic counterparts owing to its advantages of bipolarity, high mobility, low cost, and large-area production.« less

  5. Observation of ambipolar switching in a silver nanoparticle single-electron transistor with multiple molecular floating gates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamamoto, Makoto; Shinohara, Shuhei; Tamada, Kaoru; Ishii, Hisao; Noguchi, Yutaka

    2016-03-01

    Ambipolar switching behavior was observed in a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-based single-electron transistor (SET) with tetra-tert-butyl copper phthalocyanine (ttbCuPc) as a molecular floating gate. Depending on the wavelength of the incident light, the stability diagram shifted to the negative and positive directions along the gate voltage axis. These results were explained by the photoinduced charging of ttbCuPc molecules in the vicinity of AgNPs. Moreover, multiple device states were induced by the light irradiation at a wavelength of 600 nm, suggesting that multiple ttbCuPc molecules individually worked as a floating gate.

  6. P-channel differential multiple-time programmable memory cells by laterally coupled floating metal gate fin field-effect transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Tai-Min; Chien, Wei-Yu; Hsu, Chia-Ling; Lin, Chrong Jung; King, Ya-Chin

    2018-04-01

    In this paper, we present a new differential p-channel multiple-time programmable (MTP) memory cell that is fully compatible with advanced 16 nm CMOS fin field-effect transistors (FinFET) logic processes. This differential MTP cell stores complementary data in floating gates coupled by a slot contact structure, which make different read currents possible on a single cell. In nanoscale CMOS FinFET logic processes, the gate dielectric layer becomes too thin to retain charges inside floating gates for nonvolatile data storage. By using a differential architecture, the sensing window of the cell can be extended and maintained by an advanced blanket boost scheme. The charge retention problem in floating gate cells can be improved by periodic restoring lost charges when significant read window narrowing occurs. In addition to high programming efficiency, this p-channel MTP cells also exhibit good cycling endurance as well as disturbance immunity. The blanket boost scheme can remedy the charge loss problem under thin gate dielectrics.

  7. MemFlash device: floating gate transistors as memristive devices for neuromorphic computing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Riggert, C.; Ziegler, M.; Schroeder, D.; Krautschneider, W. H.; Kohlstedt, H.

    2014-10-01

    Memristive devices are promising candidates for future non-volatile memory applications and mixed-signal circuits. In the field of neuromorphic engineering these devices are especially interesting to emulate neuronal functionality. Therefore, new materials and material combinations are currently investigated, which are often not compatible with Si-technology processes. The underlying mechanisms of the device often remain unclear and are paired with low device endurance and yield. These facts define the current most challenging development tasks towards a reliable memristive device technology. In this respect, the MemFlash concept is of particular interest. A MemFlash device results from a diode configuration wiring scheme of a floating gate transistor, which enables the persistent device resistance to be varied according to the history of the charge flow through the device. In this study, we investigate the scaling conditions of the floating gate oxide thickness with respect to possible applications in the field of neuromorphic engineering. We show that MemFlash cells exhibit essential features with respect to neuromorphic applications. In particular, cells with thin floating gate oxides show a limited synaptic weight growth together with low energy dissipation. MemFlash cells present an attractive alternative for state-of-art memresitive devices. The emulation of associative learning is discussed by implementing a single MemFlash cell in an analogue circuit.

  8. Optimization of pentacene double floating gate memories based on charge injection regulated by SAM functionalization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, S.; Guérin, D.; Lenfant, S.; Lmimouni, K.

    2018-02-01

    Pentacene based double nano-floating gate memories (NFGM) by using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets as charge trapping layers are prepared and demonstrated. Particularly, the NFGM chemically treated by 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT) self-assembled monolayers (SAM) exhibits excellent memory performances, including high mobility of 0.23 cm2V-1s-1, the large memory window of 51 V, and the stable retention property more than 108 s. Comparing the performances of NFGM without treating with PFBT SAM, the improving performances of the memory devices by SAM modification are explained by the increase of charge injection, which could be further investigated by XPS and UPS. In particular, the results highlight the utility of SAM modulations and controlling of charge transport in the development of organic transistor memories.

  9. Floating-gate memory based on an organic metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    William, S.; Mabrook, M. F.; Taylor, D. M.

    2009-08-01

    A floating gate memory element is described which incorporates an evaporated gold film embedded in the gate dielectric of a metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). On exceeding a critical amplitude in the voltage sweep, hysteresis is observed in the capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device. The anticlockwise hysteresis in C-V is consistent with strong electron trapping during the positive cycle but little hole trapping during the negative cycle. We argue that the clockwise hysteresis observed in the negative cycle of the I-V plot, arises from leakage of trapped holes through the underlying insulator to the control gate.

  10. Effects of floating gate structures on the two-dimensional electron gas density and electron mobility in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Jingtao; Zhao, Zhenguo; Chen, Zidong; Lin, Zhaojun; Xu, Fukai

    2017-12-01

    In this study, we have investigated the electrical properties of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) with floating gate structures using the measured capacitancevoltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. It is found that the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density under the central gate cannot be changed by the floating gate structures. However, the floating gate structures can cause the strain variation in the barrier layer, which lead to the non-uniform distribution of the polarization charges, then induce a polarization Coulomb field and scatter the 2DEG. More floating gate structures and closer distance between the floating gates and the central gate will result in stronger scattering effect of the 2DEG.

  11. Nonvolatile memory with Co-SiO2 core-shell nanocrystals as charge storage nodes in floating gate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Hai; Ferrer, Domingo A.; Ferdousi, Fahmida; Banerjee, Sanjay K.

    2009-11-01

    In this letter, we reported nanocrystal floating gate memory with Co-SiO2 core-shell nanocrystal charge storage nodes. By using a water-in-oil microemulsion scheme, Co-SiO2 core-shell nanocrystals were synthesized and closely packed to achieve high density matrix in the floating gate without aggregation. The insulator shell also can help to increase the thermal stability of the nanocrystal metal core during the fabrication process to improve memory performance.

  12. Single layer of Ge quantum dots in HfO2 for floating gate memory capacitors.

    PubMed

    Lepadatu, A M; Palade, C; Slav, A; Maraloiu, A V; Lazanu, S; Stoica, T; Logofatu, C; Teodorescu, V S; Ciurea, M L

    2017-04-28

    High performance trilayer memory capacitors with a floating gate of a single layer of Ge quantum dots (QDs) in HfO 2 were fabricated using magnetron sputtering followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The layer sequence of the capacitors is gate HfO 2 /floating gate of single layer of Ge QDs in HfO 2 /tunnel HfO 2 /p-Si wafers. Both Ge and HfO 2 are nanostructured by RTA at moderate temperatures of 600-700 °C. By nanostructuring at 600 °C, the formation of a single layer of well separated Ge QDs with diameters of 2-3 nm at a density of 4-5 × 10 15 m -2 is achieved in the floating gate (intermediate layer). The Ge QDs inside the intermediate layer are arranged in a single layer and are separated from each other by HfO 2 nanocrystals (NCs) about 8 nm in diameter with a tetragonal/orthorhombic structure. The Ge QDs in the single layer are located at the crossing of the HfO 2 NCs boundaries. In the intermediate layer, besides Ge QDs, a part of the Ge atoms is segregated by RTA at the HfO 2 NCs boundaries, while another part of the Ge atoms is present inside the HfO 2 lattice stabilizing the tetragonal/orthorhombic structure. The fabricated capacitors show a memory window of 3.8 ± 0.5 V and a capacitance-time characteristic with 14% capacitance decay in the first 3000-4000 s followed by a very slow capacitance decrease extrapolated to 50% after 10 years. This high performance is mainly due to the floating gate of a single layer of well separated Ge QDs in HfO 2 , distanced from the Si substrate by the tunnel oxide layer with a precise thickness.

  13. Effect of tunneling layers on the performances of floating-gate based organic thin-film transistor nonvolatile memories

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Wei, E-mail: wwei99@jlu.edu.cn; Han, Jinhua; Ying, Jun

    2014-09-22

    Two types of floating-gate based organic thin-film transistor nonvolatile memories (FG-OTFT-NVMs) were demonstrated, with poly(methyl methacrylate co glycidyl methacrylate) (P(MMA-GMA)) and tetratetracontane (TTC) as the tunneling layer, respectively. Their device performances were measured and compared. In the memory with a P(MMA-GMA) tunneling layer, typical unipolar hole transport was obtained with a relatively small mobility of 0.16 cm{sup 2}/V s. The unidirectional shift of turn-on voltage (V{sub on}) due to only holes trapped/detrapped in/from the floating gate resulted in a small memory window of 12.5 V at programming/erasing voltages (V{sub P}/V{sub E}) of ±100 V and a nonzero reading voltage. Benefited from the well-ordered moleculemore » orientation and the trap-free surface of TTC layer, a considerably high hole mobility of 1.7 cm{sup 2}/V s and a visible feature of electrons accumulated in channel and trapped in floating-gate were achieved in the memory with a TTC tunneling layer. High hole mobility resulted in a high on current and a large memory on/off ratio of 600 at the V{sub P}/V{sub E} of ±100 V. Both holes and electrons were injected into floating-gate and overwritten each other, which resulted in a bidirectional V{sub on} shift. As a result, an enlarged memory window of 28.6 V at the V{sub P}/V{sub E} of ±100 V and a zero reading voltage were achieved. Based on our results, a strategy is proposed to optimize FG-OTFT-NVMs by choosing a right tunneling layer to improve the majority carrier mobility and realize ambipolar carriers injecting and trapping in the floating-gate.« less

  14. Material parameters from frequency dispersion simulation of floating gate memory with Ge nanocrystals in HfO2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palade, C.; Lepadatu, A. M.; Slav, A.; Lazanu, S.; Teodorescu, V. S.; Stoica, T.; Ciurea, M. L.

    2018-01-01

    Trilayer memory capacitors with Ge nanocrystals (NCs) floating gate in HfO2 were obtained by magnetron sputtering deposition on p-type Si substrate followed by rapid thermal annealing at relatively low temperature of 600 °C. The frequency dispersion of capacitance and resistance was measured in accumulation regime of Al/HfO2 gate oxide/Ge NCs in HfO2 floating gate/HfO2 tunnel oxide/SiOx/p-Si/Al memory capacitors. For simulation of the frequency dispersion a complex circuit model was used considering an equivalent parallel RC circuit for each layer of the trilayer structure. A series resistance due to metallic contacts and Si substrate was necessary to be included in the model. A very good fit to the experimental data was obtained and the parameters of each layer in the memory capacitor, i.e. capacitances and resistances were determined and in turn the intrinsic material parameters, i.e. dielectric constants and resistivities of layers were evaluated. The results are very important for the study and optimization of the hysteresis behaviour of floating gate memories based on NCs embedded in oxide.

  15. Rewritable ghost floating gates by tunnelling triboelectrification for two-dimensional electronics

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Seongsu; Kim, Tae Yun; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Kim, Tae-Ho; Cimini, Francesco Arturo; Kim, Sung Kyun; Hinchet, Ronan; Kim, Sang-Woo; Falconi, Christian

    2017-01-01

    Gates can electrostatically control charges inside two-dimensional materials. However, integrating independent gates typically requires depositing and patterning suitable insulators and conductors. Moreover, after manufacturing, gates are unchangeable. Here we introduce tunnelling triboelectrification for localizing electric charges in very close proximity of two-dimensional materials. As representative materials, we use chemical vapour deposition graphene deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. The triboelectric charges, generated by friction with a Pt-coated atomic force microscope tip and injected through defects, are trapped at the air–SiO2 interface underneath graphene and act as ghost floating gates. Tunnelling triboelectrification uniquely permits to create, modify and destroy p and n regions at will with the spatial resolution of atomic force microscopes. As a proof of concept, we draw rewritable p/n+ and p/p+ junctions with resolutions as small as 200 nm. Our results open the way to time-variant two-dimensional electronics where conductors, p and n regions can be defined on demand. PMID:28649986

  16. Rewritable ghost floating gates by tunnelling triboelectrification for two-dimensional electronics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Seongsu; Kim, Tae Yun; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Kim, Tae-Ho; Cimini, Francesco Arturo; Kim, Sung Kyun; Hinchet, Ronan; Kim, Sang-Woo; Falconi, Christian

    2017-06-01

    Gates can electrostatically control charges inside two-dimensional materials. However, integrating independent gates typically requires depositing and patterning suitable insulators and conductors. Moreover, after manufacturing, gates are unchangeable. Here we introduce tunnelling triboelectrification for localizing electric charges in very close proximity of two-dimensional materials. As representative materials, we use chemical vapour deposition graphene deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. The triboelectric charges, generated by friction with a Pt-coated atomic force microscope tip and injected through defects, are trapped at the air-SiO2 interface underneath graphene and act as ghost floating gates. Tunnelling triboelectrification uniquely permits to create, modify and destroy p and n regions at will with the spatial resolution of atomic force microscopes. As a proof of concept, we draw rewritable p/n+ and p/p+ junctions with resolutions as small as 200 nm. Our results open the way to time-variant two-dimensional electronics where conductors, p and n regions can be defined on demand.

  17. Nanocrystals embedded in hafnium dioxide-based dielectrics as charge storage nodes of nano-floating gate memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Pui Fai

    2007-12-01

    Nanocrystals (NC) embedded in dielectrics have attracted a great deal of attention recently because they can potentially be applied in nonvolatile, high-speed, high-density and low-power memory devices. This device benefits from a relatively low operating voltage, high endurance, fast write-erase speeds and better immunity to soft errors. The nanocrystal materials suitable for such an application can be either metals or semiconductors. Recent studies have shown that high-k dielectrics, instead of SiO2 , for the tunneling layer in nanocrystal floating gate memory can improve the trade-off between data retention and program efficiency due to the unique band alignment of high-k dielectrics in the programming and retention modes. In this project, HfAlO has been selected as the high- k dielectric for the nanocrystal floating gate memory structure. The trilayer structure (HfAlO/Ge-NC/HfAlO) on Si was fabricated by PLD. Results revealed that relatively low substrate temperature and growth rate are favourable for the formation of smaller-size Ge nanocrystals. Effects of size/density of the Ge nanocrystal, the tunneling and control oxide layer thicknesses and the oxygen partial pressure during their growth on the charge storage and charge retention characteristics have also been studied. The island structure of the Ge nanocrystal suggests that the growth is based on the Volmer-Webber mode. The self-organized Ge nanocrystals so formed were uniform in size (5--20 nm diameter) and distribution with a density approaching 1012--1013cm-2. Flat-band voltage shift (DeltaVFB) of about 3.6 V and good retention property have been achieved. By varying aggregation distance, sputtering gas pressure and ionization power of the nanocluster source, nanoclusters of Ge with different sizes can be formed. The memory effect of the trilayer structure so formed with 10 nm Ge nanoclusters are manifested by the counter-clockwise hysteresis loop in the C-V curves and a maximum flat-band voltage

  18. Design of a reversible single precision floating point subtractor.

    PubMed

    Anantha Lakshmi, Av; Sudha, Gf

    2014-01-04

    In recent years, Reversible logic has emerged as a major area of research due to its ability to reduce the power dissipation which is the main requirement in the low power digital circuit design. It has wide applications like low power CMOS design, Nano-technology, Digital signal processing, Communication, DNA computing and Optical computing. Floating-point operations are needed very frequently in nearly all computing disciplines, and studies have shown floating-point addition/subtraction to be the most used floating-point operation. However, few designs exist on efficient reversible BCD subtractors but no work on reversible floating point subtractor. In this paper, it is proposed to present an efficient reversible single precision floating-point subtractor. The proposed design requires reversible designs of an 8-bit and a 24-bit comparator unit, an 8-bit and a 24-bit subtractor, and a normalization unit. For normalization, a 24-bit Reversible Leading Zero Detector and a 24-bit reversible shift register is implemented to shift the mantissas. To realize a reversible 1-bit comparator, in this paper, two new 3x3 reversible gates are proposed The proposed reversible 1-bit comparator is better and optimized in terms of the number of reversible gates used, the number of transistor count and the number of garbage outputs. The proposed work is analysed in terms of number of reversible gates, garbage outputs, constant inputs and quantum costs. Using these modules, an efficient design of a reversible single precision floating point subtractor is proposed. Proposed circuits have been simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx Virtex5vlx30tff665-3. The total on-chip power consumed by the proposed 32-bit reversible floating point subtractor is 0.410 W.

  19. FLOAT OPERATED RADIAL GATE HOIST ASSEMBLY LIST OF PARTS ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    FLOAT OPERATED RADIAL GATE HOIST ASSEMBLY - LIST OF PARTS - BASE-CRANK. WASTEWAY NO. 1. WELLTON-MOHAWK CANAL - STA. 99+23.50. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation; Gila Project, Arizona, Wellton-Mohawk Division. Drawing No. 50-D-2511, dated May 3, 1949, Denver Colorado. Sheet 1 of 2 - Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation System, Wasteway No. 1, Wellton-Mohawk Canal, North side of Wellton-Mohawk Canal, bounded by Gila River to North & the Union Pacific Railroad & Gila Mountains to south, Wellton, Yuma County, AZ

  20. Using a Floating-Gate MOS Transistor as a Transducer in a MEMS Gas Sensing System

    PubMed Central

    Barranca, Mario Alfredo Reyes; Mendoza-Acevedo, Salvador; Flores-Nava, Luis M.; Avila-García, Alejandro; Vazquez-Acosta, E. N.; Moreno-Cadenas, José Antonio; Casados-Cruz, Gaspar

    2010-01-01

    Floating-gate MOS transistors have been widely used in diverse analog and digital applications. One of these is as a charge sensitive device in sensors for pH measurement in solutions or using gates with metals like Pd or Pt for hydrogen sensing. Efforts are being made to monolithically integrate sensors together with controlling and signal processing electronics using standard technologies. This can be achieved with the demonstrated compatibility between available CMOS technology and MEMS technology. In this paper an in-depth analysis is done regarding the reliability of floating-gate MOS transistors when charge produced by a chemical reaction between metallic oxide thin films with either reducing or oxidizing gases is present. These chemical reactions need temperatures around 200 °C or higher to take place, so thermal insulation of the sensing area must be assured for appropriate operation of the electronics at room temperature. The operation principle of the proposal here presented is confirmed by connecting the gate of a conventional MOS transistor in series with a Fe2O3 layer. It is shown that an electrochemical potential is present on the ferrite layer when reacting with propane. PMID:22163478

  1. FLOAT OPERATED RADIAL GATE INSTALLATION. WASTEWAY NO. 1. WELLTONMOHAWK CANAL ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    FLOAT OPERATED RADIAL GATE INSTALLATION. WASTEWAY NO. 1. WELLTON-MOHAWK CANAL - STA. 99+23.50. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation; Gila Project, Arizona, Wellton-Mohawk Division. Drawing No. 50-D-2497, dated March 8, 1949, Denver Colorado. Sheet 1 of 7 - Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation System, Wasteway No. 1, Wellton-Mohawk Canal, North side of Wellton-Mohawk Canal, bounded by Gila River to North & the Union Pacific Railroad & Gila Mountains to south, Wellton, Yuma County, AZ

  2. Cycle of charge carrier states with formation and extinction of a floating gate in an ambipolar tetracyanoquaterthienoquinoid-based field-effect transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Itoh, Takuro; Toyota, Taro; Higuchi, Hiroyuki; Matsushita, Michio M.; Suzuki, Kentaro; Sugawara, Tadashi

    2017-03-01

    A tetracyanoquaterthienoquinoid (TCT4Q)-based field effect transistor is characterized by the ambipolar transfer characteristics and the facile shift of the threshold voltage induced by the bias stress. The trapping and detrapping kinetics of charge carriers was investigated in detail by the temperature dependence of the decay of source-drain current (ISD). We found a repeatable formation of a molecular floating gate is derived from a 'charge carrier-and-gate' cycle comprising four stages, trapping of mobile carriers, formation of a floating gate, induction of oppositely charged mobile carriers, and recombination between mobile and trapped carriers to restore the initial state.

  3. A fully on-chip fast-transient NMOS low dropout voltage regulator with quasi floating gate pass element

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Han; Gou, Chao; Luo, Kai

    2017-04-01

    This paper presents a fully on-chip NMOS low-dropout regulator (LDO) for portable applications with quasi floating gate pass element and fast transient response. The quasi floating gate structure makes the gate of the NMOS transistor only periodically charged or refreshed by the charge pump, which allows the charge pump to be a small economical circuit with small silicon area. In addition, a variable reference circuit is introduced enlarging the dynamic range of error amplifier during load transient. The proposed LDO has been implemented in a 0.35 μm BCD process. From experimental results, the regulator can operate with a minimum dropout voltage of 250 mV at a maximum 1 A load and {I}{{Q}} of 395 μA. Under full-range load current step, the voltage undershoot and overshoot of the proposed LDO are reduced to 50 and 26 mV, respectively.

  4. Upsets in Erased Floating Gate Cells With High-Energy Protons

    DOE PAGES

    Gerardin, S.; Bagatin, M.; Paccagnella, A.; ...

    2017-01-01

    We discuss upsets in erased floating gate cells, due to large threshold voltage shifts, using statistical distributions collected on a large number of memory cells. The spread in the neutral threshold voltage appears to be too low to quantitatively explain the experimental observations in terms of simple charge loss, at least in SLC devices. The possibility that memories exposed to high energy protons and heavy ions exhibit negative charge transfer between programmed and erased cells is investigated, although the analysis does not provide conclusive support to this hypothesis.

  5. Two-dimensional molybdenum disulphide nanosheet-covered metal nanoparticle array as a floating gate in multi-functional flash memories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Su-Ting; Zhou, Ye; Chen, Bo; Zhou, Li; Yan, Yan; Zhang, Hua; Roy, V. A. L.

    2015-10-01

    Semiconducting two-dimensional materials appear to be excellent candidates for non-volatile memory applications. However, the limited controllability of charge trapping behaviors and the lack of multi-bit storage studies in two-dimensional based memory devices require further improvement for realistic applications. Here, we report a flash memory consisting of metal NPs-molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) as a floating gate by introducing a metal nanoparticle (NP) (Ag, Au, Pt) monolayer underneath the MoS2 nanosheets. Controlled charge trapping and long data retention have been achieved in a metal (Ag, Au, Pt) NPs-MoS2 floating gate flash memory. This controlled charge trapping is hypothesized to be attributed to band bending and a built-in electric field ξbi between the interface of the metal NPs and MoS2. The metal NPs-MoS2 floating gate flash memories were further proven to be multi-bit memory storage devices possessing a 3-bit storage capability and a good retention capability up to 104 s. We anticipate that these findings would provide scientific insight for the development of novel memory devices utilizing an atomically thin two-dimensional lattice structure.Semiconducting two-dimensional materials appear to be excellent candidates for non-volatile memory applications. However, the limited controllability of charge trapping behaviors and the lack of multi-bit storage studies in two-dimensional based memory devices require further improvement for realistic applications. Here, we report a flash memory consisting of metal NPs-molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) as a floating gate by introducing a metal nanoparticle (NP) (Ag, Au, Pt) monolayer underneath the MoS2 nanosheets. Controlled charge trapping and long data retention have been achieved in a metal (Ag, Au, Pt) NPs-MoS2 floating gate flash memory. This controlled charge trapping is hypothesized to be attributed to band bending and a built-in electric field ξbi between the interface of the metal NPs and MoS2. The metal

  6. X-band T/R switch with body-floating multi-gate PDSOI NMOS transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Mingyo; Min, Byung-Wook

    2018-03-01

    This paper presents an X-band transmit/receive switch using multi-gate NMOS transistors in a silicon-on-insulator CMOS process. For low loss and high power handling capability, floating body multi-gate NMOS transistors are adopted instead of conventional stacked NMOS transistors, resulting in 53% reduction of transistor area. Comparing to the stacked NMOS transistors, the multi gate transistor shares the source and drain region between stacked transistors, resulting in reduced chip area and parasitics. The impedance between bodies of gates in multi-gate NMOS transistors is assumed to be very large during design and confirmed after measurement. The measured input 1 dB compression point is 34 dBm. The measured insertion losses of TX and RX modes are respectively 1.7 dB and 2.0 dB at 11 GHz, and the measured isolations of TX and RX modes are >27 dB and >20 dB in X-band, respectively. The chip size is 0.086 mm2 without pads, which is 25% smaller than the T/R switch with stacked transistors.

  7. Oleyl group-functionalized insulating gate transistors for measuring extracellular pH of floating cells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Imaizumi, Yuki; Goda, Tatsuro; Toya, Yutaro; Matsumoto, Akira; Miyahara, Yuji

    2016-01-01

    The extracellular ionic microenvironment has a close relationship to biological activities such as by cellular respiration, cancer development, and immune response. A system composed of ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFET), cells, and program-controlled fluidics has enabled the acquisition of real-time information about the integrity of the cell membrane via pH measurement. Here we aimed to extend this system toward floating cells such as T lymphocytes for investigating complement activation and pharmacokinetics through alternations in the plasma membrane integrity. We functionalized the surface of tantalum oxide gate insulator of ISFET with oleyl-tethered phosphonic acid for interacting with the plasma membranes of floating cells without affecting the cell signaling. The surface modification was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The Nernst response of -37.8 mV/pH was obtained for the surface-modified ISFET at 37 °C. The oleyl group-functionalized gate insulator successfully captured Jurkat T cells in a fluidic condition without acute cytotoxicity. The system was able to record the time course of pH changes at the cells/ISFET interface during the process of instant addition and withdrawal of ammonium chloride. Further, the plasma membrane injury of floating cells after exposure by detergent Triton™ X-100 was successfully determined using the modified ISFET with enhanced sensitivity as compared with conventional hemolysis assays.

  8. Oleyl group-functionalized insulating gate transistors for measuring extracellular pH of floating cells

    PubMed Central

    Imaizumi, Yuki; Goda, Tatsuro; Toya, Yutaro; Matsumoto, Akira; Miyahara, Yuji

    2016-01-01

    Abstract The extracellular ionic microenvironment has a close relationship to biological activities such as by cellular respiration, cancer development, and immune response. A system composed of ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFET), cells, and program-controlled fluidics has enabled the acquisition of real-time information about the integrity of the cell membrane via pH measurement. Here we aimed to extend this system toward floating cells such as T lymphocytes for investigating complement activation and pharmacokinetics through alternations in the plasma membrane integrity. We functionalized the surface of tantalum oxide gate insulator of ISFET with oleyl-tethered phosphonic acid for interacting with the plasma membranes of floating cells without affecting the cell signaling. The surface modification was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The Nernst response of −37.8 mV/pH was obtained for the surface-modified ISFET at 37 °C. The oleyl group-functionalized gate insulator successfully captured Jurkat T cells in a fluidic condition without acute cytotoxicity. The system was able to record the time course of pH changes at the cells/ISFET interface during the process of instant addition and withdrawal of ammonium chloride. Further, the plasma membrane injury of floating cells after exposure by detergent Triton™ X-100 was successfully determined using the modified ISFET with enhanced sensitivity as compared with conventional hemolysis assays. PMID:27877886

  9. Low-voltage high-speed programming gate-all-around floating gate memory cell with tunnel barrier engineering

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamzah, Afiq; Ezaila Alias, N.; Ismail, Razali

    2018-06-01

    The aim of this study is to investigate the memory performances of gate-all-around floating gate (GAA-FG) memory cell implementing engineered tunnel barrier concept of variable oxide thickness (VARIOT) of low-k/high-k for several high-k (i.e., Si3N4, Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2) with low-k SiO2 using three-dimensional (3D) simulator Silvaco ATLAS. The simulation work is conducted by initially determining the optimized thickness of low-k/high-k barrier-stacked and extracting their Fowler–Nordheim (FN) coefficients. Based on the optimized parameters the device performances of GAA-FG for fast program operation and data retention are assessed using benchmark set by 6 and 8 nm SiO2 tunnel layer respectively. The programming speed has been improved and wide memory window with 30% increment from conventional SiO2 has been obtained using SiO2/Al2O3 tunnel layer due to its thin low-k dielectric thickness. Furthermore, given its high band edges only 1% of charge-loss is expected after 10 years of ‑3.6/3.6 V gate stress.

  10. Photoresponses in Gold Nanoparticle Single-Electron Transistors with Molecular Floating Gates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Noguchi, Yutaka; Yamamoto, Makoto; Ishii, Hisao; Ueda, Rieko; Terui, Toshifumi; Imazu, Keisuke; Tamada, Kaoru; Sakano, Takeshi; Matsuda, Kenji

    2013-11-01

    We have proposed a simple method of activating advanced functions in single-electron transistors (SETs) based on the specific properties of individual molecules. As a prototype, we fabricated a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)-doped SET. The device consists of a gold-nanoparticle (GNP)-based SET doped with CuPc as a photoresponsive floating gate. In this paper, we report the details of the photoresponses of the CuPc-doped SET, such as conductance switching, sensitivity to the wavelength of the incident light, and multiple induced states.

  11. A Method for Estimating the Probability of Floating Gate Prompt Charge Loss in a Radiation Environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Edmonds, L. D.

    2016-01-01

    Since advancing technology has been producing smaller structures in electronic circuits, the floating gates in modern flash memories are becoming susceptible to prompt charge loss from ionizing radiation environments found in space. A method for estimating the risk of a charge-loss event is given.

  12. A Method for Estimating the Probability of Floating Gate Prompt Charge Loss in a Radiation Environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Edmonds, L. D.

    2016-01-01

    Because advancing technology has been producing smaller structures in electronic circuits, the floating gates in modern flash memories are becoming susceptible to prompt charge loss from ionizing radiation environments found in space. A method for estimating the risk of a charge-loss event is given.

  13. Floating-Gate Manipulated Graphene-Black Phosphorus Heterojunction for Nonvolatile Ambipolar Schottky Junction Memories, Memory Inverter Circuits, and Logic Rectifiers.

    PubMed

    Li, Dong; Chen, Mingyuan; Zong, Qijun; Zhang, Zengxing

    2017-10-11

    The Schottky junction is an important unit in electronics and optoelectronics. However, its properties greatly degrade with device miniaturization. The fast development of circuits has fueled a rapid growth in the study of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, which may lead to breakthroughs in the semiconductor industry. Here we report a floating-gate manipulated nonvolatile ambipolar Schottky junction memory from stacked all-2D layers of graphene-BP/h-BN/graphene (BP, black phosphorus; h-BN, hexagonal boron nitride) in a designed floating-gate field-effect Schottky barrier transistor configuration. By manipulating the voltage pulse applied to the control gate, the device exhibits ambipolar characteristics and can be tuned to act as graphene-p-BP or graphene-n-BP junctions with reverse rectification behavior. Moreover, the junction exhibits good storability properties of more than 10 years and is also programmable. On the basis of these characteristics, we further demonstrate the application of the device to dual-mode nonvolatile Schottky junction memories, memory inverter circuits, and logic rectifiers.

  14. Nanocrystal floating gate memory with solution-processed indium-zinc-tin-oxide channel and colloidal silver nanocrystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Quanli; Ha, Sang-Hyub; Lee, Hyun Ho; Yoon, Tae-Sik

    2011-12-01

    A nanocrystal (NC) floating gate memory with solution-processed indium-zinc-tin-oxide (IZTO) channel and silver (Ag) NCs embedded in thin gate dielectric layer (SiO2(30 nm)/Al2O3(3 nm)) was fabricated. Both the IZTO channel and colloidal Ag NC layers were prepared by spin-coating and subsequent annealing, and dip-coating process, respectively. A threshold voltage shift up to ~0.9 V, corresponding to the electron density of 6.5 × 1011 cm-2, at gate pulsing <=10 V was achieved by the charging of high density NCs. These results present the successful non-volatile memory characteristics of an oxide-semiconductor transistor fabricated through solution processes.

  15. N-Channel field-effect transistors with floating gates for extracellular recordings.

    PubMed

    Meyburg, Sven; Goryll, Michael; Moers, Jürgen; Ingebrandt, Sven; Böcker-Meffert, Simone; Lüth, Hans; Offenhäusser, Andreas

    2006-01-15

    A field-effect transistor (FET) for recording extracellular signals from electrogenic cells is presented. The so-called floating gate architecture combines a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-type n-channel transistor with an independent sensing area. This concept allows the transistor and sensing area to be optimised separately. The devices are robust and can be reused several times. The noise level of the devices was smaller than of comparable non-metallised gate FETs. In addition to the usual drift of FET devices, we observed a long-term drift that has to be controlled for future long-term measurements. The device performance for extracellular signal recording was tested using embryonic rat cardiac myocytes cultured on fibronectin-coated chips. The extracellular cell signals were recorded before and after the addition of the cardioactive isoproterenol. The signal shapes of the measured action potentials were comparable to the non-metallised gate FETs previously used in similar experiments. The fabrication of the devices involved the process steps of standard CMOS that were necessary to create n-channel transistors. The implementation of a complete CMOS process would facilitate the integration of the logical circuits necessary for signal pre-processing on a chip, which is a prerequisite for a greater number of sensor spots in future layouts.

  16. Unified random access memory (URAM) by integration of a nanocrystal floating gate for nonvolatile memory and a partially depleted floating body for capacitorless 1T-DRAM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ryu, Seong-Wan; Han, Jin-Woo; Kim, Chung-Jin; Kim, Sungho; Choi, Yang-Kyu

    2009-03-01

    This paper describes a unified memory (URAM) that utilizes a nanocrystal SOI MOSFET for multi-functional applications of both nonvolatile memory (NVM) and capacitorless 1T-DRAM. By using a discrete storage node (Ag nanocrystal) as the floating gate of the NVM, high defect immunity and 2-bit/cell operation were achieved. The embedded nanocrystal NVM also showed 1T-DRAM operation (program/erase time = 100 ns) characteristics, which were realized by storing holes in the floating body of the SOI MOSFET, without requiring an external capacitor. Three-bit/cell operation was accomplished for different applications - 2-bits for nonvolatility and 1-bit for fast operation.

  17. The GaN trench gate MOSFET with floating islands: High breakdown voltage and improved BFOM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shen, Lingyan; Müller, Stephan; Cheng, Xinhong; Zhang, Dongliang; Zheng, Li; Xu, Dawei; Yu, Yuehui; Meissner, Elke; Erlbacher, Tobias

    2018-02-01

    A novel GaN trench gate (TG) MOSFET with P-type floating islands (FLI) in drift region, which can suppress the electric field peak at bottom of gate trench during the blocking state and prevent premature breakdown in gate oxide, is proposed and investigated by TCAD simulations. The influence of thickness, position, doping concentration and length of the FLI on breakdown voltage (BV) and specific on-resistance (Ron_sp) is studied, providing useful guidelines for design of this new type of device. Using optimized parameters for the FLI, GaN FLI TG-MOSFET obtains a BV as high as 2464 V with a Ron_sp of 3.0 mΩ cm2. Compared to the conventional GaN TG-MOSFET with the same structure parameters, the Baliga figure of merit (BFOM) is enhanced by 150%, getting closer to theoretical limit for GaN devices.

  18. Dual-Gate p-GaN Gate High Electron Mobility Transistors for Steep Subthreshold Slope.

    PubMed

    Bae, Jong-Ho; Lee, Jong-Ho

    2016-05-01

    A steep subthreshold slope characteristic is achieved through p-GaN gate HEMT with dual-gate structure. Obtained subthreshold slope is less than 120 μV/dec. Based on the measured and simulated data obtained from single-gate device, breakdown of parasitic floating-base bipolar transistor and floating gate charged with holes are responsible to increase abruptly in drain current. In the dual-gate device, on-current degrades with high temperature but subthreshold slope is not changed. To observe the switching speed of dual-gate device and transient response of drain current are measured. According to the transient responses of drain current, switching speed of the dual-gate device is about 10(-5) sec.

  19. Stretchable carbon nanotube charge-trap floating-gate memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.

    PubMed

    Son, Donghee; Koo, Ja Hoon; Song, Jun-Kyul; Kim, Jaemin; Lee, Mincheol; Shim, Hyung Joon; Park, Minjoon; Lee, Minbaek; Kim, Ji Hoon; Kim, Dae-Hyeong

    2015-05-26

    Electronics for wearable applications require soft, flexible, and stretchable materials and designs to overcome the mechanical mismatch between the human body and devices. A key requirement for such wearable electronics is reliable operation with high performance and robustness during various deformations induced by motions. Here, we present materials and device design strategies for the core elements of wearable electronics, such as transistors, charge-trap floating-gate memory units, and various logic gates, with stretchable form factors. The use of semiconducting carbon nanotube networks designed for integration with charge traps and ultrathin dielectric layers meets the performance requirements as well as reliability, proven by detailed material and electrical characterizations using statistics. Serpentine interconnections and neutral mechanical plane layouts further enhance the deformability required for skin-based systems. Repetitive stretching tests and studies in mechanics corroborate the validity of the current approaches.

  20. Theory of the synchronous motion of an array of floating flap gates oscillating wave surge converter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Michele, Simone; Sammarco, Paolo; d'Errico, Michele

    2016-08-01

    We consider a finite array of floating flap gates oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) in water of constant depth. The diffraction and radiation potentials are solved in terms of elliptical coordinates and Mathieu functions. Generated power and capture width ratio of a single gate excited by incoming waves are given in terms of the radiated wave amplitude in the far field. Similar to the case of axially symmetric absorbers, the maximum power extracted is shown to be directly proportional to the incident wave characteristics: energy flux, angle of incidence and wavelength. Accordingly, the capture width ratio is directly proportional to the wavelength, thus giving a design estimate of the maximum efficiency of the system. We then compare the array and the single gate in terms of energy production. For regular waves, we show that excitation of the out-of-phase natural modes of the array increases the power output, while in the case of random seas we show that the array and the single gate achieve the same efficiency.

  1. Push the flash floating gate memories toward the future low energy application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Della Marca, V.; Just, G.; Regnier, A.; Ogier, J.-L.; Simola, R.; Niel, S.; Postel-Pellerin, J.; Lalande, F.; Masoero, L.; Molas, G.

    2013-01-01

    In this paper the energy consumption of flash floating gate cell, during a channel hot electron operation, is investigated. We characterize the device using different ramp and box pulses on control gate, to find the best solution to have low energy consumption and good cell performances. We use a new dynamic method to measure the drain current absorption in order to evaluate the impact of different bias conditions, and to study the cell behavior. The programming window and the energy consumption are considered as fundamental parameters. Using this dynamic technique, three zones of work are found; it is possible to optimize the drain voltage during the programming operation to minimize the energy consumption. Moreover, the cell's performances are improved using the CHISEL effect, with a reverse body bias. After the study concerning the programming pulses adjusting, we show the results obtained by increasing the channel doping dose parameter. Considering a channel hot electron programming operation, it is important to focus our attention on the bitline leakage consumption contribution. We measured it for the unselected bitline cells, and we show the effects of the lightly doped drain implantation energy on the leakage current. In this way the impact of gate induced drain leakage in band-to-band tunneling regime decreases, improving the cell's performances in a memory array.

  2. Floating gate memory with charge storage dots array formed by Dps protein modified with site-specific binding peptides

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kamitake, Hiroki; Uenuma, Mutsunori; Okamoto, Naofumi; Horita, Masahiro; Ishikawa, Yasuaki; Yamashita, Ichro; Uraoka, Yukiharu

    2015-05-01

    We report a nanodot (ND) floating gate memory (NFGM) with a high-density ND array formed by a biological nano process. We utilized two kinds of cage-shaped proteins displaying SiO2 binding peptide (minTBP-1) on their outer surfaces: ferritin and Dps, which accommodate cobalt oxide NDs in their cavities. The diameters of the cobalt NDs were regulated by the cavity sizes of the proteins. Because minTBP-1 is strongly adsorbed on the SiO2 surface, high-density cobalt oxide ND arrays were obtained by a simple spin coating process. The densities of cobalt oxide ND arrays based on ferritin and Dps were 6.8 × 1011 dots cm-2 and 1.2 × 1012 dots cm-2, respectively. After selective protein elimination and embedding in a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, the charge capacities of both ND arrays were evaluated by measuring their C-V characteristics. The MOS capacitor embedded with the Dps ND array showed a wider memory window than the device embedded with the ferritin ND array. Finally, we fabricated an NFGM with a high-density ND array based on Dps, and confirmed its competent writing/erasing characteristics and long retention time.

  3. The floating-gate non-volatile semiconductor memory--from invention to the digital age.

    PubMed

    Sze, S M

    2012-10-01

    In the past 45 years (from 1967 to 2012), the non-volatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) has emerged from a floating-gate concept to the prime technology driver of the largest industry in the world-the electronics industry. In this paper, we briefly review the historical development of NVSM and project its future trends to the year 2020. In addition, we consider NVSM's wide-range of applications from the digital cellular phone to tablet computer to digital television. As the device dimension is scaled down to the deca-nanometer regime, we expect that many innovations will be made to meet the scaling challenges, and NVSM-inspired technology will continue to enrich and improve our lives for decades to come.

  4. Nonvolatile floating gate organic memory device based on pentacene/CdSe quantum dot heterojuction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shin, Ik-Soo; Kim, Jung-Min; Jeun, Jun-Ho; Yoo, Seok-Hyun; Ge, Ziyi; Hong, Jong-In; Ho Bang, Jin; Kim, Yong-Sang

    2012-04-01

    An organic floating-gate memory device using CdSe quantum dots (QDs) as a charge-trapping element was fabricated. CdSe QDs were localized beneath a pentacene without any tunneling insulator, and the QD layer played a role as hole-trapping sites. The band bending formed at the junction between pentacene and QD layers inhibited back-injection of holes trapped in CdSe into pentacene, which appeared as a hysteretic capacitance-voltage response during the operation of the device. Nearly, 60% of trapped charge was sustained even after 104 s in programmed state, and this long retention time can be potentially useful in practical applications of non-volatile memory.

  5. Direct protein detection with a nano-interdigitated array gate MOSFET.

    PubMed

    Tang, Xiaohui; Jonas, Alain M; Nysten, Bernard; Demoustier-Champagne, Sophie; Blondeau, Franoise; Prévot, Pierre-Paul; Pampin, Rémi; Godfroid, Edmond; Iñiguez, Benjamin; Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Raskin, Jean-Pierre; Flandre, Denis; Bayot, Vincent

    2009-08-15

    A new protein sensor is demonstrated by replacing the gate of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with a nano-interdigitated array (nIDA). The sensor is able to detect the binding reaction of a typical antibody Ixodes ricinus immunosuppressor (anti-Iris) protein at a concentration lower than 1 ng/ml. The sensor exhibits a high selectivity and reproducible specific detection. We provide a simple model that describes the behavior of the sensor and explains the origin of its high sensitivity. The simulated and experimental results indicate that the drain current of nIDA-gate MOSFET sensor is significantly increased with the successive binding of the thiol layer, Iris and anti-Iris protein layers. It is found that the sensor detection limit can be improved by well optimizing the geometrical parameters of nIDA-gate MOSFET. This nanobiosensor, with real-time and label-free capabilities, can easily be used for the detection of other proteins, DNA, virus and cancer markers. Moreover, an on-chip associated electronics nearby the sensor can be integrated since its fabrication is compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

  6. A sub-microwatt piezo-floating-gate sensor for long-term fatigue monitoring in biomechanical implants.

    PubMed

    Lajnef, Nizar; Chakrabartty, Shantanu; Elvin, Niell; Elvin, Alex

    2006-01-01

    In this paper we describe an implementation of a novel fatigue monitoring sensor based on integration of piezoelectric transduction with floating gate avalanche injection. The miniaturized sensor enables continuous battery-less monitoring and time-to-failure predictions of biomechanical implants. Measured results from a fabricated prototype in a 0.5 microm CMOS process indicate that the device can compute cumulative statistics of electrical signals generated by piezoelectric transducer, while consuming less that 1 microW of power. The ultra-low power operation makes the sensor attractive for integration with poly-vinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based transducers that have already proven to be biocompatible.

  7. Numerical model of a single nanocrystal devoted to the study of disordered nanocrystal floating gates of new flash memories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leroy, Yann; Armeanu, Dumitru; Cordan, Anne-Sophie

    2011-05-01

    The improvement of our model concerning a single nanocrystal that belongs to a nanocrystal floating gate of a flash memory is presented. In order to extend the gate voltage range applicability of the model, the 3D continuum of states of either metallic or semiconducting electrodes is discretized into 2D subbands. Such an approach gives precise information about the mechanisms behind the charging or release processes of the nanocrystal. Then, the self-energy and screening effects of an electron within the nanocrystal are evaluated and introduced in the model. This enables a better determination of the operating point of the nanocrystal memory. The impact of those improvements on the charging or release time of the nanocrystal is discussed.

  8. Manipulating particles for micro- and nano-fluidics via floating electrodes and diffusiophoresis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yalcin, Sinan Eren

    The ability to accurately control micro- and nano-particles in a liquid is fundamentally useful for many applications in biology, medicine, pharmacology, tissue engineering, and microelectronics. Therefore, first particle manipulations are experimentally studied using electrodes attached to the bottom of a straight microchannel under an imposed DC or AC electric field. In contrast to a dielectric microchannel possessing a nearly-uniform surface charge, a floating electrode is polarized under the imposed electric field. The purpose is to create a non-uniform distribution of the induced surface charge, with a zero-net-surface charge along the floating electrode's surface. Such a field, in turn, generates an induced-charge electro-osmotic (ICED) flow near the metal strip. The demonstrations by using single and multiple floating electrodes at the bottom of a straight microchannel, with induced DC electric field, include particle enrichment, movement, trapping, reversal of motion, separation, and particle focusing. A flexible strategy for the on-demand control of the particle enrichment and positioning is also proposed and demonstrated by using a locally-controlled floating metal electrode. Then, under an externally imposed AC electric field, the particle deposition onto a floating electrode, which is placed in a closed circular cavity, has been experimentally investigated. In the second part of the study, another particle manipulation method was computationally investigated. The diffusiophoretic and electrodiffusiophoretic motion of a charged spherical particle in a nanopore is subjected to an axial electrolyte concentration gradient. The charged particle experiences electrophoresis because of the imposed electric field and the diffusiophoresis is caused solely by the imposed concentration gradient. Depending on the magnitude and direction of the imposed concentration gradient, the particle's electrophoretic motion can be accelerated, decelerated, and even reversed in

  9. Thermal Stress Analysis of Floating-Gate Tunneling Oxide Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory During Manufacturing Process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zong, Xiang-fu; Wang, Xu; Weng, Yu-min; Yan, Ren-jin; Tang, Guo-an; Zhang, Zhao-qiang

    1998-10-01

    In this study, finite element modeling was used to evaluate the residual thermal stress in floating-gate tunneling oxide electrically erasable programmable read only memory (FLOTOX E2 PROMs) manufacturing process. Special attention is paid to the tunnel oxide region, in which high field electron injection is the basis to E2 PROMs operation. Calculated results show the presence of large stresses and stress gradients at the fringe. This may contribute to the invalidation of E2 PROMs. A possible failure mechanism of E2 PROM related to residual thermal stress-induced leakage is proposed.

  10. Microbial community evolution of black and stinking rivers during in situ remediation through micro-nano bubble and submerged resin floating bed technology.

    PubMed

    Sun, Yanmei; Wang, Shiwei; Niu, Junfeng

    2018-06-01

    Microbes play important roles during river remediation and the interaction mechanism illustration between microorganisms and sewage is of great significance to improve restoration technology. In this study, micro-nano bubble and submerged resin floating bed composite technology (MBSR) was firstly used to restore two black and stinking urban rivers. After restoration, the water pollution indices such as dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), total phosphorous (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ), water clarity, and the number of facial coliform were significantly improved. Microbial community composition and relative abundance both varied and more aerobic microbes emerged after remediation. The microbial changes showed correlation with DO, NH 4 + -N, TP and COD Cr of the rivers. In summary, the MBSR treatment improved the physiochemical properties of the two black and stinking urban rivers probably through oxygen enrichment of micro-nano bubble and adsorption of submerged resin floating bed, which thereby stimulated functional microbes to degrade pollutants. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Endurance degradation and lifetime model of p-channel floating gate flash memory device with 2T structure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wei, Jiaxing; Liu, Siyang; Liu, Xiaoqiang; Sun, Weifeng; Liu, Yuwei; Liu, Xiaohong; Hou, Bo

    2017-08-01

    The endurance degradation mechanisms of p-channel floating gate flash memory device with two-transistor (2T) structure are investigated in detail in this work. With the help of charge pumping (CP) measurements and Sentaurus TCAD simulations, the damages in the drain overlap region along the tunnel oxide interface caused by band-to-band (BTB) tunneling programming and the damages in the channel region resulted from Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling erasure are verified respectively. Furthermore, the lifetime model of endurance characteristic is extracted, which can extrapolate the endurance degradation tendency and predict the lifetime of the device.

  12. Anomalous annealing of floating gate errors due to heavy ion irradiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yin, Yanan; Liu, Jie; Sun, Youmei; Hou, Mingdong; Liu, Tianqi; Ye, Bing; Ji, Qinggang; Luo, Jie; Zhao, Peixiong

    2018-03-01

    Using the heavy ions provided by the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), the annealing of heavy-ion induced floating gate (FG) errors in 34 nm and 25 nm NAND Flash memories has been studied. The single event upset (SEU) cross section of FG and the evolution of the errors after irradiation depending on the ion linear energy transfer (LET) values, data pattern and feature size of the device are presented. Different rates of annealing for different ion LET and different pattern are observed in 34 nm and 25 nm memories. The variation of the percentage of different error patterns in 34 nm and 25 nm memories with annealing time shows that the annealing of FG errors induced by heavy-ion in memories will mainly take place in the cells directly hit under low LET ion exposure and other cells affected by heavy ions when the ion LET is higher. The influence of Multiple Cell Upsets (MCUs) on the annealing of FG errors is analyzed. MCUs with high error multiplicity which account for the majority of the errors can induce a large percentage of annealed errors.

  13. Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Circuit Based on Floating-Gate Integrator

    PubMed Central

    Kornijcuk, Vladimir; Lim, Hyungkwang; Seok, Jun Yeong; Kim, Guhyun; Kim, Seong Keun; Kim, Inho; Choi, Byung Joon; Jeong, Doo Seok

    2016-01-01

    The artificial spiking neural network (SNN) is promising and has been brought to the notice of the theoretical neuroscience and neuromorphic engineering research communities. In this light, we propose a new type of artificial spiking neuron based on leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) behavior. A distinctive feature of the proposed FG-LIF neuron is the use of a floating-gate (FG) integrator rather than a capacitor-based one. The relaxation time of the charge on the FG relies mainly on the tunnel barrier profile, e.g., barrier height and thickness (rather than the area). This opens up the possibility of large-scale integration of neurons. The circuit simulation results offered biologically plausible spiking activity (<100 Hz) with a capacitor of merely 6 fF, which is hosted in an FG metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. The FG-LIF neuron also has the advantage of low operation power (<30 pW/spike). Finally, the proposed circuit was subject to possible types of noise, e.g., thermal noise and burst noise. The simulation results indicated remarkable distributional features of interspike intervals that are fitted to Gamma distribution functions, similar to biological neurons in the neocortex. PMID:27242416

  14. Suppressing the memory state of floating gate transistors with repeated femtosecond laser backside irradiations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chambonneau, Maxime; Souiki-Figuigui, Sarra; Chiquet, Philippe; Della Marca, Vincenzo; Postel-Pellerin, Jérémy; Canet, Pierre; Portal, Jean-Michel; Grojo, David

    2017-04-01

    We demonstrate that infrared femtosecond laser pulses with intensity above the two-photon ionization threshold of crystalline silicon induce charge transport through the tunnel oxide in floating gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor transistor devices. With repeated irradiations of Flash memory cells, we show how the laser-produced free-electrons naturally redistribute on both sides of the tunnel oxide until the electric field of the transistor is suppressed. This ability enables us to determine in a nondestructive, rapid and contactless way the flat band and the neutral threshold voltages of the tested device. The physical mechanisms including nonlinear ionization, quantum tunneling of free-carriers, and flattening of the band diagram are discussed for interpreting the experiments. The possibility to control the carriers in memory transistors with ultrashort pulses holds promises for fast and remote device analyses (reliability, security, and defectivity) and for considerable developments in the growing field of ultrafast microelectronics.

  15. 95. Photocopied August 1978. CRIBS BEING FLOATED INTO PLACE FOR ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    95. Photocopied August 1978. CRIBS BEING FLOATED INTO PLACE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SECOND SET (NOS. 13-16) OF COMPENSATING GATES. NOTE THE ORIGINAL FOUR GATES IN THE BACKGROUND, MAY 14, 1915. (587) - Michigan Lake Superior Power Company, Portage Street, Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, MI

  16. Investigation of impact of post-metallization annealing on reliability of 65 nm NOR floating-gate flash memories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chiu, Shengfen; Xu, Yue; Ji, Xiaoli; Yan, Feng

    2016-12-01

    This paper investigates the impact of post-metallization annealing (PMA) in pure nitrogen ambient on the reliability of 65 nm NOR-type floating-gate flash memory devices. The experimental results show that, with PMA process, the cycling performance of flash cells, especially for the erasing speed is obviously degraded compared to that without PMA. It is found that the bulk oxide traps and tunnel oxide/Si interface traps are significantly increased with PMA treatment. The water/moisture residues left in the interlayer dielectric layers diffuse to tunnel oxide during PMA process is considered to be responsible for these traps generation, which further enhances the degradation of erase performance. Skipping PMA treatment is proposed to suppress the water diffusion effect on erase performance degradation of flash cells.

  17. High-performance III-V MOSFET with nano-stacked high-k gate dielectric and 3D fin-shaped structure.

    PubMed

    Chen, Szu-Hung; Liao, Wen-Shiang; Yang, Hsin-Chia; Wang, Shea-Jue; Liaw, Yue-Gie; Wang, Hao; Gu, Haoshuang; Wang, Mu-Chun

    2012-08-01

    A three-dimensional (3D) fin-shaped field-effect transistor structure based on III-V metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication has been demonstrated using a submicron GaAs fin as the high-mobility channel. The fin-shaped channel has a thickness-to-width ratio (TFin/WFin) equal to 1. The nano-stacked high-k Al2O3 dielectric was adopted as a gate insulator in forming a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure to suppress gate leakage. The 3D III-V MOSFET exhibits outstanding gate controllability and shows a high Ion/Ioff ratio > 105 and a low subthreshold swing of 80 mV/decade. Compared to a conventional Schottky gate metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor or planar III-V MOSFETs, the III-V MOSFET in this work exhibits a significant performance improvement and is promising for future development of high-performance n-channel devices based on III-V materials.

  18. High-performance III-V MOSFET with nano-stacked high-k gate dielectric and 3D fin-shaped structure

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    A three-dimensional (3D) fin-shaped field-effect transistor structure based on III-V metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication has been demonstrated using a submicron GaAs fin as the high-mobility channel. The fin-shaped channel has a thickness-to-width ratio (TFin/WFin) equal to 1. The nano-stacked high-k Al2O3 dielectric was adopted as a gate insulator in forming a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure to suppress gate leakage. The 3D III-V MOSFET exhibits outstanding gate controllability and shows a high Ion/Ioff ratio > 105 and a low subthreshold swing of 80 mV/decade. Compared to a conventional Schottky gate metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor or planar III-V MOSFETs, the III-V MOSFET in this work exhibits a significant performance improvement and is promising for future development of high-performance n-channel devices based on III-V materials. PMID:22853458

  19. Floating assembly of diatom Coscinodiscus sp. microshells.

    PubMed

    Wang, Yu; Pan, Junfeng; Cai, Jun; Zhang, Deyuan

    2012-03-30

    Diatoms have silica frustules with transparent and delicate micro/nano scale structures, two dimensional pore arrays, and large surface areas. Although, the diatom cells of Coscinodiscus sp. live underwater, we found that their valves can float on water and assemble together. Experiments show that the convex shape and the 40 nm sieve pores of the valves allow them to float on water, and that the buoyancy and the micro-range attractive forces cause the valves to assemble together at the highest point of water. As measured by AFM calibrated glass needles fixed in manipulator, the buoyancy force on a single floating valve may reach up to 10 μN in water. Turning the valves over, enlarging the sieve pores, reducing the surface tension of water, or vacuum pumping may cause the floating valves to sink. After the water has evaporated, the floating valves remained in their assembled state and formed a monolayer film. The bonded diatom monolayer may be valuable in studies on diatom based optical devices, biosensors, solar cells, and batteries, to better use the optical and adsorption properties of frustules. The floating assembly phenomenon can also be used as a self-assembly method for fabricating monolayer of circular plates. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. Study of the enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor with split floating gates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Hui; Wang, Ning; Jiang, Ling-Li; Zhao, Hai-Yue; Lin, Xin-Peng; Yu, Hong-Yu

    2017-11-01

    In this work, the charge storage based split floating gates (FGs) enhancement mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are studied. The simulation results reveal that under certain density of two dimensional electron gas, the variation tendency of the threshold voltage (Vth) with the variation of the blocking dielectric thickness depends on the FG charge density. It is found that when the length sum and isolating spacing sum of the FGs both remain unchanged, the Vth shall decrease with the increasing FGs number but maintaining the device as E-mode. It is also reported that for the FGs HEMT, the failure of a FG will lead to the decrease of Vth as well as the increase of drain current, and the failure probability can be improved significantly with the increase of FGs number.

  1. Electrowetting in a water droplet with a movable floating substrate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shahzad, Amir; Masud, A. R.; Song, Jang-Kun

    2016-05-01

    Electrowetting (EW) enables facile manipulation of a liquid droplet on a hydrophobic surface. In this study, manipulation of an electrolyte droplet having a small floating object on it was investigated on a solid hydrophobic substrate under the EW process. Herein, the floating object exhibited a vertical motion under an applied electric field owing to the spreading and contraction of the droplet on its connecting substrates. The field-induced height variation of the floating object was significantly influenced by the thicknesses of the dielectric and hydrophobic materials. A small mass was also placed on the top floating object and its effect on the spreading of the droplet was observed. In this system, the height of the top floating object is precisely controllable under the application of an electric voltage. The proposed system is expected to be highly useful in the design of nano- and micro-oscillatory systems for microengineering.

  2. Electrowetting in a water droplet with a movable floating substrate.

    PubMed

    Shahzad, Amir; Masud, A R; Song, Jang-Kun

    2016-05-01

    Electrowetting (EW) enables facile manipulation of a liquid droplet on a hydrophobic surface. In this study, manipulation of an electrolyte droplet having a small floating object on it was investigated on a solid hydrophobic substrate under the EW process. Herein, the floating object exhibited a vertical motion under an applied electric field owing to the spreading and contraction of the droplet on its connecting substrates. The field-induced height variation of the floating object was significantly influenced by the thicknesses of the dielectric and hydrophobic materials. A small mass was also placed on the top floating object and its effect on the spreading of the droplet was observed. In this system, the height of the top floating object is precisely controllable under the application of an electric voltage. The proposed system is expected to be highly useful in the design of nano- and micro-oscillatory systems for microengineering.

  3. MEMS Gate Structures for Electric Propulsion Applications

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-07-12

    distance between gates of dual gate system V = grid voltage Dsheath = sheath thickness Va = anode voltage E = electric field Vemitter = emitter voltage Es...minutes. A hot pressed boron nitride target (4N) in the hexagonal phase (h- BN) was sputtered in a RF magnetron sputtering gun. To promote the nucleation...and nanoFETs. This paper concludes with a discussion on using MEMS gates for dual -grid electron field emission applications. II. Gate Design I I

  4. Molecular sensing using monolayer floating gate, fully depleted SOI MOSFET acting as an exponential transducer.

    PubMed

    Takulapalli, Bharath R

    2010-02-23

    Field-effect transistor-based chemical sensors fall into two broad categories based on the principle of signal transduction-chemiresistor or Schottky-type devices and MOSFET or inversion-type devices. In this paper, we report a new inversion-type device concept-fully depleted exponentially coupled (FDEC) sensor, using molecular monolayer floating gate fully depleted silicon on insulator (SOI) MOSFET. Molecular binding at the chemical-sensitive surface lowers the threshold voltage of the device inversion channel due to a unique capacitive charge-coupling mechanism involving interface defect states, causing an exponential increase in the inversion channel current. This response of the device is in opposite direction when compared to typical MOSFET-type sensors, wherein inversion current decreases in a conventional n-channel sensor device upon addition of negative charge to the chemical-sensitive device surface. The new sensor architecture enables ultrahigh sensitivity along with extraordinary selectivity. We propose the new sensor concept with the aid of analytical equations and present results from our experiments in liquid phase and gas phase to demonstrate the new principle of signal transduction. We present data from numerical simulations to further support our theory.

  5. Modeling and analysis of sub-surface leakage current in nano-MOSFET under cutoff regime

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Swami, Yashu; Rai, Sanjeev

    2017-02-01

    The high leakage current in nano-meter regimes is becoming a significant portion of power dissipation in nano-MOSFET circuits as threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are scaled down to nano-meter range. Precise leakage current valuation and meticulous modeling of the same at nano-meter technology scale is an increasingly a critical work in designing the low power nano-MOSFET circuits. We present a specific compact model for sub-threshold regime leakage current in bulk driven nano-MOSFETs. The proposed logical model is instigated and executed into the latest updated PTM bulk nano-MOSFET model and is found to be in decent accord with technology-CAD simulation data. This paper also reviews various transistor intrinsic leakage mechanisms for nano-MOSFET exclusively in weak inversion, like drain-induced barricade lowering (DIBL), gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL), gate oxide tunneling (GOT) leakage etc. The root cause of the sub-surface leakage current is mainly due to the nano-scale short channel length causing source-drain coupling even in sub-threshold domain. Consequences leading to carriers triumphing the barricade between the source and drain. The enhanced model effectively considers the following parameter dependence in the account for better-quality value-added results like drain-to-source bias (VDS), gate-to-source bias (VGS), channel length (LG), source/drain junction depth (Xj), bulk doping concentration (NBULK), and operating temperature (Top).

  6. Design of a radiation tolerant system for total ionizing dose monitoring using floating gate and RadFET dosimeters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferraro, R.; Danzeca, S.; Brucoli, M.; Masi, A.; Brugger, M.; Dilillo, L.

    2017-04-01

    The need for upgrading the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) measurement resolution of the current version of the Radiation Monitoring system for the LHC complex has driven the research of new TID sensors. The sensors being developed nowadays can be defined as Systems On Chip (SOC) with both analog and digital circuitries embedded in the same silicon. A radiation tolerant TID Monitoring System (TIDMon) has been designed to allow the placement of the entire dosimeter readout electronics in very harsh environments such as calibration rooms and even in the mixed radiation field such as the one of the LHC complex. The objective of the TIDMon is to measure the effect of the TID on the new prototype of Floating Gate Dosimeter (FGDOS) without using long cables and with a reliable measurement system. This work introduces the architecture of the TIDMon, the radiation tolerance techniques applied on the controlling electronics as well as the design choices adopted for the system. Finally, results of several tests of TIDMon under different radiation environments such as gamma rays or mixed radiation field at CHARM are presented.

  7. An adaptable neuromorphic model of orientation selectivity based on floating gate dynamics

    PubMed Central

    Gupta, Priti; Markan, C. M.

    2014-01-01

    The biggest challenge that the neuromorphic community faces today is to build systems that can be considered truly cognitive. Adaptation and self-organization are the two basic principles that underlie any cognitive function that the brain performs. If we can replicate this behavior in hardware, we move a step closer to our goal of having cognitive neuromorphic systems. Adaptive feature selectivity is a mechanism by which nature optimizes resources so as to have greater acuity for more abundant features. Developing neuromorphic feature maps can help design generic machines that can emulate this adaptive behavior. Most neuromorphic models that have attempted to build self-organizing systems, follow the approach of modeling abstract theoretical frameworks in hardware. While this is good from a modeling and analysis perspective, it may not lead to the most efficient hardware. On the other hand, exploiting hardware dynamics to build adaptive systems rather than forcing the hardware to behave like mathematical equations, seems to be a more robust methodology when it comes to developing actual hardware for real world applications. In this paper we use a novel time-staggered Winner Take All circuit, that exploits the adaptation dynamics of floating gate transistors, to model an adaptive cortical cell that demonstrates Orientation Selectivity, a well-known biological phenomenon observed in the visual cortex. The cell performs competitive learning, refining its weights in response to input patterns resembling different oriented bars, becoming selective to a particular oriented pattern. Different analysis performed on the cell such as orientation tuning, application of abnormal inputs, response to spatial frequency and periodic patterns reveal close similarity between our cell and its biological counterpart. Embedded in a RC grid, these cells interact diffusively exhibiting cluster formation, making way for adaptively building orientation selective maps in silicon. PMID

  8. An LMS Programming Scheme and Floating-Gate Technology Enabled Trimmer-Less and Low Voltage Flame Detection Sensor.

    PubMed

    Iglesias-Rojas, Juan Carlos; Gomez-Castañeda, Felipe; Moreno-Cadenas, Jose Antonio

    2017-06-14

    In this paper, a Least Mean Square (LMS) programming scheme is used to set the offset voltage of two operational amplifiers that were built using floating-gate transistors, enabling a 0.95 V RMS trimmer-less flame detection sensor. The programming scheme is capable of setting the offset voltage over a wide range of values by means of electron injection. The flame detection sensor consists of two programmable offset operational amplifiers; the first amplifier serves as a 26 μV offset voltage follower, whereas the second amplifier acts as a programmable trimmer-less voltage comparator. Both amplifiers form the proposed sensor, whose principle of functionality is based on the detection of the electrical changes produced by the flame ionization. The experimental results show that it is possible to measure the presence of a flame accurately after programming the amplifiers with a maximum of 35 LMS-algorithm iterations. Current commercial flame detectors are mainly used in absorption refrigerators and large industrial gas heaters, where a high voltage AC source and several mechanical trimmings are used in order to accurately measure the presence of the flame.

  9. An LMS Programming Scheme and Floating-Gate Technology Enabled Trimmer-Less and Low Voltage Flame Detection Sensor

    PubMed Central

    Iglesias-Rojas, Juan Carlos; Gomez-Castañeda, Felipe; Moreno-Cadenas, Jose Antonio

    2017-01-01

    In this paper, a Least Mean Square (LMS) programming scheme is used to set the offset voltage of two operational amplifiers that were built using floating-gate transistors, enabling a 0.95 VRMS trimmer-less flame detection sensor. The programming scheme is capable of setting the offset voltage over a wide range of values by means of electron injection. The flame detection sensor consists of two programmable offset operational amplifiers; the first amplifier serves as a 26 μV offset voltage follower, whereas the second amplifier acts as a programmable trimmer-less voltage comparator. Both amplifiers form the proposed sensor, whose principle of functionality is based on the detection of the electrical changes produced by the flame ionization. The experimental results show that it is possible to measure the presence of a flame accurately after programming the amplifiers with a maximum of 35 LMS-algorithm iterations. Current commercial flame detectors are mainly used in absorption refrigerators and large industrial gas heaters, where a high voltage AC source and several mechanical trimmings are used in order to accurately measure the presence of the flame. PMID:28613250

  10. Synergistic High Charge-Storage Capacity for Multi-level Flexible Organic Flash Memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kang, Minji; Khim, Dongyoon; Park, Won-Tae; Kim, Jihong; Kim, Juhwan; Noh, Yong-Young; Baeg, Kang-Jun; Kim, Dong-Yu

    2015-07-01

    Electret and organic floating-gate memories are next-generation flash storage mediums for printed organic complementary circuits. While each flash memory can be easily fabricated using solution processes on flexible plastic substrates, promising their potential for on-chip memory organization is limited by unreliable bit operation and high write loads. We here report that new architecture could improve the overall performance of organic memory, and especially meet high storage for multi-level operation. Our concept depends on synergistic effect of electrical characterization in combination with a polymer electret (poly(2-vinyl naphthalene) (PVN)) and metal nanoparticles (Copper). It is distinguished from mostly organic nano-floating-gate memories by using the electret dielectric instead of general tunneling dielectric for additional charge storage. The uniform stacking of organic layers including various dielectrics and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an organic semiconductor, followed by thin-film coating using orthogonal solvents, greatly improve device precision despite easy and fast manufacture. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] as high-k blocking dielectric also allows reduction of programming voltage. The reported synergistic organic memory devices represent low power consumption, high cycle endurance, high thermal stability and suitable retention time, compared to electret and organic nano-floating-gate memory devices.

  11. Synergistic High Charge-Storage Capacity for Multi-level Flexible Organic Flash Memory.

    PubMed

    Kang, Minji; Khim, Dongyoon; Park, Won-Tae; Kim, Jihong; Kim, Juhwan; Noh, Yong-Young; Baeg, Kang-Jun; Kim, Dong-Yu

    2015-07-23

    Electret and organic floating-gate memories are next-generation flash storage mediums for printed organic complementary circuits. While each flash memory can be easily fabricated using solution processes on flexible plastic substrates, promising their potential for on-chip memory organization is limited by unreliable bit operation and high write loads. We here report that new architecture could improve the overall performance of organic memory, and especially meet high storage for multi-level operation. Our concept depends on synergistic effect of electrical characterization in combination with a polymer electret (poly(2-vinyl naphthalene) (PVN)) and metal nanoparticles (Copper). It is distinguished from mostly organic nano-floating-gate memories by using the electret dielectric instead of general tunneling dielectric for additional charge storage. The uniform stacking of organic layers including various dielectrics and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an organic semiconductor, followed by thin-film coating using orthogonal solvents, greatly improve device precision despite easy and fast manufacture. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] as high-k blocking dielectric also allows reduction of programming voltage. The reported synergistic organic memory devices represent low power consumption, high cycle endurance, high thermal stability and suitable retention time, compared to electret and organic nano-floating-gate memory devices.

  12. Experimental Study of Floating-Gate-Type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors with Nanosize Triangular Cross-Sectional Tunnel Areas for Low Operating Voltage Flash Memory Application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Yongxun; Guo, Ruofeng; Kamei, Takahiro; Matsukawa, Takashi; Endo, Kazuhiko; O'uchi, Shinichi; Tsukada, Junichi; Yamauchi, Hiromi; Ishikawa, Yuki; Hayashida, Tetsuro; Sakamoto, Kunihiro; Ogura, Atsushi; Masahara, Meishoku

    2012-06-01

    The floating-gate (FG)-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with planar (planar-MOS) and three-dimensional (3D) nanosize triangular cross-sectional tunnel areas (3D-MOS) have successfully been fabricated by introducing rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) and postdeposition annealing (PDA), and their electrical characteristics between the control gate (CG) and FG have been systematically compared. It was experimentally found in both planar- and 3D-MOS capacitors that the uniform and higher breakdown voltages are obtained by introducing RTO owing to the high-quality thermal oxide formation on the surface and etched edge regions of the n+ polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) FG, and the leakage current is highly suppressed after PDA owing to the improved quality of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) silicon dioxide (SiO2) between CG and FG. Moreover, a lower breakdown voltage between CG and FG was obtained in the fabricated 3D-MOS capacitors as compared with that of planar-MOS capacitors thanks to the enhanced local electric field at the tips of triangular tunnel areas. The developed nanosize triangular cross-sectional tunnel area is useful for the fabrication of low operating voltage flash memories.

  13. Impact of high-κ dielectric and metal nanoparticles in simultaneous enhancement of programming speed and retention time of nano-flash memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pavel, Akeed A.; Khan, Mehjabeen A.; Kirawanich, Phumin; Islam, N. E.

    2008-10-01

    A methodology to simulate memory structures with metal nanocrystal islands embedded as floating gate in a high-κ dielectric material for simultaneous enhancement of programming speed and retention time is presented. The computational concept is based on a model for charge transport in nano-scaled structures presented earlier, where quantum mechanical tunneling is defined through the wave impedance that is analogous to the transmission line theory. The effects of substrate-tunnel dielectric conduction band offset and metal work function on the tunneling current that determines the programming speed and retention time is demonstrated. Simulation results confirm that a high-κ dielectric material can increase programming current due to its lower conduction band offset with the substrate and also can be effectively integrated with suitable embedded metal nanocrystals having high work function for efficient data retention. A nano-memory cell designed with silver (Ag) nanocrystals embedded in Al 2O 3 has been compared with similar structure consisting of Si nanocrystals in SiO 2 to validate the concept.

  14. Quantum design rules for single molecule logic gates.

    PubMed

    Renaud, N; Hliwa, M; Joachim, C

    2011-08-28

    Recent publications have demonstrated how to implement a NOR logic gate with a single molecule using its interaction with two surface atoms as logical inputs [W. Soe et al., ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 1436]. We demonstrate here how this NOR logic gate belongs to the general family of quantum logic gates where the Boolean truth table results from a full control of the quantum trajectory of the electron transfer process through the molecule by very local and classical inputs practiced on the molecule. A new molecule OR gate is proposed for the logical inputs to be also single metal atoms, one per logical input.

  15. Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis from Mast and Chromaffin Cells Using Floating-Gate MOS Transistors.

    PubMed

    Jayant, Krishna; Singhai, Amit; Cao, Yingqiu; Phelps, Joshua B; Lindau, Manfred; Holowka, David A; Baird, Barbara A; Kan, Edwin C

    2015-12-21

    We present non-faradaic electrochemical recordings of exocytosis from populations of mast and chromaffin cells using chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) transistors. In comparison to previous cell-FET-biosensors, the CνMOS features control (CG), sensing (SG) and floating gates (FG), allows the quiescent point to be independently controlled, is CMOS compatible and physically isolates the transistor channel from the electrolyte for stable long-term recordings. We measured exocytosis from RBL-2H3 mast cells sensitized by IgE (bound to high-affinity surface receptors FcεRI) and stimulated using the antigen DNP-BSA. Quasi-static I-V measurements reflected a slow shift in surface potential () which was dependent on extracellular calcium ([Ca]o) and buffer strength, which suggests sensitivity to protons released during exocytosis. Fluorescent imaging of dextran-labeled vesicle release showed evidence of a similar time course, while un-sensitized cells showed no response to stimulation. Transient recordings revealed fluctuations with a rapid rise and slow decay. Chromaffin cells stimulated with high KCl showed both slow shifts and extracellular action potentials exhibiting biphasic and inverted capacitive waveforms, indicative of varying ion-channel distributions across the cell-transistor junction. Our approach presents a facile method to simultaneously monitor exocytosis and ion channel activity with high temporal sensitivity without the need for redox chemistry.

  16. Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis from Mast and Chromaffin Cells Using Floating-Gate MOS Transistors

    PubMed Central

    Jayant, Krishna; Singhai, Amit; Cao, Yingqiu; Phelps, Joshua B.; Lindau, Manfred; Holowka, David A.; Baird, Barbara A.; Kan, Edwin C.

    2015-01-01

    We present non-faradaic electrochemical recordings of exocytosis from populations of mast and chromaffin cells using chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) transistors. In comparison to previous cell-FET-biosensors, the CνMOS features control (CG), sensing (SG) and floating gates (FG), allows the quiescent point to be independently controlled, is CMOS compatible and physically isolates the transistor channel from the electrolyte for stable long-term recordings. We measured exocytosis from RBL-2H3 mast cells sensitized by IgE (bound to high-affinity surface receptors FcεRI) and stimulated using the antigen DNP-BSA. Quasi-static I-V measurements reflected a slow shift in surface potential () which was dependent on extracellular calcium ([Ca]o) and buffer strength, which suggests sensitivity to protons released during exocytosis. Fluorescent imaging of dextran-labeled vesicle release showed evidence of a similar time course, while un-sensitized cells showed no response to stimulation. Transient recordings revealed fluctuations with a rapid rise and slow decay. Chromaffin cells stimulated with high KCl showed both slow shifts and extracellular action potentials exhibiting biphasic and inverted capacitive waveforms, indicative of varying ion-channel distributions across the cell-transistor junction. Our approach presents a facile method to simultaneously monitor exocytosis and ion channel activity with high temporal sensitivity without the need for redox chemistry. PMID:26686301

  17. 1T Pixel Using Floating-Body MOSFET for CMOS Image Sensors.

    PubMed

    Lu, Guo-Neng; Tournier, Arnaud; Roy, François; Deschamps, Benoît

    2009-01-01

    We present a single-transistor pixel for CMOS image sensors (CIS). It is a floating-body MOSFET structure, which is used as photo-sensing device and source-follower transistor, and can be controlled to store and evacuate charges. Our investigation into this 1T pixel structure includes modeling to obtain analytical description of conversion gain. Model validation has been done by comparing theoretical predictions and experimental results. On the other hand, the 1T pixel structure has been implemented in different configurations, including rectangular-gate and ring-gate designs, and variations of oxidation parameters for the fabrication process. The pixel characteristics are presented and discussed.

  18. Effect with high density nano dot type storage layer structure on 20 nm planar NAND flash memory characteristics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasaki, Takeshi; Muraguchi, Masakazu; Seo, Moon-Sik; Park, Sung-kye; Endoh, Tetsuo

    2014-01-01

    The merits, concerns and design principle for the future nano dot (ND) type NAND flash memory cell are clarified, by considering the effect of storage layer structure on NAND flash memory characteristics. The characteristics of the ND cell for a NAND flash memory in comparison with the floating gate type (FG) is comprehensively studied through the read, erase, program operation, and the cell to cell interference with device simulation. Although the degradation of the read throughput (0.7% reduction of the cell current) and slower program time (26% smaller programmed threshold voltage shift) with high density (10 × 1012 cm-2) ND NAND are still concerned, the suppress of the cell to cell interference with high density (10 × 1012 cm-2) plays the most important part for scaling and multi-level cell (MLC) operation in comparison with the FG NAND. From these results, the design knowledge is shown to require the control of the number of nano dots rather than the higher nano dot density, from the viewpoint of increasing its memory capacity by MLC operation and suppressing threshold voltage variability caused by the number of dots in the storage layer. Moreover, in order to increase its memory capacity, it is shown the tunnel oxide thickness with ND should be designed thicker (>3 nm) than conventional designed ND cell for programming/erasing with direct tunneling mechanism.

  19. Highly reliable top-gated thin-film transistor memory with semiconducting, tunneling, charge-trapping, and blocking layers all of flexible polymers.

    PubMed

    Wang, Wei; Hwang, Sun Kak; Kim, Kang Lib; Lee, Ju Han; Cho, Suk Man; Park, Cheolmin

    2015-05-27

    The core components of a floating-gate organic thin-film transistor nonvolatile memory (OTFT-NVM) include the semiconducting channel layer, tunneling layer, floating-gate layer, and blocking layer, besides three terminal electrodes. In this study, we demonstrated OTFT-NVMs with all four constituent layers made of polymers based on consecutive spin-coating. Ambipolar charges injected and trapped in a polymer electret charge-controlling layer upon gate program and erase field successfully allowed for reliable bistable channel current levels at zero gate voltage. We have observed that the memory performance, in particular the reliability of a device, significantly depends upon the thickness of both blocking and tunneling layers, and with an optimized layer thickness and materials selection, our device exhibits a memory window of 15.4 V, on/off current ratio of 2 × 10(4), read and write endurance cycles over 100, and time-dependent data retention of 10(8) s, even when fabricated on a mechanically flexible plastic substrate.

  20. Leaky Integrate and Fire Neuron by Charge-Discharge Dynamics in Floating-Body MOSFET.

    PubMed

    Dutta, Sangya; Kumar, Vinay; Shukla, Aditya; Mohapatra, Nihar R; Ganguly, Udayan

    2017-08-15

    Neuro-biology inspired Spiking Neural Network (SNN) enables efficient learning and recognition tasks. To achieve a large scale network akin to biology, a power and area efficient electronic neuron is essential. Earlier, we had demonstrated an LIF neuron by a novel 4-terminal impact ionization based n+/p/n+ with an extended gate (gated-INPN) device by physics simulation. Excellent improvement in area and power compared to conventional analog circuit implementations was observed. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact conventional 3-terminal partially depleted (PD) SOI- MOSFET (100 nm gate length) to replace the 4-terminal gated-INPN device. Impact ionization (II) induced floating body effect in SOI-MOSFET is used to capture LIF neuron behavior to demonstrate spiking frequency dependence on input. MHz operation enables attractive hardware acceleration compared to biology. Overall, conventional PD-SOI-CMOS technology enables very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) which is essential for biology scale (~10 11 neuron based) large neural networks.

  1. Wasteway, intake side. The floatoperated radial gates are housed behind ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Wasteway, intake side. The float-operated radial gates are housed behind the concrete (below water level), view to the northwest - Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation System, Wasteway No. 1, Wellton-Mohawk Canal, North side of Wellton-Mohawk Canal, bounded by Gila River to North & the Union Pacific Railroad & Gila Mountains to south, Wellton, Yuma County, AZ

  2. Investing the effectiveness of retention performance in a non-volatile floating gate memory device with a core-shell structure of CdSe nanoparticles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Dong-Hoon; Kim, Jung-Min; Lim, Ki-Tae; Cho, Hyeong Jun; Bang, Jin Ho; Kim, Yong-Sang

    2016-03-01

    In this paper, we empirically investigate the retention performance of organic non-volatile floating gate memory devices with CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) as charge trapping elements. Core-structured CdSe NPs or core-shell-structured ZnS/CdSe NPs were mixed in PMMA and their performance in pentacene based device was compared. The NPs and self-organized thin tunneling PMMA inside the devices exhibited hysteresis by trapping hole during capacitance-voltage characterization. Despite of core-structured NPs showing a larger memory window, the retention time was too short to be adopted by an industry. By contrast core-shell structured NPs showed an improved retention time of >10000 seconds than core-structure NCs. Based on these results and the energy band structure, we propose the retention mechanism of each NPs. This investigation of retention performance provides a comparative and systematic study of the charging/discharging behaviors of NPs based memory devices. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

  3. Quantum ballistic analysis of transition metal dichalcogenides based double gate junctionless field effect transistor and its application in nano-biosensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shadman, Abir; Rahman, Ehsanur; Khosru, Quazi D. M.

    2017-11-01

    To reduce the thermal budget and the short channel effects in state of the art CMOS technology, Junctionless field effect transistor (JLFET) has been proposed in the literature. Numerous experimental, modeling, and simulation based works have been done on this new FET with bulk materials for various geometries until now. On the other hand, the two-dimensional layered material is considered as an alternative to current Si technology because of its ultra-thin body and high mobility. Very recently few simulation based works have been done on monolayer molybdenum disulfide based JLFET mainly to show the advantage of JLFET over conventional FET. However, no comprehensive simulation-based work has been done for double gate JLFET keeping in mind the prominent transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) to the authors' best knowledge. In this work, we have studied quantum ballistic drain current-gate voltage characteristics of such FETs within non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) framework. Our simulation results reveal that all these TMDC materials are viable options for implementing state of the art Junctionless MOSFET with emphasis on their performance at short gate lengths. Besides evaluating the prospect of TMDC materials in the digital logic application, the performance of Junctionless Double Gate trilayer TMDC heterostructure FET for the label-free electrical detection of biomolecules in dry environment has been investigated for the first time to the authors' best knowledge. The impact of charge neutral biomolecules on the electrical characteristics of the biosensor has been analyzed under dry environment situation. Our study shows that these materials could provide high sensitivity in the sub-threshold region as a channel material in nano-biosensor, a trend demonstrated by silicon on insulator FET sensor in the literature. Thus, going by the trend of replacing silicon with these novel materials in device level, TMDC heterostructure could be a viable alternative to

  4. Depletion type floating gate p-channel MOS transistor for recording action potentials generated by cultured neurons.

    PubMed

    Cohen, Ariel; Spira, Micha E; Yitshaik, Shlomo; Borghs, Gustaaf; Shwartzglass, Ofer; Shappir, Joseph

    2004-07-15

    We report the realization of electrical coupling between neurons and depletion type floating gate (FG) p-channel MOS transistors. The devices were realized in a shortened 0.5 microm CMOS technology. Increased boron implant dose was used to form the depletion type devices. Post-CMOS processing steps were added to expose the devices sensing area. The neurons are coupled to the polycrystalline silicon (PS) FG through 420A thermal oxide in an area which is located over the thick field oxide away from the transistor. The combination of coupling area pad having a diameter of 10 or 15 microm and sensing transistor with W/L of 50/0.5 microm results in capacitive coupling ratio of the neuron signal of about 0.5 together with relatively large transistor transconductance. The combination of the FG structure with a depletion type device, leads to the following advantages. (a) No need for dc bias between the solution in which the neurons are cultured and the transistor with expected consequences to the neuron as well as the silicon die durability. (b) The sensing area of the neuron activity is separated from the active area of the transistor. Thus, it is possible to design the sensing area and the channel area separately. (c) The channel area, which is the most sensitive part of the transistor, can be insulated and shielded from the ionic solution in which the neurons are cultured. (d) There is an option to add a switching transistor to the FG and use the FG also for the neuron stimulation.

  5. Nano-textured high sensitivity ion sensitive field effect transistors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hajmirzaheydarali, M.; Sadeghipari, M.; Akbari, M.

    2016-02-07

    Nano-textured gate engineered ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs), suitable for high sensitivity pH sensors, have been realized. Utilizing a mask-less deep reactive ion etching results in ultra-fine poly-Si features on the gate of ISFET devices where spacing of the order of 10 nm and less is achieved. Incorporation of these nano-sized features on the gate is responsible for high sensitivities up to 400 mV/pH in contrast to conventional planar structures. The fabrication process for this transistor is inexpensive, and it is fully compatible with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor fabrication procedure. A theoretical modeling has also been presented to predict themore » extension of the diffuse layer into the electrolyte solution for highly featured structures and to correlate this extension with the high sensitivity of the device. The observed ultra-fine features by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy tools corroborate the theoretical prediction.« less

  6. Ultrasonic agitation-floating classification of nano-sized Ba-Mg ferrites particles formed by using self-propagating high temperature synthesis and fabrication of nickel-ferrites thin sheet by pulse-electroforming.

    PubMed

    Choi, Yong

    2013-01-01

    Nickel-nano-sized ferrites composites sheet for electromagnetic shielding was produced by pulse-electroforming in a modified nickel sulfamate solution. The ferrite particles were prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) followed by mechanical milling, and classified with an ultrasonic agitation-floating unit to obtain about 100 nm in size. Average combustion temperature and combustion propagating rate during SHS reaction were 1190 K and 5.8 mm/sec at the oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa, respectively. The nickel-ferrite composite sheet had preferred orientation which (100) pole clearly concentrated to normal direction, whereas, (110) and (111) poles tended to split to the longitudinal direction, respectively. Maximum magnetization, residual magnetization and coercive force of the nano-sized ferrites were 27.13 A x m2/kg, 6.4 A x m2/kg and 14.58 kA/m, respectively. Complex permeability of the composites decreased with an increase in frequency, and its real value (mu'r) had the maximum at about 0.3 GHz. The dielectric constants of the composites were epsilon'r = 6.7 and epsilon"r = 0.

  7. Development and calibration of an air-floating six-axis force measurement platform using self-calibration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Bin; Wang, Xiaomeng; Li, Chengwei; Yi, Jiajing; Lu, Rongsheng; Tao, Jiayue

    2016-09-01

    This paper describes the design, working principle, as well as calibration of an air-floating six-axis force measurement platform, where the floating plate and nozzles were connected without contact, preventing inter-dimensional coupling and increasing precision significantly. The measurement repeatability error of the force size in the platform is less than 0.2% full scale (FS), which is significantly better than the precision of 1% FS in the six-axis force sensors on the current market. We overcame the difficulties of weight loading device in high-precision calibration by proposing a self-calibration method based on the floating plate gravity and met the calibration precision requirement of 0.02% FS. This study has general implications for the development and calibration of high-precision multi-axis force sensors. In particular, the air-floating six-axis force measurement platform could be applied to the calibration of some special sensors such as flexible tactile sensors and may be used as a micro-nano mechanical assembly platform for real-time assembly force testing.

  8. A Bayesian-Based EDA Tool for Nano-circuits Reliability Calculations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ibrahim, Walid; Beiu, Valeriu

    As the sizes of (nano-)devices are aggressively scaled deep into the nanometer range, the design and manufacturing of future (nano-)circuits will become extremely complex and inevitably will introduce more defects while their functioning will be adversely affected by transient faults. Therefore, accurately calculating the reliability of future designs will become a very important aspect for (nano-)circuit designers as they investigate several design alternatives to optimize the trade-offs between the conflicting metrics of area-power-energy-delay versus reliability. This paper introduces a novel generic technique for the accurate calculation of the reliability of future nano-circuits. Our aim is to provide both educational and research institutions (as well as the semiconductor industry at a later stage) with an accurate and easy to use tool for closely comparing the reliability of different design alternatives, and for being able to easily select the design that best fits a set of given (design) constraints. Moreover, the reliability model generated by the tool should empower designers with the unique opportunity of understanding the influence individual gates play on the design’s overall reliability, and identifying those (few) gates which impact the design’s reliability most significantly.

  9. Scanning gate study of organic thin-film field-effect transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aoki, N.; Sudou, K.; Matsusaki, K.; Okamoto, K.; Ochiai, Y.

    2008-03-01

    Scanning gate microscopy (SGM) has been applied for a study of organic thin-film field effect transistor (OFET). In contrast to one-dimensional nano-material such a carbon nanonube or nano-structure such a quantum point contact, visualization a transport characteristic of OFET channel is basically rather difficult since the channel width is much larger than the size of the SGM tip. Nevertheless, Schottky barriers are successfully visualized at the boundary between the metal electrodes and the OFET channel at ambient atmosphere.

  10. A triple quantum dot based nano-electromechanical memory device

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pozner, R.; Lifshitz, E.; Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000

    Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are free-standing nano-structures with chemically tunable electronic properties. This tunability offers intriguing possibilities for nano-electromechanical devices. In this work, we consider a nano-electromechanical nonvolatile memory (NVM) device incorporating a triple quantum dot (TQD) cluster. The device operation is based on a bias induced motion of a floating quantum dot (FQD) located between two bound quantum dots (BQDs). The mechanical motion is used for switching between two stable states, “ON” and “OFF” states, where ligand-mediated effective interdot forces between the BQDs and the FQD serve to hold the FQD in each stable position under zero bias. Consideringmore » realistic microscopic parameters, our quantum-classical theoretical treatment of the TQD reveals the characteristics of the NVM.« less

  11. Floating electrode dielectrophoresis.

    PubMed

    Golan, Saar; Elata, David; Orenstein, Meir; Dinnar, Uri

    2006-12-01

    In practice, dielectrophoresis (DEP) devices are based on micropatterned electrodes. When subjected to applied voltages, the electrodes generate nonuniform electric fields that are necessary for the DEP manipulation of particles. In this study, electrically floating electrodes are used in DEP devices. It is demonstrated that effective DEP forces can be achieved by using floating electrodes. Additionally, DEP forces generated by floating electrodes are different from DEP forces generated by excited electrodes. The floating electrodes' capabilities are explained theoretically by calculating the electric field gradients and demonstrated experimentally by using test-devices. The test-devices show that floating electrodes can be used to collect erythrocytes (red blood cells). DEP devices which contain many floating electrodes ought to have fewer connections to external signal sources. Therefore, the use of floating electrodes may considerably facilitate the fabrication and operation of DEP devices. It can also reduce device dimensions. However, the key point is that DEP devices can integrate excited electrodes fabricated by microtechnology processes and floating electrodes fabricated by nanotechnology processes. Such integration is expected to promote the use of DEP devices in the manipulation of nanoparticles.

  12. Printable Top-Gate-Type Polymer Light-Emitting Transistors with Surfaces of Amorphous Fluoropolymer Insulators Modified by Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Treatment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kajii, Hirotake; Terashima, Daiki; Kusumoto, Yusuke; Ikezoe, Ikuya; Ohmori, Yutaka

    2013-04-01

    We investigated the fabrication and electrical and optical properties of top-gate-type polymer light-emitting transistors with the surfaces of amorphous fluoropolymer insulators, CYTOP (Asahi Glass) modified by vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) treatment. The surface energy of CYTOP, which has a good solution barrier property was increased by VUV irradiation, and the gate electrode was fabricated by solution processing on the CYTOP film using the Ag nano-ink. The influence of VUV irradiation on the optical properties of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) films with various gate insulators was investigated to clarify the passivation effect of gate insulators. It was found that the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film prevented the degradation of the F8BT layer under VUV irradiation because the PMMA film can absorb VUV. The solution-processed F8BT device with multilayer PMMA/CYTOP insulators utilizing a gate electrode fabricated using the Ag nano-ink exhibited both the ambipolar characteristics and yellow-green emission.

  13. 3-D Observation of dopant distribution at NAND flash memory floating gate using Atom probe tomography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Ji-hyun; Chae, Byeong-Kyu; Kim, Joong-Jeong; Lee, Sun Young; Park, Chan Gyung

    2015-01-01

    Dopant control becomes more difficult and critical as silicon devices become smaller. We observed the dopant distribution in a thermally annealed polysilicon gate using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atom probe tomography (APT). Phosphorus was doped at the silicon-nitride-diffusion-barrier-layer-covered polycrystalline silicon gate. Carbon also incorporated at the gate for the enhancement of operation uniformity. The impurity distribution was observed using atom probe tomography. The carbon atoms had segregated at grain boundaries and suppressed silicon grain growth. Phosphorus atoms, on the other hand, tended to pile-up at the interface. A 1-nm-thick diffusion barrier effectively blocked P atom out-diffusion. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

  14. Utilizing Controlled Vibrations in a Microgravity Environment to Understand and Promote Microstructural Homogeneity During Floating-Zone Crystal Growth

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anilkumar, A. V.; Bhowmick, J.; Grugel, R. N.

    2001-01-01

    Our previous experiments with NaNO3 float-zones revealed that steady thermocapillary flow can be balanced/offset by the controlled surface streaming flow induced by end-wall vibration. In the current experiments we are examining the effects of streaming flow on steadying/stabilizing nonsteady thermocapillary flow in such zones. To this effect we have set up a controlled NaNO3 half-zone experiment, where the processing parameters, like zone dimensions and temperature gradients, can be easily varied to generate nonsteady thermocapillary flows. In the present paper we present preliminary results of our investigations into stabilizing such flows by employing endwall vibration.

  15. 40 CFR 65.45 - External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof. The owner or operator who elects to... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof. 65.45 Section 65.45 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

  16. Gate-controlled quantum collimation in nanocolumn resonant tunneling transistors.

    PubMed

    Wensorra, J; Lepsa, M I; Trellenkamp, S; Moers, J; Indlekofer, K M; Lüth, H

    2009-11-18

    Nanoscaled resonant tunneling transistors (RTT) based on MBE-grown GaAs/AlAs double-barrier quantum well (DBQW) structures have been fabricated by a top-down approach using electron-beam lithographic definition of the vertical nanocolumns. In the preparation process, a reproducible mask alignment accuracy of below 10 nm has been achieved and the all-around metal gate at the level of the DBQW structure has been positioned at a distance of about 20 nm relative to the semiconductor nanocolumn. Due to the specific doping profile n++/i/n++ along the transistor nanocolumn, a particular confining potential is established for devices with diameters smaller than 70 nm, which causes a collimation effect of the propagating electrons. Under these conditions, room temperature optimum performance of the nano-RTTs is achieved with peak-to-valley current ratios above 2 and a peak current swing factor of about 6 for gate voltages between -6 and +6 V. These values indicate that our nano-RTTs can be successfully used in low power fast nanoelectronic circuits.

  17. Nonvolatile Memories Using Quantum Dot (QD) Floating Gates Assembled on II-VI Tunnel Insulators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suarez, E.; Gogna, M.; Al-Amoody, F.; Karmakar, S.; Ayers, J.; Heller, E.; Jain, F.

    2010-07-01

    This paper presents preliminary data on quantum dot gate nonvolatile memories using nearly lattice-matched ZnS/Zn0.95Mg0.05S/ZnS tunnel insulators. The GeO x -cladded Ge and SiO x -cladded Si quantum dots (QDs) are self-assembled site-specifically on the II-VI insulator grown epitaxially over the Si channel (formed between the source and drain region). The pseudomorphic II-VI stack serves both as a tunnel insulator and a high- κ dielectric. The effect of Mg incorporation in ZnMgS is also investigated. For the control gate insulator, we have used Si3N4 and SiO2 layers grown by plasma- enhanced chemical vapor deposition.

  18. Utilizing Controlled Vibrations in a Microgravity Environment to Understand and Promote Microstructural Homogeneity During Float-Zone Crystal Growth

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anilkumar, A. V.; Bhowmick, J.; Grugel, R. N.a

    2000-01-01

    Our previous experiments with NaNO3 float-zones revealed that steady thermocapillary flow can be balanced/offset by the controlled surface streaming flow induced by end-wall vibration. In the current experiments we are examining the effects of streaming flow on steadying/stabilizing nonsteady thermocapillary flow in such zones. To this effect we have set up a controlled NaNO3 half-zone experiment, where the processing parameters, like zone dimensions and temperature gradients, can be easily varied to generate nonsteady thermocapillary flows. In the present paper we present preliminary results of our investigations into stabilizing such flows by employing end-wall vibration.

  19. Superior model for fault tolerance computation in designing nano-sized circuit systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Singh, N. S. S., E-mail: narinderjit@petronas.com.my; Muthuvalu, M. S., E-mail: msmuthuvalu@gmail.com; Asirvadam, V. S., E-mail: vijanth-sagayan@petronas.com.my

    2014-10-24

    As CMOS technology scales nano-metrically, reliability turns out to be a decisive subject in the design methodology of nano-sized circuit systems. As a result, several computational approaches have been developed to compute and evaluate reliability of desired nano-electronic circuits. The process of computing reliability becomes very troublesome and time consuming as the computational complexity build ups with the desired circuit size. Therefore, being able to measure reliability instantly and superiorly is fast becoming necessary in designing modern logic integrated circuits. For this purpose, the paper firstly looks into the development of an automated reliability evaluation tool based on the generalizationmore » of Probabilistic Gate Model (PGM) and Boolean Difference-based Error Calculator (BDEC) models. The Matlab-based tool allows users to significantly speed-up the task of reliability analysis for very large number of nano-electronic circuits. Secondly, by using the developed automated tool, the paper explores into a comparative study involving reliability computation and evaluation by PGM and, BDEC models for different implementations of same functionality circuits. Based on the reliability analysis, BDEC gives exact and transparent reliability measures, but as the complexity of the same functionality circuits with respect to gate error increases, reliability measure by BDEC tends to be lower than the reliability measure by PGM. The lesser reliability measure by BDEC is well explained in this paper using distribution of different signal input patterns overtime for same functionality circuits. Simulation results conclude that the reliability measure by BDEC depends not only on faulty gates but it also depends on circuit topology, probability of input signals being one or zero and also probability of error on signal lines.« less

  20. Atomistic characterization of SAM coatings as gate insulators in Si-based FET devices

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gala, F.; Zollo, G.

    2014-06-19

    Many nano-material systems are currently under consideration as possible candidates for gate dielectric insulators in both metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOSFET) and organic (OFET) field-effect transistors. In this contribution, the possibility of employing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hydroxylated octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) chains on a (111) Si substrate as gate dielectrics is discussed; in particular ab initio theoretical simulations have been employed to study the structural properties, work function modifications, and the insulating properties of OTS thin film coatings on Si substrates.

  1. Atomistic characterization of SAM coatings as gate insulators in Si-based FET devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gala, F.; Zollo, G.

    2014-06-01

    Many nano-material systems are currently under consideration as possible candidates for gate dielectric insulators in both metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOSFET) and organic (OFET) field-effect transistors. In this contribution, the possibility of employing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hydroxylated octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) chains on a (111) Si substrate as gate dielectrics is discussed; in particular ab initio theoretical simulations have been employed to study the structural properties, work function modifications, and the insulating properties of OTS thin film coatings on Si substrates.

  2. Synthesis and electron storage characteristics of isolated silver nanodots on/embedded in Al 2O 3 gate dielectric

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Q.; Song, Z. T.; Liu, W. L.; Lin, C. L.; Wang, T. H.

    2004-05-01

    Monolayer-isolated silver (Ag) nanodots with the average diameter down to 7 nm are synthesized on Al 2O 3/Si substrate by vacuum electron-beam evaporation followed by annealing at 400 °C in N 2 ambient. Metal-insulator-silicon (MIS) structures with Ag nanodots embedded in Al 2O 3 gate dielectric are fabricated. Clear electron storage effect with the flatband voltage shift of 1.3 eV is observed through capacitance-conductance and conductance-voltage measurements. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of applying Ag nanodots for nanocrystal floating-gate memory devices.

  3. Analog and RF performance of a multigate FinFET at nano scale

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kumar, Abhishek

    2016-12-01

    In this paper, analog and RF performance of the Fin field effect transistor (FET) at Nano scale is observed through 3D simulation. FinFET devices like rectangular gate all around (RE-GAA) FinFET, cylindrical gate all around (CY-GAA) FinFET and triple gate (TG) FinFET are observed. The figure of merit (FOMs) such as input-output characteristics, trans-conductance (gm), output-conductance (gd), intrinsic gain (gm/gd), gate capacitance (gate to source and total gate capacitance), unity gain cut-off frequency (ft), trans-conductance generation factor (TGF), gain frequency product (GFP), gain bandwidth product (GBP) and gain transconductance frequency product (GTFP) are observed. The analog performance of a FinFETs are observed by realising source follower circuit with NMOS transistor as a current source. The source follower circuit gain is observed. It has been observed that maximum capacitance is observed in case gate all around condition. Rectangular gate all around has the highest transconductance. In the source follower circuit, the gain curve (Vout/Vin) is sharper for TG-FinFET.

  4. Gating based on internal/external signals with dynamic correlation updates.

    PubMed

    Wu, Huanmei; Zhao, Qingya; Berbeco, Ross I; Nishioka, Seiko; Shirato, Hiroki; Jiang, Steve B

    2008-12-21

    Precise localization of mobile tumor positions in real time is critical to the success of gated radiotherapy. Tumor positions are usually derived from either internal or external surrogates. Fluoroscopic gating based on internal surrogates, such as implanted fiducial markers, is accurate however requiring a large amount of imaging dose. Gating based on external surrogates, such as patient abdominal surface motion, is non-invasive however less accurate due to the uncertainty in the correlation between tumor location and external surrogates. To address these complications, we propose to investigate an approach based on hybrid gating with dynamic internal/external correlation updates. In this approach, the external signal is acquired at high frequency (such as 30 Hz) while the internal signal is sparsely acquired (such as 0.5 Hz or less). The internal signal is used to validate and update the internal/external correlation during treatment. Tumor positions are derived from the external signal based on the newly updated correlation. Two dynamic correlation updating algorithms are introduced. One is based on the motion amplitude and the other is based on the motion phase. Nine patients with synchronized internal/external motion signals are simulated retrospectively to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid gating. The influences of different clinical conditions on hybrid gating, such as the size of gating windows, the optimal timing for internal signal acquisition and the acquisition frequency are investigated. The results demonstrate that dynamically updating the internal/external correlation in or around the gating window will reduce false positive with relatively diminished treatment efficiency. This improvement will benefit patients with mobile tumors, especially greater for early stage lung cancers, for which the tumors are less attached or freely floating in the lung.

  5. Fabrication of a Silicon Nanowire on a Bulk Substrate by Use of a Plasma Etching and Total Ionizing Dose Effects on a Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Moon, Dong-Il; Han, Jin-Woo; Meyyappan, Meyya

    2016-01-01

    The gate all around transistor is investigated through experiment. The suspended silicon nanowire for the next generation is fabricated on bulk substrate by plasma etching method. The scallop pattern generated by Bosch process is utilized to form a floating silicon nanowire. By combining anisotropic and istropic silicon etch process, the shape of nanowire is accurately controlled. From the suspended nanowire, the gate all around transistor is demonstrated. As the silicon nanowire is fully surrounded by the gate, the device shows excellent electrostatic characteristics.

  6. Nano-Satellite Avionics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Culver, Harry

    1999-01-01

    Abstract NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is currently developing a new class of satellites called the nano-satellite (nano-sat). A major objective of this development effort is to provide the technology required to enable a constellation of tens to hundreds of nano-satellites to make both remote and in-situ measurements from space. The Nano-sat will be a spacecraft weighing a maximum of 10 kg, including the propellant mass, and producing at least 5 Watts of power to operate the spacecraft. The electronics are required to survive a total radiation dose rate of 100 krads for a mission lifetime of two years. There are many unique challenges that must be met in order to develop the avionics for such a spacecraft. The first challenge is to develop an architecture that will operate on the allotted 5 Watts and meet the diverging requirements of multiple missions. This architecture will need to incorporate a multitude of new advanced microelectronic technologies. The microelectronics developed must be a modular and scalable packaging of technology to solve the problem of developing a solution to both reduce cost and meet the requirements of various missions. This development will utilize the most cost effective approach, whether infusing commercially driven semiconductor devices into spacecraft applications or partnering with industry to design and develop low cost, low power, low mass, and high capacity data processing devices. This paper will discuss the nano-sat architecture and the major technologies that will be developed. The major technologies that will be covered include: (1) Light weight Low Power Electronics Packaging, (2) Radiation Hard/Tolerant, Low Power Processing Platforms, (3) High capacity Low Power Memory Systems (4) Radiation Hard reconfiguragble field programmable gate array (rFPGA)

  7. The mathematics of a quantum Hamiltonian computing half adder Boolean logic gate.

    PubMed

    Dridi, G; Julien, R; Hliwa, M; Joachim, C

    2015-08-28

    The mathematics behind the quantum Hamiltonian computing (QHC) approach of designing Boolean logic gates with a quantum system are given. Using the quantum eigenvalue repulsion effect, the QHC AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, and NXOR Hamiltonian Boolean matrices are constructed. This is applied to the construction of a QHC half adder Hamiltonian matrix requiring only six quantum states to fullfil a half Boolean logical truth table. The QHC design rules open a nano-architectronic way of constructing Boolean logic gates inside a single molecule or atom by atom at the surface of a passivated semi-conductor.

  8. Autonomous Microstructure EM-APEX Floats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-01-01

    Autonomous Microstructure_EM-APEX_Float 4/8/16 at 3:21 PM 1 Title: Autonomous Microstructure EM-APEX Floats Authors: Ren-Chieh Lien1,2...Street Seattle, WA 98105 rcl@uw.edu Abstract: Fast responding FP-07 thermistors have been incorporated on profiling EM-APEX floats to measure...storage board. The raw and processed temperature observations are stored on a microSD card. Results from eight microstructure EM-APEX floats

  9. Majority logic gate for 3D magnetic computing.

    PubMed

    Eichwald, Irina; Breitkreutz, Stephan; Ziemys, Grazvydas; Csaba, György; Porod, Wolfgang; Becherer, Markus

    2014-08-22

    For decades now, microelectronic circuits have been exclusively built from transistors. An alternative way is to use nano-scaled magnets for the realization of digital circuits. This technology, known as nanomagnetic logic (NML), may offer significant improvements in terms of power consumption and integration densities. Further advantages of NML are: non-volatility, radiation hardness, and operation at room temperature. Recent research focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) integration of nanomagnets. Here we show, for the first time, a 3D programmable magnetic logic gate. Its computing operation is based on physically field-interacting nanometer-scaled magnets arranged in a 3D manner. The magnets possess a bistable magnetization state representing the Boolean logic states '0' and '1.' Magneto-optical and magnetic force microscopy measurements prove the correct operation of the gate over many computing cycles. Furthermore, micromagnetic simulations confirm the correct functionality of the gate even for a size in the nanometer-domain. The presented device demonstrates the potential of NML for three-dimensional digital computing, enabling the highest integration densities.

  10. Modular Adder Designs Using Optimal Reversible and Fault Tolerant Gates in Field-Coupled QCA Nanocomputing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bilal, Bisma; Ahmed, Suhaib; Kakkar, Vipan

    2018-02-01

    The challenges which the CMOS technology is facing toward the end of the technology roadmap calls for an investigation of various logical and technological solutions to CMOS at the nano scale. Two such paradigms which are considered in this paper are the reversible logic and the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology. Firstly, a new 3 × 3 reversible and universal gate, RG-QCA, is proposed and implemented in QCA technology using conventional 3-input majority voter based logic. Further the gate is optimized by using explicit interaction of cells and this optimized gate is then used to design an optimized modular full adder in QCA. Another configuration of RG-QCA gate, CRG-QCA, is then proposed which is a 4 × 4 gate and includes the fault tolerant characteristics and parity preserving nature. The proposed CRG-QCA gate is then tested to design a fault tolerant full adder circuit. Extensive comparisons of gate and adder circuits are drawn with the existing literature and it is envisaged that our proposed designs perform better and are cost efficient in QCA technology.

  11. Enhanced biosensing resolution with foundry fabricated individually addressable dual-gated ISFETs.

    PubMed

    Duarte-Guevara, Carlos; Lai, Fei-Lung; Cheng, Chun-Wen; Reddy, Bobby; Salm, Eric; Swaminathan, Vikhram; Tsui, Ying-Kit; Tuan, Hsiao Chin; Kalnitsky, Alex; Liu, Yi-Shao; Bashir, Rashid

    2014-08-19

    The adaptation of semiconductor technologies for biological applications may lead to a new era of inexpensive, sensitive, and portable diagnostics. At the core of these developing technologies is the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), a biochemical to electrical transducer with seamless integration to electronic systems. We present a novel structure for a true dual-gated ISFET that is fabricated with a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). In contrast to conventional SOI ISFETs, each transistor has an individually addressable back-gate and a gate oxide that is directly exposed to the solution. The elimination of the commonly used floating gate architecture reduces the chance of electrostatic discharge and increases the potential achievable transistor density. We show that when operated in a "dual-gate" mode, the transistor response can exhibit sensitivities to pH changes beyond the Nernst limit. This enhancement in sensitivity was shown to increase the sensor's signal-to-noise ratio, allowing the device to resolve smaller pH changes. An improved resolution can be used to enhance small signals and increase the sensor accuracy when monitoring small pH dynamics in biological reactions. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that the amplified sensitivity and improved resolution result in a shorter detection time and a larger output signal of a loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification reaction (LAMP) targeting a pathogenic bacteria gene, showing benefits of the new structure for biosensing applications.

  12. Tethered float liquid level sensor

    DOEpatents

    Daily, III, William Dean

    2016-09-06

    An apparatus for sensing the level of a liquid includes a float, a tether attached to the float, a pulley attached to the tether, a rotation sensor connected to the pulley that senses vertical movement of said float and senses the level of the liquid.

  13. Modulation of nano-selenium on tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

    PubMed

    Yuan, Huijun; Lan, Tonghan; Lin, Jiarui

    2005-01-01

    Nano-Selenium, a novel Nano technology production, was demonstrated to be useful in medical and scientific researches. Here, we investigated the effects of Nano-Selenium on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-dependent Na+channels in isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, using whole-cell patch-clamp method. Nano-Selenium irreversibly decreased TTX-S Na+current (INa) in a concentration-dependent manner and shifted the maximum of the current/voltage relationship from -67mV to -52mV, without modifying the threshold potential of the current. Nano-Selenium shifted the steady-state activation and inactivation curves to the left. In the contrast of Na2SeO3, the inhibition effect of 1nM Nano-Se was much stronger. The cell treated with 1nM Na2SeO3firstly, still respond to futher addition of 1nM Nano-Selenium. These results prove Nano-Selenium to be a novel antiagonist, acted within the channel pore, not on or near the exterior surface of the channel protein where it would experience the membrane electric field, which possesses a distinct binding site from Na2SeO3.

  14. Local Gate Control of a Carbon Nanotube Double Quantum Dot

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-04

    Nanotube Double Quantum Dot N. Mason,*† M. J. Biercuk,* C. M. Marcus† We have measured carbon nanotube quantum dots with multiple electro- static gates and...computation. Carbon nanotubes have been considered lead- ing candidates for nanoscale electronic applica- tions (1, 2). Previous measurements of nano- tube...electronics have shown electron confine- ment (quantum dot) effects such as single- electron charging and energy-level quantization (3–5). Nanotube

  15. 14 CFR 27.753 - Main float design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Main float design. 27.753 Section 27.753... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 27.753 Main float design. (a) Bag floats. Each bag float must be designed to withstand— (1) The maximum pressure differential...

  16. 14 CFR 29.753 - Main float design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Main float design. 29.753 Section 29.753... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 29.753 Main float design. (a) Bag floats. Each bag float must be designed to withstand— (1) The maximum pressure differential...

  17. Float Zone Workshop

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Naumann, R. J.

    1980-01-01

    A summary of the Analytical Float Zone Experiment System (AFZES) concept is presented. The types of experiments considered for such a facility are discussed. Reports from various industrial producers and users of float zone material are presented. Special emphasis is placed on state-of-the-art developments in low gravity manufacturing and their applications to space processing.

  18. Highly Efficient Spin-Current Operation in a Cu Nano-Ring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murphy, Benedict A.; Vick, Andrew J.; Samiepour, Marjan; Hirohata, Atsufumi

    2016-11-01

    An all-metal lateral spin-valve structure has been fabricated with a medial Copper nano-ring to split the diffusive spin-current path. We have demonstrated significant modulation of the non-local signal by the application of a magnetic field gradient across the nano-ring, which is up to 30% more efficient than the conventional Hanle configuration at room temperature. This was achieved by passing a dc current through a current-carrying bar to provide a locally induced Ampère field. We have shown that in this manner a lateral spin-valve gains an additional functionality in the form of three-terminal gate operation for future spintronic logic.

  19. Design and simulation of nanoscale double-gate TFET/tunnel CNTFET

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bala, Shashi; Khosla, Mamta

    2018-04-01

    A double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG tunnel FET) has been designed and investigated for various channel materials such as silicon (Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), alminium gallium arsenide (Al x Ga1‑x As) and CNT using a nano ViDES Device and TCAD SILVACO ATLAS simulator. The proposed devices are compared on the basis of inverse subthreshold slope (SS), I ON/I OFF current ratio and leakage current. Using Si as the channel material limits the property to reduce leakage current with scaling of channel, whereas the Al x Ga1‑x As based DG tunnel FET provides a better I ON/I OFF current ratio (2.51 × 106) as compared to other devices keeping the leakage current within permissible limits. The performed silmulation of the CNT based channel in the double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor using the nano ViDES shows better performace for a sub-threshold slope of 29.4 mV/dec as the channel is scaled down. The proposed work shows the potential of the CNT channel based DG tunnel FET as a futuristic device for better switching and high retention time, which makes it suitable for memory based circuits.

  20. Modeling and simulation of electronic structure, material interface and random doping in nano electronic devices

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Duan; Wei, Guo-Wei

    2010-01-01

    The miniaturization of nano-scale electronic devices, such as metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), has given rise to a pressing demand in the new theoretical understanding and practical tactic for dealing with quantum mechanical effects in integrated circuits. Modeling and simulation of this class of problems have emerged as an important topic in applied and computational mathematics. This work presents mathematical models and computational algorithms for the simulation of nano-scale MOSFETs. We introduce a unified two-scale energy functional to describe the electrons and the continuum electrostatic potential of the nano-electronic device. This framework enables us to put microscopic and macroscopic descriptions in an equal footing at nano scale. By optimization of the energy functional, we derive consistently-coupled Poisson-Kohn-Sham equations. Additionally, layered structures are crucial to the electrostatic and transport properties of nano transistors. A material interface model is proposed for more accurate description of the electrostatics governed by the Poisson equation. Finally, a new individual dopant model that utilizes the Dirac delta function is proposed to understand the random doping effect in nano electronic devices. Two mathematical algorithms, the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method and the Dirichlet-to-Neumann mapping (DNM) technique, are introduced to improve the computational efficiency of nano-device simulations. Electronic structures are computed via subband decomposition and the transport properties, such as the I-V curves and electron density, are evaluated via the non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) formalism. Two distinct device configurations, a double-gate MOSFET and a four-gate MOSFET, are considered in our three-dimensional numerical simulations. For these devices, the current fluctuation and voltage threshold lowering effect induced by the discrete dopant model are explored. Numerical convergence

  1. Controllable Hysteresis and Threshold Voltage of Single-Walled Carbon Nano-tube Transistors with Ferroelectric Polymer Top-Gate Insulators

    PubMed Central

    Sun, Yi-Lin; Xie, Dan; Xu, Jian-Long; Zhang, Cheng; Dai, Rui-Xuan; Li, Xian; Meng, Xiang-Jian; Zhu, Hong-Wei

    2016-01-01

    Double-gated field effect transistors have been fabricated using the SWCNT networks as channel layer and the organic ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) film spin-coated as top gate insulators. Standard photolithography process has been adopted to achieve the patterning of organic P(VDF-TrFE) films and top-gate electrodes, which is compatible with conventional CMOS process technology. An effective way for modulating the threshold voltage in the channel of P(VDF-TrFE) top-gate transistors under polarization has been reported. The introduction of functional P(VDF-TrFE) gate dielectric also provides us an alternative method to suppress the initial hysteresis of SWCNT networks and obtain a controllable ferroelectric hysteresis behavior. Applied bottom gate voltage has been found to be another effective way to highly control the threshold voltage of the networked SWCNTs based FETs by electrostatic doping effect. PMID:26980284

  2. Impact of strain on electronic and transport properties of 6 nm hydrogenated germanane nano-ribbon channel double gate field effect transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meher Abhinav, E.; Sundararaj, Anuraj; Gopalakrishnan, Chandrasekaran; Kasmir Raja, S. V.; Chokhra, Saurabh

    2017-11-01

    In this work, chair like fully hydrogenated germanane (CGeH) nano-ribbon 6 nm short channel double gate field effect transistor (DG-FET) has been modeled and the impact of strain on the I-V characteristics of CGeH channel has been examined. The bond lengths, binding and formation energies of various hydrogenated geometries of buckled germanane channel were calculated using local density approximation (LDA) with Perdew-Zunger (PZ) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Perdew Burke Ernzerhof (PBE) parameterization. From four various geometries, chair like structure is found to be more stable compared to boat like obtuse, stiruup structure and table like structure. The bandgap versus width, bandgap versus strain characteristics and I-V characteristics had been analyzed at room temperature using density functional theory (DFT). Using self consistent calculation it was observed that the electronic properties of nano-ribbon is independent of length and band structure, but dependent on edge type, strain [Uni-axial (ɛ xx ), bi-axial (ɛ xx   =  ɛ yy )] and width of the ribbon. The strain engineered hydrogenated germanane (GeH) showed wide direct bandgap (2.3 eV) which could help to build low noise electronic devices that operates at high frequencies. The observed bi-axial compression has high impact on the device transport characteristics with peak to valley ratio (PVR) of 2.14 and 380% increase in peak current compared to pristine CGeH device. The observed strain in CGeH DG-FET could facilitate in designing novel multiple-logic memory devices due to multiple negative differential resistance (NDR) regions.

  3. Scaling properties of ballistic nano-transistors

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Recently, we have suggested a scale-invariant model for a nano-transistor. In agreement with experiments a close-to-linear thresh-old trace was found in the calculated ID - VD-traces separating the regimes of classically allowed transport and tunneling transport. In this conference contribution, the relevant physical quantities in our model and its range of applicability are discussed in more detail. Extending the temperature range of our studies it is shown that a close-to-linear thresh-old trace results at room temperatures as well. In qualitative agreement with the experiments the ID - VG-traces for small drain voltages show thermally activated transport below the threshold gate voltage. In contrast, at large drain voltages the gate-voltage dependence is weaker. As can be expected in our relatively simple model, the theoretical drain current is larger than the experimental one by a little less than a decade. PMID:21711899

  4. Nano Peltier cooling device from geometric effects using a single graphene nanoribbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Wan-Ju; Yao, Dao-Xin; Carlson, Erica

    2012-02-01

    Based on the phenomenon of curvature-induced doping in graphene we propose a class of Peltier cooling devices, produced by geometrical effects, without gating. We show how a graphene nanoribbon laid on an array of curved nano cylinders can be used to create a targeted cooling device. Using theoretical calculations and experimental inputs, we predict that the cooling power of such a device can approach 1kW/cm^2, on par with the best known techniques using standard lithography methods. The structure proposed here helps pave the way toward designing graphene electronics which use geometry rather than gating to control devices.

  5. Field programmable gate array-assigned complex-valued computation and its limits

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bernard-Schwarz, Maria, E-mail: maria.bernardschwarz@ni.com; Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8, 1040 Wien; Zwick, Wolfgang

    We discuss how leveraging Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology as part of a high performance computing platform reduces latency to meet the demanding real time constraints of a quantum optics simulation. Implementations of complex-valued operations using fixed point numeric on a Virtex-5 FPGA compare favorably to more conventional solutions on a central processing unit. Our investigation explores the performance of multiple fixed point options along with a traditional 64 bits floating point version. With this information, the lowest execution times can be estimated. Relative error is examined to ensure simulation accuracy is maintained.

  6. Electrically floating, near vertical incidence, skywave antenna

    DOEpatents

    Anderson, Allen A.; Kaser, Timothy G.; Tremblay, Paul A.; Mays, Belva L.

    2014-07-08

    An Electrically Floating, Near Vertical Incidence, Skywave (NVIS) Antenna comprising an antenna element, a floating ground element, and a grounding element. At least part of said floating ground element is positioned between said antenna element and said grounding element. The antenna is separated from the floating ground element and the grounding element by one or more electrical insulators. The floating ground element is separated from said antenna and said grounding element by one or more electrical insulators.

  7. NULL Convention Floating Point Multiplier

    PubMed Central

    Ramachandran, Seshasayanan

    2015-01-01

    Floating point multiplication is a critical part in high dynamic range and computational intensive digital signal processing applications which require high precision and low power. This paper presents the design of an IEEE 754 single precision floating point multiplier using asynchronous NULL convention logic paradigm. Rounding has not been implemented to suit high precision applications. The novelty of the research is that it is the first ever NULL convention logic multiplier, designed to perform floating point multiplication. The proposed multiplier offers substantial decrease in power consumption when compared with its synchronous version. Performance attributes of the NULL convention logic floating point multiplier, obtained from Xilinx simulation and Cadence, are compared with its equivalent synchronous implementation. PMID:25879069

  8. NULL convention floating point multiplier.

    PubMed

    Albert, Anitha Juliette; Ramachandran, Seshasayanan

    2015-01-01

    Floating point multiplication is a critical part in high dynamic range and computational intensive digital signal processing applications which require high precision and low power. This paper presents the design of an IEEE 754 single precision floating point multiplier using asynchronous NULL convention logic paradigm. Rounding has not been implemented to suit high precision applications. The novelty of the research is that it is the first ever NULL convention logic multiplier, designed to perform floating point multiplication. The proposed multiplier offers substantial decrease in power consumption when compared with its synchronous version. Performance attributes of the NULL convention logic floating point multiplier, obtained from Xilinx simulation and Cadence, are compared with its equivalent synchronous implementation.

  9. Stabilized floating platforms

    DOEpatents

    Thomas, David G.

    1976-01-01

    The subject invention is directed to a floating platform for supporting nuclear reactors and the like at selected offshore sites. The platform is provided with a stabilizer mechanism which significantly reduces the effects of wave action upon the platform and which comprises a pair of relatively small floats attached by rigid booms to the platform at locations spaced therefrom for reducing wave pitch, acceleration, and the resonance period of the wave.

  10. 33 CFR 144.01-1 - Life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Life floats. 144.01-1 Section 144... CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES LIFESAVING APPLIANCES Manned Platforms § 144.01-1 Life floats. Each manned platform shall be provided with at least two approved life floats. The life floats shall have sufficient...

  11. 33 CFR 144.01-1 - Life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Life floats. 144.01-1 Section 144... CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES LIFESAVING APPLIANCES Manned Platforms § 144.01-1 Life floats. Each manned platform shall be provided with at least two approved life floats. The life floats shall have sufficient...

  12. 33 CFR 144.01-1 - Life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Life floats. 144.01-1 Section 144... CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES LIFESAVING APPLIANCES Manned Platforms § 144.01-1 Life floats. Each manned platform shall be provided with at least two approved life floats. The life floats shall have sufficient...

  13. 33 CFR 144.01-1 - Life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Life floats. 144.01-1 Section 144... CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES LIFESAVING APPLIANCES Manned Platforms § 144.01-1 Life floats. Each manned platform shall be provided with at least two approved life floats. The life floats shall have sufficient...

  14. 33 CFR 144.01-1 - Life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Life floats. 144.01-1 Section 144... CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES LIFESAVING APPLIANCES Manned Platforms § 144.01-1 Life floats. Each manned platform shall be provided with at least two approved life floats. The life floats shall have sufficient...

  15. 14 CFR 23.753 - Main float design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Main float design. 23.753 Section 23.753... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 23.753 Main float design. Each seaplane main float must meet the requirements of § 23.521. [Doc...

  16. Reducing float coal dust

    PubMed Central

    Patts, J.R.; Colinet, J.F.; Janisko, S.J.; Barone, T.L.; Patts, L.D.

    2016-01-01

    Controlling float coal dust in underground coal mines before dispersal into the general airstream can reduce the risk of mine explosions while potentially achieving a more effective and efficient use of rock dust. A prototype flooded-bed scrubber was evaluated for float coal dust control in the return of a continuous miner section. The scrubber was installed inline between the face ventilation tubing and an exhausting auxiliary fan. Airborne and deposited dust mass measurements were collected over three days at set distances from the fan exhaust to assess changes in float coal dust levels in the return due to operation of the scrubber. Mass-based measurements were collected on a per-cut basis and normalized on the basis of per ton mined by the continuous miner. The results show that average float coal dust levels measured under baseline conditions were reduced by more than 90 percent when operating the scrubber. PMID:28018004

  17. Effect of Thermal Budget on the Electrical Characterization of Atomic Layer Deposited HfSiO/TiN Gate Stack MOSCAP Structure

    PubMed Central

    Khan, Z. N.; Ahmed, S.; Ali, M.

    2016-01-01

    Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors (MOSCAP) have been instrumental in making CMOS nano-electronics realized for back-to-back technology nodes. High-k gate stacks including the desirable metal gate processing and its integration into CMOS technology remain an active research area projecting the solution to address the requirements of technology roadmaps. Screening, selection and deposition of high-k gate dielectrics, post-deposition thermal processing, choice of metal gate structure and its post-metal deposition annealing are important parameters to optimize the process and possibly address the energy efficiency of CMOS electronics at nano scales. Atomic layer deposition technique is used throughout this work because of its known deposition kinetics resulting in excellent electrical properties and conformal structure of the device. The dynamics of annealing greatly influence the electrical properties of the gate stack and consequently the reliability of the process as well as manufacturable device. Again, the choice of the annealing technique (migration of thermal flux into the layer), time-temperature cycle and sequence are key parameters influencing the device’s output characteristics. This work presents a careful selection of annealing process parameters to provide sufficient thermal budget to Si MOSCAP with atomic layer deposited HfSiO high-k gate dielectric and TiN gate metal. The post-process annealing temperatures in the range of 600°C -1000°C with rapid dwell time provide a better trade-off between the desirable performance of Capacitance-Voltage hysteresis and the leakage current. The defect dynamics is thought to be responsible for the evolution of electrical characteristics in this Si MOSCAP structure specifically designed to tune the trade-off at low frequency for device application. PMID:27571412

  18. System and method for floating-substrate passive voltage contrast

    DOEpatents

    Jenkins, Mark W [Albuquerque, NM; Cole, Jr., Edward I.; Tangyunyong, Paiboon [Albuquerque, NM; Soden, Jerry M [Placitas, NM; Walraven, Jeremy A [Albuquerque, NM; Pimentel, Alejandro A [Albuquerque, NM

    2009-04-28

    A passive voltage contrast (PVC) system and method are disclosed for analyzing ICs to locate defects and failure mechanisms. During analysis a device side of a semiconductor die containing the IC is maintained in an electrically-floating condition without any ground electrical connection while a charged particle beam is scanned over the device side. Secondary particle emission from the device side of the IC is detected to form an image of device features, including electrical vias connected to transistor gates or to other structures in the IC. A difference in image contrast allows the defects or failure mechanisms be pinpointed. Varying the scan rate can, in some instances, produce an image reversal to facilitate precisely locating the defects or failure mechanisms in the IC. The system and method are useful for failure analysis of ICs formed on substrates (e.g. bulk semiconductor substrates and SOI substrates) and other types of structures.

  19. Have Floating Rates Been a Success?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Higham, David

    1983-01-01

    Floating exchange rates have not lived up to all expectations, but neither have they performed as badly as some critics have suggested. Examined are the impact of floating rates on balance of payments adjustment, domestic economic policy, and inflation and the claim that floating rates have displayed excessive fluctuations. (Author/RM)

  20. On floats and float tests

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Seewald, Friedrich

    1931-01-01

    The principal source of information on float resistance is the model test. In view of the insuperable difficulties opposing any attempt at theoretical treatment of the resistance problem, particularly at attitudes which tend toward satisfactory take-off, such as the transitory stage to planing, the towing test is and will remain the primary method for some time.

  1. Group-Velocity-Controlled and Gate-Tunable Directional Excitation of Polaritons in Graphene-Boron Nitride Heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiang, Yuyu; Lin, Xiao; Low, Tony; Zhang, Baile; Chen, Hongsheng

    2018-05-01

    A fundamental building block in nano-photonics is the ability to directionally excite highly squeezed optical mode dynamically, particularly with an electrical bias. Such capabilities would enable the active manipulation of light propagation for information processing and transfer. However, when the optical source is built-in, it remains challenging to steer the excitation directionality in a flexible way. Here, we reveal a novel mechanism for tunable directional excitation of highly squeezed polaritons in graphene-hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructures. The effect relies on controlling the sign of the group velocity of the coupled plasmon-phonon polaritons, which can be flipped by simply tuning the chemical potential of graphene (through electrostatic gating) in the heterostructures. Graphene-hBN heterostructure thus present a promising platform toward nano-photonic circuits and nano-devices with electrically reconfigurable functionalities.

  2. Atomic layer deposition TiO 2-Al 2O 3 stack: An improved gate dielectric on Ga-polar GaN metal oxide semiconductor capacitors

    DOE PAGES

    Wei, Daming; Edgar, James H.; Briggs, Dayrl P.; ...

    2014-10-15

    This research focuses on the benefits and properties of TiO 2-Al 2O 3 nano-stack thin films deposited on Ga 2O 3/GaN by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PA-ALD) for gate dielectric development. This combination of materials achieved a high dielectric constant, a low leakage current, and a low interface trap density. Correlations were sought between the films’ structure, composition, and electrical properties. The gate dielectrics were approximately 15 nm thick and contained 5.1 nm TiO 2, 7.1 nm Al 2O 3 and 2 nm Ga 2O 3 as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The interface carbon concentration, as measured by x-ray photoelectronmore » spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile, was negligible for GaN pretreated by thermal oxidation in O 2 for 30 minutes at 850°C. The RMS roughness slightly increased after thermal oxidation and remained the same after ALD of the nano-stack, as determined by atomic force microscopy. The dielectric constant of TiO 2-Al 2O 3 on Ga2O3/GaN was increased to 12.5 compared to that of pure Al 2O 3 (8~9) on GaN. In addition, the nano-stack's capacitance-voltage (C-V) hysteresis was small, with a total trap density of 8.74 × 10 11 cm -2. The gate leakage current density (J=2.81× 10 -8 A/cm 2) was low at +1 V gate bias. These results demonstrate the promising potential of plasma ALD deposited TiO 2/Al 2O 3 for serving as the gate oxide on Ga 2O 3/GaN based MOS devices.« less

  3. Atomic layer deposition TiO 2-Al 2O 3 stack: An improved gate dielectric on Ga-polar GaN metal oxide semiconductor capacitors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wei, Daming; Edgar, James H.; Briggs, Dayrl P.

    This research focuses on the benefits and properties of TiO 2-Al 2O 3 nano-stack thin films deposited on Ga 2O 3/GaN by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PA-ALD) for gate dielectric development. This combination of materials achieved a high dielectric constant, a low leakage current, and a low interface trap density. Correlations were sought between the films’ structure, composition, and electrical properties. The gate dielectrics were approximately 15 nm thick and contained 5.1 nm TiO 2, 7.1 nm Al 2O 3 and 2 nm Ga 2O 3 as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The interface carbon concentration, as measured by x-ray photoelectronmore » spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile, was negligible for GaN pretreated by thermal oxidation in O 2 for 30 minutes at 850°C. The RMS roughness slightly increased after thermal oxidation and remained the same after ALD of the nano-stack, as determined by atomic force microscopy. The dielectric constant of TiO 2-Al 2O 3 on Ga2O3/GaN was increased to 12.5 compared to that of pure Al 2O 3 (8~9) on GaN. In addition, the nano-stack's capacitance-voltage (C-V) hysteresis was small, with a total trap density of 8.74 × 10 11 cm -2. The gate leakage current density (J=2.81× 10 -8 A/cm 2) was low at +1 V gate bias. These results demonstrate the promising potential of plasma ALD deposited TiO 2/Al 2O 3 for serving as the gate oxide on Ga 2O 3/GaN based MOS devices.« less

  4. Analytical study of nano-scale logical operations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Patra, Moumita; Maiti, Santanu K.

    2018-07-01

    A complete analytical prescription is given to perform three basic (OR, AND, NOT) and two universal (NAND, NOR) logic gates at nano-scale level using simple tailor made geometries. Two different geometries, ring-like and chain-like, are taken into account where in each case the bridging conductor is coupled to a local atomic site through a dangling bond whose site energy can be controlled by means of external gate electrode. The main idea is that when injecting electron energy matches with site energy of local atomic site transmission probability drops exactly to zero, whereas the junction exhibits finite transmission for other energies. Utilizing this prescription we perform logical operations, and, we strongly believe that the proposed results can be verified in laboratory. Finally, we numerically compute two-terminal transmission probability considering general models and the numerical results match exactly well with our analytical findings.

  5. Another expert system rule inference based on DNA molecule logic gates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    WÄ siewicz, Piotr

    2013-10-01

    With the help of silicon industry microfluidic processors were invented utilizing nano membrane valves, pumps and microreactors. These so called lab-on-a-chips combined together with molecular computing create molecular-systems-ona- chips. This work presents a new approach to implementation of molecular inference systems. It requires the unique representation of signals by DNA molecules. The main part of this work includes the concept of logic gates based on typical genetic engineering reactions. The presented method allows for constructing logic gates with many inputs and for executing them at the same quantity of elementary operations, regardless of a number of input signals. Every microreactor of the lab-on-a-chip performs one unique operation on input molecules and can be connected by dataflow output-input connections to other ones.

  6. Verification of floating-point software

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hoover, Doug N.

    1990-01-01

    Floating point computation presents a number of problems for formal verification. Should one treat the actual details of floating point operations, or accept them as imprecisely defined, or should one ignore round-off error altogether and behave as if floating point operations are perfectly accurate. There is the further problem that a numerical algorithm usually only approximately computes some mathematical function, and we often do not know just how good the approximation is, even in the absence of round-off error. ORA has developed a theory of asymptotic correctness which allows one to verify floating point software with a minimum entanglement in these problems. This theory and its implementation in the Ariel C verification system are described. The theory is illustrated using a simple program which finds a zero of a given function by bisection. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.

  7. The floating anchored craniotomy

    PubMed Central

    Gutman, Matthew J.; How, Elena; Withers, Teresa

    2017-01-01

    Background: The “floating anchored” craniotomy is a technique utilized at our tertiary neurosurgery institution in which a traditional decompressive craniectomy has been substituted for a floating craniotomy. The hypothesized advantages of this technique include adequate decompression, reduction in the intracranial pressure, obviating the need for a secondary cranioplasty, maintained bone protection, preventing the syndrome of the trephined, and a potential reduction in axonal stretching. Methods: The bone plate is re-attached via multiple loosely affixed vicryl sutures, enabling decompression, but then ensuring the bone returns to its anatomical position once cerebral edema has subsided. Results: From the analysis of 57 consecutive patients analyzed at our institution, we have found that the floating anchored craniotomy is comparable to decompressive craniectomy for intracranial pressure reduction and has some significant theoretical advantages. Conclusions: Despite the potential advantages of techniques that avoid the need for a second cranioplasty, they have not been widely adopted and have been omitted from trials examining the utility of decompressive surgery. This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data suggests that the floating anchored craniotomy may be applicable instead of decompressive craniectomy. PMID:28713633

  8. 49 CFR 234.255 - Gate arm and gate mechanism.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Gate arm and gate mechanism. 234.255 Section 234... Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.255 Gate arm and gate mechanism. (a) Each gate arm and gate mechanism shall be inspected at least once each month. (b) Gate arm movement shall be...

  9. 49 CFR 234.255 - Gate arm and gate mechanism.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Gate arm and gate mechanism. 234.255 Section 234... Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Inspections and Tests § 234.255 Gate arm and gate mechanism. (a) Each gate arm and gate mechanism shall be inspected at least once each month. (b) Gate arm movement shall be...

  10. 14 CFR 25.753 - Main float design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Main float design. 25.753 Section 25.753 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 25.753 Main float design...

  11. 49 CFR 234.255 - Gate arm and gate mechanism.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Gate arm and gate mechanism. 234.255 Section 234....255 Gate arm and gate mechanism. (a) Each gate arm and gate mechanism shall be inspected at least once each month. (b) Gate arm movement shall be observed for proper operation at least once each month. (c...

  12. 49 CFR 234.255 - Gate arm and gate mechanism.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Gate arm and gate mechanism. 234.255 Section 234....255 Gate arm and gate mechanism. (a) Each gate arm and gate mechanism shall be inspected at least once each month. (b) Gate arm movement shall be observed for proper operation at least once each month. (c...

  13. 49 CFR 234.255 - Gate arm and gate mechanism.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Gate arm and gate mechanism. 234.255 Section 234....255 Gate arm and gate mechanism. (a) Each gate arm and gate mechanism shall be inspected at least once each month. (b) Gate arm movement shall be observed for proper operation at least once each month. (c...

  14. Dual-Gated Active Metasurface at 1550 nm with Wide (>300°) Phase Tunability.

    PubMed

    Kafaie Shirmanesh, Ghazaleh; Sokhoyan, Ruzan; Pala, Ragip A; Atwater, Harry A

    2018-05-09

    Active metasurfaces composed of electrically reconfigurable nanoscale subwavelength antenna arrays can enable real-time control of scattered light amplitude and phase. Achievement of widely tunable phase and amplitude in chip-based active metasurfaces operating at or near 1550 nm wavelength has considerable potential for active beam steering, dynamic hologram rendition, and realization of flat optics with reconfigurable focal lengths. Previously, electrically tunable conducting oxide-based reflectarray metasurfaces have demonstrated dynamic phase control of reflected light with a maximum phase shift of 184° ( Nano Lett. 2016 , 16 , 5319 ). Here, we introduce a dual-gated reflectarray metasurface architecture that enables much wider (>300°) phase tunability. We explore light-matter interactions with dual-gated metasurface elements that incorporate two independent voltage-controlled MOS field effect channels connected in series to form a single metasurface element that enables wider phase tunability. Using indium tin oxide (ITO) as the active metasurface material and a composite hafnia/alumina gate dielectric, we demonstrate a prototype dual-gated metasurface with a continuous phase shift from 0 to 303° and a relative reflectance modulation of 89% under applied voltage bias of 6.5 V.

  15. 40 CFR 63.1063 - Floating roof requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... the point of refloating the floating roof shall be continuous and shall be performed as soon as... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Floating roof requirements. 63.1063...) National Emission Standards for Storage Vessels (Tanks)-Control Level 2 § 63.1063 Floating roof...

  16. Cellular defibrillation: interaction of micro-scale electric fields with voltage-gated ion channels.

    PubMed

    Kargol, Armin; Malkinski, Leszek; Eskandari, Rahmatollah; Carter, Maya; Livingston, Daniel

    2015-09-01

    We study the effect of micro-scale electric fields on voltage-gated ion channels in mammalian cell membranes. Such micro- and nano-scale electric fields mimic the effects of multiferroic nanoparticles that were recently proposed [1] as a novel way of controlling the function of voltage-sensing biomolecules such as ion channels. This article describes experimental procedures and initial results that reveal the effect of the electric field, in close proximity of cells, on the ion transport through voltage-gated ion channels. We present two configurations of the whole-cell patch-clamping apparatus that were used to detect the effect of external stimulation on ionic currents and discuss preliminary results that indicate modulation of the ionic currents consistent with the applied stimulus.

  17. Program Converts VAX Floating-Point Data To UNIX

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Alves, Marcos; Chapman, Bruce; Chu, Eugene

    1996-01-01

    VAX Floating Point to Host Floating Point Conversion (VAXFC) software converts non-ASCII files to unformatted floating-point representation of UNIX machine. This is done by reading bytes bit by bit, converting them to floating-point numbers, then writing results to another file. Useful when data files created by VAX computer must be used on other machines. Written in C language.

  18. Attenuated effect of tungsten carbide nanoparticles on voltage-gated sodium current of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

    PubMed

    Shan, Dehong; Xie, Yongling; Ren, Guogang; Yang, Zhuo

    2013-02-01

    Nanomaterials and relevant products are now being widely used in the world, and their safety becomes a great concern for the general public. Tungsten carbide nanoparticles (nano-WC) are widely used in metallurgy, aeronautics and astronautics, however our knowledge regarding the influence of nano-WC on neurons is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of nano-WC on tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive voltage-activated sodium current (I(Na)) of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Results showed that acute exposure of nano-WC attenuated the peak amplitudes of I(Na) in a concentration-dependent manner. The minimal effective concentration was 10(-5)g/ml. The exposure of nano-WC significantly decreased current amplitudes of the current-voltage curves of I(Na) from -50 to+50 mV, shifted the steady-state activation and inactivation curves of I(Na) negatively and delayed the recovery of I(Na) from inactivation state. After exposure to nano-WC, the peak amplitudes, overshoots and the V-thresholds of action potentials (APs) were markedly reduced. These results suggested that exposure of nano-WC could influence some characteristics of APs evoked from the hippocampal CA1 neurons by modifying the kinetics of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Modeling International Space Station (ISS) Floating Potentials

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ferguson, Dale C.; Gardner, Barbara

    2002-01-01

    The floating potential of the International Space Station (ISS) as a function of the electron current collection of its high voltage solar array panels is derived analytically. Based on Floating Potential Probe (FPP) measurements of the ISS potential and ambient plasma characteristics, it is shown that the ISS floating potential is a strong function of the electron temperature of the surrounding plasma. While the ISS floating potential has so far not attained the pre-flight predicted highly negative values, it is shown that for future mission builds, ISS must continue to provide two-fault tolerant arc-hazard protection for astronauts on EVA.

  20. Electrical properties of nano-resistors made from the Zr-doped HfO2 high-k dielectric film

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Shumao; Kuo, Yue

    2018-03-01

    Electrical properties of nano-sized resistors made from the breakdown of the metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor composed of the amorphous high-k gate dielectric have been investigated under different stress voltages and temperatures. The effective resistance of nano-resistors in the device was estimated from the I-V curve in the high voltage range. It decreased with the increase of the number of resistors. The resistance showed complicated temperature dependence, i.e. it neither behaves like a conductor nor a semiconductor. In the low voltage operation range, the charge transfer was controlled by the Schottky barrier at the nano-resistor/Si interface. The barrier height decreased with the increase of stress voltage, which was probably caused by the change of the nano-resistor composition. Separately, it was observed that the barrier height was dependent on the temperature, which was probably due to the dynamic nano-resistor formation process and the inhomogeneous barrier height distribution. The unique electrical characteristics of this new type of nano-resistors are important for many electronic and optoelectronic applications.

  1. Does It Sink or Float?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McDonald, Judith Richards

    2012-01-01

    This activity is designed to teach prekindergarten to second grade students about the concept of sink or float through an inquiry activity. Students will use familiar objects to predict and test the properties of sink and float. Background information is offered to teachers to assist them with this activity. This lesson begins with an engaging…

  2. 14 CFR 29.757 - Hull and auxiliary float strength.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and auxiliary float strength. 29.757... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 29.757 Hull and auxiliary float strength. The hull, and auxiliary floats if used, must withstand the...

  3. Tunable nano Peltier cooling device from geometric effects using a single graphene nanoribbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Wan-Ju; Yao, Dao-Xin; Carlson, E. W.

    2014-08-01

    Based on the phenomenon of curvature-induced doping in graphene we propose a class of Peltier cooling devices, produced by geometrical effects, without gating. We show how a graphene nanoribbon laid on an array of curved nano cylinders can be used to create a targeted and tunable cooling device. Using two different approaches, the Nonequilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) method and experimental inputs, we predict that the cooling power of such a device can approach the order of kW/cm2, on par with the best known techniques using standard superlattice structures. The structure proposed here helps pave the way toward designing graphene electronics which use geometry rather than gating to control devices.

  4. Stools - floating

    MedlinePlus

    ... diagnosis. Alternative Names Floating stools Images Lower digestive anatomy References Schiller LR, Sellin JH. Diarrhea. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease . 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: ...

  5. Floating point arithmetic in future supercomputers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bailey, David H.; Barton, John T.; Simon, Horst D.; Fouts, Martin J.

    1989-01-01

    Considerations in the floating-point design of a supercomputer are discussed. Particular attention is given to word size, hardware support for extended precision, format, and accuracy characteristics. These issues are discussed from the perspective of the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Systems Division at NASA Ames. The features believed to be most important for a future supercomputer floating-point design include: (1) a 64-bit IEEE floating-point format with 11 exponent bits, 52 mantissa bits, and one sign bit and (2) hardware support for reasonably fast double-precision arithmetic.

  6. Float processing of high-temperature complex silicate glasses and float baths used for same

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cooper, Reid Franklin (Inventor); Cook, Glen Bennett (Inventor)

    2000-01-01

    A float glass process for production of high melting temperature glasses utilizes a binary metal alloy bath having the combined properties of a low melting point, low reactivity with oxygen, low vapor pressure, and minimal reactivity with the silicate glasses being formed. The metal alloy of the float medium is exothermic with a solvent metal that does not readily form an oxide. The vapor pressure of both components in the alloy is low enough to prevent deleterious vapor deposition, and there is minimal chemical and interdiffusive interaction of either component with silicate glasses under the float processing conditions. Alloys having the desired combination of properties include compositions in which gold, silver or copper is the solvent metal and silicon, germanium or tin is the solute, preferably in eutectic or near-eutectic compositions.

  7. Investigation of High-k Dielectrics and Metal Gate Electrodes for Non-volatile Memory Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jayanti, Srikant

    Due to the increasing demand of non-volatile flash memories in the portable electronics, the device structures need to be scaled down drastically. However, the scalability of traditional floating gate structures beyond 20 nm NAND flash technology node is uncertain. In this regard, the use of metal gates and high-k dielectrics as the gate and interpoly dielectrics respectively, seem to be promising substitutes in order to continue the flash scaling beyond 20nm. Furthermore, research of novel memory structures to overcome the scaling challenges need to be explored. Through this work, the use of high-k dielectrics as IPDs in a memory structure has been studied. For this purpose, IPD process optimization and barrier engineering were explored to determine and improve the memory performance. Specifically, the concept of high-k / low-k barrier engineering was studied in corroboration with simulations. In addition, a novel memory structure comprising a continuous metal floating gate was investigated in combination with high-k blocking oxides. Integration of thin metal FGs and high-k dielectrics into a dual floating gate memory structure to result in both volatile and non-volatile modes of operation has been demonstrated, for plausible application in future unified memory architectures. The electrical characterization was performed on simple MIS/MIM and memory capacitors, fabricated through CMOS compatible processes. Various analytical characterization techniques were done to gain more insight into the material behavior of the layers in the device structure. In the first part of this study, interfacial engineering was investigated by exploring La2O3 as SiO2 scavenging layer. Through the silicate formation, the consumption of low-k SiO2 was controlled and resulted in a significant improvement in dielectric leakage. The performance improvement was also gauged through memory capacitors. In the second part of the study, a novel memory structure consisting of continuous metal FG

  8. A Programmable and Configurable Mixed-Mode FPAA SoC

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-03-17

    A Programmable and Configurable Mixed-Mode FPAA SoC Sahil Shah, Sihwan Kim, Farhan Adil, Jennifer Hasler, Suma George, Michelle Collins, Richard...Abstract: The authors present a Floating-Gate based, System-On-Chip large-scale Field- Programmable Analog Array IC that integrates divergent concepts...Floating-Gate, SoC, Command Word Classification This paper presents a Floating-Gate (FG) based, System- On-Chip (SoC) large-scale Field- Programmable

  9. WindWaveFloat (WWF): Final Scientific Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Alla Weinstein; Roddier, Dominique; Banister, Kevin

    2012-03-30

    Principle Power Inc. and National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) have completed a contract to assess the technical and economic feasibility of integrating wave energy converters into the WindFloat, resulting in a new concept called the WindWaveFloat (WWF). The concentration of several devices on one platform could offer a potential for both economic and operational advantages. Wind and wave energy converters can share the electrical cable and power transfer equipment to transport the electricity to shore. Access to multiple generation devices could be simplified, resulting in cost saving at the operational level. Overall capital costs may also be reduced, provided thatmore » the design of the foundation can be adapted to multiple devices with minimum modifications. Finally, the WindWaveFloat confers the ability to increase energy production from individual floating support structures, potentially leading to a reduction in levelized energy costs, an increase in the overall capacity factor, and greater stability of the electrical power delivered to the grid. The research conducted under this grant investigated the integration of several wave energy device types into the WindFloat platform. Several of the resulting system designs demonstrated technical feasibility, but the size and design constraints of the wave energy converters (technical and economic) make the WindWaveFloat concept economically unfeasible at this time. Not enough additional generation could be produced to make the additional expense associated with wave energy conversion integration into the WindFloat worthwhile.« less

  10. 40 CFR 65.44 - External floating roof (EFR).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... external floating roof except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents does... floating roof shall meet the following specifications: (i) Except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents, each opening in the noncontact external floating roof shall provide a...

  11. 40 CFR 65.44 - External floating roof (EFR).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... external floating roof except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents does... floating roof shall meet the following specifications: (i) Except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents, each opening in the noncontact external floating roof shall provide a...

  12. 40 CFR 65.44 - External floating roof (EFR).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... external floating roof except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents does... floating roof shall meet the following specifications: (i) Except for automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents, each opening in the noncontact external floating roof shall provide a...

  13. Floating plant dominance as a stable state

    PubMed Central

    Scheffer, Marten; Szabó, Sándor; Gragnani, Alessandra; van Nes, Egbert H.; Rinaldi, Sergio; Kautsky, Nils; Norberg, Jon; Roijackers, Rudi M. M.; Franken, Rob J. M.

    2003-01-01

    Invasion by mats of free-floating plants is among the most important threats to the functioning and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems ranging from temperate ponds and ditches to tropical lakes. Dark, anoxic conditions under thick floating-plant cover leave little opportunity for animal or plant life, and they can have large negative impacts on fisheries and navigation in tropical lakes. Here, we demonstrate that floating-plant dominance can be a self-stabilizing ecosystem state, which may explain its notorious persistence in many situations. Our results, based on experiments, field data, and models, represent evidence for alternative domains of attraction in ecosystems. An implication of our findings is that nutrient enrichment reduces the resilience of freshwater systems against a shift to floating-plant dominance. On the other hand, our results also suggest that a single drastic harvest of floating plants can induce a permanent shift to an alternative state dominated by rooted, submerged growth forms. PMID:12634429

  14. Ultraclean single, double, and triple carbon nanotube quantum dots with recessed Re bottom gates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jung, Minkyung; Schindele, Jens; Nau, Stefan; Weiss, Markus; Baumgartner, Andreas; Schoenenberger, Christian

    2014-03-01

    Ultraclean carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are free from disorder provide a promising platform to manipulate single electron or hole spins for quantum information. Here, we demonstrate that ultraclean single, double, and triple quantum dots (QDs) can be formed reliably in a CNT by a straightforward fabrication technique. The QDs are electrostatically defined in the CNT by closely spaced metallic bottom gates deposited in trenches in Silicon dioxide by sputter deposition of Re. The carbon nanotubes are then grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) across the trenches and contacted using conventional electron beam lithography. The devices exhibit reproducibly the characteristics of ultraclean QDs behavior even after the subsequent electron beam lithography and chemical processing steps. We demonstrate the high quality using CNT devices with two narrow bottom gates and one global back gate. Tunable by the gate voltages, the device can be operated in four different regimes: i) fully p-type with ballistic transport between the outermost contacts (over a length of 700 nm), ii) clean n-type single QD behavior where a QD can be induced by either the left or the right bottom gate, iii) n-type double QD and iv) triple bipolar QD where the middle QD has opposite doping (p-type). Research at Basel is supported by the NCCR-Nano, NCCR-QIST, ERC project QUEST, and FP7 project SE2ND.

  15. 100-nm gate lithography for double-gate transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krasnoperova, Azalia A.; Zhang, Ying; Babich, Inna V.; Treichler, John; Yoon, Jung H.; Guarini, Kathryn; Solomon, Paul M.

    2001-09-01

    The double gate field effect transistor (FET) is an exploratory device that promises certain performance advantages compared to traditional CMOS FETs. It can be scaled down further than the traditional devices because of the greater electrostatic control by the gates on the channel (about twice as short a channel length for the same gate oxide thickness), has steeper sub-threshold slope and about double the current for the same width. This paper presents lithographic results for double gate FET's developed at IBM's T. J. Watson Research Center. The device is built on bonded wafers with top and bottom gates self-aligned to each other. The channel is sandwiched between the top and bottom polysilicon gates and the gate length is defined using DUV lithography. An alternating phase shift mask was used to pattern gates with critical dimensions of 75 nm, 100 nm and 125 nm in photoresist. 50 nm gates in photoresist have also been patterned by 20% over-exposure of nominal 100 nm lines. No trim mask was needed because of a specific way the device was laid out. UV110 photoresist from Shipley on AR-3 antireflective layer were used. Process windows, developed and etched patterns are presented.

  16. 40 CFR 65.44 - External floating roof (EFR).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... design requirements. The owner or operator who elects to control storage vessel regulated material emissions by using an external floating roof shall comply with the design requirements listed in paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section. (1) The external floating roof shall be designed to float on the...

  17. 40 CFR 65.44 - External floating roof (EFR).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... design requirements. The owner or operator who elects to control storage vessel regulated material emissions by using an external floating roof shall comply with the design requirements listed in paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section. (1) The external floating roof shall be designed to float on the...

  18. Logic-Gate Functions in Chemomechanical Materials.

    PubMed

    Schneider, Hans-Jörg

    2017-09-06

    Chemomechanical polymers that change their shape or volume on stimulation by multiple external chemical signals, particularly on the basis of selective molecular recognition, are discussed. Several examples illustrate how such materials, usually in the form of hydrogels, can be used for the design of chemically triggered valves or artificial muscles and applied, for example, in self-healing materials or drug delivery. The most attractive feature of such materials is that they can combine sensor and actuator within single units, from nano- to macrosize. Simultaneous action of a cofactor allows selective response in the sense of AND logic gates by, for example, amino acids and peptides, which without the presence of a second effector do not induce any changes. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  19. A novel reversible logic gate and its systematic approach to implement cost-efficient arithmetic logic circuits using QCA.

    PubMed

    Ahmad, Peer Zahoor; Quadri, S M K; Ahmad, Firdous; Bahar, Ali Newaz; Wani, Ghulam Mohammad; Tantary, Shafiq Maqbool

    2017-12-01

    Quantum-dot cellular automata, is an extremely small size and a powerless nanotechnology. It is the possible alternative to current CMOS technology. Reversible QCA logic is the most important issue at present time to reduce power losses. This paper presents a novel reversible logic gate called the F-Gate. It is simplest in design and a powerful technique to implement reversible logic. A systematic approach has been used to implement a novel single layer reversible Full-Adder, Full-Subtractor and a Full Adder-Subtractor using the F-Gate. The proposed Full Adder-Subtractor has achieved significant improvements in terms of overall circuit parameters among the most previously cost-efficient designs that exploit the inevitable nano-level issues to perform arithmetic computing. The proposed designs have been authenticated and simulated using QCADesigner tool ver. 2.0.3.

  20. Floating drug delivery systems: a review.

    PubMed

    Arora, Shweta; Ali, Javed; Ahuja, Alka; Khar, Roop K; Baboota, Sanjula

    2005-10-19

    The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. The recent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention, approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are covered in detail. This review also summarizes the in vitro techniques, in vivo studies to evaluate the performance and application of floating systems, and applications of these systems. These systems are useful to several problems encountered during the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form.

  1. 46 CFR 160.027-3 - Additional requirements for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Additional requirements for life floats. 160.027-3..., CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Floats for Merchant Vessels § 160.027-3 Additional requirements for life floats. (a) Each life float must have a platform designed...

  2. 46 CFR 160.027-3 - Additional requirements for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Additional requirements for life floats. 160.027-3..., CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Floats for Merchant Vessels § 160.027-3 Additional requirements for life floats. (a) Each life float must have a platform designed...

  3. 46 CFR 160.027-3 - Additional requirements for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Additional requirements for life floats. 160.027-3..., CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Floats for Merchant Vessels § 160.027-3 Additional requirements for life floats. (a) Each life float must have a platform designed...

  4. 46 CFR 160.027-3 - Additional requirements for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Additional requirements for life floats. 160.027-3..., CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Floats for Merchant Vessels § 160.027-3 Additional requirements for life floats. (a) Each life float must have a platform designed...

  5. 46 CFR 160.027-3 - Additional requirements for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Additional requirements for life floats. 160.027-3..., CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Floats for Merchant Vessels § 160.027-3 Additional requirements for life floats. (a) Each life float must have a platform designed...

  6. Future float zone development in industry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sandfort, R. M.

    1980-01-01

    The present industrial requirements for float zone silicon are summarized. Developments desired by the industry in the future are reported. The five most significant problems faced today by the float zone crystal growth method in industry are discussed. They are economic, large diameter, resistivity uniformity, control of carbon, and swirl defects.

  7. Nano-technology and nano-toxicology.

    PubMed

    Maynard, Robert L

    2012-01-01

    Rapid developments in nano-technology are likely to confer significant benefits on mankind. But, as with perhaps all new technologies, these benefits are likely to be accompanied by risks, perhaps by new risks. Nano-toxicology is developing in parallel with nano-technology and seeks to define the hazards and risks associated with nano-materials: only when risks have been identified they can be controlled. This article discusses the reasons for concern about the potential effects on health of exposure to nano-materials and relates these to the evidence of the effects on health of the ambient aerosol. A number of hypotheses are proposed and the dangers of adopting unsubstantiated hypotheses are stressed. Nano-toxicology presents many challenges and will need substantial financial support if it is to develop at a rate sufficient to cope with developments in nano-technology.

  8. Nano-technology and nano-toxicology

    PubMed Central

    Maynard, Robert L.

    2012-01-01

    Rapid developments in nano-technology are likely to confer significant benefits on mankind. But, as with perhaps all new technologies, these benefits are likely to be accompanied by risks, perhaps by new risks. Nano-toxicology is developing in parallel with nano-technology and seeks to define the hazards and risks associated with nano-materials: only when risks have been identified they can be controlled. This article discusses the reasons for concern about the potential effects on health of exposure to nano-materials and relates these to the evidence of the effects on health of the ambient aerosol. A number of hypotheses are proposed and the dangers of adopting unsubstantiated hypotheses are stressed. Nano-toxicology presents many challenges and will need substantial financial support if it is to develop at a rate sufficient to cope with developments in nano-technology. PMID:22662021

  9. Hydrodynamic and Aerodynamic Tests of Models of Floats for Single-float Seaplanes NACA Models 41-D, 41-E, 61-A, 73, and 73-A

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, J B; HOUSE R O

    1938-01-01

    Tests were made in the NACA tank and in the NACA 7 by 10 foot wind tunnel on two models of transverse step floats and three models of pointed step floats considered to be suitable for use with single float seaplanes. The object of the program was the reduction of water resistance and spray of single float seaplanes without reducing the angle of dead rise believed to be necessary for the satisfactory absorption of the shock loads. The results indicated that all the models have less resistance and spray than the model of the Mark V float and that the pointed step floats are somewhat superior to the transverse step floats in these respects. Models 41-D, 61-A, and 73 were tested by the general method over a wide range of loads and speeds. The results are presented in the form of curves and charts for use in design calculations.

  10. Effect of nanocomposite gate-dielectric properties on pentacene microstructure and field-effect transistor characteristics.

    PubMed

    Lee, Wen-Hsi; Wang, Chun-Chieh

    2010-02-01

    In this study, the effect of surface energy and roughness of the nanocomposite gate dielectric on pentacene morphology and electrical properties of pentacene OTFT are reported. Nanoparticles TiO2 were added in the polyimide matrix to form a nanocomposite which has a significantly different surface characteristic from polyimide, leading to a discrepancy in the structural properties of pentacene growth. A growth mode of pentacene deposited on the nanocomposite is proposed to explain successfully the effect of surface properties of nanocomposite gate dielectric such as surface energy and roughness on the pentacene morphology and electrical properties of OTFT. To obtain the lower surface energy and smoother surface of nanocomposite gate dielectric that is responsible for the desired crystalline, microstructure of pentacene and electrical properties of device, a bottom contact OTFT-pentacene deposited on the double-layer nanocomposite gate dielectric consisting of top smoothing layer of the neat polyimide and bottom layer of (PI+ nano-TiO2 particles) nanocomposite has been successfully demonstrated to exhibit very promising performance including high current on to off ratio of about 6 x 10(5), threshold voltage of -10 V and moderately high filed mobility of 0.15 cm2V(-1)s(-1).

  11. Improvements in floating point addition/subtraction operations

    DOEpatents

    Farmwald, P.M.

    1984-02-24

    Apparatus is described for decreasing the latency time associated with floating point addition and subtraction in a computer, using a novel bifurcated, pre-normalization/post-normalization approach that distinguishes between differences of floating point exponents.

  12. Characterization of poly(vinyl acetate) based floating matrix tablets.

    PubMed

    Strübing, Sandra; Metz, Hendrik; Mäder, Karsten

    2008-03-03

    Floating Kollidon SR matrix tablets containing Propranolol HCl were developed and characterized with respect to drug release characteristics and floating strength. Kollidon SR was able to delay Propranolol HCl release efficiently. Drug release kinetics was evaluated using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and found to be governed by Fickian diffusion. Tablet floating started immediately and continued for 24 h. It was possible to monitor the floating strength of the matrix devices using a simple experimental setup. Floating strength was related to Kollidon SR level with improved floating characteristics for samples with a high polymer/drug ratio. Swelling characteristics of the tablets were analyzed by applying the equation according to Therien-Aubin et al. The influence of the polymer content on swelling characteristics was found to be only marginal. Furthermore, the new method of benchtop MRI was introduced to study the water diffusion and swelling behaviour non-invasively and continuously.

  13. Investigating enhanced thermoelectric performance of graphene-based nano-structures.

    PubMed

    Hossain, Md Sharafat; Huynh, Duc Hau; Jiang, Liming; Rahman, Sharmin; Nguyen, Phuong Duc; Al-Dirini, Feras; Hossain, Faruque; Bahk, Je-Hyeong; Skafidas, Efstratios

    2018-03-08

    Recently, it has been demonstrated that graphene nano-ribbons (GNRs) exhibit superior thermoelectric performance compared to graphene sheets. However, the underlying mechanism behind this enhancement has not been systematically investigated and significant opportunity remains for further enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of GNRs by optimizing their charge carrier concentration. In this work, we modulate the carrier concentration of graphene-based nano-structures using a gate voltage and investigate the resulting carrier-concentration-dependent thermoelectric parameters using the Boltzmann transport equations. We investigate the effect of energy dependent scattering time and the role of substrate-induced charge carrier fluctuation in optimizing the Seebeck coefficient and power factor. Our approach predicts the scattering mechanism and the extent of the charge carrier fluctuation in different samples and explains the enhancement of thermoelectric performance of GNR samples. Subsequently, we propose a route towards the enhancement of thermoelectric performance of graphene-based devices which can also be applied to other two-dimensional materials.

  14. Floating nut retention system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Charles, J. F.; Theakston, H. A. (Inventor)

    1980-01-01

    A floating nut retention system includes a nut with a central aperture. An inner retainer plate has an opening which is fixedly aligned with the nut aperture. An outer retainer member is formed of a base plate having an opening and a surface adjacent to a surface of the inner retainer plate. The outer retainer member includes a securing mechanism for retaining the inner retainer plate adjacent to the outer retainer member. The securing mechanism enables the inner retainer plate to float with respect to the outer retainer number, while simultaneously forming a bearing surface for inner retainer plate.

  15. Influence of different types of low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose on tableting, disintegration, and floating behaviour of floating drug delivery systems

    PubMed Central

    Diós, Péter; Pernecker, Tivadar; Nagy, Sándor; Pál, Szilárd; Dévay, Attila

    2014-01-01

    The object of the present study is to evaluate the effect of application of low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC) 11 and B1 as excipients promoting floating in gastroretentive tablets. Directly compressed tablets were formed based on experimental design. Face-centred central composite design was applied with two factors and 3 levels, where amount of sodium alginate (X1) and L-HPC (X2) were the numerical factors. Applied types of L-HPCs and their 1:1 mixture were included in a categorical factor (X3). Studied parameters were floating lag time, floating time, floating force, swelling behaviour of tablets and dissolution of paracetamol, which was used as a model active substance. Due to their physical character, L-HPCs had different water uptake and flowability. Lower flowability and lower water uptake was observed after 60 min at L-HPC 11 compared to L-HPC B1. Shorter floating times were detected at L-HPC 11 and L-HPC mixtures with 0.5% content of sodium alginate, whereas alginate was the only significant factor. Evaluating results of drug release and swelling studies on floating tablets revealed correlation, which can serve to help to understand the mechanism of action of L-HPCs in the field development of gastroretentive dosage forms. PMID:26702261

  16. Floating Magnet Demonstration.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wake, Masayoshi

    1990-01-01

    A room-temperature demonstration of a floating magnet using a high-temperature superconductor is described. The setup and operation of the apparatus are described. The technical details of the effect are discussed. (CW)

  17. Investigation of Tank 241-AW-104 Composite Floating Layer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Meznarich, H. K.; Bolling, S. D.; Lachut, J. S.

    Seven grab samples and one field blank were taken from Tank 241-AW-104 (AW-104) on June 2, 2017, and received at 222-S Laboratory on June 5, 2017. A visible layer with brown solids was observed floating on the top of two surface tank waste samples (4AW-17-02 and 4AW 17 02DUP). The floating layer from both samples was collected, composited, and submitted for chemical analyses and solid phase characterization in order to understand the composition of the floating layer. Tributyl phosphate and tridecane were higher in the floating layer than in the aqueous phase. Density in the floating layer was slightly lowermore » than the mean density of all grab samples. Sodium nitrate and sodium carbonate were major components with a trace of gibbsite and very small size agglomerates were present in the solids of the floating layer. The supernate consisted of organics, soluble salt, and particulates.« less

  18. Carbon Nanotube Self-Gating Diode and Application in Integrated Circuits.

    PubMed

    Si, Jia; Liu, Lijun; Wang, Fanglin; Zhang, Zhiyong; Peng, Lian-Mao

    2016-07-26

    A nano self-gating diode (SGD) based on nanoscale semiconducting material is proposed, simulated, and realized on semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through a doping-free fabrication process. The relationships between the performance and material/structural parameters of the SGD are explored through numerical simulation and verified by experiment results. Based on these results, performance optimization strategy is outlined, and high performance CNT SGDs are fabricated and demonstrated to surpass other published CNT diodes. In particular the CNT SGD exhibits high rectifier factor of up to 1.4 × 10(6) while retains large on-state current. Benefiting from high yield and stability, CNT SGDs are used for constructing logic and analog integrated circuits. Two kinds of basic digital gates (AND and OR) have been realized on chip through using CNT SGDs and on-chip Ti wire resistances, and a full wave rectifier circuit has been demonstrated through using two CNT SGDs. Although demonstrated here using CNT SGDs, this device structure may in principle be implemented using other semiconducting nanomaterials, to provide ideas and building blocks for electronic applications based on nanoscale materials.

  19. 14 CFR 29.757 - Hull and auxiliary float strength.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Hull and auxiliary float strength. 29.757 Section 29.757 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... § 29.757 Hull and auxiliary float strength. The hull, and auxiliary floats if used, must withstand the...

  20. Air-Deployable Profiling Floats for Tropical Cyclone Research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jayne, S. R.; Robbins, P.; Owens, B.; Ekholm, A.; Dufour, J. E.; Sanabia, E.

    2016-02-01

    The development of a smaller profiling float that can be launched from Hurricane Hunter aircraft offers the opportunity to monitor the upper-ocean thermal structure over a time span of many months. These Argo-type profiling floats can be deployed in advance of, or during, a tropical cyclone from any aircraft equipped with an A-sized (AXBT) launch tube, or from the stern ramp of a C-130. The floats have the same dimensions as an AXBT and weigh about 8.5 kg. Upon deployment, the floats parachute to the surface, detach and automatically begin their programmed mission. The recorded temperature data is averaged over 1-meter bins that are reported back via the Iridium satellite phone network, which is then automatically processed and posted to the GTS. The floats are also reprogrammable via the 2-way communication afforded by Iridium. We report on the results of deployments during the 2014 and 2015 hurricane seasons. Unique observations of the ocean response from Hurricane Ignacio are particularly noteworthy and will be presented. Further plans for continued development of floats include measuring salinity (from an inductive conductivity sensor) and observations of the surface wave field (measured by an onboard accelerometer) will also be described.

  1. Quantum Dot Gate Three-State and Nonvolatile Memory Field-Effect Transistors Using a ZnS/ZnMgS/ZnS Heteroepitaxial Stack as a Tunnel Insulator on Silicon-on-Insulator Substrates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suarez, Ernesto; Chan, Pik-Yiu; Lingalugari, Murali; Ayers, John E.; Heller, Evan; Jain, Faquir

    2013-11-01

    This paper describes the use of II-VI lattice-matched gate insulators in quantum dot gate three-state and flash nonvolatile memory structures. Using silicon-on-insulator wafers we have fabricated GeO x -cladded Ge quantum dot (QD) floating gate nonvolatile memory field-effect transistor devices using ZnS-Zn0.95Mg0.05S-ZnS tunneling layers. The II-VI heteroepitaxial stack is nearly lattice-matched and is grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a silicon channel. This stack reduces the interface state density, improving threshold voltage variation, particularly in sub-22-nm devices. Simulations using self-consistent solutions of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations show the transfer of charge to the QD layers in three-state as well as nonvolatile memory cells.

  2. 33 CFR 144.01-15 - Alternates for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alternates for life floats. 144... for life floats. (a) Approved lifeboats, approved life rafts or approved inflatable life rafts may be used in lieu of approved life floats for either all or part of the capacity required. When either...

  3. 33 CFR 144.01-15 - Alternates for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Alternates for life floats. 144... for life floats. (a) Approved lifeboats, approved life rafts or approved inflatable life rafts may be used in lieu of approved life floats for either all or part of the capacity required. When either...

  4. An Analysis of the Full-Floating Journal Bearing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shaw, M C; Nussdorfer, T J , Jr

    1947-01-01

    An analysis of the operating characteristics of a full-floating journal bearing, a bearing in which a floating sleeve is located between the journal and bearing surfaces, is presented together with charts from which the performance of such bearings may be predicted. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of these charts and a limited number of experiments conducted upon a glass full-floating bearing are reported to verify some results of the analysis.

  5. A novel optical gating method for laser gated imaging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ginat, Ran; Schneider, Ron; Zohar, Eyal; Nesher, Ofer

    2013-06-01

    For the past 15 years, Elbit Systems is developing time-resolved active laser-gated imaging (LGI) systems for various applications. Traditional LGI systems are based on high sensitive gated sensors, synchronized to pulsed laser sources. Elbit propriety multi-pulse per frame method, which is being implemented in LGI systems, improves significantly the imaging quality. A significant characteristic of the LGI is its ability to penetrate a disturbing media, such as rain, haze and some fog types. Current LGI systems are based on image intensifier (II) sensors, limiting the system in spectral response, image quality, reliability and cost. A novel propriety optical gating module was developed in Elbit, untying the dependency of LGI system on II. The optical gating module is not bounded to the radiance wavelength and positioned between the system optics and the sensor. This optical gating method supports the use of conventional solid state sensors. By selecting the appropriate solid state sensor, the new LGI systems can operate at any desired wavelength. In this paper we present the new gating method characteristics, performance and its advantages over the II gating method. The use of the gated imaging systems is described in a variety of applications, including results from latest field experiments.

  6. Dangling-bond logic gates on a Si(100)-(2 × 1)-H surface.

    PubMed

    Kawai, Hiroyo; Ample, Francisco; Wang, Qing; Yeo, Yong Kiat; Saeys, Mark; Joachim, Christian

    2012-03-07

    Atomic-scale Boolean logic gates (LGs) with two inputs and one output (i.e. OR, NOR, AND, NAND) were designed on a Si(100)-(2 × 1)-H surface and connected to the macroscopic scale by metallic nano-pads physisorbed on the Si(100)-(2 × 1)-H surface. The logic inputs are provided by saturating and unsaturating two surface Si dangling bonds, which can, for example, be achieved by adding and extracting two hydrogen atoms per input. Quantum circuit design rules together with semi-empirical elastic-scattering quantum chemistry transport calculations were used to determine the output current intensity of the proposed switches and LGs when they are interconnected to the metallic nano-pads by surface atomic-scale wires. Our calculations demonstrate that the proposed devices can reach ON/OFF ratios of up to 2000 for a running current in the 10 µA range.

  7. 46 CFR 131.870 - Life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Life floats and buoyant apparatus. 131.870 Section 131... OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.870 Life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) The name of the vessel must be plainly marked or painted on each life float or buoyant apparatus...

  8. 46 CFR 131.870 - Life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Life floats and buoyant apparatus. 131.870 Section 131... OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.870 Life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) The name of the vessel must be plainly marked or painted on each life float or buoyant apparatus...

  9. 46 CFR 131.870 - Life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Life floats and buoyant apparatus. 131.870 Section 131... OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.870 Life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) The name of the vessel must be plainly marked or painted on each life float or buoyant apparatus...

  10. 46 CFR 131.870 - Life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.870 Life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) The name of the vessel must be plainly marked or painted on each life float or buoyant apparatus... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Life floats and buoyant apparatus. 131.870 Section 131...

  11. 46 CFR 131.870 - Life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.870 Life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) The name of the vessel must be plainly marked or painted on each life float or buoyant apparatus... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Life floats and buoyant apparatus. 131.870 Section 131...

  12. Potential of water surface-floating microalgae for biodiesel production: Floating-biomass and lipid productivities.

    PubMed

    Muto, Masaki; Nojima, Daisuke; Yue, Liang; Kanehara, Hideyuki; Naruse, Hideaki; Ujiro, Asuka; Yoshino, Tomoko; Matsunaga, Tadashi; Tanaka, Tsuyoshi

    2017-03-01

    Microalgae have been accepted as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production owing to their capability of converting solar energy into lipids through photosynthesis. However, the high capital and operating costs, and high energy consumption, are hampering commercialization of microalgal biodiesel. In this study, the surface-floating microalga, strain AVFF007 (tentatively identified as Botryosphaerella sudetica), which naturally forms a biofilm on surfaces, was characterized for use in biodiesel production. The biofilm could be conveniently harvested from the surface of the water by adsorbing onto a polyethylene film. The lipid productivity of strain AVFF007 was 46.3 mg/L/day, allowing direct comparison to lipid productivities of other microalgal species. The moisture content of the surface-floating biomass was 86.0 ± 1.2%, which was much lower than that of the biomass harvested using centrifugation. These results reveal the potential of this surface-floating microalgal species as a biodiesel producer, employing a novel biomass harvesting and dewatering strategy. Copyright © 2016 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Floating seal system for rotary devices

    DOEpatents

    Banasiuk, Hubert A.

    1983-01-01

    This invention relates to a floating seal system for rotary devices to reduce gas leakage around the rotary device in a duct and across the face of the rotary device to an adjacent duct. The peripheral seal bodies are made of resilient material having a generally U-shaped cross section wherein one of the legs is secured to a support member and the other of the legs forms a contacting seal against the rotary device. The legs of the peripheral seal form an extended angle of intersection of about 10.degree. to about 30.degree. in the unloaded condition to provide even sealing forces around the periphery of the rotary device. The peripheral seal extends around the periphery of the support member except where intersected by radial seals which reduce gas leakage across the face of the rotary device and between adjacent duct portions. The radial seal assembly is fabricated from channel bars, the smaller channel bar being secured to the divider of the support member and a larger inverted rigid floating channel bar having its legs freely movable over the legs of the smaller channel bar forming therewith a tubular channel. A resilient flexible tube is positioned within the tubular channel for substantially its full length to reduce gas leakage across the tubular channel. A spacer extends beyond the face of the floating channel near each end of the floating channel a distance to provide desired clearance between the floating channel and the face of the rotary device.

  14. Floating seal system for rotary devices

    DOEpatents

    Banasiuk, H.A.

    1983-08-23

    This invention relates to a floating seal system for rotary devices to reduce gas leakage around the rotary device in a duct and across the face of the rotary device to an adjacent duct. The peripheral seal bodies are made of resilient material having a generally U-shaped cross section wherein one of the legs is secured to a support member and the other of the legs forms a contacting seal against the rotary device. The legs of the peripheral seal form an extended angle of intersection of about 10[degree] to about 30[degree] in the unloaded condition to provide even sealing forces around the periphery of the rotary device. The peripheral seal extends around the periphery of the support member except where intersected by radial seals which reduce gas leakage across the face of the rotary device and between adjacent duct portions. The radial seal assembly is fabricated from channel bars, the smaller channel bar being secured to the divider of the support member and a larger inverted rigid floating channel bar having its legs freely movable over the legs of the smaller channel bar forming therewith a tubular channel. A resilient flexible tube is positioned within the tubular channel for substantially its full length to reduce gas leakage across the tubular channel. A spacer extends beyond the face of the floating channel near each end of the floating channel a distance to provide desired clearance between the floating channel and the face of the rotary device. 5 figs.

  15. 33 CFR 144.01-10 - Equipment for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Equipment for life floats. 144.01... for life floats. (a) Each lifefloat shall be provided with a painter. This painter shall be a manila... 1/2 inch in diameter. (b) Each life float must have a water light of an approved automatic electric...

  16. 33 CFR 144.01-10 - Equipment for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Equipment for life floats. 144.01... for life floats. (a) Each lifefloat shall be provided with a painter. This painter shall be a manila... 1/2 inch in diameter. (b) Each life float must have a water light of an approved automatic electric...

  17. 33 CFR 144.01-10 - Equipment for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Equipment for life floats. 144.01... for life floats. (a) Each lifefloat shall be provided with a painter. This painter shall be a manila... 1/2 inch in diameter. (b) Each life float must have a water light of an approved automatic electric...

  18. 33 CFR 144.01-10 - Equipment for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Equipment for life floats. 144.01... for life floats. (a) Each lifefloat shall be provided with a painter. This painter shall be a manila... 1/2 inch in diameter. (b) Each life float must have a water light of an approved automatic electric...

  19. 33 CFR 144.01-10 - Equipment for life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Equipment for life floats. 144.01... for life floats. (a) Each lifefloat shall be provided with a painter. This painter shall be a manila... 1/2 inch in diameter. (b) Each life float must have a water light of an approved automatic electric...

  20. Research on stability of nozzle-floating plate institution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Bin; Tao, Jiayue; Yi, Jiajing; Chen, Shijing

    2016-01-01

    In this paper, air hammer instability of nozzle-floating plate institution in gas lubricated force sensor were studied. Through establishment of the theoretical model for the analysis of the nozzle-floating plate institution stability, combined with air hammer stability judgment theorems, we had some simulation research on the radius of the nozzle, the radius of the pressure chamber, pressure chamber depth, orifice radius and the relationship between air supply pressure and bearing capacity, in order to explore the instability mechanism of nozzle-floating plate institution. For conducting experimental observations for the stability of two groups nozzle-floating plate institution, which have typical structural parameters conducted experimental observations. We set up a special experimental device, verify the correctness of the theoretical study and simulation results. This paper shows that in the nozzle-floating plate institution, increasing the nozzle diameter, reduced pressure chamber radius, reducing the depth of the pressure chamber and increase the supply orifice radius, and other measures is conducive to system stability. Results of this study have important implications for research and design of gas lubricated force sensor.

  1. Environment parameters and basic functions for floating-point computation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brown, W. S.; Feldman, S. I.

    1978-01-01

    A language-independent proposal for environment parameters and basic functions for floating-point computation is presented. Basic functions are proposed to analyze, synthesize, and scale floating-point numbers. The model provides a small set of parameters and a small set of axioms along with sharp measures of roundoff error. The parameters and functions can be used to write portable and robust codes that deal intimately with the floating-point representation. Subject to underflow and overflow constraints, a number can be scaled by a power of the floating-point radix inexpensively and without loss of precision. A specific representation for FORTRAN is included.

  2. Floating Solar Photovoltaics Gaining Ground | State, Local, and Tribal

    Science.gov Websites

    Gaining Ground January 24, 2017 by Alison Holm Floating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, so-called flotovoltaics (a trademarked term) or floating solar, represent an emerging application in which PV panels are sited on bodies of water. The PV panel technology used for floating solar applications is very similar

  3. Electrically Erasable Programmable Integrated Circuits for Replacement of Obsolete TTL Logic

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-12-01

    different discrete devices" [7]. Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling Simplified Theory. Electrons in polysilicon are usually prevented from entering SiO 2 by an...overcomes the energy barrier, the tunneling electrons will not return to the polysilicon but will be carried by the electric field, causing a current to flow...Floating Gate Transistors A floating gate transistor is an insulated-gate field effect transistor (FET) that has a gate, usually made of polysilicon , which

  4. Comparative evaluation of single and bilayered lamotrigine floating tablets

    PubMed Central

    Lakshmi, PK; Sridhar, M; Shruthi, B

    2013-01-01

    Aim: The purpose of this study was to prepare lamotrigine (LM) bilayered and single layered floating tablets and to compare their release profiles. Materials and Methods: LM floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Drug, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M, lactose monohydrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 constitute controlled release layer components and floating layer components includes polymers and sodium bicarbonate. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, floating lag time (FLT), floating time, in vitro buoyancy study, in vitro release studies. The drug-polymer interaction was studied by fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. Results and Discussion: The FLT of all the formulations were within the prescribed limits (<3 min). When ethyl cellulose was used as floating layer component, tablets showed good buoyancy effect but eroded within 6-8 h. Hence it was replaced with hydroxypropyl cellulose -M hydrophilic polymer, which showed good FLT and floating duration for 16 h. Formulation LFC4 was found to be optimized with dissolution profile of zero order kinetics showing fickian diffusion. A comparative study of bilayered and single layered tablets of LM showed a highest similarity factor of 83.03, difference factor of 2.74 and t-test (P < 0.05) indicates that there is no significant difference between them. Conclusion: Though bilayered tablet possess many advantages, single layered tablet would be economical, cost-effective and reproducible for large scale production in the industry. However, the results of present study demonstrated that the in vitro development of bilayered gastro retentive floating tablets with controlled drug release profile for LM is feasible. PMID:24167788

  5. Floating arterial thrombus related stroke treated by intravenous thrombolysis.

    PubMed

    Vanacker, P; Cordier, M; Janbieh, J; Federau, C; Michel, P

    2014-01-01

    The effects of intravenous thrombolysis on floating thrombi in cervical and intracranial arteries of acute ischemic stroke patients are unknown. Similarly, the best prevention methods of early recurrences remain controversial. This study aimed to describe the clinical and radiological outcome of thrombolyzed strokes with floating thrombi. We retrospectively analyzed all thrombolyzed stroke patients in our institution between 2003 and 2010 with floating thrombi on acute CT-angiography before the intravenous thrombolysis. The floating thrombus was diagnosed if an elongated thrombus of at least 5 mm length, completely surrounded by contrast on supra-aortic neck or intracerebral arteries, was present on CT-angiography. Demographics, vascular risk factors, and comorbidities were recorded and stroke etiology was determined after a standardized workup. Repeat arterial imaging was performed by CTA at 24 h or before if clinical worsening was noted and then by Doppler and MRA during the first week and at four months. Of 409 thrombolyzed stroke patients undergoing acute CT Angiography, seven (1.7%) had a floating thrombus; of these seven, six had it in the anterior circulation. Demographics, risk factors and stroke severity of these patients were comparable to the other thrombolyzed patients. After intravenous thrombolysis, the floating thrombi resolved completely at 24 h in four of the patients, whereas one had an early recurrent stroke and one developed progressive worsening. One patient developed early occlusion of the carotid artery with floating thrombus and subsequently a TIA. The two patients with a stable floating thrombus had no clinical recurrences. In the literature, only one of four reported cases were found to have a thrombolysis-related early recurrence. Long-term outcome seemed similar in thrombolyzed patients with floating thrombus, despite a possible increase of very early recurrence. It remains to be established whether acute mechanical thrombectomy could be

  6. Dragging a floating horizontal cylinder

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Duck-Gyu; Kim, Ho-Young

    2010-11-01

    A cylinder immersed in a fluid stream experiences a drag, and it is well known that the drag coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number only. Here we study the force exerted on a long horizontal cylinder that is dragged perpendicular to its axis while floating on an air-water interface with a high Reynolds number. In addition to the flow-induced drag, the floating body is subjected to capillary forces along the contact line where the three phases of liquid/solid/gas meet. We first theoretically predict the meniscus profile around the horizontally moving cylinder assuming the potential flow, and show that the profile is in good agreement with that obtained experimentally. Then we compare our theoretical predictions and experimental measurement results for the drag coefficient of a floating horizontal cylinder that is given by a function of the Weber number and the Bond number. This study can help us to understand the horizontal motion of partially submerged objects at air-liquid interface, such as semi-aquatic insects and marine plants.

  7. Can flexibility help you float?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burton, L. J.; Bush, J. W. M.

    2012-10-01

    We consider the role of flexibility in the weight-bearing characteristics of bodies floating at an interface. Specifically, we develop a theoretical model for a two-dimensional thin floating plate that yields the maximum stable plate load and optimal stiffness for weight support. Plates small relative to the capillary length are primarily supported by surface tension, and their weight-bearing potential does not benefit from flexibility. Above a critical size comparable to the capillary length, flexibility assists interfacial flotation. For plates on the order of and larger than the capillary length, deflection from an initially flat shape increases the force resulting from hydrostatic pressure, allowing the plate to support a greater load. In this large plate limit, the shape that bears the most weight is a semicircle, which displaces the most fluid above the plate for a fixed plate length. Exact results for maximum weight-bearing plate shapes are compared to analytic approximations made in the limits of large and small plate sizes. The value of flexibility for floating to a number of biological organisms is discussed in light of our study.

  8. Vertical pump with free floating check valve

    DOEpatents

    Lindsay, Malcolm

    1980-01-01

    A vertical pump with a bottom discharge having a free floating check valve isposed in the outlet plenum thereof. The free floating check valve comprises a spherical member with a hemispherical cage-like member attached thereto which is capable of allowing forward or reverse flow under appropriate conditions while preventing reverse flow under inappropriate conditions.

  9. Whatever Floats Your Boat: A Design Challenge

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kornoelje, Joanne; Roman, Harry T.

    2012-01-01

    This article presents a simple design challenge, based on the PBS program "Design Squad's" "Watercraft" activity that will prove engaging to most technology and engineering students. In this floating boat challenge, students are to build a boat that can float and support 25 pennies for at least 10 seconds--without leaking, sinking, or tipping…

  10. Gating of the designed trimeric/tetrameric voltage-gated H+ channel

    PubMed Central

    Fujiwara, Yuichiro; Kurokawa, Tatsuki; Takeshita, Kohei; Nakagawa, Atsushi; Larsson, H Peter; Okamura, Yasushi

    2013-01-01

    The voltage-gated H+ channel functions as a dimer, a configuration that is different from standard tetrameric voltage-gated channels. Each channel protomer has its own permeation pathway. The C-terminal coiled-coil domain has been shown to be necessary for both dimerization and cooperative gating in the two channel protomers. Here we report the gating cooperativity in trimeric and tetrameric Hv channels engineered by altering the hydrophobic core sequence of the coiled-coil assembly domain. Trimeric and tetrameric channels exhibited more rapid and less sigmoidal kinetics of activation of H+ permeation than dimeric channels, suggesting that some channel protomers in trimers and tetramers failed to produce gating cooperativity observed in wild-type dimers. Multimerization of trimer and tetramer channels were confirmed by the biochemical analysis of proteins, including crystallography. These findings indicate that the voltage-gated H+ channel is optimally designed as a dimeric channel on a solid foundation of the sequence pattern of the coiled-coil core, with efficient cooperative gating that ensures sustained and steep voltage-dependent H+ conductance in blood cells. PMID:23165764

  11. Changing Patterns of the Floating Population in China during 2000-2010*

    PubMed Central

    Liang, Zai; Li, Zhen; Ma, Zhongdong

    2015-01-01

    Using data from the 2000 and 2010 Chinese Population Censuses and applying a consistent definition of migration, this paper examines changing patterns of China's floating population during 2000-2010. We find that during the first decade of the 21st century, there have been significant changes in China's floating population, as reflected in continuing rise of interprovincial floating population and the rise of the floating population in China's western and interior regions, geographic diversification of destinations for the floating population, a major increase in interprovincial return migration, and significant improvement in education and occupational profiles among the floating population. We argue that these patterns are driven by a combination of complex domestic and international factors, including the newly released Labor Law, removal of agricultural tax, the western China development program, increased investment in education by the Chinese government, and the global financial crisis. We also discuss several challenges facing the floating population in the coming years, which include equality of educational opportunity for migrant children and adequate housing and social welfare protection for the floating population. Finally, we reflect on the future of migration research in China. PMID:26213427

  12. 14 CFR 23.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main float landing conditions. 23... Water Loads § 23.529 Hull and main float landing conditions. (a) Symmetrical step, bow, and stern... directed perpendicularly to the keel line. (b) Unsymmetrical landing for hull and single float seaplanes...

  13. Micromechanisms with floating pivot

    DOEpatents

    Garcia, Ernest J.

    2001-03-06

    A new class of tilting micromechanical mechanisms have been developed. These new mechanisms use floating pivot structures to relieve some of the problems encountered in the use of solid flexible pivots.

  14. New insights on poly(vinyl acetate)-based coated floating tablets: characterisation of hydration and CO2 generation by benchtop MRI and its relation to drug release and floating strength.

    PubMed

    Strübing, Sandra; Abboud, Tâmara; Contri, Renata Vidor; Metz, Hendrik; Mäder, Karsten

    2008-06-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of floating and drug release behaviour of poly(vinyl acetate)-based floating tablets with membrane controlled drug delivery. Propranolol HCl containing tablets with Kollidon SR as an excipient for direct compression and different Kollicoat SR 30 D/Kollicoat IR coats varying from 10 to 20mg polymer/cm2 were investigated regarding drug release in 0.1N HCl. Furthermore, the onset of floating, the floating duration and the floating strength of the device were determined. In addition, benchtop MRI studies of selected samples were performed. Coated tablets with 10mg polymer/cm2 SR/IR, 8.5:1.5 coat exhibited the shortest lag times prior to drug release and floating onset, the fastest increase in and highest maximum values of floating strength. The drug release was delayed efficiently within a time interval of 24 h by showing linear drug release characteristics. Poly(vinyl acetate) proved to be an appropriate excipient to ensure safe and reliable drug release. Floating strength measurements offered the possibility to quantify the floating ability of the developed systems and thus to compare different formulations more efficiently. Benchtop MRI studies allowed a deeper insight into drug release and floating mechanisms noninvasively and continuously.

  15. Interface passivation and trap reduction via hydrogen fluoride for molybdenum disulfide on silicon oxide back-gate transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Yaoqiao; San Yip, Pak; Tang, Chak Wah; Lau, Kei May; Li, Qiang

    2018-04-01

    Layered semiconductor molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has recently emerged as a promising material for flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices because of its finite bandgap and high degree of gate control. Here, we report a hydrogen fluoride (HF) passivation technique for improving the carrier mobility and interface quality of chemical vapor deposited monolayer MoS2 on a SiO2/Si substrate. After passivation, the fabricated MoS2 back-gate transistors demonstrate a more than double improvement in average electron mobility, a reduced gate hysteresis gap of 3 V, and a low interface trapped charge density of ˜5.8 × 1011 cm-2. The improvements are attributed to the satisfied interface dangling bonds, thus a reduction of interface trap states and trapped charges. Surface x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and first-principles simulation were performed to verify the HF passivation effect. The results here highlight the necessity of a MoS2/dielectric passivation strategy and provides a viable route for enhancing the performance of MoS2 nano-electronic devices.

  16. Collective Behavior of Camphor Floats Migrating on the Water Surface

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nishimori, Hiraku; Suematsu, Nobuhiko J.; Nakata, Satoshi

    2017-10-01

    As simple and easily controllable objects among various self-propelled particles, camphor floats on the water surface have been widely recognized. In this paper, we introduce characteristic behaviors and discuss the background mechanism of camphor floats on water, both in isolated and non-isolated conditions. In particular, we focus on: (i) the transition of dynamical characters through bifurcations exhibited by systems with small number of camphor floats and (ii) the emergence of a rich variety of complex dynamics observed in systems with large number camphor floats, and attempt to elucidate these phenomena through mathematical modeling as well as experimental analysis. Finally, we discuss the connection of the dynamics of camphor floats to that of a wider class of complex and sophisticated dynamics exhibited by various types of self-propelled particles.

  17. Sliding-gate valve

    DOEpatents

    Usnick, George B.; Ward, Gene T.; Blair, Henry O.; Roberts, James W.; Warner, Terry N.

    1979-01-01

    This invention is a novel valve of the slidable-gate type. The valve is designed especially for long-term use with highly abrasive slurries. The sealing surfaces of the gate are shielded by the valve seats when the valve is fully open or closed, and the gate-to-seat clearance is swept with an inflowing purge gas while the gate is in transit. A preferred form of the valve includes an annular valve body containing an annular seat assembly defining a flow channel. The seat assembly comprises a first seat ring which is slidably and sealably mounted in the body, and a second seat ring which is tightly fitted in the body. These rings cooperatively define an annular gap which, together with passages in the valve body, forms a guideway extending normal to the channel. A plate-type gate is mounted for reciprocation in the guideway between positions where a portion of the plate closes the channel and where a circular aperture in the gate is in register with the channel. The valve casing includes opposed chambers which extend outwardly from the body along the axis of the guideway to accommodate the end portions of the gate. The chambers are sealed from atmosphere; when the gate is in transit, purge gas is admitted to the chambers and flows inwardly through the gate-to-seat-ring, clearance, minimizing buildup of process solids therein. A shaft reciprocated by an external actuator extends into one of the sealed chambers through a shaft seal and is coupled to an end of the gate. Means are provided for adjusting the clearance between the first seat ring and the gate while the valve is in service.

  18. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of ketorolac floating delivery system.

    PubMed

    Radwan, Mahasen A; Abou El Ela, Amal El Sayeh F; Hassan, Maha A; El-Maraghy, Dalia A

    2015-05-01

    The efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) floating alginate beads as a drug delivery system for better control of KT release was investigated. The formulation with the highest drug loading, entrapment efficiency, swelling, buoyancy, and in vitro release would be selected for further in vivo analgesic effect in the mice and pharmacokinetics study in rats compared to the tablet dosage form. KT floating alginate beads were prepared by extrusion congealing technique. KT in plasma samples was analyzed using a UPLC MS/MS assay. The percentage yield, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were increased proportionally with the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) polymer amount in the KT floating beads. A reverse relationship was observed between HPMC amount in the beads and the KT in vitro release rate. F3-floating beads were selected, due to its better in vitro results (continued floating for >8 h) than others. A longer analgesic effect was observed for F3 in fed mice as compared to the tablets. After F3 administration to rats, the Cmax (2.2 ± 0.3 µg/ml) was achieved at ∼2 h and the decline in KT concentration was slower. F3 showed a significant increase in the AUC (1.89 fold) in rats as compared to the tablets. KT was successfully formulated as floating beads with prolonged in vitro release extended to a better in vivo characteristic with higher bioavailability in rats. KT in floating beads shows a superior analgesic effect over tablets, especially in fed mice.

  19. Capture of free-floating planets by planetary systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goulinski, Nadav; Ribak, Erez N.

    2018-01-01

    Evidence of exoplanets with orbits that are misaligned with the spin of the host star may suggest that not all bound planets were born in the protoplanetary disc of their current planetary system. Observations have shown that free-floating Jupiter-mass objects can exceed the number of stars in our Galaxy, implying that capture scenarios may not be so rare. To address this issue, we construct a three-dimensional simulation of a three-body scattering between a free-floating planet and a star accompanied by a Jupiter-mass bound planet. We distinguish between three different possible scattering outcomes, where the free-floating planet may get weakly captured after the brief interaction with the binary, remain unbound or 'kick out' the bound planet and replace it. The simulation was performed for different masses of the free-floating planets and stars, as well as different impact parameters, inclination angles and approach velocities. The outcome statistics are used to construct an analytical approximation of the cross-section for capturing a free-floating planet by fitting their dependence on the tested variables. The analytically approximated cross-section is used to predict the capture rate for these kinds of objects, and to estimate that about 1 per cent of all stars are expected to experience a temporary capture of a free-floating planet during their lifetime. Finally, we propose additional physical processes that may increase the capture statistics and whose contribution should be considered in future simulations in order to determine the fate of the temporarily captured planets.

  20. Numerical study on aerodynamic damping of floating vertical axis wind turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Zhengshun; Aagaard Madsen, Helge; Gao, Zhen; Moan, Torgeir

    2016-09-01

    Harvesting offshore wind energy resources using floating vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) has attracted an increasing interest in recent years. Due to its potential impact on fatigue damage, the aerodynamic damping should be considered in the preliminary design of a floating VAWT based on the frequency domain method. However, currently the study on aerodynamic damping of floating VAWTs is very limited. Due to the essential difference in aerodynamic load characteristics, the aerodynamic damping of a floating VAWT could be different from that of a floating horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). In this study, the aerodynamic damping of floating VAWTs was studied in a fully coupled manner, and its influential factors and its effects on the motions, especially the pitch motion, were demonstrated. Three straight-bladed floating VAWTs with identical solidity and with a blade number varying from two to four were considered. The aerodynamic damping under steady and turbulent wind conditions were estimated using fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time domain simulations. It is found that the aerodynamic damping ratio of the considered floating VAWTs ranges from 1.8% to 5.3%. Moreover, the aerodynamic damping is almost independent of the rotor azimuth angle, and is to some extent sensitive to the blade number.

  1. Float Package and the Data Rack aboard the DC-9

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1996-01-01

    Ted Brunzie and Peter Mason observe the float package and the data rack aboard the DC-9 reduced gravity aircraft. The float package contains a cryostat, a video camera, a pump and accelerometers. The data rack displays and record the video signal from the float package on tape and stores acceleration and temperature measurements on disk.

  2. WindFloat Pacific Project, Final Scientific and Technical Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Banister, Kevin

    2017-01-17

    PPI’s WindFloat Pacific project (WFP) was an up to 30 MW floating offshore wind demonstration project proposed off the Coast of Oregon. The project was to be sited approximately 18 miles due west of Coos Bay, in over 1000 ft. of water, and is the first floating offshore wind array proposed in the United States, and the first offshore wind project of any kind proposed off the West Coast. PPI’s WindFloat, a semi-submersible foundation designed for high-capacity (6MW+) offshore wind turbines, is at the heart of the proposed project, and enables access to the world class wind resource at themore » project site and, equally, to other deep water, high wind resource areas around the country.« less

  3. Multifractal analysis of managed and independent float exchange rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stošić, Darko; Stošić, Dusan; Stošić, Tatijana; Stanley, H. Eugene

    2015-06-01

    We investigate multifractal properties of daily price changes in currency rates using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). We analyze managed and independent floating currency rates in eight countries, and determine the changes in multifractal spectrum when transitioning between the two regimes. We find that after the transition from managed to independent float regime the changes in multifractal spectrum (position of maximum and width) indicate an increase in market efficiency. The observed changes are more pronounced for developed countries that have a well established trading market. After shuffling the series, we find that the multifractality is due to both probability density function and long term correlations for managed float regime, while for independent float regime multifractality is in most cases caused by broad probability density function.

  4. Multiscale modeling and computation of nano-electronic transistors and transmembrane proton channels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Duan

    challenges in simulations are addressed: the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method, the Dirichlet-to-Neumann mapping (DNM) technique, and the Krylov subspace and preconditioner theory are introduced to improve the computational efficiency of the Poisson-type equation. The quantum transport theory is employed to solve the Kohn-Sham equation. The Gummel iteration and relaxation technique are utilized for overall self-consistent iterations. Finally, applications are considered and model validations are verified by realistic nano-transistors and transmembrane proteins. Two distinct device configurations, a double-gate MOSFET and a four-gate MOSFET, are considered in our threedimensional numerical simulations. For these devices, the current uctuation and voltage threshold lowering effect induced by discrete dopants are explored. For proton transport, a realistic channel protein, the Gramicidin A (GA) is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed proton channel model and validate the efficiency of the proposed mathematical algorithms. The electrostatic characteristics of the GA channel is analyzed with a wide range of model parameters. Proton channel conductances are studied over a number of applied voltages and reference concentrations. Comparisons with experimental data are utilized to verify our model predictions.

  5. A novel grounded to floating admittance converter with electronic control

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prasad, Dinesh; Ahmad, Javed; Srivastava, Mayank

    2018-01-01

    This article suggests a new grounded to floating admittance convertor employing only two voltage differencing transconductance amplifiers (VDTAs). The proposed circuit can convert any arbitrary grounded admittance into floating admittance with electronically controllable scaling factor. The presented converter enjoys the following beneficial: (1) no requirement of any additional passive element (2) scaling factor can be tuned electronically through bias currents of VDTAs (3) no matching constraint required (4) low values of active/passive sensitivity indexes and (5) excellent non ideal behavior that indicates no deviation in circuit behavior even under non ideal environment. Application of the proposed configuration in realization of floating resistor and floating capacitor has been presented and the workability of these floating elements has been confirmed by active filter design examples. SPICE simulations have been performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed circuits.

  6. Precision Float Polishing

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-09-11

    signal did not vary on side B when the laser beam was incident on different regions of the surface. The absorption was the same when examining a...silica and zerodur I have been polished using this technique. Float polished substrates have a typical surface roughness of approximately 2 A, with a

  7. ISAC's Gating-ML 2.0 data exchange standard for gating description.

    PubMed

    Spidlen, Josef; Moore, Wayne; Brinkman, Ryan R

    2015-07-01

    The lack of software interoperability with respect to gating has traditionally been a bottleneck preventing the use of multiple analytical tools and reproducibility of flow cytometry data analysis by independent parties. To address this issue, ISAC developed Gating-ML, a computer file format to encode and interchange gates. Gating-ML 1.5 was adopted and published as an ISAC Candidate Recommendation in 2008. Feedback during the probationary period from implementors, including major commercial software companies, instrument vendors, and the wider community, has led to a streamlined Gating-ML 2.0. Gating-ML has been significantly simplified and therefore easier to support by software tools. To aid developers, free, open source reference implementations, compliance tests, and detailed examples are provided to stimulate further commercial adoption. ISAC has approved Gating-ML as a standard ready for deployment in the public domain and encourages its support within the community as it is at a mature stage of development having undergone extensive review and testing, under both theoretical and practical conditions. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

  8. Determination of prospective displacement-based gate threshold for respiratory-gated radiation delivery from retrospective phase-based gate threshold selected at 4D CT simulation.

    PubMed

    Vedam, S; Archambault, L; Starkschall, G; Mohan, R; Beddar, S

    2007-11-01

    Four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) imaging has found increasing importance in the localization of tumor and surrounding normal structures throughout the respiratory cycle. Based on such tumor motion information, it is possible to identify the appropriate phase interval for respiratory gated treatment planning and delivery. Such a gating phase interval is determined retrospectively based on tumor motion from internal tumor displacement. However, respiratory-gated treatment is delivered prospectively based on motion determined predominantly from an external monitor. Therefore, the simulation gate threshold determined from the retrospective phase interval selected for gating at 4D CT simulation may not correspond to the delivery gate threshold that is determined from the prospective external monitor displacement at treatment delivery. The purpose of the present work is to establish a relationship between the thresholds for respiratory gating determined at CT simulation and treatment delivery, respectively. One hundred fifty external respiratory motion traces, from 90 patients, with and without audio-visual biofeedback, are analyzed. Two respiratory phase intervals, 40%-60% and 30%-70%, are chosen for respiratory gating from the 4D CT-derived tumor motion trajectory. From residual tumor displacements within each such gating phase interval, a simulation gate threshold is defined based on (a) the average and (b) the maximum respiratory displacement within the phase interval. The duty cycle for prospective gated delivery is estimated from the proportion of external monitor displacement data points within both the selected phase interval and the simulation gate threshold. The delivery gate threshold is then determined iteratively to match the above determined duty cycle. The magnitude of the difference between such gate thresholds determined at simulation and treatment delivery is quantified in each case. Phantom motion tests yielded coincidence of simulation

  9. A hybrid life cycle inventory of nano-scale semiconductor manufacturing.

    PubMed

    Krishnan, Nikhil; Boyd, Sarah; Somani, Ajay; Raoux, Sebastien; Clark, Daniel; Dornfeld, David

    2008-04-15

    The manufacturing of modern semiconductor devices involves a complex set of nanoscale fabrication processes that are energy and resource intensive, and generate significant waste. It is important to understand and reduce the environmental impacts of semiconductor manufacturing because these devices are ubiquitous components in electronics. Furthermore, the fabrication processes used in the semiconductor industry are finding increasing application in other products, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), flat panel displays, and photovoltaics. In this work we develop a library of typical gate-to-gate materials and energy requirements, as well as emissions associated with a complete set of fabrication process models used in manufacturing a modern microprocessor. In addition, we evaluate upstream energy requirements associated with chemicals and materials using both existing process life cycle assessment (LCA) databases and an economic input-output (EIO) model. The result is a comprehensive data set and methodology that may be used to estimate and improve the environmental performance of a broad range of electronics and other emerging applications that involve nano and micro fabrication.

  10. Float-zone processing in a weightless environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fowle, A. A.; Haggerty, J. S.; Perron, R. R.; Strong, P. F.; Swanson, J. L.

    1976-01-01

    The results were reported of investigations to: (1) test the validity of analyses which set maximum practical diameters for Si crystals that can be processed by the float zone method in a near weightless environment, (2) determine the convective flow patterns induced in a typical float zone, Si melt under conditions perceived to be advantageous to the crystal growth process using flow visualization techniques applied to a dimensionally scaled model of the Si melt, (3) revise the estimates of the economic impact of space produced Si crystal by the float zone method on the U.S. electronics industry, and (4) devise a rational plan for future work related to crystal growth phenomena wherein low gravity conditions available in a space site can be used to maximum benefit to the U.S. electronics industry.

  11. Impact of geometric, thermal and tunneling effects on nano-transistors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hu, Langhua; Chen, Duan, E-mail: dchen10@uncc.edu; Wei, Guo-Wei

    Electronic transistors are fundamental building blocks of large scale integrated circuits in modern advanced electronic equipments, and their sizes have been down-scaled to nanometers. Modeling and simulations in the framework of quantum dynamics have emerged as important tools to study functional characteristics of these nano-devices. This work explores the effects of geometric shapes of semiconductor–insulator interfaces, phonon–electron interactions, and quantum tunneling of three-dimensional (3D) nano-transistors. First, we propose a two-scale energy functional to describe the electron dynamics in a dielectric continuum of device material. Coupled governing equations, i.e., Poisson–Kohn–Sham (PKS) equations, are derived by the variational principle. Additionally, it ismore » found that at a given channel cross section area and gate voltage, the geometry that has the smallest perimeter of the channel cross section offers the largest channel current, which indicates that ultra-thin nanotransistors may not be very efficient in practical applications. Moreover, we introduce a new method to evaluate quantum tunneling effects in nanotransistors without invoking the comparison of classical and quantum predictions. It is found that at a given channel cross section area and gate voltage, the geometry that has the smallest perimeter of the channel cross section has the smallest quantum tunneling ratio, which indicates that geometric defects can lead to higher geometric confinement and larger quantum tunneling effect. Furthermore, although an increase in the phonon–electron interaction strength reduces channel current, it does not have much impact to the quantum tunneling ratio. Finally, advanced numerical techniques, including second order elliptic interface methods, have been applied to ensure computational accuracy and reliability of the present PKS simulation.« less

  12. Bioresponsive carbon nano-gated multifunctional mesoporous silica for cancer theranostics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prasad, Rajendra; Aiyer, Sandhya; Chauhan, Deepak S.; Srivastava, Rohit; Selvaraj, Kaliaperumal

    2016-02-01

    Designing bioresponsive nanocarriers for controlled and efficient intracellular drug release for cancer therapy is a major thrust area in nanomedicine. With recent recognition by the US FDA as a safe material for human trials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are being extensively explored as promising theranostic agents. Green fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), though known as possible alternatives for their more toxic and relatively less efficient predecessors, are less known as gate keepers for drug release control. We report for the first time an efficient bioresponse of CQDs when judiciously designed using glutathione cleavable (redox responsive) disulphide bonds. When the anticancer drug doxorubicin loaded MSNPs are capped with these CQDs, they display promising drug release control on exposure to a mimicked intracellular cancer environment. Their dual functionality is well established with good control on preventing the premature release and exceptional bio-imaging of HeLa cancer cells. Fluorescence images prove selective targeting of HeLa cells by overexpression of folate receptors from the surface functionalised folic acid ligand. Extensive characterisation using XRD, TEM, BET analysis, drug loading tests, drug release kinetics, MTT assay and fluoroscence cell imaging helps in understanding the multifunctionalities of the successful design, extending its scope with exciting prospects towards non-invasive targeted drug delivery and bio-imaging for effective cancer diagnosis and treatment.Designing bioresponsive nanocarriers for controlled and efficient intracellular drug release for cancer therapy is a major thrust area in nanomedicine. With recent recognition by the US FDA as a safe material for human trials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are being extensively explored as promising theranostic agents. Green fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), though known as possible alternatives for their more toxic and relatively less efficient

  13. Determination of prospective displacement-based gate threshold for respiratory-gated radiation delivery from retrospective phase-based gate threshold selected at 4D CT simulation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Vedam, S.; Archambault, L.; Starkschall, G.

    2007-11-15

    Four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) imaging has found increasing importance in the localization of tumor and surrounding normal structures throughout the respiratory cycle. Based on such tumor motion information, it is possible to identify the appropriate phase interval for respiratory gated treatment planning and delivery. Such a gating phase interval is determined retrospectively based on tumor motion from internal tumor displacement. However, respiratory-gated treatment is delivered prospectively based on motion determined predominantly from an external monitor. Therefore, the simulation gate threshold determined from the retrospective phase interval selected for gating at 4D CT simulation may not correspond to the deliverymore » gate threshold that is determined from the prospective external monitor displacement at treatment delivery. The purpose of the present work is to establish a relationship between the thresholds for respiratory gating determined at CT simulation and treatment delivery, respectively. One hundred fifty external respiratory motion traces, from 90 patients, with and without audio-visual biofeedback, are analyzed. Two respiratory phase intervals, 40%-60% and 30%-70%, are chosen for respiratory gating from the 4D CT-derived tumor motion trajectory. From residual tumor displacements within each such gating phase interval, a simulation gate threshold is defined based on (a) the average and (b) the maximum respiratory displacement within the phase interval. The duty cycle for prospective gated delivery is estimated from the proportion of external monitor displacement data points within both the selected phase interval and the simulation gate threshold. The delivery gate threshold is then determined iteratively to match the above determined duty cycle. The magnitude of the difference between such gate thresholds determined at simulation and treatment delivery is quantified in each case. Phantom motion tests yielded coincidence of

  14. Identification of mothball powder composition by float tests and melting point tests.

    PubMed

    Tang, Ka Yuen

    2018-07-01

    The aim of the study was to identify the composition, as either camphor, naphthalene, or paradichlorobenzene, of mothballs in the form of powder or tiny fragments by float tests and melting point tests. Naphthalene, paradichlorobenzene and camphor mothballs were blended into powder and tiny fragments (with sizes <1/10 of the size of an intact mothball). In the float tests, the mothball powder and tiny fragments were placed in water, saturated salt solution and 50% dextrose solution (D50), and the extent to which they floated or sank in the liquids was observed. In the melting point tests, the mothball powder and tiny fragments were placed in hot water with a temperature between 53 and 80 °C, and the extent to which they melted was observed. Both the float and melting point tests were then repeated using intact mothballs. Three emergency physicians blinded to the identities of samples and solutions visually evaluated each sample. In the float tests, paradichlorobenzene powder partially floated and partially sank in all three liquids, while naphthalene powder partially floated and partially sank in water. Naphthalene powder did not sink in D50 or saturated salt solution. Camphor powder floated in all three liquids. Float tests identified the compositions of intact mothball accurately. In the melting point tests, paradichlorobenzene powder melted completely in hot water within 1 min while naphthalene powder and camphor powder did not melt. The melted portions of paradichlorobenzene mothballs were sometimes too small to be observed in 1 min but the mothballs either partially or completely melted in 5 min. Both camphor and naphthalene intact mothballs did not melt in hot water. For mothball powder, the melting point tests were more accurate than the float tests in differentiating between paradichlorobenzene and non-paradichlorobenzene (naphthalene or camphor). For intact mothballs, float tests performed better than melting point tests. Float tests can

  15. Extra-strong "floating nut"

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Charles, J. F.; Theakston, H.

    1979-01-01

    Increased bearing area withstands much higher torque than previous designs. Floating nut makes it possible to fasten parts on heavy-duty equipment, such as tractors and cranes, even though they can be reached for tightening from one side only.

  16. 33 CFR 144.01-5 - Location and launching of life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Location and launching of life floats. 144.01-5 Section 144.01-5 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... Location and launching of life floats. The life floats shall be distributed in accessible locations and...

  17. 33 CFR 144.01-5 - Location and launching of life floats.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Location and launching of life floats. 144.01-5 Section 144.01-5 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... Location and launching of life floats. The life floats shall be distributed in accessible locations and...

  18. Development and Characterization of Novel Floating-Mucoadhesive Tablets Bearing Venlafaxine Hydrochloride.

    PubMed

    Misra, Raghvendra; Bhardwaj, Peeyush

    2016-01-01

    The present investigation is concerned about the development of floating bioadhesive drug delivery system of venlafaxine hydrochloride which after oral administration exhibits a unique combination of floating and bioadhesion to prolong gastric residence time and increase drug bioavailability within the stomach. The floating bioadhesive tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method using different ratios of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4MCR) and Carbopol 934PNF as polymers. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid were used as gas (CO2) generating agents. Tablets were characterized for floating properties, in vitro drug release, detachment force, and swelling index. The concentration of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and Carbopol 934PNF significantly affects the in vitro drug release, floating properties, detachment force, and swelling properties of the tablets. The optimized formulation showed the floating lag time 72 ± 2.49 seconds and duration of floating 24.50 ± 0.74 hr. The in vitro release studies and floating behavior were studied in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) at pH 1.2. Different drug release kinetics models were also applied. The in vitro drug release from tablets was sufficiently sustained (more than 18 hr) and the Fickian transports of the drug from the tablets were confirmed. The radiological evidence suggests that the tablets remained buoyant and altered position in the stomach of albino rabbit and mean gastric residence time was prolonged (more than > 6 hr).

  19. Formulation, release characteristics, and bioavailability study of gastroretentive floating matrix tablet and floating raft system of Mebeverine HCl

    PubMed Central

    El Nabarawi, Mohamed A; Teaima, Mahmoud H; Abd El-Monem, Rehab A; El Nabarawy, Nagla A; Gaber, Dalia A

    2017-01-01

    To prolong the residence time of dosage forms within the gastrointestinal tract until all drug is released at the desired rate is one of the real challenges for oral controlled-release drug delivery systems. This study was designed to develop a controlled-release floating matrix tablet and floating raft system of Mebeverine HCl (MbH) and evaluate different excipients for their floating behavior and in vitro controlled-release profiles. Oral pharmacokinetics of the optimum matrix tablet, raft system formula, and marketed Duspatalin® 200 mg retard as reference were studied in beagle dogs. The optimized tablet formula (FT-10) and raft system formula (FRS-11) were found to float within 34±5 sec and 15±7 sec, respectively, and both remain buoyant over a period of 12 h in simulated gastric fluid. FT-10 (Compritol/HPMC K100M 1:1) showed the slowest drug release among all prepared tablet formulations, releasing about 80.2% of MbH over 8 h. In contrast, FRS-11 (Sodium alginate 3%/HPMC K100M 1%/Precirol 2%) had the greatest retardation, providing sustained release of 82.1% within 8 h. Compared with the marketed MbH product, the Cmax of FT-10 was almost the same, while FRS-11 maximum concentration was higher. The tmax was 3.33, 2.167, and 3.0 h for marketed MbH product, FT-10, and FRS-11, respectively. In addition, the oral bioavailability experiment showed that the relative bioavailability of the MbH was 104.76 and 116.01% after oral administration of FT-10 and FRS-11, respectively, compared to marketed product. These results demonstrated that both controlled-released floating matrix tablet and raft system would be promising gastroretentive delivery systems for prolonging drug action. PMID:28435220

  20. Formulation, release characteristics, and bioavailability study of gastroretentive floating matrix tablet and floating raft system of Mebeverine HCl.

    PubMed

    El Nabarawi, Mohamed A; Teaima, Mahmoud H; Abd El-Monem, Rehab A; El Nabarawy, Nagla A; Gaber, Dalia A

    2017-01-01

    To prolong the residence time of dosage forms within the gastrointestinal tract until all drug is released at the desired rate is one of the real challenges for oral controlled-release drug delivery systems. This study was designed to develop a controlled-release floating matrix tablet and floating raft system of Mebeverine HCl (MbH) and evaluate different excipients for their floating behavior and in vitro controlled-release profiles. Oral pharmacokinetics of the optimum matrix tablet, raft system formula, and marketed Duspatalin ® 200 mg retard as reference were studied in beagle dogs. The optimized tablet formula (FT-10) and raft system formula (FRS-11) were found to float within 34±5 sec and 15±7 sec, respectively, and both remain buoyant over a period of 12 h in simulated gastric fluid. FT-10 (Compritol/HPMC K100M 1:1) showed the slowest drug release among all prepared tablet formulations, releasing about 80.2% of MbH over 8 h. In contrast, FRS-11 (Sodium alginate 3%/HPMC K100M 1%/Precirol 2%) had the greatest retardation, providing sustained release of 82.1% within 8 h. Compared with the marketed MbH product, the C max of FT-10 was almost the same, while FRS-11 maximum concentration was higher. The t max was 3.33, 2.167, and 3.0 h for marketed MbH product, FT-10, and FRS-11, respectively. In addition, the oral bioavailability experiment showed that the relative bioavailability of the MbH was 104.76 and 116.01% after oral administration of FT-10 and FRS-11, respectively, compared to marketed product. These results demonstrated that both controlled-released floating matrix tablet and raft system would be promising gastroretentive delivery systems for prolonging drug action.

  1. Compensation of the sheath effects in cylindrical floating probes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Ji-Hwan; Chung, Chin-Wook

    2018-05-01

    In cylindrical floating probe measurements, the plasma density and electron temperature are overestimated due to sheath expansion and oscillation. To reduce these sheath effects, a compensation method based on well-developed floating sheath theories is proposed and applied to the floating harmonic method. The iterative calculation of the Allen-Boyd-Reynolds equation can derive the floating sheath thickness, which can be used to calculate the effective ion collection area; in this way, an accurate ion density is obtained. The Child-Langmuir law is used to calculate the ion harmonic currents caused by sheath oscillation of the alternating-voltage-biased probe tip. Accurate plasma parameters can be obtained by subtracting these ion harmonic currents from the total measured harmonic currents. Herein, the measurement principles and compensation method are discussed in detail and an experimental demonstration is presented.

  2. Are floating algal mats a refuge from hypoxia for estuarine invertebrates?

    PubMed Central

    Knysh, Kyle M.; Theriault, Emma F.; Pater, Christina C.; Courtenay, Simon C.; van den Heuvel, Michael R.

    2017-01-01

    Eutrophic aquatic habitats are characterized by the proliferation of vegetation leading to a large standing biomass that upon decomposition may create hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions. This is indeed the case in nutrient impacted estuaries of Prince Edward Island, Canada, where macroalgae, from the genus Ulva, form submerged ephemeral mats. Hydrological forces and gases released from photosynthesis and decomposition lead to these mats occasionally floating to the water’s surface, henceforth termed floating mats. Here, we explore the hypothesis that floating mats are refugia during periods of sustained hypoxia/anoxia and examine how the invertebrate community responds to it. Floating mats were not always present, so in the first year (2013) sampling was attempted monthly and limited to when both floating and submerged mats occurred. In the subsequent year sampling was weekly, but at only one estuary due to logistical constraints from increased sampling frequency, and was not limited to when both mat types occurred. Water temperature, salinity, and pH were monitored bi-weekly with dissolved oxygen concentration measured hourly. The floating and submerged assemblages shared many of the same taxa but were statistically distinct communities; submerged mats tended to have a greater proportion of benthic animals and floating mats had more mobile invertebrates and insects. In 2014, sampling happened to occur in the weeks before the onset of anoxia, during 113 consecutive hours of sustained anoxia, and for four weeks after normoxic conditions returned. The invertebrate community on floating mats appeared to be unaffected by anoxia, indicating that these mats may be refugia during times of oxygen stress. Conversely, there was a dramatic decrease in animal abundances that remained depressed on submerged mats for two weeks. Cluster analysis revealed that the submerged mat communities from before the onset of anoxia and four weeks after anoxia were highly similar to each other

  3. Defining the IEEE-854 floating-point standard in PVS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miner, Paul S.

    1995-01-01

    A significant portion of the ANSI/IEEE-854 Standard for Radix-Independent Floating-Point Arithmetic is defined in PVS (Prototype Verification System). Since IEEE-854 is a generalization of the ANSI/IEEE-754 Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, the definition of IEEE-854 in PVS also formally defines much of IEEE-754. This collection of PVS theories provides a basis for machine checked verification of floating-point systems. This formal definition illustrates that formal specification techniques are sufficiently advanced that is is reasonable to consider their use in the development of future standards.

  4. Impact of associated injuries in the Floating knee: A retrospective study

    PubMed Central

    Rethnam, Ulfin; Yesupalan, Rajam S; Nair, Rajagopalan

    2009-01-01

    Background Floating knee injuries are usually associated with other significant injuries. Do these injuries have implications on the management of the floating knee and the final outcome of patients? Our study aims to assess the implications of associated injuries in the management and final outcome of floating knee. Methods 29 patients with floating knees were assessed in our institution. A retrospective analysis of medical records and radiographs were done and all associated injuries were identified. The impact of associated injuries on delay in initial surgical management, delay in rehabilitation & final outcome of the floating knee were assessed. Results 38 associated injuries were noted. 7 were associated with ipsilateral knee injuries. Lower limb injuries were most commonly associated with the floating knee. Patients with some associated injuries had a delay in surgical management and others a delay in post-operative rehabilitation. Knee ligament and vascular injuries were associated with poor outcome. Conclusion The associated injuries were quite frequent with the floating knee. Some of the associated injuries caused a delay in surgical management and post-operative rehabilitation. In assessment of the final outcome, patients with associated knee and vascular injuries had a poor prognosis. Majority of the patients with associated injuries had a good or excellent outcome. PMID:19144197

  5. 46 CFR 117.137 - Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. 117.137... EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENTS Survival Craft Arrangements and Equipment § 117.137 Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) In addition to meeting § 117.130, each life float and buoyant apparatus must be...

  6. Floating Collection in an Academic Library: An Audacious Experiment That Succeeded

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Coopey, Barbara; Eshbach, Barbara; Notartomas, Trish

    2016-01-01

    Can a floating collection thrive in a large multicampus academic research library? Floating collections have been successful in public libraries for some time, but it is uncommon for academic libraries and unheard of for a large academic library system. This article will discuss the investigation into the feasibility of a floating collection at…

  7. 46 CFR 117.137 - Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. 117.137... EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENTS Survival Craft Arrangements and Equipment § 117.137 Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) In addition to meeting § 117.130, each life float and buoyant apparatus must be...

  8. 46 CFR 117.137 - Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. 117.137... EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENTS Survival Craft Arrangements and Equipment § 117.137 Stowage of life floats and buoyant apparatus. (a) In addition to meeting § 117.130, each life float and buoyant apparatus must be...

  9. Floating-Harbor syndrome associated with middle ear abnormalities.

    PubMed

    Hendrickx, Jan-Jaap; Keymolen, Kathelijn; Desprechins, Brigitte; Casselman, Jan; Gordts, Frans

    2010-01-01

    Floating-Harbor syndrome is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology, which was first described in 1973. A triad of main features characterizes Floating-Harbor syndrome: short stature, characteristic face, and an expressive speech delay. We present a patient in whom the hearing thresholds improved insufficiently after placement of grommets. High-resolution CT scan of the temporal bone showed a prominent soft-tissue thickening suspected of causing fixation of the malleus, and fusion of the malleus head with the body of the incus. To our knowledge this is the first reported abnormal middle ear anatomy in a patient with Floating-Harbor syndrome. A conservative treatment with hearing aids was preferred as an initial treatment in favor of a surgical exploration.

  10. Gated strip proportional detector

    DOEpatents

    Morris, C.L.; Idzorek, G.C.; Atencio, L.G.

    1985-02-19

    A gated strip proportional detector includes a gas tight chamber which encloses a solid ground plane, a wire anode plane, a wire gating plane, and a multiconductor cathode plane. The anode plane amplifies the amount of charge deposited in the chamber by a factor of up to 10/sup 6/. The gating plane allows only charge within a narrow strip to reach the cathode. The cathode plane collects the charge allowed to pass through the gating plane on a set of conductors perpendicular to the open-gated region. By scanning the open-gated region across the chamber and reading out the charge collected on the cathode conductors after a suitable integration time for each location of the gate, a two-dimensional image of the intensity of the ionizing radiation incident on the detector can be made.

  11. Gated strip proportional detector

    DOEpatents

    Morris, Christopher L.; Idzorek, George C.; Atencio, Leroy G.

    1987-01-01

    A gated strip proportional detector includes a gas tight chamber which encloses a solid ground plane, a wire anode plane, a wire gating plane, and a multiconductor cathode plane. The anode plane amplifies the amount of charge deposited in the chamber by a factor of up to 10.sup.6. The gating plane allows only charge within a narrow strip to reach the cathode. The cathode plane collects the charge allowed to pass through the gating plane on a set of conductors perpendicular to the open-gated region. By scanning the open-gated region across the chamber and reading out the charge collected on the cathode conductors after a suitable integration time for each location of the gate, a two-dimensional image of the intensity of the ionizing radiation incident on the detector can be made.

  12. MOSFET Electric-Charge Sensor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Robinson, Paul A., Jr.

    1988-01-01

    Charged-particle probe compact and consumes little power. Proposed modification enables metal oxide/semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) to act as detector of static electric charges or energetic charged particles. Thickened gate insulation acts as control structure. During measurements metal gate allowed to "float" to potential of charge accumulated in insulation. Stack of modified MOSFET'S constitutes detector of energetic charged particles. Each gate "floats" to potential induced by charged-particle beam penetrating its layer.

  13. 40 CFR 426.50 - Applicability; description of the float glass manufacturing subcategory.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... float glass manufacturing subcategory. 426.50 Section 426.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Float Glass Manufacturing Subcategory § 426.50 Applicability; description of the float glass...

  14. 40 CFR 426.50 - Applicability; description of the float glass manufacturing subcategory.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... float glass manufacturing subcategory. 426.50 Section 426.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Float Glass Manufacturing Subcategory § 426.50 Applicability; description of the float glass...

  15. Optical NAND gate

    DOEpatents

    Skogen, Erik J [Albuquerque, NM; Raring, James [Goleta, CA; Tauke-Pedretti, Anna [Albuquerque, NM

    2011-08-09

    An optical NAND gate is formed from two pair of optical waveguide devices on a substrate, with each pair of the optical waveguide devices consisting of an electroabsorption modulator and a photodetector. One pair of the optical waveguide devices is electrically connected in parallel to operate as an optical AND gate; and the other pair of the optical waveguide devices is connected in series to operate as an optical NOT gate (i.e. an optical inverter). The optical NAND gate utilizes two digital optical inputs and a continuous light input to provide a NAND function output. The optical NAND gate can be formed from III-V compound semiconductor layers which are epitaxially deposited on a III-V compound semiconductor substrate, and operates at a wavelength in the range of 0.8-2.0 .mu.m.

  16. High-Rate Capable Floating Strip Micromegas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bortfeldt, Jonathan; Bender, Michael; Biebel, Otmar; Danger, Helge; Flierl, Bernhard; Hertenberger, Ralf; Lösel, Philipp; Moll, Samuel; Parodi, Katia; Rinaldi, Ilaria; Ruschke, Alexander; Zibell, André

    2016-04-01

    We report on the optimization of discharge insensitive floating strip Micromegas (MICRO-MEsh GASeous) detectors, fit for use in high-energy muon spectrometers. The suitability of these detectors for particle tracking is shown in high-background environments and at very high particle fluxes up to 60 MHz/cm2. Measurement and simulation of the microscopic discharge behavior have demonstrated the excellent discharge tolerance. A floating strip Micromegas with an active area of 48 cm × 50 cm with 1920 copper anode strips exhibits in 120 GeV pion beams a spatial resolution of 50 μm at detection efficiencies above 95%. Pulse height, spatial resolution and detection efficiency are homogeneous over the detector. Reconstruction of particle track inclination in a single detector plane is discussed, optimum angular resolutions below 5° are observed. Systematic deviations of this μTPC-method are fully understood. The reconstruction capabilities for minimum ionizing muons are investigated in a 6.4 cm × 6.4 cm floating strip Micromegas under intense background irradiation of the whole active area with 20 MeV protons at a rate of 550 kHz. The spatial resolution for muons is not distorted by space charge effects. A 6.4 cm × 6.4 cm floating strip Micromegas doublet with low material budget is investigated in highly ionizing proton and carbon ion beams at particle rates between 2 MHz and 2 GHz. Stable operation up to the highest rates is observed, spatial resolution, detection efficiencies, the multi-hit and high-rate capability are discussed.

  17. Nanofabrication Technology for Production of Quantum Nano-Electronic Devices Integrating Niobium Electrodes and Optically Transparent Gates

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2018-01-01

    conditions (pending input from University of California San Diego (UCSD)/Nano3). After dose testing, resist development and bake SF6 etching is done...conditions. After the resist development and bake , a 2-second descum oxygen-plasma exposure is performed followed by RF sputtering at 100 watts in argon of

  18. Transparently wrap-gated semiconductor nanowire arrays for studies of gate-controlled photoluminescence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nylund, Gustav; Storm, Kristian; Torstensson, Henrik

    2013-12-04

    We present a technique to measure gate-controlled photoluminescence (PL) on arrays of semiconductor nanowire (NW) capacitors using a transparent film of Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) wrapping around the nanowires as the gate electrode. By tuning the wrap-gate voltage, it is possible to increase the PL peak intensity of an array of undoped InP NWs by more than an order of magnitude. The fine structure of the PL spectrum reveals three subpeaks whose relative peak intensities change with gate voltage. We interpret this as gate-controlled state-filling of luminescing quantum dot segments formed by zincblende stacking faults in the mainly wurtzite NW crystal structure.

  19. Characterization of cement float buoyancy in the stalked barnacle Dosima fascicularis (Crustacea, Cirripedia).

    PubMed

    Zheden, Vanessa; Kovalev, Alexander; Gorb, Stanislav N; Klepal, Waltraud

    2015-02-06

    Dosima fascicularis is the only barnacle which can drift autonomously at the water surface with a foam-like cement float. The cement secreted by the animal contains numerous gas-filled cells of different size. When several individuals share one float, their size and not their number is crucial for the production of both volume and mass of the float. The gas content within the cells of the foam gives positive static buoyancy to the whole float. The volume of the float, the gas volume and the positive static buoyancy are positively correlated. The density of the cement float without gas is greater than that of seawater. This study shows that the secreted cement consists of more than 90% water and the gas volume is on average 18.5%. Our experiments demonstrate that the intact foam-like cement float is sealed to the surrounding water.

  20. Characterization of cement float buoyancy in the stalked barnacle Dosima fascicularis (Crustacea, Cirripedia)

    PubMed Central

    Zheden, Vanessa; Kovalev, Alexander; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Klepal, Waltraud

    2015-01-01

    Dosima fascicularis is the only barnacle which can drift autonomously at the water surface with a foam-like cement float. The cement secreted by the animal contains numerous gas-filled cells of different size. When several individuals share one float, their size and not their number is crucial for the production of both volume and mass of the float. The gas content within the cells of the foam gives positive static buoyancy to the whole float. The volume of the float, the gas volume and the positive static buoyancy are positively correlated. The density of the cement float without gas is greater than that of seawater. This study shows that the secreted cement consists of more than 90% water and the gas volume is on average 18.5%. Our experiments demonstrate that the intact foam-like cement float is sealed to the surrounding water. PMID:25657839

  1. Strongly Emitting Surfaces Unable to Float below Plasma Potential

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Campanell, M. D.; Umansky, M. V.

    2016-02-25

    One important unresolved question in plasma physics concerns the effect of strong electron emission on plasma-surface interactions. Previous papers reported solutions with negative and positive floating potentials relative to the plasma edge. For these two models a very different predictions for particle and energy balance is given. Here we show that the positive potential state is the only possible equilibrium in general. Even if a negative floating potential existed at t=0, the ionization collisions near the surface will force a transition to the positive floating potential state. Moreover, this transition is demonstrated with a new simulation code.

  2. Controlled release floating multiparticulates of metoprolol succinate by hot melt extrusion.

    PubMed

    Malode, Vilas N; Paradkar, Anant; Devarajan, Padma V

    2015-08-01

    We present hot melt extrusion (HME) for the design of floating multiparticulates. Metoprolol succinate was selected as the model drug. Our foremost objective was to optimize the components Eudragit(®) RS PO, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to balance both buoyancy and controlled release. Gas generated by sodium bicarbonate in acidic medium was trapped in the polymer matrix to enable floating. Eudragit(®) RS PO and PEO with sodium bicarbonate resulted in multiparticulates which exhibited rapid flotation within 3 min but inadequate total floating time (TFT) of 3h. Addition of HPMC to the matrix did not affect floating lag time (FLT), moreover TFT increased to more than 12h with controlled release of metoprolol succinate. Floating multiparticulates exhibited t50% of 5.24h and t90% of 10.12h. XRD and DSC analysis revealed crystalline state of drug while FTIR suggested nonexistence of chemical interaction between the drug and the other excipients. The assay, FLT, TFT and the drug release of the multiparticulates were unchanged when stored at 40°C/75%RH for 3 months confirming stability. We present floating multiparticulates by HME which could be extrapolated to a range of other drugs. Our approach hence presents platform technology for floating multiparticulates. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Compound floating pivot micromechanisms

    DOEpatents

    Garcia, Ernest J.

    2001-04-24

    A new class of tilting micromechanical mechanisms have been developed. These new mechanisms use compound floating pivot structures to attain far greater tilt angles than are practical using other micromechanical techniques. The new mechanisms are also capable of bi-directional tilt about multiple axes.

  4. Modified floating-zone growth of organic single crystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kou, S.; Chen, C. P.

    1994-04-01

    For organic materials floating-zone crystal growth is superior to other melt growth processes in two significant respects: (1) the absence of crucible-induced mechanical damage and (2) minimum heating-induced chemical degradation. Due to the rather low surface tension of organic melts, however, floating-zone crystal growth under normal gravity has not been possible so far but microgravity is ideal for such a purpose. With the help of a modified floating-zone technique, organic single crystals of small cross-sections were test grown first under normal gravity. These small crystals were round and rectangular single crystals of benzil and salol, up to about 7 cm long and 6 mm in diameter or 9 mm × 3 mm in cross-section.

  5. Top-gate pentacene-based organic field-effect transistor with amorphous rubrene gate insulator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hiroki, Mizuha; Maeda, Yasutaka; Ohmi, Shun-ichiro

    2018-02-01

    The scaling of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is necessary for high-density integration and for this, OFETs with a top-gate configuration are required. There have been several reports of damageless lithography processes for organic semiconductor or insulator layers. However, it is still difficult to fabricate scaled OFETs with a top-gate configuration. In this study, the lift-off process and the device characteristics of the OFETs with a top-gate configuration utilizing an amorphous (α) rubrene gate insulator were investigated. We have confirmed that α-rubrene shows an insulating property, and its extracted linear mobility was 2.5 × 10-2 cm2/(V·s). The gate length and width were 10 and 60 µm, respectively. From these results, the OFET with a top-gate configuration utilizing an α-rubrene gate insulator is promising for the high-density integration of scaled OFETs.

  6. Terahertz amplification in RTD-gated HEMTs with a grating-gate wave coupling topology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Condori Quispe, Hugo O.; Encomendero-Risco, Jimy J.; Xing, Huili Grace; Sensale-Rodriguez, Berardi

    2016-08-01

    We theoretically analyze the operation of a terahertz amplifier consisting of a resonant-tunneling-diode gated high-electron-mobility transistor (RTD-gated HEMT) in a grating-gate topology. In these devices, the key element enabling substantial power gain is the efficient coupling of terahertz waves into and out of plasmons in the RTD-gated HEMT channel, i.e., the gain medium, via the grating-gate itself, part of the active device, rather than by an external antenna structure as discussed in previous works, therefore potentially enabling terahertz amplification with associated power gains >40 dB.

  7. Formulation and evaluation of floating matrix tablet of stavudine

    PubMed Central

    Prajapati, Pankaj H; Nakum, Vijay V; Patel, Chhagan N

    2012-01-01

    Background/Aim: The purpose of the study was to prolong the gastric residence time of stavudine by designing its floating tablets and to study the influence of different polymers on its release rate. Materials and Methods: The floating mix matrix tablets of stavudine were prepared by melt granulation method. Beeswax was used as hydrophobic meltable material. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium bicarbonate, and ethyl cellulose were used as matrixing agent, gas generating agent, and floating enhancer, respectively. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as hardness, weight variation, friability, floating properties (floating lag time, total floating time), drug content, stability study, and in vitro drug release. The drug- polymer interaction was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis and Fourier transform infared (FT-IR). Results: The floating lag time of all the formulations was within the prescribed limit (<3 min). All the formulations showed good matrix integrity and retarded the release of drug for 12 h except the formulation F5.The concentration of beeswax (X1), HPMC K4M (X2), and ethyl cellulose (X3) were selected as independent variables and drug release values at 1 (Q1), at 6 (Q6) and at 12 h (Q12) as dependent variables. Formulation F7 was selected as an optimum formulation as it showed more similarity in dissolution profile with theoretical profile (similarity factor, f2 = 70.91). The dissolution of batch F7 can be described by zero-order kinetics (R2 =0.9936) with anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion as the release mechanism (n=0.545). There was no difference observed in release profile after temperature sensitivity study at 40°C/75% relative humidity (RH) for 1 month. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that the combined mix matrix system containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer minimized the burst release of drug from the tablet and achieved a drug release by zero

  8. Free-floating dual-arm robots for space assembly

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Agrawal, Sunil Kumar; Chen, M. Y.

    1994-01-01

    Freely moving systems in space conserve linear and angular momentum. As moving systems collide, the velocities get altered due to transfer of momentum. The development of strategies for assembly in a free-floating work environment requires a good understanding of primitives such as self motion of the robot, propulsion of the robot due to onboard thrusters, docking of the robot, retrieval of an object from a collection of objects, and release of an object in an object pool. The analytics of such assemblies involve not only kinematics and rigid body dynamics but also collision and impact dynamics of multibody systems. In an effort to understand such assemblies in zero gravity space environment, we are currently developing at Ohio University a free-floating assembly facility with a dual-arm planar robot equipped with thrusters, a free-floating material table, and a free-floating assembly table. The objective is to pick up workpieces from the material table and combine them into prespecified assemblies. This paper presents analytical models of assembly primitives and strategies for overall assembly. A computer simulation of an assembly is developed using the analytical models. The experiment facility will be used to verify the theoretical predictions.

  9. Measuring the Coefficient of Friction of a Small Floating Liquid Marble

    PubMed Central

    Ooi, Chin Hong; Nguyen, Anh Van; Evans, Geoffrey M.; Dao, Dzung Viet; Nguyen, Nam-Trung

    2016-01-01

    This paper investigates the friction coefficient of a moving liquid marble, a small liquid droplet coated with hydrophobic powder and floating on another liquid surface. A floating marble can easily move across water surface due to the low friction, allowing for the transport of aqueous solutions with minimal energy input. However, the motion of a floating marble has yet to be systematically characterised due to the lack of insight into key parameters such as the coefficient of friction between the floating marble and the carrier liquid. We measured the coefficient of friction of a small floating marble using a novel experimental setup that exploits the non-wetting properties of a liquid marble. A floating liquid marble pair containing a minute amount magnetite particles were immobilised and then released in a controlled manner using permanent magnets. The capillarity-driven motion was analysed to determine the coefficient of friction of the liquid marbles. The “capillary charge” model was used to fit the experimental results. We varied the marble content and carrier liquid to establish a relationship between the friction correction factor and the meniscus angle. PMID:27910916

  10. Formulation and evaluation of non-effervescent floating tablets of losartan potassium.

    PubMed

    Getyala, Anil; Gangadharappa, H V; Prasad, M Sarat Chandra; Reddy, M Praveen Kumar; Kumar, T M Pramod

    2013-10-01

    The aim of the work is to modify the solubility and bioavailability of Losartan potassium, by employing noneffervescent floating drug delivery (tablet dosage forms). Non-effervescent systems are a type of floating drug delivery systems, that have been used to boost the gastric residence and the floatation time in the gastro intestinal tract. The study included formulation of floating tablets using polymers like Chitosan and Karaya gum as matrix forming agents. Accurel(®) MP 1000 was used as floating agent. The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. FTIR, DSC studies conformed that there was no incompatibility between the polymer and the drug. Tablet preformulation parameters were within the Pharmacopoeial limit. Tablet showed zero lag time, contisnuance of buoyancy for >12 h. The tablet showed good in vitro release. Drug release was through swelling and abided by the gellation mechanism. In vivo X-ray studies depicted that tablets continued to float in the GIT for 12 h. Accelerated stability showed that, tablets were stable for over 6 month. Thus the prepared non-effervescent floating tablet of Losartan potassium can be used for the treatment of hypertension for more than 12 h with single dose administration.

  11. Current-Sensitive Path Planning for an Underactuated Free-Floating Ocean Sensorweb

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dahl, Kristen P.; Thompson, David R.; McLaren, David; Chao, Yi; Chien, Steve

    2011-01-01

    This work investigates multi-agent path planning in strong, dynamic currents using thousands of highly under-actuated vehicles. We address the specific task of path planning for a global network of ocean-observing floats. These submersibles are typified by the Argo global network consisting of over 3000 sensor platforms. They can control their buoyancy to float at depth for data collection or rise to the surface for satellite communications. Currently, floats drift at a constant depth regardless of the local currents. However, accurate current forecasts have become available which present the possibility of intentionally controlling floats' motion by dynamically commanding them to linger at different depths. This project explores the use of these current predictions to direct float networks to some desired final formation or position. It presents multiple algorithms for such path optimization and demonstrates their advantage over the standard approach of constant-depth drifting.

  12. 3. VIEW OF MECHANICAL GATE LIFTING MECHANISM (MULE) AND GATE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    3. VIEW OF MECHANICAL GATE LIFTING MECHANISM (MULE) AND GATE RACKS, LOOKING EAST - Nine Mile Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, State Highway 291 along Spokane River, Nine Mile Falls, Spokane County, WA

  13. Paranoia.Ada: A diagnostic program to evaluate Ada floating-point arithmetic

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hjermstad, Chris

    1986-01-01

    Many essential software functions in the mission critical computer resource application domain depend on floating point arithmetic. Numerically intensive functions associated with the Space Station project, such as emphemeris generation or the implementation of Kalman filters, are likely to employ the floating point facilities of Ada. Paranoia.Ada appears to be a valuabe program to insure that Ada environments and their underlying hardware exhibit the precision and correctness required to satisfy mission computational requirements. As a diagnostic tool, Paranoia.Ada reveals many essential characteristics of an Ada floating point implementation. Equipped with such knowledge, programmers need not tremble before the complex task of floating point computation.

  14. 2. VIEW OF MECHANICAL GATE LIFTING MECHANISM (MULE) AND GATE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    2. VIEW OF MECHANICAL GATE LIFTING MECHANISM (MULE) AND GATE LIFTING RACKS, LOOKING WEST - Nine Mile Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, State Highway 291 along Spokane River, Nine Mile Falls, Spokane County, WA

  15. 33 CFR 147.815 - ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES SAFETY ZONES § 147.815 ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone. (a) Description. The ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility, Alaminos...

  16. 33 CFR 147.815 - ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES SAFETY ZONES § 147.815 ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone. (a) Description. The ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility, Alaminos...

  17. 33 CFR 147.815 - ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES SAFETY ZONES § 147.815 ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone. (a) Description. The ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility, Alaminos...

  18. 33 CFR 147.815 - ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES SAFETY ZONES § 147.815 ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone. (a) Description. The ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility, Alaminos...

  19. A modular optically powered floating high voltage generator.

    PubMed

    Antonini, P; Borsato, E; Carugno, G; Pegoraro, M; Zotto, P

    2013-02-01

    The feasibility of fully floating high voltage (HV) generation was demonstrated producing a prototype of a modular HV system. The primary power source is provided by a high efficiency semiconductor power cell illuminated by a laser system ensuring the floating nature of each module. The HV is then generated by dc-dc conversion and a HV multiplier. The possibility of series connection among modules was verified.

  20. EduGATE - basic examples for educative purpose using the GATE simulation platform.

    PubMed

    Pietrzyk, Uwe; Zakhnini, Abdelhamid; Axer, Markus; Sauerzapf, Sophie; Benoit, Didier; Gaens, Michaela

    2013-02-01

    EduGATE is a collection of basic examples to introduce students to the fundamental physical aspects of medical imaging devices. It is based on the GATE platform, which has received a wide acceptance in the field of simulating medical imaging devices including SPECT, PET, CT and also applications in radiation therapy. GATE can be configured by commands, which are, for the sake of simplicity, listed in a collection of one or more macro files to set up phantoms, multiple types of sources, detection device, and acquisition parameters. The aim of the EduGATE is to use all these helpful features of GATE to provide insights into the physics of medical imaging by means of a collection of very basic and simple GATE macros in connection with analysis programs based on ROOT, a framework for data processing. A graphical user interface to define a configuration is also included. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

  1. Terahertz amplification in RTD-gated HEMTs with a grating-gate wave coupling topology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Condori Quispe, Hugo O.; Sensale-Rodriguez, Berardi; Encomendero-Risco, Jimy J.

    2016-08-08

    We theoretically analyze the operation of a terahertz amplifier consisting of a resonant-tunneling-diode gated high-electron-mobility transistor (RTD-gated HEMT) in a grating-gate topology. In these devices, the key element enabling substantial power gain is the efficient coupling of terahertz waves into and out of plasmons in the RTD-gated HEMT channel, i.e., the gain medium, via the grating-gate itself, part of the active device, rather than by an external antenna structure as discussed in previous works, therefore potentially enabling terahertz amplification with associated power gains >40 dB.

  2. Low-power DRAM-compatible Replacement Gate High-k/Metal Gate Stacks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ritzenthaler, R.; Schram, T.; Bury, E.; Spessot, A.; Caillat, C.; Srividya, V.; Sebaai, F.; Mitard, J.; Ragnarsson, L.-Å.; Groeseneken, G.; Horiguchi, N.; Fazan, P.; Thean, A.

    2013-06-01

    In this work, the possibility of integration of High-k/Metal Gate (HKMG), Replacement Metal Gate (RMG) gate stacks for low power DRAM compatible transistors is studied. First, it is shown that RMG gate stacks used for Logic applications need to be seriously reconsidered, because of the additional anneal(s) needed in a DRAM process. New solutions are therefore developed. A PMOS stack HfO2/TiN with TiN deposited in three times combined with Work Function metal oxidations is demonstrated, featuring a very good Work Function of 4.95 eV. On the other hand, the NMOS side is shown to be a thornier problem to solve: a new solution based on the use of oxidized Ta as a diffusion barrier is proposed, and a HfO2/TiN/TaOX/TiAl/TiN/TiN gate stack featuring an aggressive Work Function of 4.35 eV (allowing a Work Function separation of 600 mV between NMOS and PMOS) is demonstrated. This work paves the way toward the integration of gate-last options for DRAM periphery transistors.

  3. Floating Oil-Spill Containment Device

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jones, Jack A.

    2012-01-01

    Previous oil containment booms have an open top that allows natural gas to escape, and have significant oil leakage due to wave action. Also, a subsea pyramid oil trap exists, but cannot move relative to moving oil plumes from deepsea oil leaks. The solution is to have large, moveable oil traps. One version floats on the sea surface and has a flexible tarp cover and a lower weighted skirt to completely entrap the floating oil and natural gas. The device must have at least three sides with boats pulling at each apex, and sonar or other system to track the slowly moving oil plume, so that the boats can properly locate the booms. The oil trap device must also have a means for removal of the oil and the natural gas. A second design version has a flexible pyramid cover that is attached by lines to ballast on the ocean floor. This is similar to fixed, metal pyramid oil capture devices in the Santa Barbara Channel off the coast of California. The ballast lines for the improved design, however, would have winches that can move the pyramid to always be located above the oil and gas plume. A third design is a combination of the first two. It uses a submerged pyramid to trap oil, but has no anchor and uses boats to locate the trap. It has ballast weights located along the bottom of the tarp and/or at the corners of the trap. The improved floating oil-spill containment device has a large floating boom and weighted skirt surrounding the oil and gas entrapment area. The device is triangular (or more than three sides) and has a flexible tarp cover with a raised gas vent area. Boats pull on the apex of the triangles to maintain tension and to allow the device to move to optimum locations to trap oil and gas. The gas is retrieved from a higher buoyant part of the tarp, and oil is retrieved from the floating oil layer contained in the device. These devices can be operated in relatively severe weather, since waves will break over the devices without causing oil leaking. Also, natural

  4. Alginate/cashew gum floating bead as a matrix for larvicide release.

    PubMed

    Paula, Haroldo C B; de Oliveira, Erick F; Abreu, Flávia O M S; de Paula, Regina C M

    2012-08-01

    A polymeric floating system composed of Alginate (ALG) and Cashew gum (CG), loaded with an essential oil (Lippia sidoides-Ls) was prepared by ionotropic gelation, characterized regarding its physical-chemistry properties and evaluated on its potential as a controlled release system. The influence of process parameters on the buoyancy, loading, swelling and in vitro and in vivo release kinetics, was investigated. Results showed that beads produced with carbonate and Ls at high level contents exhibit good floatability (up to 5 days) and loading capacity (15.2-23.8%). In vitro release data showed a Fickian diffusion profile and in vivo experiments showed that ALG-CG floating system presented a superior and prolonged larvicide effect, in comparison with non-floating ones, presenting larvae mortality values of 85% and 33%, respectively, after 48 h. These results indicate that ALG-CG floating beads loaded with Ls presented enhanced oil entrapment efficiency, excellent floating ability, and suitable larvicide release pattern. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. The study to estimate the floating population in Seoul, Korea.

    PubMed

    Lee, Geon Woo; Lee, Yong Jin; Kim, Youngeun; Hong, Seung-Han; Kim, Soohwaun; Kim, Jeong Soo; Lee, Jong Tae; Shin, Dong Chun; Lim, Youngwook

    2017-01-01

    Traffic-related pollutants have been reported to increase the morbidity of respiratory diseases. In order to apply management policies related to motor vehicles, studies of the floating population living in cities are important. The rate of metro rail transit system use by passengers residing in Seoul is about 54% of total public transportation use. Through the rate of metro use, the people-flow ratios in each administrative area were calculated. By applying a people-flow ratio based on the official census count, the floating population in 25 regions was calculated. The reduced level of deaths among the floating population in 14 regions having the roadside monitoring station was calculated as assuming a 20% reduction of mobile emission based on the policy. The hourly floating population size was calculated by applying the hourly population ratio to the regional population size as specified in the official census count. The number of people moving from 5 a.m. to next day 1 a.m. could not be precisely calculated when the population size was applied, but no issue was observed that would trigger a sizable shift in the rate of population change. The three patterns of increase, decrease, and no change of population in work hours were analyzed. When the concentration of particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter was reduced by 20%, the number of excess deaths varied according to the difference of the floating population. The effective establishment of directions to manage the pollutants in cities should be carried out by considering the floating population. Although the number of people using the metro system is only an estimate, this disadvantage was supplemented by calculating inflow and outflow ratio of metro users per time in the total floating population in each region. Especially, 54% of metro usage in public transport causes high reliability in application.

  6. 33 CFR 147.815 - ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility safety zone.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS... Floating OCS Facility safety zone. (a) Description. The ExxonMobil Hoover Floating OCS Facility, Alaminos... (1640.4 feet) from each point on the structure's outer edge is a safety zone. (b) Regulation. No vessel...

  7. The radio-frequency fluctuation effect on the floating harmonic method

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, Jaewon; Kim, Kyung-Hyun; Kim, Dong-Hwan

    2016-08-15

    The radio-frequency (RF) plasma diagnostics with an electrical probe facing a challenge, because the RF fluctuation oscillates the plasma potential and distorts the current-voltage (I-V) curve. As Langmuir probe is widely used in plasma diagnostics, many researchers have been studying the effect of RF fluctuation on probe and compensation methods. On the other hand, there have not been enough studies on the fluctuation effect on the floating harmonic method. Therefore, we investigated the impact of RF fluctuation on the floating harmonic method theoretically and experimentally. When the electrons are in ideal Maxwellian distribution, the floating potential is negatively shifted bymore » the RF fluctuation, but the fluctuation does not distort I-V curve around the floating potential. However, in practical plasmas, the I-V curve and their harmonic components are distorted. This RF fluctuation effect becomes more significant in a low density plasma with a high impedance sheath. The second harmonic current decreases with the RF fluctuation while the first harmonic current is merely affected. Therefore, the electron temperatures measured with the floating harmonic method under low density plasma with uncompensated probe are overestimated than the results obtained with the compensated probe.« less

  8. [Treatment of Persistent Somatoform Pain Disorder by Floating Needle Therapy and Duloxetine].

    PubMed

    Ren, Wan-wen; Zhou, Zhi-ying; Xu, Mi-mi; Long, Sen; Tang, Guang-zheng; Mao, Hong-jing; Chen, Shu-lin

    2016-02-01

    To evaluate clinical effect and safety of floating needle therapy and duloxetine in treating patients with persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD). Totally 108 PSPD patients were randomly assigned to the floating needle treatment group, the duloxetine treatment group, and the placebo treatment group, 36 in each group. Patients in the floating needle treatment group received floating needle therapy and placebo. Those in the duloxetine treatment group received duloxetine and simulated floating needle therapy. Those in the placebo treatment group received the placebo and simulated floating needle therapy. All treatment lasted for six weeks. Efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated using Simple McGill pain scale (SF-MPQ) and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) before treatment and immediately after treatment, as well as at the end of 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th week of treatment, respectively. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD, 17 items), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) were assessed before treatment and at the end of 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th week of treatment, respectively. Patients in the floating needle treatment group and the duloxetine treatment group with the total reducing score rate of SF-MPQ in Pain Rating index (PRI) ≥ 50% after 6 weeks' treatment were involved in the follow-up study. (1) Compared with the same group before treatment, SF-MPQ score, HAMD score and HAMA total scores all decreased in all the three groups at the end of 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th week of treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Besides , each item of SF-MPQ significantly decreased immediately after treatment in the floating needle treatment group (P < 0.01). Compared with the placebo treatment group, SF-MPQ, HAMD, and HAMA total score in the floating needle treatment group significantly decreased after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). SF-MPQ score, HAMD score and HAMA total score in the duloxetine treatment group also significantly decreased after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of

  9. 14 CFR 136.11 - Helicopter floats for over water.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Helicopter floats for over water. 136.11... TOURS AND NATIONAL PARKS AIR TOUR MANAGEMENT National Air Tour Safety Standards § 136.11 Helicopter floats for over water. (a) A helicopter used in commercial air tours over water beyond the shoreline must...

  10. 14 CFR 136.11 - Helicopter floats for over water.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Helicopter floats for over water. 136.11... TOURS AND NATIONAL PARKS AIR TOUR MANAGEMENT National Air Tour Safety Standards § 136.11 Helicopter floats for over water. (a) A helicopter used in commercial air tours over water beyond the shoreline must...

  11. 14 CFR 136.11 - Helicopter floats for over water.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Helicopter floats for over water. 136.11... TOURS AND NATIONAL PARKS AIR TOUR MANAGEMENT National Air Tour Safety Standards § 136.11 Helicopter floats for over water. (a) A helicopter used in commercial air tours over water beyond the shoreline must...

  12. 14 CFR 136.11 - Helicopter floats for over water.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Helicopter floats for over water. 136.11... TOURS AND NATIONAL PARKS AIR TOUR MANAGEMENT National Air Tour Safety Standards § 136.11 Helicopter floats for over water. (a) A helicopter used in commercial air tours over water beyond the shoreline must...

  13. The response of pile-guided floats subjected to dynamic loading.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-08-01

    Pile-Guided floats can be a desirable alternative to stationary berthing structures. Both floats and guide piles are subjected to dynamic : forces such as wind generated waves and impacts from vessels. This project developed a rational basis for esti...

  14. Impact of floating population on the epidemic of tuberculosis: a spatial analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jia, Zhongwei; He, Xiaoxin; Zhao, Wenjuan; An, Yansheng; Cao, Wuchun; Li, Xiaowen

    2007-06-01

    According to the report issued by the Health Bureau of Beijing that the number of newly registered active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in floating population exceeded half of that in registered permanent residence in 2006. More attention has been paid to the tuberculosis of floating population. Materials and methods: The population data included in the studied was reported by the Beijing Police Bureau in 2004, and the case source from 2004 to 2006 was provided by Beijing Research Institute for TB Control. Two GIS-based methods have been used to detect the hot spots of tuberculosis in 18 districts of Beijing. Results: The distributions of hot spots of tuberculosis in Beijing are significantly associated with that of floating people. Most likely cluster from all population matches with those from floating population, which is stable from 2004 to 2006. Conclusion: The spatial analytical results indicated that the floating population has a drastic influence on the epidemic of tuberculosis in Beijing. The tuberculosis control measures should incorporate the effect of floating population.

  15. Design, development and evaluation of clopidogrel bisulfate floating tablets.

    PubMed

    Rao, K Rama Koteswara; Lakshmi, K Rajya

    2014-01-01

    The objective of the present work was to formulate and to characterize a floating drug delivery system for clopidogrel bisulphate to improve bioavailability and to minimize the side effects of the drug such as gastric bleeding and drug resistance development. Clopidogrel floating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique by the use of three polymers xanthan gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K15M and HPMC K4M in different concentrations (20%, 25% and 30% w/w). Sodium bicarbonate (15% w/w) and microcrystalline cellulose (30% w/w) were used as gas generating agent and diluent respectively. Studies were carried out on floating behavior and influence of type of polymer on drug release rate. All the formulations were subjected to various quality control and in-vitro dissolution studies in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (1.2 pH) and corresponding dissolution data were fitted to popular release kinetic equations in order to evaluate release mechanisms and kinetics. All the clopidogrel floating formulations followed first order kinetics, Higuchi drug release kinetics with diffusion as the dominant mechanism of drug release. As per Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, the release exponent "n" ranged 0.452-0.654 indicating that drug release from all the formulations was by non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The drug release rate of clopidogrel was found to be affected by the type and concentration of the polymer used in the formulation (P < 0.05). As the concentration of the polymer was increased, the drug release was found to be retarded. Based on the results, clopidogrel floating tablets prepared by employing xanthan gum at concentration 25% w/w (formulation F2) was the best formulation with desired in-vitro floating time and drug dissolution.

  16. Ion transport by gating voltage to nanopores produced via metal-assisted chemical etching method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Van Toan, Nguyen; Inomata, Naoki; Toda, Masaya; Ono, Takahito

    2018-05-01

    In this work, we report a simple and low-cost way to create nanopores that can be employed for various applications in nanofluidics. Nano sized Ag particles in the range from 1 to 20 nm are formed on a silicon substrate with a de-wetting method. Then the silicon nanopores with an approximate 15 nm average diameter and 200 μm height are successfully produced by the metal-assisted chemical etching method. In addition, electrically driven ion transport in the nanopores is demonstrated for nanofluidic applications. Ion transport through the nanopores is observed and could be controlled by an application of a gating voltage to the nanopores.

  17. Ion transport by gating voltage to nanopores produced via metal-assisted chemical etching method.

    PubMed

    Van Toan, Nguyen; Inomata, Naoki; Toda, Masaya; Ono, Takahito

    2018-05-11

    In this work, we report a simple and low-cost way to create nanopores that can be employed for various applications in nanofluidics. Nano sized Ag particles in the range from 1 to 20 nm are formed on a silicon substrate with a de-wetting method. Then the silicon nanopores with an approximate 15 nm average diameter and 200 μm height are successfully produced by the metal-assisted chemical etching method. In addition, electrically driven ion transport in the nanopores is demonstrated for nanofluidic applications. Ion transport through the nanopores is observed and could be controlled by an application of a gating voltage to the nanopores.

  18. Floating Ocean Platform

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-08-15

    floating structures create novel habitats for subtidal epibiota?, MARINE ECOLOGY -PROGRESS SERIES, 43-52 Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 2002 Vegueria, SFJ Godoy... ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 350-366 Ecol. Appl., 2000 Niedzwecki, JM van de Lindt, JW Gage, JH Teigen, PS, Design estimates of surface wave interaction with...The ecological effects beyond the offshore platform, Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, v 2, n pt2, 1989, p

  19. [Surgical treatment strategy of the floating shoulder injury].

    PubMed

    Song, Zhe; Xue, Han-Zhong; Li, Zhong; Zhuang, Yan; Wang, Qian; Ma, Teng; Zhang, Kun

    2013-10-18

    To discuss the clinical characteristics and the surgical treatment strategy of the floating shoulder injury. 26 cases with the floating shoulder injury between January 2006 and January 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. There were 15 males and 11 females with an average age of 35.2 (22-60) years. According to Wong's classification of floating shoulder injury: type IA, 3 cases; type IB, 9 cases; type II, 4 cases; type IIIA, 6 cases; type IIIB, 4 cases. All the 26 cases had accepted the surgical treatment. We observed the postoperative fracture reduction, damage repair, fracture healing and internal fixation through the X-ray films. We also evaluated the shoulder function regularly according to the Constant scores and Herscovici evaluation criteria. The 26 cases were followed up for an average of 16.8 (12-24) months.All the fractures healed for a mean time of 2.4 months, the mean Constant score was 89.4 (60-100). The effect of Herscovici evaluation criteria: excellent, 15 cases; good, 8 cases;fair, 3 cases;the excellent rate 88.5%. Open reduction and internal fixation is an effective method for the treatment of floating shoulder injury, but we should select the reset sequence and fixation methods according to the type of fracture and degree of displacement.

  20. Floating cultivation of marine cyanobacteria using coal fly ash.

    PubMed

    Matsumoto, M; Yoshida, E; Takeyama, H; Matsunaga, T

    2000-01-01

    The aim of this study was to develop improved methodologies for bulk culturing of biotechnologically useful marine cyanobacteria in the open ocean. We have investigated the viability of using coal fly ash (CFA) blocks as the support medium in a novel floating culture system for marine micro-algae. The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. NKBG 040607 was found to adhere to floating CFA blocks in liquid culture medium. Maximum density of attached cells of 2.0 x 10(8) cells/cm2 was achieved using seawater. The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. NKBG 042902 weakly adhered to floating CFA blocks in BG-11 medium. Increasing the concentration of calcium ion in the culture medium enhanced adherence to CFA blocks.

  1. SiN-SiC nanofilm: A nano-functional ceramic with bipolar magnetic semiconducting character

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang, Jiahui; Li, Xingxing; Yang, Jinlong, E-mail: jlyang@ustc.edu.cn

    2014-04-28

    Nowadays, functional ceramics have been largely explored for application in various fields. However, magnetic functional ceramics for spintronics remain little studied. Here, we propose a nano-functional ceramic of sphalerite SiN-SiC nanofilm with intrinsic ferromagnetic order. Based on first principles calculations, the SiN-SiC nanofilm is found to be a ferromagnetic semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 1.71 eV. By mean field theory, the Curie temperature is estimated to be 304 K, close to room temperature. Furthermore, the valence band and conduction band states of the nanofilm exhibit inverse spin-polarization around the Fermi level. Thus, the SiN-SiC nanofilm is a typical bipolar magneticmore » semiconductor in which completely spin-polarized currents with reversible spin polarization can be created and controlled by applying a gate voltage. Such a nano-functional ceramic provides a possible route for electrical manipulation of carrier's spin orientation.« less

  2. In silico and in vitro methods to optimize the performance of experimental gastroretentive floating mini-tablets.

    PubMed

    Eberle, Veronika A; Häring, Armella; Schoelkopf, Joachim; Gane, Patrick A C; Huwyler, Jörg; Puchkov, Maxim

    2016-01-01

    Development of floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) is challenging. To facilitate this task, an evaluation method was proposed, which allows for a combined investigation of drug release and flotation. It was the aim of the study to use functionalized calcium carbonate (FCC)-based lipophilic mini-tablet formulations as a model system to design FDDS with a floating behavior characterized by no floating lag time, prolonged flotation and loss of floating capability after complete drug release. Release of the model drug caffeine from the mini-tablets was assessed in vitro by a custom-built stomach model. A cellular automata-based model was used to simulate tablet dissolution. Based on the in silico data, floating forces were calculated and analyzed as a function of caffeine release. Two floating behaviors were identified for mini-tablets: linear decrease of the floating force and maintaining of the floating capability until complete caffeine release. An optimal mini-tablet formulation with desired drug release time and floating behavior was developed and tested. A classification system for a range of varied floating behavior of FDDS was proposed. The FCC-based mini-tablets had an ideal floating behavior: duration of flotation is defined and floating capability decreases after completion of drug release.

  3. Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi river delta plain wetlands, USA

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Sasser, C.E.; Gosselink, J.G.; Swenson, E.M.; Swarzenski, C.M.; Leibowitz, N.C.

    1996-01-01

    In the 1940s extensive floating marshes (locally called 'flotant') were reported and mapped in coastal wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta Plain. These floating marshes included large areas of Panicum hemitomon-dominated freshwater marshes, and Spartina patens/Scirpus olneyi brackish marshes. Today these marshes appear to be quite different in extent and type. We describe five floating habitats and one non-floating, quaking habitat based on differences in buoyancy dynamics (timing and degree of floating), substrate characteristics, and dominant vegetation. All floating marshes have low bulk density, organic substrates. Nearly all are fresh marshes. Panicum hemitomon floating marshes presently occur within the general regions that were reported in the 1940's by O'Neil, but are reduced in extent. Some of the former Panicum hemitomon marshes have been replaced by seasonally or variably floating marshes dominated, or co-dominated by Sagittaria lancifolia or Eleocharis baldwinii. ?? 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  4. Quantifying Thin Mat Floating Marsh Strength and Interaction with Hydrodynamic Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Collins, J. H., III; Sasser, C.; Willson, C. S.

    2016-12-01

    Louisiana possesses over 350,000 acres of unique floating vegetated systems known as floating marshes or flotants. Floating marshes make up 70% of the Terrebonne and Barataria basin wetlands and exist in several forms, mainly thick mat or thin mat. Salt-water intrusion, nutria grazing, and high-energy wave events are believed to be some contributing factors to the degradation of floating marshes; however, there has been little investigation into the hydrodynamic effects on their structural integrity. Due to their unique nature, floating marshes could be susceptible to changes in the hydrodynamic environment that may result from proposed river freshwater and sediment diversion projects introducing flow to areas that are typically somewhat isolated. This study aims to improve the understanding of how thin mat floating marshes respond to increased hydrodynamic stresses and, more specifically, how higher water velocities might increase the washout probability of this vegetation type. There are two major components of this research: 1) A thorough measurement of the material properties of the vegetative mats as a root-soil matrix composite material; and 2) An accurate numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and forces imposed on the floating marsh mats by the flow. To achieve these goals, laboratory and field experiments were conducted using a customized device to measure the bulk properties of typical floating marshes. Additionally, Delft-3D FLOW and ANSYS FLUENT were used to simulate the flow around a series of simplified mat structures in order to estimate the hydrodynamic forcings on the mats. The hydrodynamic forcings are coupled with a material analysis, allowing for a thorough analysis of their interaction under various conditions. The 2-way Fluid Structure Interaction (F.S.I.) between the flow and the mat is achieved by coupling a Finite Element Analysis (F.E.A.) solver in ANSYS with FLUENT. The flow conditions necessary for the structural failure of the

  5. Resident perceptions of the educational value of night float rotations.

    PubMed

    Luks, Andrew M; Smith, C Scott; Robins, Lynne; Wipf, Joyce E

    2010-07-01

    Night float rotations are being increasingly used in the era of resident physician work-hour regulations, but their impact on resident education is not clear. Our objective was to clarify resident perceptions of the educational aspects of night float rotations. An anonymous survey of internal medicine residents at a university-based residency program was completed. Responses were received from 116 of 163 surveyed residents (71%). Residents attended less residents' report (0.10 +/- .43 vs. 2.70 + 0.93 sessions/week, p< .001) and fewer grand rounds sessions (0.14 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.28 sessions/week, p< .001) and spent less time reading, (2.63 +/- 2.0 vs. 3.33 +/- 1.6 hr/week, p< .001) interacting with attending physicians (0.57 +/- 1.1 vs. 2.97 +/- 1.5 hr/week, p< .001) and sleeping at home (6.3 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.10 +/- 0.9 hr/day, p< .001) on night float rotations than on non-night float rotations. Residents had strongly negative opinions about the educational value of night float, sleep cycle adjustment issues, and impact on their personal lives, which correlated with resident evaluations from the regular program evaluation process. In free responses, residents commented that they liked the autonomy and opportunity to improve triage skills on these rotations and confirmed their negative opinions about the sleep-wake cycle and interference with personal lives. Internal medicine residents at a university-based program have negative opinions regarding the educational value of night float rotations. Further work is necessary to determine whether problems exist across programs and specialties.

  6. The Unified Floating Point Vector Coprocessor for Reconfigurable Hardware

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kathiara, Jainik

    There has been an increased interest recently in using embedded cores on FPGAs. Many of the applications that make use of these cores have floating point operations. Due to the complexity and expense of floating point hardware, these algorithms are usually converted to fixed point operations or implemented using floating-point emulation in software. As the technology advances, more and more homogeneous computational resources and fixed function embedded blocks are added to FPGAs and hence implementation of floating point hardware becomes a feasible option. In this research we have implemented a high performance, autonomous floating point vector Coprocessor (FPVC) that works independently within an embedded processor system. We have presented a unified approach to vector and scalar computation, using a single register file for both scalar operands and vector elements. The Hybrid vector/SIMD computational model of FPVC results in greater overall performance for most applications along with improved peak performance compared to other approaches. By parameterizing vector length and the number of vector lanes, we can design an application specific FPVC and take optimal advantage of the FPGA fabric. For this research we have also initiated designing a software library for various computational kernels, each of which adapts FPVC's configuration and provide maximal performance. The kernels implemented are from the area of linear algebra and include matrix multiplication and QR and Cholesky decomposition. We have demonstrated the operation of FPVC on a Xilinx Virtex 5 using the embedded PowerPC.

  7. Deletion of cytosolic gating ring decreases gate and voltage sensor coupling in BK channels.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Guohui; Geng, Yanyan; Jin, Yakang; Shi, Jingyi; McFarland, Kelli; Magleby, Karl L; Salkoff, Lawrence; Cui, Jianmin

    2017-03-06

    Large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (BK channels) gate open in response to both membrane voltage and intracellular Ca 2+ The channel is formed by a central pore-gate domain (PGD), which spans the membrane, plus transmembrane voltage sensors and a cytoplasmic gating ring that acts as a Ca 2+ sensor. How these voltage and Ca 2+ sensors influence the common activation gate, and interact with each other, is unclear. A previous study showed that a BK channel core lacking the entire cytoplasmic gating ring (Core-MT) was devoid of Ca 2+ activation but retained voltage sensitivity (Budelli et al. 2013. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313433110). In this study, we measure voltage sensor activation and pore opening in this Core-MT channel over a wide range of voltages. We record gating currents and find that voltage sensor activation in this truncated channel is similar to WT but that the coupling between voltage sensor activation and gating of the pore is reduced. These results suggest that the gating ring, in addition to being the Ca 2+ sensor, enhances the effective coupling between voltage sensors and the PGD. We also find that removal of the gating ring alters modulation of the channels by the BK channel's β1 and β2 subunits. © 2017 Zhang et al.

  8. Deletion of cytosolic gating ring decreases gate and voltage sensor coupling in BK channels

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Guohui; Shi, Jingyi; McFarland, Kelli; Magleby, Karl L.; Salkoff, Lawrence

    2017-01-01

    Large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK channels) gate open in response to both membrane voltage and intracellular Ca2+. The channel is formed by a central pore-gate domain (PGD), which spans the membrane, plus transmembrane voltage sensors and a cytoplasmic gating ring that acts as a Ca2+ sensor. How these voltage and Ca2+ sensors influence the common activation gate, and interact with each other, is unclear. A previous study showed that a BK channel core lacking the entire cytoplasmic gating ring (Core-MT) was devoid of Ca2+ activation but retained voltage sensitivity (Budelli et al. 2013. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313433110). In this study, we measure voltage sensor activation and pore opening in this Core-MT channel over a wide range of voltages. We record gating currents and find that voltage sensor activation in this truncated channel is similar to WT but that the coupling between voltage sensor activation and gating of the pore is reduced. These results suggest that the gating ring, in addition to being the Ca2+ sensor, enhances the effective coupling between voltage sensors and the PGD. We also find that removal of the gating ring alters modulation of the channels by the BK channel’s β1 and β2 subunits. PMID:28196879

  9. 22. Float located adjacent to entry stair in filtration bed. ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    22. Float located adjacent to entry stair in filtration bed. The float actuates a valve that maintains water level over the bed. - Lake Whitney Water Filtration Plant, Filtration Plant, South side of Armory Street between Edgehill Road & Whitney Avenue, Hamden, New Haven County, CT

  10. Maiden Voyage of the Under-Ice Float

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shcherbina, A.; D'Asaro, E. A.; Light, B.; Deming, J. W.; Rehm, E.

    2016-02-01

    The Under-Ice Float (UIF) is a new autonomous platform for sea ice and upper ocean observations in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). UIF is based on the Mixed Layer Lagrangian Float design, inheriting its accurate buoyancy control and relatively heavy payload capability. A major challenge for sustained autonomous observations in the MIZ is detection of open water for navigation and telemetry surfacings. UIF employs the new surface classification algorithm based on the spectral analysis of surface roughness sensed by an upward-looking sonar. A prototype UIF was deployed in the MIZ of the central Arctic Ocean in late August 2015. The main payload of the first UIF was a bio-optical suit consisting of upward- and downward hyperspectral radiometers; temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen sensors, and a high-definition photo camera. In the early stages of its mission, the float successfully avoided ice, detected leads, surfaced in open water, and transmitted data and photographs. We will present the analysis of these observations from the full UIF mission extending into the freeze-up season.

  11. Advanced insulated gate bipolar transistor gate drive

    DOEpatents

    Short, James Evans [Monongahela, PA; West, Shawn Michael [West Mifflin, PA; Fabean, Robert J [Donora, PA

    2009-08-04

    A gate drive for an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) includes a control and protection module coupled to a collector terminal of the IGBT, an optical communications module coupled to the control and protection module, a power supply module coupled to the control and protection module and an output power stage module with inputs coupled to the power supply module and the control and protection module, and outputs coupled to a gate terminal and an emitter terminal of the IGBT. The optical communications module is configured to send control signals to the control and protection module. The power supply module is configured to distribute inputted power to the control and protection module. The control and protection module outputs on/off, soft turn-off and/or soft turn-on signals to the output power stage module, which, in turn, supplies a current based on the signal(s) from the control and protection module for charging or discharging an input capacitance of the IGBT.

  12. Improved scatterer property estimates from ultrasound backscatter for small gate lengths using a gate-edge correction factor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oelze, Michael L.; O'Brien, William D.

    2004-11-01

    Backscattered rf signals used to construct conventional ultrasound B-mode images contain frequency-dependent information that can be examined through the backscattered power spectrum. The backscattered power spectrum is found by taking the magnitude squared of the Fourier transform of a gated time segment corresponding to a region in the scattering volume. When a time segment is gated, the edges of the gated regions change the frequency content of the backscattered power spectrum due to truncating of the waveform. Tapered windows, like the Hanning window, and longer gate lengths reduce the relative contribution of the gate-edge effects. A new gate-edge correction factor was developed that partially accounted for the edge effects. The gate-edge correction factor gave more accurate estimates of scatterer properties at small gate lengths compared to conventional windowing functions. The gate-edge correction factor gave estimates of scatterer properties within 5% of actual values at very small gate lengths (less than 5 spatial pulse lengths) in both simulations and from measurements on glass-bead phantoms. While the gate-edge correction factor gave higher accuracy of estimates at smaller gate lengths, the precision of estimates was not improved at small gate lengths over conventional windowing functions. .

  13. Environmental risk assessment of engineered nano-SiO2 , nano iron oxides, nano-CeO2 , nano-Al2 O3 , and quantum dots.

    PubMed

    Wang, Yan; Nowack, Bernd

    2018-05-01

    Many research studies have endeavored to investigate the ecotoxicological hazards of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, little is known regarding the actual environmental risks of ENMs, combining both hazard and exposure data. The aim of the present study was to quantify the environmental risks for nano-Al 2 O 3 , nano-SiO 2 , nano iron oxides, nano-CeO 2 , and quantum dots by comparing the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) with the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs). The PEC values of these 5 ENMs in freshwaters in 2020 for northern Europe and southeastern Europe were taken from a published dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis model. The PNEC values were calculated using probabilistic species sensitivity distribution (SSD). The order of the PNEC values was quantum dots < nano-CeO 2  < nano iron oxides < nano-Al 2 O 3  < nano-SiO 2 . The risks posed by these 5 ENMs were demonstrated to be in the reverse order: nano-Al 2 O 3  > nano-SiO 2  > nano iron oxides > nano-CeO 2  > quantum dots. However, all risk characterization values are 4 to 8 orders of magnitude lower than 1, and no risk was therefore predicted for any of the investigated ENMs at the estimated release level in 2020. Compared to static models, the dynamic material flow model allowed us to use PEC values based on a more complex parameterization, considering a dynamic input over time and time-dependent release of ENMs. The probabilistic SSD approach makes it possible to include all available data to estimate hazards of ENMs by considering the whole range of variability between studies and material types. The risk-assessment approach is therefore able to handle the uncertainty and variability associated with the collected data. The results of the present study provide a scientific foundation for risk-based regulatory decisions of the investigated ENMs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1387-1395. © 2018 SETAC. © 2018 SETAC.

  14. Performance of a multistep fluorescence-gated proportional counter for hard X-ray astronomy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dietz, K. L.; Ramsey, B. D.; Weisskopf, M. C.

    1992-01-01

    Results from the first flight of our proportional counter in an imaging telescope led us to rebuild the detector. We have used a Penning gas mixture (xenon + 1 percent isobutylene) and introduced a preamplification region to improve the energy resolution. We have rebuilt the pressure vessel making novel use of molybdenum as the housing material in order to reduce the residual instrument background, particularly in the fluorescence-gated mode for which the detector design has been optimized. We have also increased the sensitive gas depth from 9 to 14 cm to further increase the sensitivity to both fluorescent pairs and conventional singles. Our calibrations have shown that the overall energy resolution of the detector has been enhanced by a factor of 2, and we predict that the sensitivity at float will increase by a factor of 3 in the 50-70 keV energy band.

  15. Nano-Electrochemistry and Nano-Electrografting with an Original Combined AFM-SECM

    PubMed Central

    Ghorbal, Achraf; Grisotto, Federico; Charlier, Julienne; Palacin, Serge; Goyer, Cédric; Demaille, Christophe; Ben Brahim, Ammar

    2013-01-01

    This study demonstrates the advantages of the combination between atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The combined technique can perform nano-electrochemical measurements onto agarose surface and nano-electrografting of non-conducting polymers onto conducting surfaces. This work was achieved by manufacturing an original Atomic Force Microscopy-Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) electrode. The capabilities of the AFM-SECM-electrode were tested with the nano-electrografting of vinylic monomers initiated by aryl diazonium salts. Nano-electrochemical and technical processes were thoroughly described, so as to allow experiments reproducing. A plausible explanation of chemical and electrochemical mechanisms, leading to the nano-grafting process, was reported. This combined technique represents the first step towards improved nano-processes for the nano-electrografting. PMID:28348337

  16. Impact of gate geometry on ionic liquid gated ionotronic systems

    DOE PAGES

    Wong, Anthony T.; Noh, Joo Hyon; Pudasaini, Pushpa Raj; ...

    2017-01-23

    Ionic liquid electrolytes are gaining widespread application as a gate dielectric used to control ion transport in functional materials. This letter systematically examines the important influence that device geometry in standard “side gate” 3-terminal geometries plays in device performance of a well-known oxygen ion conductor. We show that the most influential component of device design is the ratio between the area of the gate electrode and the active channel, while the spacing between these components and their individual shapes has a negligible contribution. Finally, these findings provide much needed guidance in device design intended for ionotronic gating with ionic liquids.

  17. Electrospray neutralization process and apparatus for generation of nano-aerosol and nano-structured materials

    DOEpatents

    Bailey, Charles L.; Morozov, Victor; Vsevolodov, Nikolai N.

    2010-08-17

    The claimed invention describes methods and apparatuses for manufacturing nano-aerosols and nano-structured materials based on the neutralization of charged electrosprayed products with oppositely charged electrosprayed products. Electrosprayed products include molecular ions, nano-clusters and nano-fibers. Nano-aerosols can be generated when neutralization occurs in the gas phase. Neutralization of electrospan nano-fibers with molecular ions and charged nano-clusters may result in the formation of fibrous aerosols or free nano-mats. Nano-mats can also be produced on a suitable substrate, forming efficient nano-filters.

  18. The impact of the night float system on internal medicine residency programs.

    PubMed

    Trontell, M C; Carson, J L; Taragin, M I; Duff, A

    1991-01-01

    To study the design, method of implementation, perceived benefits, and problems associated with a night float system. Self-administered questionnaire completed by program directors, which included both structured and open-ended questions. The answers reflect resident and student opinions as well as those of the program directors, since program directors regularly obtain feedback from these groups. The 442 accredited internal medicine residency programs listed in the 1988-89 Directory of Graduate Medical Education Programs. Of the 442 programs, 79% responded, and 30% had experience with a night float system. The most frequent methods for initiating a night float system included: decreasing elective time (42.3%), hiring more residents (26.9%), creating a non-teaching service (12.5%), and reallocating housestaff time (9.6%). Positive effects cited include decreased fatigue, improved housestaff morale, improved recruiting, and better attitude toward internal medicine training. The quality of medical care was considered the same or better by most programs using it. The most commonly cited problems were decreased continuity of care, inadequate teaching of the night float team, and miscommunication. Residency programs using a night float system usually observe a positive effect on housestaff morale, recruitment, and working hours and no detrimental effect on the quality of patient care. Miscommunication and inadequate learning experience for the night float team are important potential problems. This survey suggests that the night float represents one solution to reducing resident working hours.

  19. Castaways can't be choosers - Homogenization of rafting assemblages on floating seaweeds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gutow, Lars; Beermann, Jan; Buschbaum, Christian; Rivadeneira, Marcelo M.; Thiel, Martin

    2015-01-01

    After detachment from benthic habitats, the epibiont assemblages on floating seaweeds undergo substantial changes, but little is known regarding whether succession varies among different seaweed species. Given that floating algae may represent a limiting habitat in many regions, rafting organisms may be unselective and colonize any available seaweed patch at the sea surface. This process may homogenize rafting assemblages on different seaweed species, which our study examined by comparing the assemblages on benthic and floating individuals of the fucoid seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus and Sargassum muticum in the northern Wadden Sea (North Sea). Species richness was about twice as high on S. muticum as on F. vesiculosus, both on benthic and floating individuals. In both seaweed species benthic samples were more diverse than floating samples. However, the species composition differed significantly only between benthic thalli, but not between floating thalli of the two seaweed species. Separate analyses of sessile and mobile epibionts showed that the homogenization of rafting assemblages was mainly caused by mobile species. Among these, grazing isopods from the genus Idotea reached extraordinarily high densities on the floating samples from the northern Wadden Sea, suggesting that the availability of seaweed rafts was indeed limiting. Enhanced break-up of algal rafts associated with intense feeding by abundant herbivores might force rafters to recolonize benthic habitats. These colonization processes may enhance successful dispersal of rafting organisms and thereby contribute to population connectivity between sink populations in the Wadden Sea and source populations from up-current regions.

  20. 14 CFR 25.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main float landing conditions. 25... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure Water Loads § 25.529 Hull and main.... (b) Unsymmetrical landing for hull and single float seaplanes. Unsymmetrical step, bow, and stern...

  1. The four-gate transistor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mojarradi, M. M.; Cristoveanu, S.; Allibert, F.; France, G.; Blalock, B.; Durfrene, B.

    2002-01-01

    The four-gate transistor or G4-FET combines MOSFET and JFET principles in a single SOI device. Experimental results reveal that each gate can modulate the drain current. Numerical simulations are presented to clarify the mechanisms of operation. The new device shows enhanced functionality, due to the combinatorial action of the four gates, and opens rather revolutionary applications.

  2. FG Width Scalability of the 3-D Vertical FG NAND Using the Sidewall Control Gate (SCG)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seo, Moon-Sik; Endoh, Tetsuo

    Recently, the 3-D vertical Floating Gate (FG) type NAND cell arrays with the Sidewall Control Gate (SCG), such as ESCG, DC-SF and S-SCG, are receiving attention to overcome the reliability issues of Charge Trap (CT) type device. Using this novel cell structure, highly reliable flash cell operations were successfully implemented without interference effect on the FG type cell. However, the 3-D vertical FG type cell has large cell size by about 60% for the cylindrical FG structure. In this point of view, we intensively investigate the scalability of the FG width of the 3-D vertical FG NAND cells. In case of the planar FG type NAND cell, the FG height cannot be scaled down due to the necessity of obtaining sufficient coupling ratio and high program speed. In contrast, for the 3-D vertical FG NAND with SCG, the FG is formed cylindrically, which is fully covered with surrounded CG, and very high CG coupling ratio can be achieved. As results, the scaling of FG width of the 3-D vertical FG NAND cell with S-SCG can be successfully demonstrated at 10nm regime, which is almost the same as the CT layer of recent BE-SONOS NAND.

  3. Observations of Transient ISS Floating Potential Variations During High Voltage Solar Array Operations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Willis, Emily M.; Minow, Joseph I.; Parker, Linda N.; Pour, Maria Z. A.; Swenson, Charles; Nishikawa, Ken-ichi; Krause, Linda Habash

    2016-01-01

    The International Space Station (ISS) continues to be a world-class space research laboratory after over 15 years of operations, and it has proven to be a fantastic resource for observing spacecraft floating potential variations related to high voltage solar array operations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Measurements of the ionospheric electron density and temperature along the ISS orbit and variations in the ISS floating potential are obtained from the Floating Potential Measurement Unit (FPMU). In particular, rapid variations in ISS floating potential during solar array operations on time scales of tens of milliseconds can be recorded due to the 128 Hz sample rate of the Floating Potential Probe (FPP) pro- viding interesting insight into high voltage solar array interaction with the space plasma environment. Comparing the FPMU data with the ISS operations timeline and solar array data provides a means for correlating some of the more complex and interesting transient floating potential variations with mission operations. These complex variations are not reproduced by current models and require further study to understand the underlying physical processes. In this paper we present some of the floating potential transients observed over the past few years along with the relevant space environment parameters and solar array operations data.

  4. Terminator assembly for a floating structure

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chiu, H.; Hall, J.E.

    1987-10-20

    A terminator assembly is described for use in mooring a floating surface to the floor of a body of water. The floating structure has has an upper support and a lower support, comprising: a hawsepipe extending downwardly from adjacent the upper support and supported by the lower support, a tension member extending downwardly from adjacent the upper support through the hawsepipe and the lower support. The tension member has a lower end adapted for connection to the floor of the body of water. Locking means connected to an upper portion of the tension member for maintaining the tension member inmore » tension by acting upon an upper portion of the hawsepipe without transferring primary tension load forces to the upper support.« less

  5. The floating shoulder.

    PubMed

    Owens, B D; Goss, T P

    2006-11-01

    The floating shoulder is defined as ipsilateral fractures of the midshaft of the clavicle and the neck of the glenoid. This rare injury can be difficult to manage without a thorough understanding of the complex anatomy of the shoulder girdle. Surgical intervention needs to be considered for all of these injuries. While acceptable results can be expected with non-operative management of minimally-displaced fractures, displacement at one or both sites is best managed with surgical reduction and fixation.

  6. Float level switch for a nuclear power plant containment vessel

    DOEpatents

    Powell, J.G.

    1993-11-16

    This invention is a float level switch used to sense rise or drop in water level in a containment vessel of a nuclear power plant during a loss of coolant accident. The essential components of the device are a guide tube, a reed switch inside the guide tube, a float containing a magnetic portion that activates a reed switch, and metal-sheathed, ceramic-insulated conductors connecting the reed switch to a monitoring system outside the containment vessel. Special materials and special sealing techniques prevent failure of components and allow the float level switch to be connected to a monitoring system outside the containment vessel. 1 figures.

  7. Float level switch for a nuclear power plant containment vessel

    DOEpatents

    Powell, James G.

    1993-01-01

    This invention is a float level switch used to sense rise or drop in water level in a containment vessel of a nuclear power plant during a loss of coolant accident. The essential components of the device are a guide tube, a reed switch inside the guide tube, a float containing a magnetic portion that activates a reed switch, and metal-sheathed, ceramic-insulated conductors connecting the reed switch to a monitoring system outside the containment vessel. Special materials and special sealing techniques prevent failure of components and allow the float level switch to be connected to a monitoring system outside the containment vessel.

  8. 12. INTERIOR VIEW OF GATE OPERATOR ROOM, SHOWING SLIDES GATE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    12. INTERIOR VIEW OF GATE OPERATOR ROOM, SHOWING SLIDES GATE OPERATORS, LOOKING NORTHWEST. - Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Intake Pier & Access Bridge, Spanning Sacramento River approximately 175 feet west of eastern levee on river; roughly .5 mile downstream from confluence of Sacramento & American Rivers, Sacramento, Sacramento County, CA

  9. 14 CFR 23.533 - Hull and main float bottom pressures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Water Loads § 23.533 Hull and main float bottom pressures. (a) General. The hull and main float...=seaplane stalling speed (knots) at the design water takeoff weight with flaps extended in the appropriate...) at the design water takeoff weight with flaps extended in the appropriate takeoff position; and β...

  10. 14 CFR 23.533 - Hull and main float bottom pressures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Water Loads § 23.533 Hull and main float bottom pressures. (a) General. The hull and main float...=seaplane stalling speed (knots) at the design water takeoff weight with flaps extended in the appropriate...) at the design water takeoff weight with flaps extended in the appropriate takeoff position; and β...

  11. Kononenko floats through the ATV-3

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2012-04-06

    ISS030-E-210850 (6 April 2012) --- Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, Expedition 30 flight engineer, floats freely in the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV-3) currently docked with the International Space Station.

  12. Investigating the potential of floating mires as record of palaeoenvironmental changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zaccone, C.; Adamo, P.; Giordano, S.; Miano, T. M.

    2012-04-01

    Peat-forming floating mires could provide an exceptional resource for palaeoenvironmental and environmental monitoring studies, as much of their own history, as well as the history of their surrounds, is recorded in their peat deposits. In his Naturalis historia (AD 77-79), Pliny the Elder described floating islands on Lake Vadimonis (now Posta Fibreno Lake, Italy). Actually, a small floating island (ca. 35 m of diameter and 3 m of submerged thickness) still occurs on this calcareous lake fed by karstic springs at the base of the Apennine Mountains. Here the southernmost Italian populations of Sphagnum palustre occur on the small surface of this floating mire known as "La Rota", i.e., a cup-formed core of Sphagnum peat and rhizomes of Helophytes, erratically floating on the water-body of a submerged doline, annexed to the easternmost edge of the lake, characterised by the extension of a large reed bed. Geological evidence point out the existence in the area of a large lacustrine basin since Late Pleistocene. The progressive filling of the lake caused by changing in climatic conditions and neotectonic events, brought about the formation of peat deposits in the area, following different depositional cycles in a swampy environment. Then, a round-shaped portion of fen, originated around lake margins in waterlogged areas, was somehow isolated from the bank and started to float. Coupling data about concentrations and fluxes of several major and trace elements of different origin (i.e., dust particles, volcanic emissions, cosmogenic dusts and marine aerosols), with climate records (plant micro- and macrofossils, pollens, isotopic ratios), biomolecular records (e.g., lipids), detailed age-depth modelling (i.e., 210Pb, 137Cs, 14C), and humification indexes, the present work is hoped to identify and better understand the reliability of this particular "archive", and thus possible relationships between biogeochemical processes occurring in this floating bog and environmental

  13. Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Kenneth S.; Plant, Joshua N.; Coletti, Luke J.; Jannasch, Hans W.; Sakamoto, Carole M.; Riser, Stephen C.; Swift, Dana D.; Williams, Nancy L.; Boss, Emmanuel; Haëntjens, Nils; Talley, Lynne D.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.

    2017-08-01

    The Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) program has begun deploying a large array of biogeochemical sensors on profiling floats in the Southern Ocean. As of February 2016, 86 floats have been deployed. Here the focus is on 56 floats with quality-controlled and adjusted data that have been in the water at least 6 months. The floats carry oxygen, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll fluorescence, and optical backscatter sensors. The raw data generated by these sensors can suffer from inaccurate initial calibrations and from sensor drift over time. Procedures to correct the data are defined. The initial accuracy of the adjusted concentrations is assessed by comparing the corrected data to laboratory measurements made on samples collected by a hydrographic cast with a rosette sampler at the float deployment station. The long-term accuracy of the corrected data is compared to the GLODAPv2 data set whenever a float made a profile within 20 km of a GLODAPv2 station. Based on these assessments, the fleet average oxygen data are accurate to 1 ± 1%, nitrate to within 0.5 ± 0.5 µmol kg-1, and pH to 0.005 ± 0.007, where the error limit is 1 standard deviation of the fleet data. The bio-optical measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and optical backscatter are used to estimate chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon concentration. The particulate organic carbon concentrations inferred from optical backscatter appear accurate to with 35 mg C m-3 or 20%, whichever is larger. Factors affecting the accuracy of the estimated chlorophyll a concentrations are evaluated.Plain Language SummaryThe ocean science community must move toward greater use of autonomous platforms and sensors if we are to extend our knowledge of the effects of climate driven change within the ocean. Essential to this shift in observing strategies is an understanding of the performance that can be obtained from biogeochemical sensors on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289598','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289598"><span>Seismic monitoring in the oceans by autonomous <span class="hlt">floats</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sukhovich, Alexey; Bonnieux, Sébastien; Hello, Yann; Irisson, Jean-Olivier; Simons, Frederik J; Nolet, Guust</p> <p>2015-08-20</p> <p>Our understanding of the internal dynamics of the Earth is largely based on images of seismic velocity variations in the mantle obtained with global tomography. However, our ability to image the mantle is severely hampered by a lack of seismic data collected in marine areas. Here we report observations made under different noise conditions (in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian and Pacific Oceans) by a submarine <span class="hlt">floating</span> seismograph, and show that such <span class="hlt">floats</span> are able to fill the oceanic data gap. Depending on the ambient noise level, the <span class="hlt">floats</span> can record between 35 and 63% of distant earthquakes with a moment magnitude M≥6.5. Even magnitudes <6.0 can be successfully observed under favourable noise conditions. The serendipitous recording of an earthquake swarm near the Indian Ocean triple junction enabled us to establish a threshold magnitude between 2.7 and 3.4 for local earthquakes in the noisiest of the three environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4560755','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4560755"><span>Seismic monitoring in the oceans by autonomous <span class="hlt">floats</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sukhovich, Alexey; Bonnieux, Sébastien; Hello, Yann; Irisson, Jean-Olivier; Simons, Frederik J.; Nolet, Guust</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Our understanding of the internal dynamics of the Earth is largely based on images of seismic velocity variations in the mantle obtained with global tomography. However, our ability to image the mantle is severely hampered by a lack of seismic data collected in marine areas. Here we report observations made under different noise conditions (in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian and Pacific Oceans) by a submarine <span class="hlt">floating</span> seismograph, and show that such <span class="hlt">floats</span> are able to fill the oceanic data gap. Depending on the ambient noise level, the <span class="hlt">floats</span> can record between 35 and 63% of distant earthquakes with a moment magnitude M≥6.5. Even magnitudes <6.0 can be successfully observed under favourable noise conditions. The serendipitous recording of an earthquake swarm near the Indian Ocean triple junction enabled us to establish a threshold magnitude between 2.7 and 3.4 for local earthquakes in the noisiest of the three environments. PMID:26289598</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.6967V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.6967V"><span>Reading <span class="hlt">Gate</span> Positions with a Smartphone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van Overloop, Peter-Jules; Hut, Rolf</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Worldwide many flow <span class="hlt">gates</span> are built in water networks in order to direct water to appropriate locations. Most of these <span class="hlt">gates</span> are adjusted manually by field operators of water management organizations and it is often centrally not known what the new position of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> is. This makes centralized management of the entire water network difficult. One of the reasons why the measurement of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> position is usually not executed, is that for certain <span class="hlt">gates</span> it is not easy to do such a reading. Tilting weirs or radial <span class="hlt">gates</span> are examples where operators need special equipment (measuring rod and long level) to determine the position and it could even be a risky procedure. Another issue is that once the measurement is done, the value is jotted down in a notebook and later, at the office, entered in a computer system. So the entire monitoring procedure is not real-time and prone to human errors. A new way of monitoring <span class="hlt">gate</span> positions is introduced. It consists of a level that is attached to the <span class="hlt">gate</span> and an app with which a picture can be taken from the level. Using dedicated pattern recognition algorithms, the <span class="hlt">gate</span> position can be read by using the angle of the level versus reference points on the <span class="hlt">gate</span>, the radius of that <span class="hlt">gate</span> and the absolute level of the joint around which the <span class="hlt">gate</span> turn. The method uses gps-localization of the smartphone to store the <span class="hlt">gate</span> position in the right location in the central database.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033462','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033462"><span>Differences in evaporation between a <span class="hlt">floating</span> pan and class a pan on land</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Masoner, J.R.; Stannard, D.I.; Christenson, S.C.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Research was conducted to develop a method for obtaining <span class="hlt">floating</span> pan evaporation rates in a small (less than 10,000 m2) wetland, lagoon, or pond. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> pan and land pan evaporation data were collected from March 1 to August 31, 2005, at a small natural wetland located in the alluvium of the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma, at the U.S. Geological Survey Norman Landfill Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> pan evaporation rates were compared with evaporation rates from a nearby standard Class A evaporation pan on land. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> pan evaporation rates were significantly less than land pan evaporation rates for the entire period and on a monthly basis. Results indicated that the use of a <span class="hlt">floating</span> evaporation pan in a small free-water surface better simulates actual physical conditions on the water surface that control evaporation. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> pan to land pan ratios were 0.82 for March, 0.87 for April, 0.85 for May, 0.85 for June, 0.79 for July, and 0.69 for August. ?? 2008 American Water Resources Association.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEMat..38.1574J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEMat..38.1574J"><span>Novel Quantum Dot <span class="hlt">Gate</span> FETs and Nonvolatile Memories Using Lattice-Matched II-VI <span class="hlt">Gate</span> Insulators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jain, F. C.; Suarez, E.; Gogna, M.; Alamoody, F.; Butkiewicus, D.; Hohner, R.; Liaskas, T.; Karmakar, S.; Chan, P.-Y.; Miller, B.; Chandy, J.; Heller, E.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This paper presents the successful use of ZnS/ZnMgS and other II-VI layers (lattice-matched or pseudomorphic) as high- k <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectrics in the fabrication of quantum dot (QD) <span class="hlt">gate</span> Si field-effect transistors (FETs) and nonvolatile memory structures. Quantum dot <span class="hlt">gate</span> FETs and nonvolatile memories have been fabricated in two basic configurations: (1) monodispersed cladded Ge nanocrystals (e.g., GeO x -cladded-Ge quantum dots) site-specifically self-assembled over the lattice-matched ZnMgS <span class="hlt">gate</span> insulator in the channel region, and (2) ZnTe-ZnMgTe quantum dots formed by self-organization, using metalorganic chemical vapor-phase deposition (MOCVD), on ZnS-ZnMgS <span class="hlt">gate</span> insulator layers grown epitaxially on Si substrates. Self-assembled GeO x -cladded Ge QD <span class="hlt">gate</span> FETs, exhibiting three-state behavior, are also described. Preliminary results on InGaAs-on-InP FETs, using ZnMgSeTe/ZnSe <span class="hlt">gate</span> insulator layers, are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss030e210842.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss030e210842.html"><span>Kuipers <span class="hlt">floats</span> through the ATV-3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-06</p> <p>ISS030-E-210842 (6 April 2012) --- European Space Agency astronaut Andre Kuipers, Expedition 30 flight engineer, <span class="hlt">floats</span> into the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV-3) currently docked with the International Space Station.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT........94C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT........94C"><span>Novel organic semiconductors and a high capacitance <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric for organic thin film transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, Xiuyu</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Organic semiconductors are attracting more and more interest as a promising set of materials in the field of electronics research. This thesis focused on several new organic semiconductors and a novel high-kappa dielectric thin film (SrTiO3), which are two essential parts in Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs). Structure and morphology of thin films of tricyanovinyl capped oligothiophenes were studied using atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Thin film transistors of one compound exhibited a reasonable electron mobility of 0.02 cm2/Vs. Temperature dependent measurements on the thin film transistor based on this compound revealed shallow trap states that were interpreted in terms of a multiple trap and release model. Moreover, inversion of the majority charge carrier type from electrons to holes was observed when the number of oligothiophene rings increased to six and ambipolar transport behavior was observed for tricyanovinyl sexithiophene. Another interesting organic semiconductor compound is the fluoalkylquarterthiophene, which showed ambipolar transport and large hysteresis in the transfer curve. Due to the bistable state at <span class="hlt">floating</span> <span class="hlt">gate</span>, the thin film transistor was exploited to study non-volatile <span class="hlt">floating</span> <span class="hlt">gate</span> memory effects. The temperature dependence of the retention time for this memory device revealed that the electron trapping was an activated process. Following the earlier work on hybrid acene-thiophene organic semiconductors, new compounds with similar structure were studied to reveal the mechanism of the air-stability exhibited by some compounds. They all formed highly crystalline thin films and showed reasonable device performances which are well correlated with the molecular structures, thin film microstructures, and solid state packing. The most air-stable compound had no observable degradation with exposure to air for 15 months. SrTiO3 was developed to be employed in OTFTs. Optimization of thin film growth was performed using reactive</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-531.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-531.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.531 - Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition. 25... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure Water Loads § 25.531 Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition. For the wing and its attachment to the hull or main float— (a) The aerodynamic...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-531.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-531.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.531 - Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition. 23.531 Section 23.531 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... Water Loads § 23.531 Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> takeoff condition. For the wing and its attachment to the hull...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..96b2330M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..96b2330M"><span>Efficient Z <span class="hlt">gates</span> for quantum computing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McKay, David C.; Wood, Christopher J.; Sheldon, Sarah; Chow, Jerry M.; Gambetta, Jay M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>For superconducting qubits, microwave pulses drive rotations around the Bloch sphere. The phase of these drives can be used to generate zero-duration arbitrary virtual Z <span class="hlt">gates</span>, which, combined with two Xπ /2 <span class="hlt">gates</span>, can generate any SU(2) <span class="hlt">gate</span>. Here we show how to best utilize these virtual Z <span class="hlt">gates</span> to both improve algorithms and correct pulse errors. We perform randomized benchmarking using a Clifford set of Hadamard and Z <span class="hlt">gates</span> and show that the error per Clifford is reduced versus a set consisting of standard finite-duration X and Y <span class="hlt">gates</span>. Z <span class="hlt">gates</span> can correct unitary rotation errors for weakly anharmonic qubits as an alternative to pulse-shaping techniques such as derivative removal by adiabatic <span class="hlt">gate</span> (DRAG). We investigate leakage and show that a combination of DRAG pulse shaping to minimize leakage and Z <span class="hlt">gates</span> to correct rotation errors realizes a 13.3 ns Xπ /2 <span class="hlt">gate</span> characterized by low error [1.95 (3 ) ×10-4] and low leakage [3.1 (6 ) ×10-6] . Ultimately leakage is limited by the finite temperature of the qubit, but this limit is two orders of magnitude smaller than pulse errors due to decoherence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSemi..37b4006X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSemi..37b4006X"><span>Fabrication of 80-nm T-<span class="hlt">gate</span> high indium In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.6Ga0.4As composite channels mHEMT on GaAs substrate with simple technological process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xian, Ji; Xiaodong, Zhang; Weihua, Kang; Zhili, Zhang; Jiahui, Zhou; Wenjun, Xu; Qi, Li; Gongli, Xiao; Zhijun, Yin; Yong, Cai; Baoshun, Zhang; Haiou, Li</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>An 80-nm <span class="hlt">gate</span> length metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) on a GaAs substrate with high indium composite compound-channels In0.7Ga0.3 As/In0.6Ga0.4 As and an optimized grade buffer scheme is presented. High 2-DEG Hall mobility values of 10200 cm2/(V·s) and a sheet density of 3.5 × 1012 cm-2 at 300 K have been achieved. The device's T-shaped <span class="hlt">gate</span> was made by utilizing a simple three layers electron beam resist, instead of employing a passivation layer for the T-share <span class="hlt">gate</span>, which is beneficial to decreasing parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> and simplifying the device manufacturing process. The ohmic contact resistance Rc is 0.2 ω·mm when using the same metal system with the <span class="hlt">gate</span> (Pt/Ti/Pt/Au), which reduces the manufacturing cycle of the device. The mHEMT device demonstrates excellent DC and RF characteristics. The peak extrinsic transconductance of 1.1 S/mm and the maximum drain current density of 0.86 A/mm are obtained. The unity current gain cut-off frequency (fT) and the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) are 246 and 301 GHz, respectively. Project supported by the Key Laboratory of <span class="hlt">Nano</span>-Devices and Applications, <span class="hlt">Nano</span>-Fabrication Facility of SINANO, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61274077, 61474031, 61464003), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 2013GXNSFGA019003, 2013GXNSFAA019335), the National Basic Research Program of China (Nos. 2011CBA00605, 2010CB327501), the Project (No. 9140C140101140C14069), and the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education (Nos. GDYCSZ201448, GDYCSZ201449, YJCXS201529).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185520-borofloat-starphire-float-glasses-comparison','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185520-borofloat-starphire-float-glasses-comparison"><span>Borofloat and Starphire <span class="hlt">Float</span> Glasses: A Comparison</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Anderson Jr., Charles E.</p> <p>2014-10-28</p> <p>Borofloat ® borosilicate <span class="hlt">float</span> glass and Starphire ® soda-lime silicate <span class="hlt">float</span> glass are used in transparent protective systems. They are known to respond differently in some ballistic and triaxial loading conditions, and efforts are underway to understand the causes of those differences. Toward that, a suite of test and material characterizations were completed in the present study on both glasses so to identify what differences exist among them. Compositional, physical properties, elastic properties, flaw size distributions and concentrations, tensile/flexure strength, fracture toughness, spherical indentation and hardness, transmission electron microscopy, striae, high pressure responses via diamond anvil cell testing, laser shockmore » differences, and internal porosity were examined. Differences between these two <span class="hlt">float</span> glasses were identified for many of these properties and characteristics, and the role of three (striae, high pressures where permanent densification can initiate, and sub-micron-sized porosity) lack understanding and deserve further attention. Lastly, the contributing roles of any of those properties or characteristics to triaxial or ballistic loading responses are not definitive; however, they provide potential correlations that may lead to improved understanding and management of loading responses in glasses used in transparent protective systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA17258.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA17258.html"><span>Free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> Failed Star Artist Concept</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-05</p> <p>This artist concept portrays a free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> brown dwarf, or failed star. A new study using data from NASA Spitzer Space Telescope shows that several of these objects are warmer than previously thought.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1050293','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1050293"><span>A Profiling <span class="hlt">Float</span> System for the North Arabian Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-11-29</p> <p>purpose of this Defense University Research Instrumentation Program grant was to purchase a set of profiling <span class="hlt">floats</span> to form an upper ocean observing ...purchase a set of profiling <span class="hlt">floats</span> to form an upper ocean observing system for the Northern Arabian Sea Circulation - autonomous research (NASCar...resolution numerical simulations. To achieve these goals the DRI will utilize new observational methods that do not rely on a traditional ship-based</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1332115','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1332115"><span>Multi-input and binary reproducible, high bandwidth <span class="hlt">floating</span> point adder in a collective network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Chen, Dong; Eisley, Noel A.; Heidelberger, Philip; Steinmacher-Burow, Burkhard</p> <p>2016-11-15</p> <p>To add <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers in a parallel computing system, a collective logic device receives the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers from computing nodes. The collective logic devices converts the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers to integer numbers. The collective logic device adds the integer numbers and generating a summation of the integer numbers. The collective logic device converts the summation to a <span class="hlt">floating</span> point number. The collective logic device performs the receiving, the converting the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers, the adding, the generating and the converting the summation in one pass. One pass indicates that the computing nodes send inputs only once to the collective logic device and receive outputs only once from the collective logic device.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172141','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172141"><span>Multi-input and binary reproducible, high bandwidth <span class="hlt">floating</span> point adder in a collective network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen, Dong; Eisley, Noel A; Heidelberger, Philip</p> <p></p> <p>To add <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers in a parallel computing system, a collective logic device receives the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers from computing nodes. The collective logic devices converts the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers to integer numbers. The collective logic device adds the integer numbers and generating a summation of the integer numbers. The collective logic device converts the summation to a <span class="hlt">floating</span> point number. The collective logic device performs the receiving, the converting the <span class="hlt">floating</span> point numbers, the adding, the generating and the converting the summation in one pass. One pass indicates that the computing nodes send inputs only once to themore » collective logic device and receive outputs only once from the collective logic device.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e042121.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e042121.html"><span>Apple <span class="hlt">Floating</span> in Cupola Module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-02-06</p> <p>ISS038-E-042121 (6 Feb. 2014) --- A fresh apple <span class="hlt">floating</span> freely near a window in the Cupola of the International Space Station is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member. The bright sun and Earth's horizon provide the backdrop for the scene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737127','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737127"><span>Planted <span class="hlt">floating</span> bed performance in treatment of eutrophic river water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bu, Faping; Xu, Xiaoyi</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The objective of the study was to treat eutrophic river water using <span class="hlt">floating</span> beds and to identify ideal plant species for design of <span class="hlt">floating</span> beds. Four parallel pilot-scale units were established and vegetated with Canna indica (U1), Accords calamus (U2), Cyperus alternifolius (U3), and Vetiveria zizanioides (U4), respectively, to treat eutrophic river water. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> bed was made of polyethylene foam, and plants were vegetated on it. Results suggest that the <span class="hlt">floating</span> bed is a viable alternative for treating eutrophic river water, especially for inhibiting algae growth. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) varied from 6.53 to 18.45 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) from 6.82 to 12.25 mg/L, total phosphorus (TP) from 0.65 to 1.64 mg/L, and Chla from 6.22 to 66.46 g/m(3), the removal of COD, TN, TP, and Chla was 15.3%-38.4%, 25.4%-48.4%, 16.1%-42.1%, and 29.9 %-88.1%, respectively. Ranked by removal performance, U1 was best, followed by U2, U3, and U4. In the <span class="hlt">floating</span> bed, more than 60% TN and TP were removed by sedimentation; plant uptake was quantitatively of low importance with an average removal of 20.2% of TN and 29.4% of TP removed. The loss of TN (TP) was of the least importance. Compared with the other three, U1 exhibited better dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient distributions, higher DO levels, higher hydraulic efficiency, and a higher percentage of nutrient removal attributable to plant uptake; in addition, plant development and the volume of nutrient storage in the C. indica tissues outperformed the other three species. C. indica thus could be selected when designing <span class="hlt">floating</span> beds for the Three Gorges Reservoir region of P. R. China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841443','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841443"><span>Step-<span class="hlt">gate</span> polysilicon nanowires field effect transistor compatible with CMOS technology for label-free DNA biosensor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wenga, G; Jacques, E; Salaün, A-C; Rogel, R; Pichon, L; Geneste, F</p> <p>2013-02-15</p> <p>Currently, detection of DNA hybridization using fluorescence-based detection technique requires expensive optical systems and complex bioinformatics tools. Hence, the development of new low cost devices that enable direct and highly sensitive detection stimulates a lot of research efforts. Particularly, devices based on silicon nanowires are emerging as ultrasensitive electrical sensors for the direct detection of biological species thanks to their high surface to volume ratio. In this study, we propose innovative devices using step-<span class="hlt">gate</span> polycrystalline silicon nanowire FET (poly-Si NW FETs), achieved with simple and low cost fabrication process, and used as ultrasensitive electronic sensor for DNA hybridization. The poly-SiNWs are synthesized using the sidewall spacer formation technique. The detailed fabrication procedure for a step-<span class="hlt">gate</span> NWFET sensor is described in this paper. No-complementary and complementary DNA sequences were clearly discriminated and detection limit to 1 fM range is observed. This first result using this <span class="hlt">nano</span>-device is promising for the development of low cost and ultrasensitive polysilicon nanowires based DNA sensors compatible with the CMOS technology. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107893','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107893"><span>Optical XOR <span class="hlt">gate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Vawter, G. Allen</p> <p>2013-11-12</p> <p>An optical XOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> is formed as a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) from two sets of optical waveguide devices on a substrate, with each set of the optical waveguide devices including an electroabsorption modulator electrically connected in series with a waveguide photodetector. The optical XOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> utilizes two digital optical inputs to generate an XOR function digital optical output. The optical XOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> can be formed from III-V compound semiconductor layers which are epitaxially deposited on a III-V compound semiconductor substrate, and operates at a wavelength in the range of 0.8-2.0 .mu.m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027454','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027454"><span>Optical NOR <span class="hlt">gate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Skogen, Erik J [Albuquerque, NM; Tauke-Pedretti, Anna [Albuquerque, NM</p> <p>2011-09-06</p> <p>An optical NOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> is formed from two pair of optical waveguide devices on a substrate, with each pair of the optical waveguide devices consisting of an electroabsorption modulator electrically connected in series with a waveguide photodetector. The optical NOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> utilizes two digital optical inputs and a continuous light input to provide a NOR function digital optical output. The optical NOR <span class="hlt">gate</span> can be formed from III-V compound semiconductor layers which are epitaxially deposited on a III-V compound semiconductor substrate, and operates at a wavelength in the range of 0.8-2.0 .mu.m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..292a2059L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..292a2059L"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">gate</span> bias sweep rate on the threshold voltage of in-plane <span class="hlt">gate</span> nanowire transistor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, H. X.; Li, J.; Tan, R. R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In2O3 nanowire electric-double-layer (EDL) transistors with in-plane <span class="hlt">gate</span> <span class="hlt">gated</span> by SiO2 solid-electrolyte are fabricated on transparent glass substrates. The <span class="hlt">gate</span> voltage sweep rates can effectively modulate the threshold voltage (Vth) of nanowire device. Both depletion mode and enhancement mode are realized, and the Vth shift of the nanowire transistors is estimated to be 0.73V (without light). This phenomenon is due to increased adsorption of oxygen on the nanowire surface by the slower <span class="hlt">gate</span> voltage sweep rates. Adsorbed oxygens capture electrons and cause a surface of nanowire channel was depleted. The operation voltage of transistor was 1.0 V, because the EDL <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric can lead to high <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric capacitance. These transparent in-plane <span class="hlt">gate</span> nanowire transistors are promising for “see-through” nanoscale sensors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEITF..92.3111C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEITF..92.3111C"><span>Optimizing Controlling-Value-Based Power <span class="hlt">Gating</span> with <span class="hlt">Gate</span> Count and Switching Activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Lei; Kimura, Shinji</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, a new heuristic algorithm is proposed to optimize the power domain clustering in controlling-value-based (CV-based) power <span class="hlt">gating</span> technology. In this algorithm, both the switching activity of sleep signals (p) and the overall numbers of sleep <span class="hlt">gates</span> (<span class="hlt">gate</span> count, N) are considered, and the sum of the product of p and N is optimized. The algorithm effectively exerts the total power reduction obtained from the CV-based power <span class="hlt">gating</span>. Even when the maximum depth is kept to be the same, the proposed algorithm can still achieve power reduction approximately 10% more than that of the prior algorithms. Furthermore, detailed comparison between the proposed heuristic algorithm and other possible heuristic algorithms are also presented. HSPICE simulation results show that over 26% of total power reduction can be obtained by using the new heuristic algorithm. In addition, the effect of dynamic power reduction through the CV-based power <span class="hlt">gating</span> method and the delay overhead caused by the switching of sleep transistors are also shown in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639495','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26639495"><span>Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of <span class="hlt">floating</span> bilayer tablet of lisinopril maleate and metoprolol tartrate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ijaz, Hira; Qureshi, Junaid; Danish, Zeeshan; Zaman, Muhammad; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed; Hanif, Muhammad; Waheed, Imran; Mohammad, Imran Shair</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to introduce the technology for the development of rate-controlled oral drug delivery system to overcome various physiological problems. Several approaches are being used for the purpose of increasing the gastric retentive time, including <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system. Gastric <span class="hlt">floating</span> lisinopril maleate and metoprolol tartrate bilayer tablets were formulated by direct compression method using the sodium starch glycolate, crosscarmellose sodium for IR layer. Eudragit L100, pectin, acacia as sustained release polymers in different ratios for SR metoprolol tartrate layer and sodium bicarbonate, citric acid as gas generating agents for the <span class="hlt">floating</span> extended release layer. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> bilayer tablets of lisinopril maleate and metoprolol tartrate were designed to overcome the various problems associated with conventional oral dosage form. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> tablets were evaluated for <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time, drug contents and in-vitro dissolution profile and different kinetic release models were applied. It was clear that the different ratios of polymers affected the drug release and <span class="hlt">floating</span> time. L2 and M4 showed good drug release profile and <span class="hlt">floating</span> behavior. The linear regression and model fitting showed that all formulation followed Higuchi model of drug release model except M4 that followed zero order kinetic. From the study it is evident that a promising controlled release by <span class="hlt">floating</span> bilyer tablets of lisinopril maleate and metoprolol tartrate can be developed successfully.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJQI...1250031A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJQI...1250031A"><span>Quantum computing <span class="hlt">gates</span> via optimal control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atia, Yosi; Elias, Yuval; Mor, Tal; Weinstein, Yossi</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>We demonstrate the use of optimal control to design two entropy-manipulating quantum <span class="hlt">gates</span> which are more complex than the corresponding, commonly used, <span class="hlt">gates</span>, such as CNOT and Toffoli (CCNOT): A two-qubit <span class="hlt">gate</span> called polarization exchange (PE) and a three-qubit <span class="hlt">gate</span> called polarization compression (COMP) were designed using GRAPE, an optimal control algorithm. Both <span class="hlt">gates</span> were designed for a three-spin system. Our design provided efficient and robust nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) radio frequency (RF) pulses for 13C2-trichloroethylene (TCE), our chosen three-spin system. We then experimentally applied these two quantum <span class="hlt">gates</span> onto TCE at the NMR lab. Such design of these <span class="hlt">gates</span> and others could be relevant for near-future applications of quantum computing devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978122','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978122"><span>CT image reconstruction with half precision <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point values.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maaß, Clemens; Baer, Matthias; Kachelrieß, Marc</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>Analytic CT image reconstruction is a computationally demanding task. Currently, the even more demanding iterative reconstruction algorithms find their way into clinical routine because their image quality is superior to analytic image reconstruction. The authors thoroughly analyze a so far unconsidered but valuable tool of tomorrow's reconstruction hardware (CPU and GPU) that allows implementing the forward projection and backprojection steps, which are the computationally most demanding parts of any reconstruction algorithm, much more efficiently. Instead of the standard 32 bit <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point values (<span class="hlt">float</span>), a recently standardized <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point value with 16 bit (half) is adopted for data representation in image domain and in rawdata domain. The reduction in the total data amount reduces the traffic on the memory bus, which is the bottleneck of today's high-performance algorithms, by 50%. In CT simulations and CT measurements, <span class="hlt">float</span> reconstructions (gold standard) and half reconstructions are visually compared via difference images and by quantitative image quality evaluation. This is done for analytical reconstruction (filtered backprojection) and iterative reconstruction (ordered subset SART). The magnitude of quantization noise, which is caused by a reduction in the data precision of both rawdata and image data during image reconstruction, is negligible. This is clearly shown for filtered backprojection and iterative ordered subset SART reconstruction. In filtered backprojection, the implementation of the backprojection should be optimized for low data precision if the image data are represented in half format. In ordered subset SART image reconstruction, no adaptations are necessary and the convergence speed remains unchanged. Half precision <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point values allow to speed up CT image reconstruction without compromising image quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RJPCA..89.1300D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RJPCA..89.1300D"><span>A <span class="hlt">float</span> mechanism of retention in reversed-phase chromatography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Deineka, V. I.; Deineka, L. A.; Saenko, I. I.; Chulkov, A. N.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">float</span> mechanism of retention in reversed-phase HPLC is proposed as an alternative to the known mechanisms of the distribution and hydrophobic expulsion of sorbate to the surface of a sorbent. Experimental data that the sorption of a flavylium structure is poorly sensitive to the position of OH groups, and that the retention of anthocyanins depends on the length of bonded alkyl radicals of reversed phase, form the basis of the proposed hypothesis. It is noted that the retention of anthocyanins depends on the orientation of hydroxyl groups in carbohydrate radicals, due to which the chromatographic behavior of anthocyanins is different for glucosides and galactosides, for arabinosides and xylosides, and so on. In other words, retention is a reliable indicator of the composition of a carbohydrate fragment. It is concluded that carbohydrate radicals serve as unique <span class="hlt">floats</span>, while flat flavilic ions penetrate into the bonded phase. The existence of <span class="hlt">floats</span> is the main reason for the lower efficiency (of the number of theoretical plates) of the peaks of anthocyanins. It is shown that if two carbohydrate radicals are present at different sites of aglycone (a two-<span class="hlt">float</span> sorbate), the peaks of the substance are characterized by substantial additional broadening.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076813"><span>Signatures of Mechanosensitive <span class="hlt">Gating</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morris, Richard G</p> <p>2017-01-10</p> <p>The question of how mechanically <span class="hlt">gated</span> membrane channels open and close is notoriously difficult to address, especially if the protein structure is not available. This perspective highlights the relevance of micropipette-aspirated single-particle tracking-used to obtain a channel's diffusion coefficient, D, as a function of applied membrane tension, σ-as an indirect assay for determining functional behavior in mechanosensitive channels. While ensuring that the protein remains integral to the membrane, such methods can be used to identify not only the <span class="hlt">gating</span> mechanism of a protein, but also associated physical moduli, such as torsional and dilational rigidity, which correspond to the protein's effective shape change. As an example, three distinct D-versus-σ "signatures" are calculated, corresponding to <span class="hlt">gating</span> by dilation, <span class="hlt">gating</span> by tilt, and <span class="hlt">gating</span> by a combination of both dilation and tilt. Both advantages and disadvantages of the approach are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-527.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-527.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.527 - Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> load factors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> load factors. 23.527... Water Loads § 23.527 Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> load factors. (a) Water reaction load factors nw must be...=seaplane landing weight in pounds. (6) K1=empirical hull station weighing factor, in accordance with figure...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/floating-harbor-syndrome','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/floating-harbor-syndrome"><span>Genetics Home Reference: <span class="hlt">Floating</span>-Harbor syndrome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Patton MA, Hurst J, Donnai D, McKeown CM, Cole T, Goodship J. <span class="hlt">Floating</span>-Harbor syndrome. J Med ... medicine? What is newborn screening? New Pages Lyme disease Fibromyalgia White-Sutton syndrome All New & Updated Pages ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18338615','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18338615"><span>[Study on preparation of phenols gastric <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablet].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhai, Xiao-Ling; Ni, Jian; Gu, Yu-Long</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>To study the preparation of phenols gastric <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablet. The tablets which were prepared using Eudragit IV, HPMC(K4M), MCC101 and Octadecanol as excipients were evaluated by vitro floatation and releasing performance. The pressure of preparationg was also study to select the optimal preparation. The tablets were successfully prepared in which the drug, Eudragit IV, Octadecanol were 31% respectively,and MCC101 was 7%. And 3-4 kg was found to be the eligible pressure. The study was found to be effective in the process of phenols gastric <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762132','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762132"><span>Optimization and characterization of gastroretentive <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system using Box-Behnken design.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rapolu, Kishore; Sanka, Krishna; Vemula, Praveen Kumar; Aatipamula, Vinaydas; Mohd, Abdul Bari; Diwan, Prakash V</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>One among many strategies to prolong gastric residence time and improve local effect of the metronidazole in stomach to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer was <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system particularly effervescent gastroretentive tablets. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate, effervescent <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system of a model drug, metronidazole. Effervescent <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. A three-factor, three levels Box-Behnken design was adopted for the optimization. The selected independent variables were amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 15M (X1), sodium carboxy methylcellulose (X2) and NaHCO3 (X3). The dependent variables were <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time (YFLT), cumulative percentage of metronidazole released at 6th h (Y6) and cumulative percentage of metronidazole released at 12th h (Y12). Physical properties, drug content, in vitro <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time, total <span class="hlt">floating</span> time and drug release behavior were assessed. YFLT range was found to be from 1.02 to 12.07 min. The ranges of other responses, Y6 and Y12 were 25.72 ± 2.85 to 77.14 ± 3.42 % and 65.47 ± 1.25 to 99.65 ± 2.28 %, respectively. Stability studies revealed that no significant change in in vitro <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time, total <span class="hlt">floating</span> time and drug release behavior before and after storage. It can be concluded that a combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 15M, sodium carboxy methylcellulose and NaHCO3 can be used to increase the gastric residence time of the dosage form to improve local effect of metronidazole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf"><span>18 CFR 1304.400 - Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. 1304.400 Section 1304.400 Conservation of Power and Water Resources... STRUCTURES AND OTHER ALTERATIONS Miscellaneous § 1304.400 Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. (a) All flotation for docks, boat mooring buoys, and other water-use structures and facilities...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf"><span>18 CFR 1304.400 - Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. 1304.400 Section 1304.400 Conservation of Power and Water Resources... STRUCTURES AND OTHER ALTERATIONS Miscellaneous § 1304.400 Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. (a) All flotation for docks, boat mooring buoys, and other water-use structures and facilities...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title18-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title18-vol2-sec1304-400.pdf"><span>18 CFR 1304.400 - Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. 1304.400 Section 1304.400 Conservation of Power and Water Resources... STRUCTURES AND OTHER ALTERATIONS Miscellaneous § 1304.400 Flotation devices and material, all <span class="hlt">floating</span> structures. (a) All flotation for docks, boat mooring buoys, and other water-use structures and facilities...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA245562','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA245562"><span>Trip Report - June 1989 Swallow <span class="hlt">Float</span> Deployment with RUM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Float</span> 1. with its external geophone package resting on the sediment, and <span class="hlt">float</span> 3, equipped with an infra - sonic hydrophone and tethered to the bottom...an external, triaxial geophone package resting on the ocean bottom and the other equippd with an infrasonic hydrophone and bottom-tethered by a 0.5... infrasonic hydrophone and bottom-tethered by a 0.5-meter line, are presented in this report Introduction An experiment designed to compare the ambient sound</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866121','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866121"><span>Bifurcated method and apparatus for <span class="hlt">floating</span> point addition with decreased latency time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Farmwald, Paul M.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Apparatus for decreasing the latency time associated with <span class="hlt">floating</span> point addition and subtraction in a computer, using a novel bifurcated, pre-normalization/post-normalization approach that distinguishes between differences of <span class="hlt">floating</span> point exponents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA432810','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA432810"><span>Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX): DLD2 RAFOS <span class="hlt">Float</span> Data Report February 2001 - March 2003</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>1 2. Description of the DLD2 <span class="hlt">Float</span> and Dual-Release System ................................................................... 2 3. Sound Sources...processing are described in detail. 2. Description of the DLD2 <span class="hlt">Float</span> and Dual-Release System The DLD2 is a second-generation RAFOS (Ranging And Fixing Of...Sound) <span class="hlt">float</span> with several improvements over the traditional RAFOS <span class="hlt">float</span> (see Rossby et al., 1986, for a complete description of the RAFOS system ). A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29648544','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29648544"><span>SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-heteroepitaxy on Si and SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mastari, M; Charles, M; Bogumilowicz, Y; Thai, Q M; Pimenta-Barros, P; Argoud, M; Papon, A M; Gergaud, P; Landru, D; Kim, Y; Hartmann, J M</p> <p>2018-07-06</p> <p>In this paper, SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-heteroepitaxy on Si and SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars was investigated in a 300 mm industrial reduced pressure-chemical vapour deposition tool. An integration scheme based on diblock copolymer patterning was used to fabricate nanometre-sized templates for the epitaxy of Si and SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars. Results showed highly selective and uniform processes for the epitaxial growth of Si and SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars. 200 nm thick SiGe layers were grown on Si and SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars and characterised by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Smooth SiGe surfaces and full strain relaxation were obtained in the 650 °C-700 °C range for 2D SiGe layers grown either on Si or SiGe <span class="hlt">nano</span>-pillars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf"><span>49 CFR 234.223 - <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. 234.223 Section 234.223 Transportation... SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Maintenance Standards § 234.223 <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm, when... maintained in a condition sufficient to be clearly viewed by approaching highway users. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf"><span>49 CFR 234.223 - <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. 234.223 Section 234.223 Transportation... SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Maintenance Standards § 234.223 <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm, when... maintained in a condition sufficient to be clearly viewed by approaching highway users. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf"><span>49 CFR 234.223 - <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. 234.223 Section 234.223 Transportation... SYSTEMS Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing Maintenance Standards § 234.223 <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm, when... maintained in a condition sufficient to be clearly viewed by approaching highway users. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/979456','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/979456"><span>Definition of the <span class="hlt">Floating</span> System for Phase IV of OC3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jonkman, J.</p> <p></p> <p>Phase IV of the IEA Annex XXIII Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) involves the modeling of an offshore <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbine. This report documents the specifications of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> system, which are needed by the OC3 participants for building aero-hydro-servo-elastic models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927669"><span>Impact of anti-tacking agents on properties of gas-entrapped membrane and effervescent <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kriangkrai, Worawut; Puttipipatkhachorn, Satit; Sriamornsak, Pornsak; Pongjanyakul, Thaned; Sungthongjeen, Srisagul</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Tackiness caused by the gas-entrapped membrane (Eudragit(®)RL 30D) was usually observed during storage of the effervescent <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets, leading to failure in floatation and sustained release. In this work, common anti-tacking agents (glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and talc) were used to solve this tackiness problem. The impact of anti-tacking agent on the properties of free films and corresponding <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets was investigated. GMS was more effective than talc in reducing tackiness of the film. Addition and increasing amount of anti-tacking agents lowered the film mechanical strength, but the coating films were still strong and flexible enough to resist the generated gas pressure inside the <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablet. Wettability and water vapor permeability of the film decreased with increasing level of anti-tacking agents as a result of their hydrophobicity. No interaction between anti-tacking agents and polymer was observed as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Increasing amount of anti-tacking agents decreased time to <span class="hlt">float</span> and tended to retard drug release of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> properties and drug release were also influenced by type of anti-tacking agents. The obtained <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets still possessed good <span class="hlt">floating</span> properties and controlled drug release even though anti-tacking agent had some effects. The results demonstrated that the tackiness problem of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets could be solved by incorporating anti-tacking agent into the gas-entrapped membrane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7730947','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7730947"><span>Beyond night <span class="hlt">float</span>? The impact of call structure on internal medicine residents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rosenberg, M; McNulty, D</p> <p>1995-02-01</p> <p>Limitation of resident working hours has been a critical issue for training programs in recent years. At Providence Medical Center, residents and faculty collaborated in developing goals, implementation strategies, and an evaluation process for a new ward <span class="hlt">float</span> system. The goals of the <span class="hlt">float</span> system were to reduce fatigue, facilitate education, maintain continuity of care, and minimize the negative impact of training on residents' personal lives. Evaluation revealed: 1) 74% of the residents preferred Providence Medical Center <span class="hlt">float</span> system (PMCF) to either night <span class="hlt">float</span> (NF) (13%) or standard every-fourth-night call (EFNC) (13%); and 2) PMCF was perceived to ensure quality patient care to a greater degree than was NF, to better facilitate resident education than was NF, and to have a less negative impact on personal lives than was EFNC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JMSA...11..328Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JMSA...11..328Z"><span>Motion performance and mooring system of a <span class="hlt">floating</span> offshore wind turbine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Jing; Zhang, Liang; Wu, Haitao</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>The development of offshore wind farms was originally carried out in shallow water areas with fixed (seabed mounted) structures. However, countries with limited shallow water areas require innovative <span class="hlt">floating</span> platforms to deploy wind turbines offshore in order to harness wind energy to generate electricity in deep seas. The performances of motion and mooring system dynamics are vital to designing a cost effective and durable <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform. This paper describes a numerical model to simulate dynamic behavior of a new semi-submersible type <span class="hlt">floating</span> offshore wind turbine (FOWT) system. The wind turbine was modeled as a wind block with a certain thrust coefficient, and the hydrodynamics and mooring system dynamics of the platform were calculated by SESAM software. The effect of change in environmental conditions on the dynamic response of the system under wave and wind loading was examined. The results indicate that the semi-submersible concept has excellent performance and SESAM could be an effective tool for <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbine design and analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-529.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-529.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.529 - Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> landing conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... stern landings, the limit water reaction load factors are those computed under § 25.527. In addition— (1... upward component and a side component equal, respectively, to 0.75 and 0.25 tan β times the resultant... upward load at the step of each <span class="hlt">float</span> of 0.75 and a side load of 0.25 tan β at one <span class="hlt">float</span> times the step...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-529.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-529.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.529 - Hull and main <span class="hlt">float</span> landing conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... stern landings, the limit water reaction load factors are those computed under § 25.527. In addition— (1... upward component and a side component equal, respectively, to 0.75 and 0.25 tan β times the resultant... upward load at the step of each <span class="hlt">float</span> of 0.75 and a side load of 0.25 tan β at one <span class="hlt">float</span> times the step...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApPhL.101n1603A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApPhL.101n1603A"><span>Electron transporting water-<span class="hlt">gated</span> thin film transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Al Naim, Abdullah; Grell, Martin</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>We demonstrate an electron-transporting water-<span class="hlt">gated</span> thin film transistor, using thermally converted precursor-route zinc-oxide (ZnO) intrinsic semiconductors with hexamethyldisilazene (HMDS) hydrophobic surface modification. Water <span class="hlt">gated</span> HMDS-ZnO thin film transistors (TFT) display low threshold and high electron mobility. ZnO films constitute an attractive alternative to organic semiconductors for TFT transducers in sensor applications for waterborne analytes. Despite the use of an electrolyte as <span class="hlt">gate</span> medium, the <span class="hlt">gate</span> geometry (shape of <span class="hlt">gate</span> electrode and distance between <span class="hlt">gate</span> electrode and TFT channel) is relevant for optimum performance of water-<span class="hlt">gated</span> TFTs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091398','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091398"><span>Water Pressure Distribution on a Twin-<span class="hlt">Float</span> Seaplane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, F L</p> <p>1930-01-01</p> <p>This is the second of a series of investigations to determine water pressure distribution on various types of seaplane <span class="hlt">floats</span> and hulls, and was conducted on a twin-<span class="hlt">float</span> seaplane. It consisted of measuring water pressures and accelerations on a TS-1 seaplane during numerous landing and taxiing maneuvers at various speeds and angles. The results show that water pressures as great as 10 lbs. per sq. in.may occur at the step in various maneuvers and that pressures of approximately the same magnitude occur at the stern and near the bow in hard pancake landings with the stern way down. At the other parts of the <span class="hlt">float</span> the pressures are less and are usually zero or slightly negative for some distance abaft the step. A maximum negative pressure of 0.87 lb. Per square inch was measured immediately abaft the step. The maximum positive pressures have a duration of approximately one-twentieth to one-hundredth second at any given location and are distributed over a very limited area at any particular instant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf"><span>49 CFR 234.223 - <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. 234.223 Section 234.223 Transportation... Maintenance Standards § 234.223 <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm, when in the downward position, shall extend across... clearly viewed by approaching highway users. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm shall start its downward motion not less than...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol4-sec234-223.pdf"><span>49 CFR 234.223 - <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. 234.223 Section 234.223 Transportation... Maintenance Standards § 234.223 <span class="hlt">Gate</span> arm. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm, when in the downward position, shall extend across... clearly viewed by approaching highway users. Each <span class="hlt">gate</span> arm shall start its downward motion not less than...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977153','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14977153"><span>A novel control process of cyanobacterial bloom using cyanobacteriolytic bacteria immobilized in <span class="hlt">floating</span> biodegradable plastic carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakamura, N; Nakano, K; Sugiura, N; Matsumura, M</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>A process using a <span class="hlt">floating</span> carrier for immobilization of cyanobacteriolytic bacteria, B.cereus N-14, was proposed to realize an effective in situ control of natural <span class="hlt">floating</span> cyanobacterial blooms. The critical concentrations of the cyanobacteriolytic substance and B.cereus N-14 cells required to exhibit cyanobacteriolytic activity were investigated. The results indicated the necessity of cell growth to produce sufficiently high amounts of the cyanobacteriolytic substance to exhibit its activity and also for conditions enabling good contact between high concentrations of the cyanobacteriolytic substance and cyanobacteria. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> biodegradable plastics made of starch were applied as a carrier material to maintain close contact between the immobilized cyanobacteriolytic bacteria and <span class="hlt">floating</span> cyanobacteria. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> starch-carriers could eliminate 99% of <span class="hlt">floating</span> cyanobacteria in 4 d. Since B.cereus N-14 could produce the cyanobacteriolytic substance under the presence of starch and some amino acids, the cyanobacteriolytic activity could be attributed to carbon source fed from starch carrier and amino acids eluted from lysed cyanobacteria. Therefore, the effect of using a <span class="hlt">floating</span> starch-carrier was confirmed from both view points as a carrier for immobilization and a nutrient source to stimulate cyanobacteriolytic activity. The new concept to apply a <span class="hlt">floating</span> carrier immobilizing useful microorganisms for intensive treatment of a nuisance <span class="hlt">floating</span> target was demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28819103','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28819103"><span>Mass production of polymer <span class="hlt">nano</span>-wires filled with metal <span class="hlt">nano</span>-particles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lomadze, Nino; Kopyshev, Alexey; Bargheer, Matias; Wollgarten, Markus; Santer, Svetlana</p> <p>2017-08-17</p> <p>Despite the ongoing progress in nanotechnology and its applications, the development of strategies for connecting <span class="hlt">nano</span>-scale systems to micro- or macroscale elements is hampered by the lack of structural components that have both, <span class="hlt">nano</span>- and macroscale dimensions. The production of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-scale wires with macroscale length is one of the most interesting challenges here. There are a lot of strategies to fabricate long nanoscopic stripes made of metals, polymers or ceramics but none is suitable for mass production of ordered and dense arrangements of wires at large numbers. In this paper, we report on a technique for producing arrays of ordered, flexible and free-standing polymer <span class="hlt">nano</span>-wires filled with different types of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-particles. The process utilizes the strong response of photosensitive polymer brushes to irradiation with UV-interference patterns, resulting in a substantial mass redistribution of the polymer material along with local rupturing of polymer chains. The chains can wind up in wires of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-scale thickness and a length of up to several centimeters. When dispersing <span class="hlt">nano</span>-particles within the film, the final arrangement is similar to a core-shell geometry with mainly <span class="hlt">nano</span>-particles found in the core region and the polymer forming a dielectric jacket.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS31A1232J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS31A1232J"><span>Long-Term Observations of Ocean Biogeochemistry with Nitrate and Oxygen Sensors in Apex Profiling <span class="hlt">Floats</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, K. S.; Coletti, L.; Jannasch, H.; Martz, T.; Swift, D.; Riser, S.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Long-term, autonomous observations of ocean biogeochemical cycles are now feasible with chemical sensors in profiling <span class="hlt">floats</span>. These sensors will enable decadal-scale observations of trends in global ocean biogeochemical cycles. Here, we focus on measurements on nitrate and dissolved oxygen. The ISUS (In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer) optical nitrate sensor has been adapted to operate in a Webb Research, Apex profiling <span class="hlt">float</span>. The Apex <span class="hlt">float</span> is of the type used in the Argo array and is designed for multi-year, expendable deployments in the ocean. <span class="hlt">Floats</span> park at 1000 m depth and make 60 nitrate and oxygen measurements at depth intervals ranging from 50 m below 400 m to 5 m in the upper 100 m as they profile to the surface. All data are transmitted to shore using the Iridium telemetry system and they are available on the Internet in near-real time. <span class="hlt">Floats</span> equipped with ISUS and an Aanderaa oxygen sensor are capable of making 280 vertical profiles from 1000 m. At a 5 day cycle time, the <span class="hlt">floats</span> should have nearly a four year endurance. Three <span class="hlt">floats</span> have now been deployed at the Hawaii Ocean Time series station (HOT), Ocean Station Papa (OSP) in the Gulf of Alaska and at 50 South, 30 East in the Southern Ocean. Two additional <span class="hlt">floats</span> are designated for deployment at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series station (BATS) and in the Drake Passage. The HOT <span class="hlt">float</span> has made 56 profiles over 260 days and should continue operating for 3 more years. Nitrate concentrations are in excellent agreement with the long-term mean observed at HOT. No significant long-term drift in sensor response has occurred. A variety of features have been observed in the HOT nitrate data that are linked to contemporaneous changes in oxygen production and mesoscale dynamics. The impacts of these features will be briefly described. The Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">float</span> has operated for 200 days and is now observing reinjection of nitrate into surface waters as winter mixing occurs(surface nitrate > 24 micromolar). We</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321039"><span>Plasmonic graded <span class="hlt">nano</span>-disks as <span class="hlt">nano</span>-optical conveyor belt.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kang, Zhiwen; Lu, Haifei; Chen, Jiajie; Chen, Kun; Xu, Fang; Ho, Ho-Pui</p> <p>2014-08-11</p> <p>We propose a plasmonic system consisting of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-disks (NDs) with graded diameters for the realization of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-optical conveyor belt. The system contains a couple of NDs with individual elements coded with different resonant wavelengths. By sequentially switching the wavelength and polarization of the excitation source, optically trapped target <span class="hlt">nano</span>-particle can be transferred from one ND to another. The feasibility of such function is verified based on the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique and the Maxwell stress tensor method. Our design may provide an alternative way to construct <span class="hlt">nano</span>-optical conveyor belt with which target molecules can be delivered between trapping sites, thus enabling many on-chip optofluidic applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.555a2053E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.555a2053E"><span>Cascade Analysis of a <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Wind Turbine Rotor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eliassen, Lene; Jakobsen, Jasna B.; Knauer, Andreas; Nielsen, Finn Gunnar</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Mounting a wind turbine on a <span class="hlt">floating</span> foundation introduces more complexity to the aerodynamic loading. The floater motion contains a wide range of frequencies. To study some of the basic dynamic load effect on the blades due to these motions, a two-dimensional cascade approach, combined with a potential vortex method, is used. This is an alternative method to study the aeroelastic behavior of wind turbines that is different from the traditional blade element momentum method. The analysis tool demands little computational power relative to a full three dimensional vortex method, and can handle unsteady flows. When using the cascade plane, a "cut" is made at a section of the wind turbine blade. The flow is viewed parallel to the blade axis at this cut. The cascade model is commonly used for analysis of turbo machineries. Due to the simplicity of the code it requires little computational resources, however it has limitations in its validity. It can only handle two-dimensional potential flow, i.e. including neither three-dimensional effects, such as the tip loss effect, nor boundary layers and stall effects are modeled. The computational tool can however be valuable in the overall analysis of <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbines, and evaluation of the rotor control system. A check of the validity of the vortex panel code using an airfoil profile is performed, comparing the variation of the lift force, to the theoretically derived Wagner function. To analyse the <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbine, a <span class="hlt">floating</span> structure with hub height 90 m is chosen. An axial motion of the rotor is considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5484101','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5484101"><span>Enhancement of Biomass and Lipid Productivities of Water Surface-<span class="hlt">Floating</span> Microalgae by Chemical Mutagenesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nojima, Daisuke; Ishizuka, Yuki; Muto, Masaki; Ujiro, Asuka; Kodama, Fumito; Yoshino, Tomoko; Maeda, Yoshiaki; Matsunaga, Tadashi; Tanaka, Tsuyoshi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae have great potential for biofuel applications due to the ease of the harvesting process, which is one of the most problematic steps in conventional microalgal biofuel production. We have collected promising water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae and characterized their capacity for biomass and lipid production. In this study, we performed chemical mutagenesis of two water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae to elevate productivity. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> microalgal strains AVFF007 and FFG039 (tentatively identified as Botryosphaerella sp. and Chlorococcum sp., respectively) were exposed to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) or 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and pale green mutants (PMs) were obtained. The most promising FFG039 PM formed robust biofilms on the surface of the culture medium, similar to those formed by wild type strains, and it exhibited 1.7-fold and 1.9-fold higher biomass and lipid productivities than those of the wild type. This study indicates that the chemical mutation strategy improves the lipid productivity of water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae without inhibiting biofilm formation and <span class="hlt">floating</span> ability. PMID:28555001</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555001"><span>Enhancement of Biomass and Lipid Productivities of Water Surface-<span class="hlt">Floating</span> Microalgae by Chemical Mutagenesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nojima, Daisuke; Ishizuka, Yuki; Muto, Masaki; Ujiro, Asuka; Kodama, Fumito; Yoshino, Tomoko; Maeda, Yoshiaki; Matsunaga, Tadashi; Tanaka, Tsuyoshi</p> <p>2017-05-27</p> <p>Water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae have great potential for biofuel applications due to the ease of the harvesting process, which is one of the most problematic steps in conventional microalgal biofuel production. We have collected promising water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae and characterized their capacity for biomass and lipid production. In this study, we performed chemical mutagenesis of two water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae to elevate productivity. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> microalgal strains AVFF007 and FFG039 (tentatively identified as Botryosphaerella sp. and Chlorococcum sp., respectively) were exposed to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) or 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and pale green mutants (PMs) were obtained. The most promising FFG039 PM formed robust biofilms on the surface of the culture medium, similar to those formed by wild type strains, and it exhibited 1.7-fold and 1.9-fold higher biomass and lipid productivities than those of the wild type. This study indicates that the chemical mutation strategy improves the lipid productivity of water surface-<span class="hlt">floating</span> microalgae without inhibiting biofilm formation and <span class="hlt">floating</span> ability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25924732','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25924732"><span>Formulation and evaluation of different <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets containing metronidazole to target stomach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Loh, Zhiao C; Elkordy, Amal A</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to formulate and develop tablets dosage form containing Metronidazole which has swelling and <span class="hlt">floating</span> properties as a gastroretentive controlled-release drug delivery system to improve drug bioavailability. Fifteen different formulations of effervescence-forming <span class="hlt">floating</span> systems were designed using HPMC K15M, xanthan gum, co-povidone, Eudragit® RL PO, pluronic® F-127 and/or polypropylene foam powder as swelling agents and sodium bicarbonate with/ without citric acid as gas-forming agents at different compositions. Six out of these 15 formulations which have satisfactory tablet <span class="hlt">floating</span> behaviour were further studied with the incorporation of Metronidazole. The tablets were evaluated based on tablet physicochemical properties, <span class="hlt">floating</span> behaviour, swelling ability and drug dissolution studies which were carried out using 0.1M HCl at 37°C for 8 hours. Furthermore, evaluation of the powder mixtures using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated. Most of the tablets show good physicochemical properties except for F11 which contains pluronic® F-127 as its release-retarding matrix-forming polymer. Other formulations show high swelling capacity, ability to <span class="hlt">float</span> for at least 8 hours in vitro and have sustained drug release characteristics. Data obtained indicated that F3 which contains HPMC (12.5%w/w), xanthan gum (25%w/w), co-povidone (12.5%w/w) and sodium bicarbonate (31.7%w/w) is a suitable formulation with short <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time, good <span class="hlt">floating</span> behaviour and sustained drug release for at least 8 hours in vitro with a zero order kinetic. Combinations of HPMC K15M and xanthan gum as swelling agents show synergistic effect in retarding drug release and are suitable in providing the most sustained drug release system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..358a2062A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..358a2062A"><span>The Effect of <span class="hlt">Nano</span> Loading and Ultrasonic Compounding of EVA/LDPE/<span class="hlt">Nano</span>-magnesium Hydroxide on Mechanical Properties and Distribution of <span class="hlt">Nano</span> Particles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Azman, I. A.; Salleh, R. M.; Alauddin, S. M.; Shueb, M. I.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Blends of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) are promising composite which have good mechanical properties to environmental stress cracking. However, they lack fire resistant properties, which limits it usage in wire and cable industry. In order to improve flame retardancy ability, a range of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-magnesium hydroxide (<span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH) loading which is from 0 phr to maximum of 20 phr with ultrasonic extrusion 0-100 kHz frequencies have been introduced. Ultrasonic extrusion was used to improve the distribution of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH. It was found that, 10 phr of <span class="hlt">nano</span> loading with 100 kHz ultrasonic assisted has greater tensile strength compared to the nanocomposite without ultrasonication. Further increase of <span class="hlt">nano</span> MH loading, will decrease the tensile properties. Better elongation at break was observed at10 phr <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH with the frequency of 50 kHz. The sample of 20 phr of <span class="hlt">nano</span>MH assisted with 50 kHz ultrasonic exhibits good flexural properties while 10 phr of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH without the ultrasonic assisted demonstrates good in izod impact properties. From the evaluation of mechanical properties studied, it was found that 10 phr of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH has shown the best performance among all the samples tested for EVA/LDPE/<span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH composites. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) has been conducted on 10 phr sample with different frequencies in order to observe the distribution of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH particles. The sample with 100 kHz frequency shows more uniform dispersion of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-MH in EVA/LDPE composites. This investigation indicates that the ultrasonic technology can enhance the mechanical properties studied as well as the dispersion of <span class="hlt">nano</span> particles in the composite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865489','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865489"><span>Sliding-<span class="hlt">gate</span> valve for use with abrasive materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ayers, Jr., William J.; Carter, Charles R.; Griffith, Richard A.; Loomis, Richard B.; Notestein, John E.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The invention is a flow and pressure-sealing valve for use with abrasive solids. The valve embodies special features which provide for long, reliable operating lifetimes in solids-handling service. The valve includes upper and lower transversely slidable <span class="hlt">gates</span>, contained in separate chambers. The upper <span class="hlt">gate</span> provides a solids-flow control function, whereas the lower <span class="hlt">gate</span> provides a pressure-sealing function. The lower <span class="hlt">gate</span> is supported by means for (a) lifting that <span class="hlt">gate</span> into sealing engagement with its seat when the <span class="hlt">gate</span> is in its open and closed positions and (b) lowering the <span class="hlt">gate</span> out of contact with its seat to permit abrasion-free transit of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> between its open and closed positions. When closed, the upper <span class="hlt">gate</span> isolates the lower <span class="hlt">gate</span> from the solids. Because of this shielding action, the sealing surface of the lower <span class="hlt">gate</span> is not exposed to solids during transit or when it is being lifted or lowered. The chamber containing the lower <span class="hlt">gate</span> normally is pressurized slightly, and a sweep gas is directed inwardly across the lower-<span class="hlt">gate</span> sealing surface during the vertical translation of the <span class="hlt">gate</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462025','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462025"><span>Plant traits and environment: <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blade production and turnover of waterlilies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klok, Peter F; van der Velde, Gerard</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Floating</span> leaf blades of waterlilies fulfill several functions in wetland ecosystems by production, decomposition and turnover as well as exchange processes. Production and turnover rates of <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blades of three waterlily species, Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm., Nymphaea alba L. and Nymphaea candida Presl, were studied in three freshwater bodies, differing in trophic status, pH and alkalinity. Length and percentages of leaf loss of marked leaf blades were measured weekly during the growing season. Area and biomass were calculated based on leaf length and were used to calculate the turnover rate of <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blades. Seasonal changes in <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf production showed that values decreased in the order: Nymphaea alba , Nuphar lutea , Nymphaea candida . The highest production was reached for Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba in alkaline, eutrophic water bodies. The production per leaf was relatively high for both species in the acid water body. Nymphaea candida showed a very short vegetation period and low turnover rates. The ratio Total potential leaf biomass/Maximum potential leaf biomass (P/B max ) of the three species ranged from 1.35-2.25. The ratio Vegetation period (Period with <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaves)/Mean leaf life span ranged from 2.94-4.63, the ratio Growth period (Period with appearance of new <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaves)/Vegetation period from 0.53-0.73. The clear differences between Nymphaea candida versus Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba , may be due to adaptations of Nymphaea candida to an Euro-Siberic climate with short-lasting summer conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5603246','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5603246"><span>Characterization of airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust emitted during continuous mining, longwall mining and belt transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shahan, M.R.; Seaman, C.E.; Beck, T.W.; Colinet, J.F.; Mischler, S.E.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Float</span> coal dust is produced by various mining methods, carried by ventilating air and deposited on the floor, roof and ribs of mine airways. If deposited, <span class="hlt">float</span> dust is re-entrained during a methane explosion. Without sufficient inert rock dust quantities, this <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust can propagate an explosion throughout mining entries. Consequently, controlling <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust is of critical interest to mining operations. Rock dusting, which is the adding of inert material to airway surfaces, is the main control technique currently used by the coal mining industry to reduce the <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust explosion hazard. To assist the industry in reducing this hazard, the Pittsburgh Mining Research Division of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated a project to investigate methods and technologies to reduce <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust in underground coal mines through prevention, capture and suppression prior to deposition. Field characterization studies were performed to determine quantitatively the sources, types and amounts of dust produced during various coal mining processes. The operations chosen for study were a continuous miner section, a longwall section and a coal-handling facility. For each of these operations, the primary dust sources were confirmed to be the continuous mining machine, longwall shearer and conveyor belt transfer points, respectively. Respirable and total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> dust samples were collected and analyzed for each operation, and the ratio of total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust was calculated. During the continuous mining process, the ratio of total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust ranged from 10.3 to 13.8. The ratios measured on the longwall face were between 18.5 and 21.5. The total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust ratio observed during belt transport ranged between 7.5 and 21.8. PMID:28936001</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28936001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28936001"><span>Characterization of airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust emitted during continuous mining, longwall mining and belt transport.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shahan, M R; Seaman, C E; Beck, T W; Colinet, J F; Mischler, S E</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Float</span> coal dust is produced by various mining methods, carried by ventilating air and deposited on the floor, roof and ribs of mine airways. If deposited, <span class="hlt">float</span> dust is re-entrained during a methane explosion. Without sufficient inert rock dust quantities, this <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust can propagate an explosion throughout mining entries. Consequently, controlling <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust is of critical interest to mining operations. Rock dusting, which is the adding of inert material to airway surfaces, is the main control technique currently used by the coal mining industry to reduce the <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust explosion hazard. To assist the industry in reducing this hazard, the Pittsburgh Mining Research Division of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated a project to investigate methods and technologies to reduce <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust in underground coal mines through prevention, capture and suppression prior to deposition. Field characterization studies were performed to determine quantitatively the sources, types and amounts of dust produced during various coal mining processes. The operations chosen for study were a continuous miner section, a longwall section and a coal-handling facility. For each of these operations, the primary dust sources were confirmed to be the continuous mining machine, longwall shearer and conveyor belt transfer points, respectively. Respirable and total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> dust samples were collected and analyzed for each operation, and the ratio of total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust was calculated. During the continuous mining process, the ratio of total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust ranged from 10.3 to 13.8. The ratios measured on the longwall face were between 18.5 and 21.5. The total airborne <span class="hlt">float</span> coal dust to respirable dust ratio observed during belt transport ranged between 7.5 and 21.8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1018063','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1018063"><span><span class="hlt">Floating</span> point only SIMD instruction set architecture including compare, select, Boolean, and alignment operations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gschwind, Michael K [Chappaqua, NY</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Mechanisms for implementing a <span class="hlt">floating</span> point only single instruction multiple data instruction set architecture are provided. A processor is provided that comprises an issue unit, an execution unit coupled to the issue unit, and a vector register file coupled to the execution unit. The execution unit has logic that implements a <span class="hlt">floating</span> point (FP) only single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instruction set architecture (ISA). The <span class="hlt">floating</span> point vector registers of the vector register file store both scalar and <span class="hlt">floating</span> point values as vectors having a plurality of vector elements. The processor may be part of a data processing system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391127-reversible-logic-gates-physarum-polycephalum','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391127-reversible-logic-gates-physarum-polycephalum"><span>Reversible logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> on Physarum Polycephalum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schumann, Andrew</p> <p>2015-03-10</p> <p>In this paper, we consider possibilities how to implement asynchronous sequential logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> and quantum-style reversible logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> on Physarum polycephalum motions. We show that in asynchronous sequential logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> we can erase information because of uncertainty in the direction of plasmodium propagation. Therefore quantum-style reversible logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> are more preferable for designing logic circuits on Physarum polycephalum.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2010/0810_gates1','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2010/0810_gates1"><span>Travels with <span class="hlt">Gates</span> - August 2010</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>combat floods that are affecting 14 million people. Story Biography Speeches Travels Photo <em>Essays</em> <span class="hlt">Gates</span> Visits Navy Special Warefare Training More Photo <em>Essays</em> <span class="hlt">Gates</span> Attends Graduation in San Diego <span class="hlt">Gates</span> Photo <em>Essays</em> News Photos Week In Photos Videos DIMOC DOD/Military Seals DoD Flickr Secretary of Defense</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvA..91b2309H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvA..91b2309H"><span>Quantum <span class="hlt">gates</span> with controlled adiabatic evolutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hen, Itay</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>We introduce a class of quantum adiabatic evolutions that we claim may be interpreted as the equivalents of the unitary <span class="hlt">gates</span> of the quantum <span class="hlt">gate</span> model. We argue that these <span class="hlt">gates</span> form a universal set and may therefore be used as building blocks in the construction of arbitrary "adiabatic circuits," analogously to the manner in which <span class="hlt">gates</span> are used in the circuit model. One implication of the above construction is that arbitrary classical boolean circuits as well as <span class="hlt">gate</span> model circuits may be directly translated to adiabatic algorithms with no additional resources or complexities. We show that while these adiabatic algorithms fail to exhibit certain aspects of the inherent fault tolerance of traditional quantum adiabatic algorithms, they may have certain other experimental advantages acting as quantum <span class="hlt">gates</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec180-137.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol7-sec180-137.pdf"><span>46 CFR 180.137 - Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus. 180.137... (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENTS Survival Craft Arrangements and Equipment § 180.137 Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus. (a) In addition to meeting § 180.130, each life...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec180-137.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol7-sec180-137.pdf"><span>46 CFR 180.137 - Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus. 180.137... (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENTS Survival Craft Arrangements and Equipment § 180.137 Stowage of life <span class="hlt">floats</span> and buoyant apparatus. (a) In addition to meeting § 180.130, each life...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-07/pdf/2010-30616.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-07/pdf/2010-30616.pdf"><span>75 FR 75934 - Airworthiness Directives; Apical Industries Inc. (Apical) Emergency <span class="hlt">Float</span> Kits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-12-07</p> <p>...-1190; Directorate Identifier 2010-SW-038-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Apical Industries Inc. (Apical) Emergency <span class="hlt">Float</span> Kits AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT. ACTION: Notice of... the Apical emergency <span class="hlt">float</span> kits installed on certain model helicopters under supplemental type...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-13/pdf/2011-30925.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-13/pdf/2011-30925.pdf"><span>76 FR 77375 - Airworthiness Directives; Apical Industries, Inc., (Apical) Emergency <span class="hlt">Float</span> Kits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-12-13</p> <p>... Airworthiness Directives; Apical Industries, Inc., (Apical) Emergency <span class="hlt">Float</span> Kits AGENCY: Federal Aviation... the Apical emergency <span class="hlt">float</span> kits installed on certain model helicopters under supplemental type... the service information identified in this AD from Apical Industries, Inc., 2608 Temple Heights Drive...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rice&pg=7&id=EJ848958','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rice&pg=7&id=EJ848958"><span>Stanford, Duke, Rice,... and <span class="hlt">Gates</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Carey, Kevin</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This article presents an open letter to Bill <span class="hlt">Gates</span>. In his letter, the author suggests that Bill <span class="hlt">Gates</span> should build a brand-new university, a great 21st-century institution of higher learning. This university will be unlike anything the world has ever seen. He asks Bill <span class="hlt">Gates</span> not to stop helping existing colleges create the higher-education system…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689426','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689426"><span>Hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Villalba-Galea, Carlos A</p> <p>2017-03-04</p> <p>Ion channels constitute a superfamily of membrane proteins found in all living creatures. Their activity allows fast translocation of ions across the plasma membrane down the ion's transmembrane electrochemical gradient, resulting in a difference in electrical potential across the plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. A group within this superfamily, namely voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels, displays activity that is sensitive to the membrane potential. The activity of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels is controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential is changed by these channels' activity. This interplay produces variations in the membrane potential that have evolved into electrical signals in many organisms. These signals are essential for numerous biological processes, including neuronal activity, insulin release, muscle contraction, fertilization and many others. In recent years, the activity of the voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels has been observed not to follow a simple relationship with the membrane potential. Instead, it has been shown that the activity of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channel displays hysteresis. In fact, a growing number of evidence have demonstrated that the voltage dependence of channel activity is dynamically modulated by activity itself. In spite of the great impact that this property can have on electrical signaling, hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels is often overlooked. Addressing this issue, this review provides examples of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> ion channels displaying hysteretic behavior. Further, this review will discuss how Dynamic Voltage Dependence in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels can have a physiological role in electrical signaling. Furthermore, this review will elaborate on the current thoughts on the mechanism underlying hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5398603','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5398603"><span>Hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT Ion channels constitute a superfamily of membrane proteins found in all living creatures. Their activity allows fast translocation of ions across the plasma membrane down the ion's transmembrane electrochemical gradient, resulting in a difference in electrical potential across the plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. A group within this superfamily, namely voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels, displays activity that is sensitive to the membrane potential. The activity of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels is controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential is changed by these channels' activity. This interplay produces variations in the membrane potential that have evolved into electrical signals in many organisms. These signals are essential for numerous biological processes, including neuronal activity, insulin release, muscle contraction, fertilization and many others. In recent years, the activity of the voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels has been observed not to follow a simple relationship with the membrane potential. Instead, it has been shown that the activity of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channel displays hysteresis. In fact, a growing number of evidence have demonstrated that the voltage dependence of channel activity is dynamically modulated by activity itself. In spite of the great impact that this property can have on electrical signaling, hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels is often overlooked. Addressing this issue, this review provides examples of voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> ion channels displaying hysteretic behavior. Further, this review will discuss how Dynamic Voltage Dependence in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels can have a physiological role in electrical signaling. Furthermore, this review will elaborate on the current thoughts on the mechanism underlying hysteresis in voltage-<span class="hlt">gated</span> channels. PMID:27689426</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.924a2014T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.924a2014T"><span>Casting Control of <span class="hlt">Floating</span>-films into Ribbon-shape Structure by modified Dynamic FTM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tripathi, A.; Pandey, M.; Nagamatsu, S.; Pandey, S. S.; Hayase, S.; Takashima, W.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We have developed a new method to obtain Ribbon-shaped <span class="hlt">floating</span> films via dynamic casting of <span class="hlt">floating</span>-film and transfer method (dynamic-FTM). Dynamic-FTM is a unique method to prepare oriented thin-film of conjugated polymers (CPs) which is quick and easy. This method has several advantages as compared to the other conventional casting procedure to prepare oriented CP films. In the conventional dynamic FTM appearance of large scale circular orientation poses difficulty not only for practical applications but also hinders the detailed analysis of the orientation mechanism. In this present work, pros and cons of this newly proposed ribbon-shaped <span class="hlt">floating</span>-film have been discussed in detail from those of the conventional <span class="hlt">floating</span>-film prepared by dynamic-FTM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoPhC.220...44M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoPhC.220...44M"><span>Benchmarking <span class="hlt">gate</span>-based quantum computers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Michielsen, Kristel; Nocon, Madita; Willsch, Dennis; Jin, Fengping; Lippert, Thomas; De Raedt, Hans</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>With the advent of public access to small <span class="hlt">gate</span>-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness of a number of simple quantum circuits as benchmarks for <span class="hlt">gate</span>-based quantum computing devices and show that circuits performing identity operations are very simple, scalable and sensitive to <span class="hlt">gate</span> errors and are therefore very well suited for this task. We illustrate the procedure by presenting benchmark results for the IBM Quantum Experience, a cloud-based platform for <span class="hlt">gate</span>-based quantum computing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e029073.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e029073.html"><span>Fruit <span class="hlt">Floating</span> at Cupola Window</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-12</p> <p>ISS038-E-029073 (12 Jan. 2014) --- A fresh apple <span class="hlt">floating</span> freely near a window in the Cupola of the International Space Station is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member. Attached to the Harmony node, the Orbital Sciences Corp. Cygnus commercial cargo craft, which brought the fresh fruit, is visible at center.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e042112.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-iss038e042112.html"><span>Apple <span class="hlt">Floating</span> in Cupola Module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-02-06</p> <p>ISS038-E-042112 (6 Feb. 2014) --- A fresh apple <span class="hlt">floating</span> freely near a window in the Cupola of the International Space Station is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member. Currently docked to the station, a Russian Progress resupply vehicle (left) and a Soyuz spacecraft along with Earth's horizon are visible in the background.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555164','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555164"><span><span class="hlt">Floating</span> Double Deck Pier Fenders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>Center FDDP <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Double Deck Pier FEM Finite Element Model MHP Modular Hybrid Pier NAVFAC Naval Facilities RDT&E Research, Development, Testing...4. FEM Performance of MV1000x900B Elements ........................................................ 14 Figure 4-5. Biaxial UE1200x1200E3.1 Fender...Deflection .......................................................... 15 Figure 4-6. FEM Performance of Biaxial UE Fender</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/blog/posts/stat-faqs-part1-floating-solar.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/blog/posts/stat-faqs-part1-floating-solar.html"><span>STAT FAQs Part 1: <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Solar | State, Local, and Tribal Governments |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>interest in installing this innovative solar technology. For <em>example</em>, several wineries in California are tilt to 11 degrees. NREL <em>research</em> has shown that this is the typical mounting angle for <span class="hlt">floating</span> solar installation. As an <em>example</em>, a hypothetical 1 MW <span class="hlt">floating</span> solar array located in Napa, California would</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040087797&hterms=respiratory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Drespiratory','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040087797&hterms=respiratory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Drespiratory"><span>The human respiratory <span class="hlt">gate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eckberg, Dwain L.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Respiratory activity phasically alters membrane potentials of preganglionic vagal and sympathetic motoneurones and continuously modulates their responsiveness to stimulatory inputs. The most obvious manifestation of this 'respiratory <span class="hlt">gating</span>' is respiratory sinus arrhythmia, the rhythmic fluctuations of electrocardiographic R-R intervals observed in healthy resting humans. Phasic autonomic motoneurone firing, reflecting the throughput of the system, depends importantly on the intensity of stimulatory inputs, such that when levels of stimulation are low (as with high arterial pressure and sympathetic activity, or low arterial pressure and vagal activity), respiratory fluctuations of sympathetic or vagal firing are also low. The respiratory <span class="hlt">gate</span> has a finite capacity, and high levels of stimulation override the ability of respiration to <span class="hlt">gate</span> autonomic responsiveness. Autonomic throughput also depends importantly on other factors, including especially, the frequency of breathing, the rate at which the <span class="hlt">gate</span> opens and closes. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is small at rapid, and large at slow breathing rates. The strong correlation between systolic pressure and R-R intervals at respiratory frequencies reflects the influence of respiration on these two measures, rather than arterial baroreflex physiology. A wide range of evidence suggests that respiratory activity <span class="hlt">gates</span> the timing of autonomic motoneurone firing, but does not influence its tonic level. I propose that the most enduring significance of respiratory <span class="hlt">gating</span> is its use as a precisely controlled experimental tool to tease out and better understand otherwise inaccessible human autonomic neurophysiological mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JSV...414..233W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JSV...414..233W"><span>Application of a movable active vibration control system on a <span class="hlt">floating</span> raft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhen; Mak, Cheuk Ming</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This paper presents a theoretical study of an inertial actuator connected to an accelerometer by a local feedback loop for active vibration control on a <span class="hlt">floating</span> raft. On the criterion of the minimum power transmission from the vibratory machines to the flexible foundation in the <span class="hlt">floating</span> raft, the best mounting positions for the inertial actuator on the intermediate mass of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> raft are investigated. Simulation results indicate that the best mounting positions for the inertial actuator vary with frequency. To control time-varying excitations of vibratory machines on a <span class="hlt">floating</span> raft effectively, an automatic control system based on real-time measurement of a cost function and automatically searching the best mounting position of the inertial actuator is proposed. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that an automatic control system is proposed to move an actuator automatically for controlling a time-varying excitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPA....6e5004Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPA....6e5004Z"><span>Charge storage and tunneling mechanism of Ni nanocrystals embedded HfOx film</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, H. X.; Zhang, T.; Wang, R. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Li, L. T.; Qiu, X. Y.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">nano-floating</span> <span class="hlt">gate</span> memory structure based on Ni nanocrystals (NCs) embedded HfOx film is deposited by means of radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Microstructure investigations reveal that self-organized Ni-NCs with diameters of 4-8 nm are well dispersed in amorphous HfOx matrix. Pt/Ni-NCs embedded HfOx/Si/Ag capacitor structures exhibit voltage-dependent capacitance-voltage hysteresis, and a maximum flat-band voltage shift of 1.5 V, corresponding to a charge storage density of 6.0 × 1012 electrons/cm2, is achieved. These capacitor memory cells exhibit good endurance characteristic up to 4 × 104 cycles and excellent retention performance of 105 s, fulfilling the requirements of next generation non-volatile memory devices. Schottky tunneling is proven to be responsible for electrons tunneling in these capacitors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28234530','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28234530"><span>Unifying <span class="hlt">Gate</span> Synthesis and Magic State Distillation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Campbell, Earl T; Howard, Mark</p> <p>2017-02-10</p> <p>The leading paradigm for performing a computation on quantum memories can be encapsulated as distill-then-synthesize. Initially, one performs several rounds of distillation to create high-fidelity magic states that provide one good T <span class="hlt">gate</span>, an essential quantum logic <span class="hlt">gate</span>. Subsequently, <span class="hlt">gate</span> synthesis intersperses many T <span class="hlt">gates</span> with Clifford <span class="hlt">gates</span> to realize a desired circuit. We introduce a unified framework that implements one round of distillation and multiquibit <span class="hlt">gate</span> synthesis in a single step. Typically, our method uses the same number of T <span class="hlt">gates</span> as conventional synthesis but with the added benefit of quadratic error suppression. Because of this, one less round of magic state distillation needs to be performed, leading to significant resource savings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA206968','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA206968"><span>Freely Drifting Swallow <span class="hlt">Float</span> Array: August 1988 Trip Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>situ meas- urements of the <span class="hlt">floats</span>’ clock drifts were obtained; the absolute drifts were on the order of / one part in 105 and the relative clock...Finally, in situ meas- urements of the <span class="hlt">floats</span>’ clock drifts were obtained, the absolute drifts were on the order of one part in W05 and the relative...FSK mode). That is, the pseudo-random noise generator (PRNG) created a string of ones and zeros ; a zero caused a 12 kHz tone to be broadcast from</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6395E..0YB','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6395E..0YB"><span>Using optical flow for the detection of <span class="hlt">floating</span> mines in IR image sequences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borghgraef, Alexander; Acheroy, Marc</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>In the first Gulf War, unmoored <span class="hlt">floating</span> mines proved to be a real hazard for shipping traffic. An automated system capable of detecting these and other free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> small objects, using readily available sensors such as infra-red cameras, would prove to be a valuable mine-warfare asset, and could double as a collision avoidance mechanism, and a search-and-rescue aid. The noisy background provided by the sea surface, and occlusion by waves make it difficult to detect small <span class="hlt">floating</span> objects using only algorithms based upon the intensity, size or shape of the target. This leads us to look at the sequence of images for temporal detection characteristics. The target's apparent motion is such a determinant, given the contrast between the bobbing motion of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> object and the strong horizontal component present in the propagation of the wavefronts. We have applied the Proesmans optical flow algorithm to IR video footage of practice mines, in order to extract the motion characteristic and a threshold on the vertical motion characteristic is then imposed to detect the <span class="hlt">floating</span> targets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21974910','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21974910"><span>Design and in vitro evaluation of multiparticulate <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system of zolpidem tartarate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amrutkar, P P; Chaudhari, P D; Patil, S B</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Zolpidem tartarate is a non-benzodiazepine, sedative-hypnotic, which finds its major use in various types of insomnia. The present work relates to development of multiparticulate <span class="hlt">floating</span> drug delivery system based on gas generation technique to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall bioavailability. Modified release dosage form of zolpidem tartarate adapted to release over a predetermined time period, according to biphasic profile of dissolution, where the first phase is immediate release phase for inducing the sleep and the second phase is modified release phase for maintaining the sleep up to 10 h. The system consists of zolpidem tartarate layered pellets coated with effervescent layer and polymeric membrane. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> ability and in vitro drug release of the system were dependent on amount of the effervescent agent (sodium bicarbonate) layered onto the drug layered pellets, and coating level of the polymeric membrane (Eudragit(®) NE 30D). The system could <span class="hlt">float</span> completely within 5 min and maintain the <span class="hlt">floating</span> over a period of 10 h. The multiparticulate <span class="hlt">floating</span> delivery system of zolpidem tartarate with rapid <span class="hlt">floating</span> and modified drug release was obtained. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4290409','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4290409"><span>Unsteady aerodynamic analysis for offshore <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbines under different wind conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, B. F.; Wang, T. G.; Yuan, Y.; Cao, J. F.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A free-vortex wake (FVW) model is developed in this paper to analyse the unsteady aerodynamic performance of offshore <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbines. A time-marching algorithm of third-order accuracy is applied in the FVW model. Owing to the complex <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions, the blade inflow conditions and the positions of initial points of vortex filaments, which are different from the fixed wind turbine, are modified in the implemented model. A three-dimensional rotational effect model and a dynamic stall model are coupled into the FVW model to improve the aerodynamic performance prediction in the unsteady conditions. The effects of <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions in the simulation model are validated by comparison between calculation and experiment for a small-scale rigid test wind turbine coupled with a <span class="hlt">floating</span> tension leg platform (TLP). The dynamic inflow effect carried by the FVW method itself is confirmed and the results agree well with the experimental data of a pitching transient on another test turbine. Also, the flapping moment at the blade root in yaw on the same test turbine is calculated and compares well with the experimental data. Then, the aerodynamic performance is simulated in a yawed condition of steady wind and in an unyawed condition of turbulent wind, respectively, for a large-scale wind turbine coupled with the <span class="hlt">floating</span> TLP motions, demonstrating obvious differences in rotor performance and blade loading from the fixed wind turbine. The non-dimensional magnitudes of loading changes due to the <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions decrease from the blade root to the blade tip. PMID:25583859</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5410161','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5410161"><span>Plant traits and environment: <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blade production and turnover of waterlilies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Floating</span> leaf blades of waterlilies fulfill several functions in wetland ecosystems by production, decomposition and turnover as well as exchange processes. Production and turnover rates of <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blades of three waterlily species, Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm., Nymphaea alba L. and Nymphaea candida Presl, were studied in three freshwater bodies, differing in trophic status, pH and alkalinity. Length and percentages of leaf loss of marked leaf blades were measured weekly during the growing season. Area and biomass were calculated based on leaf length and were used to calculate the turnover rate of <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf blades. Seasonal changes in <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaf production showed that values decreased in the order: Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea candida. The highest production was reached for Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba in alkaline, eutrophic water bodies. The production per leaf was relatively high for both species in the acid water body. Nymphaea candida showed a very short vegetation period and low turnover rates. The ratio Total potential leaf biomass/Maximum potential leaf biomass (P/Bmax) of the three species ranged from 1.35–2.25. The ratio Vegetation period (Period with <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaves)/Mean leaf life span ranged from 2.94–4.63, the ratio Growth period (Period with appearance of new <span class="hlt">floating</span> leaves)/Vegetation period from 0.53–0.73. The clear differences between Nymphaea candida versus Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba, may be due to adaptations of Nymphaea candida to an Euro-Siberic climate with short-lasting summer conditions. PMID:28462025</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/14175','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/14175"><span>Automated Road Closure <span class="hlt">Gate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-05-01</p> <p>This report presents the procedures involved in the research, design, construction, and testing of an Automated Road Closure <span class="hlt">Gate</span>. The current road closure <span class="hlt">gates</span> used in South Dakota are often unsafe and difficult to operate. This report will assist ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6624433','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6624433"><span>Apparatus for removing oil and other <span class="hlt">floating</span> contaminants from a moving body of water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Strohecker, J.W.</p> <p>1973-12-18</p> <p>The patent describes a process in which <span class="hlt">floating</span> contaminants such as oil and solid debris are removed from a moving body of water by employing a skimming system which uses the natural gravitational flow of the water. A boom diagonally positioned across the body of water diverts the <span class="hlt">floating</span> contaminants over a <span class="hlt">floating</span> weir and into a retention pond where an underflow weir is used to return contaminant-free water to the moving body of water. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> weir is ballasted to maintain the contaminant-receiving opening therein slightly below the surface of the water during fluctuations in the water level for skimming the contaminants with minimal water removal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3833874','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3833874"><span>Site-Directed Spin Labeling Reveals Pentameric Ligand-<span class="hlt">Gated</span> Ion Channel <span class="hlt">Gating</span> Motions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dellisanti, Cosma D.; Ghosh, Borna; Hanson, Susan M.; Raspanti, James M.; Grant, Valerie A.; Diarra, Gaoussou M.; Schuh, Abby M.; Satyshur, Kenneth; Klug, Candice S.; Czajkowski, Cynthia</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Pentameric ligand-<span class="hlt">gated</span> ion channels (pLGICs) are neurotransmitter-activated receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission. In pLGICs, binding of agonist to the extracellular domain triggers a structural rearrangement that leads to the opening of an ion-conducting pore in the transmembrane domain and, in the continued presence of neurotransmitter, the channels desensitize (close). The flexible loops in each subunit that connect the extracellular binding domain (loops 2, 7, and 9) to the transmembrane channel domain (M2–M3 loop) are essential for coupling ligand binding to channel <span class="hlt">gating</span>. Comparing the crystal structures of two bacterial pLGIC homologues, ELIC and the proton-activated GLIC, suggests channel <span class="hlt">gating</span> is associated with rearrangements in these loops, but whether these motions accurately predict the motions in functional lipid-embedded pLGICs is unknown. Here, using site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and functional GLIC channels reconstituted into liposomes, we examined if, and how far, the loops at the ECD/TMD <span class="hlt">gating</span> interface move during proton-dependent <span class="hlt">gating</span> transitions from the resting to desensitized state. Loop 9 moves ∼9 Å inward toward the channel lumen in response to proton-induced desensitization. Loop 9 motions were not observed when GLIC was in detergent micelles, suggesting detergent solubilization traps the protein in a nonactivatable state and lipids are required for functional <span class="hlt">gating</span> transitions. Proton-induced desensitization immobilizes loop 2 with little change in position. Proton-induced motion of the M2–M3 loop was not observed, suggesting its conformation is nearly identical in closed and desensitized states. Our experimentally derived distance measurements of spin-labeled GLIC suggest ELIC is not a good model for the functional resting state of GLIC, and that the crystal structure of GLIC does not correspond to a desensitized state. These findings advance our</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105340','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105340"><span>Gastroretentive extended-release <span class="hlt">floating</span> granules prepared using a novel fluidized hot melt granulation (FHMG) technique.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhai, H; Jones, D S; McCoy, C P; Madi, A M; Tian, Y; Andrews, G P</p> <p>2014-10-06</p> <p>The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using a novel granulation technique, namely, fluidized hot melt granulation (FHMG), to prepare gastroretentive extended-release <span class="hlt">floating</span> granules. In this study we have utilized FHMG, a solvent free process in which granulation is achieved with the aid of low melting point materials, using Compritol 888 ATO and Gelucire 50/13 as meltable binders, in place of conventional liquid binders. The physicochemical properties, morphology, <span class="hlt">floating</span> properties, and drug release of the manufactured granules were investigated. Granules prepared by this method were spherical in shape and showed good flowability. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> granules exhibited sustained release exceeding 10 h. Granule buoyancy (<span class="hlt">floating</span> time and strength) and drug release properties were significantly influenced by formulation variables such as excipient type and concentration, and the physical characteristics (particle size, hydrophilicity) of the excipients. Drug release rate was increased by increasing the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Gelucire 50/13, or by decreasing the particle size of HPC. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> strength was improved through the incorporation of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">floating</span> strength was influenced by the concentration of HPC within the formulation. Granules prepared in this way show good physical characteristics, <span class="hlt">floating</span> ability, and drug release properties when placed in simulated gastric fluid. Moreover, the drug release and <span class="hlt">floating</span> properties can be controlled by modification of the ratio or physical characteristics of the excipients used in the formulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040001347&hterms=plastic+ocean&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dplastic%2Bocean','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040001347&hterms=plastic+ocean&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dplastic%2Bocean"><span><span class="hlt">Floating</span> Probe Assembly for Measuring Temperature of Water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stewart, Randy; Ruffin, Clyde</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">floating</span> apparatus denoted a temperature probe aquatic suspension system (TPASS) has been developed for measuring the temperature of an ocean, lake, or other natural body of water at predetermined depths. Prior instruments built for the same purpose were found to give inaccurate readings because the apparatuses themselves significantly affected the temperatures of the water in their vicinities. The design of the TPASS is intended to satisfy a requirement to minimize the perturbation of the temperatures to be measured. The TPASS includes a square-cross-section aluminum rod 28 in. (=71 cm) long with <span class="hlt">floats</span> attached at both ends. Each <span class="hlt">float</span> includes five polystyrene foam disks about 3/4 in.(=1.9 cm) thick and 2.5 in. (=6.4 cm) in diameter. The disks are stacked to form cylinders, bolted to the rod, and covered with hollow plastic sleeves. A metal sleeve is clamped to the middle of the aluminum rod, from whence it hangs down into the water. Temperature probes (which can be thermocouples, thermistors, or resistance temperature devices) are placed within the sleeve at the desired measurement depths. Wires from the temperature probes are routed to the input terminals of a data logger.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED033856.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED033856.pdf"><span>Underwater and <span class="hlt">Floating</span>-Leaved Plants of the United States and Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hotchkiss, Neil</p> <p></p> <p>This is the third in a series of guides to the field identification of North American marsh and water plants. Described are plants which have foliage habitually under water or <span class="hlt">floating</span>, or which have underwater or <span class="hlt">floating</span> forms, and which have characteristics by which they can be distinguished with the naked eye. Where genera or species cannot be…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.5570R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRC..121.5570R"><span>Horizontal mixing in the Southern Ocean from Argo <span class="hlt">float</span> trajectories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roach, Christopher J.; Balwada, Dhruv; Speer, Kevin</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>We provide the first observational estimate of the circumpolar distribution of cross-stream eddy diffusivity at 1000 m in the Southern Ocean using Argo <span class="hlt">float</span> trajectories. We show that Argo <span class="hlt">float</span> trajectories, from the <span class="hlt">float</span> surfacing positions, can be used to estimate lateral eddy diffusivities in the ocean and that these estimates are comparable to those obtained from RAFOS <span class="hlt">floats</span>, where they overlap. Using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) velocity fields to advect synthetic particles with imposed behavior that is "Argo-like" and "RAFOS-like" diffusivity estimates from both sets of synthetic particles agreed closely at the three dynamically very different test sites, the Kerguelen Island region, the Southeast Pacific Ocean, and the Scotia Sea, and support our approach. Observed cross-stream diffusivities at 1000 m, calculated from Argo <span class="hlt">float</span> trajectories, ranged between 300 and 2500 m2 s-1, with peaks corresponding to topographic features associated with the Scotia Sea, the Kerguelen Plateau, the Campbell Plateau, and the Southeast Pacific Ridge. These observational estimates agree with previous regional estimates from the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) near the Drake Passage, and other estimates from natural tracers (helium), inverse modeling studies, and current meter measurements. These estimates are also compared to the suppressed eddy diffusivity in the presence of mean flows. The comparison suggests that away from regions of strong topographic steering suppression explains both the structure and magnitude of eddy diffusivity but that eddy diffusivities in the regions of topographic steering are greater than what would be theoretically expected and the ACC experiences localized enhanced cross-stream mixing in these regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25304093','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25304093"><span><span class="hlt">Nano</span>-extrusion: a promising tool for continuous manufacturing of solid <span class="hlt">nano</span>-formulations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baumgartner, Ramona; Eitzlmayr, Andreas; Matsko, Nadejda; Tetyczka, Carolin; Khinast, Johannes; Roblegg, Eva</p> <p>2014-12-30</p> <p>Since more than 40% of today's drugs have low stability, poor solubility and/or limited ability to cross certain biological barriers, new platform technologies are required to address these challenges. This paper describes a novel continuous process that converts a stabilized aqueous <span class="hlt">nano</span>-suspension into a solid oral formulation in a single step (i.e., the NANEX process) in order to improve the solubility of a model drug (phenytoin). Phenytoin <span class="hlt">nano</span>-suspensions were prepared via media milling using different stabilizers. A stable <span class="hlt">nano</span>-suspension was obtained using Tween(®) 80 as a stabilizer. The matrix material (Soluplus(®)) was gravimetrically fed into the hot melt extruder. The suspension was introduced through a side feeding device and mixed with the molten polymer to immediately devolatilize the water in the <span class="hlt">nano</span>-suspension. Phenytoin <span class="hlt">nano</span>-crystals were dispersed and embedded in the molten polymer. Investigation of the <span class="hlt">nano</span>-extrudates via transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the <span class="hlt">nano</span>-crystals were embedded de-aggregated in the extrudates. Furthermore, no changes in the crystallinity (due to the mechanical and thermal stress) occurred. The dissolution studies confirmed that the prepared <span class="hlt">nano</span>-extrudates increased the solubility of <span class="hlt">nano</span>-crystalline phenytoin, regardless of the polymer. Our work demonstrates that NANEX represents a promising new platform technology in the design of novel drug delivery systems to improve drug performance. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170009111','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170009111"><span>Automatic Estimation of Verified <span class="hlt">Floating</span>-Point Round-Off Errors via Static Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moscato, Mariano; Titolo, Laura; Dutle, Aaron; Munoz, Cesar A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This paper introduces a static analysis technique for computing formally verified round-off error bounds of <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point functional expressions. The technique is based on a denotational semantics that computes a symbolic estimation of <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point round-o errors along with a proof certificate that ensures its correctness. The symbolic estimation can be evaluated on concrete inputs using rigorous enclosure methods to produce formally verified numerical error bounds. The proposed technique is implemented in the prototype research tool PRECiSA (Program Round-o Error Certifier via Static Analysis) and used in the verification of <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point programs of interest to NASA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2241764','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2241764"><span>The <span class="hlt">floating</span> knee: epidemiology, prognostic indicators & outcome following surgical management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rethnam, Ulfin; Yesupalan, Rajam S; Nair, Rajagopalan</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Background <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Knee injuries are complex injuries. The type of fractures, soft tissue and associated injuries make this a challenging problem to manage. We present the outcome of these injuries after surgical management. Methods 29 patients with <span class="hlt">floating</span> knee injuries were managed over a 3 year period. This was a prospective study were both fractures of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> knee injury were surgically fixed using different modalities. The associated injuries were managed appropriately. Assessment of the end result was done by the Karlstrom criteria after bony union. Results The mechanism of injury was road traffic accident in 27/29 patients. There were 38 associated injuries. 20/29 patients had intramedullary nailing for both fractures. The complications were knee stiffness, foot drop, delayed union of tibia and superficial infection. The bony union time ranged from 15 – 22.5 weeks for femur fractures and 17 – 28 weeks for the tibia. According to the Karlstrom criteria the end results were Excellent – 15, Good – 11, Acceptable – 1 and Poor – 3. Conclusion The associated injuries and the type of fracture (open, intra-articular, comminution) are prognostic indicators in the <span class="hlt">Floating</span> knee. Appropriate management of the associated injuries, intramedullary nailing of both the fractures and post operative rehabilitation are necessary for good final outcome. PMID:18271992</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020024315','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020024315"><span>Design And Testing of The <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Potential Probe For ISS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hillard, G. Barry; Ferguson, Dale C.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Flight 4A was an especially critical mission for the International Space Station (ISS). For the first time, the high voltage solar arrays generated significant amounts of power and long predicted environmental interactions (high negative <span class="hlt">floating</span> potential and concomitant dielectric charging) became serious concerns. Furthermore, the same flight saw the Plasma Contacting Unit (PCU) deployed and put into operation to mitigate and control these effects. The ISS program office has recognized the critical need to verify, by direct measurement, that ISS does not charge to unacceptable levels. A <span class="hlt">Floating</span> Potential Probe (FPP) was therefore deployed on ISS to measure ISS <span class="hlt">floating</span> potential relative to the surrounding plasma and to measure relevant plasma parameters. The primary objective of FPP is to verify that ISS <span class="hlt">floating</span> potential does not exceed the specified level of 40 volts with respect to the ambient. Since it is expected that in normal operations the PCU will maintain ISS within this specification, it is equivalent to say that the objective of FPP is to monitor the functionality of the PCU. In this paper, we report on the design and testing of the ISS FPP. In a separate paper, the operations and results obtained so far by the FPP will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28032754','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28032754"><span><span class="hlt">Gate</span>- and Light-Tunable pn Heterojunction Microwire Arrays Fabricated via Evaporative Assembly.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Park, Jae Hoon; Kim, Jong Su; Choi, Young Jin; Lee, Wi Hyoung; Lee, Dong Yun; Cho, Jeong Ho</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>One-dimensional (1D) <span class="hlt">nano</span>/microwires have attracted considerable attention as versatile building blocks for use in diverse electronic, optoelectronic, and magnetic device applications. The large-area assembly of <span class="hlt">nano</span>/microwires at desired positions presents a significant challenge for developing high-density electronic devices. Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of cross-stacked pn heterojunction diode arrays by integrating well-aligned inorganic and organic microwires fabricated via evaporative assembly. We utilized solution-processed n-type inorganic indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) microwires and p-type organic 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-PEN) microwires. The formation of organic TIPS-PEN semiconductor microwire and their electrical properties were optimized by controlling both the amounts of added insulating polymer and the widths of the microwires. The resulting cross-stacked IGZO/TIPS-PEN microwire pn heterojunction devices exhibited rectifying behavior with a forward-to-reverse bias current ratio exceeding 10 2 . The ultrathin nature of the underlying n-type IGZO microwires yielded <span class="hlt">gate</span> tunability in the charge transport behaviors, ranging from insulating to rectifying. The rectifying behaviors of the heterojunction devices could be modulated by controlling the optical power of the irradiated light. The fabrication of semiconducting microwires through evaporative assembly provides a facile and reliable approach to patterning or positioning 1D microwires for the fabrication of future flexible large-area electronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.1525W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.1525W"><span>Optimal trajectory planning of free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> space manipulator using differential evolution algorithm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Mingming; Luo, Jianjun; Fang, Jing; Yuan, Jianping</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The existence of the path dependent dynamic singularities limits the volume of available workspace of free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> space robot and induces enormous joint velocities when such singularities are met. In order to overcome this demerit, this paper presents an optimal joint trajectory planning method using forward kinematics equations of free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> space robot, while joint motion laws are delineated with application of the concept of reaction null-space. Bézier curve, in conjunction with the null-space column vectors, are applied to describe the joint trajectories. Considering the forward kinematics equations of the free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> space robot, the trajectory planning issue is consequently transferred to an optimization issue while the control points to construct the Bézier curve are the design variables. A constrained differential evolution (DE) scheme with premature handling strategy is implemented to find the optimal solution of the design variables while specific objectives and imposed constraints are satisfied. Differ from traditional methods, we synthesize null-space and specialized curve to provide a novel viewpoint for trajectory planning of free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> space robot. Simulation results are presented for trajectory planning of 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematically redundant manipulator mounted on a free-<span class="hlt">floating</span> spacecraft and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429828','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429828"><span>Preparation and evaluation of novel metronidazole sustained release and <span class="hlt">floating</span> matrix tablets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Asnaashari, Solmaz; Khoei, Nazaninossadat Seyed; Zarrintan, Mohammad Hosein; Adibkia, Khosro; Javadzadeh, Yousef</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>In the present study, metronidazole was used for preparing <span class="hlt">floating</span> dosage forms that are designed to retain in the stomach for a long time and have developed as a drug delivery system for better eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in peptic ulcer diseases. For this means, various formulations were designed using multi-factorial design. HPMC, psyllium and carbopol in different concentrations were used as <span class="hlt">floating</span> agents, and sodium bicarbonate was added as a gas-forming agent. Hardness, friability, drug loading, <span class="hlt">floating</span> ability and release profiles as well as kinetics of release were assessed. Formulations containing HPMC as filler showed prolonged lag times for buoyancy. Adding psyllium to these formulations had reduced relative lag times. Overall, selected formulations were able to <span class="hlt">float</span> immediately and showed buoyancy for at least 8?h. Meanwhile, sustained profiles of drug release were also obtained. Kinetically, among the 10 assessed models, the release pattern of metronidazole from the tablets fitted best to Power law, Weibull and Higuchi models in respect overall to mean percentage error values of 3.8, 4.73 and 5.77, respectively, for calcium carbonate-based tablets and, 2.95, 6.39 and 3.9, respectively, for calcium silicate-based tablets. In general, these systems can <span class="hlt">float</span> in the gastric condition and control the drug release from the tablets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993fcri.rept.....S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993fcri.rept.....S"><span>CMOS <span class="hlt">gate</span> array characterization procedures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spratt, James P.</p> <p>1993-09-01</p> <p>Present procedures are inadequate for characterizing the radiation hardness of <span class="hlt">gate</span> array product lines prior to personalization because the selection of circuits to be used, from among all those available in the manufacturer's circuit library, is usually uncontrolled. (Some circuits are fundamentally more radiation resistant than others.) In such cases, differences in hardness can result between different designs of the same logic function. Hardness also varies because many <span class="hlt">gate</span> arrays feature large custom-designed megacells (e.g., microprocessors and random access memories-MicroP's and RAM's). As a result, different product lines cannot be compared equally. A characterization strategy is needed, along with standardized test vehicle(s), methodology, and conditions, so that users can make informed judgments on which <span class="hlt">gate</span> arrays are best suited for their needs. The program described developed preferred procedures for the radiation characterization of <span class="hlt">gate</span> arrays, including a <span class="hlt">gate</span> array evaluation test vehicle, featuring a canary circuit, designed to define the speed versus hardness envelope of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> array. A multiplier was chosen for this role, and a baseline multiplier architecture is suggested that could be incorporated into an existing standard evaluation circuit chip.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29051121','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29051121"><span>Preparation and investigation of novel gastro-<span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets with 3D extrusion-based printing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Qijun; Guan, Xiaoying; Cui, Mengsuo; Zhu, Zhihong; Chen, Kai; Wen, Haoyang; Jia, Danyang; Hou, Jian; Xu, Wenting; Yang, Xinggang; Pan, Weisan</p> <p>2018-01-15</p> <p>Three dimensional (3D) extrusion-based printing is a paste-based rapid prototyping process, which is capable of building complex 3D structures. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of 3D extrusion-based printing as a pharmaceutical manufacture technique for the fabrication of gastro-<span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets. Novel low-density lattice internal structure gastro-<span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets of dipyridamole were developed to prolong the gastric residence time in order to improve drug release rate and consequently, improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Excipients commonly employed in the pharmaceutical study could be efficiently applied in the room temperature 3D extrusion-based printing process. The tablets were designed with three kinds of infill percentage and prepared by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E15) as hydrophilic matrices and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC PH101) as extrusion molding agent. In vitro evaluation of the 3D printed gastro-<span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets was performed by determining mechanical properties, content uniformity, and weight variation. Furthermore, re-<span class="hlt">floating</span> ability, <span class="hlt">floating</span> duration time, and drug release behavior were also evaluated. Dissolution profiles revealed the relationship between infill percentage and drug release behavior. The results of this study revealed the potential of 3D extrusion-based printing to fabricate gastro-<span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets with more than 8h <span class="hlt">floating</span> process with traditional pharmaceutical excipients and lattice internal structure design. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23978707','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23978707"><span>Flexor digitorum brevis transfer for <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe prevention after Weil osteotomy: a cadaveric study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Lydia C; Charlton, Timothy P; Thordarson, David B</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe deformity occurs in many patients who undergo Weil osteotomies. It is likely caused by the failure of the windlass mechanism in shortening the metatarsal. For patients who require a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthroplasty or fusion in addition to a Weil osteotomy, the transfer of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) tendon to the PIP joint might restore the windlass mechanism and decrease the incidence of <span class="hlt">floating</span> toes. Fourteen cadaveric foot specimens were examined to determine the effects of changing metatarsal length as well as tensioning the FDB tendon on the angle of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint as a measure of a <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe. Shortening and lengthening the second metatarsal resulted in a significant change in MTP angle (P = .03 and .02, respectively), though there was no clear relationship found between the amount of change in metatarsal length and the change in MTP angle. Transferring the FDB to a PIP arthroplasty site plantarflexed the MTP joint and corrected <span class="hlt">floating</span> toes; the change in angle was significant compared with the control and shortening groups (P = .0001 and .002, respectively). This study supports the theory that change in length of the metatarsal, possibly via the windlass mechanism, plays a role in the pathophysiology of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe deformity. Tensioning and transferring the FDB tendon into the PIP joint helped prevent the <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe deformity in this cadaveric model. Continued research in this subject will help to refine methods of prevention and correction of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> toe deformity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-s120e006435.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-s120e006435.html"><span>Wheelock <span class="hlt">floats</span> into Node 1 / Unity module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-10-25</p> <p>S120-E-006435 (25 Oct. 2007) --- Astronaut Doug Wheelock, STS-120 mission specialist, <span class="hlt">floats</span> into the Unity node of the International Space Station while Space Shuttle Discovery is docked with the station.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29883094','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29883094"><span>Combinatorial <span class="hlt">Nano</span>-Bio Interfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cai, Pingqiang; Zhang, Xiaoqian; Wang, Ming; Wu, Yun-Long; Chen, Xiaodong</p> <p>2018-06-08</p> <p><span class="hlt">Nano</span>-bio interfaces are emerging from the convergence of engineered nanomaterials and biological entities. Despite rapid growth, clinical translation of biomedical nanomaterials is heavily compromised by the lack of comprehensive understanding of biophysicochemical interactions at <span class="hlt">nano</span>-bio interfaces. In the past decade, a few investigations have adopted a combinatorial approach toward decoding <span class="hlt">nano</span>-bio interfaces. Combinatorial <span class="hlt">nano</span>-bio interfaces comprise the design of nanocombinatorial libraries and high-throughput bioevaluation. In this Perspective, we address challenges in combinatorial <span class="hlt">nano</span>-bio interfaces and call for multiparametric nanocombinatorics (composition, morphology, mechanics, surface chemistry), multiscale bioevaluation (biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues/organs), and the recruitment of computational modeling and artificial intelligence. Leveraging combinatorial <span class="hlt">nano</span>-bio interfaces will shed light on precision nanomedicine and its potential applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005048','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080005048"><span>Active pixel sensor pixel having a photodetector whose output is coupled to an output transistor <span class="hlt">gate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fossum, Eric R. (Inventor); Nakamura, Junichi (Inventor); Kemeny, Sabrina E. (Inventor)</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>An imaging device formed as a monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit in an industry standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor process, the integrated circuit including a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photogate overlying the substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of the substrate and a charge coupled device section formed on the substrate adjacent the photogate having a sensing node and at least one charge coupled device stage for transferring charge from the underlying portion of the substrate to the sensing node. There is also a readout circuit, part of which can be disposed at the bottom of each column of cells and be common to all the cells in the column. A Simple <span class="hlt">Floating</span> <span class="hlt">Gate</span> (SFG) pixel structure could also be employed in the imager to provide a non-destructive readout and smaller pixel sizes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240189','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240189"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">floating</span> plastic debris in surface water along the Seine River.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gasperi, Johnny; Dris, Rachid; Bonin, Tiffany; Rocher, Vincent; Tassin, Bruno</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>This study is intended to examine the quality and quantity of <span class="hlt">floating</span> plastic debris in the River Seine through use of an extensive regional network of <span class="hlt">floating</span> debris-retention booms; it is one of the first attempts to provide reliable information on such debris at a large regional scale. Plastic debris represented between 0.8% and 5.1% of total debris collected by weight. A significant proportion consisted of food wrappers/containers and plastic cutlery, probably originating from voluntary or involuntary dumping, urban discharges and surface runoff. Most plastic items are made of polypropylene, polyethylene and, to a lesser extent, polyethylene terephthalate. By extrapolation, some 27 tons of <span class="hlt">floating</span> plastic debris are intercepted annually by this network; corresponding to 2.3 g per Parisian inhabitant per year. Such data could serve to provide a first evaluation of <span class="hlt">floating</span> plastic inputs conveyed by rivers. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ERL....10h4019R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ERL....10h4019R"><span>Does size and buoyancy affect the long-distance transport of <span class="hlt">floating</span> debris?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ryan, Peter G.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Floating</span> persistent debris, primarily made from plastic, disperses long distances from source areas and accumulates in oceanic gyres. However, biofouling can increase the density of debris items to the point where they sink. Buoyancy is related to item volume, whereas fouling is related to surface area, so small items (which have high surface area to volume ratios) should start to sink sooner than large items. Empirical observations off South Africa support this prediction: moving offshore from coastal source areas there is an increase in the size of <span class="hlt">floating</span> debris, an increase in the proportion of highly buoyant items (e.g. sealed bottles, <span class="hlt">floats</span> and foamed plastics), and a decrease in the proportion of thin items such as plastic bags and flexible packaging which have high surface area to volume ratios. Size-specific sedimentation rates may be one reason for the apparent paucity of small plastic items <span class="hlt">floating</span> in the world’s oceans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704154','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704154"><span><span class="hlt">Floating</span> gastroretentive drug delivery systems: Comparison of experimental and simulated dissolution profiles and floatation behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eberle, Veronika A; Schoelkopf, Joachim; Gane, Patrick A C; Alles, Rainer; Huwyler, Jörg; Puchkov, Maxim</p> <p>2014-07-16</p> <p>Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) play an important role in the delivery of drug substances to the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract; they offer a possibility to overcome the limited gastric residence time of conventional dosage forms. The aim of the study was to understand drug-release and floatation mechanisms of a <span class="hlt">floating</span> GRDDS based on functionalized calcium carbonate (FCC). The inherently low apparent density of the excipient (approx. 0.6 g/cm(3)) enabled a mechanism of floatation. The higher specific surface of FCC (approx. 70 m(2)) allowed sufficient hardness of resulting compacts. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> mechanism of GRDDS was simulated in silico under simulated acidic and neutral conditions, and the results were compared to those obtained in vitro. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) dissolution methods are of limited usefulness for evaluating <span class="hlt">floating</span> behavior and drug release of <span class="hlt">floating</span> dosage forms. Therefore, we developed a custom-built stomach model to simultaneously analyze <span class="hlt">floating</span> characteristics and drug release. In silico dissolution and floatation profiles of the FCC-based tablet were simulated using a three-dimensional cellular automata-based model. In simulated gastric fluid, the FCC-based tablets showed instant floatation. The compacts stayed afloat during the measurement in 0.1 N HCl and eroded completely while releasing the model drug substance. When water was used as dissolution medium, the tablets had no <span class="hlt">floating</span> lag time and sank down during the measurement, resulting in a change of release kinetics. <span class="hlt">Floating</span> dosage forms based on FCC appear promising. It was possible to manufacture <span class="hlt">floating</span> tablets featuring a density of less than unity and sufficient hardness for further processing. In silico dissolution simulation offered a possibility to understand <span class="hlt">floating</span> behavior and drug-release mechanism. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..111...65Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..111...65Y"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">gate</span> width on <span class="hlt">gate</span>-channel carrier mobility in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Ming; Ji, Qizheng; Gao, Zhiliang; Zhang, Shufeng; Lin, Zhaojun; Yuan, Yafei; Song, Bo; Mei, Gaofeng; Lu, Ziwei; He, Jihao</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>For the fabricated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) with different <span class="hlt">gate</span> widths, the <span class="hlt">gate</span>-channel carrier mobility is experimentally obtained from the measured current-voltage and capacitance-voltage curves. Under each <span class="hlt">gate</span> voltage, the mobility gets lower with <span class="hlt">gate</span> width increasing. Analysis shows that the phenomenon results from the polarization Coulomb field (PCF) scattering, which originates from the irregularly distributed polarization charges at the AlGaN/GaN interface. The device with a larger <span class="hlt">gate</span> width is with a larger PCF scattering potential and a stronger PCF scattering intensity. As a function of <span class="hlt">gate</span> width, PCF scattering potential shows a same trend with the mobility variation. And the theoretically calculated mobility values fits well with the experimentally obtained values. Varying <span class="hlt">gate</span> widths will be a new perspective for the improvement of device characteristics by modulating the <span class="hlt">gate</span>-channel carrier mobility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi...94..138R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi...94..138R"><span>Performance investigation of bandgap, <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function and <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric engineered TFET with device reliability improvement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raad, Bhagwan Ram; Nigam, Kaushal; Sharma, Dheeraj; Kondekar, P. N.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>This script features a study of bandgap, <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function and <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric engineering for enhancement of DC and Analog/RF performance, reduction in the hot carriers effect (HCEs) and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) for better device reliability. In this concern, the use of band gap and <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function engineering improves the device performance in terms of the ON-state current and suppressed ambipolar behaviour with maintaining the low OFF-state current. With these advantages, the use of <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function engineering imposes restriction on the high frequency performance due to increment in the parasitic capacitances and also introduces the hot carrier effects. Hence, the <span class="hlt">gate</span> dielectric engineering with bandgap and <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function engineering are used in this paper to overcome the cons of the <span class="hlt">gate</span> material work function engineering by obtaining a superior performance in terms of the current driving capability, ambipolar conduction, HCEs, DIBL and high frequency parameters of the device for ultra-low power applications. Finally, the optimization of length for different work function is performed to get the best out of this.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840008949','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840008949"><span>The control of <span class="hlt">float</span> zone interfaces by the use of selected boundary conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Foster, L. M.; Mcintosh, J.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The main goal of the <span class="hlt">float</span> zone crystal growth project of NASA's Materials Processing in Space Program is to thoroughly understand the molten zone/freezing crystal system and all the mechanisms that govern this system. The surface boundary conditions required to give flat <span class="hlt">float</span> zone solid melt interfaces were studied and computed. The results provide <span class="hlt">float</span> zone furnace designers with better methods for controlling solid melt interface shapes and for computing thermal profiles and gradients. Documentation and a user's guide were provided for the computer software.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22611451-effect-top-gate-potential-bias-stress-dual-gate-amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide-thin-film-transistor','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22611451-effect-top-gate-potential-bias-stress-dual-gate-amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide-thin-film-transistor"><span>Effect of top <span class="hlt">gate</span> potential on bias-stress for dual <span class="hlt">gate</span> amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin film transistor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chun, Minkyu; Um, Jae Gwang; Park, Min Sang</p> <p></p> <p>We report the abnormal behavior of the threshold voltage (V{sub TH}) shift under positive bias Temperature stress (PBTS) and negative bias temperature stress (NBTS) at top/bottom <span class="hlt">gate</span> in dual <span class="hlt">gate</span> amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). It is found that the PBTS at top <span class="hlt">gate</span> shows negative transfer shift and NBTS shows positive transfer shift for both top and bottom <span class="hlt">gate</span> sweep. The shift of bottom/top <span class="hlt">gate</span> sweep is dominated by top <span class="hlt">gate</span> bias (V{sub TG}), while bottom <span class="hlt">gate</span> bias (V{sub BG}) is less effect than V{sub TG}. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile provides the evidence of Inmore » metal diffusion to the top SiO{sub 2}/a-IGZO and also the existence of large amount of In{sup +} under positive top <span class="hlt">gate</span> bias around top interfaces, thus negative transfer shift is observed. On the other hand, the formation of OH{sup −} at top interfaces under the stress of negative top <span class="hlt">gate</span> bias shows negative transfer shift. The domination of V{sub TG} both on bottom/top <span class="hlt">gate</span> sweep after PBTS/NBTS is obviously occurred due to thin active layer.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550571','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550571"><span>Viewing region maximization of an integral <span class="hlt">floating</span> display through location adjustment of viewing window.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Joowhan; Min, Sung-Wook; Lee, Byoungho</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>Integral <span class="hlt">floating</span> display is a recently proposed three-dimensional (3D) display method which provides a dynamic 3D image in the vicinity to an observer. It has a viewing window only through which correct 3D images can be observed. However, the positional difference between the viewing window and the <span class="hlt">floating</span> image causes limited viewing zone in integral <span class="hlt">floating</span> system. In this paper, we provide the principle and experimental results of the location adjustment of the viewing window of the integral <span class="hlt">floating</span> display system by modifying the elemental image region for integral imaging. We explain the characteristics of the viewing window and propose how to move the viewing window to maximize the viewing zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7444E..0PM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7444E..0PM"><span>On the design of a radix-10 online <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point multiplier</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McIlhenny, Robert D.; Ercegovac, Milos D.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This paper describes an approach to design and implement a radix-10 online <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point multiplier. An online approach is considered because it offers computational flexibility not available with conventional arithmetic. The design was coded in VHDL and compiled, synthesized, and mapped onto a Virtex 5 FPGA to measure cost in terms of LUTs (look-up-tables) as well as the cycle time and total latency. The routing delay which was not optimized is the major component in the cycle time. For a rough estimate of the cost/latency characteristics, our design was compared to a standard radix-2 <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point multiplier of equivalent precision. The results demonstrate that even an unoptimized radix-10 online design is an attractive implementation alternative for FPGA <span class="hlt">floating</span>-point multiplication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1155123','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1155123"><span>Definition of the Semisubmersible <span class="hlt">Floating</span> System for Phase II of OC4</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Robertson, A.; Jonkman, J.; Masciola, M.</p> <p></p> <p>Phase II of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4) project involved modeling of a semisubmersible <span class="hlt">floating</span> offshore wind system as shown below. This report documents the specifications of the <span class="hlt">floating</span> system, which were needed by the OC4 participants for building aero-hydro-servo-elastic models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.107n3501P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.107n3501P"><span>Multiplexed charge-locking device for large arrays of quantum devices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Puddy, R. K.; Smith, L. W.; Al-Taie, H.; Chong, C. H.; Farrer, I.; Griffiths, J. P.; Ritchie, D. A.; Kelly, M. J.; Pepper, M.; Smith, C. G.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>We present a method of forming and controlling large arrays of <span class="hlt">gate</span>-defined quantum devices. The method uses an on-chip, multiplexed charge-locking system and helps to overcome the restraints imposed by the number of wires available in cryostat measurement systems. The device architecture that we describe here utilises a multiplexer-type scheme to lock charge onto <span class="hlt">gate</span> electrodes. The design allows access to and control of <span class="hlt">gates</span> whose total number exceeds that of the available electrical contacts and enables the formation, modulation and measurement of large arrays of quantum devices. We fabricate such devices on n-type GaAs/AlGaAs substrates and investigate the stability of the charge locked on to the <span class="hlt">gates</span>. Proof-of-concept is shown by measurement of the Coulomb blockade peaks of a single quantum dot formed by a <span class="hlt">floating</span> <span class="hlt">gate</span> in the device. The <span class="hlt">floating</span> <span class="hlt">gate</span> is seen to drift by approximately one Coulomb oscillation per hour.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA125942','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA125942"><span>Camel <span class="hlt">Gate</span> Field Effect Transistors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>CAMFETs can be designed to yield relatively voltage independent transconductances, large for- * ward turn-on voltages, and large <span class="hlt">gate</span>-drain breakdown...doping. The FATFET area is 4.6 x 10- 4 cm2. I.- . - . . - , - 36 80 * Camel <span class="hlt">Gate</span> U_-- Eperimental 60 * -Theoretical % Schottky <span class="hlt">Gate</span> ~--Experimental CL 4...in the design of other devices. Finally, a comparative study of the reliabil- ities of CAMFETs, JFETs, and MESFETs should be attempted. 43 VII</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24690855','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24690855"><span>Electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic <span class="hlt">gates</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ooi, Kelvin J A; Chu, Hong Son; Bai, Ping; Ang, Lay Kee</p> <p>2014-03-15</p> <p>The versatile control of graphene's plasmonic modes via an external <span class="hlt">gate</span>-voltage inspires us to design efficient electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> at the midinfrared wavelengths. We show that these devices are superior to the conventional optical logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> because the former possess cut-off states and interferometric effects. Moreover, the designed six basic logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> (i.e., NOR/AND, NAND/OR, XNOR/XOR) achieved not only ultracompact size lengths of less than λ/28 with respect to the operating wavelength of 10 μm, but also a minimum extinction ratio as high as 15 dB. These graphene plasmonic logic <span class="hlt">gates</span> are potential building blocks for future nanoscale midinfrared photonic integrated circuits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-07-30/pdf/2012-18559.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-07-30/pdf/2012-18559.pdf"><span>77 FR 44544 - Safety Zone; Gilmerton Bridge Center Span <span class="hlt">Float</span>-In, Elizabeth River; Norfolk, Portsmouth, and...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-30</p> <p>...-AA00 Safety Zone; Gilmerton Bridge Center Span <span class="hlt">Float</span>-In, Elizabeth River; Norfolk, Portsmouth, and... withdrawing its proposed rule concerning the Gilmerton Bridge Center Span <span class="hlt">Float</span>-in and bridge construction of... ``Safety Zone; Gilmerton Bridge Center Span <span class="hlt">Float</span>-in, Elizabeth River; Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Chesapeake...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583859','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583859"><span>Unsteady aerodynamic analysis for offshore <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbines under different wind conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, B F; Wang, T G; Yuan, Y; Cao, J F</p> <p>2015-02-28</p> <p>A free-vortex wake (FVW) model is developed in this paper to analyse the unsteady aerodynamic performance of offshore <span class="hlt">floating</span> wind turbines. A time-marching algorithm of third-order accuracy is applied in the FVW model. Owing to the complex <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions, the blade inflow conditions and the positions of initial points of vortex filaments, which are different from the fixed wind turbine, are modified in the implemented model. A three-dimensional rotational effect model and a dynamic stall model are coupled into the FVW model to improve the aerodynamic performance prediction in the unsteady conditions. The effects of <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions in the simulation model are validated by comparison between calculation and experiment for a small-scale rigid test wind turbine coupled with a <span class="hlt">floating</span> tension leg platform (TLP). The dynamic inflow effect carried by the FVW method itself is confirmed and the results agree well with the experimental data of a pitching transient on another test turbine. Also, the flapping moment at the blade root in yaw on the same test turbine is calculated and compares well with the experimental data. Then, the aerodynamic performance is simulated in a yawed condition of steady wind and in an unyawed condition of turbulent wind, respectively, for a large-scale wind turbine coupled with the <span class="hlt">floating</span> TLP motions, demonstrating obvious differences in rotor performance and blade loading from the fixed wind turbine. The non-dimensional magnitudes of loading changes due to the <span class="hlt">floating</span> platform motions decrease from the blade root to the blade tip. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401356','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401356"><span>Are <span class="hlt">nano</span>-composites and <span class="hlt">nano</span>-ionomers suitable for orthodontic bracket bonding?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Uysal, Tancan; Yagci, Ahmet; Uysal, Banu; Akdogan, Gülsen</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to test <span class="hlt">nano</span>-composite (Filtek Supreme Plus Universal) and a newly introduced <span class="hlt">nano</span>-ionomer (Ketac N100 Light Curing <span class="hlt">Nano</span>-Ionomer) restorative to determine their shear bond strength (SBS) and failure site locations in comparison with a conventional light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesive (Transbond XT). Sixty freshly extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were arbitrarily divided into three equal groups. The brackets were bonded to the teeth in each group with different composites, according to the manufacturers' instructions. The SBS values of the brackets were recorded in Megapascals (MPa) using a universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index scores were determined after failure of the brackets. The data were analysed using analysis of variance, Tukey honestly significant difference, and chi-square tests. The results demonstrated that group 1 (Transbond XT, mean: 12.60 +/- 4.48 MPa) had a higher SBS than that of group 2 (<span class="hlt">nano</span>-composite, mean: 8.33 +/- 5.16 MPa; P < 0.05) and group 3 (<span class="hlt">nano</span>-ionomer, mean: 6.14 +/- 2.12 MPa; P < 0.001). No significant differences in debond locations were found among the three groups. <span class="hlt">Nano</span>-composites and <span class="hlt">nano</span>-ionomers may be suitable for bonding since they fulfil the previously suggested SBS ranges for clinical acceptability, but they are inferior to a conventional orthodontic composite.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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