Sample records for naproxen

  1. Single dose oral naproxen and naproxen sodium for acute postoperative pain (Review)

    PubMed Central

    Mason, L; Edwards, JE; Moore, RA; McQuay, HJ

    2014-01-01

    Background Postoperative pain is often poorly managed. Treatment options include a range of drug therapies such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of which naproxen is one. Naproxen is used to treat a variety of painful conditions including acute postoperative pain, and is often combined with sodium to improve its solubility for oral administration. Naproxen sodium 550 mg (equivalent to 500 mg of naproxen) is considered to be an effective dose for treating postoperative pain but to date no systematic review of the effectiveness of naproxen/naproxen sodium at different doses has been published. Objectives To assess the efficacy, safety and duration of action of a single oral dose of naproxen or naproxen sodium for acute postoperative pain in adults. Search strategy We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Oxford Pain Relief Database for relevant studies. Additional studies were identified from the reference list of retrieved reports. The most recent search was undertaken in July 2004. Selection criteria Included studies were randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trials of a single dose of orally administered naproxen or naproxen sodium in adults with moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. Data collection and analysis Pain relief or pain intensity data were extracted and converted into dichotomous information to give the number of patients with at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours. Relative risk estimates (RR) and the number-needed-to-treat (NNT) for at least 50% pain relief were then calculated. Information was sought on the percentage of patients experiencing any adverse event, and the number-needed-to-harm was derived. Time to remedication was also estimated. Main results Ten trials (996 patients) met the inclusion criteria: nine assessed naproxen sodium; one combined the results from two small trials of naproxen alone. Included studies scored well for methodological quality. Meta-analysis of six trials (500

  2. Improvement of the physicochemical properties of Co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin by naproxen-sodium.

    PubMed

    Beyer, Andreas; Grohganz, Holger; Löbmann, Korbinian; Rades, Thomas; Leopold, Claudia S

    2017-06-30

    Improvement of the physicochemical properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) applying the concept of co-amorphisation is a promising alternative to the use of polymer glass solutions. In co-amorphous systems, the physical stability and the dissolution rate of the involved components may be improved in comparison to the respective single amorphous phases. However, for the co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin model system it has been reported that recrystallization could not be prevented for more than 112days regardless of the applied preparation method and blend ratio In the present study, it was thus tested if the physicochemical properties of co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin could be optimized by incorporation of the naproxen sodium into the system. Three different co-amorphous systems in nine different molar ratios were prepared by quench-cooling: naproxen-indomethacin (NI), naproxen-sodium-naproxen-indomethacin (NSNI) and naproxen-sodium-indomethacin (NSI). The samples were analyzed by XRPD, FTIR, DSC and by intrinsic dissolution experiments to investigate the influence of naproxen-sodium on the resulting physicochemical properties of the systems. With the three systems, fully amorphous samples with single glass transition temperatures could be prepared with naproxen molar fractions up to 0.7. The NSI and NSNI systems showed up to about 40°C higher Tgs than the NI system. Furthermore, no recrystallization occurred during 270d of storage with the NSI and NSNI samples that were initially amorphous. Moreover, with the NSI system, the intrinsic dissolution rate of naproxen and indomethacin was improved by a factor of 2 compared to the unmodified NI system. In conclusion, the physical stability as well as the dissolution rate was significantly improved if partial or full exchange of naproxen by its sodium salt was performed, which may present a general optimization method to improve co-amorphous systems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All

  3. Naproxen sodium overdose

    MedlinePlus

    ... page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002507.htm Naproxen sodium overdose To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used ...

  4. CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFICACY OF NAPROXEN AND NO-NAPROXEN IN RODENT MODELS OF COLON, URINARY BLADDER, AND MAMMARY CANCERS

    PubMed Central

    Steele, Vernon E.; Rao, Chinthalapally V.; Zhang, Yuting; Patlolla, Jagan; Boring, Daniel; Kopelovich, Levy; Juliana, M. Margaret; Grubbs, Clinton J.; Lubet, Ronald A.

    2009-01-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been highly effective in preventing colon, urinary bladder, and skin cancer preclinically; and also in clinical trials of colon adenoma formation. However, certain NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration and may increase cardiovascular (CV) events. Naproxen appears to cause the lowest CV events of the common NSAIDs other than aspirin. NO-naproxen was tested based on the finding that adding a nitric oxide (NO) group to NSAIDs may help alleviate GI toxicity. In the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) model, naproxen administered at 200 and 400 ppm in the diet reduced mean ACFs in the colon by about 45–60%, respectively. NO-naproxen was likewise administered in the diet at roughly equimolar doses (300 and 600 ppm), and reduced total ACF by 20–40%, respectively. In the hydroxybutyl (butyl) nitrosamine (OH-BBN) rat urinary bladder cancer model, NO-naproxen was given at 183 ppm or 550 ppm in the diet, and naproxen at 128 ppm. The NO-naproxen groups had 77% and 73% decreases, respectively, in the development of large urinary bladder tumors, while the 128 ppm naproxen group also showed a strong decrease (69%). If treatments were started three months after OH-BBN, NO-naproxen (550 ppm) and naproxen (400 ppm) were also highly effective (86–94% decreases). In the methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer model in rats, NO-naproxen and naproxen showed non-significant inhibitions (12 and 24%) at 550 and 400 ppm, respectively. These data show that both naproxen and NO-naproxen are effective agents against urinary bladder and colon, but not mammary, carcinogenesis. PMID:19892664

  5. Naproxen

    MedlinePlus

    ... relieve mild pain from headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, menstrual periods, the common cold, toothaches, and backaches. Naproxen is in a class of medications called NSAIDs. It works by stopping the body's production of a substance that causes pain, fever, and inflammation.

  6. Massive naproxen overdose with serial serum levels.

    PubMed

    Al-Abri, Suad A; Anderson, Ilene B; Pedram, Fatehi; Colby, Jennifer M; Olson, Kent R

    2015-03-01

    Massive naproxen overdose is not commonly reported. Severe metabolic acidosis and seizure have been described, but the use of renal replacement therapy has not been studied in the context of overdose. A 28-year-old man ingested 70 g of naproxen along with an unknown amount of alcohol in a suicidal attempt. On examination in the emergency department 90 min later, he was drowsy but had normal vital signs apart from sinus tachycardia. Serum naproxen level 90 min after ingestion was 1,580 mg/L (therapeutic range 25-75 mg/L). He developed metabolic acidosis requiring renal replacement therapy using sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and had recurrent seizure activity requiring intubation within 4 h from ingestion. He recovered after 48 h. Massive naproxen overdose can present with serious toxicity including seizures, altered mental status, and metabolic acidosis. Hemodialysis and renal replacement therapy may correct the acid base disturbance and provide support in cases of renal impairment in context of naproxen overdose, but further studies are needed to determine the extraction of naproxen.

  7. Sumatriptan/Naproxen Sodium: A Review in Migraine.

    PubMed

    Syed, Yahiya Y

    2016-01-01

    Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium (Treximet®) is a fixed-dose combination of a serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist (sumatriptan) and an NSAID (naproxen sodium), approved in the USA for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adolescents and adults. In a randomized, phase 3 trial in adolescents, significantly more sumatriptan/naproxen sodium than placebo recipients were pain-free at 2 h. Similarly, in a pair of randomized phase 3 trials in adults, significantly more sumatriptan/naproxen sodium than placebo recipients had relief from migraine symptoms at 2 h, and the combination was more effective than individual components in terms of sustained (2-24 h) pain-free response rate. Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium was generally well tolerated, with ≤11 % of adolescents and ≤22 % of adults reporting treatment-related adverse events in the key clinical trials. The most common adverse reactions were nasopharyngitis, hot flushes and muscle tightness in adolescents, and dizziness, pain or pressure sensations, nausea, somnolence, dry mouth, dyspepsia and paraesthesia in adults. Based on current data, sumatriptan/naproxen sodium is a useful option for the acute treatment of migraine in adolescents and adults. The fixed-dose combination may reduce pill burden and improve adherence in some patients.

  8. Naproxen-PC: a GI safe and highly effective anti-inflammatory.

    PubMed

    Lichtenberger, L M; Romero, J J; Dial, E J; Moore, J E

    2009-02-01

    We have been developing a family of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-associated NSAIDs, which appear to have improved GI safety and therapeutic efficacy in both rodent model systems and pilot clinical trials. As naproxen has been demonstrated to be associated with the lowest cardiovascular adverse events in comparison with both COX-2 selective inhibitors and conventional NSAIDs, we have been developing a Naproxen-PC formulation for evaluation in animal models and clinical trials. We have determined that an oil-based formulation of naproxen and triple strength soy lecithin provides excellent GI protection in both: 1) an acute NSAID-induced intestinal bleeding model in rats pretreated with L-NAME that are intragastrically administered a single dose of naproxen (at a dose of 50 mg/kg) vs the equivalent dose of Naproxen-PC; and 2) a more chronic model (at a naproxen dose of 25 mg/kg BID) in rats that have pre-existing hindpaw inflammation (induced with a intradermal injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant/CFA). Both models demonstrate the superior GI safety of Naproxen-PC vs naproxen while this novel formulation had significant anti-inflammatory efficacy to reduce hindpaw edema and the generation of PGE(2) in the collected joint synovial fluid. Naproxen-PC appears to induce significantly less GI injury and bleeding in two rodent model systems while maintaining anti-inflammatory and COX-inhibitory activity.

  9. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate for arthroscopic meniscus surgery.

    PubMed

    Bali, Cagla; Ergenoglu, Pinar; Ozmete, Ozlem; Akin, Sule; Ozyilkan, Nesrin Bozdogan; Cok, Oya Yalcin; Aribogan, Anis

    2016-01-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to control arthroscopic pain. Addition of oral effective opioid "codeine" to NSAIDs may be more effective and decrease parenteral opioid consumption in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of naproxen sodium and a new preparation naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate when administered preemptively for arthroscopic meniscectomy. Sixty-one patients were randomized into two groups to receive either oral naproxen sodium (Group N) or naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate (Group NC) before surgery. The surgery was carried out under general anesthesia. Intravenous meperidine was initiated by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for all patients. The primary outcome measure was pain score at the first postoperative hour assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Sedation assessed by Ramsey Sedation Scale, first demand time of PCA, postoperative meperidine consumption, side effects and hemodynamic data were also recorded. The groups were demographically comparable. Median VAS scores both at rest and on movement were significantly lower in Group NC compared with Group N, except 18(th) hour on movement (p<0.05). The median time to the first demand of PCA was shorter in Group N compared with Group NC (p<0.001). Meperidine consumption was higher in Group N compared with Group NC (p<0.001). There was no difference between groups with respect to side effects (p>0.05). The combination of naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate provided more effective analgesia than naproxen sodium and did not increase side effects. Copyright © 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

  10. [Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate for arthroscopic meniscus surgery].

    PubMed

    Bali, Cagla; Ergenoglu, Pinar; Ozmete, Ozlem; Akin, Sule; Ozyilkan, Nesrin Bozdogan; Cok, Oya Yalcin; Aribogan, Anis

    2016-01-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to control arthroscopic pain. Addition of oral effective opioid "codeine" to NSAIDs may be more effective and decrease parenteral opioid consumption in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of naproxen sodium and a new preparation naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate when administered preemptively for arthroscopic meniscectomy. Sixty-one patients were randomized into two groups to receive either oral naproxen sodium (Group N) or naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate (Group NC) before surgery. The surgery was carried out under general anesthesia. Intravenous meperidine was initiated by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for all patients. The primary outcome measure was pain score at the first postoperative hour assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Sedation assessed by Ramsey Sedation Scale, first demand time of PCA, postoperative meperidine consumption, side effects and hemodynamic data were also recorded. The groups were demographically comparable. Median VAS scores both at rest and on movement were significantly lower in Group NC compared with Group N, except 18(th) hour on movement (p<0.05). The median time to the first demand of PCA was shorter in Group N compared with Group NC (p<0.001). Meperidine consumption was higher in Group N compared with Group NC (p<0.001). There was no difference between groups with respect to side effects (p>0.05). The combination of naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate provided more effective analgesia than naproxen sodium and did not increase side effects. Copyright © 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

  11. Hydrogen sulfide releasing naproxen offers better anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effect relative to naproxen in a rat model of zymosan induced arthritis.

    PubMed

    Dief, A E; Mostafa, D K; Sharara, G M; Zeitoun, T H

    2015-04-01

    Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is rapidly gaining ground as a physiological mediator of inflammation, but there is no clear consensus as to its precise role in inflammation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ATB-346 as a novel H2S-releasing naproxen compared to naproxen, as a traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on zymosan induced mono-arthritis in rats. Male Wistar rats (n=48) were randomly assigned to four main groups: normal control, untreated arthritis, Naproxen and ATB-346 treated groups. Mono-arthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of zymosan into the knee joints. Mechanical hypernociception and joint swelling were evaluated at 6 hours and 5 days. Inflammatory cellular recruitment and adherence, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nuclear factor kappa β, total sulfide levels, and histological changes were evaluated in knee lavages, blood or joint tissues at selected time points. Zymosan injection evoked knee inflammation and pain as characterized by mechanical hypernociception, impaired gait, joint swelling with inflammatory exudation and histological changes. Treatment with ATB-346 attenuated nociceptive responses, inflammatory cellular and biochemical changes in comparison to naproxen. Only ATB-346 was able to suppress neutrophil adherence and to preserve normal articular structure. H2S releasing naproxen represents an advancement over the parent drug, naproxen. Apart from the superior anti-inflammatory and anti-noceiceptive activity, ATB-346 offered a distinguished chondroprotective effect and is almost devoid from naproxen deleterious effects on articular cartilage.

  12. Enzymes Involved in Naproxen Degradation by Planococcus sp. S5.

    PubMed

    Wojcieszyńska, Danuta; Domaradzka, Dorota; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Guzik, Urszula

    2016-01-01

    Naproxen is a one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) entering the environment as a result of high consumption. For this reason, there is an emerging need to recognize mechanisms of its degradation and enzymes engaged in this process. Planococcus sp. S5 is a gram positive strain able to degrade naproxen in monosubstrate culture (27%). However, naproxen is not a sufficient growth substrate for this strain. In the presence of benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or vanillic acid as growth substrates, the degradation of 21.5%, 71.71%, 14.75% and 8.16% of naproxen was observed respectively. It was shown that the activity of monooxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxyegnase in strain S5 was induced after growth of the strain with naproxen and 4-hydroxybenzoate. Moreover, in the presence of naproxen activity of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, enzyme engaged in 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolism, was completely inhibited. The obtained results suggest that monooxygenase and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase are the main enzymes in naproxen degradation by Planococcus sp. S5.

  13. Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: microbial transformation of naproxen.

    PubMed

    el Sayed, K A

    2000-12-01

    Preparative-scale fermentation of S-naproxen, the known antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug, with Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245 afforded S-demethylnaproxen, the known human active metabolite of naproxen, in a 90% yield. Demethylnaproxen was also detected as the major metabolite of naproxen using Cunninghamella blakesleeana ATCC 8688a. A review of the previous microbial metabolism studies using the fungi Cunninghamella species suggested that it could be a plausible in vitro predictor for mammalian metabolism.

  14. Naproxen Interferes with the Assembly of Aβ Oligomers Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Seongwon; Chang, Wenling E.; Kumar, Rashmi; Klimov, Dmitri K.

    2011-01-01

    Experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug naproxen may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. To investigate the interactions of naproxen with Aβ dimers, which are the smallest cytotoxic aggregated Aβ peptide species, we use united atom implicit solvent model and exhaustive replica exchange molecular dynamics. We show that naproxen ligands bind to Aβ dimer and penetrate its volume interfering with the interpeptide interactions. As a result naproxen induces a destabilizing effect on Aβ dimer. By comparing the free-energy landscapes of naproxen interactions with Aβ dimers and fibrils, we conclude that this ligand has stronger antiaggregation potential against Aβ fibrils rather than against dimers. The analysis of naproxen binding energetics shows that the location of ligand binding sites in Aβ dimer is dictated by the Aβ amino acid sequence. Comparison of the in silico findings with experimental observations reveals potential limitations of naproxen as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PMID:21504739

  15. Carbamazepine and naproxen: fate in wetland mesocosms planted with Scirpus validus.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Dong Qing; Hua, Tao; Gersberg, Richard M; Zhu, Junfei; Ng, Wun Jern; Tan, Soon Keat

    2013-03-01

    Scirpus validus was grown hydroponically and exposed to the pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine and naproxen at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 mg L(-1) for an exposure duration of up to 21 d. By the end of experiment, carbamazepine elimination from the nutrient solution reached to 74%, while nearly complete removal (>98%) was observed for naproxen. Photodegradation and biodegradation played only minor roles for carbamazepine elimination, while naproxen showed a high potential for both photodegradation and biodegradation. Levels of carbamazepine ranged from 3.3 to19.0 μg g(-1) (fresh weight) in the roots and 0.3-0.7 μg g(-1) (fresh weight) in the shoots, while naproxen concentrations were 0.2-2.4 μg g(-1) (fresh weight) in the roots and 0.2-2.8 μg g(-1) (fresh weight) in the shoots. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for carbamazepine ranged from 5.5 to 13.0 for roots and 0.3-1.0 for shoots, and uptake by S. validus accounted for up to 22% of the total mass loss of carbamazepine in the nutrient solutions. All BAFs for naproxen were less than 4.2 and plant uptake accounted for less than 5% of the total mass loss of naproxen, implying that plant uptake was not significant in naproxen elimination. The rather limited plant uptake of naproxen was not surprising despite the fact that its log K(ow) is close to the optimal range (1.8-3.1) for maximal potential for plant uptake. Apparently, for ionizable compounds such as naproxen, the effects of pK(a) and pH partitioning might be more important than lipophilicity. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in three cases of canine naproxen overdose.

    PubMed

    Herring, Jennifer M; McMichael, Maureen A; Corsi, Raffaella; Wurlod, Virginie

    2015-01-01

    To report a case series of canine naproxen overdoses successfully treated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy (IVLE). Three dogs were presented for acute ingestion of naproxen and were treated with IVLE. Baseline and post treatment serum naproxen concentrations were measured. The first exposure involved ingestion of 61 mg/kg of an over-the-counter naproxen formulation in a 7-month-old male intact Labrador Retriever. Pre-IVLE toxin concentration assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was 73 μg/mL with a one-hour post-IVLE concentration decreasing to 30 μg/mL. The second and third exposures were 3-year-old female spayed Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs from the same family, presented for potential ingestion of up to 207 mg/kg of a prescription strength naproxen formulation. Pre-IVLE naproxen concentration by HPLC for case 2 was 30 μg/mL with a reduction to 12 μg/mL and 7.2 μg/mL 1 and 3 hours post-IVLE treatment, respectively. For case 3, pre-IVLE naproxen concentration by HPLC was 86 μg/mL with post concentrations at 21 μg/mL one hour and 10 μg/mL 3 hours post-IVLE administration. Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a long half-life and narrow margin of safety in dogs. Ingestion of > 5 mg/kg has been associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects, including ulceration. At doses > 10-25 mg/kg, acute kidney failure has been reported, and at doses > 50 mg/kg, neurologic abnormalities occur. This is the first reported use of IVLE for treatment of naproxen overdose with documented decrease in serum toxin concentrations shortly after administration. No long-standing gastrointestinal, renal, or neurologic effects occurred in these dogs. © Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2015.

  17. Cometabolic Degradation of Naproxen by Planococcus sp. Strain S5.

    PubMed

    Domaradzka, Dorota; Guzik, Urszula; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Wojcieszyńska, Danuta

    Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in the influent and effluent of sewage treatment plants. The Gram-positive strain Planococcus sp. S5 was able to remove approximately 30 % of naproxen after 35 days of incubation in monosubstrate culture. Under cometabolic conditions, with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate, the degradation efficiency of S5 increased. During 35 days of incubation, 75.14 ± 1.71 % and 86.27 ± 2.09 % of naproxen was degraded in the presence of glucose and phenol, respectively. The highest rate of naproxen degradation observed in the presence of phenol may be connected with the fact that phenol is known to induce enzymes responsible for aromatic ring cleavage. The activity of phenol monooxygenase, naphthalene monooxygenase, and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase was indicated in Planococcus sp. S5 culture with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate. It is suggested that these enzymes may be engaged in naproxen degradation.

  18. The design of naproxen solid lipid nanoparticles to target skin layers.

    PubMed

    Akbari, Jafar; Saeedi, Majid; Morteza-Semnani, Katayoun; Rostamkalaei, Seyyed Sohrab; Asadi, Masoumeh; Asare-Addo, Kofi; Nokhodchi, Ali

    2016-09-01

    The aim of the current investigation was to produce naproxen solid lipid nanoparticles (Nap-SLNs) by the ultrasonication method to improve its skin permeation and also to investigate the influence of Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) changes on nanoparticles properties. The properties of obtained SLNs loaded with naproxen were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FT-IR was also used to investigate any interaction between naproxen and the excipients used at the molecular level during the preparation of the SLNs. The performance of the formulations was investigated in terms of skin permeation and also the retention of the drug by the skin. It was found that generally, with increasing the lipid concentration, the average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of SLNs increased from 94.257±4.852nm to 143.90±2.685nm and from 0.293±0.037 to 0.525±0.038 respectively. The results also showed that a reduction in the HLB resulted in an increase in the PDI, particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE%). DSC showed that the naproxen encapsulated in the SLNs was in its amorphous form. The peaks of prominent functional groups of naproxen were found in the FT-IR spectra of naproxen-SLN, which confirmed the entrapment of naproxen in the lipid matrix. FT-IR results also ruled out any chemical interaction between drug and the chemicals used in the preparation of SLNs. The amount of naproxen detected in the receptor chamber at all the sampling times for the reference formulation (naproxen solution containing all surfactants at pH 7.4) was higher than that of the Nap-SLN8 formulation. Nap-SLN8 showed an increase in the concentration of naproxen in the skin layer with less systemic absorption. This indicates that most of the drug in Nap-SLN8 remains in the skin which can reduce the side effect of systemic absorption of the drug and increases the

  19. S-Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT): role of UGT2B7 in the elimination of naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Bowalgaha, Kushari; Elliot, David J; Mackenzie, Peter I; Knights, Kathleen M; Swedmark, Stellan; Miners, John O

    2005-01-01

    Aims To characterize the kinetics of S-naproxen (‘naproxen’) acyl glucuronidation and desmethylnaproxen acyl and phenolic glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and identify the human UGT isoform(s) catalysing these reactions. Methods Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation were investigated using microsomes from six and five livers, respectively. Human recombinant UGTs were screened for activity towards naproxen and desmethylnaproxen. Where significant activity was observed, kinetic parameters were determined. Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronides were measured by separate high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Results Naproxen acyl glucuronidation by human liver microsomes followed biphasic kinetics. Mean apparent Km values (±SD, with 95% confidence interval in parentheses) for the high- and low-affinity components were 29 ± 13 µm (16, 43) and 473 ± 108 µm (359, 587), respectively. UGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10 and 2B7 glucuronidated naproxen. UGT2B7 exhibited an apparent Km (72 µm) of the same order as the high-affinity human liver microsomal activity, which was inhibited by the UGT2B7 selective ‘probe’ fluconazole. Although data for desmethylnaproxen phenolic glucuronidation by human liver microsomes were generally adequately fitted to either the single- or two-enzyme Michaelis–Menten equation, model fitting was inconclusive for desmethylnaproxen acyl glucuronidation. UGT 1A1, 1A7, 1A9 and 1A10 catalysed both the phenolic and acyl glucuronidation of desmethylnaproxen, while UGT 1A3, 1A6 and 2B7 formed only the acyl glucuronide. Atypical glucuronidation kinetics were variably observed for naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by the recombinant UGTs. Conclusion UGT2B7 is responsible for human hepatic naproxen acyl glucuronidation, which is the primary elimination pathway for this drug. PMID:16187975

  20. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.

    PubMed

    Nissen, Steven E; Yeomans, Neville D; Solomon, Daniel H; Lüscher, Thomas F; Libby, Peter; Husni, M Elaine; Graham, David Y; Borer, Jeffrey S; Wisniewski, Lisa M; Wolski, Katherine E; Wang, Qiuqing; Menon, Venu; Ruschitzka, Frank; Gaffney, Michael; Beckerman, Bruce; Berger, Manuela F; Bao, Weihang; Lincoff, A Michael

    2016-12-29

    The cardiovascular safety of celecoxib, as compared with nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), remains uncertain. Patients who required NSAIDs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and were at increased cardiovascular risk were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen. The goal of the trial was to assess the noninferiority of celecoxib with regard to the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death (including hemorrhagic death), nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Noninferiority required a hazard ratio of 1.12 or lower, as well as an upper 97.5% confidence limit of 1.33 or lower in the intention-to-treat population and of 1.40 or lower in the on-treatment population. Gastrointestinal and renal outcomes were also adjudicated. A total of 24,081 patients were randomly assigned to the celecoxib group (mean [±SD] daily dose, 209±37 mg), the naproxen group (852±103 mg), or the ibuprofen group (2045±246 mg) for a mean treatment duration of 20.3±16.0 months and a mean follow-up period of 34.1±13.4 months. During the trial, 68.8% of the patients stopped taking the study drug, and 27.4% of the patients discontinued follow-up. In the intention-to-treat analyses, a primary outcome event occurred in 188 patients in the celecoxib group (2.3%), 201 patients in the naproxen group (2.5%), and 218 patients in the ibuprofen group (2.7%) (hazard ratio for celecoxib vs. naproxen, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 1.13; hazard ratio for celecoxib vs. ibuprofen, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.04; P<0.001 for noninferiority in both comparisons). In the on-treatment analysis, a primary outcome event occurred in 134 patients in the celecoxib group (1.7%), 144 patients in the naproxen group (1.8%), and 155 patients in the ibuprofen group (1.9%) (hazard ratio for celecoxib vs. naproxen, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.15; hazard ratio for celecoxib vs. ibuprofen, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.02; P<0.001 for noninferiority in

  1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen destabilizes Aβ amyloid fibrils: A molecular dynamics investigation

    PubMed Central

    Takeda, Takako; Kumar, Rashmi; Raman, E. Prabhu; Klimov, Dmitri K.

    2010-01-01

    Using implicit solvent model and replica exchange molecular dynamics we examine the propensity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, to interfere with Aβ fibril growth. We also compare the anti-aggregation propensity of naproxen with that of ibuprofen. Naproxen anti-aggregation effect is influenced by two factors. Similar to ibuprofen, naproxen destabilizes binding of incoming Aβ peptides to the fibril due to direct competition between the ligands and the peptides for the same binding location on the fibril surface (the edge). However, in contrast to ibuprofen naproxen binding also alters the conformational ensemble of Aβ monomers by promoting β-structure. The second factor weakens naproxen anti-aggregation effect. These findings appear to explain the experimental observations, according to which naproxen binds to Aβ fibril with higher affinity than ibuprofen, yet produces weaker anti-aggregation action. PMID:20979356

  2. Acute toxicity and histopathological effects of naproxen in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages.

    PubMed

    Li, Qian; Wang, Peipei; Chen, Ling; Gao, Hongwen; Wu, Lingling

    2016-09-01

    Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae were selected to investigate the potential risk and aquatic toxicity of a widely used pharmaceutical, naproxen. The acute toxicity of naproxen to embryos and larvae was measured, respectively. The histopathology was investigated in the liver of zebrafish larvae after 8-day embryo-larvae exposure to naproxen. The values of 96-h LC50 were 115.2 mg/L for embryos and 147.6 mg/L for larvae, indicating that zebrafish embryos were more sensitive than larvae to naproxen exposure. Large suites of symptoms were induced in zebrafish (D. rerio) early life stages by different dosages of naproxen, including hatching inhibition, lower heart rate, and morphological abnormalities. The most sensitive sub-lethal effect caused by naproxen was pericardial edema, the 72-h EC50 values of which for embryos and larvae were 98.3 and 149.0 mg/L, respectively. In addition, naproxen-treated zebrafish larvae exhibited histopathological liver damage, including swollen hepatocytes, vacuolar degeneration, and nuclei pycnosis. The results indicated that naproxen is a potential threat to aquatic organisms.

  3. The combination of naproxen and citral reduces nociception and gastric damage in rats.

    PubMed

    Ortiz, Mario I; Ramírez-Montiel, Martha L; González-García, Martha P; Ponce-Monter, Héctor A; Castañeda-Hernández, Gilberto; Cariño-Cortés, Raquel

    2010-10-01

    It has been shown that the association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with plant extracts can increase their antinociceptive activity, allowing the use of lower doses and, thus, limiting side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of the interaction between naproxen and citral on nociception and gastric injury in rats. Naproxen, citral, or combinations of naproxen and citral produced an antinociceptive effect. The administration of naproxen produced significant gastric damage, but this effect was not obtained with either citral or the naproxen-citral combination. The ED(50) value was estimated for the individual drugs and an isobologram was constructed. The derived theoretical ED(50) for the antinociceptive effect (423.8 mg/kg) was not significantly different from the observed experimental value (359.0 mg/kg); hence, the interaction between naproxen and citral mediating the antinociceptive effect is additive. These data suggest that the naproxen-citral combination interacts at the systemic level, produces minor gastric damage, and potentially has therapeutic advantages for the clinical treatment of inflammatory pain.

  4. ¹H NMR-based metabolic profiling of naproxen-induced toxicity in rats.

    PubMed

    Jung, Jeeyoun; Park, Minhwa; Park, Hye Jin; Shim, Sun Bo; Cho, Yang Ha; Kim, Jinho; Lee, Ho-Sub; Ryu, Do Hyun; Choi, Donwoong; Hwang, Geum-Sook

    2011-01-15

    The dose-dependent perturbations in urinary metabolite concentrations caused by naproxen toxicity were investigated using ¹H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Histopathologic evaluation of naproxen-induced acute gastrointestinal damage in rats demonstrated a significant dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) of ¹H NMR from rat urine revealed a dose-dependent metabolic shift between the vehicle-treated control rats and rats treated with low-dose (10 mg/kg body weight), moderate-dose (50 mg/kg), and high-dose (100 mg/kg) naproxen, coinciding with their gastric damage scores after naproxen administration. The resultant metabolic profiles demonstrate that the naproxen-induced gastric damage exhibited energy metabolism perturbations that elevated their urinary levels of citrate, cis-aconitate, creatine, and creatine phosphate. In addition, naproxen administration decreased choline level and increased betaine level, indicating that it depleted the main protective constituent of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, naproxen stimulated the decomposition of tryptophan into kynurenate, which inhibits fibroblast growth factor-1 and delays ulcer healing. These findings demonstrate that ¹H NMR-based urinary metabolic profiling can facilitate noninvasive and rapid diagnosis of drug side effects and is suitable for elucidating possible biological pathways perturbed by drug toxicity. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Physicochemical characterization and structural evaluation of a specific 2:1 cocrystal of naproxen-nicotinamide.

    PubMed

    Ando, Shigeru; Kikuchi, Junko; Fujimura, Yuko; Ida, Yasuo; Higashi, Kenjirou; Moribe, Kunikazu; Yamamoto, Keiji

    2012-09-01

    Physicochemical characterization and structural evaluation of a 2:1 naproxen-nicotinamide cocrystal were performed. The 2:1 cocrystal showed rapid naproxen dissolution and less water vapor adsorption, indicating better pharmaceutical properties of naproxen. The unique 2:1 cocrystal formation was evaluated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The assignments of all H and (13) C peaks for naproxen and the cocrystal were performed using dipolar-insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer and (1) H-(13) C cross-polarization (CP)-heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) NMR measurements. The (13) C chemical shift revealed that two naproxen molecules and one nicotinamide molecule existed in the asymmetric unit of the cocrystal. The (1) H chemical shifts indicated that the carboxylic group of the naproxen in the cocrystal was nonionized, and the CH-π interaction between naproxens was very strong. From the (1) H-(13) C CP-HETCOR NMR spectrum with contact time of 5 ms, two different synthons, carboxylic acid-amide and carboxylic acid-pyridine ring, were found between naproxen and nicotinamide. Single-crystal X-ray analysis, which supported the solid-state NMR results, clarified the geometry and intermolecular interactions in more detail. The structure is unique among pharmaceutical cocrystals because each carboxyl group of the two naproxens formed different intermolecular synthons. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  6. Periorbital edema associated with separate courses of ibuprofen and naproxen.

    PubMed

    Balas, Morad; Plakogiannis, Roda; Sinnett, Mark

    2010-06-01

    A case of periorbital edema associated with separate courses of ibuprofen and naproxen is reported. An 80-year-old African- American woman with a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension came to the clinic. Her medication regimen included fosinopril sodium 40 mg daily, which she began two years prior. She had no known drug allergies and denied consuming any over-the-counter medications or herbal substances and reported a negative atopic status. She had seen her primary care provider several days prior and reported pain in the hands, fingers, and ankles, which would escalate in the morning and progressively lessen during the course of the day. Her physician prescribed naproxen 375 mg every eight hours as needed. After ingesting two doses of naproxen, she developed itching, swelling, and erythema around the left eye that became progressively worse and spread to the right eye. She contacted her primary care physician, who instructed her to discontinue the naproxen, and the reaction resolved within three days. The patient was maintained on acetaminophen for the arthritic pain with no issues. Approximately three months prior, ibuprofen 600 mg every eight hours as needed was prescribed for the same pain. She stated that after ingesting two doses of ibuprofen, she experienced a reaction similar to that recently experienced with naproxen. At that time, she was instructed to discontinue the ibuprofen, and her symptoms resolved. An elderly woman developed periorbital edema after taking ibuprofen on one occasion and naproxen on another.

  7. The Myotoxic Effects of Microencapsulated Naproxen and Carrier Polymer After Intramuscular Injection in Rats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1996-10-10

    THE MYOTOXIC EFFECTS OF MICROENCAPSULATED NAPROXEN AND CARRIER POLYMER AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION IN RATS A Masters Thesis By Kevin J. Bohan... Microencapsulated Naproxen and Carrier Polymer After Intramuscular Injection in Rats" beyond brief excerpts is with the pennission of the copyright...naproxen to be microencapsulated (MEC) for parenteral use. Intramuscular MEC naproxen could provide greater pain relief than ketoralac with a longer

  8. Clinical Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Safety of Naproxen.

    PubMed

    Angiolillo, Dominick J; Weisman, Steven M

    2017-04-01

    The voluntary withdrawal of Vioxx (rofecoxib) from the market in 2004, as well as the 2005 and 2014 US FDA Advisory Committee meetings about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cardiovascular risk, have raised questions surrounding the use of NSAIDs in at-risk populations. This paper discusses the cardiovascular safety profile of naproxen in the context of the NSAID class. The balance of evidence suggests that cardiovascular risk correlates with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity, and the low COX-2 selectivity of naproxen results in a lower cardiovascular risk than that of other NSAIDs. The over-the-counter (OTC) use of naproxen is expected to pose minimal cardiovascular risk; however, the benefit-risk ratio and appropriate use should be considered at an individual patient level, particularly to assess underlying conditions that may increase the risk of events. Likewise, regulatory authorities should revisit label information periodically to ensure labeling reflects the current understanding of benefits and risks.

  9. Molecular Basis for Cyclooxygenase Inhibition by the Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Naproxen

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Duggan, Kelsey C.; Walters, Matthew J.; Musee, Joel

    Naproxen ((S)-6-methoxy-{alpha}-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid) is a powerful non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is extensively used as a prescription and over-the-counter medication. Naproxen exhibits gastrointestinal toxicity, but its cardiovascular toxicity may be reduced compared with other drugs in its class. Despite the fact that naproxen has been marketed for many years, the molecular basis of its interaction with cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is unknown. We performed a detailed study of naproxen-COX-2 interactions using site-directed mutagenesis, structure-activity analysis, and x-ray crystallography. The results indicate that each of the pendant groups of the naphthyl scaffold are essential for COX inhibition, and only minimal substitutions aremore » tolerated. Mutation of Trp-387 to Phe significantly reduced inhibition by naproxen, a result that appears unique to this inhibitor. Substitution of S or CH2 for the O atom of the p-methoxy group yielded analogs that were not affected by the W387F substitution and that exhibited increased COX-2 selectivity relative to naproxen. Crystallization and x-ray analysis yielded structures of COX-2 complexed to naproxen and its methylthio analog at 1.7 and 2.3 {angstrom} resolution, respectively. The combination of mutagenesis, structure analysis, and x-ray crystallography provided comprehensive information on the unique interactions responsible for naproxen binding to COX-2.« less

  10. Serum concentrations of salicylate and naproxen during concurrent therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

    PubMed

    Furst, D E; Sarkissian, E; Blocka, K; Cassell, S; Dromgoole, S; Harris, E R; Hirschberg, J M; Josephson, N; Paulus, H E

    1987-10-01

    The kinetic interaction between salicylate and naproxen was investigated in 25 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Kinetic interactions were tested in serum after patients had been on each drug regimen for 1 month. Salicylate decreased serum naproxen concentration from 89.5 mg/liter to 65.9 mg/liter (P less than 0.001) and increased serum naproxen clearance by 56%. Naproxen had minimal effect on serum salicylate concentrations.

  11. Identification of Cytokines and Signaling Proteins Differentially Regulated by Sumatriptan/Naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Vause, Carrie V; Durham, Paul L

    2011-01-01

    Summary Objectives The goal of this study was to use protein array analysis to investigate temporal regulation of stimulated cytokine expression in trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nuclei in response to cotreatment of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium or individual drug. Background Activation of neurons and glia in trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nuclei leads to increased levels of cytokines that promote peripheral and central sensitization, which are key events in migraine pathology. While recent clinical studies have provided evidence that a combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium is more efficacious in treating migraine than either drug alone, it is not well understood why the combination therapy is superior to monotherapy. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were left untreated (control), injected with capsaicin, or pre-treated with sumatriptan/naproxen, sumatriptan, or naproxen for 1 hour prior to capsaicin. Trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nuclei were isolated 2 and 24 hours after capsaicin or drug treatment and levels of 90 proteins were determined using a RayBio® Label-Based Rat Antibody Array. Results Capsaicin stimulated a >3-fold increase in expression of the majority of cytokines in trigeminal ganglia at 2 hours that was sustained at 24 hours. Significantly, treatment with sumatriptan/naproxen almost completely abolished the stimulatory effects of capsaicin at 2 and 24 hours. Capsaicin stimulated >3-fold expression of more proteins in spinal trigeminal nuclei at 24 hours when compared to 2 hours. Similarly, sumatriptan/naproxen abolished capsaicin stimulation of proteins in spinal trigeminal nuclei at 2 hours and greatly suppressed protein expression 24 hours post capsaicin injection. Interestingly, treatment with sumatriptan alone suppressed expression of different cytokines in trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nuclei than repressed by naproxen sodium. Conclusion We found that the combination of sumatriptan/naproxen

  12. Naproxen-induced Ca2+ movement and death in MDCK canine renal tubular cells.

    PubMed

    Cheng, H-H; Chou, C-T; Sun, T-K; Liang, W-Z; Cheng, J-S; Chang, H-T; Tseng, H-W; Kuo, C-C; Chen, F-A; Kuo, D-H; Shieh, P; Jan, C-R

    2015-11-01

    Naproxen is an anti-inflammatory drug that affects cellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) homeostasis and viability in different cells. This study explored the effect of naproxen on [Ca(2+)](i) and viability in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) canine renal tubular cells. At concentrations between 50 μM and 300 μM, naproxen induced [Ca(2+)](i) rises in a concentration-dependent manner. This Ca(2+) signal was reduced partly when extracellular Ca(2+) was removed. The Ca(2+) signal was inhibited by a Ca(2+) channel blocker nifedipine but not by store-operated Ca(2+) channel inhibitors (econazole and SKF96365), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and a PKC inhibitor GF109203X. In Ca(2+)-free medium, pretreatment with 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone or thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pumps, partly inhibited naproxen-induced Ca(2+) signal. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 did not alter naproxen-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) rises. At concentrations between 15 μM and 30 μM, naproxen killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which was not reversed by prechelating cytosolic Ca(2+) with the acetoxymethyl ester of 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining data suggest that naproxen induced apoptosis. Together, in MDCK renal tubular cells, naproxen induced [Ca(2+)](i) rises by inducing Ca(2+) release from multiple stores that included the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) entry via nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels. Naproxen induced cell death that involved apoptosis. © The Author(s) 2015.

  13. Isolation of (S)-(+)-naproxene from Musa acuminata. Inhibitory effect of naproxene and its 7-methoxy isomer on constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2.

    PubMed

    Abad, T; McNaughton-Smith, G; Fletcher, W Q; Echeverri, F; Diaz-Peñate, R; Tabraue, C; Ruiz de Galarreta, C M; López-Blanco, F; Luis, J G

    2000-06-01

    The isolation and characterisation of (S)-(+)-6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid, a well known synthetic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (naproxene), from a natural source is described for the first time. We evaluated the ability of naproxene and its 7-methoxy isomer to abrogate constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2 activity in human A549 cells. Naproxene inhibited COX-1 (IC50 = 3.42 microM) and COX-2 (IC50 = 1.53 microM), whereas the 7-methoxy isomer had no appreciable effect on COX-1 (IC50 > 100 microM) but also abrogated the activity of COX-2 enzyme (IC50 = 14.42 microM).

  14. Synergistic effect of the interaction between naproxen and citral on inflammation in rats.

    PubMed

    Ortiz, Mario I; González-García, Martha P; Ponce-Monter, Héctor A; Castañeda-Hernández, Gilberto; Aguilar-Robles, Paulina

    2010-12-15

    The combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with herbs having analgesic effects can increase their antinociceptive activity and limit their side effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects on inflammation and gastric injury in rats resulting from the interaction between naproxen and citral. Naproxen, citral, or fixed-dose naproxen-citral combinations were administered orally and their anti-inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and gastric damage were assessed in rats. The pharmacological interaction type was evaluated by the isobolographic analysis. Naproxen, citral, or combinations of naproxen and citral produced anti-inflammatory effects. The sole administration of naproxen produced significant gastric damage, but this effect was not obtained with either citral or combinations. ED(30) values were estimated for the individual drugs, and isobolograms were constructed. The derived theoretical ED(30) for the anti-inflammatory effect was 504.4 mg/kg; this was significantly higher than the observed experimental value (190.6 mg/kg). These results indicate that a synergistic interaction underlies the anti-inflammatory effect. The data suggests that the naproxen-citral combination can interact and to produce minor gastric damage and may have therapeutic advantages for the clinical treatment of inflammation. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  15. Double-blind multicentre UK hospital studies of isoxicam vs naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Cardoe, N.; Hart, F. Dudley

    1986-01-01

    1 Two multicentre, parallel group, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy comparison studies were conducted between isoxicam in the usual dose of 200 mg once daily and naproxen 500 mg twice daily. 2 The drugs were administered for 4 weeks to 230 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee in the first trial and to 249 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in the second. 3 The studies compared treatments for both safety and overall effectiveness in the relief of pain. 4 In the osteoarthritis trial, overall pain was reduced by both drugs after 2 weeks of therapy but only isoxicam produced further improvement after 4 weeks. 5 Isoxicam produced reductions comparable to those produced by naproxen in pain on standing from the sitting position, pain on walking, and pain on movement of the affected joint, after 2 and 4 weeks. 6 After 4 weeks, isoxicam given once daily in the morning was significantly more effective than naproxen given in the morning and the evening in relieving not only total pain as assessed by a visual analogue scale but, as importantly, night pain. 7 Compared to naproxen therapy, isoxicam therapy was associated with significantly more patients whose disease state was improved at 2 weeks, as assessed by physicians. 8 In the rheumatoid arthritis trial, isoxicam was equally as effective as naproxen in reducing joint tenderness, joint swelling, and pain; at 4 weeks there was a trend in favour of isoxicam in reduction of joint swelling and pain. 9 Isoxicam reduced morning stiffness significantly more than naproxen after 4 weeks; this trend was apparent at 2 weeks. 10 Patients thought that isoxicam was more effective than naproxen, to a significant difference. 11 In both trials, the two drugs were well tolerated and had similar side effects profiles, with the majority of adverse experiences being associated with the digestive system; no side effect was severe. PMID:3620277

  16. Evaluation of the effect of naproxen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban

    PubMed Central

    Frost, Charles; Shenker, Andrew; Gandhi, Mohit D; Pursley, Janice; Barrett, Yu Chen; Wang, Jessie; Zhang, Donglu; Byon, Wonkyung; Boyd, Rebecca A; LaCreta, Frank

    2014-01-01

    Aim To assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between naproxen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and apixaban (an oral, selective, direct factor-Xa inhibitor). Method In this randomized, three period, two sequence study, 21 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of apixaban 10 mg, naproxen 500 mg or co-administration of both. Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban and naproxen pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (anti-Xa activity, international normalized ratio [INR] and arachidonic acid–induced platelet aggregation [AAI-PA]). Adverse events, bleeding time and routine safety assessments were also evaluated. Results Apixaban had no effect on naproxen pharmacokinetics. However, following co-administration, apixaban AUC(0,∞), AUC(0,t) and Cmax were 54% (geometric mean ratio 1.537; 90% confidence interval (CI) 1.394, 1.694), 55% (1.549; 90% CI 1.400, 1.713) and 61% (1.611; 90% CI 1.417, 1.831) higher, respectively. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) anti-Xa activity at 3 h post-dose was approximately 60% higher following co-administration compared with apixaban alone, 4.4 [1.0] vs. 2.7 [0.7] IU ml−1, consistent with the apixaban concentration increase following co-administration. INR was within the normal reference range after all treatments. AAI-PA was reduced by approximately 80% with naproxen. Co-administration had no impact beyond that of naproxen. Mean [SD] bleeding time was higher following co-administration (9.1 [4.1] min) compared with either agent alone (5.8 [2.3] and 6.9 [2.6] min for apixaban and naproxen, respectively). Conclusion Co-administration of naproxen with apixaban results in higher apixaban exposure and appears to occur through increased apixaban bioavailability. The effects on anti-Xa activity, INR and inhibition of AAI-PA observed in this study were consistent with the individual pharmacologic effects of apixaban and naproxen. PMID:24697979

  17. Evaluation of the effect of naproxen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban.

    PubMed

    Frost, Charles; Shenker, Andrew; Gandhi, Mohit D; Pursley, Janice; Barrett, Yu Chen; Wang, Jessie; Zhang, Donglu; Byon, Wonkyung; Boyd, Rebecca A; LaCreta, Frank

    2014-10-01

    To assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between naproxen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and apixaban (an oral, selective, direct factor-Xa inhibitor). In this randomized, three period, two sequence study, 21 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of apixaban 10 mg, naproxen 500 mg or co-administration of both. Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban and naproxen pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (anti-Xa activity, international normalized ratio [INR] and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation [AAI-PA]). Adverse events, bleeding time and routine safety assessments were also evaluated. Apixaban had no effect on naproxen pharmacokinetics. However, following co-administration, apixaban AUC(0,∞), AUC(0,t) and Cmax were 54% (geometric mean ratio 1.537; 90% confidence interval (CI) 1.394, 1.694), 55% (1.549; 90% CI 1.400, 1.713) and 61% (1.611; 90% CI 1.417, 1.831) higher, respectively. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) anti-Xa activity at 3 h post-dose was approximately 60% higher following co-administration compared with apixaban alone, 4.4 [1.0] vs. 2.7 [0.7] IU ml(-1) , consistent with the apixaban concentration increase following co-administration. INR was within the normal reference range after all treatments. AAI-PA was reduced by approximately 80% with naproxen. Co-administration had no impact beyond that of naproxen. Mean [SD] bleeding time was higher following co-administration (9.1 [4.1] min) compared with either agent alone (5.8 [2.3] and 6.9 [2.6] min for apixaban and naproxen, respectively). Co-administration of naproxen with apixaban results in higher apixaban exposure and appears to occur through increased apixaban bioavailability. The effects on anti-Xa activity, INR and inhibition of AAI-PA observed in this study were consistent with the individual pharmacologic effects of apixaban and naproxen. © 2014 The British Pharmacological Society.

  18. Naproxen conjugated mPEG-PCL micelles for dual triggered drug delivery.

    PubMed

    Karami, Zahra; Sadighian, Somayeh; Rostamizadeh, Kobra; Parsa, Maliheh; Rezaee, Saeed

    2016-04-01

    A conjugate of the NSAIDs drug, naproxen, with diblock methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) copolymer was synthesized by the reaction of copolymer with naproxen in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dimethylaminopyridine. The naproxen conjugated copolymers were characterized with different techniques including (1)HNMR, FTIR, and DSC. The naproxen conjugated mPEG-PCL copolymers were self-assembled into micelles in aqueous solution. The TEM analysis revealed that the micelles had the average size of about 80 nm. The release behavior of conjugated copolymer was investigated in two different media with the pH values of 7.4 and 5.2. In vitro release study showed that the drug release rate was dependant on pH as it was higher at lower pH compared to neutral pH. Another feature of the conjugated micelles was a more sustained release profile compared to the conjugated copolymer. The kinetic of the drug release from naproxen conjugated micelles under different values of pH was also investigated by different kinetic models such as first-order, Makoid-Banakar, Weibull, Logistic, and Gompertz. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Preparation and In vitro Evaluation of Naproxen Suppositories

    PubMed Central

    Hargoli, S.; Farid, J.; Azarmi, S. H.; Ghanbarzadeh, S.; Zakeri-Milani, P.

    2013-01-01

    The aim of this work was to develop the best formulations for naproxen suppositories. The effects of different bases and surfactants on the physicochemical characteristics of the suppositories were determined by several tests such as weight variation, melting point, assay, hardness, and release rate. All formulations met the standard criteria for tested physicochemical parameters; weight variation (97-112%), content uniformity (97-105%), melting point (4.66-8.7 min) and hardness tests (>5400 g). Based on release rate studies, hydrophilic, and lipophilic bases without surfactants were not suitable bases for naproxen suppository. Amongst the formulations containing surfactants only Witepsol H15 with 0.5% w/w of Tween 80 and Witepsol W35 with 0.5% of cetylpyridinium chloride were suitable and released nearly complete drug during 30 and 60 min, respectively. This study demonstrates the effects of incorporation of known agents on the in vitro release characteristics of naproxen suppository. PMID:24019561

  20. Supra-Additive Interaction of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Naproxen and Gastric Safety on the Formalin Test in Rats.

    PubMed

    Arroyo-Lira, Arlette Guadalupe; Rodríguez-Ramos, Fernando; Ortiz, Mario I; Castañeda-Hernández, Gilberto; Chávez-Piña, Aracely Evangelina

    2017-11-01

    Preclinical Research The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics-nociception-of naproxen in rats, as well as to determine the gastric safety resulting from this combination versus naproxen alone. Female Wistar rats were orally administered DHA, naproxen or the DHA-naproxen mixture at fixed-ratio combination of 1:3. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the formalin test. The gastric injury was determined 3 h after naproxen administration. An isobolographic analysis was performed to characterize the antinociceptive interaction between DHA and naproxen. To determine the possibility of pharmacokinetic interactions, the oral bioavailability of naproxen was evaluated in presence and absence of oral DHA. The experimental effective dose ED 30 values (Zexp) were decreased from theoretical additive dose values (Zadd; P < 0.05). The isobolographic analysis showed that the combination exhibited supra-additive interaction. The oral administration of DHA increased the pharmacokinetic parameter AUC 0- t of naproxen (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the gastric damage induced by naproxen was abolished when this drug was combined with DHA. These data suggest that oral administration of DHA-naproxen combination induces gastric safety and supra-additive antinociceptive effect in the formalin test so that this combination could be useful to management of inflammatory pain. Drug Dev Res 78 : 332-339, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  1. Structural studies of bovine, equine, and leporine serum albumin complexes with naproxen.

    PubMed

    Bujacz, Anna; Zielinski, Kamil; Sekula, Bartosz

    2014-09-01

    Serum albumin, a protein naturally abundant in blood plasma, shows remarkable ligand binding properties of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds. Most of serum albumin binding sites are able to interact with more than one class of ligands. Determining the protein-ligand interactions among mammalian serum albumins is essential for understanding the complexity of this transporter. We present three crystal structures of serum albumins in complexes with naproxen (NPS): bovine (BSA-NPS), equine (ESA-NPS), and leporine (LSA-NPS) determined to 2.58 Å (C2), 2.42 Å (P61), and 2.73 Å (P2₁2₁2₁) resolutions, respectively. A comparison of the structurally investigated complexes with the analogous complex of human serum albumin (HSA-NPS) revealed surprising differences in the number and distribution of naproxen binding sites. Bovine and leporine serum albumins possess three NPS binding sites, but ESA has only two. All three complexes of albumins studied here have two common naproxen locations, but BSA and LSA differ in the third NPS binding site. None of these binding sites coincides with the naproxen location in the HSA-NPS complex, which was obtained in the presence of other ligands besides naproxen. Even small differences in sequences of serum albumins from various species, especially in the area of the binding pockets, influence the affinity and the binding mode of naproxen to this transport protein. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  2. NO-naproxen modulates inflammation, nociception and downregulates T cell response in rat Freund's adjuvant arthritis

    PubMed Central

    Cicala, Carla; Ianaro, Angela; Fiorucci, Stefano; Calignano, Antonio; Bucci, Mariarosaria; Gerli, Roberto; Santucci, Luca; Wallace, John L; Cirino, Giuseppe

    2000-01-01

    Anti-inflammatory non steroidal drugs releasing NO (NO-NSAIDs) are a new class of anti-inflammatory drugs to which has been added an NO-releasing moiety. These compounds have been shown to retain the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of the parent compound but to be devoid of gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity.Freund's adjuvant (FA) arthritis was induced in rats by a single intraplantar injection into the right hindpaw of 100 μl of mycobacterium butirricum (6 mg ml−1). The effect of equimolar doses of naproxen (1, 3 and 10 mg kg−1) and NO-naproxen (1.5, 4.5 and 16 mg kg−1) was evaluated using two dosage regimen protocols: (i) preventive, starting oral administration of the drugs at the time of induction of arthritis and for the following 21 days (day 1–21); (ii) therapeutic, starting oral administration of the drugs 7 days after adjuvant injection and for the following 14 days (day 7–21).Hindpaw swelling (days 3, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21) and nociception (days 15 and 21) were measured. On day 22 rats were sacrificed, draining lymph nodes were removed and T cells isolated. In vitro proliferation of T cells following stimulation with concanavalin A (0.5–5 μg ml−1) was measured using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. IL-2 receptor expression on T cells was measured by FACS analysis.Naproxen and NO-naproxen showed similar activity in reducing oedema formation in the non-injected (controlateral) hindpaw. Both drugs showed anti-nociceptive effect. NO-naproxen was anti-nociceptive at a dose of 4.5 mg kg−1 while naproxen showed the same extent of inhibition only at a dose of 10 mg kg−1.T cells were isolated and characterized by FACS analysis. Stimulation of isolated T cells with concanavallin A in vitro caused a significant increase in thymidine uptake. NO-naproxen at a dose of 4.5 mg kg−1 inhibited T cell proliferation to the same extent as 10 mg kg−1 of naproxen.Inhibition of T cell proliferation

  3. Effective anodic oxidation of naproxen by platinum nanoparticles coated FTO glass.

    PubMed

    Chin, Ching-Ju Monica; Chen, Tsan-Yao; Lee, Menshan; Chang, Chiung-Fen; Liu, Yu-Ting; Kuo, Yu-Tsun

    2014-07-30

    This study investigated applications of the electrochemical anodic oxidation process with Pt-FTO and Pt/MWCNTs-FTO glasses as anodes on the treatment of one of the most important emerging contaminants, naproxen. The anodes used in this study have been synthesized using commercial FTO, MWCNTs and Pt nanoparticles (PtNP). XRD patterns of Pt nanoparticles coated on FTO and MWCNTs revealed that MWCNTs can prevent the surface of PtNPs from sintering and thus provide a greater reaction sites density to interact with naproxen, which have also been confirmed by higher degradation and mineralization efficiencies in the Pt/MWCNTs-FTO system. Results from the CV analysis showed that the Pt-FTO and Pt/MWCNTs-FTO electrodes possessed dual functions of decreasing activation energy and interactions between hydroxyl radicals to effectively degrade naproxen. The lower the solution pH value, the better the degradation efficiency. The existence of humic acid indeed inhibited the degradation ability of naproxen due to the competitions in the multiple-component system. The electrochemical degradation processes were controlled by diffusion mechanism and two major intermediates of 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene and 2-(6-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid were identified. This study has successfully demonstrated new, easy, flexible and effective anodic materials which can be feasibly applied to the electrochemical oxidation of naproxen. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. Solubility of Naproxen in Polyethylene Glycol 200 + Water Mixtures at Various Temperatures

    PubMed Central

    Panahi-Azar, Vahid; Soltanpour, Shahla; Martinez, Fleming; Jouyban, Abolghasem

    2015-01-01

    The solubility of naproxen in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) + water at the temperature range from 298.0 K to 318.0 K were reported. The combinations of Jouyban-Acree model + van’t Hoff and Jouyban-Acree model + partial solubility parameters were used to predict the solubility of naproxen in PEG 200 + water mixtures at different temperatures. Combination of Jouyban-Acree model with van’t Hoff equation can be used to predict solubility in PEG 200 + water with only four solubility data in mono-solvents. The obtained solubility calculation errors vary from ~ 17 % up to 35 % depend on the number of required input data. Non-linear enthalpy-entropy compensation was found for naproxen in the investigated solvent system and the Jouyban−Acree model provides reasonably accurate mathematical descriptions of the thermodynamic data of naproxen in the investigated binary solvent systems. PMID:26664370

  5. Synergism between Naproxen and Rutin in a Mouse Model of Visceral Pain.

    PubMed

    Alonso-Castro, Angel Josabad; Rangel-Velázquez, Joceline Estefanía; Isiordia-Espinoza, Mario A; Villanueva-Solís, Luis Enrique; Aragon-Martinez, Othoniel H; Zapata-Morales, Juan Ramón

    2017-08-01

    Preclinical Research The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive interaction between naproxen and the glycoside flavonoid, rutin in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Naproxen (5, 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg p.o.) or rutin (10, 25, 50, and 100mg/kg p.o.) were administered 60 min before the intraperitoneal administration with acetic acid. The dose-response curve of each individual compound and the experimental effective dose 50 (ED 50 ) value were obtained to determinate different proportions of the combinations between the two compounds (naproxen-rutin 1:1, 3:1, and 3:1) in the writhing test. The results indicated a synergistic antinociceptive interaction between two drugs with different mechanism of action, naproxen and rutin in all the combinations. Drug Dev Res 78 : 184-188, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  6. Structure-based design of novel naproxen derivatives targeting monomeric nucleoprotein of Influenza A virus

    PubMed Central

    Tarus, Bogdan; Bertrand, Hélène; Zedda, Gloria; Di Primo, Carmelo; Quideau, Stéphane; Slama-Schwok, Anny

    2015-01-01

    The nucleoprotein (NP) binds the viral RNA genome as oligomers assembled with the polymerase in a ribonucleoprotein complex required for transcription and replication of influenza A virus. Novel antiviral candidates targeting the nucleoprotein either induced higher order oligomers or reduced NP oligomerization by targeting the oligomerization loop and blocking its insertion into adjacent nucleoprotein subunit. In this study, we used a different structure-based approach to stabilize monomers of the nucleoprotein by drugs binding in its RNA-binding groove. We recently identified naproxen as a drug competing with RNA binding to NP with antiinflammatory and antiviral effects against influenza A virus. Here, we designed novel derivatives of naproxen by fragment extension for improved binding to NP. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that among these derivatives, naproxen A and C0 were most promising. Their chemical synthesis is described. Both derivatives markedly stabilized NP monomer against thermal denaturation. Naproxen C0 bound tighter to NP than naproxen at a binding site predicted by MD simulations and shown by competition experiments using wt NP or single-point mutants as determined by surface plasmon resonance. MD simulations suggested that impeded oligomerization and stabilization of monomeric NP is likely to be achieved by drugs binding in the RNA grove and inducing close to their binding site conformational changes of key residues hosting the oligomerization loop as observed for the naproxen derivatives. Naproxen C0 is a potential antiviral candidate blocking influenza nucleoprotein function. PMID:25333630

  7. Structure-based design of novel naproxen derivatives targeting monomeric nucleoprotein of Influenza A virus.

    PubMed

    Tarus, Bogdan; Bertrand, Hélène; Zedda, Gloria; Di Primo, Carmelo; Quideau, Stéphane; Slama-Schwok, Anny

    2015-09-01

    The nucleoprotein (NP) binds the viral RNA genome as oligomers assembled with the polymerase in a ribonucleoprotein complex required for transcription and replication of influenza A virus. Novel antiviral candidates targeting the nucleoprotein either induced higher order oligomers or reduced NP oligomerization by targeting the oligomerization loop and blocking its insertion into adjacent nucleoprotein subunit. In this study, we used a different structure-based approach to stabilize monomers of the nucleoprotein by drugs binding in its RNA-binding groove. We recently identified naproxen as a drug competing with RNA binding to NP with antiinflammatory and antiviral effects against influenza A virus. Here, we designed novel derivatives of naproxen by fragment extension for improved binding to NP. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that among these derivatives, naproxen A and C0 were most promising. Their chemical synthesis is described. Both derivatives markedly stabilized NP monomer against thermal denaturation. Naproxen C0 bound tighter to NP than naproxen at a binding site predicted by MD simulations and shown by competition experiments using wt NP or single-point mutants as determined by surface plasmon resonance. MD simulations suggested that impeded oligomerization and stabilization of monomeric NP is likely to be achieved by drugs binding in the RNA grove and inducing close to their binding site conformational changes of key residues hosting the oligomerization loop as observed for the naproxen derivatives. Naproxen C0 is a potential antiviral candidate blocking influenza nucleoprotein function.

  8. Sensitization of meningeal nociceptors: inhibition by naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Levy, Dan; Zhang, Xi-Chun; Jakubowski, Moshe; Burstein, Rami

    2009-01-01

    Migraine attacks associated with throbbing (manifestation of peripheral sensitization) and cutaneous allodynia (manifestation of central sensitization) are readily terminated by intravenous administration of a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Evidence that sensitization of rat central trigeminovascular neurons was also terminated in vivo by non-selective COX inhibition has led us to propose that COX inhibitors may act centrally in the dorsal horn. In the present study, we examined whether COX inhibition can also suppress peripheral sensitization in meningeal nociceptors. Using single-unit recording in the trigeminal ganglion in vivo, we found that intravenous infusion of naproxen, a non-selective COX inhibitor, reversed measures of sensitization induced in meningeal nociceptors by prior exposure of the dura to inflammatory soup (IS): ongoing activity of Aδ- and C-units and their response magnitude to mechanical stimulation of the dura, which were enhanced after IS, returned to baseline after naproxen infusion. Topical application of naproxen or the selective COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide (NS-398) onto the dural receptive field of Aδ- and C-unit nociceptors also reversed the neuronal hyper-responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the dura. The findings suggest that local COX activity in the dura could mediate the peripheral sensitization that underlies migraine headache. PMID:18333963

  9. Sonocatalytic removal of naproxen by synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on montmorillonite.

    PubMed

    Karaca, Melike; Kıranşan, Murat; Karaca, Semra; Khataee, Alireza; Karimi, Atefeh

    2016-07-01

    ZnO/MMT nanocomposite as sonocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing synthesized ZnO on the montmorillonite surface. The characteristics of as-prepared nanocomposite were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The synthesized samples were used as a catalyst for sonocatalytic degradation of naproxen. ZnO/MMT catalyst in the presence of ultrasound irradiation was more effective compared to pure ZnO nanoparticles and MMT particles in the sonocatalysis of naproxen. The effect of different operational parameters on the sonocatalytic degradation of naproxen including initial drug concentration, sonocatalyst dosage, solution pH, ultrasonic power and the presence of organic and inorganic scavengers were evaluated. It was found that the presence of the scavengers suppressed the sonocatalytic degradation efficiency. The reusability of the nanocomposite was examined in several consecutive runs, and the degradation efficiency decreased only 2% after 5 repeated runs. The main intermediates of naproxen degradation were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-Mass). Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Roles of functional groups of naproxen in its sorption to kaolinite.

    PubMed

    Yu, Chenglong; Bi, Erping

    2015-11-01

    The sorption of acidic anti-inflammatory drugs to soils is important for evaluating their fate and transformations in the water-soil environment. However, roles of functional groups of ionisable drugs onto mineral surfaces have not been sufficiently studied. In this study, batch experiments of naproxen (NPX, anti-inflammatory drug) and two kinds of competitors to kaolinite were studied. The Kd of naproxen to kaolinite is 1.30-1.62 L kg(-1). The n-π electron donor-acceptor (n-π EDA) interaction between diaromatic ring of naproxen (π-electron acceptors) and the siloxane oxygens (n-donors) of kaolinite is the dominant sorption mechanism. The carboxyl group of naproxen can contribute to the overall sorption. A conception model was put forward to elucidate to sorption mechanisms, in which the contribution of n-π EDA and hydrogen bond to overall sorption was quantified. These sorption mechanisms can be helpful for estimating the fate and mobility of acid pharmaceuticals in soil-water environment. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Fourth-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine and naproxen in pharmaceutical dosage forms

    PubMed Central

    Souri, Effat; Mosafer, Amir; Tehrani, Maliheh Barazandeh

    2016-01-01

    Combination dosage forms of naproxen sodium and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are used for symptomatic treatment of cold and sinus disorders. In this study, fourth-order derivative spectrophotometric method was used for simultaneous determination of naproxen sodium and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The method was linear over the range of 2-28 μg/ml for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 4-200 μg/ml for naproxen sodium. The within-day and between-day coefficient of variation values were less than 5.8% and 2.5% for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and naproxen sodium, respectively. The application of the proposed method for simultaneous determination of naproxen and pseudoephedrine in dosage forms was demonstrated without any special pretreatment. PMID:27168748

  12. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of nonprescription doses of naproxen and naproxen sodium with ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and placebo in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a pooled analysis of five studies.

    PubMed

    Milsom, Ian; Minic, Milos; Dawood, M Yusoff; Akin, Mark D; Spann, June; Niland, Nona F; Squire, R Anne

    2002-09-01

    Dysmenorrhea is the most common menstrual complaint in young women, with a prevalence as high as 90%. It is responsible for substantial repeated short-term absenteeism from school and work in young women. Effective treatments are available, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In many countries, a variety of NSAIDs have become available as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of OTC doses of naproxen (400 mg) and naproxen/naproxen sodium (200/220 mg) with acetaminophen (1000 mg), ibuprofen (200 mg), and placebo in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. A pooled analysis of 5 trials was performed. Efficacy was assessed by pain relief, relief of other dysmenorrheic symptoms, time to backup medication or remedication, and treatment preference. Tolerability was assessed by recording adverse events (AEs). A total of 443 women were enrolled in the combined studies. Naproxen 400 mg provided greater pain relief than acetaminophen and placebo within 30 minutes of administration (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, naproxen 400 mg and 200 mg provided greater pain relief than both acetaminophen (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and ibuprofen (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) at 6 hours after administration. Both doses of naproxen had higher scores than placebo for symptom relief and drug preference (all P < 0.001). The AEs and their frequency were similar among the treatment groups. No serious AEs were reported. When administered at OTC doses, naproxen was effective in the relief of pain and other symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and had a good safety profile in the population studied.

  13. Biodegradation of micropollutant naproxen with a selected fungal strain and identification of metabolites.

    PubMed

    Aracagök, Y Doruk; Göker, Hakan; Cihangir, Nilüfer

    2017-05-01

    Pharmaceuticals are widely used for treating human and animal diseases. Naproxen [(S) 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid] and its sodium salt are members of the α-arylpropionic acid group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Due to excessive usage of naproxen, this drug has been determined even in drinking water. In this study, four fungal strains Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Funalia trogii, Aspergillus niger, and Yarrowia lipolytica were investigated in terms of naproxen removal abilities. According to LC/MS data, A. niger was found the most efficient strain with 98% removal rate. Two main by-products of fungal transformation, O-desmethylnaproxen and 7-hydroxynaproxen, were identified by using LC/MS, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. Our results showed that O-demethylation and hydroxylation of naproxen is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme system.

  14. Toxicity of naproxen sodium and its mixture with tramadol hydrochloride on fish early life stages.

    PubMed

    Sehonova, Pavla; Plhalova, Lucie; Blahova, Jana; Doubkova, Veronika; Prokes, Miroslav; Tichy, Frantisek; Fiorino, Emma; Faggio, Caterina; Svobodova, Zdenka

    2017-12-01

    Pharmaceuticals occur in water bodies as a consequence of their incomplete removal during waste water treatment processes. The occurence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters as well as their possible impact on aquatic vertebrates have received considerable attention in recent years. However, there is still a lack of informations on the chronic effects of widely used drugs as well as their possible mixture toxicity on non-target aquatic vertebrates as well as their possible mixture toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of naproxen sodium on early life stages of fish and evaluate its mixture toxicity with tramadol hydrochloride, which was assessed in our earlier study as a single substance. Two embryo-larval toxicity tests with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed according to the OECD guideline 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test) in order to assess the subchronic toxicity of naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochlorid-naproxen sodium mixture at the concentrations of 10; 50; 100 and 200 μg/L. These experiments were conducted for 32 days. The subchronic exposure to naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture had a strong effect on the early life stages of common carp. Hatching, developmental rate, morphology, histopathology and, in the case of the naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture, mortality were influenced. The bioindicators of oxidative stress were also influenced. The LOEC was determined at 10 μg/L for both naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Gastric-sparing nitric oxide-releasable 'true' prodrugs of aspirin and naproxen.

    PubMed

    Gund, Machhindra; Gaikwad, Parikshit; Borhade, Namdev; Burhan, Aslam; Desai, Dattatraya C; Sharma, Ankur; Dhiman, Mini; Patil, Mohan; Sheikh, Javed; Thakre, Gajanan; Tipparam, Santhosh G; Sharma, Somesh; Nemmani, Kumar V S; Satyam, Apparao

    2014-12-15

    Nitric oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are gaining attention as potentially gastric-sparing NSAIDs. Herein, we report a novel class of '1-(nitrooxy)ethyl ester' group-containing NSAIDS as efficient NO releasing 'true' prodrugs of aspirin and naproxen. While an aspirin prodrug exhibited comparable oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity (i.e., TXB2 inhibition) to those of aspirin, a naproxen prodrug exhibited better bioavailability than naproxen. These promising NO-NSAIDs protected experimental rats from gastric damage. We therefore believe that these promising NO-NSAIDs could represent a new class of potentially 'Safe NSAIDs' for the treatment of arthritic pain, inflammation and cardiovascular disorders in the case of NO-aspirin. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Alteration of plasma prednisolone levels by indomethacin and naproxen.

    PubMed Central

    Rae, S A; Williams, I A; English, J; Baylis, E M

    1982-01-01

    Eleven patients with stable rheumatoid disease (RD) who were receiving regular corticosteroid therapy (CS) were investigated to discover the effect on plasma prednisolone levels of additional therapy with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) drugs, indomethacin and naproxen. There was a highly significant (P less than 0.001) increase in free prednisolone levels after concurrent therapy with either indomethacin or naproxen for 2 weeks. Total prednisolone levels were unchanged. These results could provide an explanation for clinical reports that these two NSAI drugs possess a steroid-sparing effect. PMID:7126420

  17. Chiral recognition of naproxen enantiomers based on fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jafari, Marzieh; Tashkhourian, Javad; Absalan, Ghodratollah

    2017-10-01

    A simple, fast and green method for chiral recognition of S- and R-naproxen has been introduced. The method was based on quenching of the fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters in the presence of naproxen enantiomers. The quenching intensity in the presence of S-naproxen was higher than R-naproxen when phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 was used. The chiral recognition occurred due to steric effect between bovine serum albumin conformation and naproxen enantiomers. Two linear determination range were established as 7.4 × 10-7-9.1 × 10-6 and 9.1 × 10-6-3.1 × 10-5 mol L-1 for both enantiomers and detection limits of 7.4 × 10-8 mol L- 1 and 9.5 × 10-8 mol L-1 were obtained for S- and R-naproxen, respectively. The developed method showed good repeatability and reproducibility for the analysis of a synthetic sample. To make the procedure applicable to biological samples, the removal of heavy metals from the sample is suggested before any analytical attempt.

  18. Naproxen or Estradiol for Bleeding and Spotting with the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System: A Randomized Controlled Trial

    PubMed Central

    MADDEN, Tessa; PROEHL, Sarah; ALLSWORTH, Jenifer E.; SECURA, Gina M.; PEIPERT, Jeffrey F.

    2011-01-01

    Objective To evaluate whether oral naproxen or transdermal estradiol decreases bleeding and spotting in women initiating the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Study Design We conducted a randomized controlled trial of naproxen, estradiol, or placebo administered over the first 12 weeks of LNG-IUS use. Participants completed a written bleeding diary. We imputed missing values and performed an intention-to-treat analysis. Results There were 129 women randomized to naproxen (n=42), estradiol (n=44), or placebo (n=43). The naproxen group was more likely to be in the lowest quartile of bleeding and spotting days compared to placebo, 42.9% versus 16.3% (p=0.03). In the multivariable analysis, the naproxen group had a 10% reduction in bleeding and spotting days (RRadj 0.90, 95%CI 0.84–0.97) compared to placebo. More frequent bleeding and spotting was observed in the estradiol group (RRadj 1.25, 95%CI 1.17–1.34). Conclusions Administration of naproxen resulted in a reduction in bleeding and spotting days compared to placebo. (150 words) PMID:22055339

  19. Amphiphilic naproxen prodrugs: differential scanning calorimetry study on their interaction with phospholipid bilayers.

    PubMed

    Giuffrida, Maria Chiara; Pignatello, Rosario; Castelli, Francesco; Sarpietro, Maria Grazia

    2017-09-01

    Naproxen, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug studied for Alzheimer's disease, was conjugated with lipoamino acids (LAA) directly or through a diethylamine (EDA) spacer to improve the drug lipophilicity and the interaction with phospholipid bilayers. The interaction of naproxen and its prodrugs with biomembrane models consisting of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The transfer of prodrugs from a lipophilic carrier to a biomembrane model was also studied. Naproxen conjugation to lipoamino acids improves its interaction with biomembrane models and affects the transfer from a lipophilic carrier to biomembrane model. LAA portion may localize between the phospholipid chains; the entity of the interaction depends not only on the presence of the spacer but also on the LAA chain length. Variation of LAA portion can modulate the naproxen prodrugs affinity towards the biological membrane as well as towards the lipophilic carrier. © 2017 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

  20. Biodegradation of naproxen by freshwater algae Cymbella sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda and the comparative toxicity.

    PubMed

    Ding, Tengda; Lin, Kunde; Yang, Bo; Yang, Mengting; Li, Juying; Li, Wenying; Gan, Jay

    2017-08-01

    Naproxen is one of the most prevalent pharmaceuticals and of great environment concern. Information about bioremediation of naproxen by algae remains limited and no study has been reported on the degradation mechanism and the toxicity of NPX on algae. In this study, both Cymbella sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda showed complete growth inhibition (100%) at 100mgL -1 within 24h. Biochemical characteristics including chlorophyll a, carotenoid contents and enzyme activities for these two microalgae were affected by NPX at relatively high concentrations after 4d of exposure. Degradation of naproxen was accelerated by both algae species. Cymbella sp. showed a more satisfactive effect in the bioremediation of NPX with higher removal efficiency. A total of 12 metabolites were identified by LC-MS/MS and the degradation pathways of naproxen in two algae were proposed. Hydroxylation, decarboxylation, demethylation, tyrosine conjunction and glucuronidation contributed to naproxen transformation in algal cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Development of Self Emulsifying Formulations of Poorly Soluble Naproxen for Enhanced Drug Delivery.

    PubMed

    Penjuri, Subhash C B; Saritha, Damineni; Ravouru, Nagaraju; Poreddy, Srikanth R

    2016-01-01

    The objective of this investigation was to develop a self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of naproxen, a poorly water soluble drug, which could improve its solubility and oral bioavailability. The recent patents on SEDDS of abiraterone acetate (WO2014/009434 A1) and tamoxifen (WO2013/0080083) helped in selecting the naproxen and excipients. Phase diagrams were constructed and the formulations were taken from the micro emulsion region. Formulations were subjected to thermodynamic stability, dispersibility and precipitation tests for optimization. Physico chemical characterization was carried out by FTIR and DSC studies. The selected SEDDS consisted of IPM+labrafac lipophile WL 1349, tween 80, PEG 400 and naproxen. The optimized formulation has globule size- 187.6 nm, zeta potential- -9.81 mv, viscosity- 1.772 cps and infinite dilution ability. In vitro drug release was 98.21% and was found to be significantly different from the marketed product and plain drug. After oral administration in rats the SEDDS of naproxen showed anti inflammatory activity (69.82%) which was much improved as compared to the marketed formulation. The Cmax, AUC0t of naproxen was boosted with SEDDS to 133.63 g/ml and 698.29 hr. g/ml respectively. The optimized formulation was found to be stable for 6 months during stability studies conducted according to the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. Thus this developed self emulsifying drug delivery system may be a useful tool to enhance the solubility of oral poorly water soluble drug naproxen. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

  2. Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products.

    PubMed

    Isidori, Marina; Lavorgna, Margherita; Nardelli, Angela; Parrella, Alfredo; Previtera, Lucio; Rubino, Maria

    2005-09-15

    The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern and only few data are available about the adverse effects of such molecules and their derivatives on non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the toxic potential of Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, Naproxen Na, its freely water soluble sodium salt and their photoproducts in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity. Furthermore, possible genotoxic effects of photoderivatives were investigated using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. The results showed that photoproducts were more toxic than the parent compounds both for acute and chronic values, while genotoxic and mutagenic effects were not found. These findings suggested the opportunity to consider derivatives in ecotoxicology assessment of drugs.

  3. 21 CFR 520.1468 - Naproxen granules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 520.1468 Naproxen granules. (a... musculoskeletal system of the horse. (2)(i) For oral maintenance therapy following initial intravenous dosage...

  4. Functionalized β-cyclodextrin based potentiometric sensor for naproxen determination.

    PubMed

    Lenik, Joanna; Łyszczek, Renata

    2016-04-01

    Potentiometric sensors based on neutral β-cyclodextrins: (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin and anionic β-cyclodextrin: (2-hydroxy-3-N,N,N-trimethylamino)propyl-β-cyclodextrin chloride for naproxen are described. Inclusion complexes of naproxen with the above-mentioned cyclodextrins were studied using IR spectroscopy. The electrode surface was made from PVC membranes doped with the appropriate β-cyclodextrin as ionophores and quaternary ammonium chlorides as positive charge additives that were dispersed in plasticizers. The optimum membrane contains heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin, o-nitrophenyloctyl ether and tetraoctyl ammonium chloride as a lipophilic salt. The electrode is characterized by a Nernstian response slope of -59.0 ± 0.5 mV decade(-1) over the linear range of 5.0 × 10(-5)-1.0 × 10(-2) mol L(-1) and the detection limit 1.0 × 10(-5) mol L(-1), as well as the response time 10s. It can be used in the pH range 6.2-8.5 for 10 months without any considerable deterioration. Incorporation of β-cyclodextrins improved the electrode selectivity towards naproxen ions from several inorganic and organic interferents and some common drug excipients due to concovalent interactions (host molecule-guest molecule). The notable advantages of the naproxen-selective electrode include its high sensitivity, high selectivity, cost-effectiveness as well as accurate and comfortable application in drug analysis and milk samples. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  5. Brief Report: Course of Active Inflammatory and Fatty Lesions in Patients With Early Axial Spondyloarthritis Treated With Infliximab Plus Naproxen as Compared to Naproxen Alone: Results From the Infliximab As First Line Therapy in Patients with Early Active Axial Spondyloarthritis Trial.

    PubMed

    Poddubnyy, Denis; Listing, Joachim; Sieper, Joachim

    2016-08-01

    To investigate the course of active inflammatory and fatty lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with early axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) treated with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor infliximab added to naproxen as compared to those treated with naproxen alone. A total of 158 patients with active axial SpA were randomized (2:1) to receive 28 weeks of treatment with either infliximab 5 mg/kg plus naproxen 1,000 mg/day or placebo plus naproxen 1,000 mg/day. MRI of the sacroiliac (SI) joints and of the spine was performed at baseline and week 28. Images were scored for active inflammation and for fatty lesions. After 28 weeks, there was a significant reduction of inflammation in the spine and in the SI joints in both treatment groups, which was, however, more prominent in the infliximab plus naproxen group (mean ± SD spine osteitis change score -2.9 ± 5.1, versus -2.0 ± 4.2 in the placebo plus naproxen group [P < 0.001]; SI joint osteitis change score -4.3 ± 5.2 in the infliximab plus naproxen group versus -3.9 ± 3.7 in the placebo plus naproxen group [P = 0.003]). Similarly, there was a significant increase in the fatty lesion score after 28 weeks in both groups; this change did not, however, differ significantly between groups (spine fatty lesion change score 0.8 ± 1.7 in the infliximab plus naproxen group versus 1.0 ± 1.8 in the placebo plus naproxen group [P = 0.72]; SI joint fatty lesion change score 1.7 ± 2.7 in the infliximab plus naproxen group versus 1.4 ± 2.6 in the placebo plus naproxen group [P = 0.86]). These findings indicate that effective antiinflammatory treatment of axial SpA is associated with an increase in fatty lesion scores, independent of concomitant treatment with or without anti-TNF. © 2016, American College of Rheumatology.

  6. Removal of carbamazepine and naproxen by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium under non-sterile condition.

    PubMed

    Li, Xueqing; de Toledo, Renata Alves; Wang, Shengpeng; Shim, Hojae

    2015-03-25

    This study explored the utilization of a white-rot fungus (WRF), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, immobilized in wood chips, to remove carbamazepine and naproxen under non-sterile condition. The removal efficiencies for both pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in artificially contaminated water were improved by 4% for naproxen and 30% for carbamazepine in seven days, compared to without wood chips. Although adsorption was crucial at the early stage, bioremoval was found to be the main removal mechanism for both PhACs. The extracellular enzymes played important roles in the naproxen removal, while the intracellular enzyme system was responsible for the carbamazepine removal. The increased of intracellular enzyme activity through the immobilization of WRF cells may contribute to the significantly enhanced removal efficiency for carbamazepine. In addition, the removal of naproxen or carbamazepine slightly increased when both compounds coexisted, compared to the system where the two pharmaceuticals existed separately. Based on the batch experimental results, a fixed-bed bioreactor packed with a mixture of WRF mycelia pellets and wood chips was developed and operated with the intermittent feeding and continuous aerating mode for 28 days under non-sterile condition, with naproxen and carbamazepine spiked into the influent at 1.0 mg L(-1). Almost complete removal of naproxen and 60-80% removal of carbamazepine were obtained in the first two weeks. However, the removal efficiencies for both compounds suddenly dropped to as low as less than 20% by the 14th day, possibly due to the contamination by other microorganisms in the reactor. After the addition of 8.25% sodium hypochlorite at the ratio of 1:100 (v/v) into the influent tank on both Day 20 and Day 25, a rapid recovery (higher than 95%) was achieved in the naproxen removal, by effectively inhibiting contamination in the reactor. In comparison, the same rebounding phenomenon was not observed for carbamazepine and this

  7. Effect of Aspirin Coadministration on the Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen.

    PubMed

    Reed, Grant W; Abdallah, Mouin S; Shao, Mingyuan; Wolski, Kathy; Wisniewski, Lisa; Yeomans, Neville; Lüscher, Thomas F; Borer, Jeffrey S; Graham, David Y; Husni, M Elaine; Solomon, Daniel H; Libby, Peter; Menon, Venu; Lincoff, A Michael; Nissen, Steven E

    2018-04-24

    The safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and aspirin coadministration is uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the safety of combining NSAIDs with low-dose aspirin. This analysis of the PRECISION (Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety Versus Ibuprofen or Naproxen) trial included 23,953 patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis at increased cardiovascular risk randomized to celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen. The on-treatment population was used for this study. Outcomes included composite major adverse cardiovascular events, noncardiovascular death, gastrointestinal or renal events, and components of the composite. Cox proportional hazards models compared outcomes among NSAIDs stratified by aspirin use following propensity score adjustment. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the cumulative probability of events. When taken without aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen had greater risk for the primary composite endpoint compared with celecoxib (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22 to 1.90, p <0.001; and HR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.26; p <0.001, respectively). Compared with celecoxib, ibuprofen had more major adverse cardiovascular events (p < 0.05), and both ibuprofen and naproxen had more gastrointestinal (p < 0.001) and renal (p < 0.05) events. Taken with aspirin, ibuprofen had greater risk for the primary composite endpoint compared with celecoxib (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.51; p < 0.01); this was not significantly higher with naproxen (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.41; p = 0.08). Among patients on aspirin, major adverse cardiovascular events were similar among NSAIDs, and compared with celecoxib, ibuprofen had more gastrointestinal and renal events (p < 0.05), while naproxen had more gastrointestinal events (p < 0.05), without a difference in renal events. Similar results were seen on adjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis. Celecoxib has a more favorable overall safety

  8. 21 CFR 520.1468 - Naproxen granules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL... pain and lameness exhibited with arthritis, as well as myositis and other soft tissue diseases of the..., administer 10 milligrams naproxen per kilogram of animal body weight twice daily as top dressing in the...

  9. 21 CFR 520.1468 - Naproxen granules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL... pain and lameness exhibited with arthritis, as well as myositis and other soft tissue diseases of the..., administer 10 milligrams naproxen per kilogram of animal body weight twice daily as top dressing in the...

  10. 21 CFR 520.1468 - Naproxen granules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL... pain and lameness exhibited with arthritis, as well as myositis and other soft tissue diseases of the..., administer 10 milligrams naproxen per kilogram of animal body weight twice daily as top dressing in the...

  11. 21 CFR 520.1468 - Naproxen granules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL... pain and lameness exhibited with arthritis, as well as myositis and other soft tissue diseases of the..., administer 10 milligrams naproxen per kilogram of animal body weight twice daily as top dressing in the...

  12. Naproxen or estradiol for bleeding and spotting with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Madden, Tessa; Proehl, Sarah; Allsworth, Jenifer E; Secura, Gina M; Peipert, Jeffrey F

    2012-02-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether oral naproxen or transdermal estradiol decreases bleeding and spotting in women who are initiating the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of naproxen, estradiol, or placebo that was administered over the first 12 weeks of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use. Participants completed a written bleeding diary. We imputed missing values and performed an intention-to-treat analysis. There were 129 women who were assigned randomly to naproxen (n = 42 women), estradiol (n = 44 women), or placebo (n = 43 women). The naproxen group was more likely to be in the lowest quartile of bleeding and spotting days compared with placebo (42.9% vs 16.3%; P = .03). In the multivariable analysis, the naproxen group had a 10% reduction in bleeding and spotting days (adjusted relative risk, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.97) compared with placebo. More frequent bleeding and spotting was observed in the estradiol group (adjusted relative risk, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.34). The administration of naproxen resulted in a reduction in bleeding and spotting days compared with placebo. Copyright © 2012 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Sumatriptan plus naproxen for the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adults.

    PubMed

    Law, Simon; Derry, Sheena; Moore, R Andrew

    2016-04-20

    This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in October 2013 on 'Sumatriptan plus naproxen for acute migraine attacks in adults'.Migraine is a common disabling condition and a burden for the individual, health services, and society. It affects two to three times more women than men, and is most common in the age range 30 to 50 years. Effective abortive treatments include the triptan and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory classes of drugs. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and combining them may provide better relief. Sumatriptan plus naproxen is now available in combination form for the acute treatment of migraine. To determine the efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan plus naproxen, administered together as separate tablets or taken as a fixed-dose combination tablet, compared with placebo and other active interventions in the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adults. For this update we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via The Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO) to 28 October 2015, MEDLINE (via Ovid) from 1946 to 28 October 2015, and EMBASE (via Ovid) from 1974 to 28 October 2015, and two online databases (www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com and www.clinicaltrials.gov). We also searched the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews. We included randomised, double-blind, placebo- or active-controlled studies, with at least 10 participants per treatment arm, using sumatriptan plus naproxen to treat a migraine headache episode. Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We used numbers of participants achieving each outcome to calculate risk ratio and numbers needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNT) or for an additional harmful outcome (NNH) compared with placebo or a different active treatment. For this update we identified one new study (43 participants), but it did not contribute any data for analysis. The review

  14. Enteric protection of naproxen in a fixed-dose combination product produced by hot-melt co-extrusion.

    PubMed

    Vynckier, A-K; De Beer, M; Monteyne, T; Voorspoels, J; De Beer, T; Remon, J P; Vervaet, C

    2015-08-01

    In this study hot-melt co-extrusion is used as processing technique to manufacture a fixed-dose combination product providing enteric protection to naproxen incorporated in the core and immediate release to esomeprazole magnesium embedded in the coat. The plasticizing effect of naproxen and triethyl citrate (TEC) was tested on the enteric polymers investigated (Eudragit(®) L100-55, HPMC-AS-LF and HPMCP-HP-50). Core matrix formulations containing HPMC-AS-LF, TEC and a naproxen load of 15, 30 and 50% were processed and characterized. The in vitro naproxen release in 0.1N HCl was prevented for 2h for all formulations. The physicochemical state of the drug in the extrudates was determined and a stability study was performed. Intermolecular interactions between naproxen and polymer were identified using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. When esomeprazole magnesium was formulated in a polyethylene oxide 100K:polyethylene glycol 4K (1:1) matrix, separated from the naproxen-containing layer, the formulation could be easily processed and complete in vitro drug release was observed after 45 min. When co-extruding the core/coat dosage form it was observed that a third layer of polymer, separating the naproxen loaded enteric formulation in the core from the coat, is required to prevent degradation of the acid-labile esomeprazole magnesium at the core/coat interface. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Process parameter dependent growth phenomena of naproxen nanosuspension manufactured by wet media milling.

    PubMed

    Bitterlich, A; Laabs, C; Krautstrunk, I; Dengler, M; Juhnke, M; Grandeury, A; Bunjes, H; Kwade, A

    2015-05-01

    The production of nanosuspensions has proved to be an effective method for overcoming bioavailability challenges of poorly water soluble drugs. Wet milling in stirred media mills and planetary ball mills has become an established top-down-method for producing such drug nanosuspensions. The quality of the resulting nanosuspension is determined by the stability against agglomeration on the one hand, and the process parameters of the mill on the other hand. In order to understand the occurring dependencies, a detailed screening study, not only on adequate stabilizers, but also on their optimum concentration was carried out for the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) naproxen in a planetary ball mill. The type and concentration of the stabilizer had a pronounced influence on the minimum particle size obtained. With the best formulation the influence of the relevant process parameters on product quality was investigated to determine the grinding limit of naproxen. Besides the well known phenomenon of particle agglomeration, actual naproxen crystal growth and morphology alterations occurred during the process which has not been observed before. It was shown that, by adjusting the process parameters, those effects could be reduced or eliminated. Thus, besides real grinding and agglomeration a process parameter dependent ripening of the naproxen particles was identified to be a concurrent effect during the naproxen fine grinding process. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  16. Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of loxoprofen and naproxen with the acidic permanganate-sulfite system.

    PubMed

    Wang, Li-Juan; Tang, Yu-Hai; Liu, Yang-Hao

    2011-02-01

    A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of loxoprofen and naproxen was proposed based on the CL system of KMnO 4 , and Na 2 SO 3 in acid media. The CL intensity of KMnO 4 -Na 2 SO 3 was greatly enhaneed in the presence of loxoprofen and naproxen. The mechanism of the CL reaction was studied by the kinetic proecss and UV-vis absorption and the conditions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the CL intensity was linear with loxoprofen and naproxen concentration in the range of 7.0 × 10 -8 - 1.0 × 10 -5 g/mL and 2.0 × 10 -7 - 4.0 × 10 -6 g/mL with the detection limit of 2.0 × 10 -8 g/mL and 3.0 × 10 -8 g/mL (S/N = 3), respectively. Thc relative standard deviations were 2.39% and 1.37% for 5.0 × 10 -7 g/mL naproxen and 5.0 × 10 -7 g/mL loxoprofen ( n = 10), respectively. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied to thc determination of loxoprofen and naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations.

  17. Fixed Drug Eruption Due to Selective Hypersensitivity to Naproxen with Tolerance to other Propionic Acid NSAIDs.

    PubMed

    Noguerado-Mellado, Blanca; Gamboa, Abdonias R; Perez-Ezquerra, Patricia R; Cabeza, Cristina M; Fernandez, Roberto P; De Barrio Fernandez, Manuel

    2016-01-01

    Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), belonging to propionic acid group, and its chemical structure is a 6-metoxi-metil-2-naftalenoacetic acid. Fixed drug eruptions (FDE) have been rarely reported. A 38-year-old woman referred that after 2 hours of taking 2 tablets of naproxen for a headache, she developed several edematous and dusky-red macules, one on right forearm and the other two in both thighs and she was diagnosed with FDE probably due to naproxen. We performed patch testing (PT) (Nonweven Patch Test Strips Curatest® Lohman & Rauscher International, Rangsdorf, Germany), with ibuprofen (5% Petrolatum), ketoprofen (2.5% Petrolatum), naproxen and nabumetone (both 10% in DMSO) on the residual lesion of the forearm with naproxen and in both thighs with ibuprofen, ketoprofen and nabumetone. Readings at day 1 (D1) and day 2 (D2) showed negative results to ibuprofen, ketoprofen and nabumetone, but were positive to naproxen in D1. A single blind oral challenge test (SBOCT) with other propionic acid derivates were performed in order to check for crossreactivity between them: ibuprofen, ketoprofen and nabumetone were administered and all drugs were well tolerated. In our patient PT confirmed the diagnosis and allowed us to study the cross-reactivity between NSAIDs of the same group, and confirmed by SBOCT. Cross-reactivity between propionic acid derivatives was studied. This is a case of hypersensitivity to naproxen with good tolerance to other propionic acids NSAIDs (ibuprofen and ketoprofen) and nabumetone, confirmed by PT and SBOCT. Some relavent patents for fixed drug eruption are discussed.

  18. Degradation of naproxen by UV, VUV photolysis and their combination.

    PubMed

    Arany, Eszter; Szabó, Rita Katalin; Apáti, László; Alapi, Tünde; Ilisz, István; Mazellier, Patrick; Dombi, András; Gajda-Schrantz, Krisztina

    2013-11-15

    Naproxen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Recently, this medicine was detected both in natural waters (up to 1.5 μg L(-1)) and in sewage treatment plant effluents (up to 5.2 μg L(-1)). Moreover, naproxen is only partly eliminated by classical processes used in sewage treatment plants. Therefore, its degradation is of utmost interest. Advanced oxidation processes proved to be the most suitable methods for the elimination of persistent organic contaminants. In this work ultraviolet (UV, 254 nm), vacuum ultraviolet photolysis (VUV, 172 nm) and their combination (UV/VUV, 254/185 nm) were investigated. The efficiency of the methods increased in the following order: UV < VUV < UV/VUV photolysis. However, VUV irradiation was found to mineralize the contaminant molecule most effectively. The chemical structures of three out of four aromatic by-products and of some aliphatic carboxylic acids were presumed. The effects of dissolved O2 and the initial concentration of naproxen on the degradation were also investigated. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Structure-Based Discovery of the Novel Antiviral Properties of Naproxen against the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus

    PubMed Central

    Lejal, Nathalie; Tarus, Bogdan; Bouguyon, Edwige; Chenavas, Sylvie; Bertho, Nicolas; Delmas, Bernard; Ruigrok, Rob W. H.; Di Primo, Carmelo

    2013-01-01

    The nucleoprotein (NP) binds the viral RNA genome and associates with the polymerase in a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) required for transcription and replication of influenza A virus. NP has no cellular counterpart, and the NP sequence is highly conserved, which led to considering NP a hot target in the search for antivirals. We report here that monomeric nucleoprotein can be inhibited by a small molecule binding in its RNA binding groove, resulting in a novel antiviral against influenza A virus. We identified naproxen, an anti-inflammatory drug that targeted the nucleoprotein to inhibit NP-RNA association required for NP function, by virtual screening. Further docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified in the RNA groove two NP-naproxen complexes of similar levels of interaction energy. The predicted naproxen binding sites were tested using the Y148A, R152A, R355A, and R361A proteins carrying single-point mutations. Surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence, and other in vitro experiments supported the notion that naproxen binds at a site identified by MD simulations and showed that naproxen competed with RNA binding to wild-type (WT) NP and protected active monomers of the nucleoprotein against proteolytic cleavage. Naproxen protected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells against viral challenges with the H1N1 and H3N2 viral strains and was much more effective than other cyclooxygenase inhibitors in decreasing viral titers of MDCK cells. In a mouse model of intranasal infection, naproxen treatment decreased the viral titers in mice lungs. In conclusion, naproxen is a promising lead compound for novel antivirals against influenza A virus that targets the nucleoprotein in its RNA binding groove. PMID:23459490

  20. Nonselective inhibition of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase by naproxen ameliorates hepatic injury in animals with acute or chronic liver injury

    PubMed Central

    Bahde, Ralf; Kapoor, Sorabh; Gupta, Sanjeev

    2014-01-01

    The rising prevalence of hepatic injury due to toxins, metabolites, viruses, etc., necessitates development of further mechanisms for protecting the liver and for treating acute or chronic liver diseases. To examine whether inhibition of inflammation directed by cyclo-oxygenase pathways, we performed animal studies with naproxen, which inhibits prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases 1 and 2 and is in extensive clinical use. We administered carbon tetrachloride to induce acute liver injury and ligated the common bile duct to induce chronic liver injury in adult rats. These experimental manipulations produced abnormalities in liver tests, tissue necrosis, compensatory hepatocyte or biliary proliferation, and onset of fibrosis, particularly after bile duct ligation. After carbon tetrachloride-induced acute injury, naproxen decreased liver test abnormalities, tissue necrosis and compensatory hepatocellular proliferation. After bile duct ligation-induced chronic injury, naproxen decreased liver test abnormalities, tissue injury and compensatory biliary hyperplasia. Moreover, after bile duct ligation, naproxen-treated rats showed more periductular oval liver cells, which have been classified as hepatic progenitor cells. In naproxen-treated rats, we found greater expression in hepatic stellate cells and mononuclear cells of cytoprotective factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. The ability of naproxen to induce expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was verified in cell culture studies with CFSC-8B clone of rat hepatic stellate cells. Whereas assays for carbon tetrachloride toxicity using cultured primary hepatocytes established that naproxen was not directly cytoprotective, we found conditioned medium containing vascular endothelial growth factor from naproxen-treated CFSC-8B cells protected hepatocytes from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Therefore, naproxen was capable of ameliorating toxic liver injury, which involved naproxen-induced release of

  1. Naproxen Attenuates Sensitization of Depressive-Like Behavior and Fever during Maternal Separation

    PubMed Central

    Hennessy, Michael B.; Stafford, Nathan P.; Yusko-Osborne, Brittany; Schiml, Patricia A.; Xanthos, Evan D.; Deak, Terrence

    2014-01-01

    Early life stress can increase susceptibility for later development of depressive illness though a process thought to involve inflammatory mediators. Isolated guinea pig pups exhibit a passive, depressive-like behavioral response and fever that appear mediated by proinflammatory activity, and which sensitize with repeated separations. Treatment with an anti-inflammatory can attenuate the behavioral response during the initial separation and separation the following day. Here we used the cyclooxygenase inhibitor naproxen to examine the role of prostaglandins in mediating the depressive-like behavior and core body temperature of young guinea pigs during an initial separation, separation the next day, and separation 10 days after the first. The passive, depressive-like behavior as well as fever sensitized with repeated separation. Three days of injection with 14 mg/kg of naproxen prior to the initial separation reduced depressive-like behavior during all three separations. A 28 mg/kg dose of naproxen, however, had minimal effect on behavior. Fever during the early separations was moderated by naproxen, but only at the higher dose. These results suggest a role of prostaglandins in the behavioral and febrile response to maternal separation, and particularly in the sensitization of depressive-like behavior following repeated separation. PMID:25449392

  2. Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of loxoprofen and naproxen with the acidic permanganate-sulfite system

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Li-Juan; Tang, Yu-Hai; Liu, Yang-Hao

    2012-01-01

    A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of loxoprofen and naproxen was proposed based on the CL system of KMnO4, and Na2SO3 in acid media. The CL intensity of KMnO4-Na2SO3 was greatly enhaneed in the presence of loxoprofen and naproxen. The mechanism of the CL reaction was studied by the kinetic proecss and UV-vis absorption and the conditions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the CL intensity was linear with loxoprofen and naproxen concentration in the range of 7.0 × 10−8 – 1.0 × 10−5 g/mL and 2.0 × 10−7 – 4.0 × 10−6 g/mL with the detection limit of 2.0 × 10−8 g/mL and 3.0 × 10−8 g/mL (S/N = 3), respectively. Thc relative standard deviations were 2.39% and 1.37% for 5.0 × 10−7 g/mL naproxen and 5.0 × 10−7 g/mL loxoprofen (n = 10), respectively. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied to thc determination of loxoprofen and naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID:29403682

  3. Sorption of the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and naproxen to dissolved organic matter: role of structural fractions.

    PubMed

    Maoz, Adi; Chefetz, Benny

    2010-02-01

    Pharmaceutical compounds and dissolved organic matter (DOM) are co-introduced into the environment by irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and/or application of biosolids. In this study, we evaluate the role and mechanism of interaction of the pharmaceuticals naproxen and carbamazepine with structural fractions of biosolids-derived DOM. Sorption interactions were estimated from dialysis-bag experiments at different pHs. Sorption of naproxen and carbamazepine by the hydrophobic acid fraction exhibited strong pH-dependence. With both pharmaceuticals, the highest sorption coefficients (K(DOC)) were at pH 4. With the hydrophobic neutral fraction, pH affected only naproxen sorption (decreasing with increasing pH). Among the hydrophilic DOM fractions, the hydrophilic acid fraction exhibited the highest K(DOC) value for carbamazepine, probably due to their bipolar character. In the hydrophilic acid fraction-naproxen system, significant anionic repulsion was observed with increasing pH. The hydrophilic base fraction contains positively charged functional groups. Therefore with increasing ionization of naproxen (with increasing pH), K(DOC) to this fraction increased. The hydrophilic neutral fraction exhibited the lowest K(DOC) with both studied pharmaceuticals. The K(DOC) value of carbamazepine with the bulk DOM sample was higher than the calculated K(DOC) value based on sorption by the individual isolated fractions. The opposite trend was observed with naproxen at pH 8: the calculated K(DOC) value was higher than the value obtained for the bulk DOM. These results demonstrate that DOM fractions interact with each other and do not act as separate sorption domains. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Low doses of tizanidine synergize the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac or naproxen while reducing of side effects.

    PubMed

    Patiño-Camacho, Selene I; Déciga Campos, Myrna; Beltrán-Villalobos, Karla; Castro-Vidal, Dalia A; Montiel-Ruiz, Rosa M; Flores-Murrieta, Francisco J

    2017-06-15

    The aim of the present study was to determine whether tizanidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, is able to increase the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of naproxen and ketorolac with a low incidence of gastric injury and spontaneous activity in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect was assayed in a carrageenan test, and oral administration of tizanidine (ED 40 =0.94±0.2mg/kg), naproxen (ED 40 =3.18±0.4mg/kg), and ketorolac (ED 40 =16.4±1.9mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent effect on inflammation. The anti-nociceptive effect was assayed in the formalin test, and administration of tizanidine (ED 40 =0.39±0.06mg/kg, p.o.), naproxen (ED 40 =33.9±3.9mg/kg, p.o.) or ketorolac (ED 40 =6.49±1mg/kg, p.o.) each showed a dose-dependent anti-nociceptive effect. The effects of combinations of tizanidine/naproxen and tizanidine/ketorolac were determined considering their ED 40 at a rate of 1:1. Additionally, the tizanidine/naproxen and tizanidine/ketorolac combinations showed anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects. The tizanidine/ketorolac combination was more potent than tizanidine/naproxen, in both inflammatory (interaction index=0.03 tizanidine/ketorolac and 0.07 tizanidine/naproxen) and nociceptive (interaction index=0.005 tizanidine/ketorolac and 0.01 tizanidine/naproxen) processes. In both cases, tizanidine improved naproxen and ketorolac gastrointestinal tolerability by 50%. Furthermore, co-administration of tizanidine with naproxen or ketorolac did not modify the spontaneous activity in the same way as individual tizanidine administration. Considering that tizanidine increases the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of naproxen or ketorolac, with an increase in gastric tolerability, tizanidine could provide therapeutic advantages in the clinical treatment of inflammation and pain. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Protective Effect of 4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-Buten-2-One from Phellinus linteus on Naproxen-Induced Gastric Antral Ulcers in Rats.

    PubMed

    Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Kwon, Hyun Ju; Kim, Byung Woo

    2016-05-28

    The present study investigated the protective effect of naturally purified 4-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (DHP) from Phellinus linteus against naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcers in rats. To verify the protective effect of DHP on naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcers, various doses (1, 5, and 10 μg/kg) of DHP were pretreated for 3 days, and then gastric damage was caused by 80 mg/kg naproxen applied for 3 days. DHP prevented naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, 10 μg/kg DHP showed the best protective effect against naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcers. Moreover, DHP significantly attenuated the naproxen-induced lipid peroxide level in gastric mucosa and increased the activities of radical scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in a dose-dependent manner. A histological examination clearly demonstrated that the gastric antral ulcer induced by naproxen nearly disappeared after the pretreatment of DHP. These results suggest that DHP can inhibit naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcers through prevention of lipid peroxidation and activation of radical scavenging enzymes.

  6. Photodegradation of naproxen and its photoproducts in aqueous solution at 254 nm: a kinetic investigation.

    PubMed

    Marotta, Raffaele; Spasiano, Danilo; Di Somma, Ilaria; Andreozzi, Roberto

    2013-01-01

    The kinetics of photodegradation of the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (+)-S-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid, an emerging organic pollutant, was studied in aqueous solutions under deaerated and aerated conditions. The photolysis experiments were carried out under monochromatic irradiation (λ = 254 nm) at pH = 7.0 and T = 25 °C. Simplified reaction schemes of photodegradation of naproxen are proposed in absence and in presence of oxygen respectively. The schemes take into account the photolysis of naproxen and its photoproducts and the reactions of the measured species with oxygen dissolved in the liquid bulk. According to these schemes, two kinetic models were developed which correlate the experimental data, for runs performed in absence and in presence of oxygen, with a fair accuracy and allowed to estimate the best values for the unknown kinetic parameters. The calculated quantum yield of direct photolysis of naproxen under deaerated media is in good agreement with the one previously reported. Under aerated conditions, the generation of singlet oxygen has also been taken into account. The obtained results, under the adopted conditions, indicated a marked influence of dissolved oxygen on the photodegradation rates of naproxen and the relative distribution of the major reaction intermediates. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Efficacy of single-dose, extended-release naproxen sodium 660 mg in postsurgical dental pain: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

    PubMed

    Laurora, Irene; An, Robert

    2016-01-01

    To evaluate the efficacy of a novel formulation of extended-release/immediate-release (ER) naproxen sodium over 24 h in a dental pain model. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in moderate to severe pain after extraction of one or two impacted third molars (at least one partial mandibular bony impaction). Treatment comprised oral ER naproxen sodium 660 mg (single dose), placebo (both studies) or immediate-release (IR) naproxen sodium 220 mg tid (study 2). Primary efficacy endpoint: 24-h summed pain intensity difference (SPID). Secondary variables included total pain relief (TOTPAR), use of rescue medication. All treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. NCT00720057 (study 1), NCT01389284 (study 2). Primary efficacy analyses: pain intensity was significantly lower over 24 h with ER naproxen sodium vs. placebo (p < 0.001), with significant relief from 15 min (study 2). In study 2, ER naproxen sodium was non-inferior to IR naproxen sodium, reducing pain intensity to a comparable extent over 24 h. TOTPAR was significantly greater with ER and IR naproxen sodium vs. placebo at all time points, with generally comparable differences between active treatments. Significantly more placebo patients required rescue medication vs. ER and IR naproxen sodium from 2-24 h post-dose. Once daily ER naproxen sodium was generally safe and well tolerated, with a similar safety profile to IR naproxen sodium tid. The studies were single dose, with limited ability to assess efficacy or safety of multiple doses over time. As the imputed pain score meant that estimated treatment differences may have been biased in favor of ER naproxen sodium, a post hoc analysis evaluated the robustness of the results for pain relief. A single dose of ER naproxen sodium 660 mg significantly reduced moderate to severe dental pain vs. placebo and was comparable to IR naproxen sodium 220 mg tid. Significant pain relief was experienced from 15 min and sustained

  8. Synergistic Skin Penetration Enhancer and Nanoemulsion Formulations Promote the Human Epidermal Permeation of Caffeine and Naproxen.

    PubMed

    Abd, Eman; Namjoshi, Sarika; Mohammed, Yousuf H; Roberts, Michael S; Grice, Jeffrey E

    2016-01-01

    We examined the extent of skin permeation enhancement of the hydrophilic drug caffeine and lipophilic drug naproxen applied in nanoemulsions incorporating skin penetration enhancers. Infinite doses of fully characterized oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing the skin penetration enhancers oleic acid or eucalyptol as oil phases and caffeine (3%) or naproxen (2%) were applied to human epidermal membranes in Franz diffusion cells, along with aqueous control solutions. Caffeine and naproxen fluxes were determined over 8 h. Solute solubility in the formulations and in the stratum corneum (SC), as well as the uptake of product components into the SC were measured. The nanoemulsions significantly enhanced the skin penetration of caffeine and naproxen, compared to aqueous control solutions. Caffeine maximum flux enhancement was associated with a synergistic increase in both caffeine SC solubility and skin diffusivity, whereas a formulation-increased solubility in the SC was the dominant determinant for increased naproxen fluxes. Enhancements in SC solubility were related to the uptake of the formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC. Enhanced skin penetration in these systems is largely driven by uptake of formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC with impacts on SC solubility and diffusivity.

  9. Elucidation of the naproxen sodium adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from waste apricot: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic characterization.

    PubMed

    Onal, Y; Akmil-Başar, C; Sarici-Ozdemir, C

    2007-09-30

    In this study, activated carbon (WA11Zn5) was prepared from waste apricot, which is waste in apricot plants in Malatya, by chemical activation with ZnCl(2). BET surface area of activated carbon is determined as 1060 m(2)/g. The ability of WA11Zn5, to remove naproxen sodium from effluent solutions by adsorption has been studied. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of naproxen sodium on activated carbon were measured experimentally. Results were analyzed by the Langmiur, Freundlich equation using linearized correlation coefficient at 298 K. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm have been determined. Langmiur equation is found to best represent the equilibrium data for naproxen sodium-WA11Zn5 systems. The monolayer adsorption capacity of WA11Zn5 for naproxen sodium was found to be 106.38 mg/g at 298 K. The process was favorable and spontaneous. The kinetics of adsorption of naproxen sodium have been discussed using three kinetic models, i.e., the pseudo first-order model, the pseudo second-order model, the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic parameters and correlation coefficients were determined. It was shown that the pseudo second-order kinetic equation could describe the adsorption kinetics for naproxen sodium onto WA11Zn5. The thermodynamic parameters, such as DeltaG degrees , DeltaS degrees and DeltaH degrees, were calculated. The thermodynamics of naproxen sodium-WA11Zn5 system indicates endothermic process.

  10. Pharmacological Evaluation of Naproxen Metal Complexes on Antinociceptive, Anxiolytic, CNS Depressant, and Hypoglycemic Properties

    PubMed Central

    Das, Narhari; Abdur Rahman, S. M.

    2016-01-01

    Purpose. The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive, anxiolytic, CNS depressant, and hypoglycemic effects of the naproxen metal complexes. Methods. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing method and radiant heat tail-flick method while anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze model. The CNS depressant activity of naproxen metal complexes was assessed using phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time test and the hypoglycemic test was performed using oral glucose tolerance test. Results. Metal complexes significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the number of abdominal muscle contractions induced by 0.7% acetic acid solution in a dose dependent manner. At the dose of 25 mg/kg body weight p.o. copper, cobalt, and zinc complexes exhibited higher antinociceptive activity having 59.15%, 60.56%, and 57.75% of writhing inhibition, respectively, than the parent ligand naproxen (54.93%). In tail-flick test, at both doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, the copper, cobalt, silver, and zinc complexes showed higher antinociceptive activity after 90 minutes than the parent drug naproxen. In elevated plus maze (EPM) model the cobalt and zinc complexes of naproxen showed significant anxiolytic effects in dose dependent manner, while the copper, cobalt, and zinc complexes showed significant CNS depressant and hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion. The present study demonstrated that copper, cobalt, and zinc complexes possess higher antinociceptive, anxiolytic, CNS depressant, and hypoglycemic properties than the parent ligand. PMID:27478435

  11. Arylhydrazone derivatives of naproxen as new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents: Design, synthesis and molecular docking studies.

    PubMed

    Azizian, Homa; Mousavi, Zahra; Faraji, Hamidreza; Tajik, Mohammad; Bagherzadeh, Kowsar; Bayat, Peyman; Shafiee, Abbas; Almasirad, Ali

    2016-06-01

    A series of new arylidenehydrazone derivatives of naproxen were synthesized and evaluated for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of the synthesized analogues showed comparable activities when compared against naproxen for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N'-[(pyridine-4-yl)methylene]propanoic acid hydrazide 4j was found to be the most active analgesic agent. 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N'-[4-nitrobenzylidene]propanoic acid hydrazide 4g showed highest anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to the naproxen. Molecular modeling study of the synthesized compounds suggested that the designed molecules were well located and bound to the COX-1 and COX-2 active sites. Compound 4g showed the highest selectivity for COX-2 (RCOX-2/COX-1=1.94) and higher affinity rather than naproxen in COX-2 active site (RCOX-2/naproxen=1.28). Moreover, the structural analyses confirmed that the E-ap rotamer is the preferred structure for the arylidenehydrazone derivatives. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. Comparison of the analgesic effects of oral tramadol and naproxen sodium on pain relief during IUD insertion.

    PubMed

    Karabayirli, Safinaz; Ayrim, Aylin Aker; Muslu, Bunyamin

    2012-01-01

    To compare the analgesic efficacy of oral tramadol and naproxen sodium on pain during insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). Randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial (Canadian Task Force classification I). University-affiliated hospital. Single-center. One hundred three patients scheduled for insertion of an IUD. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral tramadol 50 mg capsules (n = 35) or naproxen sodium 550 mg tablets (n = 34) or placebo (n = 34) 1 hour before insertion of the IUD. After insertion of the IUD, pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS, 0-10). Adverse effects, patient satisfaction with the medication, and preference for using it during future insertions were also recorded. The VAS scores were significantly different during IUD insertion among the 3 groups (p = .001). Pain scores in the tramadol group were significantly lower than in the naproxen group (p = .003), and the scores in the naproxen group was significantly lower than in the control group (p = .001). Patient satisfaction with the medication and preference for its future use were significantly lower in the control group than in the other 2 groups (p = .001). Prophylactic analgesia using 50 mg tramadol and 550 mg naproxen, delivered orally, can be used to relieve pain during IUD insertion. However, tramadol capsules were found to be more effective than naproxen tablets. Copyright © 2012 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Effect of Naproxen Prophylaxis on Heterotopic Ossification Following Hip Arthroscopy: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

    PubMed

    Beckmann, James T; Wylie, James D; Potter, Michael Q; Maak, Travis G; Greene, Thomas H; Aoki, Stephen K

    2015-12-16

    Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication of hip arthroscopy. Our objective was to determine the effect of postoperative naproxen therapy on the development of HO following arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement. Between August 2011 and April 2013, 108 eligible patients were enrolled and randomized to take naproxen or a placebo for three weeks postoperatively. Radiographs were made at routine follow-up visits for one year following surgery. The primary outcome measure was the development of HO, as classified with the Brooker criteria and two-dimensional measurements on radiographs made at least seventy-five days postoperatively (average, 322 days). The primary analysis, performed with a Fisher exact test, compared the proportion of subjects with HO between the treatment and control groups. A single a priori interim analysis was planned at the midpoint of the study. Our data safety and monitoring board stopped this study when the interim analysis showed that the stopping criterion had been met for demonstration of efficacy of the naproxen intervention. The prevalence of HO was 46% (twenty-two of the forty-eight in the final analysis) in the placebo group versus 4% (two of forty-eight) in the naproxen group (p < 0.001). Medication compliance was 69% overall, but it did not differ between the naproxen and placebo groups. Minor adverse reactions to the study medications were reported in 42% of the patients taking naproxen versus 35% of those taking the placebo (p = 0.45). In this trial, prophylaxis with naproxen was effective in reducing the prevalence of HO without medication-related morbidity. Copyright © 2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.

  14. Naproxen induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human urinary bladder cancer cell lines and chemically induced cancers by targeting PI3-K

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Mi-Sung; Kim, Jong-Eun; Lim, Do Young; Huang, Zunnan; Chen, Hanyong; Langfald, Alyssa; Lubet, Ronald A.; Grubbs, Clinton J.; Dong, Zigang; Bode, Ann M.

    2014-01-01

    Naproxen ((S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid) is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 and is widely used as an over-the-counter medication. Naproxen exhibits analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Naproxen, as well as other NSAIDS, has been reported to be effective in the prevention of urinary bladder cancer in rodents. However, potential targets other than the COX isozymes have not been reported. We examined potential additional targets in urinary bladder cancer cells and in rat bladder cancers. Computer kinase profiling results suggested that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) is a potential target for naproxen. In vitro kinase assay data revealed that naproxen interacts with PI3-K and inhibits its kinase activity. Pull-down binding assay data confirmed that PI3-K directly binds with naproxen in vitro and ex vivo. Western blot data showed that naproxen decreased phosphorylation of Akt, and subsequently decreased Akt signaling in UM-UC-5 and UMUC-14 urinary bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, naproxen suppressed anchorage-independent cell growth and decreased cell viability by targeting PI3-K in both cell lines. Naproxen caused an accumulation of cells at the G1 phase mediated through CDK4, cyclin D1 and p21. Moreover, naproxen induced significant apoptosis, accompanied with increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in both cell types. Naproxen-induced cell death was mainly due to apoptosis in which a prominent down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax were involved. Naproxen also caused apoptosis and inhibited Akt phosphorylation in rat urinary bladder cancers induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (OH-BBN). PMID:24327721

  15. Naproxen Sodium for Pain Control With Intrauterine Device Insertion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    PubMed

    Ngo, Lynn L; Braaten, Kari P; Eichen, Eva; Fortin, Jennifer; Maurer, Rie; Goldberg, Alisa B

    2016-12-01

    To evaluate whether 550 mg oral naproxen sodium given 1 hour before intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is effective for pain relief as compared with placebo. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was pain with IUD insertion measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Our sample size was calculated to detect a 15-mm difference in VAS scores with 80% power (α=0.05). Secondary outcomes included pain with tenaculum placement, uterine sounding, and 5 and 15 minutes postinsertion. A total of 118 women were enrolled and analyzed (58 in the naproxen sodium arm, 60 in the placebo arm, 97% nulliparous) between May 11, 2015, and March 25, 2016. There were no differences in baseline demographics or reproductive characteristics between arms. There were no differences in median VAS pain scores for the primary outcome of pain with IUD insertion between the naproxen sodium arm compared with the placebo arm (69 compared with 66 mm, P=.89). There were no differences in the secondary outcomes of median VAS pain scores with tenaculum placement (37 compared with 32 mm, P=.97) or uterine sounding (60 compared with 58 mm, P=.66). However, median pain scores postprocedure were lower in the naproxen arm as compared with the placebo arm: 17 compared with 26 mm (P=.01) at 5 minutes and 13 compared with 24 mm (P=.01) at 15 minutes postinsertion. Oral naproxen sodium does not reduce pain with IUD insertion but does reduce pain after insertion and should be considered as a premedication. ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02388191.

  16. Distinct enantiomeric signals of ibuprofen and naproxen in treated wastewater and sewer overflow.

    PubMed

    Khan, Stuart J; Wang, Lili; Hashim, Nor H; McDonald, James A

    2014-11-01

    Ibuprofen and naproxen are commonly used members of a class of pharmaceuticals known as 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs). Both are chiral chemicals and can exist as either of two (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. Enantioselective analyses of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from untreated sewage overflow reveal distinctly different enantiomeric fractions for both pharmaceuticals. The (S)-enantiomers of both were dominant in untreated sewage overflow, but the relative proportions of the (R)-enantiomers were shown to be increased in WWTP effluents. (R)-naproxen was below method detection limits (<1 ng.L(-1)) in sewage overflow, but measurable at higher concentrations in WWTP effluents. Accordingly, enantiomeric fractions (EF) for naproxen were consistently 1.0 in sewage overflow, but ranged from 0.7–0.9 in WWTP effluents. Ibuprofen EF ranged from 0.6–0.8 in sewage overflow and receiving waters, and was 0.5 in two WWTP effluents. Strong evidence is provided to indicate that chiral inversion of (S)-2-APAs to produce (R)-2-APAs may occur during wastewater treatment processes. It is concluded that this characterization of the enantiomeric fractions for ibuprofen and naproxen in particular effluents could facilitate the distinction of treated and untreated sources of pharmaceutical contamination in surface waters.

  17. Removal of acetaminophen and naproxen by combined coagulation and adsorption using biochar: influence of combined sewer overflow components.

    PubMed

    Jung, Chanil; Oh, Jeill; Yoon, Yeomin

    2015-07-01

    The combined coagulation and adsorption of targeted acetaminophen and naproxen using activated biochar and aluminum sulfate were studied under various synthetic "combined sewer overflow" (CSO) conditions. The biochar demonstrated better adsorption performance for both acetaminophen and naproxen (removal, 94.1 and 97.7%, respectively) than that of commercially available powdered activated carbon (removal, 81.6 and 94.1%, respectively) due to superior carbonaceous structure and surface properties examined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The adsorption of naproxen was more favorable, occupying active adsorption sites on the adsorbents by naproxen due to its higher adsorption affinity compared to acetaminophen. Three classified CSO components (i.e., representing hydrophobic organics, hydrophilic organics, and inorganics) played different roles in the adsorption of both adsorbates, resulted in inhibition by humic acid complexation or metal ligands and negative electrostatic repulsion under adsorption and coagulation combined system. Adsorption alone with biochar was determined to be the most effective adsorptive condition for the removal of both acetaminophen and naproxen under various CSO conditions, while both coagulation alone and combined adsorption and coagulation failed to remove the acetaminophen and naproxen adequately due to an increase in ionic strength in the presence of spiked aluminum species derived from the coagulant.

  18. Pharmacokinetic profile of extended-release versus immediate-release oral naproxen sodium after single and multiple dosing under fed and fasting conditions: two randomized, open-label trials.

    PubMed

    Laurora, Irene; Wang, Yuan

    2016-10-01

    Extended-release (ER) naproxen sodium provides pain relief for up to 24 hours with a single dose (660 mg/day). Its pharmacokinetic profile after single and multiple dosing was compared to immediate release (IR) naproxen sodium in two randomized, open-label, crossover studies, under fasting and fed conditions. Eligible healthy subjects were randomized to ER naproxen sodium 660-mg tablet once daily or IR naproxen sodium 220-mg tablet twice daily (440 mg initially, followed by 220 mg 12 hours later). Primary variables: pharmacokinetic parameters after singleday administration (day 1) and at steady state after multiple-day administration (day 6). Total exposure was comparable for both treatments under fasting and fed conditions. After fasting: peak naproxen concentrations were slightly lower with ER naproxen sodium than with IR naproxen sodium but were reached at a similar time. Fed conditions: mean peak concentrations were comparable but reached after a longer time with ER vs. IR naproxen sodium. ER naproxen sodium was well tolerated, with a similar safety profile to IR naproxen sodium. The total exposure of ER naproxen sodium (660 mg) is comparable to IR naproxen sodium (220 mg) when administered at the maximum over the counter (OTC) dose of 660-mg daily dose on a single day and over multiple days. The rate of absorption is delayed under fed conditions.

  19. Naproxen Microparticulate Systems Prepared Using In Situ Crystallisation and Freeze-Drying Techniques.

    PubMed

    Solaiman, Amanda; Tatari, Adam Keenan; Elkordy, Amal Ali

    2017-07-01

    Poor drug solubility and dissolution rate remain to be one of the major problems facing pharmaceutical scientists, with approximately 40% of drugs in the industry categorised as practically insoluble or poorly water soluble. This in turn can lead to serious delivery challenges and poor bioavailability. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the surfactants, poloxamer 407 (P407) and caprol® PGE 860 (CAP), at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3% w/v) on the enhancement of the dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drug, naproxen, using in situ micronisation by solvent change method and freeze-drying. The extent at which freeze-drying influences the dissolution rate of naproxen microcrystals is investigated in this study by comparison with desiccant-drying. All formulations were evaluated and characterised using particle size analysis and morphology, in vitro dissolution studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. An increase in poloxamer 407 concentration in freeze-dried formulations led to enhancement of drug dissolution compared to desiccator-dried formulations, naproxen/caprol® PGE 860 formulations and untreated drug. DSC and FT-IR results show no significant chemical interactions between drug and poloxamer 407, with only very small changes to drug crystallinity. On the other hand, caprol® PGE 860 showed some interactions with drug components, alterations to the crystal lattice of naproxen, and poor dissolution profiles using both drying methods, making it a poor choice of excipient.

  20. Enthalpies of Dissolution of Crystalline Naproxen Sodium in Water and Potassium Hydroxide Aqueous Solutions at 298 K

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lytkin, A. I.; Chernikov, V. V.; Krutova, O. N.; Bychkova, S. A.; Volkov, A. V.; Skvortsov, I. A.

    2018-03-01

    The enthalpies of dissolution of crystalline naproxen sodium in water and aqueous solutions of KOH at 298.15 K are measured by direct calorimetric means in a wide range of concentrations. The acid-base properties of naproxen sodium at ionic strength I 0 and I = 0.1 (KNO3) and a temperature of 298.15 K are studied by spectrophotometric means. The concentration and thermodynamic dissociation constants are determined. The standard enthalpies of the formation of naproxen sodium and the products of its dissociation in aqueous solution are calculated.

  1. Studying of crystal growth and overall crystallization of naproxen from binary mixtures.

    PubMed

    Kaminska, E; Madejczyk, O; Tarnacka, M; Jurkiewicz, K; Kaminski, K; Paluch, M

    2017-04-01

    Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to investigate the molecular dynamics and phase transitions in binary mixtures composed of naproxen (NAP) and acetylated saccharides: maltose (acMAL) and sucrose (acSUC). Moreover, the application of BDS method and optical microscopy enabled us to study both crystallization kinetics and crystal growth of naproxen from the solid dispersions with the highest content of modified carbohydrates (1:5wt ratio). It was found that the activation barriers of crystallization estimated from dielectric measurements are completely different for both studied herein mixtures. Much higher E a (=205kJ/mol) was obtained for NAP-acMAL solid dispersion. It is probably due to simultaneous crystallization of both components of the mixture. On the other hand, lower value of E a in the case of NAP-acSUC solid dispersion (81kJ/mol) indicated, that naproxen is the only crystallizing compound. This hypothesis was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. We also suggested that specific intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions between active substance and excipient may be an alternative explanation for the difference between activation barrier obtained for NAP-acMAL and NAP-acSUC binary mixtures. Furthermore, optical measurements showed that the activation energy for crystal growth of naproxen increases in binary mixtures. They also revealed that both excipients: acMAL and acSUC move the temperature of the maximum of crystal growth towards lower temperatures. Interestingly, this maximum occurs for nearly the same structural relaxation time, which is a good approximation of viscosity, for all samples. Finally, it was also noticed that although naproxen crystallizes to the same polymorphic form in both systems, there are some differences in morphology of obtained crystals. Thus, the observed behavior may have a significant impact on the bioavailability and dissolution rate of API produced in that way

  2. Effect of anthocyanins on expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in naproxen-induced gastric ulcers.

    PubMed

    Kim, Sun-Joong; Park, Young Sam; Paik, Hyun-Dong; Chang, Hyo Ihl

    2011-12-01

    Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause gastric ulceration through a number of mechanisms including inhibition of PG synthesis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of apoptosis. Recently, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been suggested to play a crucial role in these mechanisms. The present study investigated the protective effect of anthocyanins isolated from black rice bran (Heugjinjubyeo) against naproxen-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. The oral administration of anthocyanins (5, 25 or 50 mg/kg body weight) showed significant protection against naproxen (80 mg/kg body weight)-induced gastric ulcer and inhibited lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa. In addition, pretreatment with anthocyanins resulted in a significant increase in the activities of radical-scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Also biochemical and zymographic analyses suggested that the administration of anthocyanins gives a significant protection against naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcer through scavenging ROS and regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. The results of intracellular radical activation show that anthocyanins suppress the generation of intracellular ROS and attenuate the suppression of MMP-2 activity by naproxen. These results suggest that anthocyanins extracted from black rice may offer potential remedy of gastric antral ulceration.

  3. Analysis of acute naproxen administration on memory in young adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

    PubMed

    Wilson, Jack H; Criss, Amy H; Spangler, Sean A; Walukevich, Katherine; Hewett, Sandra

    2017-10-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work by non-selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. Evidence indicates that metabolites of the cyclooxygenase pathway play a critical role in the process of learning and memory. We evaluated whether acute naproxen treatment impairs short-term working memory, episodic memory, or semantic memory in a young, healthy adult population. Participants received a single dose of placebo or naproxen (750 mg) in random order separated by 7-10 days. Two hours following administration, participants completed five memory tasks. The administration of acute high-dose naproxen had no effect on memory in healthy young adults.

  4. Improving the drug release of Naproxen Sodium tablets by preparing granules and tablets with a preferred mixing ratio of hydrates.

    PubMed

    Bär, David; Debus, Heiko; Grune, Christian; Tosch, Stephan; Fischer, Wolfgang; Mäder, Karsten; Imming, Peter

    2017-12-01

    Naproxen is a typical and well-known analgesic classified as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is commercialized as tablets or liquid-filled capsules. Naproxen is typically used asa sodium salt because of its better processability compared to Naproxen free acid. This entails hygroscopicity and gives rise to the existence of four different hydrates, which show polymorphic and pseudopolymorphic properties. Solid dosage forms containing Naproxen Sodium often have to be processed in an applicable dosage form by granulation and tablet compression. During granulation, Naproxen Sodium will be in contact with water and is exposed to the drop and rise in temperature and to mechanical stress. The result could be a mixture of different hydrates of Naproxen Sodium. This study showed that a modified designed fluid bed granulation was not affected by differences in the mixing ratio of hydrates when using different water contents after spraying and at the end with the finished granules. Here, X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement was used to analyze the ratio of the hydrates and its identity. All granulation batches showed a large amount of Naproxen Sodium Monohydrate (>87%) and no differences could be observed during tablet compression. Quantities of other hydrates were negligibly small. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated the influence of tablet compression by transforming the hydrates of the granules. In addition to Naproxen Sodium Monohydrate, a large quantity of amorphous structures has also been found. Rietveld evaluation combined with the preliminary studies of the raw hydrates provided conclusions on the drug release of the tablets containing hydrates of Naproxen Sodium which were influenced by tablet compression. Fast drug release was obtained when a maximum water content of about 21% was used after spraying during granulation, independently of the final water content of the finished granules. A maximum water content of less than 21

  5. Efficacy and safety of intravenous tanezumab for the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis: 2 randomized controlled trials versus naproxen.

    PubMed

    Ekman, Evan F; Gimbel, Joseph S; Bello, Alfonso E; Smith, Michael D; Keller, David S; Annis, Karen M; Brown, Mark T; West, Christine R; Verburg, Kenneth M

    2014-11-01

    Two studies evaluated efficacy and safety of tanezumab versus naproxen for treatment of knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA). Randomized controlled studies [NCT00830063 (Study 1015, n=828) and NCT00863304 (Study 1018, n=840)] of subjects with hip or knee OA compared intravenous tanezumab (5 mg or 10 mg) to placebo and naproxen (500 mg twice daily). Coprimary outcomes were Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain, WOMAC Physical Function (0-10 numerical rating scale), and patient's global assessment of OA at Week 16. In both studies, tanezumab reduced pain versus placebo [least squares mean differences, 95% CI, tanezumab 5 mg: -1.21 (-1.72, -0.70); -1.13 (-1.65, -0.62); tanezumab 10 mg: -0.91 (-1.42, -0.40); -0.80 (-1.32, -0.29)], and improved function and global scores. Tanezumab 5 mg produced greater pain reduction [-0.76 (-1.28, -0.25); -0.69 (-1.21, -0.17)], and favorable functional and global outcomes versus naproxen. Pain reductions with tanezumab 10 mg versus naproxen did not reach significance, unlike functional (both studies) and global (1 study) outcomes; thus, tanezumab 10 mg was not superior to naproxen, and predefined statistical testing procedures were not met, allowing for conclusion of superiority of tanezumab 5 mg over naproxen despite replicated favorable coprimary outcomes. Tanezumab was associated with greater incidence of peripheral sensory adverse events (paresthesia, hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, burning sensation), pain in extremity, peripheral edema, and arthralgia. Overall frequency and discontinuations as a result of adverse events were similar to placebo and naproxen. Tanezumab provides efficacious treatment of knee or hip OA and may have therapeutic utility in patients with OA who experience inadequate analgesia with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

  6. An examination of the thermodynamics of fusion, vaporization, and sublimation of ibuprofen and naproxen by correlation gas chromatography.

    PubMed

    Maxwell, Rachel; Chickos, James

    2012-02-01

    The vaporization enthalpies of (S)-ibuprofen and (S)-naproxen measured by correlation gas chromatography at T = 298.15 K are reported and compared with literature values. Adjustment of the fusion enthalpies of (RS)- and (S)-ibuprofen and (S)-naproxen to T = 298.15 K and combined with the vaporization enthalpy of the (S)-enantiomer of both ibuprofen and naproxen also at T = 298.15 K resulted in the sublimation enthalpies of both (S)-enantiomers. On the assumption that the vaporization enthalpy of the racemic form of ibuprofen is within the experimental uncertainty of the chiral form, the sublimation enthalpy of racemic ibuprofen was also evaluated. The vaporization and sublimation enthalpies compare favorably to the most of the literature values for the racemic form of ibuprofen but differ from the value reported for chiral ibuprofen. The literature values of (S)-naproxen are somewhat smaller than the values measured in this work. The following vaporization enthalpies were measured for (S)-ibuprofen and (S)-naproxen, respectively: ΔH(vap) (298.15 K), 106.0 ± 5.5, 132.2 ± 5.0 kJ·mol(-1) . Sublimation enthalpies of 122.7 ± 5.6 and 155.2 ± 7.1 kJ·mol(-1) were calculated for the (S)-enantiomers of ibuprofen and naproxen and a value of 128.9 ± 5.8 kJ·mol(-1) was estimated for the racemic form of ibuprofen. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  7. Development of a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for solubility enhancement of naproxen.

    PubMed

    Čerpnjak, Katja; Zvonar, Alenka; Vrečer, Franc; Gašperlin, Mirjana

    2015-01-01

    Comparative evaluation of liquid and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) as promising approaches for solubility enhancement. The aim of this work was to develop, characterize, and evaluate a solid SMEDDS prepared via spray-drying of a liquid SMEDDS based on Gelucire® 44/14 to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of naproxen. Various oils and co-surfactants in combination with Gelucire® 44/14 were evaluated during excipient selection study, solubility testing, and construction of (pseudo)ternary diagrams. The selected system was further evaluated for naproxen solubility, self-microemulsification ability, and in vitro dissolution of naproxen. In addition, its transformation into a solid SMEDDS by spray-drying using maltodextrin as a solid carrier was performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the physical characteristics of the solid SMEDDS obtained. The selected formulation of SMEDDS was comprised of Miglyol 812®, Peceol™, Gelucire® 44/14, and Solutol® HS 15. The liquid and solid SMEDDS formed a microemulsion after dilution with comparable average droplet size and exhibited uniform droplet size distribution. In the solid SMEDDS, liquid SMEDDS was adsorbed onto the surface of maltodextrin and formed smooth granular particles with the encapsulated drug predominantly in a dissolved state and partially in an amorphous state. Overall, incorporation of naproxen in SMEDDS, either liquid or solid, resulted in improved solubility and dissolution rate compared to pure naproxen. This study indicates that a liquid and solid SMEDDS is a strategy for solubility enhancement in the future development of orally delivered dosage forms.

  8. A germination bioassay as a toxicological screening system for studying the effects of potential prodrugs of naproxen.

    PubMed

    Gonzalez-de la Parra, M; Ramos-Mundo, C; Jimenez-Estrada, M; Ponce-de Leon, C; Castillo, R; Tejeda, V; Cuevas, K G; Enriquez, R G

    1998-01-01

    A germination bioassay with radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds was developed as a toxicological screening system for assessing the effects of new potential prodrugs of naproxen, as an alternative to animals and animal cell toxicity screens. Both enantiomers of naproxen (6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid) and naproxol (6-methoxy-β-2-naphthaleneethanol), and their racemic mixtures, inhibited the radicle growth of R. sativus at a concentration of 1mM, while only (R)-(+ )-naproxol and racemic naproxol inhibited the hypocotyl growth of R. sativus at the same concentration. Four novel combinatorial esters, naproxen naproxyl esters (6-methoxy-β-methyl-2-naphthaleneethyl 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetate), resulting from the combinatorial chemistry of the esterification reaction between naproxen and naproxol, were synthesised and then tested in the germination bioassay, at a concentration of 0.5mM. It was found that they did not inhibit either the radicle or the hypocotyl growth of R. sativus. 1998 FRAME.

  9. Naproxen Induces Type X Collagen Expression in Human Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through the Upregulation of 5-Lipoxygenase

    PubMed Central

    Alaseem, Abdulrahman M.; Madiraju, Padma; Aldebeyan, Sultan A.; Noorwali, Hussain; Antoniou, John

    2015-01-01

    Several studies have shown that type X collagen (COL X), a marker of late-stage chondrocyte hypertrophy, is expressed in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We recently found that Naproxen, but not other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Ibuprofen, Celebrex, Diclofenac), can induce type X collagen gene (COL10A1) expression in bone-marrow-derived MSCs from healthy and OA donors. In this study we determined the effect of Naproxen on COL X protein expression and investigated the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate Naproxen-induced COL10A1 expression in normal and OA hMSCs. MSCs of OA patients were isolated from aspirates from the intramedullary canal of donors (50–80 years of age) undergoing hip replacement surgery for OA and were treated with or without Naproxen (100 μg/mL). Protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by immunoblotting using specific antibodies (COL X, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [p38], phosphorylated-p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK], phosphorylated-JNK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], and phosphorylated-ERK). Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of COL10A1 and Runt-related transcription factor 2 gene (Runx2). Our results show that Naproxen significantly stimulated COL X protein expression after 72 h of exposure both in normal and OA hMSCs. The basal phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (ERK, JNK, and p38) in OA hMSCs was significantly higher than in normal. Naproxen significantly increased the MAPK phosphorylation in normal and OA hMSCs. NSAID cellular effects include cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. To investigate the involvement of these pathways in the Naproxen-induced COL10A1 expression, we incubated normal and OA hMSCs with Naproxen with and without inhibitors of ERK (U0126), JNK (BI-78D3), p38 (SB203580), and 5-lipoxygenase

  10. Suppository naproxen reduces incidence and severity of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Joukar, Farahnaz; Taherzadeh, Zahra; Sokhanvar, Homayoon; Hasandokht, Tolou

    2016-06-07

    To determine the efficacy of rectally administered naproxen for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). This double-blind randomized control trial conducted from January 2013 to April 2014 at the Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center in Rasht, Iran. A total of 324 patients were selected from candidates for diagnostic or therapeutic ERCP by using the simple sampling method. Patients received a single dose of Naproxen (500 mg; n = 162) or a placebo (n = 162) per rectum immediately before ERCP. The overall incidence of PEP, incidence of mild to severe PEP, serum amylase levels and adverse effects were measured. The primary outcome measure was the development of pancreatitis onset of pain in the upper abdomen and elevation of the serum amylase level to > 3 × the upper normal limit (60-100 IU/L) within 24 h after ERCP. The severity of PEP was classified according to the duration of therapeutic intervention for PEP: mild, 2-3 d; moderate 4-10 d; and severe, > 10 d and/or necessitated surgical or intensive treatment, or contributed to death. PEP occurred in 12% (40/324) of participants, and was significantly more frequent in the placebo group compared to the naproxen group (P < 0.01). Of the participants, 25.9% (84/324) developed hyperamylasemia within 2 h of procedure completion, among whom only 35 cases belonged to the naproxen group (P < 0.01). The incidence of PEP was significantly higher in female sex, in patients receiving pancreatic duct injection, more than 3 times pancreatic duct cannulations, and ERCP duration more than 40 min (Ps < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the procedures or factors that might increase the risk of PEP, sphincterotomy, precut requirement, biliary duct injection and number of pancreatic duct cannulations. In the subgroup of patients with pancreatic duct injection, the rate of pancreatitis in the naproxen group was

  11. Liposomal Aloe vera trans-emulgel drug delivery of naproxen and nimesulide: A study

    PubMed Central

    Venkataharsha, Panuganti; Maheshwara, Ellutla; Raju, Y Prasanna; Reddy, Vayalpati Ashok; Rayadu, Bandugalla Sanjeev; Karisetty, Basappa

    2015-01-01

    Introduction: The present aim of this study was to formulate naproxen and nimesulide liposomal formulation for incorporation in Aloe vera transemulgel and to carry out in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the formulation. Material and Methods: A. vera gel was prepared and used as a gel base for formulation. Carbopol 934 is used as a gelling agent and Methyl paraben was used as a preservative for the formulation of the gel. Liposomes was formulated by using hydration method. The formulated naproxen and nimesulide liposomal formulation using A. vera trans-emul gel were evaluated for in vitro studies such as drug release, permeation study, and drug content and entrapment efficiency. Paw edema method in Wistar rats induced by carrageenan is used to study in vivo anti-inflammatory action. Result: From the in vitro studies such permeability drug release naproxen 65% (69.6), Nimesulide 65% (61.1), and commercial Nimsulide gel (60.82) at 240 min. In vivo data shows that formulated liposomal transemulgel formulation are superior in their efficacy compared to commercial and A. vera gel. The results are compared with the commercial formulations. Conclusion: From our results, it is concluded that the A. vera trans emul gel using nimesulide and naproxen liposomal formulation is stable and prepared gel base is effective for formulation with high drug release and drug content compared with commercial formulation with significant anti-inflammatory effect. PMID:25599030

  12. Preparation and recrystallization behavior of spray-dried co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin.

    PubMed

    Beyer, Andreas; Radi, Lydia; Grohganz, Holger; Löbmann, Korbinian; Rades, Thomas; Leopold, Claudia S

    2016-07-01

    To improve the dissolution properties and the physical stability of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients, small molecule stabilizing agents may be added to prepare co-amorphous systems. The objective of the study was to investigate if spray-drying allows the preparation of co-amorphous drug-drug systems such as naproxen-indomethacin and to examine the influence of the process conditions on the resulting initial sample crystallinity and the recrystallization behavior of the drug(s). For this purpose, the process parameters inlet temperature and pump feed rate were varied according to a 2(2) factorial design and the obtained samples were analyzed with X-ray powder diffractometry and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. Evaluation of the data revealed that the preparation of fully amorphous samples could be achieved depending on the process conditions. The resulting recrystallization behavior of the samples, such as the total recrystallization rate, the individual recrystallization rates of naproxen and indomethacin as well as the polymorphic form of indomethacin that was formed were influenced by these process conditions. For initially amorphous samples, it was found that naproxen and indomethacin recrystallized almost simultaneously, which supports the theory of formation of drug-drug heterodimers in the co-amorphous phase. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Comparison of rectal indomethacin, diclofenac, and naproxen for the prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis.

    PubMed

    Mohammad Alizadeh, Amir H; Abbasinazari, Mohammad; Hatami, Behzad; Abdi, Saeed; Ahmadpour, Forozan; Dabir, Shideh; Nematollahi, Aida; Fatehi, Samira; Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A

    2017-03-01

    NSAIDs are commonly utilized for the prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP). However, not much is known about the most effective drug in preventing this complication. This study aims to clarify which drug (indomethacin, diclofenac, or naproxen) is most effective for the prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In a double-blind, randomized study, patients received a single rectal dose of one of the three drugs 30 min before undergoing ERCP: diclofenac (100 mg), indomethacin (100 mg), or naproxen (500 mg). The primary outcome measured was the development of pancreatitis. The levels of serum amylase, lipase, lipoxin A4, and resolvin E1 were measured before ERCP, and at 24 h after the procedure. Three hundred and seventy-two patients completed the study. The overall incidence of PEP was 8.6%, which occurred in five of the 124 (4%) patients who received diclofenac, seven of the 122 (5.8%) patients who received indomethacin, and 20 of the 126 (15.9%) patients who received naproxen. There were no significant differences in amylase and lipase levels among the three groups (P=0.183 and 0.597, respectively). Unlike patients in the naproxen group, patients in the diclofenac and indomethacin groups showed a significant increase in lipoxin A4 and resolvin E1 (P=0.001 and 0.02, respectively). Diclofenac and indomethacin patient groups had a lower incidence of PEP than the naproxen group.

  14. Characterization of the anti-inflammatory properties of NCX 429, a dual-acting compound releasing nitric oxide and naproxen.

    PubMed

    Amoruso, Angela; Fresu, Luigia Grazia; Dalli, Jesmond; Miglietta, Daniela; Bardelli, Claudio; Federici Canova, Donata; Perretti, Mauro; Brunelleschi, Sandra

    2015-04-01

    Cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting nitric oxide donors (CINODs) are a new class of drugs that structurally combine a COX inhibitor with a nitric oxide (NO) donating moiety. This combination reduces potential toxicity of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) whilst maintaining the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of NCX 429, a naproxen-based CINOD, and to assess the additional properties of NO donation beyond those related to naproxen. We evaluated the in vitro effects of NCX 429 on oxy-radical production, phagocytosis, cytokine release, MMP-9, PPARγ expression and NF-κB activation in human monocytes/MDM and compared to naproxen. Moreover, we compared the in vivo efficacy of NCX 429 and naproxen in a murine model of peritonitis. In all the experiments performed in vitro, NCX 429 reduced the inflammatory responses with equal or higher efficacy compared to naproxen. Moreover, in in vivo experiments, NCX 429, at the lowest dose tested, was able to significantly inhibit cell influx in response to IL-1β administration although naproxen was found to be more potent than NCX 429 at reducing PGE2 in inflammatory exudates. These results demonstrate that both in vitro and in vivo--in a murine model of peritonitis--NCX 429 elicits significant anti-inflammatory activity, beyond the simple COX inhibition or pure NO release. Therefore, NO donation along with COX inhibition may represent a strategy for investigating inflammatory diseases in which pain and function are not fully resolved by analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs. © 2015.

  15. Chiral recognition ability of an (S)-naproxen- imprinted monolith by capillary electrochromatography.

    PubMed

    Xu, Yan-Li; Liu, Zhao-Sheng; Wang, He-Fang; Yan, Chao; Gao, Ru-Yu

    2005-02-01

    The racemic naproxen was selectively recognized by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) on an (S)-naproxen-imprinted monolith, which was prepared by an in situ thermal-initiated polymerization. The recognition selectivity of a selected monolith strictly relied on the CEC conditions involved. The factors that influence the imprinting selectivity as well as the electroosmotic flow (EOF), including the applied voltage, organic solvent, salt concentration and pH value of the buffer, column temperature, and surfactant modifiers were systematically studied. Once the column was prepared, the experiment results showed that the successful chiral recognition was dependent on CEC variables. For example: the recognition could be observed in acetonitrile and ethanol electrolytes, while methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolytes had no chiral recognition ability. The buffer with pH values of 2.6 or 3.0 at a higher salt concentration had chiral recognition ability. Column temperatures of 25-35 degrees C were optimal. Three surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), can improve the recognition. Baseline resolution was obtained under optimized conditions and the column efficiency of the later eluent (S)-naproxen was 90 000 plates/m.

  16. Naproxen effects on brain response to painful pressure stimulation in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose study.

    PubMed

    Giménez, Mónica; Pujol, Jesús; Ali, Zahid; López-Solà, Marina; Contreras-Rodríguez, Oren; Deus, Joan; Ortiz, Héctor; Soriano-Mas, Carles; Llorente-Onaindia, Jone; Monfort, Jordi

    2014-11-01

    The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of naproxen, an antiinflammatory analgesic drug, on brain response to painful stimulation on the affected knee in chronic osteoarthritis (OA) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A sample of 25 patients with knee OA received naproxen (500 mg), placebo, or no treatment in 3 separate sessions in a randomized manner. Pressure stimulation was applied to the medial articular interline of the knee during the fMRI pain sequence. We evaluated subjective pain ratings at every session and their association with brain responses to pain. An fMRI control paradigm was included to discard global brain vascular effects of naproxen. We found brain activation reductions under naproxen compared to no treatment in different cortical and subcortical core pain processing regions (p≤0.001). Compared to placebo, naproxen triggered an attenuation of amygdala activation (p=0.001). Placebo extended its attenuation effects beyond the classical pain processing network (p≤0.001). Subjective pain scores during the fMRI painful task differed between naproxen and no treatment (p=0.037). Activation attenuation under naproxen in different regions (i.e., ventral brain, cingulate gyrus) was accompanied by an improvement in the subjective pain complaints (p≤0.002). Naproxen effectively reduces pain-related brain responses involving different regions and the attenuation is related to subjective pain changes. Our current work yields further support to the utility of fMRI to objectify the acute analgesic effects of a single naproxen dose in patients affected by knee OA. The trial was registered at the EuropeanClinicalTrials Database, "EudraCT Number 2008-004501-33".

  17. Simultaneous quantification of naproxcinod and its active metabolite naproxen in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study.

    PubMed

    Shi, Xiaowei; Shang, Weiding; Wang, Shuang; Xue, Na; Hao, Yanxia; Wang, Yabo; Sun, Mengmeng; Du, Yumin; Cao, Deying; Zhang, Kai; Shi, Qingwen

    2015-01-26

    In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine naproxcinod and naproxen concentrations in rat plasma for the first time. Plasma samples were prepared by simple one-step extraction with methanol for protein precipitation using only 50 μL plasma. Separation was performed on a Synergi Fusion-RP C18 column with a run time of 4 min. Naproxcinod, naproxen and internal standard concentrations were detected in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions at m/z 348.2→302.2, 231.1→185.1 and 271.2→203.1, respectively. The calibration curves were linear, with all correlation coefficients being ≥0.9952, in the range of 1.00-400 ng/mL for naproxcinod and 20.0-8000 ng/mL for naproxen. Their accuracy was in the range of -8.1% to 8.7%, and the intra- and inter-day variations were ≤4.53%. The mean extraction recovery of all analytes was more than 93.1% efficient. Stability testing showed that naproxcinod and naproxen remained stable during the whole analytical procedure. After validation, the method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of naproxcinod and naproxen in rats. The AUC0-∞ of naproxen was 74.6 times larger than that of naproxcinod, which indicated that naproxcinod was rapidly metabolized into naproxen in rats. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Prevention of chemically induced urinary bladder cancers by naproxen: protocols to reduce gastric toxicity in humans do not alter preventive efficacy.

    PubMed

    Lubet, Ronald A; Scheiman, James M; Bode, Ann; White, Jonathan; Minasian, Lori; Juliana, M Margaret; Boring, Daniel L; Steele, Vernon E; Grubbs, Clinton J

    2015-04-01

    The COX inhibitors (NSAID/Coxibs) are a major focus for the chemoprevention of cancer. The COX-2-specific inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials and have shown preventive efficacy in colon and skin cancers. However, they have significant adverse cardiovascular effects. Certain NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen) have a good cardiac profile, but can cause gastric toxicity. The present study examined protocols to reduce this toxicity of naproxen. Female Fischer-344 rats were treated weekly with the urinary bladder-specific carcinogen hydroxybutyl(butyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) for 8 weeks. Rats were dosed daily with NPX (40 mg/kg body weight/day, gavage) or with the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (4.0 mg/kg body weight/day) either singly or in combination beginning 2 weeks after the final OH-BBN. OH-BBN-treated rats, 96% developed urinary bladder cancers. While omeprazole alone was ineffective (97% cancers), naproxen alone or combined with omeprazole-prevented cancers, yielding 27 and 35% cancers, respectively. In a separate study, OH-BBN -: treated rats were administered naproxen: (A) daily, (B) 1 week daily naproxen/1week vehicle, (C) 3 weeks daily naproxen/3 week vehicle, or (D) daily vehicle beginning 2 weeks after last OH-BBN treatment. In the intermittent dosing study, protocol A, B, C, and D resulted in palpable cancers in 27%, 22%, 19%, and 96% of rats (P < 0.01). Short-term naproxen treatment increased apoptosis, but did not alter proliferation in the urinary bladder cancers. Two different protocols that should decrease the gastric toxicity of NSAIDs in humans did not alter chemopreventive efficacy. This should encourage the use of NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen) in clinical prevention trials. ©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.

  19. Factors influencing naproxen metabolite interference in total bilirubin assays.

    PubMed

    Saifee, Nabiha Huq; Ranjitkar, Pratistha; Greene, Dina N

    2016-04-01

    The factors influencing naproxen metabolite O-desmethylnaproxen (ODMN) positive interference in diazo-based Jendrassik and Grof (JG) total bilirubin (Tbil) assays and lack of interference in direct bilirubin (Dbil) assays have not been resolved. The objective of this study was to understand the conditions causing this interference pattern. Pooled normal and ultra-filtered plasma samples spiked with ODMN and naproxen were measured on the Beckman Coulter DxC and AU instruments. Absorbance spectra were obtained for ODMN mixed with Dbil reagent at original and adjusted pH. Absorbance spectra were also obtained for ODMN and bilirubin samples mixed with Tbil assay reagents. ODMN produces a positive interference in the DxC JG Tbil assays, but not the AU Tbil or Dbil assays or the DxC Dbil assay. Neutralizing the acidic pH of AU and DxC Dbil reagents allows ODMN to react with diazo salts. ODMN samples mixed with DxC and AU Tbil reagents produce broad peaks from 450 to 560nm and 400 to 540nm, respectively. The DxC JG Tbil assay monitors a change in absorbance at 520nm close to peak absorbance wavelength of diazo-reacted ODMN, whereas the AU Tbil assay monitors a change in absorbance at 570/660nm, beyond the peak absorbance wavelengths of diazo-reacted ODMN. The acidic pH of diazo-based Dbil assay reagents inhibits the reaction of ODMN with diazo salts. The AU JG Tbil assay is a reliable method to measure Tbil in the setting of naproxen overdose. Copyright © 2015 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-naproxen using immobilized lipase on chitosan beads.

    PubMed

    Gilani, Saeedeh L; Najafpour, Ghasem D; Heydarzadeh, Hamid D; Moghadamnia, Aliakbar

    2017-06-01

    S-naproxen by enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic naproxen methyl ester was produced using immobilized lipase. The lipase enzyme was immobilized on chitosan beads, activated chitosan beads by glutaraldehyde, and Amberlite XAD7. In order to find an appropriate support for the hydrolysis reaction of racemic naproxen methyl ester, the conversion and enantioselectivity for all carriers were compared. In addition, effects of the volumetric ratio of two phases in different organic solvents, addition of cosolvent and surfactant, optimum pH and temperature, reusability, and inhibitory effect of methanol were investigated. The optimum volumetric ratio of two phases was defined as 3:2 of aqueous phase to organic phase. Various water miscible and water immiscible solvents were examined. Finally, isooctane was chosen as an organic solvent, while 2-ethoxyethanol was added as a cosolvent in the organic phase of the reaction mixture. The optimum reaction conditions were determined to be 35 °C, pH 7, and 24 h. Addition of Tween-80 in the organic phase increased the accessibility of immobilized enzyme to the reactant. The optimum organic phase compositions using a volumetric ratio of 2-ethoxyethanol, isooctane and Tween-80 were 3:7 and 0.1% (v/v/v), respectively. The best conversion and enantioselectivity of immobilized enzyme using chitosan beads activated by glutaraldehyde were 0.45 and 185, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  1. Naproxen sodium decreases prostaglandins secretion from cultured human endometrial stromal cells modulating metabolizing enzymes mRNA expression.

    PubMed

    Carrarelli, Patrizia; Funghi, Lucia; Bruni, Simone; Luisi, Stefano; Arcuri, Felice; Petraglia, Felice

    2016-01-01

    Dysmenorrhea, defined as painful cramps occurring immediately before or during the menstrual period, is a common symptom of different gynecological diseases. An acute uterine inflammatory response driven by prostaglandins (PGs) is responsible for painful symptoms. Progesterone withdrawal is responsible for activation of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme and decrease of hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPDG) with consequent increased secretion of PGs secretion, inducing uterine contractility and pain. The most widely used drugs for the treatment of pelvic pain associated with menstrual cycle are non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The uterine site of action of these drugs is still not defined and the present study evaluated the effect of naproxen sodium in cultured human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) collected from healthy women. PGE2 release was measured by ELISA; COX-2 and HPDG mRNA expression were assessed by qRT-PCR. Naproxen sodium did not affect HESC vitality. Naproxen sodium significantly decreased PGE2 secretion (p < 0.01) and COX-2 mRNA expression (p < 0.01). TNF-α induced PGE2 release was reduced in presence of naproxen sodium (p < 0.05), in association with decreased COX-2 and increased HPDG mRNAs expression. Naproxen sodium decreases endometrial PGE2 release induced by inflammatory stimulus acting on endometrial COX-2 and HPDG expression, suggesting endometrial synthesis of prostaglandins as a possible target for reduction of uterine inflammatory mechanism in dysmenorrhea.

  2. Microenvironmental pH measurement during sodium naproxenate dissolution in acidic medium by UV/vis imaging.

    PubMed

    Østergaard, Jesper; Jensen, Henrik; Larsen, Susan W; Larsen, Claus; Lenke, Jim

    2014-11-01

    Variable dissolution from sodium salts of drugs containing a carboxylic acid group after passing the acidic environment of the stomach may affect oral bioavailability. The aim of the present proof of concept study was to investigate pH effects in relation to the dissolution of sodium naproxenate in 0.01M hydrochloric acid. For this purpose a UV/vis imaging-based approach capable of measuring microenvironmental pH in the vicinity of the solid drug compact as well as monitoring drug dissolution was developed. Using a pH indicating dye real-time spatially resolved measurement of pH was achieved. Sodium naproxenate, can significantly alter the local pH of the dissolution medium, is eventually neutralized and precipitates as the acidic species naproxen. The developed approach is considered useful for detailed studies of pH dependent dissolution phenomena in dissolution testing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of gabapentin enacarbil, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin, with naproxen and cimetidine

    PubMed Central

    Lal, Ritu; Sukbuntherng, Juthamas; Luo, Wendy; Vicente, Virna; Blumenthal, Robin; Ho, Judy; Cundy, Kenneth C

    2010-01-01

    AIM Gabapentin enacarbil, a transported prodrug of gabapentin, provides sustained, dose-proportional exposure to gabapentin. Unlike gabapentin, the prodrug is absorbed throughout the intestinal tract by high-capacity nutrient transporters, including mono-carboxylate transporter-1 (MCT-1). Once absorbed, gabapentin enacarbil is rapidly hydrolyzed to gabapentin, which is subsequently excreted by renal elimination via organic cation transporters (OCT2). To examine the potential for drug–drug interactions at these two transporters, the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin enacarbil were evaluated in healthy adults after administration alone or in combination with either naproxen (an MCT-1 substrate) or cimetidine (an OCT2 substrate). METHODS Subjects (n= 12 in each study) received doses of study drug until steady state was achieved; 1200 mg gabapentin enacarbil each day, followed by either naproxen (500 mg twice daily) or cimetidine (400 mg four times daily) followed by the combination. RESULTS When gabapentin enacarbil was co-administered with naproxen, gabapentin Css,max increased by, on average, 8% and AUC by, on average, 13%. When gabapentin enacarbil was co-administered with cimetidine, gabapentin AUCss increased by 24% and renal clearance of gabapentin decreased. Co-administration with gabapentin enacarbil did not affect naproxen or cimetidine exposure. Gabapentin enacarbil was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS No gabapentin enacarbil dose adjustment is needed with co-administration of naproxen or cimetidine. PMID:20573085

  4. A Sulfated-Polysaccharide Fraction from Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae Prevents Naproxen-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage in Rats

    PubMed Central

    Silva, Renan O.; Santana, Ana Paula M.; Carvalho, Nathalia S.; Bezerra, Talita S.; Oliveira, Camila B.; Damasceno, Samara R. B.; Chaves, Luciano S.; Freitas, Ana Lúcia P.; Soares, Pedro M. G.; Souza, Marcellus H. L. P.; Barbosa, André Luiz R.; Medeiros, Jand-Venes R.

    2012-01-01

    Red seaweeds synthesize a great variety of sulfated galactans. Sulfated polysaccharides (PLSs) from seaweed are comprised of substances with pharmaceutical and biomedical potential. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the PLS fraction extracted from the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae in rats with naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (control group—vehicle) or PLS (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily (at 09:00 and 21:00) for 2 days. After 1 h, naproxen (80 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered. The rats were killed on day two, 4 h after naproxen treatment. The stomachs were promptly excised, opened along the greater curvature, and measured using digital calipers. Furthermore, the guts of the animals were removed, and a 5-cm portion of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) was used for the evaluation of macroscopic scores. Samples of the stomach and the small intestine were used for histological evaluation, morphometric analysis and in assays for glutathione (GSH) levels, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. PLS treatment reduced the macroscopic and microscopic naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the PLS fraction has a protective effect against gastrointestinal damage through mechanisms that involve the inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid peroxidation. PMID:23342384

  5. A sulfated-polysaccharide fraction from seaweed Gracilaria birdiae prevents naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats.

    PubMed

    Silva, Renan O; Santana, Ana Paula M; Carvalho, Nathalia S; Bezerra, Talita S; Oliveira, Camila B; Damasceno, Samara R B; Chaves, Luciano S; Freitas, Ana Lúcia P; Soares, Pedro M G; Souza, Marcellus H L P; Barbosa, André Luiz R; Medeiros, Jand-Venes R

    2012-12-01

    Red seaweeds synthesize a great variety of sulfated galactans. Sulfated polysaccharides (PLSs) from seaweed are comprised of substances with pharmaceutical and biomedical potential. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the PLS fraction extracted from the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae in rats with naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (control group-vehicle) or PLS (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily (at 09:00 and 21:00) for 2 days. After 1 h, naproxen (80 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered. The rats were killed on day two, 4 h after naproxen treatment. The stomachs were promptly excised, opened along the greater curvature, and measured using digital calipers. Furthermore, the guts of the animals were removed, and a 5-cm portion of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) was used for the evaluation of macroscopic scores. Samples of the stomach and the small intestine were used for histological evaluation, morphometric analysis and in assays for glutathione (GSH) levels, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. PLS treatment reduced the macroscopic and microscopic naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the PLS fraction has a protective effect against gastrointestinal damage through mechanisms that involve the inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid peroxidation.

  6. Encapsulation of Naproxen in Lipid-Based Matrix Microspheres: Characterization and Release Kinetics

    PubMed Central

    Bhoyar, PK; Morani, DO; Biyani, DM; Umekar, MJ; Mahure, JG; Amgaonkar, YM

    2011-01-01

    The objective of this study was to microencapsulate the anti-inflammatory drug (naproxen) to provide controlled release and minimizing or eliminating local side effect by avoiding the drug release in the upper gastrointestinal track. Naproxen was microencapsulated with lipid-like carnauba wax, hydrogenated castor oil using modified melt dispersion (modified congealable disperse phase encapsulation) technique. Effect of various formulation and process variables such as drug-lipid ratio, concentration of modifier, concentration of dispersant, stirring speed, stirring time, temperature of external phase, on evaluatory parameters such as size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release of naproxen were studied. The microspheres were characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro release studies, for in vitro release kinetics. The shape of microspheres was found to be spherical by SEM. The drug entrapment efficiency of various batches of microspheres was found to be ranging from 60 to 90 %w/w. In vitro drug release studies were carried out up to 24 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer showing 50-65% drug release. In vitro drug release from all the batches showed better fitting with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating the possible mechanism of drug release to be by diffusion and erosion of the lipid matrix. PMID:21731354

  7. Encapsulation of naproxen in lipid-based matrix microspheres: characterization and release kinetics.

    PubMed

    Bhoyar, P K; Morani, D O; Biyani, D M; Umekar, M J; Mahure, J G; Amgaonkar, Y M

    2011-04-01

    The objective of this study was to microencapsulate the anti-inflammatory drug (naproxen) to provide controlled release and minimizing or eliminating local side effect by avoiding the drug release in the upper gastrointestinal track. Naproxen was microencapsulated with lipid-like carnauba wax, hydrogenated castor oil using modified melt dispersion (modified congealable disperse phase encapsulation) technique. Effect of various formulation and process variables such as drug-lipid ratio, concentration of modifier, concentration of dispersant, stirring speed, stirring time, temperature of external phase, on evaluatory parameters such as size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release of naproxen were studied. The microspheres were characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro release studies, for in vitro release kinetics. The shape of microspheres was found to be spherical by SEM. The drug entrapment efficiency of various batches of microspheres was found to be ranging from 60 to 90 %w/w. In vitro drug release studies were carried out up to 24 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer showing 50-65% drug release. In vitro drug release from all the batches showed better fitting with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating the possible mechanism of drug release to be by diffusion and erosion of the lipid matrix.

  8. Randomised clinical trial: gastrointestinal events in arthritis patients treated with celecoxib, ibuprofen or naproxen in the PRECISION trial.

    PubMed

    Yeomans, N D; Graham, D Y; Husni, M E; Solomon, D H; Stevens, T; Vargo, J; Wang, Q; Wisniewski, L M; Wolski, K E; Borer, J S; Libby, P; Lincoff, A M; Lüscher, T F; Bao, W; Walker, C; Nissen, S E

    2018-06-01

    To evaluate GI safety of celecoxib compared with 2 nonselective (ns) NSAIDs, as a secondary objective of a large trial examining multiorgan safety. This randomised, double-blind controlled trial analysed 24 081 patients. Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis patients, needing ongoing NSAID treatment, were randomised to receive celecoxib 100-200 mg b.d., ibuprofen 600-800 mg t.d.s. or naproxen 375-500 mg b.d. plus esomeprazole, and low-dose aspirin or corticosteroids if already prescribed. Clinically significant GI events (CSGIE-bleeding, obstruction, perforation events from stomach downwards or symptomatic ulcers) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were adjudicated blindly. Mean treatment and follow-up durations were 20.3 and 34.1 months. While on treatment or 30 days after, CSGIE occurred in 0.34%, 0.74% and 0.66% taking celecoxib, ibuprofen and naproxen. Hazard ratios (HR) were 0.43 (95% CI 0.27-0.68, P = 0.0003) celecoxib vs ibuprofen and 0.51 (0.32-0.81, P = 0.004) vs naproxen. There was also less IDA on celecoxib: HR 0.43 (0.27-0.68, P = 0.0003) vs ibuprofen; 0.40 (0.25-0.62, P < 0.0001) vs naproxen. Even taken with low-dose aspirin, fewer CSGIE occurred on celecoxib than ibuprofen (HR 0.52 [0.29-0.94], P = 0.03), and less IDA vs naproxen (0.42 [0.23-0.77, P = 0.005]). Corticosteroid use increased total GI events and CSGIE. H. pylori serological status had no influence. Arthritis patients taking NSAIDs plus esomeprazole have infrequent clinically significant gastrointestinal events. Co-prescribed with esomeprazole, celecoxib has better overall GI safety than ibuprofen or naproxen at these doses, despite treatment with low-dose aspirin or corticosteroids. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. Structure and physicochemical characterization of a naproxen-picolinamide cocrystal.

    PubMed

    Kerr, Hannah E; Softley, Lorna K; Suresh, Kuthuru; Hodgkinson, Paul; Evans, Ivana Radosavljevic

    2017-03-01

    Naproxen (NPX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with pain- and fever-relieving properties, currently marketed in the sodium salt form to overcome solubility problems; however, alternative solutions for improving its solubility across all pH values are desirable. NPX is suitable for cocrystal formation, with hydrogen-bonding possibilities via the COOH group. The crystal structure is presented of a 1:1 cocrystal of NPX with picolinamide as a coformer [systematic name: (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid-pyridine-2-carboxamide (1/1), C 14 H 14 O 3 ·C 6 H 6 N 2 O]. The pharmaceutically relevant physical properties were investigated and the intrinsic dissolution rate was found to be essentially the same as that of commercial naproxen. An NMR crystallography approach was used to investigate the H-atom positions in the two crystallographically unique COOH-CONH hydrogen-bonded dimers. 1 H solid-state NMR distinguished the two carboxyl protons, despite the very similar crystallographic environments. The nature of the hydrogen bonding was confirmed by solid-state NMR and density functional theory calculations.

  10. Curcumin Blocks Naproxen-Induced Gastric Antral Ulcerations through Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation and Activation of Enzymatic Scavengers in Rats.

    PubMed

    Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Jin, Soojung; Kwon, Hyun Ju; Kim, Byung Woo

    2016-08-28

    Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa, which is used for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of curcumin against naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcerations in rats. Different doses (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) of curcumin or vehicle (curcumin, 0 mg/kg) were pretreated for 3 days by oral gavage, and then gastric mucosal lesions were caused by 80 mg/kg naproxen applied for 3 days. Curcumin significantly inhibited the naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcer area and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, curcumin markedly increased activities of radical scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, 100 mg/kg curcumin completely protected the gastric mucosa against the loss in the enzyme, resulting in a drastic increase of activities of radical scavenging enzymes up to more than the level of untreated normal rats. Histological examination obviously showed that curcumin prevents naproxen-induced gastric antral ulceration as a result of direct protection of the gastric mucosa. These results suggest that curcumin blocks naproxen-induced gastric antral ulcerations through prevention of lipid peroxidation and activation of radical scavenging enzymes, and it may offer a potential remedy of gastric antral ulcerations.

  11. Rebamipide does not protect against naproxen-induced gastric damage: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Gagliano-Jucá, Thiago; Moreno, Ronilson A; Zaminelli, Tiago; Napolitano, Mauro; Magalhães, Antônio Frederico N; Carvalhaes, Aloísio; Trevisan, Miriam S; Wallace, John L; De Nucci, Gilberto

    2016-06-04

    Rebamipide is a gastroprotective agent with promising results against gastric damage induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study evaluated if rebamipide protects against naproxen-induced gastric damage in healthy volunteers. Changes in gastric PGE2 tissue concentration were also evaluated. After a preliminary endoscopy to rule out previous gastric macroscopic damage, twenty-four healthy volunteers of both sexes were divided into 2 groups. One group received sodium naproxen 550 mg b.i.d. plus placebo for 7 days, while the other group received sodium naproxen 550 mg b.i.d. plus rebamipide 100 mg b.i.d. At the end of treatment, a new endoscopy was performed. Gastric macroscopic damage was evaluated by the Cryer score and by the modified Lanza score. The primary outcome measure of the trial was the macroscopic damage observed in each treatment group at the end of treatment. Biopsies were collected at both endoscopies for PGE2 quantification and histopathological analysis (secondary outcomes). Tissue PGE2 was quantified by ELISA. The randomization sequence was generated using 3 blocks of 8 subjects each. Volunteers and endoscopists were blind to whether they were receiving rebamipide or placebo. All recruited volunteers completed the trial. Sodium naproxen induced gastric damage in both groups. At the end of the study, median Cryer score was 4 in both groups (Difference = 0; 95%CI = -1 to 0; p = 0.728). In the placebo group, the mean tissue PGE2 concentration was 1005 ± 129 pg/mL before treatment and 241 ± 41 pg/mL after treatment (p < 0.001). In the rebamipide group, the mean tissue PGE2 concentration was 999 ± 109 pg/mL before treatment, and 168 ± 13 pg/mL after treatment (p < 0.001). There was no difference in mean tissue PGE2 between the two groups (difference = 5; 95%CI from -334.870 to 345.650; p = 0.975). No significant change was observed at the histopathological evaluation, despite

  12. Features of the adsorption of naproxen enantiomers on weak chiral anion-exchangers in nonlinear chromatography

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Asnin, Leonid; Kaczmarski, Krzysztof; Guiochon, Georges A

    The retention mechanism of the enantiomers of naproxen on a Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase (CSP) was studied. This CSP is made of a porous silica grafted with quinidine carbamate. It can interact with the weak organic electrolyte naproxen either by adsorbing it or by ion-exchange. Using frontal chromatography, we explored the adsorption equilibrium under such experimental conditions that naproxen dissociates or cannot dissociate. Under conditions preventing ionic dissociation, the adsorption isotherms were measured, the adsorption energy distributions determined, and the chromatographic profiles calculated. Three different types of the adsorption sites were found for both enantiomers. The density and the bindingmore » energy of these sites depend on the nature of the organic modifier. Different solute species, anions, neutral molecules, solvent-ion associates, and solute dimers can coexist in solution, giving rise to different forms of adsorption. This study showed the unexpected occurrence of secondary steps in the breakthrough profiles of S-naproxen in the adsorption mode at high concentrations. Being enantioselective, this phenomenon was assumed to result from the association of solute molecules involving a chiral selector moiety. A multisite Langmuir adsorption model was used to calculate band profiles. Although this model accounts excellently for the experimental adsorption isotherms, it does not explain all the features of the breakthrough profiles. A comparison between the calculated and experimental profiles allowed useful conclusions concerning the effects of the adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-solvent interactions on the adsorption mechanism.« less

  13. Two Double-Blind, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Dose Studies of Sumatriptan/Naproxen Sodium in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Function, Productivity, and Satisfaction Outcomes

    PubMed Central

    Landy, Stephen; DeRossett, Sarah E.; Rapoport, Alan; Rothrock, John; Ames, Michael H.; McDonald, Susan A.; Burch, Steven P.

    2007-01-01

    Objective To describe return to normal function, productivity, and satisfaction of patients with moderate or severe migraine attacks treated with combined sumatriptan/naproxen sodium, sumatriptan alone, naproxen sodium alone, or placebo. Patients, design, and setting Patients in 2 identical, US, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, single-dose, multicenter studies treated a single moderate or severe migraine attack with sumatriptan/naproxen sodium (85 mg sumatriptan formulated with RT Technology and 500 mg naproxen sodium in a single-tablet formulation), sumatriptan, naproxen sodium, or placebo. Main outcome measures Ability to function (not impaired, mildly impaired, severely impaired, or required bed rest) was collected in diary cards completed immediately prior to treatment, every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours, and hourly from 2 to 24 hours while awake. Patients completed the Productivity Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) 24 hours after study drug administration. The Patient Perception of Migraine Questionnaire (PPMQ) was administered at screening and 24 hours post treatment to capture patient satisfaction. Results Compared with the other groups, the sumatriptan/naproxen sodium group reported significantly higher levels of normal or mildly impaired functioning as early as 2 and 4 hours after dosing. They also demonstrated greater reductions in workplace productivity loss compared with placebo in both studies, and were consistently more satisfied with their treatment compared with patients in other treatment groups and compared with their usual medications. Conclusions Treatment with sumatriptan/naproxen sodium allowed significantly more subjects to return to normal or mildly impaired functioning more quickly, and sumatriptan/naproxen sodium patients were significantly more satisfied with their treatment compared with other treatment groups. Overall productivity loss was significantly reduced following use of sumatriptan/naproxen

  14. Comparison of the effect of naproxen, etodolac and diclofenac on postoperative sequels following third molar surgery: A randomised, double-blind, crossover study

    PubMed Central

    Akbulut, Nihat; Atakan, Cemal; Çölok, Gülümser

    2014-01-01

    Objectives: To compare the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) diclofenac potassium, etodolac and naproxen sodium in relation to pain, swelling and trismus following impacted third molar surgery. Study Design: The study was a randomized and a double-blinded study which included 42 healthy young individuals with impacted third molars and bone retention. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n: 14) to which diclofenac potassium, naproxen sodium and etodolac were administered orally an hour before the operation. Impacted third molars were surgically extracted with local anaesthesia. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to assess the pain in the 6th, 12th hours and on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days postoperatively. Swelling was evaluated using ultrasound (US) and mouth opening (trismus) was measured with a composing stick pre and post operatively on the 2nd and 7th days respectively. Results: Regarding pain alleviation, diclofenac potassium was better than naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium was better than etodolac but these differences were not statistically significant. US measurements showed that the swelling on postoperative 2nd day was significantly lowest with diclofenac potassium as compared to others (p= 0.027) while naproxen sodium and etodolac acted similarly (p=0.747). No difference was noted regarding trismus in any of the groups. Conclusions: NSAIDs (diclofenac, naproxen and etodolac) are somehow similarly effective for controlling pain and trismus following extraction of mandibular third molars but diclofenac potassium surpasses others in reduction of swelling. Key words:Diclofenac potassium, naproxen sodium, etodolac, impacted third molar surgery, pain, swelling, trismus. PMID:24316711

  15. Removal of naproxen and bezafibrate by activated sludge under aerobic conditions: kinetics and effect of substrates.

    PubMed

    Tang, Ying; Li, Xiao-Ming; Xu, Zhen-Cheng; Guo, Qing-Wei; Hong, Cheng-Yang; Bing, Yong-Xin

    2014-01-01

    Naproxen and bezafibrate fall into the category of pharmaceuticals that have been widely detected in the aquatic environment, and one of the major sources is the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants. This study investigated the sorption and degradation kinetics of naproxen and bezafibrate in the presence of activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption of pharmaceuticals by activated sludge was rapid, and the relative adsorbabilities of the two-target compounds were based on their log Kow and pKa values. The adsorption data could be well interpreted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The degradation process could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, whereas the pseudo-second-order kinetics were also well suited to describe the degradation process of the selected compounds at low concentrations. Bezafibrate was more easily degraded by activated sludge compared with naproxen. The spiked concentration of the two-target compounds was negatively correlated with k1 and k2s , indicating that the substrate inhibition effect occurred at the range of studied concentrations. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) did not associate with naproxen degradation; thus, COD is not an alternative method that could be applied to investigate natural organic matter's impact on degradation of pharmaceuticals by activated sludge. © 2013 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  16. Mucosal healing effect of mesalazine granules in naproxen-induced small bowel enteropathy

    PubMed Central

    Rácz, István; Szalai, Milán; Kovács, Valéria; Regőczi, Henriett; Kiss, Gyöngyi; Horváth, Zoltán

    2013-01-01

    AIM: To investigate the effect of mesalazine granules on small intestinal injury induced by naproxen using capsule endoscopy (CE). METHODS: This was a single center, non-randomized, open-label, uncontrolled pilot study, using the PillCam SB CE system with RAPID 5 software. The Lewis Index Score (LIS) for small bowel injury was investigated to evaluate the severity of mucosal injury. Arthropathy patients with at least one month history of daily naproxen use of 1000 mg and proton pump inhibitor co-therapy were screened. Patients with a minimum LIS of 135 were eligible to enter the 4-wk treatment phase of the study. During this treatment period, 3 × 1000 mg/d mesalazine granules were added to ongoing therapies of 1000 mg/d naproxen and 20 mg/d omeprazole. At the end of the 4-wk combined treatment period, a second small bowel CE was performed to re-evaluate the enteropathy according to the LIS results. The primary objective of this study was to assess the mucosal changes after 4 wk of mesalazine treatment. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients (16 females), ranging in age from 46 to 78 years (mean age 60.3 years) were screened, all had been taking 1000 mg/d naproxen for at least one month. Eight patients were excluded from the mesalazine therapeutic phase of the study for the following reasons: the screening CE showed normal small bowel mucosa or only insignificant damages (LIS < 135) in five patients, the screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric ulcer in one patient, capsule technical failure and incomplete CE due to poor small bowel cleanliness in two patients. Ten patients (9 female, mean age 56.2 years) whose initial LIS reached mild and moderate-to-severe enteropathy grades (between 135 and 790 and ≥ 790) entered the 4-wk therapeutic phase and a repeat CE was performed. When comparing the change in LIS from baseline to end of treatment in all patients, a marked decrease was seen (mean LIS: 1236.4 ± 821.9 vs 925.2 ± 543.4, P = 0.271). Moreover, a

  17. Naproxcinod shows significant advantages over naproxen in the mdx model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

    PubMed

    Miglietta, Daniela; De Palma, Clara; Sciorati, Clara; Vergani, Barbara; Pisa, Viviana; Villa, Antonello; Ongini, Ennio; Clementi, Emilio

    2015-08-22

    In dystrophin-deficient muscles of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients and the mdx mouse model, nitric oxide (NO) signalling is impaired. Previous studies have shown that NO-donating drugs are beneficial in dystrophic mouse models. Recently, a long-term treatment (9 months) of mdx mice with naproxcinod, an NO-donating naproxen, has shown a significant improvement of the dystrophic phenotype with beneficial effects present throughout the disease progression. It remains however to be clearly dissected out which specific effects are due to the NO component compared with the anti-inflammatory activity associated with naproxen. Understanding the contribution of NO vs the anti-inflammatory effect is important, in view of the potential therapeutic perspective, and this is the final aim of this study. Five-week-old mdx mice received either naproxcinod (30 mg/kg) or the equimolar dose of naproxen (20 mg/kg) in the diet for 6 months. Control mdx mice were used as reference. Treatments (or vehicle for control groups) were administered daily in the diet. For the first 3 months the study was performed in sedentary animals, then all mice were subjected to exercise until the sixth month. Skeletal muscle force was assessed by measuring whole body tension in sedentary animals as well as in exercised mice and resistance to fatigue was measured after 3 months of running exercise. At the end of 6 months of treatment, animals were sacrificed for histological analysis and measurement of naproxen levels in blood and skeletal muscle. Naproxcinod significantly ameliorated skeletal muscle force and resistance to fatigue in sedentary as well as in exercised mice, reduced inflammatory infiltrates and fibrosis deposition in both cardiac and diaphragm muscles. Conversely, the equimolar dose of naproxen showed no effects on fibrosis and improved muscle function only in sedentary mice, while the beneficial effects in exercised mice were lost demonstrating a limited and short

  18. Modelling of pain intensity and informative dropout in a dental pain model after naproxcinod, naproxen and placebo administration

    PubMed Central

    Björnsson, Marcus A; Simonsson, Ulrika S H

    2011-01-01

    AIMS To describe pain intensity (PI) measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and dropout due to request for rescue medication after administration of naproxcinod, naproxen or placebo in 242 patients after wisdom tooth removal. METHODS Non-linear mixed effects modelling was used to describe the plasma concentrations of naproxen, either formed from naproxcinod or from naproxen itself, and their relationship to PI and dropout. Goodness of fit was assessed by simultaneous simulations of PI and dropout. RESULTS Baseline PI for the typical patient was 52.7 mm. The PI was influenced by placebo effects, using an exponential model, and by naproxen concentrations using a sigmoid Emax model. Typical maximal placebo effect was a decrease in PI by 20.2%, with an onset rate constant of 0.237 h−1. EC50 was 0.135 µmol l−1. A Weibull time-to-event model was used for the dropout, where the hazard was dependent on the predicted PI and by the PI at baseline. Since the dropout was not at random, it was necessary to include the simulated dropout in visual predictive checks (VPC) of PI. CONCLUSIONS This model describes the relationship between drug effects, PI and the likelihood of dropout after naproxcinod, naproxen and placebo administration. The model provides an opportunity to describe the effects of other doses or formulations, after dental extraction. VPC created by simultaneous simulations of PI and dropout provides a good way of assessing the goodness of fit when there is informative dropout. PMID:21272053

  19. Efficacy and safety of flavocoxid, a novel therapeutic, compared with naproxen: a randomized multicenter controlled trial in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee.

    PubMed

    Levy, Robert M; Khokhlov, Alexander; Kopenkin, Sergey; Bart, Boris; Ermolova, Tatiana; Kantemirova, Raiasa; Mazurov, Vadim; Bell, Marjorie; Caldron, Paul; Pillai, Lakshmi; Burnett, Bruce P

    2010-10-01

    Flavocoxid is a novel flavonoid-based "dual inhibitor" of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme and the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of flavocoxid to naproxen in subjects with moderate to severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. In this randomized, multicenter, double-blind study, 220 subjects were assigned to receive either flavocoxid (500 mg twice daily) or naproxen (500 mg twice daily) for 12 weeks. The trial was structured to show noninferiority of flavocoxid to naproxen. Primary outcome measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and subscales and a timed walk. More than 90% of the subjects in both groups noted significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of knee OA. There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between the flavocoxid and naproxen groups when the entire intent-to-treat population was analyzed. The flavocoxid group had significantly fewer upper gastrointestinal (UGI) and renal (edema) adverse events (AEs) as well as a strong trend toward fewer respiratory AEs. Flavocoxid, a first-in-class flavonoid-based therapeutic that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 as well as 5-LOX, was as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and symptoms of OA of the knee. Flavocoxid demonstrated better UGI, renal (edema), and respiratory safety profiles than naproxen.

  20. Occurrence and fate of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in surface waters.

    PubMed

    Tixier, Céline; Singer, Heinz P; Oellers, Sjef; Müller, Stephan R

    2003-03-15

    Although various single-concentration measurements of pharmaceuticals are available in the literature, detailed information on the variation over time of the concentration and the load in wastewater effluents and rivers and on the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment are lacking. We measured the concentrations of six pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, in the effluents of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), in two rivers and in the water column of Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) over a time period of three months. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations reached 0.95 microg/L for carbamazepine, 0.06 microg/L for clofibric acid, 0.99 microg/L for diclofenac, 1.3 microg/L for ibuprofen, 0.18 microg/L for ketoprofen, and 2.6 microg/L for naproxen. The relative importance in terms of loads was carbamazepine, followed by diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, clofibric acid, and ketoprofen. An overall removal rate of all these pharmaceuticals was estimated in surface waters, under real-world conditions (in a lake), using field measurements and modeling. Carbamazepine and clofibric acid were fairly persistent. Phototransformation was identified as the main elimination process of diclofenac in the lake water during the study period. With a relatively high sorption coefficient to particles, ibuprofen might be eliminated by sedimentation. For ketoprofen and naproxen, biodegradation and phototransformation might be elimination processes. For the first time, quantitative data regarding removal rates were determined in surface waters under real-world conditions. All these findings are important data for a risk assessment of these compounds in surface waters.

  1. Use of DMPC and DSPC lipids for verapamil and naproxen permeability studies by PAMPA.

    PubMed

    Alvarez-Figueroa, M J; Contreras-Garrido, B C; Soto-Arriaza, M A

    2015-04-01

    Verapamil and naproxen Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) permeability was studied using lipids not yet reported for this model in order to facilitate the quantification of drug permeability. These lipids are 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and an equimolar mixture of DMPC/DSPC, both in the absence and in the presence of 33.3 mol% of cholesterol. PAMPA drug permeability using the lipids mentioned above was compared with lecithin-PC. The results show that verapamil permeability depends on the kind of lipid used, in the order DMPC > DMPC/DSPC > DSPC. The permeability of the drugs was between 1.3 and 3.5-times larger than those obtained in lecithin-PC for all the concentrations of the drug used. Naproxen shows similar permeability than verapamil; however, the permeability increased with respect to lecithin-PC only when DMPC and DMPC/DSPC were used. This behavior could be explained by a difference between the drug net charge at pH 7.4. On the other hand, in the presence of cholesterol, verapamil permeability increases in all lipid systems; however, the relative verapamil permeability respect to lecithin-PC did not show any significant increase. This result is likely due to the promoting effect of cholesterol, which is not able to compensate for the large increase in verapamil permeability observed in lecithin-PC. With respect to naproxen, its permeability value and relative permeability respect lecithin-PC not always increased in the presence of cholesterol. This result is probably attributed to the negative charge of naproxen rather than its molecular weight. The lipid systems studied have an advantage in drug permeability quantification, which is mainly related to the charge of the molecule and not to its molecular weight or to cholesterol used as an absorption promoter.

  2. Improvement of the surface hydrophilic properties of naproxen particles with addition of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and sodium dodecyl sulphate: In vitro and in vivo studies.

    PubMed

    García-Herrero, Víctor; Torrado, Carlos; García-Rodríguez, Juan José; López-Sánchez, Alicia; Torrado, Susana; Torrado-Santiago, Santiago

    2017-08-30

    In this study, a new surface-modified naproxen was developed to enhance brain concentration in acute migraine treatment. Fast-dissolving naproxen granules were made by mixing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium croscarmellose with micronized naproxen particles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding proportions of SDS to the HPMC film caused changes in the polymer chains of the HPMC, producing a new hydrophilic HPMC-SDS structure. These formulations with different HPMC/SDS ratios were characterised using electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SDS 10% (w/w) produced a highly hydrophilic HPMC-SDS structure on the surface of the naproxen microparticles. The fast dissolution granules (SF-10%) showed a significant improvement in the dissolution rate of naproxen. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with mice, showing an improvement of Cmax (1.38 and 1.41-fold) and AUC0-2h (30% and 10% higher) for plasma and brain samples compared to the reference naproxen suspension. The faster Tmax ratio for SF-10% may be related to increased hydration in the gastrointestinal environment, enabling the drug to permeate the gastrointestinal hydration layer more easily due to the presence of the hydrophilic HPMC-SDS structure in the formulation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Comparison of oral oxycodone and naproxen in soft tissue injury pain control: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

    PubMed

    Fathi, Marzieh; Zare, Mohammad Amin; Bahmani, Hamid Reza; Zehtabchi, Shahriar

    2015-09-01

    This randomized clinical trial compares the efficacy and safety of oral oxycodone (an oral opioid) with naproxen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) in acute pain control in patients with soft tissue injury. It also evaluates the need for additional doses of analgesics in the first 24 hours of discharge from emergency department (ED). Adult (>18 years old) patients with soft tissue injuries were enrolled in a teaching urban ED. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of oral oxycodone (5 mg) or oral naproxen (250 mg). Pain scores and drugs' adverse effects were assessed before, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes after medication. efficacy in pain control (reduction in pain scale >2 points) and safety (rate of side effects). The need for additional pain medication after discharge was assessed by follow-up phone call 24 hours after discharge. A total of 150 patients were enrolled. Pain scores were similar in oxycodone vs naproxen groups before (6.21 ± 0.9 in vs 6.0 ± 1.0), 30 minutes (4.5 ± 1.4 vs 4.4 ± 1.2), and 60 minutes (2.5 ± 1.3 in vs 2.6 ± 1.3) after medication, respectively. Twelve (16.0%) patients in oral oxycodone group and 5 (6.6%) patients in naproxen group needed more analgesics in first 24 hours after ED discharge. Adverse effects were more common in oxycodone group (statistically significant difference). The most common adverse effects in oxycodone group were nausea, (13.3%); vomiting, (8.0%); dizziness, (5.3%); drowsiness, 3 (4.0%); and pruritis, (2.7%). Oral oxycodone is as effective as naproxen in soft tissue injury pain control but has a less favorable safety profile. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  4. The Risk of Major NSAID Toxicity with Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, or Naproxen: A Secondary Analysis of the PRECISION Trial.

    PubMed

    Solomon, Daniel H; Husni, M Elaine; Libby, Peter A; Yeomans, Neville D; Lincoff, A Michael; Lϋscher, Thomas F; Menon, Venu; Brennan, Danielle M; Wisniewski, Lisa M; Nissen, Steven E; Borer, Jeffrey S

    2017-12-01

    The relative safety of long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is unclear. Patients and providers are interested in an integrated view of risk . We examined the risk of major nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity in the PRECISION trial. We conducted a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial enrolling 24,081 patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis at moderate or high cardiovascular risk. Patients were randomized to receive celecoxib 100 to 200 mg twice daily, ibuprofen 600 to 800 mg thrice daily, or naproxen 375 to 500 mg twice daily. All patients were provided with a proton pump inhibitor. The outcome was major nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, including time to first occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, important gastrointestinal events, renal events, and all-cause mortality. During follow-up, 4.1% of subjects sustained any major toxicity in the celecoxib arm, 4.8% in the naproxen arm, and 5.3% in the ibuprofen arm. Analyses adjusted for aspirin use and geographic region found that subjects in the naproxen arm had a 20% (95% CI 4-39) higher risk of major toxicity than celecoxib users and that 38% (95% CI 19-59) higher risk. These risks translate into numbers needed to harm of 135 (95% CI, 72-971) for naproxen and 82 (95% CI, 53-173) for ibuprofen, both compared with celecoxib. Among patients with symptomatic arthritis who had moderate to high risk of cardiovascular events, approximately 1 in 20 experienced a major toxicity over 1 to 2 years. Patients using naproxen or ibuprofen experienced significantly higher risk of major toxicity than those using celecoxib. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. A randomized, clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of two doses of etoricoxib versus naproxen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

    PubMed

    Balazcs, Eva; Sieper, Joachim; Bickham, Kara; Mehta, Anish; Frontera, Nancy; Stryszak, Paul; Popmihajlov, Zoran; Peloso, Paul M

    2016-10-13

    This study evaluated two doses of etoricoxib (60 and 90 mg) vs. naproxen 1000 mg in subjects with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This was a 2-part, double-blind, active comparator-controlled non-inferiority study in subjects ≥18 years of age with AS. In Part I, subjects were randomized to naproxen 1000 mg; etoricoxib 60 mg, and 90 mg. In Part II, naproxen and etoricoxib 90 mg subjects continued on the same treatment; subjects on etoricoxib 60 mg either continued on 60 mg or escalated to 90 mg. Part I (6 weeks) assessed the efficacy of A) etoricoxib 60 mg vs. naproxen and B) 90 mg vs. naproxen according to the time-weighted average change from baseline in Spinal Pain Intensity (SPI; 0-100 mm VAS) (primary endpoint). The non-inferiority margin was set at 8 mm for SPI. In Part II (20 weeks) we evaluated the potential benefit of increasing from 60 to 90 mg (predefined minimum clinically important difference = 6 mm in SPI) for inadequate responders (<50 % improvement from baseline in SPI) on etoricoxib 60 mg in Part I. In total, 1015 subjects were randomized to receive etoricoxib 60 mg (N = 702), etoricoxib 90 mg (N = 156), and naproxen 1000 mg (N = 157); 70.9 % were male and the mean age was 45.2 years. There were 919 subjects who completed Part I and all continued to Part II. In Part I, SPI change was non-inferior for both etoricoxib doses vs. naproxen. In both Part I and II, the incidence of adverse events (AEs), drug-related AEs, and serious adverse events (SAEs) were similar between the 3 treatment groups. Both doses of etoricoxib were non-inferior to naproxen. All treatments were well tolerated. Etoricoxib 60 and 90 mg effectively control pain in patients with AS, with 60 mg once daily as the lowest effective dose for most patients. Clinical Trials Registry # NCT01208207 . Registered on 22 September 2010.

  6. Role of humic substances in the photodegradation of naproxen under simulated sunlight.

    PubMed

    Chen, Yong; Liu, Lu; Su, Jing; Liang, Jianfeng; Wu, Bo; Zuo, Jiaolan; Zuo, Yuegang

    2017-11-01

    Humic substances (HS) including humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) are ubiquitous in the natural waters. Although numerous studies documented their role in photodegradation of organic pollutants, the competitive effects of photosensitization and light-screening of HS on the photodegradation of pollutants are not yet clear. In this work, the role of HS in the photodegradation of the pharmaceutical naproxen (NP) was studied under simulated sunlight. The direct photodegradation quantum yield of NP in deionized water was 2.1 × 10 -2 , and the apparent quantum yields for photosensitized degradation of NP in the presence of FA and HA were 2.3 × 10 -4 and 2.6 × 10 -5 , respectively. Both direct and photosensitized photodegradation decreased with increasing pH, consistent with the trend of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) reaction rate constants of NP. HA inhibited the photodegradation of naproxen thoroughly. In contrast, FA accelerated the photodegradation of NP at lower substrate concentration and light intensity, and vice versa. Direct photodegradation of NP declined sharply with spectral radiation attenuation of UV region, when HS-mediated photosensitization predominantly accounted for the photodegradation. The direct photodegradation was ascribed to decomposition of excited triplet state of naproxen ( 3 NP ∗ ) and self-sensitization effect involving 1 O 2 . The FA-mediated photodegradation was mainly attributed to 1 O 2 oxidation in aerated solution. These findings are important for assessing the competitive effects of humic substances on the photodegradation of pollutants under various conditions in natural waters. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) naproxen on gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

    PubMed

    Stancová, V; Ziková, A; Svobodová, Z; Kloas, W

    2015-09-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of naproxen on the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in adult zebrafish. Surprisingly, after 2 weeks exposure no significant effect on the mRNA expression of the target genes was found in the liver. However, mRNA levels of three genes were altered significantly in the intestine. The expression of Ucp-2 decreased at the environmental concentration of 1μg/L while mRNA expression of GST p2 increased at the concentration of 100μg/L. The mRNA level for the antioxidant enzyme CAT was up-regulated significantly at both the concentrations used. Exposure to naproxen caused only moderate effects on the expression of antioxidant genes in the intestine rather than in the liver, which demonstrates that the intestine is more sensitive to waterborne naproxen exposure than the liver. Interestingly, the adverse side effects of NSAIDs occur in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has focused on transcriptional effects of naproxen on zebrafish. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. Efficacy of naproxen with or without esomeprazole for pain and inflammation in patients after bilateral third molar extractions: A double blinded crossover study

    PubMed Central

    Weckwerth, Giovana M.; Simoneti, Luis F.; Zupelari-Gonçalves, Paulo; Calvo, Adriana M.; Brozoski, Daniel T.; Dionísio, Thiago J.; Torres, Elza A.; Lauris, José-Roberto P.; Faria, Flávio-Augusto C.

    2017-01-01

    Background Using a double-blinded randomized crossover design, this study aimed to evaluate acute postoperative pain management, swelling and trismus in 46 volunteers undergoing extractions of the two lower third molars, in similar positions, at two different appointments who consumed a tablet of either NE (naproxen 500 mg + esomepraz ole 20 mg) or only naproxen (500 mg) every 12 hours for 4 days. Material and Methods Parameters were analyzed: self-reported pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS) pre- and postoperative mouth opening; incidence, type and severity of adverse reactions; total quantity consumed of rescue medication; and pre- and postoperative swelling. Results Female volunteers reported significantly more postoperative pain at 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4hrs after surgery while also taking their first rescue medication at a time significantly earlier when consuming NE when compared to naproxen (3.7hrs and 6.7hrs). Conversely, no differences were found between each drug group in males. Conclusions In conclusion, throughout the entire study, pain was mild after using either drug in both men and women with pain scores on average well below 40mm (VAS), although in women naproxen improved acute postoperative pain management when compared to NE. Key words:Oral surgery, third molar, pain, naproxen, esomeprazole, NSAIDs. PMID:27918744

  9. Diazepam Is No Better Than Placebo When Added to Naproxen for Acute Low Back Pain.

    PubMed

    Friedman, Benjamin W; Irizarry, Eddie; Solorzano, Clemencia; Khankel, Nauman; Zapata, Jennifer; Zias, Eleftheria; Gallagher, E John

    2017-08-01

    Low back pain causes more than 2.5 million visits to US emergency departments (EDs) annually. Low back pain patients are often treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and benzodiazepines. The former is an evidence-based intervention, whereas the efficacy of the latter has not been established. We compare pain and functional outcomes 1 week and 3 months after ED discharge among patients randomized to a 1-week course of naproxen+diazepam versus naproxen+placebo. This was a randomized, double-blind, comparative efficacy clinical trial conducted in an urban health care system. Patients presenting with acute, nontraumatic, nonradicular low back pain of no more than a duration of 2 weeks were eligible for enrollment immediately before discharge from an ED if they had a score greater than 5 on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, a validated 24-item inventory of functional impairment caused by low back pain. Higher scores on the questionnaire indicate greater functional disability. The primary outcome in the trial was improvement in the score between ED discharge and 1 week later. Secondary outcomes included pain intensity 1 week and 3 months after ED discharge, as measured on a 4-point descriptive scale (severe, moderate, mild, and none). All patients were given 20 tablets of naproxen 500 mg, to be taken twice a day as needed for low back pain. Additionally, patients were randomized to receive either 28 tablets of diazepam 5 mg or identical placebo, to be received as 1 or 2 tablets every 12 hours as needed for low back pain. All patients received a standardized 10-minute low back pain educational session before discharge. Using a between-group mean difference of 5 Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire points, a previously validated threshold for clinical significance, we calculated the need for at least 100 patients with primary outcome data. Enrollment began in June 2015 and continued for 9 months. Five hundred forty-five patients were screened for

  10. Relief of Menstrual Symptoms and Migraine with a Single-Tablet Formulation of Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium

    PubMed Central

    Ballard, Jeanne; Diamond, Michael P.; Mannix, Lisa K.; Derosier, Frederick J.; Lener, Shelly E.; Krishen, Alok; McDonald, Susan A.

    2014-01-01

    Abstract Background: Dysmenorrhea and menstrual migraine may share a common pathogenic pathway. Both appear to be mediated, in part, by an excess of prostaglandin production that occurs during menstruation. Methods: Data were pooled from two replicate randomized controlled trials of 621 adult menstrual migraineurs with dysmenorrhea who treated migraine with sumatriptan-naproxen or placebo. Along with headache symptoms, nonpain menstrual symptoms (bloating, fatigue, and irritability) and menstrual pain symptoms (abdominal and back pain) were recorded at the time periods of 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 4–24 hours. Relief of menstrual symptoms was compared using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of a headache response with increasing numbers of moderate to severe dymenorrheic symptoms. Results: Sumatriptan-naproxen was superior to placebo for relief of tiredness, irritability, and abdominal pain at the time periods of 2, 4, and 4–24 hours (p≤0.023); back pain at the time periods of 4 and 4–24 hours (p≤0.023); and bloating at 4–24 hours endpoint (p=0.01). The odds ratios (ORs) of attaining migraine pain freedom for 2 hours and for sustained 2–24 hours decreased as moderate to severe dysmenorrhea symptoms increased with sumatriptan-naproxen versus placebo. Conclusions: Treatment with sumatriptan-naproxen may provide relief of menstrual symptoms and migraine in female migraineurs with dysmenorrhea. The presence of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea symptoms is associated with decreased response rates for menstrual migraine, suggesting that the co-occurrence of these disorders may negatively impact the results of migraine-abortive therapy. PMID:24579886

  11. Model-based analysis of thromboxane B₂ and prostaglandin E₂ as biomarkers in the safety evaluation of naproxen.

    PubMed

    Sahota, Tarjinder; Sanderson, Ian; Danhof, Meindert; Della Pasqua, Oscar

    2014-08-01

    The assessment of safety in traditional toxicology protocols relies on evidence arising from observed adverse events (AEs) in animals and on establishing their correlation with different measures of drug exposure (e.g., Cmax and AUC). Such correlations, however, ignore the role of biomarkers, which can provide further insight into the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Here we use naproxen as a paradigm drug to explore the feasibility of a biomarker-guided approach for the prediction of AEs in humans. A standard toxicology protocol was set up for the evaluation of effects of naproxen in rat, in which four doses were tested (7.5, 15, 40 and 80 mg/kg). In addition to sparse blood sampling for the assessment of exposure, thromboxane B₂ and prostaglandin E₂ were also collected in satellite groups. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was used to evaluate the predictive performance of the approach. A one-compartmental model with first order absorption was found to best describe the pharmacokinetics of naproxen. A nonlinear relationship between dose and bioavailability was observed which leads to a less than proportional increase in naproxen concentrations with increasing doses. The pharmacodynamics of TXB₂ and PGE₂ was described by direct inhibition models with maximum pharmacological effects achieved at doses >7.5 mg/kg. The predicted PKPD relationship in humans was within 10-fold of the values previously published. Moreover, our results indicate that biomarkers can be used to assess interspecies differences in PKPD and extrapolated data from animals to humans. Biomarker sampling should be used systematically in general toxicity studies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. Preemptive Use of Naproxen on Tooth Sensitivity Caused by In-Office Bleaching: A Triple-Blind, Crossover, Randomized Clinical Trial.

    PubMed

    Fernandes, M T; Vaez, S C; Lima, C M; Nahsan, F P; Loguércio, A D; Faria-E-Silva, A L

    A triple-blind, randomized, crossover clinical trial evaluated prior use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory naproxen on sensitivity reported by patients undergoing in-office tooth bleaching. Fifty patients were subjected to two sessions of in-office tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide in a single application of 40 minutes for two sessions, with an interval of seven days between applications. One hour prior to the procedure, each patient randomly received a single dose of naproxen (500 mg) or placebo. The patient's sensitivity level was evaluated during and immediately after the bleaching using two scales (verbal and visual analog); the verbal scale only was repeated after 24 hours. The effectiveness of the bleaching procedures was evaluated with the Bleachedguide scale. Relative risk to sensitivity was calculated and adjusted by session, while comparison of overall risk was performed by the McNemar test. Data on the sensitivity level for both scales and shade were subjected to the Friedman, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). The use of naproxen only decreased the absolute risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity reported immediately after the second session. On the other hand, no measurable effect was observed during or 24 hours after either session. The sequence of drug administration did not affect the bleaching effectiveness. Preemptive use of naproxen only reduced tooth sensitivity reported by patients immediately after the second session of bleaching.

  13. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of HCP1004 (a fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole strontium) and VIMOVO® (a marketed fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium) in healthy volunteers

    PubMed Central

    Choi, YoonJung; Han, HyeKyung; Shin, Dongseong; Lim, Kyoung Soo; Yu, Kyung-Sang

    2015-01-01

    Background HCP1004 is a newly developed fixed-dose combination of naproxen (500 mg) and esomeprazole strontium (20 mg) that is used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and can reduce the risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated ulcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of HCP1004 compared to VIMOVO® (a marketed fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium). Subjects and methods An open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover, single-dose clinical study was conducted in 70 healthy volunteers. In each period, a reference (VIMOVO®) or test (HCP1004) drug was administered orally, and serial blood samples for PK analysis were collected up to 72 hours after dosing. To evaluate the PK profiles, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to the last measurable time (AUC0−t) were estimated using a noncompartmental method. Safety profiles were evaluated throughout the study. Results Sixty-six of the 70 subjects completed the study. The Cmax (mean ± standard deviation) and AUC0−t (mean ± standard deviation) for naproxen in HCP1004 were 61.67±15.16 µg/mL and 1,206.52±166.46 h·µg/mL, respectively; in VIMOVO®; these values were 61.85±14.54 µg/mL and 1,211.44±170.01 h·µg/mL, respectively. The Cmax and AUC0−t for esomeprazole in HCP1004 were 658.21±510.91 ng/mL and 1,109.11±1,111.59 h·ng/mL, respectively; for VIMOVO®, these values were 595.09±364.23 ng/mL and 1,015.12±952.98 h·ng/mL, respectively. The geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) (HCP1004 to VIMOVO®) of the Cmax and AUC0−t of naproxen were 0.99 (0.94–1.06) and 1.00 (0.98–1.01), respectively. For esomeprazole, the geometric mean ratios (90% CI) for the Cmax and AUC0−t were 0.99 (0.82–1.18) and 1.04 (0.91–1.18), respectively. The overall results of the safety assessment showed no clinically significant issues for either

  14. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of HCP1004 (a fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole strontium) and VIMOVO® (a marketed fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium) in healthy volunteers.

    PubMed

    Choi, YoonJung; Han, HyeKyung; Shin, Dongseong; Lim, Kyoung Soo; Yu, Kyung-Sang

    2015-01-01

    HCP1004 is a newly developed fixed-dose combination of naproxen (500 mg) and esomeprazole strontium (20 mg) that is used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and can reduce the risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated ulcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of HCP1004 compared to VIMOVO(®) (a marketed fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium). An open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover, single-dose clinical study was conducted in 70 healthy volunteers. In each period, a reference (VIMOVO(®)) or test (HCP1004) drug was administered orally, and serial blood samples for PK analysis were collected up to 72 hours after dosing. To evaluate the PK profiles, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the last measurable time (AUC0-t) were estimated using a noncompartmental method. Safety profiles were evaluated throughout the study. Sixty-six of the 70 subjects completed the study. The Cmax (mean ± standard deviation) and AUC0-t (mean ± standard deviation) for naproxen in HCP1004 were 61.67 ± 15.16 µg/mL and 1,206.52 ± 166.46 h · µg/mL, respectively; in VIMOVO(®); these values were 61.85 ± 14.54 µg/mL and 1,211.44 ± 170.01 h · µg/mL, respectively. The Cmax and AUC0-t for esomeprazole in HCP1004 were 658.21 ± 510.91 ng/mL and 1,109.11 ± 1,111.59 h · ng/mL, respectively; for VIMOVO(®), these values were 595.09 ± 364.23 ng/mL and 1,015.12 ± 952.98 h · ng/mL, respectively. The geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) (HCP1004 to VIMOVO(®)) of the Cmax and AUC0-t of naproxen were 0.99 (0.94-1.06) and 1.00 (0.98-1.01), respectively. For esomeprazole, the geometric mean ratios (90% CI) for the Cmax and AUC0-t were 0.99 (0.82-1.18) and 1.04 (0.91-1.18), respectively. The overall results of the safety assessment showed no clinically significant issues for either treatment. The PK of HCP

  15. The Influence of Hydrophilic Interactions on the Sorption and Mobility of Naproxen at Environmentally-Relevant Concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Muller, K.; Ramsburg, C. A.

    2011-12-01

    Managed underground storage of reclaimed wastewater is currently one viable option for meeting increasing demands on water resources, yet the attenuation of many emerging contaminants within the subsurface environment is not well understood. Pharmaceuticals are of particular concern due to the rapid increase in development and use of these compounds, observations of incomplete removal during wastewater treatment, and emerging concerns over ecosystem effects. Assessment of the subsurface attenuation of pharmaceuticals is difficult because the compounds are polar, pH-active, and present at low-concentration (ng/L). Predictions of sorption that only consider hydrophobic interactions with soil organic matter may not fully describe the extent to which reversible sequestration influences pharmaceutical attenuation. In fact, hydrophilic interactions (i.e. ion exchange, cation-induced sorption, hydrogen bonding, etc) may represent important contributions to total sorption, especially when aqueous solutes are present at low concentration. Here we assess the sorption of naproxen - an acidic pharmaceutical - to three subsurface materials using equilibrium batch experiments and 1-d column experiments. Subsurface materials evaluated include Ottawa sand (quartz with negligible organic carbon and negligible iron oxide), Aplite sand (quartz and feldspar with negligible organic carbon, 0.2% wt iron oxide), and a Hinckley series silty-sand (quartz and feldspar with 0.95% wt organic carbon, and 0.4% wt iron oxides). Sorption of naproxen to the Ottawa sand was negligible and did not result in measurable retardation when naproxen was introduced to the porous medium at a concentration of 275 ng/L. Batch experiments suggest that Aplite sand offers quantifiable interaction (52% of the mass introduced is associated with the solid phase when the aqueous concentration is 1000 ng/L and the solid to liquid ratio is 1.4:1 v/v); however, column data are indicative of markedly less interaction

  16. Melt extrusion vs. spray drying: The effect of processing methods on crystalline content of naproxen-povidone formulations.

    PubMed

    Haser, Abbe; Cao, Tu; Lubach, Joe; Listro, Tony; Acquarulo, Larry; Zhang, Feng

    2017-05-01

    Our hypothesis is that melt extrusion is a more suitable processing method than spray drying to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of drugs with a high crystallization tendency. Naproxen-povidone K25 was used as the model system in this study. Naproxen-povidone K25 solid dispersions at 30% and 60% drug loadings were characterized by modulated DSC, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and solid-state 13 C NMR to identify phase separation and drug recrystallization during processing and storage. At 30% drug loading, hydrogen bond (H-bond) sites of povidone K25 were not saturated and the glass transition (T g ) temperature of the formulation was higher. As a result, both melt-extruded and spray-dried materials were amorphous initially and remained so after storage at 40°C. At 60% drug loading, H-bond sites were saturated, and T g was low. We were not able to prepare amorphous materials. The initial crystallinity of the formulations was 0.4%±0.2% and 5.6%±0.6%, and increased to 2.7%±0.3% and 21.6%±1.0% for melt-extruded and spray-dried materials, respectively. Spray-dried material was more susceptible to re-crystallization during processing, due to the high diffusivity of naproxen molecules in the formulation matrix and lack of kinetic stabilization from polymer solution. A larger number of crystalline nucleation sites and high surface area made the spray-dried material more susceptible to recrystallization during storage. This study demonstrated the unique advantages of melt extrusion over spray drying for the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions of naproxen at high drug level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  17. Selective inhibition by aspirin and naproxen of mainstream cigarette smoke-induced genotoxicity and lung tumors in female mice.

    PubMed

    Balansky, Roumen; Ganchev, Gancho; Iltcheva, Marietta; Micale, Rosanna T; La Maestra, Sebastiano; D'Oria, Chiara; Steele, Vernon E; De Flora, Silvio

    2016-05-01

    The role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in smoke-related lung carcinogenesis is still controversial. We have developed and validated a murine model for evaluating the tumorigenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) and its modulation by chemopreventive agents. In the present study, the protective effects of the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors aspirin and naproxen were investigated by using a total of 277 Swiss H neonatal mice of both genders. Groups of mice were exposed whole-body to MCS during the first 4 months of life, followed by an additional 3.5 months in filtered air in order to allow a better growth of tumors. Aspirin (1600 mg/kg diet) and naproxen (320 mg/kg diet) were given after weanling until the end of the experiment. After 4 months of exposure, MCS significantly enhanced the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of mice, and naproxen prevented such systemic genotoxic damage in female mice. After 7.5 months, exposure of mice to MCS resulted in the formation of lung tumors, both benign and malignant, and in several other histopathological lesions detectable both in the respiratory tract and in the urinary tract. Aspirin and, even more sharply, naproxen significantly inhibited the formation of lung tumors in MCS-exposed mice, but this protective effect selectively occurred in female mice only. These results lend support to the views that estrogens are involved in smoke-related pulmonary carcinogenesis and that NSAIDs have antiestrogenic properties. The two NSAIDs proved to be safe and efficacious in the experimental model used.

  18. Efficacy of naproxen with or without esomeprazole for pain and inflammation in patients after bilateral third molar extractions: A double blinded crossover study.

    PubMed

    Weckwerth, G-M; Simoneti, L-F; Zupelari-Gonçalves, P; Calvo, A-M; Brozoski, D-T; Dionísio, T-J; Torres, E-A; Lauris, J-R-P; Faria, F-A-C; Santos, C-F

    2017-01-01

    Using a double-blinded randomized crossover design, this study aimed to evaluate acute postoperative pain management, swelling and trismus in 46 volunteers undergoing extractions of the two lower third molars, in similar positions, at two different appointments who consumed a tablet of either NE (naproxen 500 mg + esomepraz ole 20 mg) or only naproxen (500 mg) every 12 hours for 4 days. Parameters were analyzed: self-reported pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS) pre- and postoperative mouth opening; incidence, type and severity of adverse reactions; total quantity consumed of rescue medication; and pre- and postoperative swelling. Female volunteers reported significantly more postoperative pain at 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4hrs after surgery while also taking their first rescue medication at a time significantly earlier when consuming NE when compared to naproxen (3.7hrs and 6.7hrs). Conversely, no differences were found between each drug group in males. In conclusion, throughout the entire study, pain was mild after using either drug in both men and women with pain scores on average well below 40mm (VAS), although in women naproxen improved acute postoperative pain management when compared to NE.

  19. Cerium-doped -Ni(OH)2 hexagon nanosheets: an effective photocatalyst for degradation of the emerging water pollutant naproxen.

    PubMed

    Regmi, Chhabilal; Maya-Flores, Etel; Lee, Soo Wohn; Rodríguez-González, Vicente

    2018-06-21

    Nickel hydroxide β-Ni(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets were synthetized via a hydrothermal exfoliation process. The practical microwave assisted hydrothermal method facilitated obtain layered nickel 3D nanoplates with cerium functionalization in 5h. The as-produced nanostructures were characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM, FT-IR, PL, UV-vis, and BET techniques. The hydroxilated structures are nano-thick hexagonal plates having sides with 28 nm in length and 5 nm of average thickness. UV and PL irradiation was used to study the photoactive properties in the degradation of a pharmaceutical emerging pollutant, naproxen. UV-vis spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitoring indicated that the Ni(OH)2-Ce nanostructures are an effective photocatalyst for naproxen degradation including 40 % of mineralization of this highly recalcitrant drug. The photocatalyst showed stability for two consecutive cycles, preserving its photoactive and structural characteristics. Ce3+ doped nanoplates and surface functionalized Ce4+ act as charge separators and scavenging agents for the enhanced photodegradation of naproxen. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

  20. Relating hydrogen-bonding interactions with the phase behavior of naproxen/PVP K 25 solid dispersions: evaluation of solution-cast and quench-cooled films.

    PubMed

    Paudel, Amrit; Nies, Erik; Van den Mooter, Guy

    2012-11-05

    In this work, we investigated the relationship between various intermolecular hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) interactions and the miscibility of the model hydrophobic drug naproxen with the hydrophilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) across an entire composition range of solid dispersions prepared by quasi-equilibrium film casting and nonequilibrium melt quench cooling. The binary phase behavior in solid dispersions exhibited substantial processing method dependence. The solid state solubility of crystalline naproxen in PVP to form amorphous solid dispersions was 35% and 70% w/w naproxen in solution-cast films and quench-cooled films, respectively. However, the presence of a single mixed phase glass transition indicated the amorphous miscibility to be 20% w/w naproxen for the films, beyond which amorphous-amorphous and/or crystalline phase separations were apparent. This was further supported by the solution state interactions data such as PVP globular size distribution and solution infrared spectral profiles. The borderline melt composition showed cooling rate dependence of amorphization. The glass transition and melting point depression profiles of the system were treated with the analytical expressions based on Flory-Huggins mixing theory to interpolate the equilibrium solid solubility. FTIR analysis and subsequent spectral deconvolution revealed composition and miscibility dependent variations in the strength of drug-polymer intermolecular H-bonding. Two types of H-bonded populations were evidenced from 25% w/w and 35% w/w naproxen in solution-cast films and quench-cooled films, respectively, with the higher fraction of strongly H-bonded population in the drug rich domains of phase separated amorphous film compositions and highly drug loaded amorphous quench-cooled dispersions.

  1. Validated HPLC-UV method for determination of naproxen in human plasma with proven selectivity against ibuprofen and paracetamol.

    PubMed

    Filist, Monika; Szlaska, Iwona; Kaza, Michał; Pawiński, Tomasz

    2016-06-01

    Estimating the influence of interfering compounds present in the biological matrix on the determination of an analyte is one of the most important tasks during bioanalytical method development and validation. Interferences from endogenous components and, if necessary, from major metabolites as well as possible co-administered medications should be evaluated during a selectivity test. This paper describes a simple, rapid and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the determination of naproxen in human plasma in the presence of two other analgesics, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Sample preparation is based on a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure with a short, 5 s mixing time. Fenoprofen, which is characterized by a similar structure and properties to naproxen, was first used as the internal standard. The calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 0.5-80.0 µg/mL, which is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies following a single 220 mg oral dose of naproxen sodium. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines and was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study in humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  2. Flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen for managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee in humans: a short-term randomized, double-blind pilot study.

    PubMed

    Levy, Robert M; Saikovsky, Roman; Shmidt, Evgeniya; Khokhlov, Alexander; Burnett, Bruce P

    2009-05-01

    Flavocoxid (Limbrel), a proprietary mixture of flavonoid molecules (baicalin and catechin), was tested against a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, for the management of the signs and symptoms of moderate osteoarthritis (OA) in humans. Discomfort and global disease activity were used as the primary end points, and safety assessments were also taken for both treatments as a secondary endpoint. In this double-blind study, 103 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either flavocoxid [500 mg twice daily (BID)] or naproxen (500 mg BID) in a 1-month onset of action trial. Outcome measures included the short Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index, subject Visual Analogue Scale for discomfort and global response, and investigator Visual Analogue Scale for global response and fecal occult blood. Both flavocoxid and naproxen showed significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of knee OA (P < or = .001). There were no statistically detectable differences between the flavocoxid and naproxen groups with respect to any of the outcome variables. Similarly, there were no statistically detectable differences between the groups with respect to any adverse event, although there was a trend toward a higher incidence of edema and nonspecific musculoskeletal discomfort in the naproxen group. In this short-term pilot study, flavocoxid was as effective as naproxen in controlling the signs and symptoms of OA of the knee and would present a safe and effective option for those individuals on traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. A low incidence of adverse events was reported for both groups.

  3. Combination of atorvastatin with sulindac or naproxen profoundly inhibits colonic adenocarcinomas by suppressing the p65/β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling pathway in rats

    PubMed Central

    Suh, Nanjoo; Reddy, Bandaru S.; DeCastro, Andrew; Paul, Shiby; Lee, Hong Jin; Smolarek, Amanda K.; So, Jae Young; Simi, Barbara; Wang, Chung Xiou; Janakiram, Naveena B.; Steele, Vernon; Rao, Chinthalapally V.

    2011-01-01

    Evidence supports the protective role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and statins against colon cancer. Experiments were designed to evaluate the efficacies atorvastatin and NSAIDs administered individually and in combination against colon tumor formation. F344 rats were fed AIN-76A diet and colon tumors were induced with azoxymethane (AOM). One week after the second AOM-treatment groups of rats were fed diets containing atorvastatin (200 ppm), sulindac (100 ppm) or naproxen (150 ppm), or their combinations with low-dose atorvastatin (100 ppm) for 45 weeks. Administration of atorvastatin at 200 ppm significantly suppressed both adenocarcinoma incidence (52% reduction, p=0.005) and multiplicity (58% reduction, p=0.008). Most importantly, colon tumor multiplicities were profoundly decreased (80–85% reduction, p<0.0001) when given low-dose atorvastatin with either sulindac or naproxen. Also, a significant inhibition of colon tumor incidence was observed when given a low-dose atorvastatin with either sulindac (p=0.001) or naproxen (p =0.0005). Proliferation markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1 and β-catenin in tumors of rats exposed to sulindac, naproxen, atorvastatin, and/or combinations showed a significant suppression. Importantly, colon adenocarcinomas from atorvastatin and NSAIDs fed animals showed reduced key inflammatory markers, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, phospho-p65, as well as inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4. Overall, this is the first report on the combination treatment using low-dose atorvastatin with either low dose sulindac or naproxen, which greatly suppress the colon adenocarcinoma incidence and multiplicity. Our results suggest that low-dose atorvastatin with sulindac or naproxen might potentially be useful combinations for colon cancer prevention in humans. PMID:21764859

  4. High performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array for separation and analysis of naproxen and esomeprazole in presence of their chiral impurities: Enantiomeric purity determination in tablets.

    PubMed

    Ragab, Marwa A A; El-Kimary, Eman I

    2017-05-12

    A stereoselective high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was introduced for S-naproxen and esomeprazole determination in tablets. The separation was achieved on a Kromasil Cellucoat chiral column using a mobile phase consisting of hexane: isopropanol: trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (90:9.9:0.1 v/v/v). The proposed system was found to be suitable for the enantioseparation of naproxen and omeprazole biologically active isomers. After optimization of the chromatographic conditions, resolution values of 3.84 and 2.17 could be obtained for naproxen and omeprazole isomers, respectively. The method was fully validated for the determination of S-isomers of each drug in their dosage form. Also, the enentiomeric purity was determined in commercial tablet containing S-naproxen and esomeprazole. The enantiomeric purity was calculated for each drug and the chiral impurities (R-isomers) could be determined at 1% level. The method was validated and good results with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity and robustness were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.00, 6.50 and 0.10, 0.35μgmL -1 for S-naproxen and esomeprazole, respectively. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Determination of ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac in aqueous samples using a multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer as selective adsorbent for solid-phase extraction.

    PubMed

    Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi; Chimuka, Luke

    2016-09-05

    This study describes the application of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as selective sorbent in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac from wastewater and river water. MIP was synthesized at 70°C by employing naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac as multi-templates, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-vinyl pyridine and toluene as cross-linker, functional monomer and porogen, respectively. Wastewater and river water samples (pH 2.5) were percolated through SPE cartridge packed with 50mg of the MIP. The cartridge was washed with 2mL of methanol-water 10:90% (v:v) prior to elution with 2mL of acetic acid-acetonitrile 20:80% (v:v). Quantification of eluted compounds was performed with high performance liquid chromatography equipped with photo diode array detection. The detection limits were 0.15, 1.00 and 0.63μgL(-1) for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac, respectively. Recoveries for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in deionized water spiked at 5 and 50μgL(-1) were greater than 80%. Ibuprofen was the most frequently detected compound with maximum concentrations of 221, 67.9 and 11.4μgL(-1) in wastewater influent, effluent and river water, respectively. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Influence of the cooling rate and the blend ratio on the physical stability of co-amorphous naproxen/indomethacin.

    PubMed

    Beyer, Andreas; Grohganz, Holger; Löbmann, Korbinian; Rades, Thomas; Leopold, Claudia S

    2016-12-01

    Co-amorphization represents a promising approach to increase the physical stability and dissolution rate of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as an alternative to polymer glass solutions. For amorphous and co-amorphous systems, it is reported that the preparation method and the blend ratio play major roles with regard to the resulting physical stability. Therefore, in the present study, co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin (NAP/IND) was prepared by melt-quenching at three different cooling rates and at ten different NAP/IND blend ratios. The samples were analyzed using XRPD and FTIR, both directly after preparation and during storage to investigate their physical stabilities. All cooling methods led to fully amorphous samples, but with significantly different physical stabilities. Samples prepared by fast cooling had a higher degree of crystallinity after 300d of storage than samples prepared by intermediate cooling and slow cooling. Intermediate cooling was subsequently used to prepare co-amorphous NAP/IND at different blend ratios. In a previous study, it was postulated that the equimolar (0.5:0.5) co-amorphous blend of NAP/IND is most stable. However, in the present study the physically most stable blend was found for a NAP/IND ratio of 0.6:0.4, which also represents the eutectic composition of the crystalline NAP/γ-IND system. This indicates that the eutectic point may be of major importance for the stability of binary co-amorphous systems. Slight deviations from the optimal naproxen molar fraction led to significant recrystallization during storage. Either naproxen or γ-indomethacin recrystallized until a naproxen molar fraction of about 0.6 in the residual co-amorphous phase was reached again. In conclusion, the physical stability of co-amorphous NAP/IND may be significantly improved, if suitable preparation conditions and the optimal phase composition are chosen. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol-codeine phosphate and naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate for lumbar disk surgery.

    PubMed

    Polat, Reyhan; Peker, Kevser; Gülöksüz, Çiğdem Topçu; Ergil, Julide; Akkaya, Taylan

    2015-09-01

    The aim of this study was to compared the efficacy of paracetamol-codeine phosphate and naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate on postoperative pain and tramadol consumption during the first 24 hours after a lumbar disk surgery. After Ethics Committee approval and informed consent had been obtained, 64 patients were allocated into three groups. Patients received oral paracetamol-codeine (300 mg + 30 mg; Group P), naproxen sodium-codeine (550 mg + 30 mg; Group N), or placebo tablets (Group C) 30 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Patient-controlled analgesia was supplied postoperatively using tramadol. Pain intensity, tramadol consumption, and side effects were recorded every 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after surgery. Whole study period pain intensity (visual analogue scale scores) was lower in Group P (p = 0.007) and Group N (p = 0.001), compared with Group C, however, there was no statistically significant difference between Group P and Group N regarding pain intensity (p > 0.05). Tramadol consumption was lower in Group P and Group N, compared with Group C (p < 0.001), and in turn the lowest incidence of tramadol consumption was detected in Group P compared with Group N (p < 0.001) and Group C (p < 0.001). Side effects were similar between the groups. Preemptive administration of paracetamol-codeine and naproxen sodium-codeine combination significantly reduced tramadol consumption and provided more effective analgesia compared with placebo. The paracetamol-codeine combination was superior to naproxen sodium-codeine with regard to tramadol consumption. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Taiwan.

  8. Model-based analysis of thromboxane B{sub 2} and prostaglandin E{sub 2} as biomarkers in the safety evaluation of naproxen

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sahota, Tarjinder; Sanderson, Ian; Danhof, Meindert

    The assessment of safety in traditional toxicology protocols relies on evidence arising from observed adverse events (AEs) in animals and on establishing their correlation with different measures of drug exposure (e.g., C{sub max} and AUC). Such correlations, however, ignore the role of biomarkers, which can provide further insight into the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Here we use naproxen as a paradigm drug to explore the feasibility of a biomarker-guided approach for the prediction of AEs in humans. A standard toxicology protocol was set up for the evaluation of effects of naproxen in rat, in which four doses were tested (7.5, 15,more » 40 and 80 mg/kg). In addition to sparse blood sampling for the assessment of exposure, thromboxane B{sub 2} and prostaglandin E{sub 2} were also collected in satellite groups. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was used to evaluate the predictive performance of the approach. A one-compartmental model with first order absorption was found to best describe the pharmacokinetics of naproxen. A nonlinear relationship between dose and bioavailability was observed which leads to a less than proportional increase in naproxen concentrations with increasing doses. The pharmacodynamics of TXB{sub 2} and PGE{sub 2} was described by direct inhibition models with maximum pharmacological effects achieved at doses > 7.5 mg/kg. The predicted PKPD relationship in humans was within 10-fold of the values previously published. Moreover, our results indicate that biomarkers can be used to assess interspecies differences in PKPD and extrapolated data from animals to humans. Biomarker sampling should be used systematically in general toxicity studies. - Highlights: • Prediction of a drug's safety profile from preclinical protocols remains challenging. • Pharmacokinetic measures of safe exposure (e.g., AUC) ignore the role of biomarkers. • PKPD relationships enable the evaluation of adverse events in a mechanistic manner. • Major

  9. Cost analysis of flavocoxid compared to naproxen for management of mild to moderate OA.

    PubMed

    Walton, Surrey M; Schumock, Glen T; McLain, David Andrew

    2010-09-01

    Flavocoxid is a medical food used for the clinical dietary management of osteoarthritis (OA). The acquisition cost of flavocoxid is higher than most traditional, generic NSAIDs. However, flavocoxid may have more favorable gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity resulting in lower overall costs. These costs have not been previously examined. This study provides a decision analytic model to assess the net costs of using flavocoxid for OA from a Medicare perspective. A decision model was developed to estimate the total costs associated with flavocoxid versus naproxen for the management of Medicare patients with mild to moderate OA. Probabilities were obtained from literature and expert opinion, and costs were obtained from Medicare. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying probabilities and costs within clinically relevant ranges. The base case resulted in flavocoxid having lower total annual costs ($1482 per patient) compared to naproxen ($1592). Flavocoxid remained the lowest cost option when the cost inputs were varied by 25% (above and below the base case), and when the probability of GI events with flavocoxid were varied by 25%. However, when GI rates from the literature and implied relative risks from the expert panel were used, or if the cost of PPIs was $0, then naproxen was the less costly alternative, though saving less than the annual cost of flavocoxid. Key limitations were the limited outcomes in the model (only GI events), lack of consideration of adherence or combination therapy, and the reliance on expert opinion due to a lack of data for flavocoxid. In patients over 65 years of age who suffer from mild to moderate OA, flavocoxid may result in lower overall costs, despite a higher acquisition cost. Managed care organizations should consider total health care costs in the decision to include flavocoxid as a covered benefit.

  10. Relative efficacy and tolerability of etoricoxib, celecoxib, and naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis : A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials based on patient withdrawal.

    PubMed

    Song, Gwan Gyu; Seo, Young Ho; Kim, Jae-Hoon; Choi, Sung Jae; Ji, Jong Dae; Lee, Young Ho

    2016-06-01

    This study aimed to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of etoricoxib, celecoxib, and naproxen at recommended dosages in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy and tolerability of etoricoxib 30-60 mg, celecoxib 200-400 mg, and naproxen 1000 mg, based on the number of patient withdrawals among those with OA, were included in this network meta-analysis. We performed a Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence from the RCTs. Eight RCTs, including 5,942 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The proportion of patient withdrawals due to lack of efficacy was significantly lower in the etoricoxib 30-60 mg (OR 0.21, 95 % CrI 0.12-0.38), celecoxib 200-400 mg (OR 0.29, 95 % CrI 0.18-0.47), and naproxen 1000 mg (OR 0.31, 95 % CrI 0.18-0.51) groups than in the placebo group. The number of patient withdrawals due to lack of efficacy tended to be lower in the etoricoxib 30-60 mg group than in the naproxen 1000 mg and celecoxib 200-400 mg groups, although they did not reach statistical significance (OR 0.68, 95 % CrI 0.36-1.33 and OR 0.70, 95 % CrI 0.38-1.37, respectively). Ranking probabilities based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicated that etoricoxib 30-60 mg had the highest probability of being the best treatment based on the number of withdrawals due to lack of efficacy (SUCRA = 0.9168) followed by celecoxib 200-400 mg (SUCRA = 0.5659), naproxen 1000 mg (SUCRA = 0.5171), and placebo (SUCRA = 0.000189). With respect to tolerability, the number of withdrawals due to adverse events was not significantly different among etoricoxib, celecoxib, naproxen, and placebo, although it tended to be lower with etoricoxib and placebo. Etoricoxib 30-60 mg, celecoxib 200-400 mg, and naproxen 1000 mg were more efficacious than placebo. However, there was no significant difference in efficacy and tolerability between the

  11. Environmental fate of naproxen, carbamazepine and triclosan in wastewater, surface water and wastewater irrigated soil - Results of laboratory scale experiments.

    PubMed

    Durán-Álvarez, J C; Prado, B; González, D; Sánchez, Y; Jiménez-Cisneros, B

    2015-12-15

    Lab-scale photolysis, biodegradation and transport experiments were carried out for naproxen, carbamazepine and triclosan in soil, wastewater and surface water from a region where untreated wastewater is used for agricultural irrigation. Results showed that both photolysis and biodegradation occurred for the three emerging pollutants in the tested matrices as follows: triclosan>naproxen>carbamazepine. The highest photolysis rate for the three pollutants was obtained in experiments using surface water, while biodegradation rates were higher in wastewater and soil than in surface water. Carbamazepine showed to be recalcitrant to biodegradation both in soil and water; although photolysis occurred at a higher level than biodegradation, this compound was poorly degraded by natural processes. Transport experiments showed that naproxen was the most mobile compound through the first 30cm of the soil profile; conversely, the mobility of carbamazepine and triclosan through the soil was delayed. Biodegradation of target pollutants occurred within soil columns during transport experiments. Triclosan was not detected either in leachates or the soil in columns, suggesting its complete biodegradation. Data of these experiments can be used to develop more reliable fate-on-the-field and environmental risk assessment studies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. Efficacy and safety of flavocoxid compared with naproxen in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee- a subset analysis.

    PubMed

    Levy, Robert; Khokhlov, Alexander; Kopenkin, Sergey; Bart, Boris; Ermolova, Tatiana; Kantemirova, Raiasa; Mazurov, Vadim; Bell, Marjorie; Caldron, Paul; Pillai, Lakshmi; Burnett, Bruce

    2010-12-01

    twice-daily flavocoxid, a cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with potent antioxidant activity of botanical origin, was evaluated for 12 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, active-comparator study against naproxen in 220 subjects with moderate-severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. As previously reported, both groups noted a significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of OA with no detectable differences in efficacy between the groups when the entire intent-to-treat population was considered. This post-hoc analysis compares the efficacy of flavocoxid to naproxen in different subsets of patients, specifically those related to age, gender, and disease severity as reported at baseline for individual response parameters. in the original randomized, double-blind study, 220 subjects were assigned to receive either flavocoxid (500 mg twice daily) or naproxen (500 mg twice daily) for 12 weeks. In this subgroup analysis, primary outcome measures including the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA index and subscales, timed walk, and secondary efficacy variables, including investigator global assessment for disease and global response to treatment, subject visual analog scale for discomfort, overall disease activity, global response to treatment, index joint tenderness and mobility, were evaluated for differing trends between the study groups. subset analyses revealed some statistically significant differences and some notable trends in favor of the flavocoxid group. These trends became stronger the longer the subjects continued on therapy. These observations were specifically noted in older subjects (>60 years), males and in subjects with milder disease, particularly those with lower subject global assessment of disease activity and investigator global assessment for disease and faster walking times at baseline. initial analysis of the entire intent-to-treat population revealed that flavocoxid was as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and

  13. [Severe toxic liver failure after acute poisoning with paracetamol, ferrous sulphate and naproxen].

    PubMed

    Adamek, Robert; Wilczek, Lech; Krupiński, Bogusław

    2004-01-01

    We present the case of 20-year-old woman intoxicated with mixed drugs, composed of paracetamol (acetaminophen), ferrous sulphate, naproxen and benzodiazepines. Acute toxic liver damage with clinical symptoms of coma resolved at the patient. Lack of the past history doesn't let to specific therapy and systemic complications. In this data we confirm, that past history, clinical symptoms and laboratory results are needed in designing a treatment strategy.

  14. Naproxen, a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Can Affect Daily Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Alterations of Monoamine Levels in Different Areas of the Brain in Male Rats.

    PubMed

    Goswami, Ananda Raj; Dutta, Goutam; Ghosh, Tusharkanti

    2016-06-01

    Goswami, Ananda Raj, Goutam Dutta, and Tusharkanti Ghosh. Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug can affect daily hypobaric hypoxia-induced alterations of monoamine levels in different areas of the brain in male rats. High Alt Med Biol. 17:133-140, 2016.-The oxidative stress (OS)-induced prostaglandin (PG) release, in hypobaric hypoxic (HHc) condition, may be linked with the changes of brain monoamines. The present study intends to explore the changes of monoamines in hypothalamus (H), cerebral cortex (CC), and cerebellum (CB) along with the motor activity in rats after exposing them to simulated hypobaric condition and the role of PGs on the daily hypobaric hypoxia (DHH)-induced alteration of brain monoamines by administering, an inhibitor of PG synthesis, naproxen. The rats were exposed to a decompression chamber at 18,000 ft for 8 hours per day for 6 days after administration of vehicle or naproxen (18 mg/kg body wt.). The monoamine levels (epinephrine, E; norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA; and 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in CC, CB, and H were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection, and the locomotor behavior was measured by open field test. The NE and DA levels were decreased in CC, CB, and H of the rat brain in HHc condition. The E and 5-HT levels were decreased in CC, but in H and CB, they remained unaltered in HHc condition. These DHH-induced changes of monoamines in brain areas were prevented after administration of naproxen in HHc condition. The locomotor behavior remained unaltered in HHc condition and after administration of naproxen in HHc condition. The DHH-induced changes of monoamines in the brain in HHc condition are probably linked with PGs that may be induced by OS.

  15. Design, development, and optimization of polymeric based-colonic drug delivery system of naproxen.

    PubMed

    Sharma, Pooja; Chawla, Anuj; Pawar, Pravin

    2013-01-01

    The aim of present investigation deals with the development of time-dependent and pH sensitive press-coated tablets for colon specific drug delivery of naproxen. The core tablets were prepared by wet granulation method then press coated with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or Eudragit RSPO : RLPO mixture and further coated with Eudragit S-100 by dip immerse method. The in vitro drug release study was conducted in different dissolution media such as pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 with or without rat caecal content to simulate GIT conditions. Surface morphology and cross-sectional view of the tablets were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All prepared batches were in compliance with the pharmacopoeial standards. The tablets which are compression coated with HPC followed by Eudragit S-100 coated showed highest in vitro drug release of 98.10% in presence of rat caecal content. The SEM of tablets suggested that the number of pores got increased in pH 7.4 medium followed by dissolution of coating layer. The tablets coat erosion study suggested that the lag time depends upon the coating concentrations of polymers. A time-dependent hydrophilic polymer and pH sensitive polymer based press-coated tablets of naproxen were promising delivery for colon targeting.

  16. Multivariate Quantification of the Solid State Phase Composition of Co-Amorphous Naproxen-Indomethacin.

    PubMed

    Beyer, Andreas; Grohganz, Holger; Löbmann, Korbinian; Rades, Thomas; Leopold, Claudia S

    2015-10-27

    To benefit from the optimized dissolution properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients in their amorphous forms, co-amorphisation as a viable tool to stabilize these amorphous phases is of both academic and industrial interest. Reports dealing with the physical stability and recrystallization behavior of co-amorphous systems are however limited to qualitative evaluations based on the corresponding X-ray powder diffractograms. Therefore, the objective of the study was to develop a quantification model based on X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), followed by a multivariate partial least squares regression approach that enables the simultaneous determination of up to four solid state fractions: crystalline naproxen, γ-indomethacin, α-indomethacin as well as co-amorphous naproxen-indomethacin. For this purpose, a calibration set that covers the whole range of possible combinations of the four components was prepared and analyzed by XRPD. In order to test the model performances, leave-one-out cross validation was performed and revealed root mean square errors of validation between 3.11% and 3.45% for the crystalline molar fractions and 5.57% for the co-amorphous molar fraction. In summary, even four solid state phases, involving one co-amorphous phase, can be quantified with this XRPD data-based approach.

  17. Design, Development, and Optimization of Polymeric Based-Colonic Drug Delivery System of Naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Sharma, Pooja; Chawla, Anuj; Pawar, Pravin

    2013-01-01

    The aim of present investigation deals with the development of time-dependent and pH sensitive press-coated tablets for colon specific drug delivery of naproxen. The core tablets were prepared by wet granulation method then press coated with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or Eudragit RSPO : RLPO mixture and further coated with Eudragit S-100 by dip immerse method. The in vitro drug release study was conducted in different dissolution media such as pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 with or without rat caecal content to simulate GIT conditions. Surface morphology and cross-sectional view of the tablets were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All prepared batches were in compliance with the pharmacopoeial standards. The tablets which are compression coated with HPC followed by Eudragit S-100 coated showed highest in vitro drug release of 98.10% in presence of rat caecal content. The SEM of tablets suggested that the number of pores got increased in pH 7.4 medium followed by dissolution of coating layer. The tablets coat erosion study suggested that the lag time depends upon the coating concentrations of polymers. A time-dependent hydrophilic polymer and pH sensitive polymer based press-coated tablets of naproxen were promising delivery for colon targeting. PMID:24198725

  18. Mimicking natural systems: Changes in behavior as a result of dynamic exposure to naproxen.

    PubMed

    Neal, Alexandra E; Moore, Paul A

    2017-01-01

    Animals living in aquatic habitats regularly encounter anthropogenic chemical pollution. Typically, the toxicity of a chemical toxicant is determined by the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) through a static exposure test. However, LC 50 values and static tests do not provide an accurate representation of exposure to pollutants within natural stream systems. In their native habitats, animals experience exposure as a fluctuating concentration due to turbulent mixing, temporal variations of contamination (seasonal inputs), and contaminant input type (point vs. non-point). Research has shown that turbulent environments produce exposures with a high degree of fluctuation in frequency, duration, and intensity. In order to more effectively evaluate the effects of pollutants, we created a dynamic exposure paradigm, utilizing both flow and substrate within a small mesocosm. A commonly used pharmaceutical, naproxen, was used as the toxicant and female crayfish (Orconectes virilis) as the target organism to investigate changes in fighting behavior as a result of dynamic exposure. Crayfish underwent either a 23h long static or a dynamic exposure to naproxen. Following exposure, the target crayfish and an unexposed size matched opponent underwent a 15min fight trial. These fight trials were recorded and later analyzed using a standard ethogram. Results indicate that exposure to sublethal concentrations of naproxen, in both static and flowing conditions, negatively impact aggressive behavior. Results also indicate that a dynamic exposure paradigm has a greater negative impact on behavior than a static exposure. Turbulence and habitat structure play important roles in shaping chemical exposure. Future research should incorporate features of dynamic chemical exposure in order to form a more comprehensive image of chemical exposure and predict the resulting sublethal effects from exposure. Possible techniques for assessment include utilizing flow-through experimental set-ups in

  19. Native and microwave-modified Terminalia mantaly gums as sustained-release and bioadhesive excipients in naproxen matrix tablet formulations.

    PubMed

    Odeniyi, Michael Ayodele; Oyedokun, Babatunde Mukhtar; Bamiro, Oluyemisi Adebowale

    2017-01-01

    Hydrophilic polymers provide a means of sustaining drug delivery. Native gums may be limited in function, but modification may improve their activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate native and modified forms of Terminalia mantaly gum for their sustained-release and bioadhesive properties. The native gum (NTM) was modified by microwave irradiation for 20 seconds (MTM20) and 60 seconds (MTM60) and characterized using microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and packing properties. The effects of the thermally induced molecular reorientation were determined. Tablet formulations of naproxen were produced by direct compression. The mechanical, bioadhesive and release properties of the formulations were determined. Irradiation of NTM improved the gum's flow properties, resulting in Carr's Index and Hausner's ratios lower than 16% and 1.25, respectively. Swelling studies showed that MTM20 and MTM60 had lower water absorption capacity and swelling index values, while packing properties improved upon irradiation, as depicted by lower tapped density values. FTIR spectra of samples showed that the irradiated gums were distinct from the native gums and did not interact with naproxen sodium. The gum's mechanical properties improved with MTM20 and MTM60 and sustained-release action of up 12 h was obtained. Inclusion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in the tablet formulations proved critical for bioadhesion. Microwave irradiation of native Terminalia mantaly gum improved the flow, mechanical and sustained-release properties of Naproxen tablets, and the addition of HPMC increased bioadhesion properties. The tablet properties of the native gum were significantly improved after 20 s of microwave irradiation.

  20. Ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction: A novel approach for the rapid and efficient microextraction of naproxen and ibuprofen employing experimental design with high-performance liquid chromatography.

    PubMed

    Ghorbani, Mahdi; Chamsaz, Mahmoud; Rounaghi, Gholam Hossein

    2016-03-01

    A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of naproxen and ibuprofen in complex biological and water matrices (cow milk, human urine, river, and well water samples) has been developed using ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction. Magnetic ethylendiamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite was synthesized and used as a novel adsorbent for the microextraction process and showed great adsorptive ability toward these analytes. Different parameters affecting the microextraction were optimized with the aid of the experimental design approach. A Plackett-Burman screening design was used to study the main variables affecting the microextraction process, and the Box-Behnken optimization design was used to optimize the previously selected variables for extraction of naproxen and ibuprofen. The optimized technique provides good repeatability (relative standard deviations of the intraday precision 3.1 and 3.3, interday precision of 5.6 and 6.1%), linearity (0.1-500 and 0.3-650 ng/mL), low limits of detection (0.03 and 0.1 ng/mL), and a high enrichment factor (168 and 146) for naproxen and ibuprofen, respectively. The proposed method can be successfully applied in routine analysis for determination of naproxen and ibuprofen in cow milk, human urine, and real water samples. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  1. Features of the adsoprtion of naproxen on the chiral stationary phase (S,S)-Whelk-O1 under reversed-phase conditions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Asnin, Leonid; Gritti, Fabrice; Kaczmarski, Krzysztof

    Using elution chromatography, we studied the adsorption mechanism of the Naproxen enantiomers on the chiral stationary phase (S,S)-Whelk-O1, from buffered methanol-water solutions. We propose an adsorption mechanism that assumes monolayer adsorption of the more retained enantiomer and the associative adsorption of the less retained one. The effects of the mobile phase composition on the adsorption of Naproxen are discussed. The combination of an elevated column temperature and of the use of an acidic mobile phase led to the degradation of the column and caused a major loss of its separation ability. The use of a moderately acidic mobile phase atmore » temperature slightly above ambient did not produce rapid severe damages but, nevertheless, hampered the experiments and caused a slow gradual deterioration of the column.« less

  2. Negative Cooperativity in the Interaction of Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 with the Competitive Inhibitor Naproxen Can Be Described as the Interaction of a Non-competitive Inhibitor with Heterogeneous Enzyme Preparation.

    PubMed

    Filimonov, I S; Berzova, A P; Barkhatov, V I; Krivoshey, A V; Trushkin, N A; Vrzheshch, P V

    2018-02-01

    The kinetic mechanism of the interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with their main pharmacological target, prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS), has not yet been established. We showed that inhibition of PGHS-1 from sheep vesicular glands by naproxen (a representative of NSAIDs) demonstrates a non-competitive character with respect to arachidonic acid and cannot be described within a framework of the commonly used kinetic schemes. However, it can be described by taking into account the negative cooperativity of naproxen binding to the cyclooxygenase active sites of the PGHS-1 homodimer (the first naproxen molecule forms a more stable complex (K 1 = 0.1 µM) with the enzyme than the second naproxen molecule (K 2 = 9.2 µM)). An apparent non-competitive interaction of PGHS-1 with naproxen is due to slow dissociation of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The same experimental data could also be described using commonly accepted kinetic schemes, assuming that naproxen interacts was a mixture of two enzyme species with the inhibition constants K α = 0.05 µM and K β = 18.3 µM. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculations show that the phenomenon of kinetic convergence of these two models has a general nature: when K 2 > K 1 , the kinetic patterns (for transient kinetics and equilibrium state) generated by the cooperative model could be described by a scheme assuming the presence of two enzyme forms with the inhibition constants K α = K 1 /2, K β = 2·K 2 . When K 2 < K 1 , the cooperative model can be presented as a scheme with two inhibitor molecules simultaneously binding to the enzyme with the observed inhibition constant K (K = K 1 ·K 2 ). The assumption on the heterogeneity of the enzyme preparation in relation to its affinity to the inhibitor can be used instead of the assumption on the negative cooperativity of the enzyme-inhibitor interactions for convenient and easy practical description of such phenomena in enzymology, biotechnology

  3. Occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa.

    PubMed

    Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi; Chimuka, Luke

    2017-07-01

    The present paper reports a detailed study that is based on the monitoring of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac in Mbokodweni River and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located around the city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Target compounds were extracted from water samples using a multi-template molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction prior to separation and quantification on a high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photo diode array detector. The analytical method yielded the detection limits of 0.15, 1.00, and 0.63 μg/L for naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac, respectively. Solid-phase extraction method was evaluated for its performance using deionized water samples that were spiked with 5 and 50 μg/L of target compounds. Recoveries were greater than 80% for all target compounds with RSD values in the range of 4.1 to 10%. Target compounds were detected in most wastewater and river water samples with ibuprofen being the most frequently detected pharmaceutical. Maximum concentrations detected in river water for naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac were 6.84, 19.2, and 9.69 μg/L, respectively. The concentrations of target compounds found in effluent and river water samples compared well with some studies. The analytical method employed in this work is fast, selective, sensitive, and affordable; therefore, it can be used routinely to evaluate the occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in South African water resources.

  4. Pharmacologic Modulation of Hand Pain in Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Using Naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Sanders, Duncan; Krause, Kristina; O'Muircheartaigh, Jonathan; Thacker, Michael A; Huggins, John P; Vennart, William; Massat, Nathalie J; Choy, Ernest; Williams, Steven C R; Howard, Matthew A

    2015-01-01

    Objective In an attempt to shed light on management of chronic pain conditions, there has long been a desire to complement behavioral measures of pain perception with measures of underlying brain mechanisms. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we undertook this study to investigate changes in brain activity following the administration of naproxen or placebo in patients with pain related to osteoarthritis (OA) of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. Methods A placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2-period crossover study was performed in 19 individuals with painful OA of the CMC joint of the right hand. Following placebo or naproxen treatment periods, a functionally relevant task was performed, and behavioral measures of the pain experience were collected in identical fMRI examinations. Voxelwise and a priori region of interest analyses were performed to detect between-period differences in brain activity. Results Significant reductions in brain activity following treatment with naproxen, compared to placebo, were observed in brain regions commonly associated with pain perception, including the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, thalamus, and amygdala. Significant relationships between changes in perceived pain intensity and changes in brain activity were also observed in brain regions previously associated with pain intensity. Conclusion This study demonstrates the sensitivity of fMRI to detect the mechanisms underlying treatments of known efficacy. The data illustrate the enticing potential of fMRI as an adjunct to self-report for detecting early signals of efficacy of novel therapies, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, in small numbers of individuals with persistent pain. PMID:25533872

  5. Characterization of naproxen-loaded solid SMEDDSs prepared by spray drying: the effect of the polysaccharide carrier and naproxen concentration.

    PubMed

    Čerpnjak, Katja; Zvonar, Alenka; Vrečer, Franc; Gašperlin, Mirjana

    2015-05-15

    The purpose of this study was to prepare solid SMEDDS (sSMEDDS) particles produced by spray-drying using maltodextrin (MD), hypromellose (HPMC), and a combination of the two as a solid carrier. Naproxen (NPX) as the model drug was dissolved (at 6% concentration) or partially suspended (at 18% concentration) in a liquid SMEDDS composed of Miglyol(®) 812, Peceol™, Gelucire(®) 44/14, and Solutol(®) HS 15. Among the sSMEDDSs tested, the MD-based sSMEDDSs (with a granular, smooth-surfaced, microspherical appearance) preserved the self-microemulsifying properties of liquid SMEDDSs and exhibited dissolution profiles similar to those of liquid SMEDDSs, irrespective of the concentration of NPX. In contrast, HPMC-based sSMEDDSs (irregular-shaped microparticles) exhibited slightly prolonged release times due to the polymeric nature of the carrier. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Raman mapping analysis confirmed molecularly dissolved NPX (at 6% of drug loading), whereas at 18% NPX loading drug is partially molecularly dissolved and partially in the crystalline state. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  6. The effect of hydroxyapatite in biopolymer-based scaffolds on release of naproxen sodium.

    PubMed

    Asadian-Ardakani, Vahid; Saber-Samandari, Samaneh; Saber-Samandari, Saeed

    2016-12-01

    A scaffold capable of controlling drug release is highly desirable for bone tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a highly porous biodegradable scaffold and evaluate the kinetic release behavior for the application of anti-inflammatory drug delivery. Porous scaffolds consisting of chitosan, poly(acrylic acid), and nano-hydroxyapatite were prepared using the freeze-drying method. The nanocomposite scaffolds were characterized for structure, pore size, porosity, and mechanical properties. The nanocomposite scaffolds were tested and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and tensile test instrument. The results showed that the pores of the scaffolds were interconnected, and their sizes ranged from 145 µm to 213 μm. The mechanical properties were found close to those of trabecular bone of the same density. The ability of the scaffolds to deliver naproxen sodium as a model drug in vitro was investigated. The release profile of naproxen sodium was measured in a phosphate-buffered saline solution by a ultra-violet spectrophotometer that was controlled by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. These results indicated that the chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid)/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffold may be a promising biomedical scaffold for clinical use in bone tissue engineering with a potential for drug delivery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2992-3003, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  7. Sorption of diclofenac and naproxen onto MWCNT in model wastewater treated by H2O2 and/or UV.

    PubMed

    Czech, Bożena; Oleszczuk, Patryk

    2016-04-01

    The application of oxidation processes such as UV and/or H2O2 will change the physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT). It may affect the sorption affinity of CNT to different contaminants and then affect their fate in the environment. In the present study the adsorption of two very common used pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and naproxen) onto CNT treated by UV, H2O2 or UV/H2O2 was investigated. Four different adsorption models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich) were tested. The best fitting of experimental data was observed for Freundlich or Langmuir model. The significant relationships between Q calculated from Langmuir model with O% and dispersity were observed. Kinetics of diclofenac and naproxen followed mainly pseudo-second order indicating for chemisorption limiting step of adsorption. The data showed that the mechanism of sorption was physical or chemical depending on the type of CNT modification. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of naproxen and nabumetone.

    PubMed

    Asadi, Mohammad; Haji Shabani, Ali Mohammad; Dadfarnia, Shayessteh; Abbasi, Bijan

    2015-12-18

    A novel, rapid, simple and green vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop was developed for simultaneous separation/preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of naproxen and nabumetone with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. Some parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of analytes such as type and volume of extractant, type and concentration of surfactant, sample pH, KCl concentration, sample volume, and vortex time were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the calibration graph exhibited linearity in the range of 3.0-300.0ngL(-1) for naproxen and 7.0-300.0ngL(-1) for nabumetone with a good coefficient of determination (R(2)>0.999). The limits of detection were 0.9 and 2.1ngL(-1). The relative standard deviations for inter- and intra-day assays were in the range of 5.8-10.1% and 3.8-6.1%, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of naproxen and nabumetone in urine, water, wastewater and milk samples and the accuracy was evaluated through recovery experiments. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  9. Determining particle size and water content by near-infrared spectroscopy in the granulation of naproxen sodium.

    PubMed

    Bär, David; Debus, Heiko; Brzenczek, Sina; Fischer, Wolfgang; Imming, Peter

    2018-03-20

    Near-infrared spectroscopy is frequently used by the pharmaceutical industry to monitor and optimize several production processes. In combination with chemometrics, a mathematical-statistical technique, the following advantages of near-infrared spectroscopy can be applied: It is a fast, non-destructive, non-invasive, and economical analytical method. One of the most advanced and popular chemometric technique is the partial least square algorithm with its best applicability in routine and its results. The required reference analytic enables the analysis of various parameters of interest, for example, moisture content, particle size, and many others. Parameters like the correlation coefficient, root mean square error of prediction, root mean square error of calibration, and root mean square error of validation have been used for evaluating the applicability and robustness of these analytical methods developed. This study deals with investigating a Naproxen Sodium granulation process using near-infrared spectroscopy and the development of water content and particle-size methods. For the water content method, one should consider a maximum water content of about 21% in the granulation process, which must be confirmed by the loss on drying. Further influences to be considered are the constantly changing product temperature, rising to about 54 °C, the creation of hydrated states of Naproxen Sodium when using a maximum of about 21% water content, and the large quantity of about 87% Naproxen Sodium in the formulation. It was considered to use a combination of these influences in developing the near-infrared spectroscopy method for the water content of Naproxen Sodium granules. The "Root Mean Square Error" was 0.25% for calibration dataset and 0.30% for the validation dataset, which was obtained after different stages of optimization by multiplicative scatter correction and the first derivative. Using laser diffraction, the granules have been analyzed for particle sizes

  10. Application of quality by design (QbD) to formulation and processing of naproxen pellets by extrusion-spheronization.

    PubMed

    Wang, Junlin; Kan, Shuling; Chen, Tong; Liu, Jianping

    2015-03-01

    The aim of this research was to apply quality by design (QbD) to the development of naproxen loaded core pellets which can be used as the potential core for colon-specific pellets. In the early stages of this study, prior knowledge and preliminary studies were systematically incorporated into the risk assessment using failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and fishbone diagram. Then Plackett-Burman design was used to screen eight potential high risk factors (spheronization speed, spheronization time, extrusion speed, drying method, CCMC-Na concentration, lactose concentration, water concentration and Tween 80 concentration) obtained from the above risk assessment. It was discovered that out of the eight potential high risk factors only three factors (spheronization speed, extrusion speed and CCMC-Na concentration) had significant effects on the quality of the pellets. This allowed the use of Box-Behnken design (BBD) to fully elucidate the relationship between the variables and critical quality attribute (CQA). Finally, the final control space was established within which the quality of the pellets can meet the requirement of colon-specific drug delivery system. This study demonstrated that naproxen loaded core pellets were successfully designed using QbD principle.

  11. Synthesis and antinociceptive evaluation of bioisosteres and hybrids of naproxen, ibuprofen and paracetamol.

    PubMed

    González-Trujano, María Eva; Uribe-Figueroa, Gerardo; Hidalgo-Figueroa, Sergio; Martínez, Ana Laura; Déciga-Campos, Myrna; Navarrete-Vazquez, Gabriel

    2018-05-01

    The aim of this work was to design, synthesize and characterize the potential anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a new series of bioisosteres and hybrids from known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The compounds 4-(acetylamino)phenyl (2S)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoate (GUF-1) and 4-(acetylamino)phenyl 2-(R,S)-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoate (GUF-2) were synthesized as hybrids (also known as heterodimers); whereas those named 2-(R,S)-(4-isobutylphenyl)-N-1H-tetrazol-5-ylpropanamide (GUF-3), (2S)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N-1H-tetrazol-5-ylpropanamide (GUF-4), [2-(R,S)-N-hydroxy-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanamide] (GUF-5), and (2S)-N-hydroxy-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanamide (GUF-6) were synthesized as bioisosteres of the NSAIDs paracetamol, ibuprofen, and naproxen, respectively. All these compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. Antinociceptive activity of GUF-1 to GUF-6 was evaluated using the formalin test in rats. Pharmacological responses of GUF-1, GUF-2 (hybrids), and GUF-5 (bioisostere) demonstrated significant antinociceptive effects; thus these compounds were assayed in an inflammation test like carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Complete molecular docking of cyclooxygenase and the GUF-1 and GUF-2 hybrids showed high docking scores, compared to the reference drugs. Our data demonstrate that compounds GUF-1, GUF-2, and GUF-5 possesses antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities resembling and improving those known for the traditional NSAIDs, paracetamol, naproxen and ibuprofen. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  12. Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of naproxen and sumatriptan in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.

    PubMed

    Brêtas, Juliana Machado; César, Isabela Costa; Brêtas, Camila Machado; Teixeira, Leonardo de Souza; Bellorio, Karini Bruno; Mundim, Iram Moreira; Pianetti, Gerson Antônio

    2016-06-01

    A sensitive and fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of naproxen and sumatriptan in human plasma. A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure, with a mixture of ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, and dichloromethane (4:3:3, v/v), was used for the cleanup of plasma. Naratriptan and aceclofenac were employed as internal standards. The analyses were carried out using an ACE C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm i.d.; particle size 5 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of 2 mM aqueous ammonium acetate with 0.025 % formic acid and methanol (38:62, v/v). A triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source in the positive mode was set up in the selective reaction monitoring mode to detect the ion transitions m/z 231.67 → m/z 185.07, m/z 296.70 → m/z 157.30, m/z 354.80 → m/z 215.00, and m/z 336.80 → m/z 97.94 for naproxen, sumatriptan, aceclofenac, and naratriptan, respectively. The method was validated and proved to be linear, accurate, precise, and selective over the ranges of 2.5-130 μg mL(-1) for naproxen and 1-50 ng mL(-1) for sumatriptan. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study with simultaneous administration of naproxen sodium and sumatriptan succinate tablet formulations in healthy volunteers.

  13. An efficient approach to selective electromembrane extraction of naproxen by means of molecularly imprinted polymer-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced hollow fibers.

    PubMed

    Tahmasebi, Zeinab; Davarani, Saied Saeed Hosseiny; Asgharinezhad, Ali Akbar

    2016-10-28

    In this work, a novel microextraction technique using molecularly imprinted polymer-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MIP-MWCNTs) in electromembrane extraction (EME) procedure is described. The method in combination with HPLC-UV was utilized to determine naproxen, as an acidic model drug, in urine, plasma and wastewater samples. For this purpose, MIP-MWCNTs were placed in the pores of polypropylene hollow fiber. The MIP-MWCNTs-EME method has the advantages of high selectivity and cleanup of MIP along with high enrichment ability of the EME in a single step extraction. Continuing with the research, optimization of the factors affecting the migration of naproxen from sample solutions to MIP-MWCNTs sites and then into the lumen of hollow fiber was explored. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the developed method was calculated to be 0.3μgL -1 . All relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 3%. Linearity of the method was obtained within the range of 1-1000μgL -1 with the coefficient of determination (r 2 ) being higher than 0.999. Under the optimized conditions, an extraction recovery of 66% was obtained, which corresponded to a preconcentration factor of 88. Finally, the developed method was satisfactorily used to determine naproxen in urine, plasma and wastewater samples. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Bioavailability of two oral-tablet and two oral-suspension formulations of naproxen sodium/paracetamol (acetaminophen): single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover comparisons in healthy Mexican adult subjects.

    PubMed

    Palma-Aguirre, Jose Antonio; Villalpando-Hernández, Jorge; Novoa-Heckel, Germán; Oliva, Iván; Cariño, Lizbeth; López-Bojórquez, Ericka; Burke-Fraga, Victoria; Namur, Salvador; González-de la Parra, Mario

    2009-02-01

    Naproxen sodium/paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a combination for the treatment of symptomatic pain and fever marketed both as a prescription and an over-the-counter product in Mexico. The aim of these 2 studies was to compare the bioavailability and to determine the bioequivalence of 2 test formulations (an oral-tablet formulation containing the combination of naproxen sodium/paracetamol 275/300 mg and an oral-suspension formulation containing the combination of naproxen sodium/paracetamol 375/300 mg per 15 mL) with their corresponding listed reference-drug formulations in Mexico (a list issued by Mexican health authorities). Two separate, single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover, postmarketing studies were conducted. For each study, a different set of eligible subjects was selected comprising healthy Mexican adults of either sex, and subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1 test formulation of the combination of naproxen sodium/paracetamol followed by the corresponding reference-drug formulation, or vice versa, with a 1-week washout period between doses. After a 12-hour overnight fast, subjects received a single dose of naproxen sodium/paracetamol 275/300-mg tablet or naproxen sodium/paracetamol 375/300 mg per 15 mL suspension, depending on the study. For the analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max), AUC from time 0 (baseline) to 48 hours (AUC(0-48)), and AUC from baseline to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), blood samples were drawn at baseline and at 0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the geometric mean ratios (test/reference) of the C(max) and AUC were within the predetermined range of 80% to 125%. Tolerability was determined by clinical assessment, monitoring vital signs, laboratory analysis results, and subject interviews regarding adverse events. A total of 26 subjects (15 men, 11 women; mean [SD] age, 29 [8] years

  15. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo concentration–effect relationships of naproxen in rats and healthy volunteers

    PubMed Central

    Huntjens, Dymphy R H; Spalding, David J M; Danhof, Meindert; Della Pasqua, Oscar E

    2006-01-01

    Understanding the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of new cyclooxygenase inhibitors is essential to identify dosing requirements in early stages of drug development. Accurate extrapolation to humans of in vitro and in vivo findings in preclinical species is needed to optimise dosing regimen in inflammatory conditions. The current investigation characterises the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by naproxen in vitro and in vivo in rat and human blood. The inhibition of PGE2 in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of naproxen (10−8–10−1 M) was measured by ex vivo whole blood stimulation with LPS, whereas inhibition of TXB2 was measured in serum following blood clotting. In further experiments, inhibition of PGE2 and TXB2 levels was also assessed ex vivo in animals treated with naproxen (2.5, 10, 25 mg kg−1). Subsequently, pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) modelling of in vitro and in vivo data was performed using nonlinear mixed effects in NONMEM (V). Inhibition of PGE2 and TXB2 was characterised by a sigmoid Emax model. The exposure–response relationships in vitro and in vivo were of the same order of magnitude in both species. IC80 estimates obtained in vitro were similar for PGE2 inhibition (130.8±11 and 131.9±19 10−6 M, mean±s.d. for humans and rats, respectively), but slightly different for TXB2 inhibition (103.9±15 and 151.4±40 10−6 M, mean±s.d. for humans and rats, respectively, P< 0.05). These differences, however, may not be biologically relevant. The results confirm the value of exposure–effect relationships determined in vitro as a means to predict the pharmacological activity in vivo. This analysis also highlights the need to parameterise concentration–effect relationships in early drug development, as indicated by the estimates of IC80 for PGE2 and TXB2 inhibition. PMID:16682968

  16. Multi-Modal Preemptive Analgesia With Pregabalin, Acetaminophen, Naproxen, and Dextromethorphan in Radical Neck Dissection Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial

    PubMed Central

    Amiri, Hamid Reza; Mirzaei, Mojtaba; Beig Mohammadi, Mohammad Taghi; Tavakoli, Farhad

    2016-01-01

    Background Preemptive analgesia may be considered as a method not only to alleviate postoperative pain but also to decrease analgesic consumption. Different regimens are suggested, but there is currently no standard. Objectives The aim was to measure the efficacy of preemptive analgesia with pregabalin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and dextromethorphan in radical neck dissection surgery for reducing the intensity of pain and morphine consumption. Patients and Methods This study was conducted as a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Eighty adult patients (18 to 60 years of age) under the American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II undergoing elective radical neck dissection were enrolled. Patients were randomized into two groups of 40 with a simple randomization method. The case group received a combination of 15 mg/kg acetaminophen, 2.5 mg/kg pregabalin, 7 mg/kg naproxen, and 0.3 mg/kg dextromethorphan administered orally one hour prior to surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed with the universal pain assessment tool (UPAT) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Subjects received morphine based on postoperative pain control protocol. Total administered morphine doses were noted. Results Postoperative pain rates at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery were significantly lower for the case group than the control group (P values = 0.014, 0.003, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.00, respectively). Total morphine doses for the preemptive analgesia group were 45% lower than those of the other group. Side effects were similar for both groups. Conclusions A single preoperative oral dose of pregabalin, acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, and naproxen one hour before surgery is an effective method for reducing postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing radical neck dissection. PMID:27843771

  17. Naproxen, paracetamol and pamabrom versus paracetamol, pyrilamine and pamabrom in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

    PubMed

    Ortiz, Mario I; Murguía-Cánovas, Gabriela; Vargas-López, Laura C; Silva, Rodolfo; González-de la Parra, Mario

    2016-10-24

    Dysmenorrhea is caused by the discharge of prostaglandins into the uterine tissue; therefore, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the established initial therapy for dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea therapy may include the administration of drug monotherapy or combination therapy. However, clinical scientific evidence on the efficacy of medications with two or three drugs combined is scarce or nonexistent. To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of two oral fixed-dose combinations for the relief of the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea among Mexican women. One of the combinations is widely used in Mexico (paracetamol, pyrilamine and pamabrom) and the selected comparison was a medication with naproxen sodium, paracetamol and pamabrom based on the pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea. This was a single-centre, double blind, experimental, parallel group, randomized trial. Female patients with primary dysmenorrhea, older than 17 years and with pain intensity greater than 45 mm on a visual analogue scale, were included. The patients were then randomized to receive tablets with naproxen sodium, paracetamol and pamabrom or tablets with paracetamol, pyrilamine and pamabrom for one menstrual cycle. Patient evaluations of symptomatology and pain intensity were recorded throughout one menstrual period. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were utilized. An intention-to-treat population of 91 women, with a mean age of 21.3 ± 3.2 years, received paracetamol, pyrilamine and pamabrom tablets, and 98 participants, with a mean age of 21.0 ± 3.2 years, received naproxen sodium, paracetamol and pamabrom tablets. The participants’ assessments of pain on the Visual Analogue Scale during the menstrual cycle demonstrated a significant reduction in both treatment groups (p<0.05). There is no significant difference in efficacy between both groups (p>0.05). The results showed that both drug combinations were not different in reducing dysmenorrheic pain

  18. A preclinical physiological assay to test modulation of knee joint pain in the spinal cord: effects of oxycodone and naproxen.

    PubMed

    Miranda, Jason A; Stanley, Phil; Gore, Katrina; Turner, Jamie; Dias, Rebecca; Rees, Huw

    2014-01-01

    Sensory processing in the spinal cord during disease states can reveal mechanisms for novel treatments, yet very little is known about pain processing at this level in the most commonly used animal models of articular pain. Here we report a test of the prediction that two clinically effective compounds, naproxen (an NSAID) and oxycodone (an opiate), are efficacious in reducing the response of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious knee joint rotation in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) sensitized rat. The overall objective for these experiments was to develop a high quality in vivo electrophysiology assay to confidently test novel compounds for efficacy against pain. Given the recent calls for improved preclinical experimental quality we also developed and implemented an Assay Capability Tool to determine the quality of our assay and ensure the quality of our results. Spinal dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the hind limb knee joint were recorded in anesthetized rats 14 days after they were sensitized with 1 mg of MIA. Intravenous administered oxycodone and naproxen were each tested separately for their effects on phasic, tonic, ongoing and afterdischarge action potential counts in response to innocuous and noxious knee joint rotation. Oxycodone reduced tonic spike counts more than the other measures, doing so by up to 85%. Tonic counts were therefore designated the primary endpoint when testing naproxen which reduced counts by up to 81%. Both reductions occurred at doses consistent with clinically effective doses for osteoarthritis. These results demonstrate that clinically effective doses of standard treatments for osteoarthritis reduce pain processing measured at the level of the spinal cord for two different mechanisms. The Assay Capability Tool helped to guide experimental design leading to a high quality and robust preclinical assay to use in discovering novel treatments for pain.

  19. A Preclinical Physiological Assay to Test Modulation of Knee Joint Pain in the Spinal Cord: Effects of Oxycodone and Naproxen

    PubMed Central

    Miranda, Jason A.; Stanley, Phil; Gore, Katrina; Turner, Jamie; Dias, Rebecca; Rees, Huw

    2014-01-01

    Sensory processing in the spinal cord during disease states can reveal mechanisms for novel treatments, yet very little is known about pain processing at this level in the most commonly used animal models of articular pain. Here we report a test of the prediction that two clinically effective compounds, naproxen (an NSAID) and oxycodone (an opiate), are efficacious in reducing the response of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious knee joint rotation in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) sensitized rat. The overall objective for these experiments was to develop a high quality in vivo electrophysiology assay to confidently test novel compounds for efficacy against pain. Given the recent calls for improved preclinical experimental quality we also developed and implemented an Assay Capability Tool to determine the quality of our assay and ensure the quality of our results. Spinal dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the hind limb knee joint were recorded in anesthetized rats 14 days after they were sensitized with 1 mg of MIA. Intravenous administered oxycodone and naproxen were each tested separately for their effects on phasic, tonic, ongoing and afterdischarge action potential counts in response to innocuous and noxious knee joint rotation. Oxycodone reduced tonic spike counts more than the other measures, doing so by up to 85%. Tonic counts were therefore designated the primary endpoint when testing naproxen which reduced counts by up to 81%. Both reductions occurred at doses consistent with clinically effective doses for osteoarthritis. These results demonstrate that clinically effective doses of standard treatments for osteoarthritis reduce pain processing measured at the level of the spinal cord for two different mechanisms. The Assay Capability Tool helped to guide experimental design leading to a high quality and robust preclinical assay to use in discovering novel treatments for pain. PMID:25157947

  20. Sorption and desorption of carbamazepine, naproxen and triclosan in a soil irrigated with raw wastewater: estimation of the sorption parameters by considering the initial mass of the compounds in the soil.

    PubMed

    Durán-Álvarez, Juan C; Prado-Pano, Blanca; Jiménez-Cisneros, Blanca

    2012-06-01

    In conventional sorption studies, the prior presence of contaminants in the soil is not considered when estimating the sorption parameters because this is only a transient state. However, this parameter should be considered in order to avoid the under/overestimation of the soil sorption capacity. In this study, the sorption of naproxen, carbamazepine and triclosan was determined in a wastewater irrigated soil, considering the initial mass of the compounds. Batch sorption-desorption tests were carried out at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 30-40 cm), using either 10 mM CaCl(2) solution or untreated wastewater as the liquid phase. Data were satisfactorily fitted to the initial mass model. For the two soils, release of naproxen and carbamazepine was observed when the CaCl(2) solution was used, but not in the soil/wastewater system. The compounds' release was higher in the topsoil than in the 30-40 cm soil. Sorption coefficients (K(d)) for CaCl(2) solution tests showed that in the topsoil, triclosan (64.9 L kg(-1)) is sorbed to a higher extent than carbamazepine and naproxen (5.81 and 2.39 L kg(-1), respectively). In the 30-40 cm soil, carbamazepine and naproxen K(d) values (11.4 and 4.41 L kg(-1), respectively) were higher than those obtained for the topsoil, while the triclosan K(d) value was significantly lower than in the topsoil (19.2 L kg(-1)). Differences in K(d) values were found when comparing the results obtained for the two liquid phases. Sorption of naproxen and carbamazepine was reversible for both soils, while sorption of triclosan was found to be irreversible. This study shows the sorption behavior of three pharmaceuticals in a wastewater irrigated soil, as well as the importance of considering the initial mass of target pollutants in the estimation of their sorption parameters. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Longitudinal numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) for achieving various levels of analgesic response and improvement with etoricoxib, naproxen, and placebo in ankylosing spondylitis.

    PubMed

    Peloso, Paul M; Gammaitoni, Arnold; Smugar, Steven S; Wang, Hongwei; Moore, Andrew R

    2011-07-18

    Clinical analgesic trials typically report response as group mean results. However, research has shown that few patients are average and most have responses at the extremes. Moreover, group mean results do not convey response levels and thus have limited value in representing the benefit-risk at an individual level. Responder analyses and numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) are considered more relevant for evaluating treatment response. We evaluated levels of analgesic response and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score improvement and the associated NNTs. This was a post-hoc analysis of a 6-week, randomized, double-blind study (N = 387) comparing etoricoxib 90 mg, etoricoxib 120 mg, naproxen 1000 mg, and placebo in AS. Spine pain and BASDAI were measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale. The number and percentage of patients achieving ≥30% and ≥50% improvement in both BASDAI and spine pain were calculated and used to determine the corresponding NNTs. Patients who discontinued from the study for any reason were assigned zero improvement beyond 7 days of the time of discontinuation. For etoricoxib 90 mg, etoricoxib 120 mg and naproxen 1000 mg, the NNTs at 6 weeks compared with placebo were 2.0, 2.0, and 2.7 respectively for BASDAI ≥30% improvement, and 3.2, 2.8, and 4.1 for ≥50% improvement. For spine pain, the NNTs were 1.9, 2.0, and 3.2, respectively, for ≥30% improvement, and 2.7, 2.5, and 3.7 for ≥50% improvement. The differences between etoricoxib and naproxen exceeded the limit of ±0.5 units described as a clinically meaningful difference for pain. Response rates and NNTs were generally similar and stable over 2, 4, and 6 weeks. For every 2 patients treated with etoricoxib, 1 achieved a clinically meaningful (≥30%) improvement in spine pain and BASDAI beyond that expected from placebo, whereas the corresponding values were approximately 1 in every 3 patients treated with naproxen. Use of NNTs and responder analyses provide

  2. Longitudinal Numbers-Needed-To-Treat (NNT) for Achieving Various Levels of Analgesic Response and Improvement with Etoricoxib, Naproxen, and Placebo in Ankylosing Spondylitis

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Background Clinical analgesic trials typically report response as group mean results. However, research has shown that few patients are average and most have responses at the extremes. Moreover, group mean results do not convey response levels and thus have limited value in representing the benefit-risk at an individual level. Responder analyses and numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) are considered more relevant for evaluating treatment response. We evaluated levels of analgesic response and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score improvement and the associated NNTs. Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of a 6-week, randomized, double-blind study (N = 387) comparing etoricoxib 90 mg, etoricoxib 120 mg, naproxen 1000 mg, and placebo in AS. Spine pain and BASDAI were measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale. The number and percentage of patients achieving ≥30% and ≥50% improvement in both BASDAI and spine pain were calculated and used to determine the corresponding NNTs. Patients who discontinued from the study for any reason were assigned zero improvement beyond 7 days of the time of discontinuation. Results For etoricoxib 90 mg, etoricoxib 120 mg and naproxen 1000 mg, the NNTs at 6 weeks compared with placebo were 2.0, 2.0, and 2.7 respectively for BASDAI ≥30% improvement, and 3.2, 2.8, and 4.1 for ≥50% improvement. For spine pain, the NNTs were 1.9, 2.0, and 3.2, respectively, for ≥30% improvement, and 2.7, 2.5, and 3.7 for ≥50% improvement. The differences between etoricoxib and naproxen exceeded the limit of ±0.5 units described as a clinically meaningful difference for pain. Response rates and NNTs were generally similar and stable over 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Conclusions For every 2 patients treated with etoricoxib, 1 achieved a clinically meaningful (≥30%) improvement in spine pain and BASDAI beyond that expected from placebo, whereas the corresponding values were approximately 1 in every 3 patients treated with naproxen. Use of

  3. Hyperbranched polyglycerol/graphene oxide nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction for measurement of ibuprofen and naproxen in hair and waste water samples.

    PubMed

    Rezaeifar, Zohreh; Es'haghi, Zarrin; Rounaghi, Gholam Hossein; Chamsaz, Mahmoud

    2016-09-01

    A new design of hyperbranched polyglycerol/graphene oxide nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction (HBP/GO -HF-SLPME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography used for extraction and determination of ibuprofen and naproxen in hair and waste water samples. The graphene oxide first synthesized from graphite powders by using modified Hummers approach. The surface of graphene oxide was modified using hyperbranched polyglycerol, through direct polycondensation with thionyl chloride. The ready nanocomposite later wetted by a few microliter of an organic solvent (1-octanol), and then applied to extract the target analytes in direct immersion sampling mode.After the extraction process, the analytes were desorbed with methanol, and then detected via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental setup is very simple and highly affordable. The main factors influencing extraction such as; feed pH, extraction time, aqueous feed volume, agitation speed, the amount of functionalized graphene oxide and the desorption conditions have been examined in detail. Under the optimized experimental conditions, linearity was observed in the range of 5-30,000ngmL(-1) for ibuprofen and 2-10,000ngmL(-1) for naproxen with correlation coefficients of 0.9968 and 0.9925, respectively. The limits of detection were 2.95ngmL(-1) for ibuprofen and 1.51ngmL(-1) for naproxen. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be less than 5% (n=5). Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. The anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen are found in the bile of wild fish caught downstream of a wastewater treatment plant.

    PubMed

    Brozinski, Jenny-Maria; Lahti, Marja; Meierjohann, Axel; Oikari, Aimo; Kronberg, Leif

    2013-01-02

    Pharmaceutical residues are ubiquitous in rivers, lakes, and at coastal waters affected by discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the presence of 17 different pharmaceuticals and six different phase I metabolites was determined in the bile of two wild fish species, bream (Abramis brama) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). The fish were caught from a lake that receives treated municipal wastewater via a small river. Prior to analyses, the bile content was enzymatically hydrolyzed to convert the glucuronide metabolites into the original pharmaceuticals or phase I metabolites. The solid phase extracts of hydrolyzates were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The anti-inflammatory drug naproxen could be detected in all the six bream and roach bile samples. Diclofenac was found in five of the bream and roach samples, while ibuprofen was detected in three bream and two roach samples. The observed bile concentrations of diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen in bream ranged from 6 to 95 ng mL(-1), 6 to 32 ng mL(-1), and 16 to 34 ng mL(-1), respectively. The corresponding values in roach samples ranged from 44 to 148 ng mL(-1), 11 to 103 ng mL(-1) and 15 to 26 ng mL(-1), respectively. None of the other studied compounds could be detected. The study shows that pharmaceuticals originating from wastewater treatment plant effluents can be traced to the bile of wild bream and roach living in a lake where diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen are present as pollutants.

  5. Occurrence and behavior of the chiral anti-inflammatory drug naproxen in an aquatic environment.

    PubMed

    Suzuki, Toshinari; Kosugi, Yuki; Hosaka, Mitsugu; Nishimura, Tetsuji; Nakae, Dai

    2014-12-01

    The present study reports on the occurrence and chiral behavior of the anti-inflammatory drug (S)-naproxen (NAP)-(S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propionic acid-in an aquatic environment under both field and laboratory conditions. In influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Tama River basin (Tokyo), (S)-NAP was detected at concentrations of 0.03 µg L(-1) to 0.43 µg L(-1) and 0.01 µg L(-1) to 0.11 µg L(-1), respectively. The concentrations of a major metabolite, 6-O-desmethyl NAP (DM-NAP) were up to 0.47 µg L(-1) and 0.56 µg L(-1) in influents and effluents, respectively. (R)-naproxen was not detected in STP influents, although it was present in effluents, and the enantiomeric faction (= S/[S + R]) of NAP ranged from 0.88 to 0.91. Under laboratory conditions with activated sludge from STPs, rapid degradation of (S)-NAP to DM-NAP and chiral inversion of (S)-NAP to (R)-NAP were observed. During river die-away experiments, degradation and chiral inversion of NAP were extremely slow. In addition, chiral inversion of (S)-NAP to (R)-NAP was not observed during photodegradation experiments. In the river receiving STP discharge, NAP and DM-NAP concentrations reached 0.08 µg L(-1) and 0.16 µg L(-1) , respectively. The enantiomeric faction of NAP in the river ranged from 0.84 to 0.98 and remained almost unchanged with the increasing contribution of rainfall to the river water. These results suggest that the absence and decrease of (R)-NAP in river waters could indicate the inflow of untreated sewage. E © 2014 SETAC.

  6. Hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester by Carica papaya lipase in water-saturated organic solvents.

    PubMed

    Ng, I-Son; Tsai, Shau-Wei

    2005-01-05

    For the first time, the Carica papaya lipase (CPL) stored in crude papain is explored as a potential enantioselective biocatalyst for obtaining chiral acids from their racemic thioesters. Hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester in water-saturated organic solvents is employed as a model system for studying the effects of temperature and solvents on lipase activity and enantioselectivity. An optimal temperature of 60 degrees C, based on the initial rate of (S)-thioester and a high enantiomeric ratio (i.e., E-value defined as the ratio of initial rates for both substrates) of >100 at 45 degrees C in isooctane, is obtained. Kinetic analysis, considering product inhibition and enzyme deactivation, is also performed, showing agreement between the experimental and best-fit conversions for (S)-thioester. A comparison of the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of CPL and Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) in isooctane and cyclohexane indicates that both lipases are very similar in terms of thermodynamic parameters DeltaDeltaH and DeltaDeltaS, initial rate of (S)-substrate, and E-value when (R,S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester or ester is employed as substrate. (c) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  7. Adsorptive removal of naproxen and clofibric acid from water using metal-organic frameworks.

    PubMed

    Hasan, Zubair; Jeon, Jaewoo; Jhung, Sung Hwa

    2012-03-30

    Adsorptive removal of naproxen and clofibric acid, two typical PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products), has been studied using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the first time. The removal efficiency decreases in the order of MIL-101>MIL-100-Fe>activated carbon both in adsorption rate and adsorption capacity. The adsorption kinetics and capacity of PPCPs generally depend on the average pore size and surface area (or pore volume), respectively, of the adsorbents. The adsorption mechanism may be explained with a simple electrostatic interaction between PPCPs and the adsorbent. Finally, it can be suggested that MOFs having high porosity and large pore size can be potential adsorbents to remove harmful PPCPs in contaminated water. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. An Examination of the Phase Transition Thermodynamics of (S)- and (RS)-Naproxen as a Basis for the Design of Enantioselective Crystallization Processes.

    PubMed

    Buchholz, Hannes; Emel'yanenko, Vladimir N; Lorenz, Heike; Verevkin, Sergey P

    2016-05-01

    A detailed experimental analysis of the phase transition thermodynamics of (S)-naproxen and (RS)-naproxen is reported. Vapor pressures were determined experimentally via the transpiration method. Sublimation enthalpies were obtained from the vapor pressures and from independent TGA measurements. Thermodynamics of fusion which have been well-studied in the literature were systematically remeasured by DSC. Both sublimation and fusion enthalpies were adjusted to one reference temperature, T = 298 K, using measured heat capacities of the solid and the melt phase by DSC. Average values from the measurements and from literature data were suggested for the sublimation and fusion enthalpies. In order to prove consistency of the proposed values the vaporization enthalpies obtained by combination of both were compared to vaporization enthalpies obtained by the group-additivity method and the correlation-gas chromatography method. The importance of reliable and precise phase transition data for thermochemical calculations such as the prediction of solid/liquid phase behaviour of chiral compounds is highlighted. Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. Supramolecular solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen and naproxen from sewage based on the formation of mixed supramolecular aggregates prior to their liquid chromatographic/photometric determination.

    PubMed

    Costi, Esther María; Goryacheva, Irina; Sicilia, María Dolores; Rubio, Soledad; Pérez-Bendito, Dolores

    2008-11-07

    Sorbents made up of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) hemimicelles, formed onto gamma-alumina, were proposed for the quantitative and practically solvent-free solid-phase extraction (SPE) of ibuprofen and naproxen from sewage samples. The formation of drug-SDS mixed aggregates was proved by the pseudophase separation model and their composition as a function of the amount of drug was calculated. The overall hemimicellar SPE procedure consumed only 0.6 mL of methanol since non-organic solvent was required for cartridge conditioning and the drugs were completely eluted using 2 mL of a 0.3M NaOH:methanol (70:30, v/v) solution. Breakthrough volumes of around 0.75 L and above 1L were obtained for naproxen and ibuprofen, respectively. No clean-up steps were necessary for the determination of these drugs in sewage because the direct analysis of the eluates by liquid chromatography/UV was matrix effect-free. The identification of the analytes was based on retention times and UV spectra and it was confirmed by on-line fluorescence detection. The detection limits for naproxen and ibuprofen were 0.8 and 9 ng L(-1) in wastewater influents and 0.5 and 7 ng L(-1) in effluents, respectively. These limits were similar to or lower than those achieved by methods based on conventional sorbents (e.g. C(18)-silica or polymeric resins), which invariably require the evaporation of the eluates. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were assessed by analysing influent and effluent wastewater samples spiked with 2 and 0.4 microg L(-1) of each analyte, respectively. The recoveries obtained and the corresponding standard deviations were in the ranges 93-101% and 2-9%. The method was applied to the determination of the target drugs in wastewater from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the south of Spain. The concentration of ibuprofen and naproxen ranged between 2.0 and 7.4 microg L(-1) and 0.9 and 3.3 microg L(-1) in influents and 0.4 and 1.4 microg L(-1) and 0.2 and 0.8 microg L

  10. A controlled study of concurrent therapy with a nonacetylated salicylate and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis.

    PubMed

    Furst, D E; Blocka, K; Cassell, S; Harris, E R; Hirschberg, J M; Josephson, N; Lachenbruch, P A; Trimble, R B; Paulus, H E

    1987-02-01

    Previous studies of combinations of nonsteroidal drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have yielded conflicting results. We used standard methods to measure disease activity and high pressure liquid chromatography to measure plasma drug concentrations. We used doses of choline magnesium trisalicylate, adjusted to achieve therapeutic serum salicylate concentrations, and naproxen in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of full dose trisalicylate (CMT), full dose naproxen (N), full dose of both (CMT-N), and half dose of both (cmt-n) to examine their relative efficacy and toxicity in treating RA. CMT-N was statistically superior to all other treatments in only 1 of 12 efficacy variables, but was equal to N and better than CMT or cmt-n for 7 variables. There were minimal differences among treatments for the other 4 efficacy variables. The mean percentage difference for the efficacy variables between CMT-N and N was 3%, between CMT-N and CMT was 10.6%, and between CMT-N and cmt-n was 10.5%. Thirteen percent of patients manifested toxic reactions during the initial open dose-adjustment salicylate run-in phase. During the double-blind phases of the study, CMT-N was more toxic than N, CMT, or cmt-n (7.5% versus 3.4%, 1.8%, and 3.7%, respectively). Tinnitus was more common when full-dose CMT was used; N (N or CMT-N) was associated with increased skin toxicity. Gastrointestinal complaints were equally common with all regimens. CMT-N, although sometimes statistically superior to CMT, N, or cmt-n, showed no clinically important additive or synergistic effect versus N or CMT alone.

  11. Reactive Melt Extrusion To Improve the Dissolution Performance and Physical Stability of Naproxen Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

    PubMed

    Liu, Xu; Zhou, Lin; Zhang, Feng

    2017-03-06

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the reaction between naproxen (NPX) and meglumine (MEG) at elevated temperature and to study the effect of this reaction on the physical stabilities and in vitro drug-release properties of melt-extruded naproxen amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Differential scanning calorimetry, hot-stage polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that in situ salt formation with proton transfer between NPX and MEG occurred at elevated temperature during the melt extrusion process. The amorphous NPX-MEG salt was physically most stable when two components were present at a 1:1 molar ratio. Polymeric carriers, including povidone, copovidone, and SOLUPLUS, did not interfere with the reaction between NPX and MEG during melt extrusion. Compared to the traditional NPX ASDs consisting of NPX and polymer only, NPX-MEG ASDs were physically more stable and remained amorphous following four months storage at 40 °C and 75% RH (relative humidity). Based on nonsink dissolution testing and polarized light microscopy analyses, we concluded that the conventional NPX ASDs composed of NPX and polymers failed to improve the NPX dissolution rate due to the rapid recrystallization of NPX in contact with aqueous medium. The dissolution rate of NPX-MEG ASDs was two times greater than the corresponding physical mixtures and conventional NPX ASDs. This study demonstrated that the acid-base reaction between NPX and MEG during melt extrusion significantly improved the physical stability and the dissolution rate of NPX ASDs.

  12. Celecoxib or naproxen treatment does not benefit depressive symptoms in persons age 70 and older: findings from a randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Fields, Cynthia; Drye, Lea; Vaidya, Vijay; Lyketsos, Constantine

    2012-06-01

    Several lines of evidence suggest that inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in the severity and progression of depression. One pathway implicated is the production of prostaglandins via the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Although late-life depression in particular has been associated with inflammation, we know of no published studies using COX inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in the treatment of depressive syndromes in this population. To evaluate the effect of the NSAIDs celecoxib and naproxen on depressive symptoms in older adults. The Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial conducted at six U.S. memory clinics. Cognitively normal volunteers age 70 and older with a family history of Alzheimer-like dementia were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib 200 mg twice daily, naproxen sodium 220 mg twice daily, or placebo. The 30-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was administered to all participants at enrollment and at yearly follow-up visits. Participants with a GDS score greater than 5 at baseline were classified as depressed. Of 2,528 participants enrolled, 2,312 returned for at least one follow-up visit. Approximately one-fifth had significant depressive symptoms at baseline. Mean GDS score, and the percentage with significant depressive symptoms, remained similar over time across all three treatment groups. Furthermore, there was no treatment effect on GDS scores over time in the subgroup of participants with significant depressive symptoms at baseline. In longitudinal analysis using generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression, higher baseline GDS scores, a prior psychiatric history, older age, time in the study, and lower cognition interacting with time, but not treatment assignment, were associated with significantly higher GDS scores over time. Treatment with celecoxib or naproxen did not improve depressive symptoms over

  13. Celecoxib or naproxen treatment does not benefit depressive symptoms in persons aged 70 and over: findings from a randomized controlled trial

    PubMed Central

    Fields, Cynthia; Drye, Lea; Vaidya, Vijay; Lyketsos, Constantine

    2011-01-01

    Background Several lines of evidence suggest that inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in the severity and progression of depression. One pathway implicated is the production of prostaglandins via the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Although late life depression in particular has been associated with inflammation, we know of no published studies using COX inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in the treatment of depressive syndromes in this population. Objective To evaluate the effect of the NSAIDs celecoxib and naproxen on depressive symptoms in older adults. Methods The Alzheimer’s Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT) was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial conducted at six U.S. memory clinics. Cognitively normal volunteers aged 70 and over with a family history of Alzheimer-like dementia were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib 200mg BID, naproxen sodium 220mg BID, or placebo. The 30-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was administered to all participants at enrollment and at yearly follow-up visits. Participants with a GDS score >5 at baseline were classified as depressed. Results Of 2,528 participants enrolled 2,312 returned for at least one follow-up visit. Approximately one-fifth had significant depressive symptoms at baseline. Mean GDS score, and the percentage with significant depressive symptoms, remained similar over time across all three treatment groups. Furthermore, there was no treatment effect on GDS scores over time in the subgroup of participants with significant depressive symptoms at baseline. In longitudinal analysis using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) regression, higher baseline GDS scores, a prior psychiatric history, older age, time in the study, and lower cognition interacting with time, but not treatment assignment, were associated with significantly higher GDS scores over time. Conclusions Treatment with celecoxib or naproxen did not

  14. Time-resolved fluorescence study of exciplex formation in diastereomeric naproxen-pyrrolidine dyads.

    PubMed

    Khramtsova, Ekaterina A; Plyusnin, Viktor F; Magin, Ilya M; Kruppa, Alexander I; Polyakov, Nikolay E; Leshina, Tatyana V; Nuin, Edurne; Marin, M Luisa; Miranda, Miguel A

    2013-12-19

    The influence of chirality on the elementary processes triggered by excitation of the (S,S)- and (R,S)- diastereoisomers of naproxen-pyrrolidine (NPX-Pyr) dyads has been studied by time-resolved fluorescence in acetonitrile-benzene mixtures. In these systems, the quenching of the (1)NPX*-Pyr singlet excited state occurs through electron transfer and exciplex formation. Fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields revealed a significant difference (around 20%) between the (S,S)- and (R,S)- diastereomers. In addition, the quantum yields of exciplexes differed by a factor of 2 regardless of solvent polarity. This allows us to suggest a similar influence of the chiral centers on the local charge transfer resulting in exciplex and full charge separation that leads to ion-biradicals. A simplified scheme is proposed to estimate a set of rate constant values (k1-k5) for the elementary stages in each solvent system.

  15. Gastrointestinal safety of celecoxib versus naproxen in patients with cardiothrombotic diseases and arthritis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding (CONCERN): an industry-independent, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial.

    PubMed

    Chan, Francis K L; Ching, Jessica Y L; Tse, Yee Kit; Lam, Kelvin; Wong, Grace L H; Ng, Siew C; Lee, Vivian; Au, Kim W L; Cheong, Pui Kuan; Suen, Bing Y; Chan, Heyson; Kee, Ka Man; Lo, Angeline; Wong, Vincent W S; Wu, Justin C Y; Kyaw, Moe H

    2017-06-17

    Present guidelines are conflicting for patients at high risk of both cardiovascular and gastrointestinal events who continue to require non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We hypothesised that a cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAID plus proton-pump inhibitor is superior to a non-selective NSAID plus proton-pump inhibitor for prevention of recurrent ulcer bleeding in concomitant users of aspirin with previous ulcer bleeding. For this industry-independent, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial done in one academic hospital in Hong Kong, we screened patients with arthritis and cardiothrombotic diseases who were presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, were on NSAIDs, and require concomitant aspirin. After ulcer healing, an independent staff member randomly assigned (1:1) patients who were negative for Helicobacter pylori with a computer-generated list of random numbers to receive oral administrations of either celecoxib 100 mg twice per day plus esomeprazole 20 mg once per day or naproxen 500 mg twice per day plus esomeprazole 20 mg once per day for 18 months. All patients resumed aspirin 80 mg once per day. Both patients and investigators were masked to their treatments. The primary endpoint was recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding within 18 months. The primary endpoint and secondary safety endpoints were analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00153660. Between May 24, 2005, and Nov 28, 2012, we enrolled 514 patients, assigning 257 patients to each study group, all of whom were included in the intention-to-treat population. Recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 14 patients in the celecoxib group (nine gastric ulcers and five duodenal ulcers) and 31 patients in the naproxen group (25 gastric ulcers, three duodenal ulcers, one gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, and two bleeding erosions). The cumulative incidence of recurrent bleeding in 18 months

  16. Comparison of Clinical Efficacies of Preoperatively Initiated Naproxen Sodium-Codeine Phosphate in Combination, Diclofenac Potassium, and Benzydamine Hydrochloride for Pain, Edema, and Trismus After Extraction of Impacted Lower Third Molar: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.

    PubMed

    Cigerim, Levent; Eroglu, Cennet Neslihan

    2018-03-01

    The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacies of naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate in combination, benzydamine hydrochloride, and diclofenac potassium for pain, edema, and trismus after lower third molar extraction. Ninety healthy volunteers in whom impacted third molar extraction was indicated were randomly distributed into 3 groups. One hour before the tooth-extraction process, patients were administered one of the following drugs: naproxen sodium, 550 mg, and codeine phosphate, 30 mg, in a tablet; diclofenac potassium, 50 mg, in a coated pill; or benzydamine hydrochloride, 50 mg, in a coated pill. Pain assessment was conducted via a visual analog scale; edema assessment, by measuring the distances between predetermined facial landmarks; and trismus assessment, by measuring interincisal distance. Regarding rescue analgesics (paracetamol, 500 mg), the number and time of use by patients were recorded. Naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate was more effective for pain, edema, and trismus than diclofenac potassium and benzydamine hydrochloride (P < .05). Benzydamine hydrochloride yielded similar clinical responses to diclofenac potassium (P > .05). No drug-related side effects were observed. Naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate constitutes the drug of choice after the extraction of a patient's impacted lower third molar. Benzydamine hydrochloride has similar efficacy to diclofenac potassium, and it can be used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug. Copyright © 2017 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. Modeling Combined Immunosuppressive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Dexamethasone and Naproxen in Rats Predicts the Steroid-Sparing Potential of Naproxen.

    PubMed

    Li, Xiaonan; DuBois, Debra C; Song, Dawei; Almon, Richard R; Jusko, William J; Chen, Xijing

    2017-07-01

    Dexamethasone (DEX), a widely prescribed corticosteroid, has long been the cornerstone of the treatment of inflammation and immunologic dysfunctions in rheumatoid arthritis. Corticosteroids are frequently used in combination with other antirheumatic agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to mitigate disease symptoms and minimize unwanted effects. We explored the steroid dose-sparing potential of the NSAID naproxen (NPX) with in vitro and in vivo studies. The single and joint suppressive effects of DEX and NPX on the in vitro mitogen-induced proliferation of T lymphocytes in blood and their anti-inflammatory actions on paw edema were investigated in female and male Lewis rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). As expected, DEX was far more potent than NPX in these systems. Mathematical models incorporating an interaction term ψ were applied to quantitatively assess the nature and intensity of pharmacodynamic interactions between DEX and NPX. Modest synergistic effects of the two drugs were found in suppressing the mitogenic response of T lymphocytes. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/disease progression model integrating dual drug inhibition quantitatively described the pharmacokinetics, time-course of single and joint anti-inflammatory effects (paw edema), and sex differences in CIA rats, and indicated additive effects of DEX and NPX. Further model simulations demonstrated the promising steroid-sparing potential of NPX in CIA rats, with the beneficial effects of the combination therapy more likely in males than females. Copyright © 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

  18. The effects of a salicylate, ibuprofen, and naproxen on the disposition of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

    PubMed

    Tracy, T S; Krohn, K; Jones, D R; Bradley, J D; Hall, S D; Brater, D C

    1992-01-01

    We have studied the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis concurrently treated with choline magnesium trisalicylate, ibuprofen, naproxen, or a non-NSAID analgesic (control treatment). The apparent systemic clearance of methotrexate was significantly reduced by all three treatments. Trisalicylate and ibuprofen both significantly reduced methotrexate renal clearance, but only the trisalicylate significantly displaced methotrexate from protein, increasing the fraction unbound by 28%. These data show that NSAIDs can affect the disposition of methotrexate, possibly increasing the potential for toxicity and necessitating dosage adjustments. However, large inter-subject variability precludes specific dosage recommendations.

  19. Removal of ibuprofen, naproxen and carbamazepine in aqueous solution onto natural clay: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khazri, Hassen; Ghorbel-Abid, Ibtissem; Kalfat, Rafik; Trabelsi-Ayadi, Malika

    2017-10-01

    This study aimed to describe the adsorption of three pharmaceuticals compounds (ibuprofen, naproxen and carbamazepine) onto natural clay on the basis of equilibrium parameters such as a function of time, effect of pH, varying of the concentration and the temperature. Adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the Lagergren's first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic equations. The kinetic results of adsorption are described better using the pseudo-second order model. The isotherm results were tested in the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The thermodynamic parameters obtained indicate that the adsorption of pharmaceuticals on the clay is a spontaneous and endothermic process.

  20. Changes in the solid state of anhydrous and hydrated forms of sodium naproxen under different grinding and environmental conditions: Evidence of the formation of new hydrated forms.

    PubMed

    Censi, Roberta; Rascioni, Riccardo; Di Martino, Piera

    2015-05-01

    The aim of the present work was to investigate the solid state change of the anhydrous and hydrate solid forms of sodium naproxen under different grinding and environmental conditions. Grinding was carried out manually in a mortar under the following conditions: at room temperature under air atmosphere (Method A), in the presence of liquid nitrogen under air atmosphere (Method B), at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere (Method C), and in the presence of liquid nitrogen under nitrogen atmosphere (Method D). Among the hydrates, the following forms were used: a dihydrate form (DSN) obtained by exposing the anhydrous form at 55% RH; a dihydrate form (CSN) obtained by crystallizing sodium naproxen from water; the tetrahydrate form (TSN) obtained by exposing the anhydrous form at 75% RH. The metastable monohydrate form (MSN), previously described in the literature, was not used because of its high physical instability. The chemical stability during grinding was firstly assessed and proven by HPLC. Modification of the particle size and shape, and changes in the solid state under different grinding methods were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffractometry and thermogravimetry, respectively. The study demonstrated the strong influence of starting form, grinding and environmental conditions on particle size, shape and solid state of recovered sodium naproxen forms. In particular, it was demonstrated that in the absence of liquid nitrogen (Methods A and C), either at air or at nitrogen atmosphere, the monohydrate form (MSN) was obtained from any hydrates, meaning that these grinding conditions favored the dehydration of superior hydrates. The grinding process carried out in the presence of liquid nitrogen (Method B) led to further hydration of the starting materials: new hydrate forms were identified as one pentahydrate form and one hexahydrate form. The hydration was caused by the condensation of the atmospheric water on sodium naproxen

  1. Fluorescent high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of vigabatrin enantiomers after derivatizing with naproxen acyl chloride.

    PubMed

    Hsieh, Chun-Yu; Wang, Shing-Yaw; Kwan, Aij-Lie; Wu, Hsin-Lung

    2008-01-18

    Vigabatrin is widely used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of seizures. Vigabatrin is usually supplied as racemate in formulation, but only the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of vigabatrin is pharmacologically active. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the separation and quantification of vigabatrin enantiomers. The method is based on derivatizing racemic vigabatrin with a fluorescent chiral reagent (naproxen acyl chloride). The resulting diastereomeric derivatives are highly responsive to a fluorimetric detector (lambda(ex)=230 nm, lambda(em)=350 nm). The lower quantitation limit of the method is attainable at 25 nM for (S)-(+)-vigabatrin or (R)-(-)-vigabatrin with a detection limit of about 2.5 nM (S/N=3 with 10 microl injected). Application of the method to the analysis of vigabatrin in serum of dosed patients proved feasible.

  2. Microbial transformation of pharmaceuticals naproxen, bisoprolol, and diclofenac in aerobic and anaerobic environments.

    PubMed

    Lahti, Marja; Oikari, Aimo

    2011-08-01

    Although biotransformation is generally considered to be the main process by which to remove pharmaceuticals, both in sewage treatment plants and in aquatic environments, quantitative information on specific compounds is scarce. In this study, the transformations of diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), and bisoprolol (BSP) were studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using inocula taken from activated and digested sludge processes, respectively. Whereas concentration decays were monitored by LC-tandem mass spectrometry, oxygen consumption and methane production were used for the evaluation of the performance of overall conditions. DCF was recalcitrant against both aerobic and anaerobic biotransformation. More than one third of the BSP disappeared under aerobic conditions, whereas only 14% was anaerobically biotransformed in 161 days. Under aerobic conditions, complete removal of NPX was evident within 14 days, but anaerobic transformation was also efficient. Formation of 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, a previously reported aerobic metabolite, was also detected under anaerobic conditions and persisted for 161 days.

  3. Naproxen degradation test to monitor Trametes versicolor activity in solid-state bioremediation processes.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carlos E; Marco-Urrea, Ernest; Caminal, Gloria

    2010-07-15

    The white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor has been studied as a potential agent for the removal of environmental pollutants. For long-time solid-phase bioremediation systems a test is required to monitor the metabolic status of T. versicolor and its degradation capability at different stages. A biodegradation test based on the percentage of degradation of a spiked model pharmaceutical (anti-inflammatory naproxen) in 24 h (ND24) is proposed to monitor the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage sludge. ND24 is intended to act as a test complementary to ergosterol quantification as specific fungal biomarker, and laccase activity as extracellular oxidative capacity of T. versicolor. For samples collected over 45 d, ND24 values did not necessarily correlate with ergosterol or laccase amounts but in most cases, they were over 30% degradation, indicating that T. versicolor may be suitable for bioremediation of sewage sludge in the studied period. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. Acylated-naproxen as the surface-active template in the preparation of micro- and nanospherical imprinted xerogels by emulsion techniques.

    PubMed

    Ornelas, Mariana; Azenha, Manuel; Araújo, Maria João; Marques, Eduardo F; Dias-Cabral, A C; Pereira, Carlos; Silva, A Fernando

    2016-03-11

    A strategy based on water-in-oil emulsion for the dispersion of a sol-gel mixture into small droplets was employed with the view of the production of naproxen-imprinted micro- and nanospheres. The procedure, aiming at a surface imprinting process, comprised the synthesis of a naproxen-derived surfactant. The imprinting process occurred at the interface of the emulsions or microemulsions, by the migration of the NAP-surfactant head into the sol-gel drops to leave surficial imprints due mainly to ion-pair interaction with a cationic group contained within the growing sol-gel network. The surface-imprinted microspheric particles exhibited a log-normal size distribution with geometric mean diameter of 3.1μm. A mesoporous texture was found from measurements of the specific surface area (206m(2)/g) and pore diameter (Dp 2nm). Evaluation of the microspheres as packed HPLC stationary phases resulted in the determination of the selectivity factor against ibuprofen (α=2.1), demonstrating the successful imprinting. Chromatographic efficiency, evaluated by the number of theoretical plates (222platescm(-3)), emerged as an outstanding feature among the set of all relatable formats produced before, an advantage intrinsic to the location of the imprinted sites on the surface. The material presented a capacity of 3.2μmolg(-1). Additionally, exploratory work conducted on their nanoscale counterparts resulted in the production of nanospheres in the size order of 10nm providing good indications of a successful imprinting process. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound-Naproxen, carbamazepine and nonylphenol-on activated carbon.

    PubMed

    Yu, Zirui; Peldszus, Sigrid; Huck, Peter M

    2008-06-01

    The adsorption of two representative pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) (naproxen and carbamazepine) and one endocrine disrupting compound (nonylphenol) were evaluated on two types of activated carbon. When determining their isotherms at environmentally relevant concentration levels, it was found that at this low concentration range (10-800 ng/L), removals of the target compounds were contrary to expectations based on their hydrophobicity. Nonylphenol (log K(ow) 5.8) was most poorly adsorbed, whereas carbamazepine (log K(ow) 2.45) was most adsorbable. Nonylphenol Freundlich isotherms at this very low concentration range had a much higher 1/n compared to isotherms at much higher concentrations. This indicates that extrapolation from an isotherm obtained at a high concentration range to predict the adsorption of nonylphenol at a concentration well below the range of the original isotherm, leads to a substantial overestimation of its removals. Comparison of isotherms for the target compounds to those for other conventional micropollutants suggested that naproxen and carbamazepine could be effectively removed by applying the same dosage utilized to remove odorous compounds (geosmin and MIB) at very low concentrations. The impact of competitive adsorption by background natural organic matter (NOM) on the adsorption of the target compounds was quantified by using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) in combination with the equivalent background compound (EBC) approach. The fulfilment of the requirements for applying the simplified IAST-EBC model, which leads to the conclusion that the percentage removal of the target compounds at a given carbon dosage is independent of the initial contaminant concentration, was confirmed for the situation examined in the paper. On this basis it is suggested that the estimated minimum carbon usage rates (CURs) to achieve 90% removal of these emerging contaminants would be valid at concentrations of less than 500 ng/L in

  6. Naproxen-imprinted xerogels in the micro- and nanospherical formsby emulsion technique.

    PubMed

    Ornelas, Mariana; Azenha, Manuel; Pereira, Carlos; Silva, A Fernando

    2015-11-27

    Naproxen-imprinted xerogels in the microspherical and nanospherical forms were prepared by W/O emulsion and microemulsion, respectively. The work evolved from a sol–gel mixture previously reported for bulk synthesis. It was relatively simple to convert the original sol–gel mixture to one amenable to emulsion technique. The microspheres thus produced presented mean diameter of 3.7 μm, surface area ranging 220–340 m2/g, selectivity factor 4.3 (against ibuprofen) and imprinting factor 61. A superior capacity (9.4 μmol/g) was found, when comparing with imprints obtained from similar pre-gelification mixtures. However, slow mass transfer kinetics was deduced from column efficiency results. Concerning the nanospherical format, which constituted the first example of the production of molecularly imprinted xerogels in that format by microemulsion technique, adapting the sol–gel mixture was troublesome. In the end, nanoparticles with diameter in the order of 10 nm were finally obtained, exhibiting good indications of an efficient molecular imprinting process. Future refinements are necessary to solve serious aggregation issues, before moving to more accurate characterization of the binding characteristics or to real applications of the nanospheres.

  7. Efficacy, end points and eventualities: sumatriptan/naproxen versus butalbital/paracetamol/caffeine in the treatment of migraine.

    PubMed

    Fox, Anthony W

    2012-09-01

    Migraine is a widespread, relapsing, remittent syndrome. No animal model predicts whether test medications will be clinically useful. Using a modern, well-controlled, sophisticated study design, Derosier et al. demonstrates not only that a butalbital formulation has modest efficacy as an acute treatment for migraine but also that a sumatriptan-naproxen combination is superior. These conclusions are reached using a variety of internally consistent secondary efficacy end points. The primary end point chosen (highly conservative and fashionable in some academic circles) was a technical failure (and not a negative experimental finding). Migraine is intrinsically pleiomorphic: diverse treatment options help match patient with therapy. This study does not justify blanket bans on (admittedly hazardous) barbiturate therapies, and regulators should not impose end point conservatism to an extent that will stifle further progress.

  8. Development and Evaluation of Naproxen Sodium Gel Using Piper cubeba for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Facilitation.

    PubMed

    Patwardhan, Sunetra; Patil, Manohar; Sockalingam, Anbazhagan

    2017-01-01

    The absorption of drug through skin avoids many side effects of oral route like gastric irritation, nausea, systemic toxicity etc and thus improves patient compliance. Naproxen sodium (NPRS) is one of the potent NSAID agents. The present study was aimed to develop and evaluate the gel formulation containing NPRS for transdermal drug delivery reducing the side effects and improving patient compliance. The patents on topical delivery of NSAIDS (US 9012402 B1, US 9072659 B2, US 20150258196 A1) and patents indicating use of herbal penetration enhancers (US 20100273746A1, WO 2005009510 A2, US 6004969 A) helped in selecting the drug, excipients. Current protocol employs various extracts of Piper cubeba fruit to evaluate its role in absorption of NPRS. Various batches containing 1% NPRS and varying concentrations of synthetic permeation enhancers or the extracts were formulated in carbopol gel. Gel was evaluated for parameters like organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity and spreadability. An ex-vivo percutaneous absorption of NPRS from gel was investigated and compared with best performing synthetic enhancer, transcutol P (TP). The batch containing 2% n-hexane extract (NHE) of Piper cubeba showed higher permeation than TP and Chloroform (CE), Methanolic (ME) and aqueous (AE) extracts as well. It showed improved % cumulative release (85.09%) and flux (278.61μg/cm2.h), as compared to TP and other extracts. Histopathology indicated the formulation safer as compared to that with synthetic enhancer. It suggests P. cubeba as effective and safer tool for transdermal delivery and acts as therapeutic facilitator for naproxen. GC-MS analysis indicates lignans & terpenes in NHE to which this permeation enhancement activity may be attributed. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

  9. Sustained-release of naproxen sodium from electrospun-aligned PLLA-PCL scaffolds.

    PubMed

    Lui, Yuan Siang; Lewis, Mark P; Loo, Say Chye Joachim

    2017-04-01

    Spontaneous tendon healing may result in reduced tissue functionality. In view of this, tissue engineering (TE) emerges as a promising approach in promoting proper tendon regeneration. However, unfavourable post-surgical adhesion formations restrict adequate tendon healing through the TE approach. Naproxen sodium (NPS), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been demonstrated to prevent adhesions by inhibiting the inflammatory response. Therefore, in this study, various factors, such as polymer composition, i.e. different poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA):polycaprolactone (PCL) ratios, and percentage of water:hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP; as co-solvent) ratios, were investigated to understand how these can influence the release of NPS from electrospun scaffolds. By adjusting the amount of water as the co-solvent, NPS could be released sustainably for as long as 2 weeks. Scaffold breaking strength was also enhanced with the addition of water as the co-solvent. This NPS-loaded scaffold showed no significant cytotoxicity, and L929 murine fibroblasts cultured on the scaffolds were able to proliferate and align along the fibre orientation. These scaffolds with desirable tendon TE characteristics would be promising candidates in achieving better tendon regeneration in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  10. [Photodegradation of naproxen in aqueous systems by UV irradiation: mechanism and toxicity of photolysis products].

    PubMed

    Ma, Du-juan; Liu, Guo-guang; Lü, Wen-ying; Yao, Kun; Zhou, Li-hua; Xie, Cheng-ping

    2013-05-01

    This paper studies the degradation mechanism, the reaction kinetics and the toxicity of photolysis products of naproxen in waters under UV irradiation (120 W mercury lamp) by quenching experiments of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxygen concentration experiment and toxicity evaluation using Vibrio fischeri bacteria. The results demonstrated that NPX could be degraded effectively by UV irradiation and the photolysis pathways was the sum of the degradation by direct photolysis and self-sensitization via ROS, and the contribution rates of self-sensitized photodegradation were 0.1%, 80.2%, 35.7% via *OH, (1)O2, O2*-, respectively. The effect of oxygen concentration illustrated that dissolved oxygen had an inhibitory effect on the direct photodegradation of NPX, and the higher the oxygen content, the more obvious the inhibitory effect. The toxicity evaluation illustrated the formation of some intermediate products that were more toxic than NPX during the photodegradation of NPX. The process of NPX degradation in all cases could be fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetics model.

  11. Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid.

    PubMed

    Cleuvers, Michael

    2004-11-01

    The ecotoxicity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been evaluated using acute Daphnia and algal tests. Toxicities were relatively low, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values obtained using Daphnia in the range from 68 to 166 mg L(-1) and from 72 to 626 mg L(-1) in the algal test. Acute effects of these substances seem to be quite improbable. The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) approach showed that all substances act by nonpolar narcosis; thus, the higher the n-octanol/water partitioning coefficient (log Kow) of the substances, the higher is their toxicity. Mixture toxicity of the compounds could be accurately predicted using the concept of concentration addition. Toxicity of the mixture was considerable, even at concentrations at which the single substances showed no or only very slight effects, with some deviations in the Daphnia test, which could be explained by incompatibility of the very steep dose-response curves and the probit analysis of the data. Because pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment occur usually as mixtures, an accurate prediction of the mixture toxicity is indispensable for environmental risk assessment.

  12. Sorption, photodegradation, and chemical transformation of naproxen and ibuprofen in soils and water.

    PubMed

    Vulava, Vijay M; Cory, Wendy C; Murphey, Virginia L; Ulmer, Candice Z

    2016-09-15

    Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are released into the environment where they undergo soil sorption, photodegradation, and chemical transformation into structurally similar compounds. Here we report on studies of naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBP), two widely-used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), in soils and water. Organic matter (OM) was observed to play an important role in each of these processes. Sorption was observed to be stronger and nonlinear in higher OM soils while weaker but still significant in lower OM, higher clay soils; the amphiphilic nature of these two PhACs combined with the complex charged and nonpolar surfaces available in the soil was observed to control the sorption behavior. Simulated solar photodegradation rates of NAP and IBP in water were observed to change in the presence of humic acid or fulvic acid. Structural analogs of each compound were observed as the result of chemical transformation in both photoexposed aqueous solutions and non-photoexposed soil. Two of these transformation products were detected as both soil and photo transformation products for both PhACs. OM was observed to influence the chemical transformation of both pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Photoactive platinum(II) complexes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen: Interaction with biological targets, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.

    PubMed

    Srivastava, Payal; Singh, Khushbu; Verma, Madhu; Sivakumar, Sri; Patra, Ashis K

    2018-01-20

    The effect on the therapeutic efficacy of Pt(II) complexes on combining non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is an attractive strategy to circumvent chronic inflammation mediated by cancer and metastasis. Two square-planar platinum(II) complexes: [Pt(dach)(nap)Cl] (1) and [Pt(dach)(nap) 2 ] (2), where dach = (1R,2R)-dichloro(cyclohexane-1,2-diamine) and NSAID drug naproxen (nap), have been designed for studying their biological activity. The naproxen bound to the Pt(II) centre get released upon photoirradiation with low-power UV-A light as confirmed by the significant enhancement in emission intensities of the complexes. The compounds were evaluated for their photophysical properties, photostability, reactivity with 5'-guanosine monophophosphate (5'-GMP), interactions with CT-DNA and BSA, antioxidant activity and reactive oxygen species mediated photo-induced DNA damage properties. ESI-MS studies demonstrated the formation of bis-adduct with 5'-GMP and the formation of Pt II -DNA crosslinks by gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay and ITC studies. The interaction of the complexes 1 and 2 with the CT-DNA exhibits potential binding affinity (K b  ∼ 10 4  M -1 , K app ∼ 10 5  M -1 ), implying intercalation to CT-DNA through planar naphthyl ring of the complexes. Both the complexes also exhibit strong binding affinity towards BSA (K BSA ∼ 10 5  M -1 ). The complexes exhibit efficient DNA damage activity on irradiation at 365 nm via formation of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) and hydroxyl radical ( • OH) under physiological conditions. Both the complexes were cytotoxic in dark and exhibit significant enhancement of cytotoxicity upon photo-exposure against HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells giving IC 50 values ranging from 8 to 12 μM for 1 and 2. The cellular internalization data showed cytosolic and nuclear localization of the complexes in the HeLa cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  14. Modulation by aspirin and naproxen of nucleotide alterations and tumors in the lung of mice exposed to environmental cigarette smoke since birth

    PubMed Central

    La Maestra, Sebastiano; D’Agostini, Francesco; Izzotti, Alberto; Micale, Rosanna T.; Mastracci, Luca; Camoirano, Anna; Balansky, Roumen; Trosko, James E.; Steele, Vernon E.; De Flora, Silvio

    2015-01-01

    Chemoprevention provides an important strategy for cancer control in passive smokers. Due to the crucial role played by smoke-related chronic inflammation in lung carcinogenesis, of special interest are extensively used pharmacological agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We evaluated the ability of aspirin and naproxen, inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase -2, to modulate environmental cigarette smoke (ECS)-induced lung carcinogenesis in A/J mice of both genders. Based on a subchronic toxicity study in 180 postweaning mice, we used 1600mg/kg diet aspirin and 320mg/kg diet naproxen. In the tumor chemoprevention study, using 320 mice, exposure to ECS started soon after birth and administration of NSAIDs started after weaning. At 10 weeks of life, the NSAIDs did not affect the presence of occult blood in feces. As assessed in a subset of 40 mice, bulky DNA adducts and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels were considerably increased in ECS-exposed mice and, irrespective of gender, both NSAIDs remarkably inhibited these nucleotide alterations. After exposure for 4 months followed by 5 months in filtered air, ECS induced a significant increase in the yield of surface lung tumors, the 43.7% of which were adenomas and the 56.3% were adenocarcinomas. Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), a marker of cell stemness, was detected in some adenocarcinoma cells. The NAIDs attenuated the yield of lung tumors, but prevention of ECS-induced lung adenomas was statistically significant only in female mice treated with aspirin, which supports a role for estrogens in ECS-related lung carcinogenesis and highlights the antiestrogenic properties of NSAIDs. PMID:26464196

  15. Investigation on influence of Wurster coating process parameters for the development of delayed release minitablets of Naproxen.

    PubMed

    Shah, Neha; Mehta, Tejal; Aware, Rahul; Shetty, Vasant

    2017-12-01

    The present work aims at studying process parameters affecting coating of minitablets (3 mm in diameter) through Wurster coating process. Minitablets of Naproxen with high drug loading were manufactured using 3 mm multi-tip punches. The release profile of core pellets (published) and minitablets was compared with that of marketed formulation. The core formulation of minitablets was found to show similarity in dissolution profile with marketed formulation and hence was further carried forward for functional coating over it. Wurster processing was implemented to pursue functional coating over core formulation. Different process parameters were screened and control strategy was applied for factors significantly affecting the process. Modified Plackett Burman Design was applied for studying important factors. Based on the significant factors and minimum level of coating required for functionalization, optimized process was executed. Final coated batch was evaluated for coating thickness, surface morphology, and drug release study.

  16. Photostability and toxicity of finasteride, diclofenac and naproxen under simulating sunlight exposure: evaluation of the toxicity trend and of the packaging photoprotection

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background Drugs photostability plays two different opposite roles; a real advantage arises considering the longer expiration time of the drugs while the consequent persistence in the environment involves an obvious negative effect bound to their harmfulness. On this basis we tested the photostability and toxicity of three pharmaceutical active principles: Finasteride, Diclofenac and Naproxen. The pure active principles, as well as commercial drugs containing them, were considered; for the last, the protective effect of the packaging was also evaluated. Samples were irradiated according to the ICH Guidelines for photostability testing (The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use); a simulating sunlight source (a mercury-vapor lamp coupled to a tungsten filament one) was used to cover the wavelength range 300–2000 nm; Temperature, Relative Humidity, Irradiance and Illuminance were maintained constant during the photodegradation. The concentrations of the pharmaceutical active principles during the photodegradation were monitored by HPLC with UV/Vis detector. Toxicity tests were performed by means of an amperometric biosensor based on suspended yeast cells. Since the products obtained by the photodegradation process can result as toxic or more toxic than the original molecules, tests were performed first and after the photodegadation. Results After 90 hours of exposure the concentration resulted lowered by 42.9%, 88.4% and 91% for Finasteride, Naproxen and Diclofenac respectively. Toxicity of the pure active principles follows the same order of the photostability. After photodegradation a contribute of the reaction products was evidenced. Conclusions The simple and cheap analytical procedure here proposed, allowed to obtain not only data on photostability and toxicity of the pure active principles but, even if roughly, also useful information on the reactions kinetic and toxicity of the

  17. Freeze drying of orally disintegrating tablets containing taste masked naproxen sodium granules in blisters.

    PubMed

    Stange, Ulrike; Führling, Christian; Gieseler, Henning

    2014-09-15

    Abstract Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) were freeze dried in blisters using the Lyostar® II SMART™ Freeze Dryer Technology. ODT formulations either without non-water soluble particles (placebo) or containing large fractions (717 mg) of taste-masked naproxen sodium (NaS) granules were freeze dried. The process data revealed differences between ODTs with and without embedded granules in the pressure rise curves as well as in the shelf (inlet) temperature adjustments during freeze-drying. Pressure rise curves of the placebo ODTs from eight hours process time showed no distinct temperature-dominated part, and the last optimization step of the shelf temperature to achieve -24.4 °C might be prone to errors. The final shelf temperature of ODTs containing granules was -23.3 °C. The detection of primary drying endpoints using SMART™ Technology or comparative pressure measurements was reliable for both ODT formulations, whereas the application of thermocouples resulted in premature endpoint indication. Product resistance of ODTs containing granules was generally elevated in comparison to ODTs without granules, but increased only slightly over the course of the drying process. In summary, the developed freeze-drying cycle was found applicable for production of elegant ODTs with incorporated taste masked NaS granules.

  18. Early and late effects of aspirin and naproxen on microRNAs in the lung and blood of mice, either unexposed or exposed to cigarette smoke

    PubMed Central

    Izzotti, Alberto; Balansky, Roumen; Ganchev, Gancho; Iltcheva, Marietta; Longobardi, Mariagrazia; Pulliero, Alessandra; Camoirano, Anna; D'Agostini, Francesco; Geretto, Marta; Micale, Rosanna T.; La Maestra, Sebastiano; Miller, Mark Steven; Steele, Vernon E.; De Flora, Silvio

    2017-01-01

    We recently showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are able to inhibit the lung tumors induced by cigarette smoke, either mainstream (MCS) or environmental (ECS), in female mice. We used subsets of mice to analyze the expression of 1135 microRNAs in both lung and blood serum, as related to the whole-body exposure to smoke and/or oral administration of either aspirin or naproxen. In a first study, we evaluated early microRNA alterations in A/J mice exposed to ECS for 10 weeks, starting at birth, and/or treated with NSAIDs for 6 weeks, starting after weaning. At that time, when no histopathological change were apparent, ECS caused a considerable downregulation of pulmonary microRNAs affecting both adaptive mechanisms and disease-related pathways. Aspirin and naproxen modulated, with intergender differences, the expression of microRNAs having a variety of functions, also including regulation of cyclooxygenases and inflammation. In a second study, we evaluated late microRNA alterations in Swiss H mice exposed to MCS during the first 4 months of life and treated with NSAIDs after weaning until 7.5 months of life, when tumors were detected in mouse lung. Modulation of pulmonary microRNAs by the two NSAIDs was correlated with their ability to prevent preneoplastic lesions (microadenomas) and adenomas in the lung. In both studies, exposure to smoke and/or treatment with NSAIDs also modulated microRNA profiles in the blood serum. However, their levels were poorly correlated with those of pulmonary microRNAs, presumably because circulating microRNAs reflect the contributions from multiple organs and not only from lung. PMID:29156752

  19. The role of sorption and biodegradation in the removal of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, caffeine, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole during soil contact: A kinetics study.

    PubMed

    Martínez-Hernández, Virtudes; Meffe, Raffaella; Herrera López, Sonia; de Bustamante, Irene

    2016-07-15

    In countries like Spain, where water is a limited resource, reusing effluents from wastewater treatment plants may imply the introduction of incompletely eliminated pollutants into the environment. Therefore, this work identified the role of sorption and biodegradation in attenuating pharmaceutical compounds (acetaminophen, carbamazepine, caffeine, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole) in natural soil. It also determined which sorption and removal ("sorption+biodegradation") kinetics models describe the behaviour of these substances in the water-soil system. Presence of potential transformation products (TPs) as a result of pharmaceuticals biodegradation was also studied. To this end, serial batch-type experiments were performed with a soil:water ratio of 1:4 and an initial pharmaceutical concentration of 100μgL(-1). Despite results are dependent on soil characteristics, they revealed that, for those substances with a higher affinity to the soil used (loamy sand), sorption seems to play a key role during the first 48h of contact with soil, and gives way to biodegradation afterwards. The sorption of the pharmaceuticals studied follows a pseudo second-order kinetics. Caffeine and sulfamethoxazole displayed the fastest initial sorption velocities (h=2055 and h=228μgkg(-1)h(-1), respectively). The removal kinetics experiments, satisfactorily simulated by the first-order kinetics model, indicated the presence of potential microbial adaptation to degradation. Indeed, half-lives decreased from 1.6- to 11.7-fold with respect to initial values. The microbial capacity to degrade sulfamethoxazole could be a matter of concern if bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic. Caffeine, acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole were mitigated to a greater extent, whereas the removal of naproxen and carbamazepine was more limited. The appearance of epoxy-carbamazepine and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole as possible TPs of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole, respectively, indicated that

  20. Novel organogels for topical delivery of naproxen: design, physicochemical characteristics and in vitro drug permeation.

    PubMed

    Osmałek, Tomasz; Milanowski, Bartłomiej; Froelich, Anna; Górska, Sylwia; Białas, Wojciech; Szybowicz, Mirosław; Kapela, Marcin

    2017-06-01

    Taking into account possible irritation of the skin upon contact with naproxen (NPX) crystals and lower bioavailability after administration of the suspended or ionized drug, the aim of the work was to design and characterize novel and easy-to-formulate gels with the entirely dissolved drug in the acidic form. The formulations contained ethanol, SynperonicTMPE/L 62 and Arlasolve® DMI or Transcutol®. Carbopol®940 was used as the thickener. The properties of organogels were compared with six market products. The rheological measurements included steady flow experiments and oscillatory analysis. The texture profile analysis was conducted to calculate the mechanistic parameters. The in vitro permeation studies were performed on SOTAX CE 7 smart apparatus with the application of Strat-M artificial membranes. The obtained organogels fulfilled the requirements for topical products in terms of consistency, uniformity, stability, drug dissolution and permeation. The permeation studies revealed distinct differences among the commercial hydrogels according to permeation coefficients (k P ), drug flux (J ss ) and average cumulative amount of NPX per area after 12 h (Q 12h ). The presented work clearly shows that the organogels can be proposed as an alternative for commercial products where NPX occurs in the form of crystals.

  1. Detection of naproxen and its metabolites in fish bile following intraperitoneal and aqueous exposure.

    PubMed

    Brozinski, Jenny-Maria; Lahti, Marja; Oikari, Aimo; Kronberg, Leif

    2011-06-01

    The anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) has been found as a micropollutant in river water downstream the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed to NXP and the uptake and metabolism of the drug was studied. Following exposure through intraperitoneal injection (i.p., 0.5 mg NPX/100 g fish biomass) and through water (1.6 μg L(-1)), the bile was collected and analyzed with various LC-MS/MS methods. The identification of the formed metabolites in i.p. injected fish was based on the exact mass determinations by a time-of-flight mass analyzer (Q-TOF-MS) and on the studies of fragments and fragmentation patterns of precursor ions by an ion trap mass analyzer (IT-MS). No matter the exposure route, the main metabolites were found to be acyl glucuronides of NPX and of 6-O-desmethylnaproxen. Also, unmetabolized NPX was detected in the bile. The total bioconcentration factors (BCF(total-bile)) of NPX and the metabolites in the bile of fish exposed through water ranged from 500 to 2,300. The findings suggest that fish living downstream WWTPs may take up NPX and metabolize the compound. Consequently, NPX and its metabolites in bile can be used to monitor the exposure of fish to NPX.

  2. Novel beta-cyclodextrin derivative functionalized polymethacrylate-based monolithic columns for enantioselective separation of ibuprofen and naproxen enantiomers in capillary electrochromatography.

    PubMed

    Tian, Yun; Zhong, Cheng; Fu, Enqin; Zeng, Zhaorui

    2009-02-06

    A novel enantioselective polymethacrylate-based monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography was prepared by ring-opening reaction of epoxy groups from poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith with a novel beta-cyclodextrin derivative bearing 4-dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide functionalities. Conditions for the ring-opening reaction with respect to different reaction parameters were thoroughly optimized to obtain high electroosmotic flow, separation efficiency and enantioselectivity for the analytes. The nonaqueous mobile phase composition regarding acetonitrile-methanol ratio and the concentration of electrolyte were examined to manipulate the hydrophobic inclusion and anion-exchange interaction between the analytes and chiral stationary phase. It was observed that in addition to beta-cyclodextrin cavity, the electrostatic interaction exhibited pronounced influence on the enantioseparation of acidic analytes. Acidic enantiomers (ibuprofen and naproxen) could be separated with separation factor (alpha) values up to 1.08 and a maximum separation efficiency of 86000 plates/m could be achieved.

  3. [Comparative analysis of three treatment regimens for treating gonarthritis with calcitonin, naproxen and flavonoids based on EULAR criteria and visual analogue scale (VAS)].

    PubMed

    Badurski, J; Jeziernicka, E; Naruszewicz, K; Racewicz, A

    1995-11-01

    The newest laboratory and clinical elaborations have described a stimulatory effect of salmon calcitonin (sCT) on cultivated chondrocytes and cartilage explants in regard to their secretory function of glycosaminoglycans, collagen t. II and hyaluonic acid as well as have shown anticatabolic effect of sCT on numerous animal models of osteoarthropathy. Moreover, very few clinical indicated profitable effect of CT on degenerative joint diseases and on rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of the present study is to compare the curative effect of sCT (Miacalcic, Sandoz, nasal spray, 2 x 100 IU/day ) vs flavonoides (VR, Venoruton, Zyma, 2 x 0.6 + Vit. C. 0.2/day) with or without naproxen sodium (AP, Apranax, 2 x 0.550/day) in 30 patients suffering from gonarthritis, treated in 10 months in one of the three regimes: I--(n = 10, BMI-33.3, aged 59.5 y., Larsen gr. -2.5): 1st month-VR, 2 and 3-sCT, 4 and 5-VR, 6 and 7-AP, 8.9 and 10-VR; II--(n = 10, BMI-28.8, aged 56 y., Larsen gr. 2.95): 1st m.-VR, 2 and 3-Ap, 4 and 5-VR, 6 and 7-sCT, 9.9 and 10-VR; III--(n = 10, BMI-31.4, aged 58 y., Larsen gr.-2.8): 1st m.-VR, 2 and 3-sCT, 4 and 5-VR, 6 and 7-sCT, 8.9 and 10-VR. Clinical effects of treatment were evaluated by EULAR criteria, VAS, and the paracetamol consumption. The best results according to all three criteria of improvement have been observed in group III treated only with sCT and VR followed by group I in which sCT was given as the first active drug. This effect lasted until three months after the withdrawal of sCT and/or naproxen. This results supported our opinion on antiosteoarthritic ability of salmon calcitonin and marked curative effect of flavonoides in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

  4. Inclusion Complexes of a New Family of Non-Ionic Amphiphilic Dendrocalix[4]arene and Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Naproxen and Ibuprofen.

    PubMed

    Khan, Khalid; Badshah, Syed Lal; Ahmad, Nasir; Rashid, Haroon Ur; Mabkhot, Yahia

    2017-05-11

    The inclusion complexes of a new family of nonionic amphiphilic calix[4]arenes with the anti-inflammatory hydrophobic drugs naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBP) were investigated. The effects of the alkyl chain's length and the inner core of calix[4]arenes on the interaction of the two drugs with the calix[4]arenes were explored. The inclusion complexes of Amphiphiles 1a - c with NAP and IBP increased the solubility of these drugs in aqueous media. The interaction of 1a - c with the drugs in aqueous media was investigated through fluorescence, molecular modeling, and ¹H-NMR analysis. TEM studies further supported the formation of inclusion complexes. The length of lipophilic alkyl chains and the intrinsic cyclic nature of cailx[4]arene derivatives 1a - c were found to have a significant impact on the solubility of NAP and IBP in pure water.

  5. Ultrasonic degradation of acetaminophen and naproxen in the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

    PubMed

    Im, Jong-Kwon; Heo, Jiyong; Boateng, Linkel K; Her, Namguk; Flora, Joseph R V; Yoon, Jaekyung; Zoh, Kyung-Duk; Yoon, Yeomin

    2013-06-15

    Ultrasonic (US) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-catalyzed ultrasonic (US/SWNT) degradation of a pharmaceutical (PhAC) mixture of acetaminophen (AAP) and naproxen (NPX) used as analgesics was carried out in water. In the absence of SWNTs, maximum degradations of AAP and NPX occurred at a high frequency (1000 kHz) and under acidic conditions (pH 3) and different solution temperatures (25 °C at 28 kHz and 35 °C at 1000 kHz) during US reactions. Rapid degradation of PhACs occurred within 10 min at 28 kHz (44.5% for AAP; 90.3% for NPX) and 1000 kHz (39.2% for AAP; 74.8% for NPX) at a SWNT concentration of 45 mgL(-1) under US/SWNT process, compared with 28 kHz (5.2% for AAP; 10.6% for NPX) and 1000 kHz (29.1% for AAP; 46.2% for NPX) under US process. Degradation was associated with the dispersion of SWNTs; small particles acted as nuclei during US reactions, enhancing the H2O2 production yield. NPX removal was greater than AAP removal under all US-induced reaction and SWNT adsorption conditions, which is governed by the chemical properties of PhACs. Based on the results, the optimal treatment performance was observed at 28 kHz with 45 mgL(-1) SWNTs (US/SWNT) within 10 min. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Ion-exchange selectivity of diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in ureolyzed human urine.

    PubMed

    Landry, Kelly A; Sun, Peizhe; Huang, Ching-Hua; Boyer, Treavor H

    2015-01-01

    This research advances the knowledge of ion-exchange of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), ketoprofen (KTP), and naproxen (NPX) - and one analgesic drug-paracetamol (PCM) - by strong-base anion exchange resin (AER) in synthetic ureolyzed urine. Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Astakhov, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were fit to experimental equilibrium data using nonlinear least squares method. Favorable ion-exchange was observed for DCF, KTP, and NPX, whereas unfavorable ion-exchange was observed for IBP and PCM. The ion-exchange selectivity of the AER was enhanced by van der Waals interactions between the pharmaceutical and AER as well as the hydrophobicity of the pharmaceutical. For instance, the high selectivity of the AER for DCF was due to the combination of Coulombic interactions between quaternary ammonium functional group of resin and carboxylate functional group of DCF, van der Waals interactions between polystyrene resin matrix and benzene rings of DCF, and possibly hydrogen bonding between dimethylethanol amine functional group side chain and carboxylate and amine functional groups of DCF. Based on analysis of covariance, the presence of multiple pharmaceuticals did not have a significant effect on ion-exchange removal when the NSAIDs were combined in solution. The AER reached saturation of the pharmaceuticals in a continuous-flow column at varying bed volumes following a decreasing order of DCF > NPX ≈ KTP > IBP. Complete regeneration of the column was achieved using a 5% (m/m) NaCl, equal-volume water-methanol solution. Results from multiple treatment and regeneration cycles provide insight into the practical application of pharmaceutical ion-exchange in ureolyzed urine using AER.

  7. Degradation of naproxen and carbamazepine in spiked sludge by slurry and solid-phase Trametes versicolor systems.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carlos E; Marco-Urrea, Ernest; Caminal, Gloria

    2010-04-01

    Growth and activity of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor on sewage sludge were assessed in bioslurry and solid-phase systems. Bioslurry cultures with different loads of sludge (10%, 25% and 38%, w/v) were performed. A lag phase of at least 2 d appeared in the 25 and 38%-cultures, however, the total fungal biomass was higher for the latter and lower for the 10%-culture after 30 d, as revealed by ergosterol determination. Detectable laccase activity levels were found in the 10 and 25%-cultures (up to 1308 and 2588 AUL(-1), respectively) while it was negligible in the 38%-culture. Important levels of ergosterol and laccase were obtained over a 60 d period in sludge solid-phase cultures amended with different concentrations of wheat straw pellets as lignocellulosic bulking material. Degradation experiments in 25%-bioslurry cultures spiked with naproxene (NAP, analgesic) and carbamazepine (CBZ, antiepileptic) showed depletion of around 47% and 57% within 24h, respectively. Complete depletion of NAP and around 48% for CBZ were achieved within 72 h in sludge solid cultures with 38% bulking material. CBZ degradation is especially remarkable due to its high persistence in wastewater treatment plants. Results showed that T. versicolor may be an interesting bioremediation agent for elimination of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Drop Printing of Pharmaceuticals: Effect of Molecular Weight on PEG Coated-Naproxen/PEG3350 Solid Dispersions

    PubMed Central

    Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Toth, Scott; Simpson, Garth J.; Harris, Michael T.

    2016-01-01

    Solid dispersions have been used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, the solid state phase, compositional uniformity, and scale-up problems are issues that need to be addressed. To allow for highly controllable products, the Drop Printing (DP) technique can provide precise dosages and predictable compositional uniformity of APIs in two/three dimensional structures. In this study, DP was used to prepare naproxen (NAP)/polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG3350) solid dispersions with PEG coatings of different molecular weights (MW). A comparison of moisture-accelerated crystallization inhibition by different PEG coatings was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed to characterize the morphology and quantify the apparent crystallinity of NAP within the solid dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to measure the water content within each sample. The results suggest that the moisture-accelerated crystallization inhibition capability of the PEG coatings increased with increasing MW of the PEG coating. Besides, to demonstrate the flexibility of DP technology on manufacturing formulation, multilayer tablets with different PEG serving as barrier layers were also constructed, and their dissolution behavior was examined. By applying DP and appropriate materials, it is possible to design various carrier devices used to control the release dynamics of the API. PMID:27041744

  9. Drop Printing of Pharmaceuticals: Effect of Molecular Weight on PEG Coated-Naproxen/PEG3350 Solid Dispersions.

    PubMed

    Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Toth, Scott; Simpson, Garth J; Harris, Michael T

    2015-12-01

    Solid dispersions have been used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, the solid state phase, compositional uniformity, and scale-up problems are issues that need to be addressed. To allow for highly controllable products, the Drop Printing (DP) technique can provide precise dosages and predictable compositional uniformity of APIs in two/three dimensional structures. In this study, DP was used to prepare naproxen (NAP)/polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG3350) solid dispersions with PEG coatings of different molecular weights (MW). A comparison of moisture-accelerated crystallization inhibition by different PEG coatings was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed to characterize the morphology and quantify the apparent crystallinity of NAP within the solid dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to measure the water content within each sample. The results suggest that the moisture-accelerated crystallization inhibition capability of the PEG coatings increased with increasing MW of the PEG coating. Besides, to demonstrate the flexibility of DP technology on manufacturing formulation, multilayer tablets with different PEG serving as barrier layers were also constructed, and their dissolution behavior was examined. By applying DP and appropriate materials, it is possible to design various carrier devices used to control the release dynamics of the API.

  10. Hydrogen sulfide-releasing naproxen suppresses colon cancer cell growth and inhibits NF-κB signaling.

    PubMed

    Kodela, Ravinder; Nath, Niharika; Chattopadhyay, Mitali; Nesbitt, Diandra E; Velázquez-Martínez, Carlos A; Kashfi, Khosrow

    2015-01-01

    Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death due to cancer and the third most common cancer in men and women in the USA. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is known to be activated in CRC and is strongly implicated in its development and progression. Therefore, activated NF-κB constitutes a bona fide target for drug development in this type of malignancy. Many epidemiological and interventional studies have established nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a viable chemopreventive strategy against CRC. Our previous studies have shown that several novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs are promising anticancer agents and are safer derivatives of NSAIDs. In this study, we examined the growth inhibitory effect of a novel H2S-releasing naproxen (HS-NAP), which has a repertoire as a cardiovascular-safe NSAID, for its effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle phase transitions, and apoptosis using HT-29 human colon cancer cells. We also investigated its effect as a chemo-preventive agent in a xenograft mouse model. HS-NAP suppressed the growth of HT-29 cells by induction of G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis and downregulated NF-κB. Tumor xenografts in mice were significantly reduced in volume. The decrease in tumor mass was associated with a reduction of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and decreases in NF-κB levels in vivo. Therefore, HS-NAP demonstrates strong anticancer potential in CRC.

  11. A comparative study of the novel spectrophotometric methods versus conventional ones for the simultaneous determination of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and Naproxen in their binary mixture.

    PubMed

    Lotfy, Hayam M; Amer, Sawsan M; Zaazaa, Hala E; Mostafa, Noha S

    2015-01-01

    Two novel simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra are developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate (ESO) and Naproxen (NAP) namely; absorbance subtraction and ratio difference. The results were compared to that of the conventional spectrophotometric methods namely; dual wavelength and isoabsorptive point coupled with first derivative of ratio spectra and derivative ratio. The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of ESO and NAP in their laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical preparation. No preliminary separation steps are required for the proposed spectrophotometeric procedures. The statistical comparison showed that there is no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported method with respect to both accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. Gastroprotective properties of cashew gum, a complex heteropolysaccharide of Anacardium occidentale, in naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats.

    PubMed

    Carvalho, Nathalia S; Silva, Mônica M; Silva, Renan O; Nicolau, Lucas A D; Sousa, Francisca Beatriz M; Damasceno, Samara R B; Silva, Durcilene A; Barbosa, André L R; Leite, José Roberto S A; Medeiros, Jand Venes R

    2015-05-01

    Long-term use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) lesion formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of cashew gum (CG), a complex heteropolysaccharide extracted from Anacardium occidentale on naproxen (NAP)-induced GI damage. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with vehicle or CG (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily for 2 days; after 1 h, NAP (80 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered. The rats were euthanized on the 2nd day of treatment, 4 h after NAP administration. Stomach lesions were measured using digital calipers. The medial small intestine was used for the evaluation of macroscopic lesion scores. Samples of the stomach and the intestine were used for histological evaluation, and assays for glutathione (GSH), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Additional rats were used to measure gastric mucus and secretion. Pretreatment with CG reduced the macroscopic and microscopic damage induced by NAP. CG significantly attenuated NAP-induced alterations in MPO, GSH, and MDA levels. Furthermore, CG returned adherent mucus levels to normal values. These results suggest that CG has a protective effect against GI damage via mechanisms that involve the inhibition of inflammation and increasing the amount of adherent mucus in mucosa. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  13. Comparison of large scale purification processes of naproxen enantiomers by chromatography using methanol-water and methanol-supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phases.

    PubMed

    Kamarei, Fahimeh; Vajda, Péter; Guiochon, Georges

    2013-09-20

    This paper compares two methods used for the preparative purification of a mixture of (S)-, and (R)-naproxen on a Whelk-O1 column, using either high performance liquid chromatography or supercritical fluid chromatography. The adsorption properties of both enantiomers were measured by frontal analysis, using methanol-water and methanol-supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures as the mobile phases. The measured adsorption data were modeled, providing the adsorption isotherms and their parameters, which were derived from the nonlinear fit of the isotherm models to the experimental data points. The model used was a Bi-Langmuir isotherm, similar to the model used in many enantiomeric separations. These isotherms were used to calculate the elution profiles of overloaded elution bands, assuming competitive Bi-Langmuir behavior of the two enantiomers. The analysis of these profiles provides the basis for a comparison between supercritical fluid chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic preparative scale separations. It permits an illustration of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and a discussion of their potential performance. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. A 6-month, multicenter, open-label study of fixed dose naproxen/esomeprazole in adolescent patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

    PubMed

    Lovell, Daniel J; Dare, Jason A; Francis-Sedlak, Megan; Ball, Julie; LaMoreaux, Brian D; Von Scheven, Emily; Reinhardt, Adam; Jerath, Rita; Alpan, Oral; Gupta, Ramesh; Goldsmith, Donald; Zeft, Andrew; Naddaf, Henry; Gottlieb, Beth; Jung, Lawrence; Holt, Robert J

    2018-06-26

    Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an inflammatory arthritis of unknown etiology, which lasts for greater than 6 weeks with onset before 16 years of age. JIA is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children. NSAIDs have been the mainstay of initial management with naproxen (NAP) being commonly used, but they may cause serious side effects such as gastric ulcers which can be reduced by concomitant administration of proton pump inhibitors, such as esomeprazole (ESO). Primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of 3 fixed doses of NAP/ESO in JIA patients aged 12 to 16 years. Forty-six children and adolescents with JIA by International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria, mean age of 13.6 years, from 18 US sites were prospectively enrolled over 2 years and followed for up to 6 months. Doses of the NAP/ESO fixed combination were based on baseline weight. The exploratory efficacy outcome was assessed with the ACR Pediatric-30, - 50, - 70, - 90 Response and the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) discomfort and functional scores at months 1, 3, and 6 as change from baseline. Occurrence and causality were assessed for treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs) and discontinuations were monitored monthly. Forty-six patients received at least 1 dose of naproxen/esomeprazole and 36 completed the trial. Thirty-seven (80.4%) had at least 1 treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) and, with the exception of 2 events in one patient, all of the TEAEs were mild or moderate. Frequent TEAEs (≥5% of patients) were upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal related. Eleven (23.9%) had at least 1 TEAE considered to be related to study drug. Four patients (8.7%) discontinued due to a TEAE with one of these being the only serious AE reported, acute hepatitis. Mean number of active joints at baseline was 3.1. Improvement in JIA signs and symptoms occurred at most assessments and by month 6, the percentage of patients with an ACR

  15. Chemiluminescence of the reaction system Ce(IV)-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs containing europium(III) ions and its application to the determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations and urine.

    PubMed

    Kaczmarek, Małgorzata

    2011-11-01

    The chemiluminescence (CL) of oxidation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by Ce(IV) ions, was recorded in the presence and absence europium(III) ions, in solution of pH ~ 4 of solution. Kinetic curves and CL emission spectra of the all studied systems were discussed. CL of measurable intensity was observed in the Ce(IV)-NP-Eu(III) reaction system only in acidic solutions. The CL spectrum rcegistered for this system shows emission bands, typical of Eu(III) ions, with maximum at λ ~ 600 nm. The chemiluminescent method, based on Eu(III) emission in reaction system of NP-Ce(IV)-Eu(III) in acid solution was therefore used for the determination of naproxen in mixture of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

  16. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of hydroxyl radical‒mediated degradation of naproxen and reaction intermediates.

    PubMed

    Luo, Shuang; Gao, Lingwei; Wei, Zongsu; Spinney, Richard; Dionysiou, Dionysios D; Hu, Wei-Ping; Chai, Liyuan; Xiao, Ruiyang

    2018-06-15

    Hydroxyl radical ( • OH) based advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are effective for removing non‒steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during water treatment. In this study, we systematically investigated the degradation kinetics of naproxen (NAP), a representative NSAID, with a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. The second-order rate constant (k) of • OH oxidation of NAP was measured to be (4.32 ± 0.04) × 10 9  M -1  s -1 , which was in a reasonable agreement with transition state theory calculated k value (1.08 × 10 9  M -1  s -1 ) at SMD/M05-2X/6-311++G**//M05-2X/6-31+G** level of theory. The calculated result revealed that the dominant reaction intermediate is 2‒(5‒hydroxy‒6‒methoxynaphthalen‒2‒yl)propanoic acid (HMNPA) formed via radical adduct formation pathway, in which • OH addition onto the ortho site of the methoxy-substituted benzene ring is the most favorable pathway for the NAP oxidation. We further investigated the subsequent • OH oxidation of HMNPA via a kinetic modelling technique. The k value of the reaction of HMNPA and • OH was determined to be 2.22 × 10 9  M -1  s -1 , exhibiting a similar reactivity to the parent NAP. This is the first study on the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of NAP and its reaction intermediates. The current results are valuable in future study evaluating and extending the application of • OH based AOTs to degrade NAP and other NSAIDs of concern in water treatment plants. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. In vivo effects of naproxen, salicylic acid, and valproic acid on the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and metabolites in rats.

    PubMed

    Rouhou, Mouna Cheikh; Charest-Tardif, Ginette; Haddad, Sami

    2015-01-01

    It was recently demonstrated that some drugs modulate in vitro metabolism of trichloroethylene (TCE) in humans and rats. The objective was to assess in vivo interactions between TCE and three drugs: naproxen (NA), valproic acid (VA), and salicylic acid (SA). Animals were exposed to TCE by inhalation (50 ppm for 6 h) and administered a bolus dose of drug by gavage, equivalent to 10-fold greater than the recommended daily dose. Samples of blood, urine, and collected tissues were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector for TCE and metabolites (trichloroethanol [TCOH] and trichloroacetate [TCA]) levels. Coexposure to NA and TCE significantly increased (up to 50%) total and free TCOH (TCOHtotal and TCOHfree, respectively) in blood. This modulation may be explained by an inhibition of glucuronidation. VA significantly elevated TCE levels in blood (up to 50%) with a marked effect on TCOHtotal excretion in urine but not in blood. In contrast, SA produced an increase in TCOHtotal levels in blood at 30, 60, and 90 min and urine after coexposure. Data confirm in vitro observations that NA, VA, and SA affect in vivo TCE kinetics. Future efforts need to be directed to evaluate whether populations chronically medicated with the considered drugs display greater health risks related to TCE exposure.

  18. Binding of naproxen enantiomers to human serum albumin studied by fluorescence and room-temperature phosphorescence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lammers, Ivonne; Lhiaubet-Vallet, Virginie; Ariese, Freek; Miranda, Miguel A.; Gooijer, Cees

    2013-03-01

    The interaction of the enantiomers of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) with human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated using fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy in the steady-state and time-resolved mode. The absorption, fluorescence excitation, and fluorescence emission spectra of (S)-NPX and (R)-NPX differ in shape in the presence of HSA, indicating that these enantiomers experience a different environment when bound. In solutions containing 0.2 M KI, complexation with HSA results in a strongly increased NPX fluorescence intensity and a decreased NPX phosphorescence intensity due to the inhibition of the collisional interaction with the heavy atom iodide. Fluorescence intensity curves obtained upon selective excitation of NPX show 8-fold different slopes for bound and free NPX. No significant difference in the binding constants of (3.8 ± 0.6) × 105 M-1 for (S)-NPX and (3.9 ± 0.6) × 105 M-1 for (R)-NPX was found. Furthermore, the addition of NPX quenches the phosphorescence of the single tryptophan in HSA (Trp-214) based on Dexter energy transfer. The short-range nature of this mechanism explains the upward curvature of the Stern-Volmer plot observed for HSA: At low concentrations NPX binds to HSA at a distance from Trp-214 and no quenching occurs, whereas at high NPX concentrations the phosphorescence intensity decreases due to dynamic quenching by NPX diffusing into site I from the bulk solution. The dynamic quenching observed in the Stern-Volmer plots based on the longest phosphorescence lifetime indicates an overall binding constant to HSA of about 3 × 105 M-1 for both enantiomers.

  19. Biophysical study of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac with phosphatidylserine bilayer membranes.

    PubMed

    Manrique-Moreno, Marcela; Heinbockel, Lena; Suwalsky, Mario; Garidel, Patrick; Brandenburg, Klaus

    2016-09-01

    Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent an effective pain treatment option and therefore one of the most sold therapeutic agents worldwide. The study of the molecular interactions responsible for their physiological activity, but also for their side effects, is therefore important. This report presents data on the interaction of the most consumed NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) with one main phospholipid in eukaryotic cells, dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS). The applied techniques are Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), with which in transmission the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition of the acyl chains in the absence and presence of the NSAID are monitored, supplemented by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data on the phase transition. FTIR in reflection (ATR, attenuated total reflectance) is applied to record the dependence of the interactions of the NSAID with particular functional groups observed in the DMPS spectrum such as the ester carbonyl and phosphate vibrational bands. With Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) a possible intercalation of the NSAID into the DMPS liposomes and with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) the thermodynamics of the interaction are monitored. The data show that the NSAID react in a particular way with this lipid, but in some parameters the three NSAID clearly differ, with which now a clear picture of the interaction processes is possible. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. Sorption, Photodegradation, and Chemical Transformation of Naproxen and Ibuprofen in Soils and Water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vulava, V. M.; Cory, W. C.; Murphey, V.; Ulmer, C.

    2015-12-01

    Trace levels of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are increasingly being found in municipal drinking water and natural streams around the world. PhACs enter natural water systems after passing through wastewater treatment plants that have proven to be relatively inefficient at removing them. Once they are released into the environment, they can undergo (1) soil sorption, (2) photodegradation, and/or (3) chemical transformation into structurally similar compounds. The overarching goal of this study is to understand the geochemical fate of common PhACs in the environment. Here we report on our studies with naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBP) in soils and water. Both compounds are complex nonpolar (aromatic) organic molecules with polar (carboxylic acid) functional groups. The carboxylic functional groups are likely to be deprotonated at environmentally relevant pHs (~4-8). Sorption studies of both compounds were conducted in clean and relatively acidic (soil pH ~4.5-6.5) natural soils that contained varying levels of organic matter (OM), clay minerals, and Fe oxides. OM was observed to play an important role in each of the above three processes. Sorption was observed to be stronger and nonlinear in higher OM soils, while weaker but still significant in lower OM, higher clay soils; the amphiphilic nature of NAP and IBP combined with the complex charged and nonpolar surfaces available in the soil was observed to control the sorption behavior. Both NAP and IBP underwent rapid photodegradation in aqueous suspensions when exposed to simulated sunlight. The degradation rates were observed to change in the presence of humic acid or fulvic acid. During sorption and photodegradation experiments, common transformation products were observed for both NAP and IBP. The transformation products produced were indicative of chemical transformation and not biological factors. Concentrations of the transformation products were significantly higher in the photoexposed aqueous

  1. Efficacy of Clarithromycin-Naproxen-Oseltamivir Combination in the Treatment of Patients Hospitalized for Influenza A(H3N2) Infection: An Open-label Randomized, Controlled, Phase IIb/III Trial.

    PubMed

    Hung, Ivan F N; To, Kelvin K W; Chan, Jasper F W; Cheng, Vincent C C; Liu, Kevin S H; Tam, Anthony; Chan, Tuen-Ching; Zhang, Anna Jinxia; Li, Patrick; Wong, Tin-Lun; Zhang, Ricky; Cheung, Michael K S; Leung, William; Lau, Johnson Y N; Fok, Manson; Chen, Honglin; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Yuen, Kwok-Yung

    2017-05-01

    Influenza causes excessive hospitalizations and deaths. The study assessed the efficacy and safety of a clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination for treatment of serious influenza. From February to April 2015, we conducted a prospective open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Adult patients hospitalized for A(H3N2) influenza were randomly assigned to a 2-day combination of clarithromycin 500 mg, naproxen 200 mg, and oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily, followed by 3 days of oseltamivir or to oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily without placebo for 5 days as a control method (1:1). The primary end point was 30-day mortality. The secondary end points were 90-day mortality, serial nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) virus titer, percentage of neuraminidase-inhibitor-resistant A(H3N2) virus (NIRV) quasispecies, pneumonia severity index (PSI), and duration of hospital stay. Among the 217 patients with influenza A(H3N2) enrolled, 107 were randomly assigned to the combination treatment. The median age was 80 years, and 53.5% were men. Adverse events were uncommon. Ten patients died during the 30-day follow-up. The combination treatment was associated with lower 30-day mortality (P = .01), less frequent high dependency unit admission (P = .009), and shorter hospital stay (P < .0001). The virus titer and PSI (days 1-3; P < .01) and the NPA specimens with NIRV quasispecies ≥ 5% (days 1-2; P < .01) were significantly lower in the combination treatment group. Multivariate analysis showed that combination treatment was the only independent factor associated with lower 30-day mortality (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.004-0.94; P = .04). Combination treatment reduced both 30- and 90-day mortality and length of hospital stay. Further study of the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of this combination treatment of severe influenza is warranted. BioMed Central; No.: ISRCTN11273879 DOI 10.1186/ISRCTN11273879; URL: www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11273879. Copyright © 2016 American College

  2. Molecular isotopic engineering (MIE): industrial manufacture of naproxen of predetermined stable carbon-isotopic compositions for authenticity and security protection and intellectual property considerations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jasper, J. P.; Farina, P.; Pearson, A.; Mezes, P. S.; Sabatelli, A. D.

    2016-05-01

    Molecular Isotopic Engineering (MIE) is the directed stable-isotopic synthesis of chemical products for reasons of product identification and of product security, and also for intellectual property considerations. We report here a generally excellent correspondence between the observed and predicted stable carbon-isotopic (δ13C) results for a successful directed synthesis of racemic mixture from its immediate precursors. The observed results are readily explained by the laws of mass balance and isotope mass balance. Oxygen- and hydrogen isotopic results which require an additional assessment of the effects of O and H exchange, presumably due to interaction with water in the reaction solution, are addressed elsewhere. A previous, cooperative study with the US FDA-DPA showed that individual manufacturers of naproxen could readily be differentiated by their stable-isotopic provenance (δ13C, δ18O, and δD ref. 1). We suggest that MIE can be readily employed in the bio/pharmaceutical industry without alteration of present manufacturing processes other than isotopically selecting and/or monitoring reactants and products.

  3. Epiisopiloturine hydrochloride, an imidazole alkaloid isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus leaves, protects against naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats.

    PubMed

    Nicolau, Lucas A D; Carvalho, Nathalia S; Pacífico, Dvison M; Lucetti, Larisse T; Aragão, Karoline S; Véras, Leiz M C; Souza, Marcellus H L P; Leite, José R S A; Medeiros, Jand Venes R

    2017-03-01

    This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of epiisopiloturine hydrochloride (EPI), an imidazole alkaloid, on NAP-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats. Initially, rats were pretreated with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (vehicle) or EPI (3, 10 and 30mg/kg, p.o. or i.p., groups 3-5, respectively) twice daily, for 2days. After 1h, NAP (80mg/kg, p.o.) was given. The control group received only vehicle (group 1) or vehicle+naproxen (group 2). Rats were euthanized on 2nd day, 4h after NAP treatment. Stomachs lesions were measured. Samples were collected for histological evaluation and glutathione (GSH), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cytokines levels. Moreover, gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was evaluated. EPI pretreatment prevented NAP-induced macro and microscopic gastric damage with a maximal effect at 10mg/kg. Histological analysis revealed that EPI decreased scores of damage caused by NAP. EPI reduced MPO (3.4±0.3U/mg of gastric tissue) and inhibited changes in MDA (70.4±8.3mg/g of gastric tissue) and GSH (246.2±26.4mg/g of gastric tissue). NAP increased TNF-α levels, and this effect was reduced by EPI pretreatment. Furthermore, EPI increased GMBF by 15% compared with the control group. Our data show that EPI protects against NAP-induced gastric and intestinal damage by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing oxidative stress, and increasing GMBF. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  4. Increased susceptibility of ethanol-treated gastric mucosa to naproxen and its inhibition by DA-9601, an Artemisia asiatica extract

    PubMed Central

    Oh, Tae Young; Ahn, Gook Jun; Choi, Seul Min; Ahn, Byoung Ok; Kim, Won Bae

    2005-01-01

    AIM: To examine the effect of DA-9601, a new gastroprotective agent, on the vulnerability of ethanol-treated rat’s stomach to naproxen (NAP). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 1 mL of 50% ethanol twice a day for 5 d and then NAP (50 mg/kg) was administered. DA-9601 was administered 1 h before NAP. Four hours after NAP, the rats were killed to examine gross injury index (mm2), histologic change and to determine mucosal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), glutathione (GSH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS: Pretreatment of ethanol significantly increased NAP-induced gastric lesions, as well as an increase in MDA and MPO. On the contrary, mucosal PGE2 and GSH contents were decreased dramatically by ethanol pretreatment, which were aggravated by NAP. DA-9601 significantly reduced NAP-induced gastric injury grossly and microscopically, regardless of pretreatment with ethanol. DA-9601 preserved, or rather, increased mucosal PGE2 and GSH in NAP-treated rats (P<0.05), with reduction in mucosal MDA and MPO levels. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that repeated alcohol consumption renders gastric mucosa more susceptible to NSAIDs though, at least in part, reduction of endogenous cytoprotectants including PGE2 and GSH, and increase in MPO activation, and that DA-9601, a new gastroprotectant, can reduce the increased vulnerability of ethanol consumers to NSAIDs-induced gastric damage via the mechanism in which PGE2 and GSH are involved. PMID:16437715

  5. Increased susceptibility of ethanol-treated gastric mucosa to naproxen and its inhibition by DA-9601, an Artemisia asiatica extract.

    PubMed

    Oh, Tae Young; Ahn, Gook Jun; Choi, Seul Min; Ahn, Byoung Ok; Kim, Won Bae

    2005-12-21

    To examine the effect of DA-9601, a new gastroprotective agent, on the vulnerability of ethanol-treated rat's stomach to naproxen (NAP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 1 mL of 50% ethanol twice a day for 5 d and then NAP (50 mg/kg) was administered. DA-9601 was administered 1 h before NAP. Four hours after NAP, the rats were killed to examine gross injury index (mm2), histologic change and to determine mucosal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), glutathione (GSH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Pretreatment of ethanol significantly increased NAP-induced gastric lesions, as well as an increase in MDA and MPO. On the contrary, mucosal PGE2 and GSH contents were decreased dramatically by ethanol pretreatment, which were aggravated by NAP. DA-9601 significantly reduced NAP-induced gastric injury grossly and microscopically, regardless of pretreatment with ethanol. DA-9601 preserved, or rather, increased mucosal PGE2 and GSH in NAP-treated rats (P<0.05), with reduction in mucosal MDA and MPO levels. These results suggest that repeated alcohol consumption renders gastric mucosa more susceptible to NSAIDs though, at least in part, reduction of endogenous cytoprotectants including PGE2 and GSH, and increase in MPO activation, and that DA-9601, a new gastroprotectant, can reduce the increased vulnerability of ethanol consumers to NSAIDs-induced gastric damage via the mechanism in which PGE2 and GSH are involved.

  6. UV and solar photo-degradation of naproxen: TiO₂ catalyst effect, reaction kinetics, products identification and toxicity assessment.

    PubMed

    Jallouli, Nabil; Elghniji, Kais; Hentati, Olfa; Ribeiro, Ana R; Silva, Adrián M T; Ksibi, Mohamed

    2016-03-05

    Direct photolysis and TiO2-photocatalytic degradation of naproxen (NPX) in aqueous solution were studied using a UV lamp and solar irradiation. The degradation of NPX was found to be in accordance with pseudo-first order kinetics, the photocatalytic process being more efficient than photolysis. The NPX removal by photolysis (pHinitial 6.5) was 83% after 3h, with 11% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction, whereas the TiO2-UV process led to higher removals of both NPX (98%) and COD (25%). The apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant (kapp) for NPX degradation by photolysis ranged from 0.0050 min(-1) at pH 3.5 to 0.0095 min(-1) at pH 6.5, while it was estimated to be 0.0063 min(-1) under acidic conditions in photocatalysis, increasing by 4-fold at pH 6.5. Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a triple quadrupole detector and also a hybrid mass spectrometer which combines the linear ion trap triple quadrupole (LTQ) and OrbiTrap mass analyser, were used to identify NPX degradation products. The main intermediates detected were 1-(6-methoxynaphtalene-2-yl) ethylhydroperoxide, 2-ethyl-6-methoxynaphthalene, 1-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl) ethanol, 1-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl) ethanone and malic acid. Solar photocatalysis of NPX showed COD removals of 33% and 65% after 3 and 4h of treatment, respectively, and some reduction of acute toxicity, evaluated by the exposure of Eisenia andrei to OECD soils spiked with NPX-treated solutions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Double-Track Electrochemical Green Approach for Simultaneous Dissolution Profiling of Naproxen Sodium and Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride.

    PubMed

    Shehata, Mostafa A; Fawaz, Esraa M; El-Rahman, Mohamed K Abd; Abdel-Moety, Ezzat M

    2017-11-30

    Acquisition of the dissolution profiles of more than single active ingredient in a multi-analyte pharmaceutical formulation is a mandatory manufacturing practice that is dominated by utilization of the off-line separation-based chromatographic methods. This contribution adopts a new "Double-Track" approach with the ultimate goal of advancing the in-line potentiometric sensors to their most effective applicability for simultaneous acquisition of the dissolution profiles of two active ingredients in a binary pharmaceutical formulation. The unique abilities of these sensors for real-time measurements is the key driver for adoption of "green analytical chemistry" (GAC) principles aiming to expand the application of eco-friendly analytical methods With the aim of performing a side-by-side comparison, this work investigates the degree of adherence of ISEs to the 12 principles of GAC in multicomponent dissolution profiling with respect to the HPLC. For the proof of concept, a binary mixture of naproxen sodium (NAPR) and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DIPH) marketed as Aleve pm ® tablets was selected as a model for which dissolution profiles were attained by two techniques. The first "Double-Track" in-line strategy depends on dipping two highly integrated membrane sensors for continuous monitoring of the dissolution of each active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by tracing the e.m.f change over the time scale. For the determination of NAPR, sensor I was developed using tridodecyl methyl ammonium chloride as an anion exchanger, while sensor II was developed for the determination of DIPH using potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate as a cation exchanger. The second off-line strategy utilizes a separation-based HPLC method via off-line tracking the increase of peak area by UV detection at 220nm over time using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: water (90:10) pH 3. The advantages of the newly introduced "Double-Track" approach regarding GAC principles are highlighted, and

  8. A practical approach to reduce interference due to in-source collision-induced dissociation of acylglucuronides in LC-MS/MS.

    PubMed

    Mess, Jean-Nicholas; Bérubé, Eugénie-Raphaelle; Furtado, Milton; Garofolo, Fabio

    2011-08-01

    In LC-MS/MS, glucuronide conjugated metabolites may convert back to the parent drug due to in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID). During the bioanalysis of naproxen, it was noticed that naproxen acylglucuronide exhibited intense in-source CID to the naproxen [M+H](+) ion under positive ESI. However, no in-source CID of the acylglucuronide to the naproxen [M+NH(4)](+) adduct was observed. Furthermore, absolutely no in-source CID was detected under negative ESI. This phenomenon was not only observed for naproxen acylglucuronide but for eight other acylglucuronides compounds. We have shown that monitoring the parent drug [M-H](-) or [M+NH(4)](+) whenever possible could be an easy approach used by bioanalytical scientists to minimize the impact of in-source CID of acylglucuronides to the parent drug.

  9. Novel naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium compound pellets based on acid-independent mechanism: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

    PubMed

    Lu, Jing; Kan, Shuling; Zhao, Yi; Zhang, Wenli; Liu, Jianping

    2016-09-01

    The purpose of this study was to develop the novel naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium compound pellets (novel-NAP/EMZ) depending on EMZ acid-independent mechanism which has been proved to be predominate in the mechanism of co-therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets, composed of NAP colon-specific pellets (NAP-CSPs) and EMZ modified-release pellets (EMZ-MRPs), were prepared by fluid-bed coating technology with desired in vitro release profiles. The resulting pellets were filled into hard gelatin capsules for in vivo evaluation in rats and compared with the reference compound pellets, consisted of NAP enteric-coated pellets (NAP-ECPs) and EMZ immediate-release pellets (EMZ-IRPs). The reference compound pellets were prepared simulating the drug delivery system of VIMOVO(®). In vivo pharmacokinetics, EMZ-MRPs had significantly larger AUC0-t (p < 0.01), 1.67 times more than that of EMZ-IRPs, and prolonged mean residence time (7.55 ± 0.12 h) than that of IRPs (1.46 ± 0.39 h). NAP-CSPs and NAP-ECPs showed similar AUC0-t. Compared to the reference compound pellets, the novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets did not show distinct differences in histological mucosal morphology. However, biochemical tests exhibited enhanced total antioxidant capacity, increased nitric oxide content and reduced malondialdehyde level for novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets, indicating that the acid-independent action took effect. The gastric pH values of novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets were at a low and stable level, which could ensure normal physiological range of human gastric pH. As a result, the novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets may be a more suitable formulation with potential advantages by improving bioavailability of drug and further reducing undesirable gastrointestinal damages.

  10. Different effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs meclofenamate sodium and naproxen sodium on proteasome activity in cardiac cells.

    PubMed

    Ghosh, Rajeshwary; Hwang, Soyun M; Cui, Ziyou; Gilda, Jennifer E; Gomes, Aldrin V

    2016-05-01

    The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like meclofenamate sodium (MS), used to reduce pain, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Naproxen (NAP), another NSAID, is not associated with increased risk of CVD. The molecular mechanism(s) by which NSAIDs induce CVD is unknown. We investigated the effects of MS and NAP on protein homeostasis and cardiotoxicity in rat cardiac H9c2 cells and murine neonatal cardiomyocytes. MS, but not NAP, significantly inhibited proteasome activity and reduced cardiac cell viability at pharmacological levels found in humans. Although proteasome subunit gene and protein expression were unaffected by NSAIDs, MS treated cell lysates showed higher 20S proteasome content, while purified proteasomes from MS treated cells had lower proteasome activity and higher levels of oxidized subunits than proteasomes from control cells. Addition of exogenous proteasome to MS treated cells improved cell viability. Both MS and NAP increased ROS production, but the rate of ROS production was greater in MS than in NAP treated cells. The ROS production is likely from mitochondria, as MS inhibited mitochondrial Complexes I and III, major sources of ROS, while NAP inhibited Complex I. MS also impaired mitochondrial membrane potential while NAP did not. Antioxidants were able to prevent the reduced cell viability caused by MS treatment. These results suggest that NSAIDs induce cardiotoxicity by a ROS dependent mechanism involving mitochondrial and proteasome dysfunction and may explain why some NSAIDs should not be given to patients for long periods. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Hydrogen sulphide protects against NSAID-enteropathy through modulation of bile and the microbiota

    PubMed Central

    Blackler, Rory W; Motta, Jean-Paul; Manko, Anna; Workentine, Matthew; Bercik, Premysl; Surette, Michael G; Wallace, John L

    2015-01-01

    Background and Purpose Hydrogen sulphide is an important mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal defence. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is significantly limited by their toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract. Particularly concerning is the lack of effective preventative or curative treatments for NSAID-induced intestinal damage and bleeding. We evaluated the ability of a hydrogen sulphide donor to protect against NSAID-induced enteropathy. Experimental Approach Intestinal ulceration and bleeding were induced in Wistar rats by oral administration of naproxen. The effects of suppression of endogenous hydrogen sulphide synthesis or administration of a hydrogen sulphide donor (diallyl disulphide) on naproxen-induced enteropathy was examined. Effects of diallyl disulphide on small intestinal inflammation and intestinal microbiota were also assessed. Bile collected after in vivo naproxen and diallyl disulphide administration was evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro using cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Key Results Suppression of endogenous hydrogen sulphide synthesis by β-cyano-L-alanine exacerbated naproxen-induced enteropathy. Diallyl disulphide co-administration dose-dependently reduced the severity of naproxen-induced small intestinal damage, inflammation and bleeding. Diallyl disulphide administration attenuated naproxen-induced increases in the cytotoxicity of bile on cultured enterocytes, and prevented or reversed naproxen-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota. Conclusions and Implications Hydrogen sulphide protects against NSAID-enteropathy in rats, in part reducing the cytotoxicity of bile and preventing NSAID-induced dysbiosis. PMID:25297699

  12. Vitamin D-Prostaglandin Interactions and Effects in Prostate Cancer

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-10-01

    combining high doses of calcitriol and naproxen in PCa patients with advanced androgen-independent disease who have failed other therapies. The initial...growth inhibitory actions of calcitriol. Potential Mediators of the Enhanced Growth Inhibition by the combined treatment with Calcitriol and Naproxen ...specific NSAIDs ( naproxen and ibuprofen). To explore the possible molecular mechanisms mediating this enhanced growth inhibition, we analyzed the

  13. Effect of Disease-Related Changes in Plasma Albumin on the Pharmacokinetics of Naproxen in Male and Female Arthritic Rats

    PubMed Central

    Li, Xiaonan; DuBois, Debra C.; Almon, Richard R.

    2017-01-01

    Naproxen (NPX) is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for alleviation of pain and inflammation. In view of the extensive albumin binding of NPX, this study investigates whether chronic inflammation and sex influence the physiologic albumin concentrations, plasma protein binding, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of NPX. The PK of NPX was evaluated in a rat model of RA [collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in Lewis rats] and in healthy controls. These PK studies included 1) NPX in female and male CIA rats that received 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg NPX i.p.; and 2) NPX in healthy female and male rats after i.p. dosing of NPX at 50 mg/kg. Plasma albumin concentrations were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protein binding was assessed using ultrafiltration. The NPX concentrations in plasma and filtrates were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Plasma concentration-time data of NPX were first assessed by noncompartmental analysis (NCA). Nonlinear PK as indicated by dose-dependent NCA clearances and distribution volumes was observed. A two-compartment model with a first-order absorption process incorporating nonlinear protein binding in plasma and tissues jointly described the PK data of all groups. Saturable albumin binding accounts for the nonlinearity of NPX PK in all rats as well as part of the PK differences in arthritic rats. The CIA rats exhibited reduced albumin concentrations, reduced overall protein binding, and reduced clearances of unbound NPX, consistent with expectations during inflammation. The net effect of chronic inflammation was an elevation of the Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of unbound drug. PMID:28246126

  14. Clinical Investigation Program Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-10-01

    metastatic to liver. (0) H-83-63. Double-blind, randomized parallel comparison of two different dosage regimens of naproxen sodium in patients with...different dosage regimens of naproxen sodium in patients with bone pain due to m etastatic cancer. Start Date: May 83 Est Comp Date: Indefinite Principal...Investigator: Facility: LTC D Gandara, MD LAMC CPT R Mansour, MD D ept/Svc: Associate Investigators: Hematology-Oncology Key Words: naproxen sodium

  15. Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 3, Edition 2

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-01-01

    NREMT program. However, the overall resounding rejection was that it differed from many organic military medical tasks and sup- planted those tasks...Mobic®) · Naproxen (Naprosyn®) · Naproxen sodium (Anaprox®, Alleve®) · Nabumetone (Relafen®) · Oxaprozin (Daypro®) · Piroxicam (Feldene®) · Sulindac...to sodium naproxen and ibuprofen.18 The manufac- turer recommends against the chronic use of 50mg dosing for acute pain.19 Further studies are needed

  16. Quality-by-design-based ultra high performance liquid chromatography related substances method development by establishing the proficient design space for sumatriptan and naproxen combination.

    PubMed

    Patel, Prinesh N; Karakam, Vijaya Saradhi; Samanthula, Gananadhamu; Ragampeta, Srinivas

    2015-10-01

    Quality-by-design-based methods hold greater level of confidence for variations and greater success in method transfer. A quality-by-design-based ultra high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous assay of sumatriptan and naproxen along with their related substances. The first screening was performed by fractional factorial design comprising 44 experiments for reversed-phase stationary phases, pH, and organic modifiers. The results of screening design experiments suggested phenyl hexyl column and acetonitrile were the best combination. The method was further optimized for flow rate, temperature, and gradient time by experimental design of 20 experiments and the knowledge space was generated for effect of variable on response (number of peaks ≥ 1.50 - resolution). Proficient design space was generated from knowledge space by applying Monte Carlo simulation to successfully integrate quantitative robustness metrics during optimization stage itself. The final method provided the robust performance which was verified and validated. Final conditions comprised Waters® Acquity phenyl hexyl column with gradient elution using ammonium acetate (pH 4.12, 0.02 M) buffer and acetonitrile at 0.355 mL/min flow rate and 30°C. The developed method separates all 13 analytes within a 15 min run time with fewer experiments compared to the traditional quality-by-testing approach. ©2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  17. Solar photolysis versus TiO2-mediated solar photocatalysis: a kinetic study of the degradation of naproxen and diclofenac in various water matrices.

    PubMed

    Kanakaraju, Devagi; Motti, Cherie A; Glass, Beverley D; Oelgemöller, Michael

    2016-09-01

    Given that drugs and their degradation products are likely to occur as concoctions in wastewater, the degradation of a mixture of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NPX), was investigated by solar photolysis and titanium dioxide (TiO2)-mediated solar photocatalysis using an immersion-well photoreactor. An equimolar ratio (1:1) of both NSAIDs in distilled water, drinking water, and river water was subjected to solar degradation. Solar photolysis of the DCF and NPX mixture was competitive particularly in drinking water and river water, as both drugs have the ability to undergo photolysis. However, the addition of TiO2 in the mixture significantly enhanced the degradation rate of both APIs compared to solar photolysis alone. Mineralization, as measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD), was incomplete under all conditions investigated. TiO2-mediated solar photocatalytic degradation of DCF and NPX mixtures produced 15 identifiable degradants corresponding to degradation of the individual NSAIDs, while two degradation products with much higher molecular weight than the parent NSAIDs were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). This study showed that the solar light intensity and the water matrix appear to be the main factors influencing the overall performance of the solar photolysis and TiO2-mediated solar photocatalysis for degradation of DCF and NPX mixtures.

  18. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

    MedlinePlus

    ... headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness. These include: Ibuprofen Naproxen Aspirin Some women find that taking an over- ... headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness. These include: Ibuprofen Naproxen Aspirin Some women find that taking an over- ...

  19. Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) extract and andrographolide on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of naproxen in rats.

    PubMed

    Balap, Aishwarya; Lohidasan, Sathiyanarayanan; Sinnathambi, Arulmozhi; Mahadik, Kakasaheb

    2017-01-04

    Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthacae) have broad range of pharmacological effects such as hepatoprotective, antifertility, antimalarial, antidiabetic, suppression of various cancer cells and anti-inflammatory properties and is widely used medicinal plant in the traditional Unani and Ayurvedic medicinal systems. Andrographolide (AN) is one of the active constituent of the A. paniculata Nees extract (APE). They have been found in many traditional herbal formulations in India and proven to be effective as anti-inflammatory drug. To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (anti arthritic) herb-drug interactions of A. paniculata Nees extract (APE) and pure andrographolide (AN) with naproxen (NP) after oral co-administration in wistar rats. After oral co-administration of APE (200mg/Kg) and AN (60mg/kg) with NP (7.5mg/kg) in rats, drug concentrations in plasma were determined using HPLC method. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of C max , t max , t 1/2 , MRT, Vd, CL, and AUC were calculated by non-compartment model. Change in paw volume, mechanical nociceptive threshold, mechanical hyperalgesia, histopathology and hematological parameters were evaluated to study antiarthritic activity. Co-administration of NP with APE and pure AN decreased systemic exposure level of NP in vivo. The C max , t max, AUC 0-t of NP was decreased. In pharmacodynamic study, NP (10mg/kg) alone and NP+AN (10+60mg/kg) groups exhibited significant synergistic anti-arthritic activity as compared to groups NP+APE, APE and AN alone. The results obtained from this study suggested that NP, APE and pure AN existed pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions in rat which is correlated with anti-arthritic study. The knowledge regarding possible herb-drug interaction of NP might be helpful for physicians as well as patients using AP. So further studies should be done to understand the effect of other herbal ingredients of APE on NP as well as to predict the herb-drug interaction in humans

  20. Prevention of Chemically-Induced Urinary Bladder Cancers by Naproxen: Protocols to Reduce Gastric Toxicity in Humans Do Not Alter Preventive Efficacy

    PubMed Central

    Lubet, Ronald A.; Scheiman, James M.; Bode, Ann; White, Jonathan; Minasian, Lori; Juliana, M. Margaret; Boring, Daniel L.; Steele, Vernon E.; Grubbs, Clinton J.

    2015-01-01

    The COX inhibitors (NSAIDs/Coxibs) are a major focus for the chemoprevention of cancer. The COX-2 specific inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials, and have shown preventive efficacy in colon and skin cancers. However, they have significant adverse cardiovascular (CV) effects. Certain NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen (NPX)] have a good cardiac profile, but can cause gastric toxicity. The present studies examined protocols to reduce this toxicity of NPX. Female Fischer-344 rats were treated weekly with the urinary bladder specific carcinogen hydroxybutyl(butyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) for 8 weeks. Rats were dosed daily with NPX (40 mg/Kg BW/day, gavage) or with the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (4.0 mg/Kg BW/day) either singly or in combination beginning 2 weeks after the final OH-BBN. OH-BBN treated rats, 96% developed urinary bladder cancers. While omeprazole alone was ineffective (97% cancers), NPX alone or combined with omeprazole prevented cancers; yielding 27 and 35% cancers, respectively. In a separate study, OH-BBN treated rats were administered NPX: (A) daily, (B) 1 week daily NPX/1wk vehicle, (C) 3 weeks daily NPX/3 week vehicle, or (D) daily vehicle beginning 2 weeks after last OH-BBN treatment. In the intermittent dosing study, protocol A, B, C and D resulted in palpable cancers in 27%, 22%, 19% and 96% of rats (P<0.01). Short-term NPX treatment increased apoptosis, but did not alter proliferation in the urinary bladder cancers. Two different protocols which should decrease the gastric toxicity of NSAIDs in humans did not alter chemopreventive efficacy. This should encourage the use of NSAIDs (e.g. NPX) in clinical prevention trials. PMID:25762530

  1. Double-blind, randomized, double-dummy clinical trial comparing the efficacy of ketorolac trometamol and naproxen for acute low back pain.

    PubMed

    Plapler, Pérola Grinberg; Scheinberg, Morton Aaron; Ecclissato, Christina da Cunha; Bocchi de Oliveira, Monalisa Fernanda; Amazonas, Roberto Bleuel

    2016-01-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common type of medication used in the treatment of acute pain. Ketorolac trometamol (KT) is a nonnarcotic, peripherally acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic effects comparable to certain opioids. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of KT and naproxen (NA) in the treatment of acute low back pain (LBP) of moderate-to-severe intensity. In this 10-day, Phase III, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, noninferiority trial, participants with acute LBP of moderate-to-severe intensity as determined through a visual analog scale (VAS) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive sublingual KT 10 mg three times daily or oral NA 250 mg three times daily. From the second to the fifth day of treatment, if patient had VAS >40 mm, increased dosage to four times per day was allowed. The primary end point was the reduction in LBP as measured by VAS. We also performed a post hoc superiority analysis. KT was not inferior to NA for the reduction in LBP over 5 days of use as measured by VAS scores (P=0.608 for equality of variance; P=0.321 for equality of means) and by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (P=0.180 for equality of variance test; P=0.446 for equality of means) using 95% confidence intervals. The percentage of participants with improved pain relief 60 minutes after receiving the first dose was higher in the KT group (24.2%) than in the NA group (6.5%; P=0.049). The most common adverse effects were heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. KT is not inferior in efficacy and delivers faster pain relief than NA.

  2. Double-blind, randomized, double-dummy clinical trial comparing the efficacy of ketorolac trometamol and naproxen for acute low back pain

    PubMed Central

    Plapler, Pérola Grinberg; Scheinberg, Morton Aaron; Ecclissato, Christina da Cunha; Bocchi de Oliveira, Monalisa Fernanda; Amazonas, Roberto Bleuel

    2016-01-01

    Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common type of medication used in the treatment of acute pain. Ketorolac trometamol (KT) is a nonnarcotic, peripherally acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic effects comparable to certain opioids. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of KT and naproxen (NA) in the treatment of acute low back pain (LBP) of moderate-to-severe intensity. Patients and methods In this 10-day, Phase III, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, noninferiority trial, participants with acute LBP of moderate-to-severe intensity as determined through a visual analog scale (VAS) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive sublingual KT 10 mg three times daily or oral NA 250 mg three times daily. From the second to the fifth day of treatment, if patient had VAS >40 mm, increased dosage to four times per day was allowed. The primary end point was the reduction in LBP as measured by VAS. We also performed a post hoc superiority analysis. Results KT was not inferior to NA for the reduction in LBP over 5 days of use as measured by VAS scores (P=0.608 for equality of variance; P=0.321 for equality of means) and by the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (P=0.180 for equality of variance test; P=0.446 for equality of means) using 95% confidence intervals. The percentage of participants with improved pain relief 60 minutes after receiving the first dose was higher in the KT group (24.2%) than in the NA group (6.5%; P=0.049). The most common adverse effects were heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. Conclusion KT is not inferior in efficacy and delivers faster pain relief than NA. PMID:27382251

  3. Assessing the phototransformation of diclofenac, clofibric acid and naproxen in surface waters: Model predictions and comparison with field data.

    PubMed

    Avetta, Paola; Fabbri, Debora; Minella, Marco; Brigante, Marcello; Maurino, Valter; Minero, Claudio; Pazzi, Marco; Vione, Davide

    2016-11-15

    Phototransformation is important for the fate in surface waters of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac (DIC) and naproxen (NAP) and for clofibric acid (CLO), a metabolite of the drug clofibrate. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the prevailing photochemical processes, which these compounds undergo in the different conditions found in freshwater environments. The modelled photochemical half-life times of NAP and DIC range from a few days to some months, depending on water conditions (chemistry and depth) and on the season. The model indicates that direct photolysis is the dominant degradation pathway of DIC and NAP in sunlit surface waters, and potentially toxic cyclic amides were detected as intermediates of DIC direct phototransformation. With modelled half-life times in the month-year range, CLO is predicted to be more photostable than DIC or NAP and to be degraded mainly by reaction with the • OH radical and with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter ( 3 CDOM*). The CLO intermediates arising from these processes and detected in this study (hydroquinone and 4-chlorophenol) are, respectively, a chronic toxicant to aquatic organisms and a possible carcinogen for humans. Hydroquinone is formed with only ∼5% yield upon CLO triplet-sensitised transformation, but it is highly toxic for algae and crustaceans. In contrast, the formation yield of 4-chlorophenol reaches ∼50% upon triplet sensitisation and ∼10% by · OH reaction. The comparison of model predictions with field data from a previous study yielded a very good agreement in the case of DIC and, when using 4-carboxybenzophenone as proxy for triplet sensitisation by CDOM, a good agreement was found for CLO as well. In the case of NAP, the comparison with field data suggests that its direct photolysis quantum yield approaches or even falls below the lower range of literature values. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. New spectrophotometric/chemometric assisted methods for the simultaneous determination of imatinib, gemifloxacin, nalbuphine and naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Belal, F.; Ibrahim, F.; Sheribah, Z. A.; Alaa, H.

    2018-06-01

    In this paper, novel univariate and multivariate regression methods along with model-updating technique were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of quaternary mixture of imatinib (IMB), gemifloxacin (GMI), nalbuphine (NLP) and naproxen (NAP). The univariate method is extended derivative ratio (EDR) which depends on measuring every drug in the quaternary mixture by using a ternary mixture of the other three drugs as divisor. Peak amplitudes were measured at 294 nm, 250 nm, 283 nm and 239 nm within linear concentration ranges of 4.0-17.0, 3.0-15.0, 4.0-80.0 and 1.0-6.0 μg mL-1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively. Multivariate methods adopted are partial least squares (PLS) in original and derivative mode. These models were constructed for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in the ranges of 4.0-8.0, 3.0-11.0, 10.0-18.0 and 1.0-3.0 μg mL-1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively, by using eighteen mixtures as a calibration set and seven mixtures as a validation set. The root mean square error of predication (RMSEP) were 0.09 and 0.06 for IMB, 0.14 and 0.13 for GMI, 0.07 and 0.02 for NLP and 0.64 and 0.27 for NAP by PLS in original and derivative mode, respectively. Both models were successfully applied for analysis of IMB, GMI, NLP and NAP in their dosage forms. Updated PLS in derivative mode and EDR were applied for determination of the studied drugs in spiked human urine. The obtained results were statistically compared with those obtained by the reported methods giving a conclusion that there is no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision.

  5. New spectrophotometric/chemometric assisted methods for the simultaneous determination of imatinib, gemifloxacin, nalbuphine and naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine.

    PubMed

    Belal, F; Ibrahim, F; Sheribah, Z A; Alaa, H

    2018-06-05

    In this paper, novel univariate and multivariate regression methods along with model-updating technique were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of quaternary mixture of imatinib (IMB), gemifloxacin (GMI), nalbuphine (NLP) and naproxen (NAP). The univariate method is extended derivative ratio (EDR) which depends on measuring every drug in the quaternary mixture by using a ternary mixture of the other three drugs as divisor. Peak amplitudes were measured at 294nm, 250nm, 283nm and 239nm within linear concentration ranges of 4.0-17.0, 3.0-15.0, 4.0-80.0 and 1.0-6.0μgmL -1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively. Multivariate methods adopted are partial least squares (PLS) in original and derivative mode. These models were constructed for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in the ranges of 4.0-8.0, 3.0-11.0, 10.0-18.0 and 1.0-3.0μgmL -1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively, by using eighteen mixtures as a calibration set and seven mixtures as a validation set. The root mean square error of predication (RMSEP) were 0.09 and 0.06 for IMB, 0.14 and 0.13 for GMI, 0.07 and 0.02 for NLP and 0.64 and 0.27 for NAP by PLS in original and derivative mode, respectively. Both models were successfully applied for analysis of IMB, GMI, NLP and NAP in their dosage forms. Updated PLS in derivative mode and EDR were applied for determination of the studied drugs in spiked human urine. The obtained results were statistically compared with those obtained by the reported methods giving a conclusion that there is no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Adsorption of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound by granular activated carbon. 2. Model prediction.

    PubMed

    Yu, Zirui; Peldszus, Sigrid; Huck, Peter M

    2009-03-01

    The adsorption of two representative pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs)-naproxen and carbamazepine and one endocrine disrupting compound (EDC)-nonylphenol was studied in pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers using post-sedimentation (PS) water from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Acidic naproxen broke through fastest while nonylphenol was removed best, which was consistent with the degree to which fouling affected compound removals. Model predictions and experimental data were generally in good agreement for all three compounds, which demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) used in combination with the time-variable parameter approach for predicting removals at environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., ng/L range). Sensitivity analyses suggested that accurate determination of film diffusion coefficients was critical for predicting breakthrough for naproxen and carbamazepine, in particular when high removals are targeted. Model simulations demonstrated that GAC carbon usage rates (CURs) for naproxen were substantially influenced by the empty bed contact time (EBCT) at the investigated conditions. Model-based comparisons between GAC CURs and minimum CURs for powdered activated carbon (PAC) applications suggested that PAC would be most appropriate for achieving 90% removal of naproxen, whereas GAC would be more suitable for nonylphenol.

  7. Lysine clonixinate vs naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study.

    PubMed

    Krymchantowski, Abouch Valenty; Peixoto, Patricia; Higashi, Rafael; Silva, Ariovaldo; Schutz, Vivian

    2005-12-14

    The process of inflammation is crucial in migraine, and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Despite their efficacy, the routine use of NSAIDs is limited by side effects as well as incomplete efficacy in some patients. Among the available options, lysine clonixinate (LC) and naproxen sodium (NS) have proved effective in migraine. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral formulations of LC and NS in the treatment of moderate or severe migraine attacks, with a double-blind, crossover design. Seventy subjects (62 women, 8 men) between ages 18 and 71 years (mean age, 41) with migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society were prospectively enrolled. The patients were randomized into 2 groups and each participant treated 2 migraine attacks. Group 1 treated the first attack with LC and the second attack with NS. Group 2 treated 2 attacks in a counterbalanced order. Doses were 250 mg of LC or 550 mg of NS, which were encapsulated for equal appearance. Headache intensity, nausea, photophobia, and side effects were evaluated at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours after drug administration. Rescue drugs were allowed after 2 hours for those who didn't respond, and this was also compared between groups. Sixty patients (54 women, 6 men) completed the study. At 1 hour, 13.6% patients who used LC were pain-free compared with 11.9% who used NS (P = .78). At 2 hours, 35.6% patients who took LC and 32.2% who took NS were pain-free (P = .69). At baseline, 52.5% of the patients randomized to group 1 reported nausea, compared with 33.9% in group 2, and both drugs eliminated nausea: At both 1 hour and 2 hours, nausea diminished significantly for those taking LC, but only after 2 hours for those who took NS (P < .0001). Both drugs eliminated photophobia at 1 hour and 2 hours; however, LC was superior to NS in reducing photophobia at 2 hours (P = .027). Ten patients

  8. In vitro evaluation of dendrimer prodrugs for oral drug delivery.

    PubMed

    Najlah, Mohammad; Freeman, Sally; Attwood, David; D'Emanuele, Antony

    2007-05-04

    Dendrimer-based prodrugs were used to enhance the transepithelial permeability of naproxen, a low solubility model drug. The stability of the dendrimer-naproxen link was assessed. Naproxen was conjugated to G0 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers either by an amide bond or an ester bond. The stability of G0 prodrugs was evaluated in 80% human plasma and 50% rat liver homogenate. The cytotoxicity of conjugates towards Caco-2 cells was determined and the transport of the conjugates across Caco-2 monolayers (37 degrees C) was reported. In addition, one lauroyl chain (L) was attached to the surface group of G0 PAMAM dendrimer of the diethylene glycol ester conjugate (G0-deg-NAP) to enhance permeability. The lactic ester conjugate, G0-lact-NAP, hydrolyzed slowly in 80% human plasma and in 50% rat liver homogenate (t(1/2)=180 min). G0-deg-NAP was hydrolyzed more rapidly in 80% human plasma (t(1/2)=51 min) and was rapidly cleaved in 50% liver homogenate (t(1/2)=4.7 min). The conjugates were non-toxic when exposed to Caco-2 cells for 3h. Permeability studies showed a significant enhancement in the transport of naproxen when conjugated to dendrimers; L-G0-deg-NAP yielding the highest permeability. Dendrimer-based prodrugs with appropriate linkers have potential as carriers for the oral delivery of low solubility drugs such as naproxen.

  9. Adsorption of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound by granular activated carbon. 2. Model prediction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yu, Z.; Peldszus, S.; Huck, P.M.

    The adsorption of two representative pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) naproxen and carbamazepine and one endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) nonylphenol was studied in pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers using post-sedimentation (PS) water from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. The GAC adsorbents were coal-based Calgon Filtrasorb 400 and coconut shell-based PICA CTIF TE. Acidic naproxen broke through fastest while nonylphenol was removed best, which was consistent with the degree to which fouling affected compound removals. Model predictions and experimental data were generally in good agreement for all three compounds, which demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the pore and surfacemore » diffusion model (PSDM) used in combination with the time-variable parameter approach for predicting removals at environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., ng/L range). Sensitivity analyses suggested that accurate determination of film diffusion coefficients was critical for predicting breakthrough for naproxen and carbamazepine, in particular when high removals are targeted. Model simulations demonstrated that GAC carbon usage rates (CURs) for naproxen were substantially influenced by the empty bed contact time (EBCT) at the investigated conditions. Model-based comparisons between GAC CURs and minimum CURs for powdered activated carbon (PAC) applications suggested that PAC would be most appropriate for achieving 90% removal of naproxen, whereas GAC would be more suitable for nonylphenol. 25 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less

  10. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose study of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, GW406381, as a treatment for acute migraine.

    PubMed

    Wentz, A L; Jimenez, T B; Dixon, R M; Aurora, S K; Gold, M

    2008-04-01

    The objective of the present study was to explore the clinical efficacy and tolerability of GW406381, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with relatively high CNS penetration, in acute migraine. This was a double-blind, single-dose study of GW406381 compared with placebo and naproxen sodium compared with placebo (protocol number CXA20008). Three hundred and thirty-seven subjects were randomized 1:1:1 to GW406381 (70 mg), naproxen sodium (825 mg), or placebo for the treatment of one migraine headache of moderate or severe intensity in a potential 8-week period. The primary end-point was the proportion of subjects with headache relief [reduction in headache severity score from pre-dose 2 (moderate) or 3 (severe) to 0 (no pain) or 1 (mild)] at 2 h post-dose for GW406381 compared with placebo. Significantly higher proportions of subjects treated with GW406381 (50%, P = 0.032) or naproxen sodium (56%, P = 0.005) than with placebo (35%) reported headache relief at 2 h post-dose. Additional significant benefits were observed on many secondary outcomes, including proportions of subjects pain-free, for both GW406381 and naproxen sodium treatment compared with placebo. Both active treatments were well tolerated. Single-dose GW406381 (70 mg) and naproxen sodium (825 mg) were effective and well tolerated in the treatment of acute migraine.

  11. Effects of kinesiotaping versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy for treatment of pes anserinus tendino-bursitis: A randomized comparative clinical trial.

    PubMed

    Homayouni, Kaynoosh; Foruzi, Shima; Kalhori, Fereshte

    2016-09-01

    Pes anserinus tendino-bursitis is a condition caused by repetitive friction over the bursa or direct trauma to knee joint and it presents with proximal medial tibial pain and swelling. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of kinesiotaping in comparison with naproxen and physical therapy in treatment of pes anserinus tendino-bursitis. In a randomized comparative clinical trial 56 patients with clinical diagnosis of pes anserinus tendino-bursitis were randomly assigned to kinesiotaping and naproxen/physical therapy (28 patients in each group). Kinesiotaping on the tender area in the form of space-correction (lifting) technique was used and repeated for three times with a one-week interval. Another group received naproxen (250mg TID for 10 days) and ten sessions of daily physical therapy. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for evaluation of pain. The depth of swelling of the area was measured with sonography before and after treatment. Wilcoxon signed ranks test has been used for determining the influence of interventions on pain (VAS) and swelling scores in each group. The ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) test was applied for comparing the influence of interventions on VAS and swelling scores after adjustment for co-variables. At end of the study, 27 patients remained in the kinesiotaping group and 19 patients in naproxen/physical therapy group. Treatment with kinesiotaping significantly decreased the pain (P=0.0001) and swelling scores (P=0.0001) in comparison with naproxen/physical therapy after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Kinesiotaping was safe without any complications except for a mild local skin irritation in one patient. Kinesiotaping is more effective than naproxen plus physical therapy in reduction of pain and swelling in patients with pes anserinus tendino-bursitis. www.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01680263.

  12. Lysine Clonixinate vs Naproxen Sodium for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Study

    PubMed Central

    Krymchantowski, Abouch Valenty; Peixoto, Patrícia; Higashi, Rafael; Silva, Ariovaldo; Schutz, Vivian

    2005-01-01

    Abstract and Introduction Abstract Background and Objectives The process of inflammation is crucial in migraine, and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Despite their efficacy, the routine use of NSAIDs is limited by side effects as well as incomplete efficacy in some patients. Among the available options, lysine clonixinate (LC) and naproxen sodium (NS) have proved effective in migraine. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral formulations of LC and NS in the treatment of moderate or severe migraine attacks, with a double-blind, crossover design. Methods Seventy subjects (62 women, 8 men) between ages 18 and 71 years (mean age, 41) with migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society were prospectively enrolled. The patients were randomized into 2 groups and each participant treated 2 migraine attacks. Group 1 treated the first attack with LC and the second attack with NS. Group 2 treated 2 attacks in a counterbalanced order. Doses were 250 mg of LC or 550 mg of NS, which were encapsulated for equal appearance. Headache intensity, nausea, photophobia, and side effects were evaluated at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours after drug administration. Rescue drugs were allowed after 2 hours for those who didn't respond, and this was also compared between groups. Results Sixty patients (54 women, 6 men) completed the study. At 1 hour, 13.6% patients who used LC were pain-free compared with 11.9% who used NS (P = .78). At 2 hours, 35.6% patients who took LC and 32.2% who took NS were pain-free (P = .69). At baseline, 52.5% of the patients randomized to group 1 reported nausea, compared with 33.9% in group 2, and both drugs eliminated nausea: At both 1 hour and 2 hours, nausea diminished significantly for those taking LC, but only after 2 hours for those who took NS (P < .0001). Both drugs eliminated photophobia at 1 hour and 2 hours; however, LC

  13. Fate of pharmaceutical compounds in hydroponic mesocosms planted with Scirpus validus.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Dong Qing; Gersberg, Richard M; Hua, Tao; Zhu, Junfei; Goyal, Manish Kumar; Ng, Wun Jern; Tan, Soon Keat

    2013-10-01

    A systematic approach to assess the fate of selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid and caffeine) in hydroponic mesocosms is described. The overall objective was to determine the kinetics of depletion (from solution) and plant uptake for these compounds in mesocosms planted with S. validus growing hydroponically. The potential for translocation of these pharmaceuticals from the roots to the shoots was also assessed. After 21 days of incubation, nearly all of the caffeine, naproxen and diclofenac were eliminated from solution, whereas carbamazepine and clofibric acid were recalcitrant to both photodegradation and biodegradation. The fact that the BAFs for roots for carbamazepine and clofibric acid were greater than 5, while the BAFs for naproxen, diclofenac and caffeine were less than 5, implied that the latter two compounds although recalcitrant to biodegradation, still had relatively high potential for plant uptake. Naproxen was sensitive to both photodegradation (30-42%) and biodegradation (>50%), while diclofenac was particularly sensitive (>70%) to photodegradation alone. No significant correlations (p > 0.05) were found between the rate constants of depletion or plant tissue levels of the pharmaceuticals and either log Kow or log Dow. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Vitamin D-Prostaglandin Interactions and Effects on Prostate Cancer

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-10-01

    We propose that a combination of calcitriol and a nonselective NSAID, such as naproxen , might be a useful therapeutic and/or chemo-preventive strategy...their growth inhibitory planting clinical prostate tumors or cultured human PCa actions [25]. These results strongly suggest that the combi- cells into...flufenamnic acid, sulindac sulfide, c-fos mRNA was determined as an indicator of the biological indomethacin, naproxen , and ibuprofen. Figure 5A to D

  15. Cell Cycle Target-based Therapy for Ovarian Cancer

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-09-01

    induces apoptosis in quiescent ovarian cancer cells. Strong inducers of apoptosis included flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, celebrex and finasteride ...Thus, a whole panel of NSAIDs including Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Exisulind, Acetaminophen, Naproxen, NS-398, Celecoxib, Diclofenac, Finasteride ...Naproxen, 200µM NS-398, 50µM Celecoxib, 200µM Diclofenac, 50µM Finasteride , 200µM Flufenamic acid, 40µM Meloxican, 50µM Ebselen, 20nM Flurbiprofen or

  16. Octadecylamine-Mediated Versatile Coating of CoFe2O4 NPs for the Sustained Release of Anti-Inflammatory Drug Naproxen and in Vivo Target Selectivity.

    PubMed

    Georgiadou, Violetta; Makris, George; Papagiannopoulou, Dionysia; Vourlias, Georgios; Dendrinou-Samara, Catherine

    2016-04-13

    Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can play a distinct role in magnetic drug delivery via their distribution to the targeted area. The preparation of such MNPs is a challenging multiplex task that requires the optimization of size, magnetic, and surface properties for the achievement of desirable target selectivity, along with the sustained drug release as a prerequisite. In that context, CoFe2O4 MNPs with a small size of ∼7 nm and moderate saturation magnetization of ∼60 emu g(-1) were solvothermally synthesized in the presence of octadecylamine (ODA) with a view to investigate the functionalization route effect on the drug release. Synthetic regulations allowed us to prepare MNPs with aminated (AmMNPs) and amine-free (FAmMNPs) surface. The addition of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a carboxylate donor, Naproxen (NAP), was achieved by direct coupling with the NH2 groups, rendered by ODA, through the formation of an amide bond in the case of AmMNPs. In the case of FAmMNPs, indirect coupling of NAP was performed through an intermediate linker (polyethylenimine) and on PEG-ylated MNPs. FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and UV-vis data confirmed the addition of NAP, whereas diverse drug-release behavior was observed for the different functionalization approaches. The biological behavior of the MNPs@NAP was evaluated in vitro in rat serum and in vivo in mice, after radiolabeling with a γ-emitting radionuclide, (99m)Tc. The in vivo fate of MNPs@NAP carriers was in straightforward relation with the direct or indirect coupling of NAP. Furthermore, an inflammation was induced intramuscularly, where the directly coupled (99m)Tc-MNPs@NAP carriers showed increased accumulation at the inflammation site.

  17. The Efficacy of Thermotherapy and Cryotherapy on Pain Relief in Patients with Acute Low Back Pain, A Clinical Trial Study

    PubMed Central

    Dehghan, Morteza

    2014-01-01

    Introduction: Acute low back pain is one of the most common health problems especially in industrialized countries where 75 per cent of the population develop it at least once during their life. This study examined the efficacy of thermotherapy and cryotherapy, alongside a routine pharmacologic treatment, on pain relief in patients with acute low back pain referring an orthopedic clinic in Shahrekord, Iran. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 87 patients randomly assigned to three (thermotherapy and cryotherapy as intervention, and naproxen as control) groups of 29 each. The first (thermotherapy) group underwent treatment with hot water bag and naproxen, the second (cryotherapy) group was treated with ice and naproxen, and the naproxen group was only treated with naproxen, all for one week. All patients were examined on 0, 3rd, 8th, and 15th day after the first visit and the data gathered by McGill Pain Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using paired t-test, ANOVA, and chi-square. Results: In this study, mean age of the patients was 34.48 (20–50) years and 51.72 per cent were female. Thermotherapy patients reported significantly less pain compared to cryotherapy and control (p≤0.05). In thermotherapy and cryotherapy groups, mean pain in the first visit was 12.70±3.7 and 12.06±2.6, and on the 15th day after intervention 0.75±0.37 and 2.20±2.12, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that the application of thermo–therapy and cryotherapy accompanied with a pharmacologic treatment could relieve pain in the patients with acute low back pain. PMID:25386469

  18. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatments on cognitive decline vary by phase of pre-clinical Alzheimer disease: findings from the randomized controlled Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial.

    PubMed

    Leoutsakos, Jeannie-Marie S; Muthen, Bengt O; Breitner, John C S; Lyketsos, Constantine G

    2012-04-01

    We examined the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cognitive decline as a function of phase of pre-clinical Alzheimer disease. Given recent findings that cognitive decline accelerates as clinical diagnosis is approached, we used rate of decline as a proxy for phase of pre-clinical Alzheimer disease. We fit growth mixture models of Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Examination trajectories with data from 2388 participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial and included class-specific effects of naproxen and celecoxib. We identified three classes: "no decline", "slow decline", and "fast decline", and examined the effects of celecoxib and naproxen on linear slope and rate of change by class. Inclusion of quadratic terms improved fit of the model (-2 log likelihood difference: 369.23; p < 0.001) but resulted in reversal of effects over time. Over 4 years, participants in the slow-decline class on placebo typically lost 6.6 3MS points, whereas those on naproxen lost 3.1 points (p-value for difference: 0.19). Participants in the fast-decline class on placebo typically lost 11.2 points, but those on celecoxib first declined and then gained points (p-value for difference from placebo: 0.04), whereas those on naproxen showed a typical decline of 24.9 points (p-value for difference from placebo: <0.0001). Our results appeared statistically robust but provided some unexpected contrasts in effects of different treatments at different times. Naproxen may attenuate cognitive decline in slow decliners while accelerating decline in fast decliners. Celecoxib appeared to have similar effects at first but then attenuated change in fast decliners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  19. Druggists and pharmacists as gatekeepers: sales routines and compliance with sales protocols for over-the-counter naproxen 275 mg medicines in the Netherlands.

    PubMed

    van Hoof, Joris J; Cents, Michel H G; Megens, Nicole M J; van der Tang, Sijbrand J

    2014-09-01

    Since for the sales of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, prescribing physicians are not involved, and written instructions on/in the medicine boxes are inefficient, druggists and pharmacists are important gatekeepers in preventing customers' accidents. In this study we investigated the sales routines, and compliance with sales protocols, in order to evaluate that gatekeeper's function. By means of the mystery shopping method, 228 pharmacies and drugstores in The Netherlands were visited and a naproxen 275mg medium-risk medicine was requested for a (fictitious) patient who was suffering from severe back pains. According to the sales protocols the vendors should never sell the requested medicine, because the mystery shoppers only gave an answer to one of the four mandatory sales protocol questions. Furthermore, the requested medicine is not the right or best choice for back pains. Four different scenarios were used in a 2×2 design (8-year-old patient vs. 25-year-old patient, and 1 box with 12 pills vs. 3 boxes with 12 pills). Of the drugstores and pharmacies only 16.7% complied with the sales protocols and did not sell the specific (or comparable) medicine, after asking all four mandatory questions (or already after one, two or three questions). Most vendors (83.3%) did not comply and sold the requested medicine, a comparable medicine, or even a more risky medicine after no question at all (or after asking some or even all four questions). Although both score low, pharmacists show better compliance (23.9%) than druggists (10.1%). When it comes to OTC medicines, druggists and pharmacists largely commit sloppy sales. The expected gatekeeping function of pharmacists and druggists is very limited, and customers might be in danger of inappropriate medicine selection, quantity and usage. We call for thorough evaluation of the over-the-counter system, improvement of the educational programs for medicine providers, and national campaigns to inform the public. Copyright

  20. Pharmacological synergy: the next frontier on therapeutic advancement for migraine.

    PubMed

    Blumenfeld, Andrew; Gennings, Chris; Cady, Roger

    2012-04-01

    mechanisms are involved in terminating acute episodes of migraine. Clinicians now capitalize on this observation and use migraine medication in combination with another to improve patient outcomes, for example, using an antiemetic with an opioid or a triptan and NSAIDs. More recently, the Food and Drug Adminstration has approved a combination product containing 85mg of sumatriptan plus 500mg of naproxen sodium for acute treatment of migraine. Clinical trials conducted prior to approval demonstrated that the combination of sumatriptan and naproxen was more effective as a migraine abortive than either of its components but that each component and the combination were more effective than placebo. Exactly how sumatriptan and naproxen interact to create therapeutic synergism is unknown though its mere occurrence suggests that models assisting medical understanding and prediction of pharmacological synergism may improve clinical outcome over products acting through a single receptor mechanism. Migraine is a syndrome, meaning it is defined by observed symptoms rather than known pathophysiology. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are likely involved in generating this diverse array of symptoms understood as the migraine symptom complex. Sumatriptan and naproxen have independent mechanisms of action and target distinct aspects of the vascular and inflammatory processes hypothesized to underlie migraine. Sumatriptan acts on the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, whereas naproxen inhibits the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Sumatriptan has vasoconstricting effects as well as effects on neurogenic inflammation by decreasing the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In contrast, naproxen affects prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. Because sumatriptan and naproxen both relieve migraine yet interact with different cellular targets within the migraine pathway, it is reasonable to assume there is a unique synergy between these medications that improves treatment

  1. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies.

    PubMed

    McGettigan, Patricia; Henry, David

    2011-09-01

    Randomised trials have highlighted the cardiovascular risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in high doses and sometimes atypical settings. Here, we provide estimates of the comparative risks with individual NSAIDs at typical doses in community settings. We performed a systematic review of community-based controlled observational studies. We conducted comprehensive literature searches, extracted adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates, and pooled the estimates for major cardiovascular events associated with use of individual NSAIDs, in different doses, and in populations with low and high background risks of cardiovascular events. We also compared individual drugs in pair-wise (within study) analyses, generating ratios of RRs (RRRs). Thirty case-control studies included 184,946 cardiovascular events, and 21 cohort studies described outcomes in >2.7 million exposed individuals. Of the extensively studied drugs (ten or more studies), the highest overall risks were seen with rofecoxib, 1.45 (95% CI 1.33, 1.59), and diclofenac, 1.40 (1.27, 1.55), and the lowest with ibuprofen, 1.18 (1.11, 1.25), and naproxen, 1.09 (1.02, 1.16). In a sub-set of studies, risk was elevated with low doses of rofecoxib, 1.37 (1.20, 1.57), celecoxib, 1.26 (1.09, 1.47), and diclofenac, 1.22 (1.12, 1.33), and rose in each case with higher doses. Ibuprofen risk was seen only with higher doses. Naproxen was risk-neutral at all doses. Of the less studied drugs etoricoxib, 2.05 (1.45, 2.88), etodolac, 1.55 (1.28, 1.87), and indomethacin, 1.30 (1.19, 1.41), had the highest risks. In pair-wise comparisons, etoricoxib had a higher RR than ibuprofen, RRR = 1.68 (99% CI 1.14, 2.49), and naproxen, RRR = 1.75 (1.16, 2.64); etodolac was not significantly different from naproxen and ibuprofen. Naproxen had a significantly lower risk than ibuprofen, RRR = 0.92 (0.87, 0.99). RR estimates were constant with different background risks for cardiovascular disease and rose early in the

  2. Cardiovascular Risk with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Systematic Review of Population-Based Controlled Observational Studies

    PubMed Central

    McGettigan, Patricia; Henry, David

    2011-01-01

    Background Randomised trials have highlighted the cardiovascular risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in high doses and sometimes atypical settings. Here, we provide estimates of the comparative risks with individual NSAIDs at typical doses in community settings. Methods and Findings We performed a systematic review of community-based controlled observational studies. We conducted comprehensive literature searches, extracted adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates, and pooled the estimates for major cardiovascular events associated with use of individual NSAIDs, in different doses, and in populations with low and high background risks of cardiovascular events. We also compared individual drugs in pair-wise (within study) analyses, generating ratios of RRs (RRRs). Thirty case-control studies included 184,946 cardiovascular events, and 21 cohort studies described outcomes in >2.7 million exposed individuals. Of the extensively studied drugs (ten or more studies), the highest overall risks were seen with rofecoxib, 1.45 (95% CI 1.33, 1.59), and diclofenac, 1.40 (1.27, 1.55), and the lowest with ibuprofen, 1.18 (1.11, 1.25), and naproxen, 1.09 (1.02, 1.16). In a sub-set of studies, risk was elevated with low doses of rofecoxib, 1.37 (1.20, 1.57), celecoxib, 1.26 (1.09, 1.47), and diclofenac, 1.22 (1.12, 1.33), and rose in each case with higher doses. Ibuprofen risk was seen only with higher doses. Naproxen was risk-neutral at all doses. Of the less studied drugs etoricoxib, 2.05 (1.45, 2.88), etodolac, 1.55 (1.28, 1.87), and indomethacin, 1.30 (1.19, 1.41), had the highest risks. In pair-wise comparisons, etoricoxib had a higher RR than ibuprofen, RRR = 1.68 (99% CI 1.14, 2.49), and naproxen, RRR = 1.75 (1.16, 2.64); etodolac was not significantly different from naproxen and ibuprofen. Naproxen had a significantly lower risk than ibuprofen, RRR = 0.92 (0.87, 0.99). RR estimates were constant with different background risks for

  3. Stability of Allopurinol, Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, Carbamazepine, Domperidone, Isoniazid, Ketoconazole, Lisinopril, Naproxen, Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), and Sertraline Hydrochloride in SyrSpend SF PH4 Oral Suspensions.

    PubMed

    Polonini, Hudson C; Loures, Sharlene; de Araujo, Edson Peter; Brandão, Marcos Antônio F; Ferreira, Anderson O

    2016-01-01

    Oral liquids are safe alternatives to solid dosage forms, notably for elderly and pediatric patients that present dysphagia. The use of ready-to-use suspending vehicles such as SyrSpend SF PH4 is a suitable resource for pharmacists as they constitute a safe and timesaving option that has been studied often. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of 10 commonly used active pharmaceutical ingredients (allopurinol 20 mg/mL; amitriptyline hydrochloride 10 mg/mL; carbamazepine 25 mg/mL; domperidone 5 mg/mL; isoniazid 10 mg/mL; ketoconazole 20 mg/mL; lisinopril 1 mg/mL; naproxen 25 mg/mL; paracetamol [acetaminophen] 50 mg/mL; and sertraline hydrochloride 10 mg/mL) compounded in oral suspensions using SyrSpend SF PH4 as the vehicle throughout the study period and stored both at controlled refrigerated (2°C to 8°C) and room temperature (20°C to 25°C). Stability was assessed by means of measuring the percent recovery at varying time points throughout a 90-day period. The quantification of the active pharmaceutical ingredients was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography through a stability-indicating method. Methods were adequately validated. Forced-degradation studies showed that at least one parameter influenced the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. All suspensions were assayed and showed active pharmaceutical ingredient contents between 90% and 110% during the 90-day study period. Although the forced-degradation experiments led to visible fluctuations in the chromatographic responses, the final preparations were stable in the storage conditions. The beyond-use dates of the preparations were found to be at least 90 days for all suspensions, both for controlled refrigerated temperature and room temperature. This confirms that SyrSpend SF PH4 is a stable suspending vehicle for compounding with a broad range of different active pharmaceutical ingredients for different medical usages. Copyright© by International Journal of

  4. Evaluation of aquatic plants for removing polar microcontaminants: a microcosm experiment.

    PubMed

    Matamoros, Víctor; Nguyen, Loc Xuan; Arias, Carlos A; Salvadó, Victòria; Brix, Hans

    2012-08-01

    Microcosm wetland systems (5 L containers) planted with Salvinia molesta, Lemna minor, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Elodea canadensis were investigated for the removal of diclofenac, triclosan, naproxen, ibuprofen, caffeine, clofibric acid and MCPA. After 38 days of incubation, 40-99% of triclosan, diclofenac, and naproxen were removed from the planted and unplanted reactors. In covered control reactors no removal was observed. Caffeine and ibuprofen were removed from 40% to 80% in planted reactors whereas removals in control reactors were much lower (2-30%). Removal of clofibric acid and MCPA were negligible in both planted and unplanted reactors. The findings suggested that triclosan, diclofenac, and naproxen were removed predominantly by photodegradation, whereas caffeine and naproxen were removed by biodegradation and/or plant uptake. Pseudo-first-order removal rate constants estimated from nonlinear regressions of time series concentration data were used to describe the contaminant removals. Removal rate constants ranged from 0.003 to 0.299 d(-1), with half-lives from 2 to 248 days. The formation of two major degradation products from ibuprofen, carboxy-ibuprofen and hydroxy-ibuprofen, and a photodegradation product from diclofenac, 1-(8-Chlorocarbazolyl)acetic acid, were followed as a function of time. This study emphasizes that plants contribute to the elimination capacity of microcontaminants in wetlands systems through biodegradation and uptake processes. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Effects of nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NONO-NSAIDs) on melanoma cell adhesion

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cheng, Huiwen; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; Mollica, Molly Y.

    A new class of nitric oxide (NO•)-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NONO-NSAIDs) were developed in recent years and have shown promising potential as NSAID substitutes due to their gentle nature on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. Since nitric oxide plays a role in regulation of cell adhesion, we assessed the potential use of NONO-NSAIDs as anti-metastasis drugs. In this regard, we compared the effects of NONO-aspirin and a novel NONO-naproxen to those exerted by their respective parent NSAIDs on avidities of human melanoma M624 cells. Both NONO-NSAIDs, but not the corresponding parent NSAIDs, reduced M624 adhesion on vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)more » by 20–30% and fibronectin by 25–44% under fluid flow conditions and static conditions, respectively. Only NONO-naproxen reduced (∼ 56%) the activity of β1 integrin, which binds to α4 integrin to form very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), the ligand of VCAM-1. These results indicate that the diazeniumdiolate (NO•)-donor moiety is critical for reducing the adhesion between VLA-4 and its ligands, while the NSAID moiety can impact the regulation mechanism of melanoma cell adhesion. -- Highlights: ► NONO-naproxen, a novel nitric oxide-releasing NSAID, was synthesized. ► NONO-NSAIDs, but not their parent NSAIDs, reduced melanoma adhesion. ► NONO-naproxen, but not NONO-aspirin and NSAIDs, reduced activity of β1 integrin.« less

  6. Celecoxib exerts protective effects in the vascular endothelium via COX-2-independent activation of AMPK-CREB-Nrf2 signalling.

    PubMed

    Al-Rashed, Fahad; Calay, Damien; Lang, Marie; Thornton, Clare C; Bauer, Andrea; Kiprianos, Allan; Haskard, Dorian O; Seneviratne, Anusha; Boyle, Joseph J; Schönthal, Alex H; Wheeler-Jones, Caroline P; Mason, Justin C

    2018-04-19

    Although concern remains about the athero-thrombotic risk posed by cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors, recent data implicates rofecoxib, while celecoxib appears equivalent to NSAIDs naproxen and ibuprofen. We investigated the hypothesis that celecoxib activates AMP kinase (AMPK) signalling to enhance vascular endothelial protection. In human arterial and venous endothelial cells (EC), and in contrast to ibuprofen and naproxen, celecoxib induced the protective protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Celecoxib derivative 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC) which lacks COX-2 inhibition also upregulated HO-1, implicating a COX-2-independent mechanism. Celecoxib activated AMPKα (Thr172) and CREB-1 (Ser133) phosphorylation leading to Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Importantly, these responses were not reproduced by ibuprofen or naproxen, while AMPKα silencing abrogated celecoxib-mediated CREB and Nrf2 activation. Moreover, celecoxib induced H-ferritin via the same pathway, and increased HO-1 and H-ferritin in the aortic endothelium of mice fed celecoxib (1000 ppm) or control chow. Functionally, celecoxib inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB p65 (Ser536) phosphorylation by activating AMPK. This attenuated VCAM-1 upregulation via induction of HO-1, a response reproduced by DMC but not ibuprofen or naproxen. Similarly, celecoxib prevented IL-1β-mediated induction of IL-6. Celecoxib enhances vascular protection via AMPK-CREB-Nrf2 signalling, a mechanism which may mitigate cardiovascular risk in patients prescribed celecoxib. Understanding NSAID heterogeneity and COX-2-independent signalling will ultimately lead to safer anti-inflammatory drugs.

  7. Application of carbon nanotubes modified with a Keggin polyoxometalate as a new sorbent for the hollow-fiber micro-solid-phase extraction of trace naproxen in hair samples with fluorescence spectrophotometry using factorial experimental design.

    PubMed

    Naddaf, Ezzat; Ebrahimi, Mahmoud; Es'haghi, Zarrin; Bamoharram, Fatemeh Farrash

    2015-07-01

    A sensitive technique to determinate naproxen in hair samples was developed using hollow-fiber micro-solid-phase combined with fluorescence spectrophotometry. The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with a Keggin polyoxometalate into a silica matrix prepared by the sol-gel method was reported. In this research, the Keggin carbon nanotubes /silica composite was used in the pores and lumen of a hollow fiber as the hollow-fiber micro-solid-phase extraction device. The device was used for the microextraction of the analyte from hair and water samples under the optimized conditions. An orthogonal array experimental design with an OA24 (4(6) ) matrix was employed to optimize the conditions. The effect of six factors influencing the extraction efficiency was investigated: pH, salt, volume of donor and desorption phase, extraction and desorption time. The effect of each factor was estimated using individual contributions as response functions in the screening process. Analysis of variance was employed for estimating the main significant factors and their contributions in the extraction. Calibration curve plot displayed linearity over a range of 0.2-10 ng/mL with detection limits of 0.072 and 0.08 ng/mL for hair and aqueous samples, respectively. The relative recoveries in the hair and aqueous matrices ranged from 103-95%. The relative standard deviation for fiber-to-fiber repeatability was 3.9%. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  8. Pharmaceutical-grade albumin: impaired drug-binding capacity in vitro

    PubMed Central

    Olsen, Harald; Andersen, Anders; Nordbø, Arve; Kongsgaard, Ulf E; Børmer, Ole P

    2004-01-01

    Background Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma, and due to its ligand binding properties, serves as a circulating depot for endogenous and exogenous (e.g. drugs) compounds. Hence, the unbound drug is the pharmacologically active drug. Commercial human albumin preparations are frequently used during surgery and in critically ill patients. Recent studies have indicated that the use of pharmaceutical-grade albumin is controversial in critically ill patients. In this in vitro study we investigated the drug binding properties of pharmaceutical-grade albumins (Baxter/Immuno, Octapharma, and Pharmacia & Upjohn), native human serum, and commercially available human serum albumin from Sigma Chemical Company. Methods The binding properties of the various albumin solutions were tested in vitro by means of ultrafiltration. Naproxen, warfarin, and digitoxin were used as ligands. HPLC was used to quantitate the total and free drug concentrations. The data were fitted to a model of two classes of binding sites for naproxen and warfarin and one class for digitoxin, using Microsoft Excel and Graphpad Prism. Results The drugs were highly bound to albumin (95–99.5%). The highest affinity (lowest K1) was found with naproxen. Pharmaceutical-grade albumin solutions displayed significantly lower drug-binding capacity compared to native human serum and Sigma albumin. Thus, the free fraction was considerably higher, approximately 40 times for naproxen and 5 and 2 times for warfarin and digitoxin, respectively. The stabilisers caprylic acid and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan used in the manufacturing procedure seem to be of importance. Adding the stabilisers to human serum and Sigma albumin reduced the binding affinity whereas charcoal treatment of the pharmaceutical-grade albumin from Octapharma almost restored the specific binding capacity. Conclusion This in vitro study demonstrates that the specific binding for warfarin and digitoxin is significantly reduced and for naproxen

  9. Sorption and desorption of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in an agricultural loam-textured soil.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Y; Price, G W; Jamieson, R; Burton, D; Khosravi, K

    2017-05-01

    Non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used pharmaceutical products with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that are consistently detected in municipal wastewater systems and in municipal biosolids. Land application of biosolids and irrigation with reclaimed wastewater introduces these compounds into agricultural environments, which is an emerging issue of concern for ecosystem health. In this study, the sorption-desorption behaviour of four commonly consumed NSAIDs, including naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KTF), and diclofenac (DCF), was examined in a loam textured soil exposed to either an individual-compound or a mixture of the four NSAIDs. The proportion of NSAIDs adsorbed to the soil in the mixture-compound system was 72%, 55%, 50% and 45%, for diclofenac, naproxen, ketoprofen, and ibuprofen, respectively, and differed slightly from the individual compound adsorption. Diclofenac displayed strong sorption and low desorption in both the individual-compound and mixture-compound systems. Naproxen and ibuprofen exhibited significant differences between the adsorption isotherms of the individual-compound and mixture-compound systems. Results of this study highlight differences in the sorption behaviour of NSAIDs, when present as mixtures, possibly through multilayer bonding effects or complexation with cationic metals or organo-clays from the soil. Soil organic matter (SOM) may have played a role in determining some of the interactions between the compounds but other factors associated with the mixture-compound system, such as cation bridging or multilayer cooperative adsorption. Desorption data suggests that the mechanisms involved in binding NSAIDs to the soil surface are also influence by the presence of other compounds in a mixture. A reduction in desorption was observed for all four NSAIDs in the mixture-compound system relative to the individual-compound system, but were greatest for naproxen and ibuprofen. The sorption

  10. The use of combination therapies in the acute management of migraine.

    PubMed

    Krymchantowski, Abouch Valenty

    2006-09-01

    Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorder with multiple peripheral and central mechanisms. Targeting a single mechanism for treating individual attacks as well as for performing the prophylaxis has been shown to be only partially effective. Recently, the role of combining agents for acute migraine treatment has gained attention and the combination of a triptan plus a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has demonstrated better efficacy. This review focuses on the fundamentals of treating migraine attacks with two or more agents, and emphasizes the characteristics of the recently approved fixed combination sumatriptan-naproxen. A PubMed search using the terms "migraine", "treatment", "acute", "triptans", "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs", "sumatriptan", "naproxen", and "combination" was used. In addition, abstracts presented in the major meetings of the American Headache and the International Headache Societies along with the American Academy of Neurology were also evaluated. Although most of the few studies encountered were not controlled, there is a clear trend for better efficacy in combining triptans with NSAID. Additionally, the results of two recent large and controlled studies using fixed combinations of sumatriptan (50 mg and 85 mg) with 500 mg naproxen sodium confirm the initial observations of the clear superiority of this combination over the use of each agent alone. The differences in the endpoints 24-hour pain-relief response as well as pain-free and pain-relief parameters at 2-hour time-point are the most noticeable efficacy measures. Tolerability was not different between studied drugs. Combining triptans with NSAID and other agents for the acute treatment of migraine suggests better outcome efficacy measures than the use of single agents. The fixed combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium offers improved 2-hour and 24-hour benefits over monotherapy with each one these options. Recently issued FDA approval for marketing

  11. [[Chiral separation of five arylpropionic acid drugs and determination of their enantiomers in pharmaceutical preparations by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with cellulose-tris-(4-methylbenzoate) stationary phase

    PubMed

    Luo, An; Wan, Qiang; Fan, Huajun; Chen, Zhi; Wu, Xuehao; Huang, Xiaowen; Zang, Linquan

    2014-09-01

    Chromatographic behaviors for enantiomeric separation of arylpropionic acid drugs were systematically developed by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using cellulose-tris-(4-methylbenzoate) (CTMB) as chiral stationary phase (CSP). The effects of the composition of the mobile phase, additives and temperature on chiral separation of flurbiprofen, pranoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and loxoprofen were further investigated. The enantiomers had been successfully separated on CSP of CTMB by the mobile phase of methanol-0.1% (v/v) formic acid except naproxen by acetonitrile-0.1% (v/v) formic acid at 25 °C. The mechanisms of the racemic resolution for the above mentioned five drugs are discussed thermodynamically and structurally. The resolutions between respective enantiomers for arylpropionic acid drugs on CTMB had significant differences due to their chromatographic behaviors. The order of resolutions ranked pranoprofen, loxoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and naproxen. The method established has been successfully applied to the determination of the enantiomers of the five drugs in commercial preparations under the optimized conditions. It proved that the method is simple, reliable and accurate.

  12. Application of London-type dispersion corrections to the solid-state density functional theory simulation of the terahertz spectra of crystalline pharmaceuticals.

    PubMed

    King, Matthew D; Buchanan, William D; Korter, Timothy M

    2011-03-14

    The effects of applying an empirical dispersion correction to solid-state density functional theory methods were evaluated in the simulation of the crystal structure and low-frequency (10 to 90 cm(-1)) terahertz spectrum of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen. The naproxen molecular crystal is bound largely by weak London force interactions, as well as by more prominent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, and thus serves as a good model for the assessment of the pair-wise dispersion correction term in systems influenced by intermolecular interactions of various strengths. Modifications to the dispersion parameters were tested in both fully optimized unit cell dimensions and those determined by X-ray crystallography, with subsequent simulations of the THz spectrum being performed. Use of the unmodified PBE density functional leads to an unrealistic expansion of the unit cell volume and the poor representation of the THz spectrum. Inclusion of a modified dispersion correction enabled a high-quality simulation of the THz spectrum and crystal structure of naproxen to be achieved without the need for artificially constraining the unit cell dimensions.

  13. Simultaneous determination of several antalgic drugs based on their interactions with beta-cyclodextrin by capillary zone electrophoresis.

    PubMed

    Wei, Wei; Yu, Xiaodong; Ju, Huangxin

    2004-03-01

    The binding constants of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) with antalgic drugs such as naproxen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, acemetacin, and aspirin are determined by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Based on these interactions, a reliable method for the separation and simultaneous determinations of these compounds in the presence of 5.0 mM beta-CD in phosphate buffer solution is presented by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection at 214 nm for naproxen and 200 nm for the others. The linear ranges for naproxen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, acemetacin, aspirin, and caffeine detections are from 2.0 to 800, 2.5 to 1000, 2.5 to 700, 2.5 to 700, 2.0 to 800, and 1.5 to 800 microg/mL, respectively. Their detection limits are 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.0 microg/mL at a signal to noise ratio of 3, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to the detections of these drugs in the pharmaceutical formulations (tablets or capsules) and urine samples.

  14. Effects of conventional and hydrogen sulfide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats with stress-induced and epinephrine-induced gastric damage.

    PubMed

    Fomenko, Iryna; Sklyarov, Alexander; Bondarchuk, Tetyana; Biletska, Lilya; Panasyuk, Natalia; Wallace, John L

    2014-12-01

    Mechanisms of gastric defence under conditions of combined influence of acute stress and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are still poorly studied. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different types of NSAIDs (naproxen, celecoxib and ATB-346) in producing experimental gastric lesions (induced by water-restraint stress (WRS) or by epinephrine (EPN) injection) and to determine the role of lipid peroxidation and the nitric oxide (NO) system in the pathogenesis of the damage. Male rats were used (eight per group) in this work. The NSAIDs were all administered at a dose 10 mg kg(-1) 30 min prior to WRS or EPN injection. Administration of naproxen to the control rats caused development of gastric lesions, whereas administration of a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing NSAID (ATB-346) or a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) did not cause gastric damage. In contrast, lipid peroxidation processes were enhanced in all groups as was the activity of NO synthase (NOS). Pretreatment with naproxen in the WRS model caused an increase in severity of damage and a decrease in NOS activity. ATB-346 displayed beneficial effects, manifested by a decrease in the area of gastric damage, but parameters of lipid peroxidation and the NOS system did not differ substantially from those in the group treated with naproxen. Administration of different NSAIDs under conditions of EPN-induced gastric damage resulted in the decrease in NOS activity and lipid peroxidation. None of the tested NSAIDs exacerbated EPN-induced gastric mucosal injury; indeed, they all reduced the extent of damage.

  15. Fourier transform vibrational circular dichroism of small pharmaceutical molecules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Long, Fujin; Freedman, Teresa B.; Nafie, Laurence A.

    1998-06-01

    Fourier transform vibrational circular dichroism (FT-VCD) spectra of the small pharmaceutical molecules propanolol, ibuprofen and naproxen have been measured in the hydrogen stretching and mid-infrared regions to obtain information on solution conformation and to identify markers for absolute configuration determination. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of low energy conformations, vibrational frequencies and VCD intensities for fragments of the drugs were utilized in interpreting the spectra. Features characteristic of five conformers of propranolol were identified. The weak positive CH stretching VCD signal in ibuprofen and naproxen is characteristic of the S-configuration of the chiral center common to these two analgesics.

  16. [Treatment and prevention of erosive and ulcerative lesions in the stomach and duodenum caused by intake of non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs].

    PubMed

    Luzina, E V

    2014-01-01

    Therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a diffcult task. Good anti-inflammatory effect increases the risk of gastrointestinal complications with a frequency of 10-50%. The risk further increases with age (above 60-70 yr), the history of ulcer disease concomitant intake of acetylsalicylic acid, anticoagulants, and glucocorticosteroids. Long-term antisecretory therapy with proton pump inhibitors, e.g., esomeprazole, was shown to be an effective prophylactic tool. This drug maintains the intragastric pH value above 4 for 15 hr on the average. The risk of erosive and ulceraive lesions in the stomach and duodenum significantly decreases by selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, e.g., coxibs, that however increase the risk of thrombotic cardiovascular complications. The author proposes recommendations on the use of NSAIDs in the patients at risk of serious gastrointestinal and cardiovascular pathology. Naproxen in combination with proton pitmp inhibitors is the drug of choice among NSAIDs. Vimovo is a fixed combination of naproxen and esomeprazole. Results of comparative studies on the efficacy of vimovo and celecoxib are presented along with the data on the safety of this. combination compared with that of naproxen monotherapy

  17. Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Water with Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks: Remarkable Adsorbents with Hydrogen-bonding Abilities.

    PubMed

    Seo, Pill Won; Bhadra, Biswa Nath; Ahmed, Imteaz; Khan, Nazmul Abedin; Jhung, Sung Hwa

    2016-10-03

    Adsorption of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (such as naproxen, ibuprofen and oxybenzone) from aqueous solutions was studied by using the highly porous metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101 with and without functionalization. Adsorption results showed that MIL-101s with H-donor functional groups such as -OH and -NH 2 were very effective for naproxen adsorption, despite a decrease in porosity, probably because of H-bonding between O atoms on naproxen and H atoms on the adsorbent. For this reason, MIL-101 with two functional groups capable of H-bonding (MIL-101-(OH) 2 ) exhibited remarkable adsorption capacity based on adsorbent surface area. The favorable contributions of -OH and -(OH) 2 on MIL-101 in the increased adsorption of ibuprofen and oxybenzone (especially based on porosity) confirmed again the importance of H-bonding mechanism. The adsorbent with the highest adsorption capacity, MIL-101-OH, was very competitive when compared with carbonaceous materials, mesoporous materials, and pristine MIL-101. Moreover, the MIL-101-OH could be recycled several times by simply washing with ethanol, suggesting potential application in the adsorptive removal of PPCPs from water.

  18. Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Water with Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks: Remarkable Adsorbents with Hydrogen-bonding Abilities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seo, Pill Won; Bhadra, Biswa Nath; Ahmed, Imteaz; Khan, Nazmul Abedin; Jhung, Sung Hwa

    2016-10-01

    Adsorption of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (such as naproxen, ibuprofen and oxybenzone) from aqueous solutions was studied by using the highly porous metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101 with and without functionalization. Adsorption results showed that MIL-101s with H-donor functional groups such as -OH and -NH2 were very effective for naproxen adsorption, despite a decrease in porosity, probably because of H-bonding between O atoms on naproxen and H atoms on the adsorbent. For this reason, MIL-101 with two functional groups capable of H-bonding (MIL-101-(OH)2) exhibited remarkable adsorption capacity based on adsorbent surface area. The favorable contributions of -OH and -(OH)2 on MIL-101 in the increased adsorption of ibuprofen and oxybenzone (especially based on porosity) confirmed again the importance of H-bonding mechanism. The adsorbent with the highest adsorption capacity, MIL-101-OH, was very competitive when compared with carbonaceous materials, mesoporous materials, and pristine MIL-101. Moreover, the MIL-101-OH could be recycled several times by simply washing with ethanol, suggesting potential application in the adsorptive removal of PPCPs from water.

  19. Removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, beta-blockers, trimethoprim and triclosan in conventional wastewater treatment plants in five EU countries and their discharge to the aquatic environment.

    PubMed

    Paxéus, N

    2004-01-01

    The removal of commonly used pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, atenolol, metoprolol and trimethoprim) and a biocide (triclosan) in operating wastewater treatment plants in five EU countries has been studied. Under normal operating conditions the acidic drugs and triclosan were partially removed with removal rates varying from ca. 20 to >95%. The highest removal rate was found for ibuprofen and triclosan (>90%) followed by naproxen (80%), gemfibrozil (55%) and diclofenac (39%). Ibuprofen undergoes an oxidative transformation to corresponding hydroxy- and carboxy-metabolites, which contributes to its high removal rate. Disturbances in the activated sludge process resulted in lower removal rates for all acidic drugs, mostly for diclofenac (<10% removed) but also for ibuprofen (<60% removed). The treatment of wastewaters by activated sludge usually did not result in any practical removal (<10%) of neutral carbamazepine or basic atenolol, metoprolol and trimethoprim. The removal rates of the investigated drugs and triclosan are discussed in terms of mechanisms responsible for their removal. Discharges of carbamazepine, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, naproxen, triclosan and trimethoprim from WWTPs to the aquatic environment, expressed as the average concentration in the effluent and the daily discharged quantity per person served by WWTPs were assessed.

  20. Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Water with Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks: Remarkable Adsorbents with Hydrogen-bonding Abilities

    PubMed Central

    Seo, Pill Won; Bhadra, Biswa Nath; Ahmed, Imteaz; Khan, Nazmul Abedin; Jhung, Sung Hwa

    2016-01-01

    Adsorption of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (such as naproxen, ibuprofen and oxybenzone) from aqueous solutions was studied by using the highly porous metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101 with and without functionalization. Adsorption results showed that MIL-101s with H-donor functional groups such as –OH and –NH2 were very effective for naproxen adsorption, despite a decrease in porosity, probably because of H-bonding between O atoms on naproxen and H atoms on the adsorbent. For this reason, MIL-101 with two functional groups capable of H-bonding (MIL-101-(OH)2) exhibited remarkable adsorption capacity based on adsorbent surface area. The favorable contributions of –OH and –(OH)2 on MIL-101 in the increased adsorption of ibuprofen and oxybenzone (especially based on porosity) confirmed again the importance of H-bonding mechanism. The adsorbent with the highest adsorption capacity, MIL-101-OH, was very competitive when compared with carbonaceous materials, mesoporous materials, and pristine MIL-101. Moreover, the MIL-101-OH could be recycled several times by simply washing with ethanol, suggesting potential application in the adsorptive removal of PPCPs from water. PMID:27695005

  1. Differential impairment of aspirin-dependent platelet cyclooxygenase acetylation by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

    PubMed Central

    Li, Xuanwen; Fries, Susanne; Li, Ruizhi; Lawson, John A.; Propert, Kathleen J.; Diamond, Scott L.; Blair, Ian A.; FitzGerald, Garret A.; Grosser, Tilo

    2014-01-01

    The cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be influenced by interactions with antiplatelet doses of aspirin. We sought to quantitate precisely the propensity of commonly consumed NSAIDs—ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib—to cause a drug–drug interaction with aspirin in vivo by measuring the target engagement of aspirin directly by MS. We developed a novel assay of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) acetylation in platelets isolated from volunteers who were administered aspirin and used conventional and microfluidic assays to evaluate platelet function. Although ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib all had the potential to compete with the access of aspirin to the substrate binding channel of COX-1 in vitro, exposure of volunteers to a single therapeutic dose of each NSAID followed by 325 mg aspirin revealed a potent drug–drug interaction between ibuprofen and aspirin and between naproxen and aspirin but not between celecoxib and aspirin. The imprecision of estimates of aspirin consumption and the differential impact on the ability of aspirin to inactivate platelet COX-1 will confound head-to-head comparisons of distinct NSAIDs in ongoing clinical studies designed to measure their cardiovascular risk. PMID:25385584

  2. Biodegradation and bio-sorption of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using immobilized cell process.

    PubMed

    Yu, Tsung-Hsien; Lin, Angela Yu-Chen; Panchangam, Sri Chandana; Hong, Pui-Kwan Andy; Yang, Ping-Yi; Lin, Cheng-Fang

    2011-08-01

    In the present study, the removal mechanisms of four antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen) in immobilized cell process were investigated using batch reactors. This work principally explores the individual or collective roles of biodegradation and bio-sorption as removal routes of the target pharmaceuticals and the results were validated by various experimental and analytical tools. Biodegradation and bio-sorption were found as dominant mechanisms for the drug removal, while volatilization and hydrolysis were negligible for all target pharmaceuticals. The target pharmaceuticals responded to the two observed removal mechanisms in different ways, typically: (1) strong biodegradability and bio-sorption by acetaminophen, (2) strong biodegradability and weak bio-sorption by sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, ibuprofen and naproxen, (3) low biodegradability and weak bio-sorption by sulfamethazine and ketoprofen, and (4) low biodegradability and medium bio-sorption by trimethoprim. In the sorption/desorption experiment, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were characterized by strong sorption and weak desorption. A phenomenon of moderate sorption and well desorption was observed for sulfamethazine, trimethoprim and naproxen. Both ibuprofen and ketoprofen were weakly sorbed and strongly desorbed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada.

    PubMed

    Boyd, Glen R; Reemtsma, Helge; Grimm, Deborah A; Mitra, Siddhartha

    2003-07-20

    A newly developed analytical method was used to measure concentrations of nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in samples from two surface water bodies, a sewage treatment plant effluent and various stages of a drinking water treatment plant in Louisiana, USA, and from one surface water body, a drinking water treatment plant and a pilot plant in Ontario, Canada. The analytical method provides for simultaneous extraction and quantification of the following broad range of PPCPs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: naproxen; ibuprofen; estrone; 17beta-estradiol; bisphenol A; clorophene; triclosan; fluoxetine; and clofibric acid. Naproxen was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 81-106 ng/l and Louisiana and Ontario surface waters at 22-107 ng/l. Triclosan was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21 ng/l. Of the three surface waters sampled, clofibric acid was detected in Detroit River water at 103 ng/l, but not in Mississippi River or Lake Pontchartrain waters. None of the other target analytes were detected above their method detection limits. Based on results at various stages of treatment, conventional drinking-water treatment processes (coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation) plus continuous addition of powdered activated carbon at a dosage of 2 mg/l did not remove naproxen from Mississippi River waters. However, chlorination, ozonation and dual media filtration processes reduced the concentration of naproxen below detection in Mississippi River and Detroit River waters and reduced clofibric acid in Detroit River waters. Results of this study demonstrate that existing water treatment technologies can effectively remove certain PPCPs. In addition, our study demonstrates the importance of obtaining data on removal mechanisms and byproducts associated with PPCPs and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in drinking water and sewage treatment processes.

  4. On-line packed magnetic in-tube solid phase microextraction of acidic drugs such as naproxen and indomethacin by using Fe3O4@SiO2@layered double hydroxide nanoparticles with high anion exchange capacity.

    PubMed

    Shamsayei, Maryam; Yamini, Yadollah; Asiabi, Hamid; Safari, Meysam

    2018-02-22

    The authors describe a 3-component nanoparticle system composed of a silica-coated magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) core and a layered double (Cu-Cr) hydroxide nanoplatelet shell. The sorbent has a high anion exchange capacity for extraction anionic species. A simple online system, referred to as "on-line packed magnetic-in-tube solid phase microextraction" was designed. The nanoparticles were placed in a stainless steel cartridge via dry packing. The cartridge was then applied to the preconcentration acidic drugs including naproxen and indomethacin from urine and plasma. Extraction and desorption times, pH values of the sample solution and flow rates of sample solution and eluent were optimized. Analytes were then quantified by HPLC with UV detection. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection range from 70 to 800 ng L -1 , with linear responses from 0.1-500 μg L -1 (water samples), 0.6-500 μg L -1 (spiked urine), and 0.9-500 μg L -1 (spiked plasma). The inter- and intra-assay precisions (RSDs, for n = 5) are in the range of 2.2-5.4%, 2.8-4.9%, and 2.0-5.2% at concentration levels of 5, 25 and 50 μg L -1 , respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of the drugs in spiked human urine and plasma, and good results were achieved. Graphical abstract Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @CuCr-LDH magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and packed in to a stainless steel column. The column was applied to solid phase microextraction of acidic drugs from biological samples.

  5. Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study: Seville city (Spain).

    PubMed

    Santos, J L; Aparicio, I; Alonso, E

    2007-05-01

    The occurrence of four anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine) and a nervous stimulant (caffeine) in influent and effluent samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Seville was evaluated. Removal rates in the WWTPs and risk assessment of the pharmaceutically active compounds have been studied. Analytical determination was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (Fl) detectors after sample clean up and concentration by solid phase extraction. All pharmaceutically active compounds, except diclofenac, were detected not only in wastewater influents but also in wastewater effluents. Mean concentrations of caffeine, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and naproxen ranged between 0.28-11.44 microg l(-1) and 0.21-2.62 microg l(-1) in influent and effluent wastewater, respectively. Ibuprofen was present in the highest concentrations in the range 12.13-373.11 microg l(-1) and 0.78-48.24 microg l(-1) in influent and effluent wastewater, respectively. Removal rates of the pharmaceuticals ranged between 6 and 98%. Risk quotients, expressed as ratios between the measured environmental concentration (MEC) and the predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) were higher than 1 for ibuprofen and naproxen in influent wastewater and for ibuprofen in effluent wastewater.

  6. Efficacy and safety of Derris scandens Benth extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

    PubMed

    Kuptniratsaikul, Vilai; Pinthong, Theerawut; Bunjob, Malee; Thanakhumtorn, Sunee; Chinswangwatanakul, Pornsiri; Thamlikitkul, Visanu

    2011-02-01

    The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy and safety of Derris scandens Benth extracts in pain reduction and functional improvement in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, single-blinded (assessor). The study was conducted at the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Siriraj Hospital. One hundred and seven (107) patients with primary OA knee who had pain score of ≥ 5 were recruited. Patients were randomized to receive naproxen 500 mg/day or Derris 800 mg/day for 4 weeks. Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores and 6-minute walking distance were the outcome measurements. Fifty-five (55) and 52 patients were randomized to Derris and naproxen groups, respectively. The mean differences of all WOMAC scores between 2 groups at week 4 adjusted by week 0 were within ± 1 point. The mean scores of the aforementioned outcomes at weeks 0, 2, and 4 were significantly improved compared to the baseline values. There was no difference of WOMAC scores between groups. The gastrointestinal irritation and dyspepsia were observed more often in the naproxen than in the Derris group. Derris scandens Benth extracts were efficacious and safe for the treatment of knee OA.

  7. Green Synthesis of Novel Polyaniline Nanofibers: Application in pH Sensing.

    PubMed

    Tanwar, Shivani; Ho, Ja-an Annie

    2015-10-13

    An optically active polyaniline nanomaterial (PANI-Nap), doped with (S)-naproxen, was developed and evaluated as a potent pH sensor. We synthesized the material in one pot by the addition of the dopant, (S)-naproxen, prior to polymerization, followed by the addition of the oxidizing agent (ammonium persulfate) that causes polymerization of the aniline. This green chemistry approach allowed us to take only 1 h to produce a water-soluble and stable nanomaterial. UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the designed nanomaterial. This nanomaterial exhibited excellent pH sensing properties and showed long term stability (up to one month) without loss of sensor performance.

  8. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors with oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III) and sulfate as electron acceptors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmidt, Natalie; Page, Declan; Tiehm, Andreas

    2017-08-01

    Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds was examined in long term batch experiments for a period of two and a half years to obtain more insight into the effects of redox conditions. A mix including lipid lowering agents (e.g. clofibric acid, gemfibrozil), analgesics (e.g. diclofenac, naproxen), beta blockers (e.g. atenolol, propranolol), X-ray contrast media (e.g. diatrizoic acid, iomeprol) as well as the antiepileptic carbamazepine and endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A, 17α-ethinylestradiol) was analyzed in batch tests in the presence of oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III), and sulfate. Out of the 23 selected substances, 14 showed a degradation of > 50% of their initial concentrations under aerobic conditions. The beta blockers propranolol and atenolol and the analgesics pentoxifylline and naproxen showed a removal of > 50% under anaerobic conditions. In particular naproxen proved to be degradable with oxygen and under most anaerobic conditions, i.e. with manganese (IV), iron (III), or sulfate. The natural estrogens estriol, estrone and 17β-estradiol showed complete biodegradation under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions, with a temporary increase of estrone during transformation of estriol and 17β-estradiol. Transformation of 17β-estradiol under Fe(III)-reducing conditions resulted in an increase of estriol as well. Concentrations of clofibric acid, carbamazepine, iopamidol and diatrizoic acid, known for their recalcitrance in the environment, remained unchanged.

  9. Synthesis of high surface area carbon adsorbents prepared from pine sawdust-Onopordum acanthium L. for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs adsorption.

    PubMed

    Álvarez-Torrellas, S; Muñoz, M; Zazo, J A; Casas, J A; García, J

    2016-12-01

    Chemically activated carbon materials prepared from pine sawdust-Onopordum acanthium L. were studied for the removal of diclofenac and naproxen from aqueous solution. Several carbons, using different proportions of precursors were obtained (carbon C1 to carbon C5) and the chemical modification by liquid acid and basic treatments of C1 were carried out. The textural properties of the carbons, evaluated by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, revealed that the treatments with nitric acid and potassium hydroxide dramatically reduced the specific surface area and the pore volume of the carbon samples. The surface chemistry characterization, made by thermal programmed decomposition studies, determination of isoelectric point and Boehm's titration, showed the major presence of lactone and phenol groups on the activated carbons surface, being higher the content when the acidic strength of the carbon increased. Diclofenac and naproxen kinetic data onto C1 carbon followed pseudo-second order model. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms of C1 and the modified carbons were well described by both Sips and GAB isotherm equations. The highest adsorption capacity was found for naproxen onto C1 activated carbon, 325 mg g(-1), since the liquid acid and basic functionalization of the carbon led to a severe decreasing in the adsorption removal of the target compounds. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Piroxicam in acute musculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries.

    PubMed

    Heere, L P

    1988-05-20

    Approximately 20 percent of athletes have an acute or chronic injury related to their sport. In acute musculoskeletal disorders, inflammation is an important component of the symptomatology. Recent clinical studies are showing that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can significantly reduce inflammation and help speed return to full function. In an international study, the efficacy and toleration of piroxicam were compared with that of indomethacin, naproxen, and aspirin in three multicenter, double-blind, parallel studies involving a total of 1,290 patients with acute sprains and tendinitis. The centers compared piroxicam 40 mg once daily for the first two days followed by 20 mg once daily for the remainder of the studies. This regimen was compared with either indomethacin, 50 mg three times per day for two days and 25 mg three times per day for the remainder of the treatment period; naproxen 500 mg twice daily for two days followed by 250 mg in the morning and 500 mg in the evening thereafter; or aspirin 4 g per day for the duration of the study. Treatment normally lasted 14 days; the minimal duration was seven days, with a maximum of 28 days. Overall assessment of efficacy was excellent or good in more than 80 percent of patients. Statistical differences were seen favoring piroxicam over aspirin (p less than 0.05) regarding reduction in tenderness and resumption of daily activities within 16 days (p less than 0.02). The study comparing piroxicam and naproxen showed a statistically significant difference in favor of piroxicam (p less than 0.025). There was no difference between piroxicam and indomethacin in the number of patients who were able to accomplish normal daily activity within 16 days. Furthermore, although efficacy was comparable among the NSAIDs, piroxicam was significantly better-tolerated than either naproxen or indomethacin. Piroxicam was also better-tolerated than aspirin, but a statistical difference was not reached.

  11. Novel Activities of Select NSAID R-Enantiomers against Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases

    PubMed Central

    Oprea, Tudor I.; Sklar, Larry A.; Agola, Jacob O.; Guo, Yuna; Silberberg, Melina; Roxby, Joshua; Vestling, Anna; Romero, Elsa; Surviladze, Zurab; Murray-Krezan, Cristina; Waller, Anna; Ursu, Oleg; Hudson, Laurie G.; Wandinger-Ness, Angela

    2015-01-01

    Rho family GTPases (including Rac, Rho and Cdc42) collectively control cell proliferation, adhesion and migration and are of interest as functional therapeutic targets in numerous epithelial cancers. Based on high throughput screening of the Prestwick Chemical Library® and cheminformatics we identified the R-enantiomers of two approved drugs (naproxen and ketorolac) as inhibitors of Rac1 and Cdc42. The corresponding S-enantiomers are considered the active component in racemic drug formulations, acting as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with selective activity against cyclooxygenases. Here, we show that the S-enantiomers of naproxen and ketorolac are inactive against the GTPases. Additionally, more than twenty other NSAIDs lacked inhibitory action against the GTPases, establishing the selectivity of the two identified NSAIDs. R-naproxen was first identified as a lead compound and tested in parallel with its S-enantiomer and the non-chiral 6-methoxy-naphthalene acetic acid (active metabolite of nabumetone, another NSAID) as a structural series. Cheminformatics-based substructure analyses—using the rotationally constrained carboxylate in R-naproxen—led to identification of racemic [R/S] ketorolac as a suitable FDA-approved candidate. Cell based measurement of GTPase activity (in animal and human cell lines) demonstrated that the R-enantiomers specifically inhibit epidermal growth factor stimulated Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. The GTPase inhibitory effects of the R-enantiomers in cells largely mimic those of established Rac1 (NSC23766) and Cdc42 (CID2950007/ML141) specific inhibitors. Docking predicts that rotational constraints position the carboxylate moieties of the R-enantiomers to preferentially coordinate the magnesium ion, thereby destabilizing nucleotide binding to Rac1 and Cdc42. The S-enantiomers can be docked but are less favorably positioned in proximity to the magnesium. R-naproxen and R-ketorolac have potential for rapid translation and

  12. Endometriosis

    MedlinePlus

    ... ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve), and acetaminophen (Tylenol). Prescription painkillers, if needed, for more severe pain. Regular exams ... or injections -- This treatment helps shrink growths. Side effects may include weight gain and depression. Gonadotropin-agonist ...

  13. Grape

    MedlinePlus

    ... fruit, skin, leaves and seed of the grape plant are used as medicine. Grape seeds are by- ... haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), mexiletine (Mexitil), mirtazapine (Remeron), naproxen (Naprosyn), nortriptyline (Pamelor), olanzapine (Zyprexa), ondansetron (Zofran), propafenone ( ...

  14. Fucus Vesiculosus

    MedlinePlus

    ... type of brown seaweed. People use the whole plant to make medicine. People use Fucus vesiculosus for ... diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ...

  15. Migraines

    MedlinePlus

    ... name: Excedrin Migraine); ibuprofen (one brand name: Motrin); naproxen (brand name: Aleve); and ketoprofen (brand name: Orudis ... and leaf and root extracts of the butterbur plant. What else can I do to prevent migraines? ...

  16. Carotid artery surgery

    MedlinePlus

    ... of stroke. Some of these medicines are aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), and warfarin (Coumadin). Carotid angioplasty and stenting is ... thinner drugs. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), ... (Plavix), naprosyn (Aleve, Naproxen), and other drugs like ...

  17. Peptic ulcer

    MedlinePlus

    ... ulcers: Drinking too much alcohol Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( ... pylori infection. Your ulcer is caused by taking aspirin or NSAIDs. Your doctor may also prescribe this ...

  18. Pain Relievers: MedlinePlus Health Topic

    MedlinePlus

    ... are two main types of OTC pain medicines: acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin, naproxen ( ... American Rhinologic Society) Don't Double Up on Acetaminophen (Food and Drug Administration) Also in Spanish Narcotic ...

  19. Azilsartan

    MedlinePlus

    ... It works by blocking the action of certain natural substances that tighten the blood vessels, allowing the ... Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) and selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib (Celebrex); diuretics ('water pills'); lithium ( ...

  20. Blepharoplasty (Eyelid Surgery)

    MedlinePlus

    ... also ask about your use of medications, vitamins, herbal supplements, alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Your expectations. An honest ... others), naproxen (Naprosyn), and any other medication or herbal supplement associated with increased bleeding. Ask your doctor how ...

  1. Plantar Fasciitis

    MedlinePlus

    ... medicine help? Aspirin, acetaminophen (one brand name: Tylenol), naproxen (brand name: Aleve), or ibuprofen (some brand names: ... Kids and Teens, Men, WomenTags: fasciitis, foot, heel, plant, soreness September 1, 2000 Copyright © American Academy of ...

  2. Pain: Hope through Research

    MedlinePlus

    ... and naproxen) are widely prescribed and sometimes called non-narcotic or non-opioid analgesics. They work by reducing inflammatory responses ... life in older people. The guidelines contained several non-drug approaches to treatment, including exercise, and recommended ...

  3. Adsorption of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound by granular activated carbon. 1. Adsorption capacity and kinetics.

    PubMed

    Yu, Zirui; Peldszus, Sigrid; Huck, Peter M

    2009-03-01

    The adsorption of two representative PhACs (naproxen and carbamazepine) and one EDC (nonylphenol) were evaluated on two granular activated carbons (GAC). The primary objective was to investigate preloading effects by natural organic matter (NOM) on adsorption capacity and kinetics under conditions and concentrations (i.e., ng/L) relevantfor drinking water treatment Isotherms demonstrated that all compounds were significantly negatively impacted by NOM fouling. Adsorption capacity reduction was most severe for the acidic naproxen, followed by the neutral carbamazepine and then the more hydrophobic nonylphenol. The GAC with the wider pore size distribution had considerably greater NOM loading, resulting in lower adsorption capacity. Different patterns forthe change in Freundlich K(F) and 1/n with time revealed different competitive mechanisms for the different compounds. Mass transport coefficients determined by short fixed-bed (SFB) tests with virgin and preloaded GAC demonstrated thatfilm diffusion primarily controls mass transfer on virgin and preloaded carbon. Naproxen suffered the greatest deteriorative effect on kinetic parameters due to preloading, followed by carbamazepine, and then nonylphenol. A type of surface NOM/biofilm, which appeared to add an additional masstransfer resistance layer and thus reduce film diffusion, was observed. In addition, electrostatic interactions between NOM/biofilm and the investigated compounds are proposed to contribute to the reduction of film diffusion. A companion paper building on this work describes treatability studies in pilot-scale GAC adsorbers and the effectiveness of a selected fixed-bed model.

  4. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors with oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III) and sulfate as electron acceptors.

    PubMed

    Schmidt, Natalie; Page, Declan; Tiehm, Andreas

    2017-08-01

    Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds was examined in long term batch experiments for a period of two and a half years to obtain more insight into the effects of redox conditions. A mix including lipid lowering agents (e.g. clofibric acid, gemfibrozil), analgesics (e.g. diclofenac, naproxen), beta blockers (e.g. atenolol, propranolol), X-ray contrast media (e.g. diatrizoic acid, iomeprol) as well as the antiepileptic carbamazepine and endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A, 17α-ethinylestradiol) was analyzed in batch tests in the presence of oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III), and sulfate. Out of the 23 selected substances, 14 showed a degradation of >50% of their initial concentrations under aerobic conditions. The beta blockers propranolol and atenolol and the analgesics pentoxifylline and naproxen showed a removal of >50% under anaerobic conditions. In particular naproxen proved to be degradable with oxygen and under most anaerobic conditions, i.e. with manganese (IV), iron (III), or sulfate. The natural estrogens estriol, estrone and 17β-estradiol showed complete biodegradation under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions, with a temporary increase of estrone during transformation of estriol and 17β-estradiol. Transformation of 17β-estradiol under Fe(III)-reducing conditions resulted in an increase of estriol as well. Concentrations of clofibric acid, carbamazepine, iopamidol and diatrizoic acid, known for their recalcitrance in the environment, remained unchanged. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Direct Conjugation of Emerging Contaminants in Arabidopsis: Indication for an Overlooked Risk in Plants?

    PubMed

    Fu, Qiuguo; Zhang, Jianbo; Borchardt, Dan; Schlenk, Daniel; Gan, Jay

    2017-06-06

    Agricultural use of treated wastewater, biosolids, and animal wastes introduces a multitude of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) into the soil-plant system. The potential for food crops to accumulate CECs depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which at present is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the metabolism of naproxen and ibuprofen, two of the most-used human drugs from the Profen family, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and the Arabidopsis plant. The complementary use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14 C labeling allowed the characterization of both free and conjugated metabolites, as well as nonextractable residues. Naproxen and ibuprofen, in their parent form, were conjugated quickly and directly with glutamic acid and glutamine, and further with peptides, in A. thaliana cells. For example, after 120 h, the metabolites of naproxen accounted for >90% of the extractable chemical mass, while the intact parent itself was negligible. The structures of glutamate and glutamine conjugates were confirmed using synthesized standards and further verified in whole plants. Amino acid conjugates may easily deconjugate, releasing the parent molecule. This finding highlights the possibility that the bioactivity of such CECs may be effectively preserved through direct conjugation, a previously overlooked risk. Many other CECs are also carboxylic acids, such as the profens. Therefore, direct conjugation may be a common route for plant metabolism of these CECs, making it imperative to consider conjugates when assessing their risks.

  6. A Combination of Scutellaria Baicalensis and Acacia Catechu Extracts for Short-Term Symptomatic Relief of Joint Discomfort Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee

    PubMed Central

    Ormsbee, Lauren T.; Elam, Marcus L.; Campbell, Sara C.; Rahnama, Nader; Payton, Mark E.; Brummel-Smith, Ken; Daggy, Bruce P.

    2014-01-01

    Abstract The extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu have been shown in previous studies to alleviate joint discomfort, reduce stiffness, and improve mobility by reducing the production of proinflammatory molecules over long periods of supplementation. The acute effects of intake of these extracts have not yet been investigated. Thus, we carried out a 1 week clinical trial to examine the extent to which UP446—a natural proprietary blend of S. baicalensis and A. catechu (UP446)—decreases knee joint pain, mobility, and biomarkers of inflammation in comparison to naproxen. Seventy-nine men and women (40–90 years old) diagnosed as having mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) consumed either 500 mg/day of the UP446 supplement or 440 mg/day of naproxen for 1 week in a double-blind randomized control trial. Pain, knee range of motion (ROM), and overall physical activity were evaluated at the start and at the end of treatment. Fasting blood was collected to determine serum interleukins 1β and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid. The UP446 group experienced a significant decrease in perceived pain (P=.009) time dependently. Stiffness was significantly reduced by both treatments (P=.002 UP446, P=.008 naproxen). Significant increases in mean ROM over time (P=.04) were found in the UP446 group. These findings suggest that UP446 is effective in reducing the physical symptoms associated with knee OA. PMID:24611484

  7. Managing Osteoarthritis Pain with Medicines: A Review of the Research for Adults

    MedlinePlus

    ... much you buy at one time. When you shop around for the best price, you should also consider the quality of the product. 7 Wholesale Prices of Prescription Analgesics Drug Name NSAIDs Celecoxib Ibuprofen Diclofenac Naproxen Etodolac Meloxicam ...

  8. Yerba Mate

    MedlinePlus

    Mate is a plant. The leaves are used to make medicine. Mate is used as a stimulant to relieve mental and physical tiredness ( ... diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ...

  9. Tailbone trauma - aftercare

    MedlinePlus

    ... or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn, and others). You can buy these medicines without a prescription. DO NOT use these medicines ... of fluids to avoid constipation. Use stool softener medicine if needed. You can buy stool softeners at the drugstore. Activity As your ...

  10. [Problems of cardiovascular toxicity of coxibs and non-selective NSA].

    PubMed

    Forejtová, S

    2006-01-01

    Non-steroidal antirheumatics (NSA) belong to the most often prescribed drugs. Certain observation studies indicate that they are used by 20 to 30% of population of developed countries. The most common NSA's adverse effects are gastrointestinal complications. Coxibs have been developed as an alternative to conventional non-selective NSA; with similar efficacy, they should reduce the risk of development of gastrointestinal complications. In the few last years, possible toxicity of coxibs and other non-steroidal antirheumatics has been widely discussed. The VIGOR study, which was performed 6 years ago, showed five times higher incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with rofecoxib therapy as compared with naproxen. Afterwards, there was much debate about rofecoxib, and coxibs in general, whose cardiotoxicity was supported and confuted at the same time. Possible cardioprotective effect of naproxen was discussed too. Later on, results of the APPROVE study (Adenoma Polyp Prevention on Vioxx) made Merck & Co., Inc. withdraw rofecoxib from all markets voluntarily. In the end of 2004, three controversial studies on celecoxib were published. Although the first study (Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib study, APC) showed higher cardiovascular risk of celecoxib, the second study (Prevention of Adenomatosus Polyps, PreSAP) did not verify these results. Surprisingly, the third study (Alzheimer Disease and Prevention Trial, ADAPT) proved 50% increase of the risk of cardiovascular (CV) toxicity of naproxen. In the last year, researchers have tried to decide whether CV toxicity is a class effect of coxib group or a class effect of all NSA. Many observation studies proved higher CV risk both of coxibs (particularly rofecoxib) and non-selective NSA including naproxen. These new findings moved the American FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to publish guidance concerning higher CV risk of all coxibs and NSA. For the time being, the EMEA (European Agency for Evaluation

  11. Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis.

    PubMed

    van Walsem, Anneloes; Pandhi, Shaloo; Nixon, Richard M; Guyot, Patricia; Karabis, Andreas; Moore, R Andrew

    2015-03-19

    There is argument over the benefits and risks of drugs for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain. This study compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib, and etoricoxib for patients with pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic literature review used Medline and EMBASE to identify randomised controlled trials. Efficacy outcomes assessed included: pain relief measured by visual analogue scale (VAS); Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) VAS or WOMAC Likert scale; physical functioning measured by WOMAC VAS or Likert scale; and patient global assessment (PGA) of disease severity measured on VAS or 5-point Likert scale. Safety outcomes included: Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration (APTC), major cardiovascular (CV) and major upper gastrointestinal (GI) events, and withdrawals. Data for each outcome were synthesized by a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA). For efficacy assessments, labelled doses for OA treatment were used for the base case while labelled doses for RA treatment were also included in the sensitivity analysis. Pooled data across dose ranges were used for safety. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability data were found for 146,524 patients in 176 studies included in the NMA. Diclofenac (150 mg/day) was likely to be more effective in alleviating pain than celecoxib (200 mg/day), naproxen (1000 mg/day), and ibuprofen (2400 mg/day), and similar to etoricoxib (60 mg/day); a lower dose of diclofenac (100 mg/day) was comparable to all other treatments in alleviating pain. Improved physical function with diclofenac (100 and 150 mg/day) was mostly comparable to all other treatments. PGA with diclofenac (100 and 150 mg/day) was likely to be more effective or comparable to all other treatments. All active treatments were similar for APTC and major CV events. Major upper GI events with diclofenac were lower compared to naproxen and ibuprofen, comparable to

  12. Siberian Ginseng

    MedlinePlus

    Siberian ginseng is a plant. People use the root of the plant to make medicine. Siberian ginseng is often called an "adaptogen." This is a ... diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ...

  13. Anti-inflammatory drugs interacting with Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pt(II) metal ions.

    PubMed

    Dendrinou-Samara, C; Tsotsou, G; Ekateriniadou, L V; Kortsaris, A H; Raptopoulou, C P; Terzis, A; Kyriakidis, D A; Kessissoglou, D P

    1998-09-01

    Complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pt(II) metal ions with the anti-inflammatory drugs, 1-methyl-5-(p-toluoyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-acetic acid (Tolmetin), alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid (Ibuprofen), 6-methoxy-alpha-methylnaphthalene-2-acetic acid (Naproxen) and 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid (indomethacin) have been synthesized and characterized. In the structurally characterized Cd(naproxen)2 complex the anti-inflammatory drugs acts as bidentate chelate ligand coordinatively bound to metal ions through the deprotonated carboxylate group. Crystal data for 1: [C32H26O8Cd], orthorhombic, space group P22(1)2(1), a = 5.693(2) (A), b = 8.760(3) (A), c = 30.74(1) (A), V = 1533(1) A3, Z = 2. Antibacterial and growth inhibitory activity is higher than that of the parent ligands or the platinum(II) diamine compounds.

  14. Flavocoxid, a Nutraceutical Approach to Blunt Inflammatory Conditions

    PubMed Central

    Squadrito, Francesco; Mecchio, Anna

    2014-01-01

    Flavonoids, from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) and Acacia catechu (black catechu), have been shown to exert a variety of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Flavocoxid is a mixed extract containing baicalin and catechin and it acts as a dual balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 peroxidase enzyme activities with a significant inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme activity in vitro. Flavocoxid downregulates gene or protein expression of several inflammatory markers and exerts also strong antioxidant activity in several experimental models. Controlled clinical trials and a postmarketing study have clearly shown that flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee and it has better upper gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory safety profile than naproxen. Flavocoxid may therefore provide a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. PMID:25242871

  15. Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in nitrifying-denitrifying plants.

    PubMed

    Suárez, S; Ramil, M; Omil, F; Lema, J M

    2005-01-01

    The behaviour of nine pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) of different diagnostic groups is studied during a nitrifying-denitrifying process in an activated sludge system. The compounds selected cover a wide range of frequently used substances such as anti-epileptics (carbamazepine), tranquillisers (diazepam), anti-depressants (fluoxetine and citalopram), anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) and estrogens (estradiol and ethinylestradiol). The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of acclimation of biomass on the removal rates of these compounds, either by maintaining a high sludge retention time or at long-term operation. The removal rates achieved for nitrogen and carbon in the experimental unit exceed 90% and were not affected by the addition of PhACs. Carbamazepine, diazepam and diclofenac were only removed to a small extent. On the other hand, higher removal rates have been observed for naproxen and ibuprofen (68% and 82%), respectively.

  16. Flavocoxid, a nutraceutical approach to blunt inflammatory conditions.

    PubMed

    Bitto, Alessandra; Squadrito, Francesco; Irrera, Natasha; Pizzino, Gabriele; Pallio, Giovanni; Mecchio, Anna; Galfo, Federica; Altavilla, Domenica

    2014-01-01

    Flavonoids, from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) and Acacia catechu (black catechu), have been shown to exert a variety of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Flavocoxid is a mixed extract containing baicalin and catechin and it acts as a dual balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 peroxidase enzyme activities with a significant inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme activity in vitro. Flavocoxid downregulates gene or protein expression of several inflammatory markers and exerts also strong antioxidant activity in several experimental models. Controlled clinical trials and a postmarketing study have clearly shown that flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee and it has better upper gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory safety profile than naproxen. Flavocoxid may therefore provide a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions.

  17. Gait analysis and weight bearing in pre-clinical joint pain research.

    PubMed

    Ängeby Möller, Kristina; Svärd, Heta; Suominen, Anni; Immonen, Jarmo; Holappa, Johanna; Stenfors, Carina

    2018-04-15

    There is a need for better joint pain treatment, but development of new medication has not been successful. Pre-clinical models with readouts that better reflect the clinical situation are needed. In patients with joint pain, pain at rest and pain at walking are two major complaints. We describe a new way of calculating results from gait analysis using the CatWalk™ setup. Rats with monoarthritis induced by injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) intra-articularly into the ankle joint of one hind limb were used to assess gait and dynamic weight bearing. The results show that dynamic weight bearing was markedly reduced for the injected paw. Gait parameters such as amount of normal step sequences, walking speed and duration of step placement were also affected. Treatment with naproxen (an NSAID commonly used for inflammatory pain) attenuated the CFA-induced effects. Pregabalin, which is used for neuropathic pain, had no effect. Reduced dynamic weight bearing during locomotion, assessed and calculated in the way we present here, showed a dose-dependent and lasting normalization after naproxen treatment. In contrast, static weight bearing while standing (Incapacitance tester) showed a significant effect for a limited time only. Mechanical sensitivity (von Frey Optihairs) was completely normalized by naproxen, and the window for testing pharmacological effect disappeared. Objective and reproducible effects, with an endpoint showing face validity compared to pain while walking in patients with joint pain, are achieved by a new way of calculating dynamic weight bearing in monoarthritic rats. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Effects of three oral analgesics on postoperative pain following root canal preparation: a controlled clinical trial.

    PubMed

    Mehrvarzfar, P; Abbott, P V; Saghiri, M A; Delvarani, A; Asgar, K; Lotfi, M; Karamifar, K; Kharazifard, M J; Khabazi, H

    2012-01-01

      To compare the effects of single doses of three oral medications on postoperative pain following instrumentation of root canals in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.   In this double-blind clinical trial, 100 patients who had anterior or premolar teeth with irreversible pulpitis without any signs and symptoms of acute or chronic apical periodontitis and moderate to severe pain were divided by balanced block random allocation into four groups of 25 each, a control group receiving a placebo medication, and three experimental groups receiving a single dose of either Tramadol (100 mg), Novafen (325 mg of paracetamol, 200 mg ibuprofen and 40 mg caffeine anhydrous) or Naproxen (500 mg) immediately after the first appointment where the pulp was removed, and the canals were fully prepared. The intensity of pain was scored based on 10-point VAS before and after treatment for up to 24 h postoperatively. Data were submitted to repeated analysis of variance.   At the 6, 12 and 24 h postoperative intervals after drug administration, the intensity of pain was significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Tramadol was significantly less effective (P < 0.05) than Naproxen, and Novafen that were similar to each other (P > 0.05).   A single oral dose of Naproxen, Novafen and Tramadol taken immediately after treatment reduced postoperative pain following pulpectomy and root canal preparation of teeth with irreversible pulpitis. © 2011 International Endodontic Journal.

  19. Modulation of trichloroethylene in vitro metabolism by different drugs in human.

    PubMed

    Cheikh Rouhou, Mouna; Haddad, Sami

    2014-08-01

    Toxicological interactions with drugs have the potential to modulate the toxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE). Our objective is to identify metabolic interactions between TCE and 14 widely used drugs in human suspended hepatocytes and characterize the strongest using microsomal assays. Changes in concentrations of TCE and its metabolites were measured by headspace GC-MS. Results with hepatocytes show that amoxicillin, cimetidine, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and ranitidine caused no significant interactions. Naproxen and salicylic acid showed to increase both TCE metabolites levels, whereas acetaminophen, carbamazepine and erythromycin rather decreased them. Finally, diclofenac, gliclazide, sulphasalazine and valproic acid had an impact on the levels of only one metabolite. Among the 14 tested drugs, 5 presented the most potent interactions and were selected for confirmation with microsomes, namely naproxen, salicylic acid, acetaminophen, carbamazepine and valproic acid. Characterization in human microsomes confirmed interaction with naproxen by competitively inhibiting trichloroethanol (TCOH) glucuronidation (Ki=2.329 mM). Inhibition of TCOH formation was also confirmed for carbamazepine (partial non-competitive with Ki=70 μM). Interactions with human microsomes were not observed with salicylic acid and acetaminophen, similar to prior results in rat material. For valproic acid, interactions with microsomes were observed in rat but not in human. Inhibition patterns were shown to be similar in human and rat hepatocytes, but some differences in mechanisms were noted in microsomal material between species. Next research efforts will focus on determining the adequacy between in vitro observations and the in vivo situation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds during 1-year period in wastewaters from four wastewater treatment plants in Seville (Spain).

    PubMed

    Santos, J L; Aparicio, I; Callejón, M; Alonso, E

    2009-05-30

    Several pharmaceutically active compounds have been monitored during 1-year period in influent and effluent wastewater from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to evaluate their temporal evolution and removal from wastewater and to know which variables have influence in their removal rates. Pharmaceutical compounds monitored were four antiinflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine) and a nervous stimulant (caffeine). All of the pharmaceutically active compounds monitored, except diclofenac, were detected in influent and effluent wastewater. Mean concentrations measured in influent wastewater were 6.17, 0.48, 93.6, 1.83 and 5.41 microg/L for caffeine, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen, respectively. Mean concentrations measured in effluent wastewater were 2.02, 0.56, 8.20, 0.84 and 2.10 microg/L for caffeine, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen, respectively. Mean removal rates of the pharmaceuticals varied from 8.1% (carbamazepine) to 87.5% (ibuprofen). The existence of relationships between the concentrations of the pharmaceutical compounds, their removal rates, the characterization parameters of influent wastewaters and the WWTP control design parameters has been studied by means of statistical analysis (correlation and principal component analysis). With both statistical analyses, high correlations were obtained between the concentration of the pharmaceutical compounds and the characterization parameters of influent wastewaters; and between the removal rates of the pharmaceutical compounds, the removal rates of the characterization parameters of influent wastewaters and the WWTP hydraulic retention times. Principal component analysis showed the existence of two main components accounting for 76% of the total variability.

  1. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yu, Z.; Peldszus, S.; Huck, P.M.

    The adsorption of two representative PhACs (naproxen and carbamazepine) and one EDC (nonylphenol) were evaluated on two granular activated carbons (GAC) namely coal-based Calgon Filtrasorb 400 and coconut shell-based PICA CTIF TE. The primary objective was to investigate preloading effects by natural organic matter (NOM) on adsorption capacity and kinetics under conditions and concentrations (i.e., ng/L) relevant for drinking water treatment. Isotherms demonstrated that all compounds were significantly negatively impacted by NOM fouling. Adsorption capacity reduction was most severe for the acidic naproxen, followed by the neutral carbamazepine and then the more hydrophobic nonylphenol. The GAC with the wider poremore » size distribution had considerably greater NOM loading, resulting in lower adsorption capacity. Different patterns for the change in Freundlich KF and 1/n with time revealed different competitive mechanisms for the different compounds. Mass transport coefficients determined by short fixed-bed (SFB) tests with virgin and preloaded GAC demonstrated that film diffusion primarily controls mass transfer on virgin and preloaded carbon. Naproxen suffered the greatest deteriorative effect on kinetic parameters due to preloading, followed by carbamazepine, and then nonylphenol. A type of surface NOM/biofilm, which appeared to add an additional mass transfer resistance layer and thus reduce film diffusion, was observed. In addition, electrostatic interactions between NOM/biofilm and the investigated compounds are proposed to contribute to the reduction of film diffusion. A companion paper building on this work describes treatability studies in pilot-scale GAC adsorbers and the effectiveness of a selected fixed-bed model. 32 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

  2. Pain Medicines (Analgesics)

    MedlinePlus

    ... take? Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a specific group of pain relievers. Some NSAIDs are available over the counter. This includes different brands of ibuprofen, naproxen sodium and ketoprofen. NSAIDs are usually safe for occasional use when taken as directed, but if you have ...

  3. Job Stress Reactivity and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-05-01

    analogous to waste thermal warmth in a power plant ), they propose that increased processing demands (either physical or mental) placed upon a task...32 on the next page) MEDICAL Yes No Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., Ibuprofen, Naproxen , Naprosyn) Oral steroids Local steroid

  4. Job Stress Reactivity and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-09-07

    34 (which is analogous to "waste thermal warmth in a power plant "), they propose that increased processing demands (either physical or mental) placed...El El Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., Ibuprofen, Naproxen , Naprosyn) El El Oral steroids El El Local steroid injections El El

  5. Cost-utility analysis of duloxetine in osteoarthritis: a US private payer perspective.

    PubMed

    Wielage, Ronald C; Bansal, Megha; Andrews, J Scott; Klein, Robert W; Happich, Michael

    2013-06-01

    Duloxetine has recently been approved in the USA for chronic musculoskeletal pain, including osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain. The cost effectiveness of duloxetine in osteoarthritis has not previously been assessed. Duloxetine is targeted as post first-line (after acetaminophen) treatment of moderate to severe pain. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost effectiveness of duloxetine in the treatment of osteoarthritis from a US private payer perspective compared with other post first-line oral treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and both strong and weak opioids. A cost-utility analysis was performed using a discrete-state, time-dependent semi-Markov model based on the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) model documented in its 2008 osteoarthritis guidelines. The model was extended for opioids by adding titration, discontinuation and additional adverse events (AEs). A life-long time horizon was adopted to capture the full consequences of NSAID-induced AEs. Fourteen health states comprised the structure of the model: treatment without persistent AE, six during-AE states, six post-AE states and death. Treatment-specific utilities were calculated using the transfer-to-utility method and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) total scores from a meta-analysis of osteoarthritis clinical trials of 12 weeks and longer. Costs for 2011 were estimated using Red Book, The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database, the literature and, sparingly, expert opinion. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken, as well as subgroup analyses of patients over 65 years old and a population at greater risk of NSAID-related AEs. In the base case the model estimated naproxen to be the lowest total-cost treatment, tapentadol the highest cost, and duloxetine the most effective after considering AEs. Duloxetine

  6. Novel multi-biotin grafted poly(lactic acid) and its self-assembling nanoparticles capable of binding to streptavidin

    PubMed Central

    Yan, Hao; Jiang, Weimin; Zhang, Yinxing; Liu, Ying; Wang, Bin; Yang, Li; Deng, Lihong; Singh, Gurinder K; Pan, Jun

    2012-01-01

    Targeted drug delivery requires novel biodegradable, specific binding systems with longer circulation time. The aim of this study was to prepare biotinylated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) which can meet regular requirements as well conjugate more biotins in the polymer to provide better binding with streptavidin. A biotin-graft-PLA was synthesized based on previously published biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-graft-PLA, with one polymer molecule containing three PEG molecules. Newly synthesized biotin-graft-PLA had three biotins per polymer molecule, higher than the previous biotinylated PLA (≤1 biotin per polymer molecule). A PEG with a much lower molecular weight (MW ~1900) than the previous biotinylated PLA (PEG MW ≥ 3800), and thus more biocompatible, was used which supplied good nonspecific protein-resistant property compatible to PEG-graft-PLA, suggesting its possible longer stay in the bloodstream. Biotin-graft-PLA specifically bound to streptavidin and self-assembled into NPs, during which naproxen, a model small molecule (MW 230 Da) and hydrophobic drug, was encapsulated (encapsulation efficiency 51.88%). The naproxen-loaded NPs with particle size and zeta potential of 175 nm and −27.35 mV realized controlled release within 170 hours, comparable to previous studies. The biotin-graft-PLA NPs adhered approximately two-fold more on streptavidin film and on biotin film via a streptavidin arm both in static and dynamic conditions compared with PEG-graft-PLA NPs, the proven nonspecific protein-resistant NPs. The specific binding of biotin-graft-PLA NPs with streptavidin and with biotin using streptavidin arm, as well as its entrapment and controlled release for naproxen, suggest potential applications in targeted drug delivery. PMID:22334778

  7. Treatment strategies for osteoarthritis patients with pain and hypertension.

    PubMed

    Verdecchia, Paolo; Angeli, Fabio; Mazzotta, Giovanni; Martire, Paola; Garofoli, Marta; Gentile, Giorgio; Reboldi, Gianpaolo

    2010-08-01

    Out of 100 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), almost 40 have a concomitant diagnosis of hypertension. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors may trigger a rise in blood pressure (BP), which is more marked in patients with established hypertension. NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors attenuate the antihypertensive effect of several antihypertensive agents. Frequent BP controls are needed in treated hypertensive patients who are concomitantly receiving NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors because even a small increase in BP may be associated with an important rise in the risk of major cardiovascular complications. In meta-analyses, an increase in systolic BP of 5mmHg was associated with a 25% higher risk of cardiovascular events. These data have been confirmed in randomized studies with rofecoxib and celecoxib, where a modest increase in BP was associated with a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease. There is emerging evidence that the COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD) class is promising in the treatment of patients with OA. Naproxcinod, the first CINOD investigated in clinical trials, is composed of the traditional NSAID naproxen covalently bound to the nitric oxide (NO)-donating moiety butanediol mono-nitrate (BDMN). The molecule has the potential to provide a sustained release of NO. In clinical studies, naproxcinod prevented the BP rise in normotensive and hypertensive patients observed with naproxen. The BP benefit of naproxcinod over naproxen was greater in patients concomitantly receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. These investigational data suggest that naproxcinod is a valuable alternative to NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors for treatment of OA patients.

  8. Investigating the chlorination of acidic pharmaceuticals and by-product formation aided by an experimental design methodology.

    PubMed

    Quintana, José Benito; Rodil, Rosario; López-Mahía, Purificación; Muniategui-Lorenzo, Soledad; Prada-Rodríguez, Darío

    2010-01-01

    The degradation of seven acidic drugs and two metabolites during chlorination was investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A triple-quadrupole (QqQ) system was used to follow the time course of the pharmaceuticals and by-products, while a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) system was also used for the identification of the by-products. Under strong chlorination conditions (10mg/L Cl(2), 24h), only four of the target compounds were significantly degraded: salicylic acid, naproxen, diclofenac and indomethacine. The degradation kinetics of these four compounds were investigated at different concentrations of chlorine, bromide and pH by means of a Box-Behnken experimental design. Depending on these factors, measured pseudo-first order half-lives were in the ranges: 23-573h for salicylic acid, 13-446min for naproxen, 5-328min for diclofenac and 0.4-13.4min for indomethacine. Also, it was observed that chlorine concentration was the overall most significant factor, followed by the bromide concentration (except for indomethacine), resulting in increased degradation kinetics as they are increased. The degradation path of salicylic acid, naproxen and diclofenac consisted of aromatic substitution of one or two hydrogens by chlorine and/or bromide. Moreover, for diclofenac, two other by-products corresponding to a decarboxylation/hydroxylation pathway from the monohalogenated products were also identified. On the other hand, indomethacine degradation did not lead to halogenation products but to oxidation ones. The investigation of these by-products in real samples by LC-MS/MS (QqQ) showed that the halogenated derivates of salicylic acid occurred in all the drinking water and wastewater samples analysed.

  9. Kinetics of aqueous chlorination of some pharmaceuticals and their elimination from water matrices.

    PubMed

    Acero, Juan L; Benitez, F Javier; Real, Francisco J; Roldan, Gloria

    2010-07-01

    Apparent rate constants for the reactions of four selected pharmaceutical compounds (metoprolol, naproxen, amoxicillin, and phenacetin) with chlorine in ultra-pure (UP) water were determined as a function of the pH. It was found that amoxicillin (in the whole pH range 3-12), and naproxen (in the low pH range 2-4) presented high reaction rates, while naproxen (in the pH range 5-9), and phenacetin and metoprolol (in the pH range 2.5-12 for phenacetin, and 3-10 for metoprolol) followed intermediate and slow reaction rates. A mechanism is proposed for the chlorination reaction, which allowed the evaluation of the intrinsic rate constants for the elementary reactions of the ionized and un-ionized species of each selected pharmaceutical with chlorine. An excellent agreement is obtained between experimental and calculated rate constants by this mechanism.The elimination of these substances in several waters (a groundwater, a surface water from a public reservoir, and two effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants) was also investigated at neutral pH. The efficiency of the chlorination process with respect to the pharmaceuticals elimination and the formation THMs was also established. It is generally observed that the increasing presence of organic and inorganic matter in the water matrices demand more oxidant agent (chlorine), and therefore, less chlorine is available for the oxidation of these compounds. Finally, half-life times and oxidant exposures (CT) required for the removal of 99% of the four pharmaceuticals are also evaluated. These parameters are useful for the establishment of safety chlorine doses in oxidation or disinfection stages of pharmaceuticals in treatment plants.

  10. [Profile of prescription and adequacy of treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in diabetic patients].

    PubMed

    Navarro-Martínez, A; Vidal-Martínez, M; García-Rosa, I; Lázaro-Gómez, M J; Brotons-Román, J

    2015-01-01

    The aim of this study was to quantify and describe the prescription profile, as well as to assess the adequacy of treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the diabetic population of a health district. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed at a target population of 2,795 diabetic patients. Data were collected from the computerised clinical records of a sample of 380 individuals. The adequacy of treatment was assessed using the recommendations proposed by the Spanish societies of Rheumatology, Cardiology and Gastroenterology. More than one-quarter (28%) of the diabetic patients received treatment with NSAIDs. The most commonly used ones were ibuprofen, naproxen, and dexketoprofen, with a defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day of 35.3, 17.2, and 13.2, respectively. In patients with a history of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular high risk, fewer NSAIDs were prescribed, while they were used most frequently in patients with a risk for gastrointestinal adverse events. The prescription was considered adequate in 46.5% of diabetic patients. The main causes of inappropriate use were the inadequate prescription of NSAIDs (25.2%), and the use of any NSAID other than naproxen (20.6%). The most prescribed NSAIDs were those showing a low cardiovascular risk profile. Treatment with NSAIDs was inadequate in more than half of the patients. Risk factors for cardiovascular, and especially gastrointestinal, events must be considered in order to avoid its use when not indicated, as well as the use of any NSAIDs other than naproxen. Copyright © 2015 SECA. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

  11. 21 CFR 522.1468 - Naproxen for injection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL.... Five milligrams per kilogram of body weight intravenously followed by maintenance oral therapy of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight twice daily for up to 14 consecutive days. (2) Indications for use...

  12. 21 CFR 522.1468 - Naproxen for injection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL.... Five milligrams per kilogram of body weight intravenously followed by maintenance oral therapy of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight twice daily for up to 14 consecutive days. (2) Indications for use...

  13. 21 CFR 522.1468 - Naproxen for injection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL.... Five milligrams per kilogram of body weight intravenously followed by maintenance oral therapy of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight twice daily for up to 14 consecutive days. (2) Indications for use...

  14. 21 CFR 522.1468 - Naproxen for injection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL.... Five milligrams per kilogram of body weight intravenously followed by maintenance oral therapy of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight twice daily for up to 14 consecutive days. (2) Indications for use...

  15. 21 CFR 522.1468 - Naproxen for injection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 522.1468.... Five milligrams per kilogram of body weight intravenously followed by maintenance oral therapy of 10...

  16. Self-Assembling Peptide Amphiphiles for Therapeutic Delivery of Proteins, Drugs, and Stem Cells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Sungsoo Seth

    Biomaterials are used to help regenerate or replace the structure and function of damaged tissues. In order to elicit desired therapeutic responses in vivo, biomaterials are often functionalized with bioactive agents, such as growth factors, small molecule drugs, or even stem cells. Therefore, the strategies used to incorporate these bioactive agents in the microstructures and nanostructures of biomaterials can strongly influence the their therapeutic efficacy. Using self-assembling peptide amphiphiles (PAs), this work has investigated supramolecular nanostructures with improved interaction with three types of therapeutic agents: bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) which promotes osteogenic differentiation and bone growth, anti-inflammatory drug naproxen which is used to treat osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis, and neural stem cells that could differentiate into neurons to treat neurodegenerative diseases. For BMP-2 delivery, two specific systems were investigated with affinity for BMP-2: 1) heparin-binding nanofibers that display the natural ligand of the osteogenic protein, and 2) nanofibers that display a synthetic peptide ligand discovered in our laboratory through phage display to directly bind BMP-2. Both systems promoted enhanced osteoblast differentiation of pluripotent C2C12 cells and augmented bone regeneration in two in vivo models, a rat critical-size femur defect model and spinal arthrodesis model. The thesis also describes the use of PA nanofibers to improve the delivery of the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen. To promote a controlled release, naproxen was chemically conjugated to the nanofiber surface via an ester bond that would only be cleaved by esterases, which are enzymes found naturally in the body. In the absence of esterases, the naproxen remained conjugated to the nanofibers and was non-bioactive. On the other hand, in the presence of esterases, naproxen was slowly released and inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, an enzyme responsible

  17. Nonlinear optical imaging for sensitive detection of crystals in bulk amorphous powders.

    PubMed

    Kestur, Umesh S; Wanapun, Duangporn; Toth, Scott J; Wegiel, Lindsay A; Simpson, Garth J; Taylor, Lynne S

    2012-11-01

    The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of second-order nonlinear imaging of chiral crystals (SONICC) to quantify crystallinity in drug-polymer blends, including solid dispersions. Second harmonic generation (SHG) can potentially exhibit scaling with crystallinity between linear and quadratic depending on the nature of the source, and thus, it is important to determine the response of pharmaceutical powders. Physical mixtures containing different proportions of crystalline naproxen and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were prepared by blending and a dispersion was produced by solvent evaporation. A custom-built SONICC instrument was used to characterize the SHG intensity as a function of the crystalline drug fraction in the various samples. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy were used as complementary methods known to exhibit linear scaling. SONICC was able to detect crystalline drug even in the presence of 99.9 wt % HPMCAS in the binary mixtures. The calibration curve revealed a linear dynamic range with a R(2) value of 0.99 spanning the range from 0.1 to 100 wt % naproxen with a root mean square error of prediction of 2.7%. Using the calibration curve, the errors in the validation samples were in the range of 5%-10%. Analysis of a 75 wt % HPMCAS-naproxen solid dispersion with SONICC revealed the presence of crystallites at an earlier time point than could be detected with PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, results from the crystallization kinetics experiment using SONICC were in good agreement with Raman spectroscopy and PXRD. In conclusion, SONICC has been found to be a sensitive technique for detecting low levels (0.1% or lower) of crystallinity, even in the presence of large quantities of a polymer. Copyright © 2012 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  18. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water.

    PubMed

    Carmona, Eric; Andreu, Vicente; Picó, Yolanda

    2014-06-15

    The occurrence of 21 acidic pharmaceuticals, including illicit drugs, and personal care products (PPCPs) in waste, surface and drinking water and in sediments of the Turia River Basin (Valencia, Spain) was studied. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of these PPCPs with electrospray (ESI) in negative ionization (NI) mode. Ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase improved ionization efficiency by an average increase in peak area of 5 compared to ammonium formate or formic acid. All studied compounds were detected and their concentration was waste water>surface water>drinking water. PPCPs were in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) influents up to 7.26μgL(-1), dominated by ibuprofen, naproxen and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCOOH). WWTPs were highly effective in removing most of them, with an average removal rate of >90%. PPCPs were still detected in effluents in the 6.72-940ngL(-1) range, with the THCOOH, triclocarban, gemfibrozil and diclofenac as most prevalent. Similarly, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen and propylparaben were detected quite frequently from the low ngL(-1) range to 7μgL(-1) in the surface waters of Turia River. Ibuprofen, methylparaben, salicylic acid and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were at concentrations up to 0.85ngg(-1) d.w. in sediments. The discharge of WWTP as well as of non-treated waters to this river is a likely explanation for the significant amount of PPCPs detected in surface waters and sediments. Mineral and tap waters also presented significant amounts (approx. 100ngL(-1)) of ibuprofen, naproxen, propylparaben and butylparaben. The occurrence at trace levels of several PPCPs in drinking water raises concerns about possible implications for human health. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

    PubMed

    Boyd, Glen R; Palmeri, Jordan M; Zhang, Shaoyuan; Grimm, Deborah A

    2004-10-15

    Samples were collected from two stormwater canals and a recreational urban waterway known as Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA and analyzed for a range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Concentrations of 7 PPCPs and EDCs were measured by a method that provides for simultaneous extraction and quantification of the following compounds: clofibric acid, naproxen, ibuprofen, fluoxetine, clorophene, triclosan, bisphenol A. The method also was used as an indicator of the occurrence of estrogenic compounds by targeting estrone and 17beta-estradiol. The two canals (Orleans and London) are used to drain a portion of the city's stormwater directly into the Mississippi River or Lake Pontchartrain. Bayou St. John is located between the two canals and supplied with water from Lake Pontchartrain. Results from the 6-month sampling period indicated the following concentration ranges for the two stormwater canals: naproxen (ND - 145 ng/l), ibuprofen (ND - 674 ng/l), triclosan (ND - 29 ng/l) and bisphenol A (1.9-158 ng/l). Concentrations of these target analytes increased with cumulative rainfall. For bayou waters, only naproxen (2.1-4.8 ng/l) and bisphenol A (0.9-44 ng/l) were detected. Estrone was detected but determined non-quantifiable for multiple sampling events at the 3 sites. None of the other target analytes (clofibric acid, fluoxetine, clorophene, and 17beta-estradiol) were detected above their method detection levels. Results of this study demonstrate the occurrence of PPCPs and EDCs in New Orleans stormwater canals and Bayou St. John. Results also demonstrate the use of this analytical technique as an indicator of non-point source sewage contamination in New Orleans stormwater canals.

  20. Acute spinal cord injury changes the disposition of some, but not all drugs given intravenously.

    PubMed

    García-López, P; Martínez-Cruz, A; Guízar-Sahagún, G; Castañeda-Hernández, G

    2007-09-01

    Experimental laboratory investigations in paraplegic rats. In order to understand why acute spinal cord injury (SCI) changes the disposition of some, but not all drugs given intravenously (i.v.), pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs with different pharmacological properties were evaluated to determine the influence of SCI on physiological processes such as distribution, metabolism and excretion. Mexico City, Mexico. Rats were subjected to severe SCI (contusion) at T-9 level; pharmacokinetic studies of phenacetin, naproxen or gentamicin were performed 24 h after. These drugs were not chosen as markers because of their therapeutic properties, but because of their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Additional studies including plasma proteins, liver and renal function tests, and micro-vascular hepatic blood flow, were also performed at the same time after injury. Acute SCI significantly reduced distribution of drugs with intermediate and low binding to plasma proteins (phenacetin 30% and gentamicin 10%, respectively), but distribution did not change when naproxen - a drug highly bound to plasma proteins (99%) - was used, in absence of changes in plasma proteins. Metabolism was significantly altered only for a drug with liver blood flow - limited clearance (phenacetin) and not for a drug with liver capacity-limited clearance (naproxen). The liver function test did not change, whereas the hepatic micro-vascular blood flow significantly decreased after SCI. Renal excretion, evaluated by gentamicin clearance, was significantly reduced as a consequence of SCI, without significant changes in serum creatinine. Changes in drug disposition associated to acute SCI are complex and generalization is not possible. They are highly dependent on each drug properties as well as on the altered physiological processes. Results motivate the quest for strategies to improve disposition of selective i.v. drugs during spinal shock, in an effort to avoid therapeutic failure.

  1. Comparison of Different Analgesia Drug Regimens for Pain Control During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal Stones: A Randomized Control Study

    PubMed Central

    Butt, Amna; Ayaz Khan, Mohammad; Khan, Ijaz; Saqib, Imad-ud-din; Hussain, Tariq; Akhter, Saeed

    2017-01-01

    Introduction With the increased use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), the management of urolithiasis has become much convenient for the patients and the health care professionals alike. However, associated with the procedure is the common complaint of pain. No agreed upon pain management strategy has yet been developed for the procedure. We compared the effect of different analgesia drug regiments for pain control. Methodology A randomised controlled trial was carried out in Shifa International Hospital from between July 2015 to January 2016. A total of 135 patients were divided into three groups; group A received 30 g lidocaine 2% gel applied locally on corresponding lumber area 30 minutes before the procedure, group B received oral naproxen sodium 550 mg 45 minutes before the procedure, and group C received both oral naproxen and lidocaine gel. Patients were supplemented with intravenous nalbuphine during the procedure. The pain was assessed with 0-10 visual analogue scale. Both pre-procedure and post-procedure pain score was measured. Results Among 135 patients, 105 (77.8%) were male and 29 (21.5%) were female with mean age of 38.7 ± 1.31 years. There was no difference of mean pain score or need for supplemental intravenous nalbuphine between groups B and C but there was significantly decreased mean pain score and need for supplemental intravenous nalbuphine in groups B and C in comparison with group A. Conclusion The use of oral naproxen sodium with or without the addition of lidocaine gel during ESWL is a promising option for pain management during the procedure with significant improvement in comparison with lidocaine gel alone. PMID:28560121

  2. Flurbiprofen in the symptomatic management of rheumatoid arthritis: a valuable alternative.

    PubMed

    Richy, F; Rabenda, V; Mawet, A; Reginster, J-Y

    2007-08-01

    The withdrawal of certain cyclooxygenase-2 selective drugs and the availability of over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have increased the pressure for researching and prescribing conventional NSAIDs with a favourable efficacy/tolerance ratio in inflammatory diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this comprehensive meta-analysis was to evaluate the absolute and relative efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic and exhaustive bibliographic research of published literature has been performed. The inclusion criteria are summarised as follows: randomised trial and rheumatoid arthritis and flurbiprofen and oral administration and anti-inflammatory doses from 100 to 300 mg and (placebo or aspirin or indomethacin or naproxen or ibuprofen or ketoprofen) and (articular pain or stiffness or swelling or mobility or patient/physician reported efficacy or tolerance or gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance). Studies were conducted from January 1975 to January 2006. Analyses have been stratified by comparisons and outcomes. Publication bias and robustness have been extensively investigated. Fourteen studies, accounting for 1103 patient-years, have been included in the quantitative review. The mean daily doses administrated were 200 mg flurbiprofen, 4000 mg aspirin, 150 indomethacin, 750 mg naproxen and 1800 mg ibuprofen. Flurbiprofen was superior to placebo for all outcomes, and superior to three of four other NSAIDs in terms of formal symptomatic measures (pain, stiffness and swelling). Several patients or physicians reported the efficacy of flurbiprofen as superior to indomethacin and naproxen, while its safety, and particularly its GI tolerance were better compared with aspirin and indomethacin. Sensitivity analyses have reported a sufficient robustness against systematic publication bias assumptions. This meta-analysis has shown that flurbiprofen is an interesting alternative to commonly

  3. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that elevate cardiovascular risk: an examination of sales and essential medicines lists in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

    PubMed

    McGettigan, Patricia; Henry, David

    2013-01-01

    Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., rofecoxib [Vioxx]) increase the risk of heart attack and stroke and should be avoided in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. Rates of cardiovascular disease are high and rising in many low- and middle-income countries. We studied the extent to which evidence on cardiovascular risk with NSAIDs has translated into guidance and sales in 15 countries. Data on the relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular events with individual NSAIDs were derived from meta-analyses of randomised trials and controlled observational studies. Listing of individual NSAIDs on Essential Medicines Lists (EMLs) was obtained from the World Health Organization. NSAID sales or prescription data for 15 low-, middle-, and high-income countries were obtained from Intercontinental Medical Statistics Health (IMS Health) or national prescription pricing audit (in the case of England and Canada). Three drugs (rofecoxib, diclofenac, etoricoxib) ranked consistently highest in terms of cardiovascular risk compared with nonuse. Naproxen was associated with a low risk. Diclofenac was listed on 74 national EMLs, naproxen on just 27. Rofecoxib use was not documented in any country. Diclofenac and etoricoxib accounted for one-third of total NSAID usage across the 15 countries (median 33.2%, range 14.7-58.7%). This proportion did not vary between low- and high-income countries. Diclofenac was by far the most commonly used NSAID, with a market share close to that of the next three most popular drugs combined. Naproxen had an average market share of less than 10%. Listing of NSAIDs on national EMLs should take account of cardiovascular risk, with preference given to low risk drugs. Diclofenac has a risk very similar to rofecoxib, which was withdrawn from worldwide markets owing to cardiovascular toxicity. Diclofenac should be removed from EMLs.

  4. Occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater treatment plants in Japan.

    PubMed

    Nakada, Norihide; Komori, Koya; Suzuki, Yutaka

    2005-01-01

    The fates of anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid and ketoprofen), which are frequently detected in the discharges of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and river water in Japan, were clarified in two WWTPs. The concentrations of ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid and ketoprofen were 69-1080, 179-305, 143-1580 and 160-1060 ng/L in the influent, and N.D. (< 40 ng/L), 74-166, 72-265, 64-107 ng/L in the effluent, respectively. The concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drugs analyzed were almost equal to or lower than those reported in foreign countries. High removal efficiencies of the drugs, except ibuprofen, were observed in the WWTP that has longer hydraulic retention time than that of the other WWTP. For ibuprofen, high removal efficiencies were observed in both WWTPs (84 to 98%). Disinfection by chlorination was not effective to remove the drugs surveyed. On the other hand, the effective removal of ketoprofen by ultraviolet (UV) radiation for disinfection was demonstrated, although the disinfection by-products were not identified.

  5. Transformation and Removal Pathways of Four Common PPCP/EDCs in Soil

    PubMed Central

    Dodgen, LK; Li, J; Wu, X; Lu, Z; Gan, JJ

    2014-01-01

    Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) enter the soil environment via irrigation with treated wastewater, groundwater recharge, and land application of biosolids. The transformation and fate of PPCP/EDCs in soil affects their potential for plant uptake and groundwater pollution. This study examined four PPCP/EDCs (bisphenol A, diclofenac, naproxen, and 4-nonylphenol) in soil by using 14C-labeling and analyzing mineralization, extractable residue, bound residue, and formation of transformation products. At the end of 112 d of incubation, the majority of 14C-naproxen and 14C-diclofenac was mineralized to 14CO2, while a majority of 14C-bisphenol A and 14C-nonylphenol was converted to bound residue. After 112 d, the estimated half-lives of the parent compounds were only 1.4 – 5.4 d. However a variety of transformation products were found and several for bisphenol A and diclofenac were identified, suggesting the need to consider degradation intermediates in soils impacted by PPCP/EDCs. PMID:24997388

  6. Estimating population size in wastewater-based epidemiology. Valencia metropolitan area as a case study.

    PubMed

    Rico, María; Andrés-Costa, María Jesús; Picó, Yolanda

    2017-02-05

    Wastewater can provide a wealth of epidemiologic data on common drugs consumed and on health and nutritional problems based on the biomarkers excreted into community sewage systems. One of the biggest uncertainties of these studies is the estimation of the number of inhabitants served by the treatment plants. Twelve human urine biomarkers -5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), acesulfame, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, codeine, cotinine, creatinine, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), naproxen, salicylic acid (SA) and hydroxycotinine (OHCOT)- were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to estimate population size. The results reveal that populations calculated from cotinine, 5-HIAA and caffeine are commonly in agreement with those calculated by the hydrochemical parameters. Creatinine is too unstable to be applicable. HCTZ, naproxen, codeine, OHCOT and carbamazepine, under or overestimate the population compared to the hydrochemical population estimates but showed constant results through the weekdays. The consumption of cannabis, cocaine, heroin and bufotenine in Valencia was estimated for a week using different population calculations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. A Molecular docking study to predict enantioseparation of some chiral carboxylic acid derivatives by methyl-β-cyclodextrin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nurhidayah, E. S.; Ivansyah, A. L.; Martoprawiro, M. A.; Zulfikar, M. A.

    2018-05-01

    A molecular docking study, using molecular mechanics calculations with Arguslab, was used to help predict the enantioseparation of some guest molecules of chiral carboxylic acid derivatives by heptakis-2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) as host molecules. The small differences in the binding free energy values (ΔΔG) obtained from Arguslab did not indicate any significant enantioseparation. From the molecular docking simulation results, it is predicted that in the case of DIMEB as host molecule, R-enantiomer of Etodolac, Fenoprofen, Indoprofen, Ketorolac, and Naproxen will be eluted first than S-enantiomer; However, S-enantiomer of Carprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ketoprofen, Pirprofen, Proglumide, Sulindac, Surprofen, and Zaltoprofen will be eluted first than R-enantiomer by DIMEB as host molecule. When TRIMEB is used as a host molecule, R-enantiomer of Carprofen, Flurbiprofen, Indoprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Pirprofen, and Surprofen will be eluted first than S-enantiomer; However, S-enantiomer of Etodolac, Fenoprofen, Ketorolac, Proglumide, Sulindac and Zaltoprofen will be eluted first than R-enantiomer by TRIMEB as host molecule.

  8. New Approaches for Prostate Cancer Combination Therapy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-04-01

    in DU145 cells. Strong inducers of apoptosis included Sulindac sulfide, Finasteride , Diclofenac, Flufenamic acid, Flurbiprofen, Sulindac sulfone and... Finasteride , a selective 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, is not known to inhibit COX-2, strongly induces MDA-7/IL-24 expression and apoptosis, whereas the...ibuprofen, aspirin, acet- aminophen, and naproxen were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Meloxicam, celecoxib, diclofenac, finasteride , and

  9. Structure and physicochemical characterization of a naproxen–picolinamide cocrystal

    PubMed Central

    Kerr, Hannah E.; Softley, Lorna K.; Suresh, Kuthuru; Hodgkinson, Paul; Evans, Ivana Radosavljevic

    2017-01-01

    Naproxen (NPX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with pain- and fever-relieving properties, currently marketed in the sodium salt form to overcome solubility problems; however, alternative solutions for improving its solubility across all pH values are desirable. NPX is suitable for cocrystal formation, with hydrogen-bonding possibilities via the COOH group. The crystal structure is presented of a 1:1 cocrystal of NPX with picolinamide as a coformer [systematic name: (S)-2-(6-meth­oxy­naphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid–pyridine-2-carbox­amide (1/1), C14H14O3·C6H6N2O]. The pharmaceutically relevant physical properties were investigated and the intrinsic dissolution rate was found to be essentially the same as that of commercial naproxen. An NMR crystallography approach was used to investigate the H-atom positions in the two crystallographically unique COOH–CONH hydrogen-bonded dimers. 1H solid-state NMR distinguished the two carboxyl protons, despite the very similar crystallographic environments. The nature of the hydrogen bonding was confirmed by solid-state NMR and density functional theory calculations. PMID:28257010

  10. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Arco, Margarita del; Gutierrez, Sonia; Martin, Cristina

    Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with the hydrotalcite type structure and a Mg:Al ratio of two have been prepared, with salicylate or naproxen in the interlayer. Two synthetic routes have been used: reconstruction from a mildly calcined hydrotalcite-CO{sub 3} precursor, and a coprecipitation method with chlorides of the metals. The solids have been characterized using several physicochemical techniques, i.e., powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR and {sup 13}C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopies and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses). The gallery height determined is in all cases larger than the size of the drug, 11.5A for salicylate and 15.8 and 16.6A for naproxen,more » depending on the specific synthesis route followed. Experimental data suggest the anion molecules form a tilted bilayer, with the carboxylate groups pointing towards the brucite-like layers. The solids are stable up to 230{sup o}C and their evolution from 350{sup o}C upwards is very similar to that observed for a carbonate-containing hydrotalcite, forming mostly amorphous solids with a large specific surface area.« less

  11. Electrolyte-stimulated biphasic dissolution profile and stability enhancement for tablets containing drug-polyelectrolyte complexes.

    PubMed

    Kindermann, Christoph; Matthée, Karin; Sievert, Frank; Breitkreutz, Jörg

    2012-10-01

    Recently introduced drug-polyelectrolyte complexes prepared by hot-melt extrusion should be processed to solid dosage forms with tailor-made release properties. Their potential of stability enhancement should be investigated. Milled hot-melt extruded naproxen-EUDRAGIT® E PO polyelectrolyte complexes were subsequently processed to double-layer tablets with varying complex loadings on a rotary-die press. Physicochemical interactions were studied under ICH guideline conditions and using the Gordon-Taylor equation. Sorption and desorption were determined to investigate the influence of moisture and temperature on the complex and related to stability tests under accelerated conditions. Naproxen release from the drug-polyelectrolyte complex is triggered by electrolyte concentration. Depending on the complex loading, phosphate buffer pH 6.8 stimulated a biphasic dissolution profile of the produced double-layer tablets: immediate release from the first layer with 65% loading and prolonged release from the second layer within 24 h (98.5% loading). XRPD patterns proved pseudopolymorphism for tablets containing the pure drug under common storage conditions whereas the drug-complex was stable in the amorphous state. Drug-polyelectrolyte complexes enable tailor-made dissolution profiles of solid dosage forms by electrolyte stimulation and increase stability under common storage conditions.

  12. Cell Cycle Target-Based Therapy of Ovarian Cancer

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    inducers of apoptosis included flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, celebrex and finasteride , whereas treatment with ibuprofen in low levels of apoptosis...Ibuprofen, Exisulind, Acetaminophen, Naproxen, NS-398, Celecoxib, Diclofenac, Finasteride , Flufenamic acid, Meloxican, Ebselen and Flurbiprofen was...Diclofenac, 50µM Finasteride , 200µM Flufenamic acid, 40µM Meloxican, 50µM Ebselen, 20nM Flurbiprofen or 50µM Sulindac sulfide. Apoptosis was measured 24

  13. A Study on Factors Affecting Low Back Pain and Safety and Efficacy of NSAIDs in Acute Low Back Pain in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Nepal

    PubMed Central

    Bhattarai, Srijana; Chhetri, Himal Paudel; Alam, Kadir; Thapa, Pabin

    2013-01-01

    Introduction: Low back pain is characterized by a range of symptoms which include pain, muscle tension or stiffness, and is localized between the shoulder blades and the folds of the buttocks, with or without spreading to the legs. Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice which provide an analgesic effect for acute low back pain. Aim: To study the factors affecting low back pain, efficacy and safety of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aceclofenac, diclofenac, naproxen and nimesulide) in low back pain. Methodology: Data collection form and numeric pain rating scale were used as study tools for studying patients’ demographies and severities of pain respectively. Patients prescribed with aceclofenac 100 mg , diclofenac 100 mg, naproxen 500 mg and nimesulide 100 mg for acute low back pain at Orthopaedics Outpatients Department of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Nepal, were enrolled in this study. The decrease in pain scores was recorded on 5th and 10th days of follow-up and pain scores were calculated. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal Wallis non parametric test were used for analysis. Results: Among 150 patients, 67.3% were females (n=101). Low back pain was more prevalent (24.7%) in age-group of 59-68 years and a positive correlation was seen. Similarly, low back pain was found to be high among people involved in agriculture, heavy weight lifters and non smokers. The decrease in average pain scores was more in the patients treated with aceclofenac (4.83 ± 0.537), followed by that in those who were treated with naproxen (4.13 ± 0.067) and diclofenac (3.84 ± 0.086). The decrease in pain scores was found to be lowest among patients who were treated with nimesulide (2.11 ± 0.148). Nimesulide presented more number of side-effects than the comparative drugs. Conclusion: Different factors affect low back pain, such as age, gender, personal habit, posture, occupation, weight lifting. Aceclofenac showed greater decrease in pain

  14. Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs That Elevate Cardiovascular Risk: An Examination of Sales and Essential Medicines Lists in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries

    PubMed Central

    McGettigan, Patricia; Henry, David

    2013-01-01

    Background Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., rofecoxib [Vioxx]) increase the risk of heart attack and stroke and should be avoided in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. Rates of cardiovascular disease are high and rising in many low- and middle-income countries. We studied the extent to which evidence on cardiovascular risk with NSAIDs has translated into guidance and sales in 15 countries. Methods and Findings Data on the relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular events with individual NSAIDs were derived from meta-analyses of randomised trials and controlled observational studies. Listing of individual NSAIDs on Essential Medicines Lists (EMLs) was obtained from the World Health Organization. NSAID sales or prescription data for 15 low-, middle-, and high-income countries were obtained from Intercontinental Medical Statistics Health (IMS Health) or national prescription pricing audit (in the case of England and Canada). Three drugs (rofecoxib, diclofenac, etoricoxib) ranked consistently highest in terms of cardiovascular risk compared with nonuse. Naproxen was associated with a low risk. Diclofenac was listed on 74 national EMLs, naproxen on just 27. Rofecoxib use was not documented in any country. Diclofenac and etoricoxib accounted for one-third of total NSAID usage across the 15 countries (median 33.2%, range 14.7–58.7%). This proportion did not vary between low- and high-income countries. Diclofenac was by far the most commonly used NSAID, with a market share close to that of the next three most popular drugs combined. Naproxen had an average market share of less than 10%. Conclusions Listing of NSAIDs on national EMLs should take account of cardiovascular risk, with preference given to low risk drugs. Diclofenac has a risk very similar to rofecoxib, which was withdrawn from worldwide markets owing to cardiovascular toxicity. Diclofenac should be removed from EMLs. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

  15. Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Pakistan.

    PubMed

    Ashfaq, Muhammad; Nawaz Khan, Khujasta; Saif Ur Rehman, Muhammad; Mustafa, Ghulam; Faizan Nazar, Muhammad; Sun, Qian; Iqbal, Javed; Mulla, Sikandar I; Yu, Chang-Ping

    2017-02-01

    The pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan is growing with an annual growth rate of 10%. Besides this growth, this industry is not complying with environmental standards, and discharging its effluent into domestic wastewater network. Only limited information is available about the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environmental matrices of Pakistan that has motivated us to aim at the occurrence and ecological risk assessment of 11 PCs of different therapeutic classes in the wastewater of pharmaceutical industry and in its receiving environmental matrices such as sludge, solid waste and soil samples near the pharmaceutical formulation units along Shiekhupura road, Lahore, Pakistan. Target PCs (paracetamol, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, amlodipine, rosuvastatin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and gemifloxacin) were quantified using in-house developed HPLC-UV. Ibuprofen (1673µg/L, 6046µg/kg, 1229µg/kg and 610µg/kg), diclofenac (836µg/L, 4968µg/kg, 6632µg/kg and 257µg/kg) and naproxen (464µg/L, 7273µg/kg, 4819µg/kg and 199µg/kg) showed the highest concentrations among 11 target PCs in wastewater, sludge, solid waste and soil samples, respectively. Ecological risk assessment, in terms of risk quotient (RQ), was also carried out based on the maximum measured concentration of PCs in wastewater. The maximum RQ values obtained were with paracetamol (64 against daphnia), naproxen (177 against fish), diclofenac (12,600 against Oncorhynchus mykiss), ibuprofen (167,300 against Oryzias latipes), ofloxacin (81,000 against Pseudomonas putida) and ciprofloxacin (440 against Microcystis aeruginosa). These results show a high level of ecological risk due to the discharge of untreated wastewater from pharmaceutical units. This risk may further lead to food web contamination and drug resistance in pathogens. Thus, further studies are needed to detect the PCs in crops as well as the government should strictly enforce environmental

  16. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Eszopiclone for the Treatment of Insomnia in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

    PubMed Central

    Goforth, Harold W.; Preud'homme, Xavier A.; Krystal, Andrew D.

    2014-01-01

    Study Objectives: Insomnia, which is very common in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP), has long been viewed as a pain symptom that did not merit specific treatment. Recent data suggest that adding insomnia therapy to pain-targeted treatment should improve outcome; however, this has not been empirically tested in LBP or in any pain condition treated with a standardized pain medication regimen. We sought to test the hypothesis that adding insomnia therapy to pain-targeted treatment might improve sleep and pain in LBP. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 1-mo trial. Setting: Duke University Medical Center Outpatient Sleep Clinic. Patients: Fifty-two adult volunteers with LBP of at least 3 mo duration who met diagnostic criteria for insomnia (mean age: 42.5 y; 63% females). Interventions: Subjects were randomized to eszopiclone (ESZ) 3 mg plus naproxen 500 mg BID or matching placebo plus naproxen 500 mg twice a day. Measurements and Results: ESZ significantly improved total sleep time (mean increase: ESZ, 95 min; placebo, 9 min) (primary outcome) and nearly all sleep measures as well as visual analog scale pain (mean decrease: ESZ, 17 mm; placebo, 2 mm) (primary pain outcome), and depression (mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale improvement ESZ, 3.8; placebo, 0.4) compared with placebo. Changes in pain ratings were significantly correlated with changes in sleep. Conclusions: The addition of insomnia-specific therapy to a standardized naproxen pain regimen significantly improves sleep, pain, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). The findings indicate the importance of administering both sleep and pain-directed therapies to patients with LBP in clinical practice and provide strong evidence that improving sleep disturbance may improve pain. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00365976 Citation: Goforth HW, Preud'homme XA, Krystal AD. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of eszopiclone

  17. Cyclodextrins as a chiral mobile phase additive in nano-liquid chromatography: comparison of reversed-phase silica monolithic and particulate capillary columns.

    PubMed

    Rocco, Anna; Maruška, Audrius; Fanali, Salvatore

    2012-03-01

    Enantioseparations of racemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, suprofen, indoprofen, cicloprofen, and carprofen) were performed by nano-liquid chromatography, employing achiral capillary columns and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) or hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as a chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA). Working under the same experimental conditions (in terms of mobile phase and linear velocity), the performance of a RP-C18 monolithic column was compared with that of a RP-C18 packed column of the same dimensions (100 μm i.d. × 10 cm). Utilizing a mobile phase composed of 30% ACN (v/v) buffered with 50 mM sodium acetate at pH 3, and containing 30 mM TM-β-CD, the monolithic column provided faster analysis but lower resolution than the packed column. This behavior was ascribed to the high permeability of the monolithic column, as well as to its minor selectivity. HP-β-CD was chosen as an alternative to TM-β-CD. Employing the monolithic column, the effects of different parameters such as HP-β-CD concentration, mobile phase composition, and pH on the retention factor and the chiral resolution of the analytes were studied. For the most of the analytes, enantioresolution (which ranged from R(s) = 1.80 for naproxen to R(s) = 0.86 for flurbiprofen) was obtained with a mobile phase consisting of sodium acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 3), 10% MeOH, and 15 mM HP-β-CD. When the same experimental conditions were used with the packed column, no compound eluted within 1 h. Upon increasing the percentage of organic modifier to favor analyte elution, only suprofen eluted within 30 min, with an R(s) value of 1.14 (20% MeOH). Replacing MeOH with ACN resulted in a loss of enantioresolution, except for naproxen (R(s) = 0.89).

  18. Need for common internal controls when assessing the relative efficacy of pharmacologic agents using a meta-analytic approach: case study of cyclooxygenase 2-selective inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

    PubMed

    Lee, Chin; Hunsche, Elke; Balshaw, Robert; Kong, Sheldon X; Schnitzer, Thomas J

    2005-08-15

    To evaluate the role of common internal controls in a meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of cyclooxygenase 2-selective inhibitors (coxibs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). A systematic search of Medline and US Food and Drug Administration electronic databases was performed to identify randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of coxibs (etoricoxib, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib) in patients with hip and/or knee OA. The effect size for coxibs and common active internal controls (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], naproxen) were determined by the mean changes from baseline in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain subscores as compared with placebo. The effect size for all coxib groups combined (0.44) indicated greater efficacy as compared with placebo, but significant heterogeneity (P < 0.0001) was observed. Rofecoxib at dosages of 12.5 mg/day and 25 mg/day and etoricoxib at a dosage of 60 mg/day had similar effect sizes (0.68 and 0.73, respectively), but these effect sizes were comparatively greater than those for both celecoxib at dosages of 200 mg/day and 100 mg twice daily or valdecoxib at a dosage of 10 mg/day (0.26 and 0.16, respectively). The effect sizes for NSAIDs or naproxen versus placebo, as determined using data from rofecoxib/etoricoxib trials, were consistently higher than the effect sizes derived from trials of celecoxib/valdecoxib. Significant heterogeneity was present in the overall effect size for NSAIDs (P = 0.007) and naproxen (P = 0.04) groups based on data available from all coxib trials. Coxibs and common active internal controls showed larger effect sizes versus placebo in the rofecoxib/etoricoxib trials than in the celecoxib/valdecoxib trials. These findings suggest systematic differences among published coxib trials and emphasize the need for direct-comparison trials. In the absence of such trials, common internal controls should be assessed when performing indirect meta

  19. Needle-Free Inhalable Vaccine and Antibiotic Powder Aerosols

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-11-15

    NEEDLE-FREE INHALABLE VACCINE AND ANTIBIOTIC POWDER AEROSOLS R. E. Sievers, J.L. Burger,, S. P. Cape, E.T.S. Huang, J.A. Best, J.A. Madsen and...currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 15 NOV 2004 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Needle-Free Inhalable ...soluble drugs: naproxen, budesonide, betamethsone, amphotericin B, cyclosporin, DPPC Sugars: lactose, sucrose, trehalose , mannitol Polymers: PLA, PLGA

  20. Nicotine-Induced Antinociception in Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1999-07-21

    drugs, e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen, and fenbufen. These agents provide analgesia and also may act peripherally to decrease the inflammatory cascade (Wall...although a single dose of ibuprofen (a non-steroidal analgesic) was an effective analgesic against electrically-induced experimental pain in male subjects...discomfort from illness or injUry (e.g., ibuprofen ). Although these two drugs have been used safely and effectively for many years, we still do not know

  1. Migraine-related healthcare resource use and costs for subjects prescribed fixed-dose combination sumatriptan/naproxen sodium vs. single-entity oral triptans in a managed care population in the USA.

    PubMed

    Runken, M Chris; Goodwin, Bridgett; Shah, Manan; Eaddy, Michael; D'Souza, Anna; Bowers, Brian; Bell, Christopher F

    2015-02-01

    Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that the efficacy of a fixed-dose single-tablet combination containing sumatriptan and naproxen sodium (S/NS) was greater than either of its individual components. Simplifying drug regimens (e.g., via a fixed-dose combination) has been shown to improve "real-world" outcomes by reducing pill burden and treatment regimen complexity, improving adherence, and reducing healthcare resource use and associated costs; however, no studies assessing such outcomes have been conducted to date for the acute treatment of migraine. To assess migraine-related healthcare resource use and associated costs for subjects prescribed S/NS vs. subjects prescribed single-entity oral triptans (SOTs) within a managed care population in the USA. In this retrospective analysis of administrative claims data from July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009 (IMS LifeLink), subjects meeting the following criteria were selected: one or more pharmacy claim(s) for either S/NS or SOT (index date), aged 18-64 years; at least one migraine diagnosis, and continuous enrollment in the 6 months prior to and post the index date. The study population was subsequently stratified for two analyses: triptan-naïve (triptan naïve in the 6-month period prior to the index date) and triptan-switch (triptan user in the 6-month period prior to the index date and switching to another triptan). Subjects prescribed S/NS were propensity-score matched with subjects prescribed SOT (triptan-naïve analysis: 1:3; triptan-switch analysis: 1:1) to assess differences in healthcare resource use and associated costs (2009 US$) between the S/NS and SOT groups. Results from the triptan-naïve and triptan-switch analyses suggest that subjects prescribed S/NS are likely to have similar healthcare resource use patterns as those either newly initiated on an SOT or switching SOTs, as measured by migraine medication use, migraine-related healthcare resource use, and all-cause healthcare resource use. One

  2. Mechanisms of removal of three widespread pharmaceuticals by two clay materials.

    PubMed

    Dordio, A V; Miranda, S; Prates Ramalho, J P; Carvalho, A J Palace

    2017-02-05

    Pharmaceutical residues presence in the environment is among nowadays top emergent environmental issues. For removal of such pollutants, adsorption is a generally efficient process that can be complementary to conventional treatment. Research of cheap, widely available adsorbents may make this process economically attractive. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the capacity of two clay materials (exfoliated vermiculite, LECA) to adsorb gemfibrozil, mefenamic acid and naproxen in lab-scale batch assays. Results show that both adsorbents are able to remove the pharmaceuticals from aqueous medium. Although vermiculite exhibited higher adsorption capacities per unit mass of adsorbent, LECA yielded higher absolute removals of the pharmaceuticals due to the larger mass of adsorbent. Quantum chemistry calculations predicted that the forms of binding of the three molecules to the vermiculite surface are essentially identical, but the adsorption isotherm of naproxen differs substantially from the other two's. The linear forms of the latter impose limits at lower concentrations to the removal efficiencies of these pharmaceuticals by vermiculite, thereby electing LECA as more efficient. Notwithstanding, vermiculite's high specific adsorption capacity and also its much faster adsorption kinetics suggest that there may be some benefits in combining both materials as a composite adsorbent solution. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Suspended biofilm carrier and activated sludge removal of acidic pharmaceuticals.

    PubMed

    Falås, P; Baillon-Dhumez, A; Andersen, H R; Ledin, A; la Cour Jansen, J

    2012-03-15

    Removal of seven active pharmaceutical substances (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, mefenamic acid, and gemfibrozil) was assessed by batch experiments, with suspended biofilm carriers and activated sludge from several full-scale wastewater treatment plants. A distinct difference between nitrifying activated sludge and suspended biofilm carrier removal of several pharmaceuticals was demonstrated. Biofilm carriers from full-scale nitrifying wastewater treatment plants, demonstrated considerably higher removal rates per unit biomass (i.e. suspended solids for the sludges and attached solids for the carriers) of diclofenac, ketoprofen, gemfibrozil, clofibric acid and mefenamic acid compared to the sludges. Among the target pharmaceuticals, only ibuprofen and naproxen showed similar removal rates per unit biomass for the sludges and biofilm carriers. In contrast to the pharmaceutical removal, the nitrification capacity per unit biomass was lower for the carriers than the sludges, which suggests that neither the nitrite nor the ammonia oxidizing bacteria are primarily responsible for the observed differences in pharmaceutical removal. The low ability of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to degrade or transform the target pharmaceuticals was further demonstrated by the limited pharmaceutical removal in an experiment with continuous nitritation and biofilm carriers from a partial nitritation/anammox sludge liquor treatment process. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Comparison of PPCPs removal on a parallel-operated MBR and AS system and evaluation of effluent post-treatment on vertical flow reed beds.

    PubMed

    Reif, R; Besancon, A; Le Corre, K; Jefferson, B; Lema, J M; Omil, F

    2011-01-01

    The presence in the aquatic environment of xenobiotics such as Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) has emerged as an issue of concern. Upgrading sewage treatment quality with modern technologies such as Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) and/or implementing a further posttreatment might mitigate the release of xenobiotics into surface waters. The performance of two processes treating municipal sewage, a MBR and an Activated Sludge (AS) unit, have been compared in terms of PPCPs removal. Moreover, their effluents were treated using vertical flow reed beds. Both systems were operated under similar conditions, more specifically Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), maintained at 8 hours, and Sludge Retention Time (SRT) set at 6 and 20 days. Pharmaceuticals belong to therapeutic groups such as antiepileptics (carbamazepine) and analgesics (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac), whereas the personal care products are musk fragrances (galaxolide and tonalide). Xenobiotics removals achieved in the MBR showed better results, particularly for the acidic drugs ibuprofen (87% vs. 50%) and naproxen (56% vs. 6%) operating at low SRT. After filtration through vertical flow reed-beds, PPCPs content in effluents was decreased, below 1 ppb in most cases, improving the effluent quality and confirming reed-beds as an interesting low cost alternative in order to attenuate xenobiotics contamination.

  5. Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a sewage treatment plant of northwest Spain.

    PubMed

    Carballa, M; Omil, F; Lema, J M; Llompart, M; García, C; Rodriguez, I; Gómez, M; Ternes, T

    2005-01-01

    Thirteen pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds have been surveyed along the different units of a municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) to study their fate across each step and the overall removal efficiency. The STP studied corresponds to a population of approximately 100,000 inhabitants located in Galicia (northwest Spain), including three main sections: pre-treatment (coarse and fine screening, grit and fat removal); primary treatment (sedimentation tanks); and secondary treatment (conventional activated sludge). Among all the substances considered (galaxolide, tonalide, carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, estrone, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, roxitromycin, sulfamethoxazole and iopromide), only significant concentrations were found for two musks (galaxolide and tonalide), two antiphlogistics (ibuprofen and naproxen), two natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol), one antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole) and the X-ray contrast media (iopromide), being the other compounds below the quantification level. In the primary treatment, only the fragrances were partly removed, with efficiencies of 20-50% for galaxolide and tonalide. However, the aerobic treatment caused an important reduction in all compounds detected, between 35 and 75%, with the exception of iopromide. The overall removal efficiency of the STP ranged between 70 and 90% for the fragrances, 45 and 70% for the acidic compounds, around 67% for estradiol and 57% for the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole.

  6. Hand-Ground Nanoscale ZnII -Based Coordination Polymers Derived from NSAIDs: Cell Migration Inhibition of Human Breast Cancer Cells.

    PubMed

    Paul, Mithun; Sarkar, Koushik; Deb, Jolly; Dastidar, Parthasarathi

    2017-04-27

    Increased levels of intracellular prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) have been linked with the unregulated cancer cell migration that often leads to metastasis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the increased PGE 2 concentration in inflamed as well as cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that NSAID-derived Zn II -based coordination polymers are able to inhibit cell migration of human breast cancer cells. Various NSAIDs were anchored to a series of 1D Zn II coordination polymers through carboxylate-Zn coordination, and these structures were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Hand grinding in a pestle and mortar resulted in the first reported example of nanoscale coordination polymers that were suitable for biological studies. Two such hand-ground nanoscale coordination polymers NCP1 a and NCP2 a, which contained naproxen (a well-studied NSAID), were successfully internalized by the human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, as was evident from cellular imaging by using a fluorescence microscope. They were able to kill the cancer cells (MTT assay) more efficiently than the corresponding mother drug naproxen, and most importantly, they significantly inhibited cancer cell migration thereby displaying anticancer activity. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  7. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents.

    PubMed

    Eccleston, Christopher; Cooper, Tess E; Fisher, Emma; Anderson, Brian; Wilkinson, Nick Mr

    2017-08-02

    Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online, MEDLINE via Ovid, and Embase via Ovid from inception to 6 September 2016. We also searched the reference lists of retrieved studies and reviews, as well as online clinical trial registries. Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any dose and any route, treating chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing any NSAID with placebo or an active comparator. Two review authors independently assessed studies for eligibility. We planned to use dichotomous data to calculate risk ratio and number needed to treat for one additional event, using standard methods. We assessed GRADE and created three 'Summary of findings' tables. We included seven studies with a total of 1074 participants (aged 2 to 18 years) with chronic juvenile polyarthritis or chronic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. All seven studies compared an NSAID with an active comparator. None of the studies were placebo controlled. No two studies investigated the same type of NSAID compared with another. We were unable to perform a meta-analysis.Risk of bias varied. For randomisation and allocation concealment, one study was low risk and six studies were unclear risk. For blinding of participants and personnel, three studies were low risk and four studies were unclear to high risk. For blinding of outcome assessors, all studies were unclear risk. For attrition, four studies were low risk and three studies were unclear risk. For selective reporting, four studies were low risk, two studies were unclear risk, and one study was high risk. For size, three studies were unclear risk and four studies were high risk. For other potential sources of bias, seven studies were low risk. Primary outcomesThree studies reported participant-reported pain relief of 30% or greater, showing no statistically significant difference in pain scores between meloxicam and naproxen, celecoxib and naproxen, or rofecoxib and

  8. Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 3, Edition 1

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-01-01

    manufacturing processes. They can also require special in- plant test- ing procedures before the item or system is finally turned over to the military for further...trials of aspirin for treatment or of ibuprofen for prevention; naproxen ineffective Aspirin Ibuprofen Prevention of headache 400 or 600 mg orally once...and is the Installation Medical Authority for the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant , McAlester, Oklahoma. 1) Vedder, James A., Combat Surgeon: Up

  9. Surface-mounted MOF templated fabrication of homochiral polymer thin film for enantioselective adsorption of drugs.

    PubMed

    Gu, Zhi-Gang; Fu, Wen-Qiang; Liu, Min; Zhang, Jian

    2017-01-26

    A self-polymerized chiral monomer 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) has been introduced into the pores of an achiral surface-mounted metal organic framework (SURMOF), and then the homochiral poly(l-DOPA) thin film has been successfully formed after UV light irradiation and etching of the SURMOF. Remarkably, such a poly(l-DOPA) thin film exhibited enantioselective adsorption of naproxen. This study opened a SURMOF-templated approach for preparing porous polymer thin films.

  10. Clinical effects of Garcinia kola in knee osteoarthritis

    PubMed Central

    Adegbehingbe, Olayinka O; Adesanya, Saburi A; Idowu, Thomas O; Okimi, Oluwakemi C; Oyelami, Oyesiku A; Iwalewa, Ezekiel O

    2008-01-01

    Objectives Over the past years, there has been a growing number of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients who are not willing to comply with long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) treatment and wish to use herbal anti- rheumatic medicine. This study assessed the clinical effects of Garcinia kola (GK) in KOA patients. Patients and methods Prospective randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, clinical trial approved by the institutional medical ethics review board and written informed consent obtained from each patient. All KOA patients presenting at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital complex were recruited into the study. The patients were grouped into four (A = Placebo, B = Naproxen, C = Garcinia kola, D = Celebrex). The drugs and placebo were given twice a day per oral route. Each dose consisted of 200 mg of G. kola, Naproxen (500 mg), Celebrex (200 mg) and Ascorbic acid (100 mg). The primary outcome measure over six weeks study period was the change in mean WOMAC pain visual analogue scales (VAS). Secondary outcome measures included the mean change in joint stiffness and physical function (mobility/walking). Results 143 patients were recruited, 84 (58.7%, males – 24, females – 60) satisfied the selection criteria and completed the study. The effect of knee osteoarthritis bilateralism among the subjects was not significant on their outcome (p > 0.05). The change in the mean WOMAC pain VAS after six weeks of G. kola was significantly reduced compared to the placebo (p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons of the mean VAS pain change of G. kola group was not lowered significantly against the naproxen and celebrex groups (p > 0.05). The onset of G. kola symptomatic pain relief was faster than the placebo (p < 0.001). However, it was slower than the active comparators (p > 0.05). The duration of therapeutic effect of Garcinia kola was longer than the placebo (p > 0.001). G. kola period of effect was less than naproxen and celebrex (p < 0

  11. Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater by biological processes, hydrodynamic cavitation and UV treatment.

    PubMed

    Zupanc, Mojca; Kosjek, Tina; Petkovšek, Martin; Dular, Matevž; Kompare, Boris; Širok, Brane; Blažeka, Željko; Heath, Ester

    2013-07-01

    To augment the removal of pharmaceuticals different conventional and alternative wastewater treatment processes and their combinations were investigated. We tested the efficiency of (1) two distinct laboratory scale biological processes: suspended activated sludge and attached-growth biomass, (2) a combined hydrodynamic cavitation-hydrogen peroxide process and (3) UV treatment. Five pharmaceuticals were chosen including ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac, and an active metabolite of the lipid regulating agent clofibric acid. Biological treatment efficiency was evaluated using lab-scale suspended activated sludge and moving bed biofilm flow-through reactors, which were operated under identical conditions in respect to hydraulic retention time, working volume, concentration of added pharmaceuticals and synthetic wastewater composition. The suspended activated sludge process showed poor and inconsistent removal of clofibric acid, carbamazepine and diclofenac, while ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen yielded over 74% removal. Moving bed biofilm reactors were filled with two different types of carriers i.e. Kaldnes K1 and Mutag BioChip™ and resulted in higher removal efficiencies for ibuprofen and diclofenac. Augmentation and consistency in the removal of diclofenac were observed in reactors using Mutag BioChip™ carriers (85%±10%) compared to reactors using Kaldnes carriers and suspended activated sludge (74%±22% and 48%±19%, respectively). To enhance the removal of pharmaceuticals hydrodynamic cavitation with hydrogen peroxide process was evaluated and optimal conditions for removal were established regarding the duration of cavitation, amount of added hydrogen peroxide and initial pressure, all of which influence the efficiency of the process. Optimal parameters resulted in removal efficiencies between 3-70%. Coupling the attached-growth biomass biological treatment, hydrodynamic cavitation/hydrogen peroxide process and UV treatment

  12. Removal of acidic pharmaceuticals by small-scale constructed wetlands using different design configurations.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Xiaomeng; Jing, Ruiying; Feng, Xu; Dai, Yunyu; Tao, Ran; Vymazal, Jan; Cai, Nan; Yang, Yang

    2018-10-15

    To better understand the performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) to remove acidic pharmaceuticals (APs) in wastewaters in subtropical areas and to optimize CW design criteria, six small-scale CWs under different design configurations were operated. The factors (environmental parameters, water quality, and seasonality) influencing the APs removal were also analyzed to illustrate the removal mechanisms. The results indicated that the best performances of CWs were up to 80-90%. Subsurface flow (SSF) CWs showed high removal efficiency for ibuprofen, gemfibrozil and naproxen, but surface flow (SF) CWs performed better for ketoprofen and diclofenac. The positive relationship between the removal efficiencies of ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen with dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen reveals that SSF CWs under aerobic conditions benefit the biodegradation, while the favorable conditions created by SF CWs for receiving solar radiation promote the effective photolysis of ketoprofen and diclofenac. Planted SSF CWs had significantly higher removal efficiencies of ibuprofen and gemfibrozil than the unplanted controls had in all seasons. The removal of all APs was higher in summer and autumn than those in winter. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between removal efficiency and the distribution coefficient (logDow) was observed in SF CWs. Overall, CWs that provide aerobic degradation and photolysis would benefit APs removal in subtropical areas in the south of China. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Influence of design, physico-chemical and environmental parameters on pharmaceuticals and fragrances removal by constructed wetlands.

    PubMed

    Hijosa-Valsero, M; Matamoros, V; Sidrach-Cardona, R; Pedescoll, A; Martín-Villacorta, J; García, J; Bayona, J M; Bécares, E

    2011-01-01

    The ability of several mesocosm-scale and full-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from urban wastewater was assessed. The results of three previous works were considered as a whole to find common patterns in PPCP removal. The experiment took place outdoors under winter and summer conditions. The mesocosm-scale CWs differed in some design parameters, namely the presence of plants, the vegetal species chosen (Typha angustifolia versus Phragmites australis), the flow configuration (surface flow versus subsurface flow), the primary treatment (sedimentation tank versus HUSB), the feeding regime (batch flow versus continuous saturation) and the presence of gravel bed. The full-scale CWs consisted of a combination of various subsystems (ponds, surface flow CWs and subsurface flow CWs). The studied PPCPs were ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide. The performance of the evaluated treatment systems was compound dependent and varied as a function of the CW-configuration. In addition, PPCP removal efficiencies were lower during winter. The presence of plants favoured naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide removal. Significant positive correlations were observed between the removal of most PPCPs and temperature or redox potential. Accordingly, microbiological pathways appear to be the most likely degradation route for the target PPCPs in the CWs studied.

  14. Investigating natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals through unsaturated column tests.

    PubMed

    Martínez-Hernández, Virtudes; Meffe, Raffaella; Kohfahl, Claus; de Bustamante, Irene

    2017-06-01

    The growing consumption of pharmaceuticals together with their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) implies the occurrence of these compounds in natural water resources. To investigate the natural attenuation of selected pharmaceuticals (caffeine, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, naproxen and carbamazepine) during vadose zone infiltration, unsaturated column (L 26.67 cm, Ø 7.62 cm) experiments, filled with a sandy-loamy soil, were performed using two input concentrations (100 and 1000 μg L -1 ). The software Hydrus 1D was used to simulate experimental data. Caffeine and acetaminophen were never detected at the column outlet indicating a low environmental concern. On the other hand, attenuation of the detected pharmaceuticals could be reproduced by a combination of retardation and removal approaches. Carbamazepine is among the selected contaminants the most persistent. A dependence of removal rates on input concentrations was detected for sulfamethoxazole (μ w from 2.78 d -1 to 1.16 d -1 ) and naproxen (μ w from 1.16 d -1 to 0.63 d -1 ) attributed mainly to decreased metabolism of microorganisms when a higher input concentration is applied. Two transformation products (TPs) (N4-Acetylsulfamethoxazole and epoxycarbamazepine) derived from sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine transformation, respectively, were detected during the experiment with the highest input concentration. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Effect of feeding strategies on pharmaceutical removal by subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Dong Qing; Gersberg, Richard M; Hua, Tao; Zhu, Junfei; Nguyen, Anh Tuan; Law, Wing-Keung; Ng, Wun Jern; Tan, Soon Keat

    2012-01-01

    This study presents findings on an assessment of the effect of continuous and batch feeding strategies on the removal of selected pharmaceuticals from synthetic wastewater. Six mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands, including three horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands and three sand filters, were set up at the campus of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The findings showed that ibuprofen and diclofenac removal in the wetlands was significantly ( < 0.05) enhanced in the batch versus continuous mode. In contrast, naproxen and carbamazepine showed no significant differences ( > 0.05) in elimination under either feeding strategy. Our results also clearly showed that the presence of plants exerts a stimulatory effect on pharmaceutical removal for ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen in batch and continuous mode. Estimation of the quantitative role of this stimulatory effect on pharmaceutical elimination of batch operation as compared with the effect of the presence of the higher plant alone showed that batch operation may account for 40 to 87% of the contribution conferred by the aquatic plant. The findings of this study imply that where maximal removal of pharmaceutical compounds is desired, periodic draining and filling might be the preferred operational strategy for full-scale, subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

  16. Outcomes studies of the gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

    PubMed

    Scheiman, James M

    2002-01-01

    Short-term endoscopic studies of the highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (coxibs) rofecoxib and celecoxib have shown that these agents are well tolerated and have efficacy equivalent to nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with fewer adverse effects on the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These studies are limited, however, as the detection of endoscopic lesions is not well correlated with symptomatic ulcers and ulcer complications. Outcomes studies of the GI safety are, therefore, essential to understanding how coxibs are likely to perform in a clinical practice setting. Four large outcomes studies (Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research, VIGOR; Assessment of Difference Between Vioxx and Naproxen to Ascertain Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Effectiveness trial, ADVANTAGE; Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study, CLASS; and the Successive Celecoxib Efficacy and Safety Studies, SUCCESS) examined the GI safety of rofecoxib and celecoxib in over 39,000 patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Results of these studies showed that patients taking a supratherapeutic dose of rofecoxib or celecoxib had significantly lower rates of GI-related adverse events than those taking a nonselective NSAID (naproxen, ibuprofen, or diclofenac). Reduced risk of upper GI events was seen in patients with multiple risk factors and in patients using low-dose aspirin and corticosteroids concomitantly with a coxib. Results of large outcomes studies provide support for the COX-2 hypothesis and demonstrate the long-term safety and tolerability of coxibs.

  17. Evaluation of a membrane bioreactor system as post-treatment in waste water treatment for better removal of micropollutants.

    PubMed

    Arriaga, Sonia; de Jonge, Nadieh; Nielsen, Marc Lund; Andersen, Henrik Rasmus; Borregaard, Vibeke; Jewel, Kevin; Ternes, Thomas A; Nielsen, Jeppe Lund

    2016-12-15

    Organic micropollutants (OMPs) such as pharmaceuticals are persistent pollutants that are only partially degraded in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was used as a polishing step on a full-scale WWTP, and its ability to remove micropollutants was examined together with the development and stability of the microbial community. Two stages of operation were studied during a period of 9 months, one with (S1) and one without (S2) the addition of exogenous OMPs. Ibuprofen and naproxen had the highest degradation rates with values of 248 μg/g VSS ·h and 71 μg/g VSS ·h, whereas diclofenac was a more persistent OMP (7.28 μg/g VSS ·h). Mineralization of 14 C-labeled OMPs in batch kinetic experiments indicates that higher removal rates (∼0.8 ng/mg T SS ·h) with a short lag phase can be obtained when artificial addition of organic micropollutants was performed. Similar microbial populations dominated S1 and S2, despite the independent operations. Hydrogenophaga, Nitrospira, p55-a5, the actinobacterial Tetrasphaera, Propionicimonas, Fodinicola, and Candidatus Microthrix were the most abundant groups in the polishing MBR. Finally, potential microbial candidates for ibuprofen and naproxen degradation are proposed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Degradation and adsorption of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in agricultural soils.

    PubMed

    Xu, Jian; Wu, Laosheng; Chang, Andrew C

    2009-11-01

    Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging contaminants in the environment, which have drawn popular concerns recently. Most studies on the environmental fate of PPCPs have focused on their behaviors during wastewater treatment processes, in aquatic environments, and in the sludge, however, little is known about their behavior in agricultural soils. In this study, adsorption and degradation of six selected PPCPs, including clofibric acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, triclosan, diclofenac and bisphenol A have been investigated in the laboratory using four US agricultural soils associated with reclaimed wastewater reuse. Adsorption test using a batch equilibrium method demonstrated that adsorption of all tested chemicals in soils could be well described with Freundlich equation, and their adsorption affinity on soil followed the order of triclosan>bisphenol A>clofibric acid>naproxen>diclofenac>ibuprofen. Retardation factor (R(F)) suggested that ibuprofen had potential to move downward with percolating water, while triclosan and bisphenol A were readily retarded in soils. Degradation of selected PPCPs in soils generally followed first-order exponential decay kinetics, with half-lives ranging from 0.81 to 20.44 d. Degradation of PPCPs in soils appeared to be influenced by the soil organic matter and clay contents. Sterilization generally decreased the degradation rates, indicating microbial activity played a significant role in the degradation in soils. The degradation rate constant decreased with increasing initial chemical concentrations in soil, implying that the microbial activity was inhibited with high chemical loading levels.

  19. Soft nanocomposites of gelatin and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) nanoparticles for dual drug release.

    PubMed

    Bini, Rafael A; Silva, Mônica F; Varanda, Laudemir C; da Silva, Marcelo A; Dreiss, Cécile A

    2017-09-01

    We developed a nanocomposite gel composed of gelatin and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polymeric nanoparticles (PNP) to be used as an injectable gel for the contemporaneous, dual sustained release of bioactive molecules. The hydrogel matrix was formed by a very simple process, using either the physical gelation of gelatin or the natural enzyme transglutaminase to covalently cross-link the gelatin chains in the presence of embedded PNP. Oscillatory rheological measurements showed that the addition of the PNP induced an increase in the storage modulus compared to pure gelatin gels, for both physical and chemical gels. Micrographs from scanning electron microscopy revealed that the presence of PNP disrupted the native structure of the gelatin chains in the hydrogel matrix. Dual drug encapsulation was achieved with curcumin (CM) in the PNP and naproxen sodium(NS) in the gelatin matrix. In vitro release studies showed that the hydrogel matrix acts both as a physical and chemical barrier, delaying the diffusion of the drugs. An initial burst release was observed in the first hours of the measurement, and around 90% was released on the third day for naproxen sodium. In free PNP, 82% of curcumin was relased after four days, while when PNP were embedded in the gelatin matrix only 40% was released over the same time period. Overall, these simple, sustainable soft nanocomposites show potential as an injectable co-sustained drug release system. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. Hydrophobin-nanofibrillated cellulose stabilized emulsions for encapsulation and release of BCS class II drugs.

    PubMed

    Paukkonen, Heli; Ukkonen, Anni; Szilvay, Geza; Yliperttula, Marjo; Laaksonen, Timo

    2017-03-30

    The purpose of this study was to construct biopolymer-based oil-in-water emulsion formulations for encapsulation and release of poorly water soluble model compounds naproxen and ibuprofen. Class II hydrophobin protein HFBII from Trichoderma reesei was used as a surfactant to stabilize the oil/water interfaces of the emulsion droplets in the continuous aqueous phase. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was used as a viscosity modifier to further stabilize the emulsions and encapsulate protein coated oil droplets in NFC fiber network. The potential of both native and oxidized NFC were studied for this purpose. Various emulsion formulations were prepared and the abilities of different formulations to control the drug release rate of naproxen and ibuprofen, used as model compounds, were evaluated. The optimal formulation for sustained drug release consisted of 0.01% of drug, 0.1% HFBII, 0.15% oxidized NFC, 10% soybean oil and 90% water phase. By comparison, the use of native NFC in combination with HFBII resulted in an immediate drug release for both of the compounds. The results indicate that these NFC originated biopolymers are suitable for pharmaceutical emulsion formulations. The native and oxidized NFC grades can be used as emulsion stabilizers in sustained and immediate drug release applications. Furthermore, stabilization of the emulsions was achieved with low concentrations of both HFBII and NFC, which may be an advantage when compared to surfactant concentrations of conventional excipients traditionally used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Widespread occurrence and seasonal variation of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and municipal wastewater treatment plants in central Finland.

    PubMed

    Lindholm-Lehto, Petra C; Ahkola, Heidi S J; Knuutinen, Juha S; Herve, Sirpa H

    2016-04-01

    The presence of five selected pharmaceuticals, consisting of four anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and an antiepileptic drug carbamazepine, was determined at four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the receiving waterway in central Finland. The samples were taken from influents and effluents of the WWTPs and from surface water of six locations along the water way, including northern Lake Päijänne. In addition, seasonal variation in the area was determined by comparing the concentrations in the winter and summer. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The concentrations in the influents and effluents ranged from hundreds of nanogram per liter to microgram per liter while ranged from tens of nanogram per liter in northern parts of the waterway to hundreds of nanogram per liter in northern Lake Päijänne near the city area. In addition, the concentrations were higher in the winter compared to summer time in surface water due to decreased temperature and solar irradiation. On the other hand, higher concentrations of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen were found in summer at the WWTPs, possibly due to seasonal variations in consumption. In conclusion, there are considerable amounts of pharmaceuticals not only in influents and effluents of the WWTPs but also in lake water along the waterway and in northern Lake Päijänne.

  2. Degradation of PPCPs in activated sludge from different WWTPs in Denmark.

    PubMed

    Chen, Xijuan; Vollertsen, Jes; Nielsen, Jeppe Lund; Dall, Agnieszka Gieraltowska; Bester, Kai

    2015-12-01

    Pharmaceuticals and Personal care products (PPCPs) are often found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to insufficient removal during wastewater treatment processes. To understand the factors affecting the removal of PPCPs in classical activated sludge WWTPs, the present study was performed to assess the removal of frequently occurring pharmaceuticals (Naproxen, Fenoprofen, Ketoprofen, Dichlofenac, Carbamazepine) and the biocide Triclosan in activated sludge from four different Danish WWTPs. The respective degradation constants were compared to operational parameters previous shown to be of importance for degradation of micropollutants such as biomass concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). The most rapid degradation, was observed for NSAID pharmaceuticals (55-90% for Fenoprofen, 77-94% for Ketoprofen and 46-90% for Naproxen), followed by Triclosan (61-91%), while Dichlofenac and Carbamazepine were found to be persistent in the systems. Degradation rate constants were calculated as 0.0026-0.0407 for NSAID pharmaceuticals and 0.0022-0.0065 for triclosan. No relationships were observed between degradation rates and biomass concentrations in the diverse sludges. However, for the investigated PPCPs, the optimal SRT was within 14-20 days (for these values degradation of these PPCPs was the most efficient). Though all of these parameters influence the degradation rate, none of them seems to be overall decisive. These observations indicate that the biological composition of the sludge is more important than the design parameters of the respective treatment plant.

  3. Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by rainbow trout.

    PubMed

    Lahti, Marja; Brozinski, Jenny-Maria; Jylhä, Antti; Kronberg, Leif; Oikari, Aimo

    2011-06-01

    An urgent need exists to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to assess the uptake and metabolism of waterborne pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A further objective was to determine the possibility of monitoring exposure to low levels of pharmaceuticals by bile assays. Rainbow trout were exposed for 10 d under flow-through conditions to mixtures of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, bisoprolol, and carbamazepine) at high and low concentrations. The low concentration was used to mimic the conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants. The uptake and the bioconcentration were determined by blood plasma and bile analyses. The average bioconcentration factor in plasma ranged from below 0.1 for bisoprolol to 4.9 for diclofenac, the values being approximately similar at low and high ambient concentrations. The biotransformation of diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen was considered efficient, because several metabolites could be detected in concentrations clearly exceeding those of the unmetabolized compounds. The glucuronides were the dominant metabolites for all three pharmaceuticals. The total bioconcentration in the bile was two to four orders of magnitude higher than in the plasma. The results of this work show that the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals in environmentally relevant concentrations may be monitored by blood plasma and bile analyses, the latter allowing detection at markedly lower ambient concentration. Copyright © 2011 SETAC.

  4. Calculation methods to perform mass balances of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants. application to pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs).

    PubMed

    Carballa, Marta; Omil, Francisco; Lema, Juan M

    2007-02-01

    Two different methods are proposed to perform the mass balance calculations of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants (STPs). The first method uses the measured data in both liquid and sludge phase and the second one uses the solid-water distribution coefficient (Kd) to calculate the concentrations in the sludge from those measured in the liquid phase. The proposed methodologies facilitate the identification of the main mechanisms involved in the elimination of micropollutants. Both methods are applied for determining mass balances of selected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and their results are discussed. In that way, the fate of 2 musks (galaxolide and tonalide), 3 pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, and sulfamethoxazole), and 2 natural estrogens (estrone and 17beta-estradiol) has been investigated along the different water and sludge treatment units of a STP. Ibuprofen, naproxen, and sulfamethoxazole are biologically degraded in the aeration tank (50-70%), while musks are equally sorbed to the sludge and degraded. In contrast, estrogens are not removed in the STP studied. About 40% of the initial load of pharmaceuticals passes through the plant unaltered, with the fraction associated to sludge lower than 0.5%. In contrast, between 20 and 40% of the initial load of musks leaves the plant associated to solids, with less than 10% present in the final effluent. The results obtained show that the conclusions concerning the efficiency of micropollutants removal in a particular STP may be seriously affected by the calculation method used.

  5. Acupuncture as prophylaxis for menstrual-related migraine: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background Menstrual-related migraine is a common form of migraine affecting >50% of female migraineurs. Acupuncture may be a choice for menstrual-related migraine, when pharmacological prophylaxis is not suitable. However, the efficacy of acupuncture has not been confirmed. We design and perform a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture compared with naproxen in menstrual-related migraine patients. Methods/Design This is a multicenter, single blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 184 participants will be randomly assigned to two different groups. Participants will receive verum acupuncture and placebo medicine in the treatment group, while participants in the control group will be treated with sham acupuncture and medicine (Naproxen Sustained Release Tablets). All treatments will be given for 3 months (menstrual cycles). The primary outcome measures are the change of migraine days inside the menstrual cycle and the proportion of responders (defined as the proportion of patients with at least a 50% reduction in the number of menstrual migraine days). The secondary outcome measures are the change of migraine days outside the menstrual cycle, duration of migraine attack, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and intake of acute medication. The assessment will be made at baseline (before treatment), 3 months (menstrual cycles), and 4 months (menstrual cycles) after the first acupuncture session. Discussion The results of this trial will be helpful to supply the efficacy of acupuncture for menstrual-related migraine prophylaxis. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN57133712 PMID:24195839

  6. Responder analysis for pain relief and numbers needed to treat in a meta-analysis of etoricoxib osteoarthritis trials: bridging a gap between clinical trials and clinical practice

    PubMed Central

    Moore, R A; Moore, O A; Derry, S; Peloso, P M; Gammaitoni, A R; Wang, H

    2010-01-01

    Background: Population mean changes from clinical trials are difficult to apply to individuals in clinical practice. Responder analysis may be better, but needs validating for level of response and treatment duration. Methods: The numbers of patients with pain relief over baseline (⩾15%, ⩾30%, ⩾50%, ⩾70%) at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment were obtained using the WOMAC 100 mm visual analogue pain subscale score for each treatment group in seven randomised placebo-controlled trials of etoricoxib in osteoarthritis lasting ⩾6 weeks. Dropouts were assigned 0% improvement from baseline from then on. The numbers needed to treat (NNTs) were calculated at each level of response and time point. Results: 3554 patients were treated with placebo, etoricoxib 30 mg and 60 mg, celecoxib 200 mg, naproxen 1000 mg or ibuprofen 2400 mg daily. Response rates fell with increasing pain relief: 60–80% experienced minimally important pain relief (⩾15%), 50–60% moderate pain relief (⩾30%), 40–50% substantial pain relief (⩾50%) and 20–30% extensive pain relief (⩾70%). NNTs for etoricoxib, celecoxib and naproxen were stable over 2–12 weeks. Ibuprofen showed lessening of effectiveness with time. Conclusion: Responder rates and NNTs are reproducible for different levels of response over 12 weeks and have relevance for clinical practice at the individual patient level. An average 10 mm improvement in pain equates to almost one in two patients having substantial benefit. PMID:19364730

  7. Carbon dioxide‐mediated vasomotion of extra‐cranial cerebral arteries in humans: a role for prostaglandins?

    PubMed Central

    Tymko, Michael M.; Bain, Anthony R.; Wildfong, Kevin W.; Monteleone, Brad; Ainslie, Philip N.

    2016-01-01

    Key points Cerebral blood flow increases during hypercapnia and decreases during hypocapnia; it is unknown if vasomotion of the internal carotid artery is implicated in these responses.Indomethacin, a non‐selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (used to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis), has a unique ability to blunt cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity, while other cyclooxygenase inhibitors have no effect.We show significant dilatation and constriction of the internal carotid artery during hypercapnia and hypocapnia, respectively.Indomethacin, but not ketorolac or naproxen, reduced the dilatatory response of the internal carotid artery to hypercapniaThe differential effect of indomethacin compared to ketorolac and naproxen suggests that indomethacin inhibits vasomotion of the internal carotid artery independent of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Abstract Extra‐cranial cerebral blood vessels are implicated in the regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in arterial CO2; however, the mechanisms governing CO2‐mediated vasomotion of these vessels in humans remain unclear. We determined if cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin (INDO) reduces the vasomotor response of the internal carotid artery (ICA) to changes in end‐tidal CO2 (P ETC O2). Using a randomized single‐blinded placebo‐controlled study, participants (n = 10) were tested on two occasions, before and 90 min following oral INDO (1.2 mg kg–1) or placebo. Concurrent measurements of beat‐by‐beat velocity, diameter and blood flow of the ICA were made at rest and during steady‐state stages (4 min) of iso‐oxic hypercapnia (+3, +6, +9 mmHg P ETC O2) and hypocapnia (−3, −6, −9 mmHg P ETC O2). To examine if INDO affects ICA vasomotion independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition, two participant subsets (each n = 5) were tested before and following oral ketorolac (post 45 min, 0.25 mg kg–1) or naproxen (post 90 min, 4.2 mg kg–1). During pre‐drug testing in

  8. Feasibility of electrospray deposition for rapid screening of the cocrystal formation and single step, continuous production of pharmaceutical nanococrystals.

    PubMed

    Emami, Shahram; Siahi-Shadbad, Mohammadreza; Barzegar-Jalali, Mohammad; Adibkia, Khosro

    2018-06-01

    This study employed electrospray deposition (ESD) for simultaneous synthesis and particle engineering of cocrystals. Exploring new methods for the efficient production of cocrystals with desired particle properties is an essential demand. The possibility of cocrystal formation by ESD was examined for indomethacin-saccharin, indomethacin-nicotinamide, naproxen-nicotinamide, and naproxen-iso-nicotinamide cocrystals. Solutions of the drug and coformer at stoichiometric ratios were sprayed to a high electric field which caused rapid evaporation of the solvent and the formation of fine particles. The phase purity, size, and morphology of products were compared with reference cocrystals. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of stoichiometric ratio, concentration and solvent type on the cocrystal formation. Physical stability and dissolution properties of the electrosprayed cocrystals were also compared with reference cocrystals. ESD was found to be an efficient and rapid method to produce cocrystals for all studied systems other than indomethacin-nicotinamide. Pure cocrystals only formed at a specific drug:coformer ratio. The solvent type has a weak effect on the cocrystal formation and morphology. Electrosprayed cocrystals exhibited nano to micrometer sizes with distinct morphologies with comparable physical stability with reference cocrystals. Nanococrystals of indomethacin-saccharin with a mean size of 219 nm displayed a threefold higher dissolution rate than solvent evaporated cocrystal. ESD successfully was utilized to produce pure cocrystals of poorly soluble drugs with different morphologies and sizes ranging from nano to micrometer sizes in one step. This study highlighted the usefulness of ESD for simultaneous preparation and particle engineering of pharmaceutical cocrystals.

  9. Metabolism of pharmaceutical and personal care products by carrot cell cultures.

    PubMed

    Wu, Xiaoqin; Fu, Qiuguo; Gan, Jay

    2016-04-01

    With the increasing use of treated wastewater and biosolids in agriculture, residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in these reused resources may contaminate food produce via plant uptake, constituting a route for human exposure. Although various PPCPs have been reported to be taken up by plants in laboratories or under field conditions, at present little information is available on their metabolism in plants. In this study, we applied carrot cell cultures to investigate the plant metabolism of PPCPs. Five phase I metabolites of carbamazepine were identified and the potential metabolism pathways of carbamazepine were proposed. We also used the carrot cell cultures as a rapid screening tool to initially assess the metabolism potentials of 18 PPCPs. Eleven PPCPs, including acetaminophen, caffeine, meprobamate, primidone, atenolol, trimethoprim, DEET, carbamazepine, dilantin, diazepam, and triclocarban, were found to be recalcitrant to metabolism. The other 7 PPCPs, including triclosan, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, sulfamethoxazole, and atorvastatin, displayed rapid metabolism, with 0.4-47.3% remaining in the culture at the end of the experiment. Further investigation using glycosidase hydrolysis showed that 1.3-20.6% of initially spiked naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and gemfibrozil were transformed into glycoside conjugates. Results from this study showed that plant cell cultures may be a useful tool for initially exploring the potential metabolites of PPCPs in plants as well as for rapidly screening the metabolism potentials of a variety of PPCPs or other emerging contaminants, and therefore may be used for prioritizing compounds for further comprehensive evaluations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Central nervous system toxicity of mefenamic acid overdose compared with other NSAIDs: an analysis of cases reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service

    PubMed Central

    Crichton, Siobhan; Cooper, Gill; Lupton, David J.; Eddleston, Michael; Vale, J. Allister; Thompson, John P.; Thomas, Simon H. L.

    2016-01-01

    Aims Case reports and small case series suggest increased central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, especially convulsions, after overdose of mefenamic acid, compared with other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), although comparative epidemiological studies have not been conducted. The current study compared rates of CNS toxicity after overdose between mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen, as reported in telephone enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). Methods NPIS telephone enquiries related to the four NSAIDs, received between January 2007 and December 2013, were analysed, comparing the frequency of reported CNS toxicity (convulsions, altered conscious level, agitation or aggression, confusion or disorientation) using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 22 937 patient‐specific telephone enquiries, 10 398 did not involve co‐ingestion of other substances (mefenamic acid 461, ibuprofen 8090, diclofenac 1300, naproxen 547). Patients taking mefenamic acid were younger and more commonly female than those using other NSAIDs. Those ingesting mefenamic acid were more likely to experience CNS toxicity than those ingesting the other NSAIDs combined [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.68, 10.62], especially convulsions (adjusted OR 81.5, 95% CI 27.8, 238.8). Predictors of CNS toxicity included reported dose and age, but not gender. Conclusions Mefenamic acid overdose is associated with a much larger and dose‐related risk of CNS toxicity, especially convulsions, compared with overdose of other NSAIDs. The benefit–risk profile of mefenamic acid should now be re‐evaluated in light of effective and less toxic alternatives. PMID:27785820

  11. Central nervous system toxicity of mefenamic acid overdose compared with other NSAIDs: an analysis of cases reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service.

    PubMed

    Kamour, Ashraf; Crichton, Siobhan; Cooper, Gill; Lupton, David J; Eddleston, Michael; Vale, J Allister; Thompson, John P; Thomas, Simon H L

    2017-04-01

    Case reports and small case series suggest increased central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, especially convulsions, after overdose of mefenamic acid, compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), although comparative epidemiological studies have not been conducted. The current study compared rates of CNS toxicity after overdose between mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen, as reported in telephone enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). NPIS telephone enquiries related to the four NSAIDs, received between January 2007 and December 2013, were analysed, comparing the frequency of reported CNS toxicity (convulsions, altered conscious level, agitation or aggression, confusion or disorientation) using multivariable logistic regression. Of 22 937 patient-specific telephone enquiries, 10 398 did not involve co-ingestion of other substances (mefenamic acid 461, ibuprofen 8090, diclofenac 1300, naproxen 547). Patients taking mefenamic acid were younger and more commonly female than those using other NSAIDs. Those ingesting mefenamic acid were more likely to experience CNS toxicity than those ingesting the other NSAIDs combined [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.68, 10.62], especially convulsions (adjusted OR 81.5, 95% CI 27.8, 238.8). Predictors of CNS toxicity included reported dose and age, but not gender. Mefenamic acid overdose is associated with a much larger and dose-related risk of CNS toxicity, especially convulsions, compared with overdose of other NSAIDs. The benefit-risk profile of mefenamic acid should now be re-evaluated in light of effective and less toxic alternatives. © 2016 The British Pharmacological Society.

  12. Profound Chemopreventative Effects of a Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing NSAID in the APCMin/+ Mouse Model of Intestinal Tumorigenesis

    PubMed Central

    Paul-Clark, Mark; Elsheikh, Wagdi; Kirkby, Nicholas; Chan, Melissa; Devchand, Pallavi; Agbor, Terence A.; Flannigan, Kyle L.; Cheadle, Charlotte; Freydin, Maxim; Ianaro, Angela; Mitchell, Jane A.; Wallace, John L.

    2016-01-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal cancers, but the propensity of these drugs to cause ulcers and bleeding limits their use. H2S has been shown to be a powerful cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory substance in the digestive system. This study explored the possibility that a H2S-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ATB-346) would be effective in a murine model of hereditary intestinal cancer (APCMin+ mouse) and investigated potential mechanisms of action via transcriptomics analysis. Daily treatment with ATB-346 was significantly more effective at preventing intestinal polyp formation than naproxen. Significant beneficial effects were seen with a treatment period of only 3–7 days, and reversal of existing polyps was observed in the colon. ATB-346, but not naproxen, significantly decreased expression of intestinal cancer-associated signaling molecules (cMyc, β-catenin). Transcriptomic analysis identified 20 genes that were up-regulated in APCMin+ mice, 18 of which were reduced to wild-type levels by one week of treatment with ATB-346. ATB-346 is a novel, gastrointestinal-sparing anti-inflammatory drug that potently and rapidly prevents and reverses the development of pre-cancerous lesions in a mouse model of hereditary intestinal tumorigenesis. These effects may be related to the combined effects of suppression of cyclooxygenase and release of H2S, and correction of most of the APCMin+-associated alterations in the transcriptome. ATB-346 may represent a promising agent for chemoprevention of tumorigenesis in the GI tract and elsewhere. PMID:26910063

  13. Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following application of biosolids to an agricultural field.

    PubMed

    Topp, Edward; Monteiro, Sara C; Beck, Andrew; Coelho, Bonnie Ball; Boxall, Alistair B A; Duenk, Peter W; Kleywegt, Sonya; Lapen, David R; Payne, Michael; Sabourin, Lyne; Li, Hongxia; Metcalfe, Chris D

    2008-06-15

    Municipal biosolids are a source of nutrients for crop production. Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) can be used to minimize the risk of contamination of adjacent water resources with chemical or microbial agents that are of public or environmental health concern. In this field study, we applied biosolids slurry at a commercial rate using either subsurface injection or broadcast application followed by incorporation. Precipitation was simulated at 1, 3, 7, 22, 36 and 266 days post-application on 2 m(2) microplots to evaluate surface runoff of 9 model pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), atenolol, carbamazepine, cotinine, gemfibrozil, naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan. In runoff from the injected plots, concentrations of the model PPCPs were generally below the limits of quantitation. In contrast, in the broadcast application treatment, the concentrations of atenolol, carbamazepine, cotinine, gemfibrozil, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan on the day following application ranged from 70-1477 ng L(-1) in runoff and generally declined thereafter with first order kinetics. The total mass of PPCPs mobilized in surface runoff per m(2) of the field ranged from 0.63 microg for atenolol to 21.1 microg for ibuprofen. For ibuprofen and acetaminophen, concentrations in runoff first decreased and then increased, suggesting that these drugs were initially chemically or physically sequestered in the biosolids slurry, and subsequently released in the soil. Carbamazepine and triclosan were detected at low concentrations in a runoff event 266 days after broadcast application. Overall, this study showed that injection of biosolids slurry below the soil surface could effectively eliminate surface runoff of PPCPs.

  14. Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following application of dewatered municipal biosolids to an agricultural field.

    PubMed

    Sabourin, Lyne; Beck, Andrew; Duenk, Peter W; Kleywegt, Sonya; Lapen, David R; Li, Hongxia; Metcalfe, Chris D; Payne, Michael; Topp, Edward

    2009-08-01

    Municipal biosolids are a useful source of nutrients for crop production, and commonly used in agriculture. In this field study, we applied dewatered municipal biosolids at a commercial rate using broadcast application followed by incorporation. Precipitation was simulated at 1, 3, 7, 21 and 34 days following the application on 2 m(2) microplots to evaluate surface runoff of various pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), namely atenolol, carbamazepine, cotinine, caffeine, gemfibrozil, naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan and triclocarban. There was little temporal coherence in the detection of PPCPs in runoff, various compounds being detected maximally on days 1, 3, 7 or 36. Maximum concentrations in runoff ranged from below detection limit (gemfibrozil) to 109.7 ng L(-1) (triclosan). Expressing the total mass exported as a percentage of that applied, some analytes revealed little transport potential (<1% exported; triclocarban, triclosan, sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, naproxen and gemfibrozil) whereas others were readily exported (>1% exported; acetaminophen, carbamazepine, caffeine, cotinine, atenolol). Those compounds with little transport potential had log K(ow) values of 3.18 or greater, whereas those that were readily mobilized had K(ow) values of 2.45 or less. Maximal concentrations of all analytes were below toxic concentrations using a variety of endpoints available in the literature. In summary, this study has quantified the transport potential in surface runoff of PPCPs from land receiving biosolids, identified that log K(ow) may be a determinant of runoff transport potential of these analytes, and found maximal concentrations of all chemicals tested to be below toxic concentrations using a variety of endpoints.

  15. Pro-resolution, protective and anti-nociceptive effects of a cannabis extract in the rat gastrointestinal tract.

    PubMed

    Wallace, J L; Flannigan, K L; McKnight, W; Wang, L; Ferraz, J G P; Tuitt, D

    2013-04-01

    Cannabis is widely used for treating a number of gastrointestinal ailments, but its use is associated with several adverse effects, particularly when the route of administration is via smoking. In the present study, we tested the effects (in rats) of a simple extract of medicinal cannabis (called "MFF") for its ability to promote resolution of colitis, to prevent gastric damage induced by naproxen, and to reduce gastric distention-induced visceral pain. Intracolonic, but not oral administration of MFF dose-dependently reduced the severity of hapten-induced colitis, an effect not reduced by pretreatment with antagonists of CB1 or CB2 receptors. Significant improvement of symptoms (diarrhea, weight loss) and healing of ulcerated tissue was evident with MFF treatment at doses that did not produce detectable urinary levels of 9-Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). MFF increased colonic hydrogen sulfide synthesis in healthy rats, but not in rats with colitis, and had no effect on colonic prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Orally, but not systemically administered MFF dose-dependently reduced the severity of naproxen-induced gastric damage, and a CB1 antagonist reversed this effect. MFF prevented gastric distention-induced visceral pain via a CB2-dependent mechanism. These results demonstrate that a simple extract of medicinal cannabis can significantly enhance resolution of inflammation and injury, as well as prevent injury, in the gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, different cannabinoid receptors were involved in some of the effects. MFF may serve as the basis for a simple preparation of cannabis that would produce beneficial effects in the GI tract with reduced systemic toxicity.

  16. Pharmacological assay of Cordia verbenacea. III: Oral and topical antiinflammatory activity and gastrotoxicity of a crude leaf extract.

    PubMed

    Sertié, J A; Basile, A C; Panizza, S; Oshiro, T T; Azzolini, C P; Penna, S C

    1991-02-01

    The antiinflammatory effects and gastrotoxicity of a lyophilized 70% ethanol extract of the leaves of Cordia verbenacea were investigated through experimental models in rats and mice. The oral administration of 1.24 mg/kg of the extract significantly inhibited nystatin-induced oedema. Topical application of the extract at a dose of 0.09 mg/ear in mice was clearly more effective than 1.0 mg/ear of naproxen in the reduction of the ear oedema induced by corton oil. At antiinflammatory doses, the extract showed an important protective effect on the gastric mucosa, reducing significantly the number of gastric lesions.

  17. Modelling the fate of six common pharmaceuticals in a small stream: quantification of attenuation and retention in different stream-specific environments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Riml, Joakim; Wörman, Anders; Kunkel, Uwe; Radke, Michael

    2013-04-01

    Detection of pharmaceutical residues in streaming waters is common in urbanized areas. Although the occurrence and source of these micropollutants is known, their behavior in these aquatic ecosystems is still only partly understood. Specifically, quantitative information of biogeochemical processes in stream-specific environments where predominant reactions occur is often missing. In an attempt to address this knowledge gap, we performed simultaneous tracer tests in Säva Brook, Sweden, with bezafibrate, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol and naproxen, as well as with the more inert solutes uranine and Rhodamine WT. The breakthrough curves at five successive sampling stations along a 16 km long stream reach were evaluated using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model framework containing surface water transport together with a representation of transient storage in slow/immobile zones of the stream. The multi-tracer experiment opens for decoupling of hydrological and biogeochemical contribution to the fate, and by linking impact and sensitivity analyses to relative significance of model parameters the most important processes for each contaminant were elucidated. Specifically for Säva Brook, the proposed methodology revealed that the pharmaceutical-contaminated stream water remained in the storage zones for times corresponding to 5-25% of the flow time of the stream. Furthermore, the results indicate a great variability in terms of predominant biogeochemical processes between the different contaminants. Rapid reactions occurring in the transient storage zone attenuated both ibuprofen and clofibric acid, and we conclude that a major degradation pathway for these contaminants was biodegradation in the hyporheic zone. In contrast, bezafibrate, metoprolol, and naproxen were mainly affected by sorption both in the storage zone and the main channel, while diclofenac displayed negligible effects of biogeochemical reactions.

  18. Overexpression of COX-2 in Rat Oral Cancers and Prevention of Oral Carcinogenesis in Rats by Selective and Non-Selective COX Inhibitors

    PubMed Central

    McCormick, David L.; Phillips, Jonathan M.; Horn, Thomas L.; Johnson, William D.; Steele, Vernon E.; Lubet, Ronald A.

    2009-01-01

    Oral squamous cell carcinomas induced in rats by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) demonstrate substantial overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) when compared to adjacent phenotypically normal oral tissues. By contrast, neither 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) nor 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is overexpressed in rat oral cancers. Two chemoprevention studies were performed to test the resulting hypothesis that COX-2 is a useful target for oral cancer chemoprevention in the rat. In both studies, male F344 rats received drinking water exposure to NQO (20 ppm) for 10 weeks, followed by administration of chemopreventive agents from week 10 until study termination at week 26. In the first study, groups of rats were fed basal diet (control), or basal diet supplemented with the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib (500 or 1500 mg/kg diet); the non-selective COX inhibitor, piroxicam (50 or 150 mg/kg diet); or the 5-LOX inhibitor, zileuton (2000 mg/kg diet). In the second study, rats were fed basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with NO-Naproxen (180 or 90 mg/kg diet), a non-selective COX inhibitor that demonstrates reduced gastrointestinal toxicity. When compared to dietary controls, celecoxib decreased oral cancer incidence, cancer invasion score, and cancer-related mortality. Piroxicam decreased cancer-related mortality and cancer invasion score, while NO-naproxen decreased oral cancer incidence and cancer invasion score. By contrast, zileuton demonstrated no chemopreventive activity by any parameter assessed. These data demonstrate that both selective and non-selective inhibitors of COX-2 can prevent NQO-induced oral carcinogenesis in rats. The chemopreventive activity of COX inhibitors may be linked to overexpression of their enzymatic target in incipient oral neoplasms. PMID:20051374

  19. Fate of five pharmaceuticals under different infiltration conditions for managed aquifer recharge.

    PubMed

    Silver, Matthew; Selke, Stephanie; Balsaa, Peter; Wefer-Roehl, Annette; Kübeck, Christine; Schüth, Christoph

    2018-06-18

    Infiltration of treated wastewater (TWW) to recharge depleted aquifers, often referred to as managed aquifer recharge, is a solution to replenish groundwater resources in regions facing water scarcity. We present a mass balance approach to infer the amounts of five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fenoprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen) degraded in column experiments based on concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the aqueous and solid (sorbed) phases. Column experiments were conducted under three different conditions: continuous infiltration, wetting and drying cycles, and wetting and drying cycles with elevated concentrations of antibiotics (which may reduce microbially aided degradation of other compounds). A mass balance comparing pharmaceutical mass in the water phase over the 16-month duration of the experiments to mass sorbed to the soil was used to infer the mass of pharmaceuticals degraded. Results show sorption as the main attenuation mechanism for carbamazepine. About half of the mass of diclofenac was degraded with wetting and drying cycles, but no significant degradation was found for continuous infiltration, while 32% of infiltrated mass sorbed. Fenoprofen was degraded in the shallow and aerobic part of the soil, but degradation appeared to cease beyond 27 cm depth. Gemfibrozil attenuated through a combination of degradation and sorption, with slight increases in attenuation with depth from both mechanisms. Naproxen degraded progressively with depth, resulting in attenuation of >90% of the mass. In the column with elevated concentrations of antibiotics, the antibiotics attenuated to about 50% or less of inflow concentrations by 27 cm depth and within this zone, less degradation of the other compounds was observed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. Parthenolide and abscisic acid synthesis in feverfew are associated but environmental factors affect them dissimilarly.

    PubMed

    Fonseca, Jorge M; Rushing, James W; Rajapakse, Nihal C; Thomas, Ronald L; Riley, Melissa B

    2005-05-01

    The effect of harvest time, shading prior to harvest and water stress on parthenolide (PRT) concentration in feverfew and its possible connection with the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway were investigated. In plants harvested at different times of the day, acetumar the PRT levels were highest during late afternoon while ABA levels were greatest during morning hours. Shading plants during the afternoon prior to harvest caused a two-fold increase in ABA and no significant difference in PRT levels. ABA was higher in water-stressed plants while PRTcontent increased in plants following recovery from a water stress event. ABA inhibitors, norflurazon, sodium tungstate, naproxen and sodium bisulfite, were used to determine the connection between the biosynthesis of PRTand ABA. Norflurazon and naproxen reduced PRT concentration in cut flowers and in 2-month old plants. Sodium bisulfite and sodium tungstate reduced PRT only in cut flowers. Application of 2,4-D, a promoter of ABA synthesis, to potted plants resulted in a 2.5 fold increase in PRT levels. The inhibition of PRT formation in response to ABA inhibitors and the increase in PRT concentration observed with 2,4-D application indicated that PRT is derived from carotenoid synthesis similarly to ABA and not directly from farnesyl pyrosphosphate (FPP) as suggested for other sesquiterpene Lactones. However, PRT and ABA levels are affected dissimilarly by environmental conditions. The overall results of the study indicated that simple agricultural practices, such as harvesting during afternoon and subjecting plants to a single water stress event, can increase PRT concentration in the final feverfew product with no additional costs of production prior to harvest.

  1. Effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of Cajal from the murine small intestine.

    PubMed

    Cheong, Hyeonsook; Paudyal, Dilli Parasad; Jun, Jae Yeoul; Yeum, Cheol Ho; Yoon, Pyung Jin; Park, Chan Guk; Kim, Man Yoo; So, Insuk; Kim, Ki Whan; Choi, Seok

    2005-10-31

    Extracts of pine needles (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) have diverse physiological and pharmacological actions. In this study we show that pine needle extract alters pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) by modulating ATP-sensitive K+ channels and that this effect is mediated by prostaglandins. In whole cell patches at 30 degrees , ICC generated spontaneous pacemaker potentials in the current clamp mode (I = 0), and inward currents (pacemaker currents) in the voltage clamp mode at a holding potential of -70 mV. Pine needle extract hyperpolarized the membrane potential, and in voltage clamp mode decreased both the frequency and amplitude of the pacemaker currents, and increased the resting currents in the outward direction. It also inhibited the pacemaker currents in a dose-dependent manner. Because the effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents were the same as those of pinacidil (an ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener) we tested the effect of glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K+ channels blocker) on ICC exposed to pine needle extract. The effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents were blocked by glibenclamide. To see whether production of prostaglandins (PGs) is involved in the inhibitory effect of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents, we tested the effects of naproxen, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitor, and AH6809, a prostaglandin EP1 and EP2 receptor antagonist. Naproxen and AH6809 blocked the inhibitory effects of pine needle extract on ICC. These results indicate that pine needle extract inhibits the pacemaker currents of ICC by activating ATP-sensitive K+ channels via the production of PGs.

  2. Occurrence of neutral and acidic drugs in the effluents of Canadian sewage treatment plants.

    PubMed

    Metcalfe, Chris D; Koenig, Brenda G; Bennie, Don T; Servos, Mark; Ternes, Thomas A; Hirsch, Roman

    2003-12-01

    Samples of influent (untreated) and effluent (treated) from 18 sewage treatment plants (STPs) in 14 municipalities in Canada were analyzed for residues of selected prescription and nonprescription drugs. Several neutral and acidic drugs were detected in effluents, including analgesic/anti-inflammatory agents, lipid regulators, and an antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine. Residues were extracted from effluents by solid-phase extraction, followed by either methylation and analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or direct analysis of neutral drugs by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, as well as the metabolite of acetylsalicyclic acid, salicylic acid, were often detected in final effluents at microg/L concentrations. The acidic lipid regulator, clofibric acid, and the analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac were not detected in any final effluent samples, which is not consistent with data from Europe. The precursor to clofibric acid, clofibrate, is not widely prescribed as a lipid regulator in Canada. However, the lipid regulators bezafibrate and gemfibrozil were detected in some samples of influent and effluent. The chemotherapy drugs ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide and the anti-inflammatory phenazone were not detected in influent or effluent samples, but the vasodilator drug pentoxyfylline was detected at ng/L concentrations in some final effluents. The widespread occurrence of carbamazepine at concentrations as high as 2.3 microg/L may be explained by use of this drug for other therapeutic purposes besides treatment of epilepsy and its resistance to elimination in STPs. The rates of elimination of ibuprofen and naproxen appeared to be elevated in STPs with hydraulic retention times for sewage greater than 12 h.

  3. Pharmacologic evaluation of pressor and visceromotor reflex responses to bladder distension.

    PubMed

    Su, Xin; Riedel, Erin S; Leon, Lisa A; Laping, Nicholas J

    2008-01-01

    Several mechanisms that are involved in acute rat bladder nociception were examined. The nociceptive response was measured by analyzing both cardiovascular and visceromotor reflex responses to urinary bladder distension. The contributions of micro-opioid receptor, kappa-opioid receptor, sodium channels, muscarinic receptors, and cyclooxygenase, were explored with morphine, U50,488, mexiletine, oxybutynin, and naproxen, respectively. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were acutely instrumented with jugular venous, carotid arterial, and bladder cannulas. Needle electrodes were placed directly into the abdominal musculature to measure myoelectrical activity subsequent to repeated phasic urinary bladder distension (60 mmHg for 20 sec in 3 min intervals) under 1% isoflurane. Drugs were administered by i.v. bolus injection 2 min prior to distension. The analgesics morphine (ID50 0.69 mg/kg), U50,488 (1.34 mg/kg), and mexiletine (2.60 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the visceromotor reflex response to noxious urinary bladder distension. Oxybutynin also attenuated reflex responses to noxious urinary bladder distension to 41% of the maximal pressor response and 32% of the control visceromotor reflex response (3.01 and 5.05 mg/kg), respectively, indicating a role of muscarinic receptors in bladder nociception. Naproxen did not attenuate the pressor response, but moderately inhibited visceromotor reflex to 45% of control at 30 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Current results using the rat urinary bladder distension model are consistent with previous research demonstrating a role of the analgesics (morphine, U50,488, and mexiletine) in the inhibition of visceral nociceptive transmission. The utility of the reflex responses to urinary bladder distension may provide a method useful to examine mechanisms which target the bladder sensory pathway. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  4. Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process.

    PubMed

    Thomas, Paul M; Foster, Gregory D

    2005-01-01

    Pharmaceuticals are a class of emerging contaminants whose fate in the wastewater treatment process has received increasing attention in past years. Acidic pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and diclofenac), caffeine, and the antibacterial triclosan were quantified at four different steps of wastewater treatment from three urban wastewater treatment plants. The compounds were extracted from wastewater samples on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid-phase extraction columns, silylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the chemicals studied, it was found that the majority of the influent load was removed during secondary treatment (51-99%), yielding expected surface water concentrations of 13 to 56 ng/L.

  5. In-line carbon nanofiber reinforced hollow fiber-mediated liquid phase microextraction using a 3D printed extraction platform as a front end to liquid chromatography for automatic sample preparation and analysis: A proof of concept study.

    PubMed

    Worawit, Chanatda; Cocovi-Solberg, David J; Varanusupakul, Pakorn; Miró, Manuel

    2018-08-01

    A novel concept for automation of nanostructured hollow-fiber supported microextraction, combining the principles of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and sorbent microextraction synergically, using mesofluidic platforms is proposed herein for the first time, and demonstrated with the determination of acidic drugs (namely, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen) in urine as a proof-of-concept applicability. Dispersed carbon nanofibers (CNF) are immobilized in the pores of a single-stranded polypropylene hollow fiber (CNF@HF) membrane, which is thereafter accommodated in a stereolithographic 3D-printed extraction chamber without glued components for ease of assembly. The analytical method involves continuous-flow extraction of the acidic drugs from a flowing stream donor (pH 1.7) into an alkaline stagnant acceptor (20 mmol L -1 NaOH) containing 10% MeOH (v/v) across a dihexyl ether impregnated CNF@HF membrane. The flow setup features entire automation of the microextraction process including regeneration of the organic film and on-line injection of the analyte-laden acceptor phase after downstream neutralization into a liquid chromatograph (LC) for reversed-phase core-shell column-based separation. Using a 12-cm long CNF@HF and a sample volume of 6.4 mL, linear dynamic ranges of ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen, taken as models of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, spanned from ca. 5-15 µg L -1 to 500 µg L -1 with enhancement factors of 43-97 (against a direct injection of 10 µL standards into LC), and limits of detection from 1.6 to 4.3 µg L -1 . Relative recoveries in real urine samples ranged from 97% to 105%, thus demonstrating the reliability of the automatic CNF@HF-LPME method for in-line matrix clean-up and determination of drugs in urine at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Carbon coated titanium dioxide nanotubes: synthesis, characterization and potential application as sorbents in dispersive micro solid phase extraction.

    PubMed

    García-Valverde, M T; Lucena, R; Galán-Cano, F; Cárdenas, S; Valcárcel, M

    2014-05-23

    In this article, carbon coated titanium dioxide nanotubes (c-TNTs) have been synthesized. The synthesis of the bare TNTs (b-TNTs) using anatase as precursor and their coating with a caramel layer have been performed by simple and cheap hydrothermal processes. The final conversion of the caramel layer in a carbon coating has been accomplished by a thermal treatment (600°C) in an inert (Ar) atmosphere. The c-TNTs have been characterized by different techniques including transmission microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) adsorption isotherms. The extraction performance of the c-TNTs under a microextraction format has been evaluated and compared with that provided by b-TNTs and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using naproxen and ketoprofen as model analytes. c-TNTs provided better results than the other nanoparticles, especially at low acidic pH values. In addition, c-TNTs presented a better dispersibility than MWCNTs, which is very interesting for their use in dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. Finally, a microextraction format, adapted to low sample volumes, has been proposed and applied for the determination of naproxen and ketoprofen in saliva and urine samples by liquid chromatography with UV detection. The results indicate that this approach is promising for the analysis of biological samples. In fact, the recoveries were in the range between 96% and 119% while the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was better than 8.5% and 26.3% for urine and saliva, respectively. The detection limits were in the range 34.1-40.8μg/L for saliva samples and 81.1-110μg/L for urine samples. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Improvement of the clinical outcome in Ankylosing spondylitis by balneotherapy.

    PubMed

    Yurtkuran, Merih; Ay, Alev; Karakoç, Yüksel

    2005-07-01

    This study is designed to show the efficacy of balneotherapy and balneotherapy (BT) + nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use in Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. In this prospective study, BT, BT+ NSAID and NSAID therapy in 61 patients with AS were evaluated by ASAS core set. BT group (21 patients) was treated only with BT for 20 min, once a day, 5 days a week, over a period of 3 weeks. BT+NSAID group (20 patients) was treated with 1000 mg naproxen as well as BT. NSAID group (20 patients) was treated with 1000 mg naproxen. All of the participants did respiratory and postural exercises for 20 min a day and for the whole study period. Each patient was evaluated on admission (before treatment), at the end of the therapy and 6 months after the treatment. At the end of the study, statistically significant improvement was observed in all the clinical parameters of the patients in BT (G1), BT+NSAID (G2) and NSAID (G3) groups. This significant symptomatic and clinical improvement was maintained even 6 months after the treatment. The changes from baseline to follow up were similar in G1 and G2 except duration of morning stiffness (DMS) and chest expansion (CE). Improvements in CE and DMS were better in G1 and G2, respectively. Improvements observed in G1 and G2 were superior to the improvements observed in G3 for the variables of morning pain, nocturnal pain, DMS, global well being of the patient, occiput-wall distance, CE, finger to floor distance and functional index. In Schober test, improvement observed in G1 was statistically superior to G3. We concluded that BT can be suggested as an effective symptomatic treatment modality in patients with AS. Furthermore, sufficient improvement in clinical parameters can be obtained by BT alone.

  8. Penetration and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rat prostate tissue.

    PubMed

    Yellepeddi, Venkata K; Radhakrishnan, Jayashree; Radhakrishnan, Rajan

    2018-02-01

    Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) involves inflammation of the prostate and affects the quality of life of men of all ages. It is well reported in clinical studies that the treatment for CP/CPPS using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produced favorable outcomes. However, currently, there are no guidelines on choice of the NSAIDs for the treatment of CP/CPPS. Therefore, in the current research study, we evaluated the prostate tissue penetration of four NSAIDs in rats to provide guidance on choice of NSAIDs for the treatment of CP/CPPS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with four NSAIDs viz. celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen at 500 mg/kg dose. The animals were then sacrificed at various time points, and their prostate tissues were harvested. The NSAIDs were then extracted from the prostate tissues using liquid extraction technique, and their concentration in prostate tissue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prostate tissue penetration and related pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis. The HPLC method for quantifying NSAIDs in prostate tissue resulted in single, sharp peaks without any interference and all validation parameters were within limits. Celecoxib showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) [146.50 ± 2.75 μg/mL*h] of all NSAID's. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication indicated an overall statistically significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters for celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen. This study for the first time reported the relative prostate tissue penetration of four NSAIDs. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that celecoxib has the highest penetration and retention in rat prostate tissues. Therefore, celecoxib may be considered as a better choice for the treatment CP/CPPS involving NSAIDs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  9. Computer-aided molecular modeling techniques for predicting the stability of drug cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Faucci, Maria Teresa; Melani, Fabrizio; Mura, Paola

    2002-06-01

    Molecular modeling was used to investigate factors influencing complex formation between cyclodextrins and guest molecules and predict their stability through a theoretical model based on the search for a correlation between experimental stability constants ( Ks) and some theoretical parameters describing complexation (docking energy, host-guest contact surfaces, intermolecular interaction fields) calculated from complex structures at a minimum conformational energy, obtained through stochastic methods based on molecular dynamic simulations. Naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and ibuproxam were used as model drug molecules. Multiple Regression Analysis allowed identification of the significant factors for the complex stability. A mathematical model ( r=0.897) related log Ks with complex docking energy and lipophilic molecular fields of cyclodextrin and drug.

  10. Racemization of (S)-profen thioesters by strong neutral bases in nonpolar organic solvents: implication for ion-pair kinetic basicity.

    PubMed

    Chen, Chia-Yin; Chang, Yu-Shang; Lin, Shun-An; Wen, Hui-I; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Tsai, Shau-Wei

    2002-05-17

    The racemization of (S)-profen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioesters in isooctane with trioctylamine as base was carried out, in which the Hammett equation log(k(int)) = 3.584sigma - 3.745 was successfully applied to describe the electron-withdrawing effect of the substituents to the alpha-phenyl moiety of the thioesters. A combination of neutral strong organic bases with different nonpolar solvents was employed to determine the second-order interconversion constants for the racemization of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester, in which solvent hydrophobicity was found to have less effect on the racemization. Implication for ion-pair kinetic basicity scale for the neutral strong bases in isooctane was further discussed.

  11. Managed aquifer recharge: the fate of pharmaceuticals from infiltrated treated wastewater investigated through soil column experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Silver, Matthew; Selke, Stephanie; Balsaa, Peter; Wefer-Roehl, Annette; Kübeck, Christine; Schüth, Christoph

    2017-04-01

    The EU FP7 project MARSOL addresses water scarcity challenges in arid regions, where managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is an upcoming technology to recharge depleted aquifers using alternative water sources. Within this framework, column experiments were conducted to investigate the fate of pharmaceuticals when secondary treated wastewater (TWW) is infiltrated through a natural soil (organic matter content 6.8%) being considered for MAR. Three parallel experiments were run under conditions of continuous infiltration (one column) and wetting-drying cycles (two columns, with different analytes) over a 16 month time period. The pharmaceuticals diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and fenoprofen, as well as the antibiotics doxycycline, sulfadimidine, and sulfamethoxazole, are commonly present in treated wastewater in varying concentrations. For the experiments, concentration variability was reduced by spiking the column inflow water with these compounds. Concentrations were periodically analyzed at different depths in each column and the mass passing each depth over the duration of the experiment was calculated. At the end of the experiments, sorbed pharmaceuticals were extracted from soil samples collected from different depths. A pressurized liquid extraction method was developed and resulted in recoveries from spiked post-experiment soil samples ranging from 64% (gemfibrozil) to 82% (carbamazepine) for the six non-antibiotic compounds. Scaling results by these recovery rates, the total mass of pharmaceuticals sorbed to the soil in the columns was calculated and compared to the calculated attenuated mass (i.e. mass that left the water phase). The difference between the attenuated mass and the sorbed mass is considered to be mass that degraded. Results for continuous infiltration conditions indicate that for carbamazepine and diclofenac, sorption is the primary attenuation mechanism, with missing (i.e. degraded) mass lying within the propagated

  12. Sorption and Transport of Pharmaceutical chemicals in Organic- and Mineral-rich Soils

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vulava, V. M.; Schwindaman, J.; Murphey, V.; Kuzma, S.; Cory, W.

    2011-12-01

    Pharmaceutical, active ingredients in personal care products (PhACs), and their derivative compounds are increasingly ubiquitous in surface waters across the world. Sorption and transport of four relatively common PhACs (naproxen, ibuprofen, cetirizine, and triclosan) in different natural soils was measured. All of these compounds are relatively hydrophobic (log KOW>2) and have acid/base functional groups, including one compound that is zwitterionic (cetirizine.) The main goal of this study was to correlate organic matter (OM) and clay content in natural soils and sediment with sorption and degradation of PhACs and ultimately their potential for transport within the subsurface environment. A- and B-horizon soils were collected from four sub-regions within a pristine managed forested watershed near Charleston, SC, with no apparent sources of anthropogenic contamination. These four soil series had varying OM content (fOC) between 0.4-9%, clay mineral content between 6-20%, and soil pH between 4.5-6. The A-horizon soils had higher fOC and lower clay content than the B-horizon soils. Sorption isotherms measured from batch sorption experimental data indicated a non-linear sorption relationship in all A- and B-horizon soils - stronger sorption was observed at lower PhAC concentrations and lower sorption at higher concentrations. Three PhACs (naproxen, ibuprofen, and triclosan) sorbed more strongly with higher fOC A-horizon soils compared with the B-horizon soils. These results show that soil OM had a significant role in strongly binding these three PhACs, which had the highest KOW values. In contrast, cetirizine, which is predominantly positively charged at pH below 8, strongly sorbed to soils with higher clay mineral content and least strongly to higher fOC soils. All sorption isotherms fitted well to the Freundlich model. For naproxen, ibuprofen, and triclosan, there was a strong and positive linear correlation between the Freundlich adsorption constant, Kf, and f

  13. Study of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewater from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment.

    PubMed

    Rivera-Jaimes, José Abraham; Postigo, Cristina; Melgoza-Alemán, Rosa María; Aceña, Jaume; Barceló, Damia; López de Alda, Miren

    2018-02-01

    The present work describes the first known study to date on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater of Cuernavaca, the capital of the state of Morelos (México). Selected pharmaceuticals (a total of 35) were extracted from the collected water samples with a generic solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol and determined in the sample extracts by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A screening level risk assessment combining the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) with dose-response data based on predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) was also applied to estimate Hazard Quotients (HQs) for the pharmaceuticals detected in the investigated area. A total of twelve pharmaceuticals were found in the water samples analyzed, with detection frequencies above 78% and in most cases of 100%. Overall, the most abundant pharmaceuticals in surface water were the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen (732-4880ng/L), acetaminophen (354-4460ng/L), and diclofenac (258-1398ng/L), and the lipid regulator bezafibrate (286-2100ng/L). On the contrary, other compounds like the β-blocker atenolol and the psychiatric drug carbamazepine were found at only a few ng or tens of ng per liter in the Apatlaco River. Despite the fact that some of the most abundant compounds showed good removal (>97%) during wastewater treatment, concentrations downstream the WWTP were only slightly lower than upstream. This indicates the existence of additional inputs of untreated wastewater into the river. Based on the obtained HQ-values, the concentrations of ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac and naproxen present in the river could pose a high toxicity risk for the aquatic ecosystem. These findings highlight these pharmaceuticals as relevant organic contaminants in the area of study and the need to further monitor them in order to adopt appropriate measures to safeguard the

  14. Simultaneous determination of 12 pharmaceuticals in water samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Guan, Jin; Zhang, Chi; Wang, Yang; Guo, Yiguang; Huang, Peiting; Zhao, Longshan

    2016-11-01

    A new analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of 12 pharmaceuticals using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Six nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, naproxen, sulindac, and piroxicam) and six antibiotics (tinidazole, cefuroxime axetil, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and chloramphenicol) were extracted by ultrasound-assisted DLLME using dichloromethane (800 μL) and methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v, 1200 μL) as the extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, vortex and ultrasonic time, sample pH, and ionic strength, were optimized. The ultrasound-assisted process was applied to accelerate the formation of the fine cloudy solution by using a small volume of dispersive solvent, which increased the extraction efficiency and reduced the equilibrium time. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.04-20 ng mL -1 (ciprofloxacin and sulfadiazine), 0.2-100 ng mL -1 (ketoprofen, tinidazole, cefuroxime axetil, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, and sulindac), and 1-200 ng mL -1 (mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, piroxicam, and chloramphenicol). The LODs and LOQs of the method were in the range of 0.006-0.091 and 0.018-0.281 ng mL -1 , respectively. The relative recoveries of the target analytes were in the range from 76.77 to 99.97 % with RSDs between 1.6 and 8.8 %. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and analysis of 12 pharmaceuticals in five kinds of water samples (drinking water, running water, river water, influent and effluent wastewater) with satisfactory results. Graphical Abstract Twelve pharmaceuticals in water samples analyted by UHPLC

  15. Hydroxy double salts loaded with bioactive ions: Synthesis, intercalation mechanisms, and functional performance

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kaassis, Abdessamad Y.A.; Xu, Si-Min; Guan, Shanyue

    The intercalation of the anions of diclofenac (Dic), naproxen (Nap), and valproic acid (Val) into three hydroxy double salts (HDSs) has been explored in this work. Experiments were performed with [Co{sub 1.2}Zn{sub 3.8}(OH){sub 8}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2}·2H{sub 2}O (CoZn-NO{sub 3}), [Ni{sub 2}Zn{sub 3}(OH){sub 8}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2}·2H{sub 2}O (NiZn-NO{sub 3}) and [Zn{sub 5}(OH){sub 8}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2}·2H{sub 2}O (Zn-NO{sub 3}). It proved possible to intercalate diclofenac and naproxen into all three HDSs. In contrast, Val could be intercalated into CoZn-NO{sub 3} but when it was reacted with Zn-NO{sub 3} the HDS structure was destroyed, and the product comprised ZnO. Successful intercalation was verifiedmore » by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental microanalysis. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the Dic and Nap ions to arrange themselves in an “X” shape in the interlayer space, forming a bilayer. Val was found to adopt a position with its aliphatic groups parallel to the HDS layer, again in a bilayer. In situ time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that intercalation of Dic and Nap into CoZn-NO{sub 3} and Zn-NO{sub 3} is mechanistically complex, with a number of intermediate phases observed. In contrast, the intercalation of all three guests into NiZn-NO{sub 3} and of Val into CoZn-NO{sub 3} are simple one step reactions proceeding directly from the starting material to the product. The HDS-drug composites were found to have sustained release profiles. - Graphical abstract: Seven new drug intercalates of hydroxy double salts (HDSs) have been prepared and characterised. The intercalation mechanisms have been explored, and the drug release properties of the HDS/drug composites quantified. Display Omitted.« less

  16. Macrophytes may not contribute significantly to removal of nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic resistance in model surface constructed wetlands.

    PubMed

    Cardinal, Pascal; Anderson, Julie C; Carlson, Jules C; Low, Jennifer E; Challis, Jonathan K; Beattie, Sarah A; Bartel, Caitlin N; Elliott, Ashley D; Montero, Oscar F; Lokesh, Sheetal; Favreau, Alex; Kozlova, Tatiana A; Knapp, Charles W; Hanson, Mark L; Wong, Charles S

    2014-06-01

    Outdoor shallow wetland mesocosms, designed to simulate surface constructed wetlands to improve lagoon wastewater treatment, were used to assess the role of macrophytes in the dissipation of wastewater nutrients, selected pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Specifically, mesocosms were established with or without populations of Typha spp. (cattails), Myriophyllum sibiricum (northern water milfoil), and Utricularia vulgaris (bladderwort). Following macrophyte establishment, mesocosms were seeded with ARG-bearing organisms from a local wastewater lagoon, and treated with a single pulse of artificial municipal wastewater with or without carbamazepine, clofibric acid, fluoxetine, and naproxen (each at 7.6μg/L), as well as sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine (each at 150μg/L). Rates of pharmaceutical dissipation over 28d ranged from 0.073 to 3.0d(-1), corresponding to half-lives of 0.23 to 9.4d. Based on calculated rate constants, observed dissipation rates were consistent with photodegradation driving clofibric acid, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfapyridine removal, and with sorption also contributing to carbamazepine and fluoxetine loss. Of the seven gene determinants assayed, only two genes for both beta-lactam resistance (blaCTX and blaTEM) and sulfonamide resistance (sulI and sulII) were found in sufficient quantity for monitoring. Genes disappeared relatively rapidly from the water column, with half-lives ranging from 2.1 to 99d. In contrast, detected gene levels did not change in the sediment, with the exception of sulI, which increased after 28d in pharmaceutical-treated systems. These shallow wetland mesocosms were able to dissipate wastewater contaminants rapidly. However, no significant enhancement in removal of nutrients or pharmaceuticals was observed in mesocosms with extensive aquatic plant communities. This was likely due to three factors: first, use of naïve systems with an unchallenged capacity for nutrient assimilation and

  17. pH-metric solubility. 2: correlation between the acid-base titration and the saturation shake-flask solubility-pH methods.

    PubMed

    Avdeef, A; Berger, C M; Brownell, C

    2000-01-01

    The objective of this study was to compare the results of a normal saturation shake-flask method to a new potentiometric acid-base titration method for determining the intrinsic solubility and the solubility-pH profiles of ionizable molecules, and to report the solubility constants determined by the latter technique. The solubility-pH profiles of twelve generic drugs (atenolol, diclofenac.Na, famotidine, flurbiprofen, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, labetolol.HCl, naproxen, phenytoin, and propranolol.HCl), with solubilities spanning over six orders of magnitude, were determined both by the new pH-metric method and by a traditional approach (24 hr shaking of saturated solutions, followed by filtration, then HPLC assaying with UV detection). The 212 separate saturation shake-flask solubility measurements and those derived from 65 potentiometric titrations agreed well. The analysis produced the correlation equation: log(1/S)titration = -0.063(+/- 0.032) + 1.025(+/- 0.011) log(1/S)shake-flask, s = 0.20, r2 = 0.978. The potentiometrically-derived intrinsic solubilities of the drugs were: atenolol 13.5 mg/mL, diclofenac.Na 0.82 microg/mL, famotidine 1.1 mg/ mL, flurbiprofen 10.6 microg/mL, furosemide 5.9 microg/mL, hydrochlorothiazide 0.70 mg/mL, ibuprofen 49 microg/mL, ketoprofen 118 microg/mL, labetolol.HCl 128 microg/mL, naproxen 14 microg/mL, phenytoin 19 microg/mL, and propranolol.HCl 70 microg/mL. The new potentiometric method was shown to be reliable for determining the solubility-pH profiles of uncharged ionizable drug substances. Its speed compared to conventional equilibrium measurements, its sound theoretical basis, its ability to generate the full solubility-pH profile from a single titration, and its dynamic range (currently estimated to be seven orders of magnitude) make the new pH-metric method an attractive addition to traditional approaches used by preformulation and development scientists. It may be useful even to discovery

  18. Accumulation of pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and resistance genes in soils irrigated with wastewater for zero to 100 years in central Mexico.

    PubMed

    Dalkmann, Philipp; Broszat, Melanie; Siebe, Christina; Willaschek, Elisha; Sakinc, Tuerkan; Huebner, Johannes; Amelung, Wulf; Grohmann, Elisabeth; Siemens, Jan

    2012-01-01

    Irrigation with wastewater releases pharmaceuticals, pathogenic bacteria, and resistance genes, but little is known about the accumulation of these contaminants in the environment when wastewater is applied for decades. We sampled a chronosequence of soils that were variously irrigated with wastewater from zero up to 100 years in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, and investigated the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, bezafibrate, naproxen, diclofenac, as well as the occurrence of Enterococcus spp., and sul and qnr resistance genes. Total concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine increased with irrigation duration reaching 95% of their upper limit of 1.4 µg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.3 µg/kg (sulfamethoxazole), and 5.4 µg/kg (carbamazepine) in soils irrigated for 19-28 years. Accumulation was soil-type-specific, with largest accumulation rates in Leptosols and no time-trend in Vertisols. Acidic pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, bezafibrate) were not retained and thus did not accumulate in soils. We did not detect qnrA genes, but qnrS and qnrB genes were found in two of the irrigated soils. Relative concentrations of sul1 genes in irrigated soils were two orders of magnitude larger (3.15 × 10(-3) ± 0.22 × 10(-3) copies/16S rDNA) than in non-irrigated soils (4.35 × 10(-5)± 1.00 × 10(-5) copies/16S rDNA), while those of sul2 exceeded the ones in non-irrigated soils still by a factor of 22 (6.61 × 10(-4) ± 0.59 × 10(-4) versus 2.99 × 10(-5) ± 0.26 × 10(-5) copies/16S rDNA). Absolute numbers of sul genes continued to increase with prolonging irrigation together with Enterococcus spp. 23S rDNA and total 16S rDNA contents. Increasing total concentrations of antibiotics in soil are not accompanied by increasing relative abundances of resistance genes. Nevertheless, wastewater irrigation enlarges the absolute concentration of resistance genes in soils due to a long

  19. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on cardiovascular function in a hypercholesterolemic swine model of chronic ischemia

    PubMed Central

    Chu, Louis M.; Robich, Michael P.; Bianchi, Cesario; Feng, Jun; Liu, Yuhong; Xu, Shu-Hua; Burgess, Thomas

    2012-01-01

    The cardiovascular effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition remain controversial, especially in the setting of cardiovascular comorbidities. We examined the effects of nonselective and selective COX inhibition on cardiovascular function in a hypercholesterolemic swine model of chronic ischemia. Twenty-four intact male Yorkshire swine underwent left circumflex ameroid constrictor placement and were subsequently given either no drug (HCC; n = 8), a nonselective COX inhibitor (440 mg/day naproxen; HCNS; n = 8), or a selective COX-2 inhibitor (200 mg/day celecoxib; HCCX; n = 8). After 7 wk, myocardial functional was measured and myocardium from the nonischemic ventricle and ischemic area-at-risk (AAR) were analyzed. Regional function as measured by segmental shortening was improved in the AAR of HCCX compared with HCC. There was no significant difference in perfusion to the nonischemic ventricle between groups, but myocardial perfusion in the AAR was significantly improved in the HCCX group compared with controls at rest and during pacing. Endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation was diminished by ischemia in HCC animals, but both naproxen and celecoxib improved vessel relaxation in the AAR compared with controls, and also decreased the vasoconstrictive response to serotonin. Thromboxane levels in the AAR were decreased in both HCNS and HCCX compared with HCC, whereas prostacyclin levels were decreased only in HCNS, corresponding to a decrease in prostacyclin synthase expression. Chronic ischemia increased apoptosis in Troponin T negative cells and intramyocardial fibrosis, both of which were reduced by celecoxib administration in the AAR. Capillary density was decreased in both the HCNS and HCCX groups. Protein oxidative stress was decreased in both HCNS and HCCX, whereas lipid oxidative stress was decreased only in the HCCX group. Thus nonselective and especially selective COX inhibition may have beneficial myocardial effects in the setting of

  20. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on cardiovascular function in a hypercholesterolemic swine model of chronic ischemia.

    PubMed

    Chu, Louis M; Robich, Michael P; Bianchi, Cesario; Feng, Jun; Liu, Yuhong; Xu, Shu-Hua; Burgess, Thomas; Sellke, Frank W

    2012-01-01

    The cardiovascular effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition remain controversial, especially in the setting of cardiovascular comorbidities. We examined the effects of nonselective and selective COX inhibition on cardiovascular function in a hypercholesterolemic swine model of chronic ischemia. Twenty-four intact male Yorkshire swine underwent left circumflex ameroid constrictor placement and were subsequently given either no drug (HCC; n = 8), a nonselective COX inhibitor (440 mg/day naproxen; HCNS; n = 8), or a selective COX-2 inhibitor (200 mg/day celecoxib; HCCX; n = 8). After 7 wk, myocardial functional was measured and myocardium from the nonischemic ventricle and ischemic area-at-risk (AAR) were analyzed. Regional function as measured by segmental shortening was improved in the AAR of HCCX compared with HCC. There was no significant difference in perfusion to the nonischemic ventricle between groups, but myocardial perfusion in the AAR was significantly improved in the HCCX group compared with controls at rest and during pacing. Endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation was diminished by ischemia in HCC animals, but both naproxen and celecoxib improved vessel relaxation in the AAR compared with controls, and also decreased the vasoconstrictive response to serotonin. Thromboxane levels in the AAR were decreased in both HCNS and HCCX compared with HCC, whereas prostacyclin levels were decreased only in HCNS, corresponding to a decrease in prostacyclin synthase expression. Chronic ischemia increased apoptosis in Troponin T negative cells and intramyocardial fibrosis, both of which were reduced by celecoxib administration in the AAR. Capillary density was decreased in both the HCNS and HCCX groups. Protein oxidative stress was decreased in both HCNS and HCCX, whereas lipid oxidative stress was decreased only in the HCCX group. Thus nonselective and especially selective COX inhibition may have beneficial myocardial effects in the setting of

  1. Determination of the bioavailability of selected pharmaceutical residues in fish plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Poirier Larabie, S; Houde, M; Gagnon, C

    2017-11-03

    Aquatic systems near major urban centers are constantly contaminated with effluent from wastewater treatment plants. Pharmaceuticals are part of the contamination and several classes of drugs have been detected in surface waters in the last decade. To better understand the impact of those pharmaceuticals in ecosystems, the exposure to aquatic species needs to be investigated. This study presents a new simple and rugged quantitative method for the determination of several classes of drugs using 100μL of plasma from fish environmentally exposed to a major but highly diluted urban effluent. Six common drugs (i.e., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, salbutamol, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) and one major metabolite (2-hydroxy-ibuprofen), present in significant amount in impacted waterways have been selected for the development and validation of the method. First, all drugs were extracted using cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) and eluted with two solvent mixtures. Then, the extracts were analyzed using a reverse-phase analytical column Waters ® CORTECS C 18 + (150×2.1mm, 2.7μm) within 14min. MS/MS was performed with an electrospray (ESI) interface in positive ion mode, with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment acquiring two product ions per drugs. Quantification has been made with standard curves for each analyte using isotopically labeled internal standards. This method has high sensitivity with limits of quantification of 1ngmL -1 for each drug, except for ibuprofen and its metabolite 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen at 2ngmL -1 . The precision of the method was below 11%, the accuracy between 94 and 105% and overall recovery between 94 and 111% for all drugs, with high selectivity. Application of the method to plasma samples from wild northern pike inhabiting the St. Lawrence River collected over a three-year period showed the presence of naproxen, diclofenac, trimethoprim and salbutamol at very low concentrations (around 1ngmL -1 ). Crown Copyright

  2. Pharmaceutical and personal care products in tile drainage following surface spreading and injection of dewatered municipal biosolids to an agricultural field.

    PubMed

    Edwards, M; Topp, E; Metcalfe, C D; Li, H; Gottschall, N; Bolton, P; Curnoe, W; Payne, M; Beck, A; Kleywegt, S; Lapen, D R

    2009-07-01

    Land application of municipal biosolids can be a source of environmental contamination by pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). This study examined PPCP concentrations/temporally discrete mass loads in agricultural tile drainage systems where two applications of biosolids had previously taken place. The field plots received liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) in the fall of 2005 at an application rate of approximately 93,500 L ha (-1), and a second land application was conducted using dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) applied at a rate of approximately 8Mg dw ha (-1) in the summer of 2006 [corrected].The DMB land application treatments consisted of direct injection (DI) of the DMB beneath the soil surface at a nominal depth of approximately 0.11 m, and surface spreading (SS) plus subsequent tillage incorporation of DMB in the topsoil (approximately 0.10 m depth). The PPCPs examined included eight pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, naproxen, carbamazepine, atenolol, sulfamethoxazole), the nicotine metabolite cotinine, and two antibacterial personal care products triclosan and triclocarban. Residues of naproxen, cotinine, atenolol and triclosan originating from the fall 2005 LMB application were detected in tile water nearly nine months after application (triclocarban was not measured in 2005). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in PPCP mass loads among the two DMB land application treatments (i.e., SS vs. DI); although, average PPCP mass loads late in the study season (>100 days after application) were consistently higher for the DI treatment relative to the SS treatment. While the concentration of triclosan (approximately 14,000 ng g(-1) dw) in DMB was about twice that of triclocarban (approximately 8000 ng g(-1) dw), the average tile water concentrations for triclosan were much higher (43+/-5 ng L(-1)) than they were for triclocarban (0.73+/-0.14 ng L(-1)). Triclosan concentrations (maximum observed in 2006

  3. Quantitative structure property relationships for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals onto activated carbon.

    PubMed

    Dickenson, E R V; Drewes, J E

    2010-01-01

    Isotherms were determined for the adsorption of five pharmaceutical residues, primidone, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac, to Calgon Filtrasorb 300 powdered activated carbon (PAC). The sorption behavior was examined in ultra-pure and wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) matrices, where more sorption was observed in the ultra-pure water for PAC doses greater than 10 mg/L suggesting the presence of EfOM hinders the sorption of the pharmaceuticals to the PAC. Adsorption behaviors were described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) in the form of polyparameter linear solvation energy relationships were developed for simulating the Freundlich adsorption capacity in both ultra-pure and EfOM matrices. The significant 3D-based descriptors for the QSPRs were the molar volume, polarizability and hydrogen-bond donor parameters.

  4. Pharmacological Modulation of Lung Carcinogenesis in Smokers: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

    PubMed Central

    De Flora, Silvio; Ganchev, Gancho; Iltcheva, Marietta; La Maestra, Sebastiano; Micale, Rosanna T.; Steele, Vernon E.; Balansky, Roumen

    2016-01-01

    Many drugs in common use possess pleiotropic properties that make them capable of interfering with carcinogenesis mechanisms. We discuss here the ability of pharmacological agents to mitigate the pulmonary carcinogenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke. The evaluated agents included antiinflammatory drugs (budesonide, celecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, licofelone), antidiabetic drugs (metformin, pioglitazone), antineoplastic agents (lapatinib, bexarotene, vorinostat), and other drugs and supplements (phenethyl isothiocyanate, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, berry extracts). The drugs have been evaluated in mouse models mimicking interventions either in current smokers or in ex-smokers or a prenatal chemoprevention. They displayed a broad spectrum of activities by attenuating either smoke-induced preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors and/or malignant tumors. Together with epidemiological data, these findings provide useful information to predict the potential effects of pharmacological agents in smokers. PMID:26726119

  5. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazolo[4,3-c]cinnoline derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents.

    PubMed

    Tonk, Rajiv Kumar; Bawa, Sandhya; Chawla, Gita; Deora, Girdhar Singh; Kumar, Suresh; Rathore, Vandana; Mulakayala, Naveen; Rajaram, Azad; Kalle, Arunasree M; Afzal, Obaid

    2012-11-01

    A series of pyrazolo[4,3-c]cinnoline derivatives was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Test compounds that exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity were further screened for their ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activity. Compounds 4d and 4l showed promising anti-inflammatory activity with reduced ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activity when compared to naproxen. Docking results of these two compounds with COX-2 (PDB ID: 1CX2) also exhibited a strong binding profile. Among the test derivatives, compound 4i displayed significant antibacterial property against gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. However, compound 4b emerged as the best dual anti-inflammatory-antibacterial agent in the present study. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  6. [Pharmaceutical market research of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medical cures in the city of Kutaisi].

    PubMed

    Khmelidze, M; Eriashvili, V; Abuladze, N; Dugashvili, N

    2006-12-01

    Insteroidic antiphlogistic medicines occupies significant segment on pharmacy market. They have been in clinical practice since 1980-es, and are still widely used in treatment of systemic collagenous; myalgia; radiculitis, bursitis, arthritis, podagra and etc. To display the tendency of market development - the goal of the research - we studied the demand and supply in insteroidic antiphlogistic medicines in Kutaisi. The assortments in retail chemist's shops was studied. We also studied price lists and questionnaires of wholesale pharmacy institutions and requirements for the following medicines: aspirin, paracetamol, indometacin, diclophenak, ketoprofen, naproxen, meloksikam, nimesulid, piroksikam. The research was conducted by means of pharmaco-geographic and mathematic-statistic methods. The research showed the need in production of insteroidic antiphlogistic medicines matching the CMP European standards in Georgia to reduce the import of drugs.

  7. Cross-reactions in patch testing and photopatch testing with ketoprofen, thiaprophenic acid, and cinnamic aldehyde.

    PubMed

    Pigatto, P; Bigardi, A; Legori, A; Valsecchi, R; Picardo, M

    1996-12-01

    In the last 7 years, we have studied 123 patients with allergic reactions to topical arylpropionic anti-inflammatory drugs. We have investigated the rate of sensitization and the irritant potential of one of them, ketoprofen, and its cross-reactivity with such other derivatives as ibuproxam, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, and thiaprofenic acid. Sensitization was single in most cases, and ketoprofen was the drug most often involved. The combination most frequently found was ketoprofen plus ibuproxam. The most frequent cross-reactions were to fragrance mix, especially cinnamic aldehyde and balsam of Peru, both contact and photocontact sensitizers. Because there is a ketonic group in the molecule of ketoprofen and cinnamic aldehyde and after conversion of thiaprofenic acid, this could be the trigger for this particular allergy and cross-reactivity.

  8. Comparison between several reactors with Trametes versicolor immobilized on lignocellulosic support for the continuous treatments of hospital wastewater.

    PubMed

    Torán, J; Blánquez, P; Caminal, G

    2017-11-01

    Hospital wastewater is a major source of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), which are not all removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants. White rot fungi can degrade PhACs, but their application has been limited to non-sterile conditions due to the competition with other microorganisms for growth. In this study, immobilization of Trametes versicolor on different lignocellulosic supports was studied as strategy to ensure fungal survival under continuous treatment conditions. A fluidized bed reactor and a trickling packed-bed reactor with T. versicolor immobilized on pallet wood were employed for the removal of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen. Best results were obtained with the trickling packed-bed reactor, which operated for 49days with high removal values in real hospital wastewater. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Genotoxic response and oxidative stress induced by diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen in Daphnia magna.

    PubMed

    Gómez-Oliván, Leobardo Manuel; Galar-Martínez, Marcela; García-Medina, Sandra; Valdés-Alanís, Analleli; Islas-Flores, Hariz; Neri-Cruz, Nadia

    2014-10-01

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used pharmaceuticals in Mexico, but there is not proper regulation on the sale, use and disposal. These drugs can enter water bodies by diverse pathways, attaining significant concentrations and inducing damage on hydrobionts. To evaluate the oxidative stress and consequent damage to genetic material induced by DCF, IBP and NPX on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity assays were performed to 48-h by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs evaluated. A sublethal assay were done after 48 h of exposure to DCF, IBP and NPX added to water with the concentration equivalent to the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), 9.7 mg/L for DCF, 2.9 mg/L for IBP and 0.017 mg/L for NPX. The DNA damage (comet assay) was evaluated at 12, 48 and 96 h. The oxidative biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation; protein carbonyl content; activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. D. magna exposed to DCF, IBP and NPX showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) with respect to controls in LPX. PCC was increased in IBP exposure. SOD and CAT activity were increased by exposure to IBP and NPX. GPX shows a significant increase with respect to control in IBP and DCF exposure and significant decrease by NPX exposure. DNA damage was observed in 48 and 96 h. DCF, IBP and NPX were responsible of alterations in biochemical biomarkers evaluated and DNA damage.

  10. Sustained Release of Naproxen in a New Kind Delivery System of Carbon Nanotubes Hydrogel

    PubMed Central

    Peng, Xiahui; Zhuang, Qiang; Peng, Dongming; Dong, Qiuli; Tan, Lini; Jiao, Feipeng; Liu, Linqi; Liu, jingyu; Zhao, Chenxi; Wang, Xiaomei

    2013-01-01

    In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added into chitosan (CS) hydrogels in the form of chitosan modified CNTs (CS-CNTs) composites to prepare carbon nanotubes hydrogels (CNTs-GEL). The products, named CS-MWCNTs, were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Swelling properties and effect of pH on controlled release performance of the two kinds of hydrogels, CNTs- GEL and pure chitosan hydrogels without CNTs (GEL), were investigated respectively. The results showed that CNTs-GEL possess better controlled release performance than GEL. The releasing equilibrium time of CNTs-GEL was longer than that of GEL in both pH = w7.4 and pH=1.2 conditions, although the release ratios of the model drug are similar in the same pH buffer solutions. It is found that release kinetics is better fitted Ritger-Peppas empirical model indicating a fick-diffusion process in pH = 1.2, while in pH = 7.4 it was non-fick diffusion involving surface diffusion and corrosion diffusion processes. PMID:24523738

  11. Gateways to clinical trials.

    PubMed

    Tomillero, A; Moral, M A

    2009-10-01

    [Methoxy-11c]PD-153035; Afamelanotide, Agalsidase beta, Alemtuzumab, Alkaline phosphatase, Amlodipine, Anecortave acetate, Apixaban, Aripiprazole, Atomoxetine hydrochloride; Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B, Brimonidine tartrate/timolol maleate, Brivudine; Canakinumab, Cetuximab, Chlorotoxin, Cinaciguat; Dapagliflozin, Decitabine, Duloxetine hydrochloride; Elagolix sodium, Eplerenone, Eritoran tetrasodium, Escitalopram oxalate, Etoricoxib, Ezetimibe; Fospropofol disodium; G-207, Gabapentin enacarbil, Gefitinib, Golimumab; Human plasmin; Inotuzumab ozogamicin, Insulin glargine, Insulin glulisine, Istaroxime, Ixabepilone; KLH; Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone; Miglustat, Mitumprotimut-T, MP-470; Oblimersen sodium, Olmesartan medoxomil; P53-SLP, PAN-811, Patupilone, Pazopanib hydrochloride, PC-515, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Pegylated arginine deiminase 20000, Pemetrexed disodium, Plitidepsin, Pregabalin; Rasagiline mesilate, Rotigotine; SCH-697243, Sirolimus-eluting stent, Sumatriptan succinate/naproxen sodium, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Tapentadol hydrochloride, TMC-207; V-211, Valganciclovir hydrochloride; Zolpidem tartrate. Copyright 2009 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

  12. Nabumetone in the treatment of skin and soft tissue injury.

    PubMed

    Jenner, P N

    1987-10-30

    Nabumetone, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, has been evaluated for the treatment of skin and soft tissue injury, including sports injury, in clinical trials involving nearly 1,000 patients. Its efficacy, safety, and tolerance in these patients is reviewed. The efficacy of nabumetone in the treatment of soft tissue injury has been demonstrated to be similar to that of soluble aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. It was not possible in these studies to demonstrate a definite advantage over placebo, and the reasons for this are discussed along with some suggestions for future studies. There were no serious adverse experiences reported, and nabumetone was well tolerated and compared favorably with the other agents used, including placebo. It caused significantly fewer gastrointestinal side effects than soluble aspirin. Nabumetone is an appropriate choice of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of sports injury.

  13. A working model for the assessment of disruptions in social behavior among aged rats: the role of sex differences, social recognition, and sensorimotor processes

    PubMed Central

    Perkins, Amy E.; Doremus-Fitzwater, Tamara L.; Spencer, Robert L.; Varlinskaya, Elena I.; Conti, Melissa M.; Bishop, Chris; Deak, Terrence

    2016-01-01

    Aging results in a natural decline in social behavior, yet little is known about the processes underlying these changes. Engaging in positive social interaction is associated with many health benefits, including reduced stress reactivity, and may serve as a potential buffer against adverse consequences of aging. The goal of these studies was to establish a tractable model for the assessment of social behavior deficits associated with late aging. Thus, in Exp. 1, 1.5-, 3-, and 18-month-old male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were assessed for object investigation, and social interaction with a same-aged partner (novel/familiar), or a different-aged partner, thereby establishing working parameters for studies that followed. Results revealed that 18-month-old males exhibited reductions in social investigation and social contact behavior, with this age-related decline not influenced by familiarity or age of the social partner. Subsequently, Exp. 2 extended assessment of social behavior to both male and female F344 rats at multiple ages (3, 9, 18, and 24 months), after which a series of sensorimotor performance tests were conducted. In this study, both males and females exhibited late aging-related reductions in social interactions, but these changes were more pronounced in females. Additionally, sensorimotor performance was shown to be impaired in 24-month-olds, but not 18-month-olds, with this deficit more evident in males. Finally, Exp. 3 examined whether aging-related inflammation could account for declines in social behavior during late aging by administering naproxen (0, 7, 14, and 28 mg/kg; s.c.)—a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug—to 18-month-old females. Results from this study revealed that social behavior was unaffected by acute or repeated (6 days) naproxen, suggesting that aging-related social deficits in females may not be a consequence of a general aging-related inflammation and/or malaise. Together, these findings demonstrate that aging-related declines

  14. A working model for the assessment of disruptions in social behavior among aged rats: The role of sex differences, social recognition, and sensorimotor processes.

    PubMed

    Perkins, Amy E; Doremus-Fitzwater, Tamara L; Spencer, Robert L; Varlinskaya, Elena I; Conti, Melissa M; Bishop, Christopher; Deak, Terrence

    2016-04-01

    Aging results in a natural decline in social behavior, yet little is known about the processes underlying these changes. Engaging in positive social interaction is associated with many health benefits, including reduced stress reactivity, and may serve as a potential buffer against adverse consequences of aging. The goal of these studies was to establish a tractable model for the assessment of social behavior deficits associated with late aging. Thus, in Exp. 1, 1.5-, 3-, and 18-month-old male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were assessed for object investigation, and social interaction with a same-aged partner (novel/familiar), or a different-aged partner, thereby establishing working parameters for studies that followed. Results revealed that 18-month-old males exhibited reductions in social investigation and social contact behavior, with this age-related decline not influenced by familiarity or age of the social partner. Subsequently, Exp. 2 extended assessment of social behavior to both male and female F344 rats at multiple ages (3, 9, 18, and 24 months), after which a series of sensorimotor performance tests were conducted. In this study, both males and females exhibited late aging-related reductions in social interactions, but these changes were more pronounced in females. Additionally, sensorimotor performance was shown to be impaired in 24-month-olds, but not 18-month-olds, with this deficit more evident in males. Finally, Exp. 3 examined whether aging-related inflammation could account for declines in social behavior during late aging by administering naproxen (0, 7, 14, and 28 mg/kg; s.c.)-a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-to 18-month-old females. Results from this study revealed that social behavior was unaffected by acute or repeated (6 days) naproxen, suggesting that aging-related social deficits in females may not be a consequence of a general aging-related inflammation and/or malaise. Together, these findings demonstrate that aging-related declines in

  15. Accumulation of Pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and Resistance Genes in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater for Zero to 100 Years in Central Mexico

    PubMed Central

    Siebe, Christina; Willaschek, Elisha; Sakinc, Tuerkan; Huebner, Johannes; Amelung, Wulf; Grohmann, Elisabeth; Siemens, Jan

    2012-01-01

    Irrigation with wastewater releases pharmaceuticals, pathogenic bacteria, and resistance genes, but little is known about the accumulation of these contaminants in the environment when wastewater is applied for decades. We sampled a chronosequence of soils that were variously irrigated with wastewater from zero up to 100 years in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, and investigated the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, bezafibrate, naproxen, diclofenac, as well as the occurrence of Enterococcus spp., and sul and qnr resistance genes. Total concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine increased with irrigation duration reaching 95% of their upper limit of 1.4 µg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.3 µg/kg (sulfamethoxazole), and 5.4 µg/kg (carbamazepine) in soils irrigated for 19–28 years. Accumulation was soil-type-specific, with largest accumulation rates in Leptosols and no time-trend in Vertisols. Acidic pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, bezafibrate) were not retained and thus did not accumulate in soils. We did not detect qnrA genes, but qnrS and qnrB genes were found in two of the irrigated soils. Relative concentrations of sul1 genes in irrigated soils were two orders of magnitude larger (3.15×10−3±0.22×10−3 copies/16S rDNA) than in non-irrigated soils (4.35×10−5±1.00×10−5 copies/16S rDNA), while those of sul2 exceeded the ones in non-irrigated soils still by a factor of 22 (6.61×10–4±0.59×10−4 versus 2.99×10−5±0.26×10−5 copies/16S rDNA). Absolute numbers of sul genes continued to increase with prolonging irrigation together with Enterococcus spp. 23S rDNA and total 16S rDNA contents. Increasing total concentrations of antibiotics in soil are not accompanied by increasing relative abundances of resistance genes. Nevertheless, wastewater irrigation enlarges the absolute concentration of resistance genes in soils due to a long-term increase in

  16. Factors affecting the formation of eutectic solid dispersions and their dissolution behavior.

    PubMed

    Vippagunta, Sudha R; Wang, Zeren; Hornung, Stefanie; Krill, Steven L

    2007-02-01

    The objective of this work was to obtain a fundamental understanding of the factors, specifically the properties of poorly water-soluble drugs and water-soluble carriers, which influence predominantly, the formation of eutectic or monotectic crystalline solid dispersion and their dissolution behavior. A theoretical model was applied on five poorly water-soluble drugs (fenofibrate, flurbiprofen, griseofulvin, naproxen, and ibuprofen) having diverse physicochemical properties and water-soluble carrier (polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000) for the evaluation of these factors. Of these, two drugs, fenofibrate and flurbiprofen, and PEG of different molecular weights (3350, 8000, and 20000), were chosen as model drugs and carriers for further investigation. Experimental phase diagrams were constructed and dissolution testing was performed to assess the performance of the systems. The theoretical model predicted the formation of eutectic or monotectic solid dispersions of fenofibrate, griseofulvin, ibuprofen, and naproxen with PEG, holding the contribution of specific intermolecular interactions between compound and carrier to zero. In the case of the flurbiprofen-PEG eutectic system, intermolecular interactions between drug and polymer needed to be taken into consideration to predict the experimental phase diagram. The results of the current work suggest that the thermodynamic function of melting point and heat of fusion (as a measure of crystal energy of drug) plays a significant role in the formation of a eutectic system. Lipophilicity of the compound (as represented by cLog P) was also demonstrated to have an effect. Specific interactions between drug and carrier play a significant role in influencing the eutectic composition. Molar volume of the drug did not seem to have an impact on eutectic formation. The polymer molecular weight appeared to have an impact on the eutectic composition for flurbiprofen, which exhibits specific interactions with PEG, whereas no such impact

  17. Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury.

    PubMed

    Lai, Larry H; Chan, Francis K L

    2009-11-01

    This article reviews selected publications related to nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastroduodenal toxicity in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest evidence on the epidemiology of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal injury, recommendations on optimal gastroprotective regimens among patients in need of NSAID, risk stratification approach by considering gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks, and negative interaction between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and clopidogrel. Current evidence indicates that a PPI and a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective NSAID provides the best gastric protection. In light of potential cardiovascular hazard of NSAIDs, physicians should select an NSAID according to individual patients' cardiovascular risk (i.e., naproxen vs. a nonnaproxen NSAID). The choice of gastroprotective therapy depends on the number and nature of gastrointestinal risk factors. PPI co-therapy is recommended in patients with high gastrointestinal risk on aspirin. Whether there is any clinically important interaction between PPIs and clopidogrel remains uncertain.

  18. Complementation of biotransformations with chemical C-H oxidation: copper-catalyzed oxidation of tertiary amines in complex pharmaceuticals.

    PubMed

    Genovino, Julien; Lütz, Stephan; Sames, Dalibor; Touré, B Barry

    2013-08-21

    The isolation, quantitation, and characterization of drug metabolites in biological fluids remain challenging. Rapid access to oxidized drugs could facilitate metabolite identification and enable early pharmacology and toxicity studies. Herein, we compared biotransformations to classical and new chemical C-H oxidation methods using oxcarbazepine, naproxen, and an early compound hit (phthalazine 1). These studies illustrated the low preparative efficacy of biotransformations and the inability of chemical methods to oxidize complex pharmaceuticals. We also disclose an aerobic catalytic protocole (CuI/air) to oxidize tertiary amines and benzylic CH's in drugs. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functionalities and displays a high level of chemoselectivity, which is not generally explained by the strength of the C-H bonds but by the individual structural chemotype. This study represents a first step toward establishing a chemical toolkit (chemotransformations) that can selectively oxidize C-H bonds in complex pharmaceuticals and rapidly deliver drug metabolites.

  19. Implication of substrate-assisted catalysis on improving lipase activity or enantioselectivity in organic solvents.

    PubMed

    Tsai, Shau-Wei; Chen, Chun-Chi; Yang, Hung-Shien; Ng, I-Son; Chen, Teh-Liang

    2006-08-01

    In comparison with the biocatalyst engineering and medium engineering approaches, very few examples have been reported on using the substrate engineering approach such as substrate-assisted catalysis (SAC) for naturally occurring or engineered lipases and serine proteases to improve the enzyme activity and enantioselectivity. By employing lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of (R,S)-naproxen esters in water-saturated isooctane as the model system, we demonstrate the proton shuttle device to the leaving alcohol of the substrate as a new means of SAC to effectively improve the lipase activity or enantioselectivity. The result cannot only provide a strong evidence for the rate-limiting proton transfer for the bond-breaking of tetrahedron intermediate of the acylation step, but also sheds light for performing the hydrolysis, transesterification or aminolysis in organic solvents for the ester substrate that originally lipases cannot catalyze, but now can after introducing the device.

  20. Antinociceptive Activity of an Ethanol Extract of Justicia spicigera.

    PubMed

    Zapata-Morales, Juan Ramón; Alonso-Castro, Angel Josabad; Domínguez, Fabiola; Carranza-Álvarez, Candy; Castellanos, Luis Manuel Orozco; Martínez-Medina, Rosa María; Pérez-Urizar, José

    2016-06-01

    Preclinical Research The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and sedative activity of an ethanol extract of Justicia spicigera an evergreen used in Mexican traditional medicine for the relief of pain, wounds, fever and inflammation. At 200 mg/kg po, the maximum dose examined, the ethanol extract of J. spicigera (JSE) had analgesic activity in mice in the acetic acid writhing test, the second phase of the formalin test and the tail flick test that was similar in efficacy to the NSAID, naproxen (150 mg/kg po). JSE was inactive in the hot plate test and and the ketamine-induced sleeping time test; it had no sedative effects. These results show that the ethanol extract from the leaves of J. spicigera has antinociceptive effects in mice without inducing sedation. Drug Dev Res 77 : 180-186, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  1. Kinetic studies of the inhibition of a human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isozyme by bile acids and anti-inflammatory drugs.

    PubMed

    Miyabe, Y; Amano, T; Deyashiki, Y; Hara, A; Tsukada, F

    1995-01-01

    We have investigated the steady-state kinetics for a cytosolic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isozyme of human liver and its inhibition by several bile acids and anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin, flufemanic acid and naproxen. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies performed in the NADP(+)-linked (S)-1-indanol oxidation at pH 7.4 were consistent with a sequential ordered mechanism in which NADP+ binds first and leaves last. The bile acids and drugs, competitive inhibitors with respect to the alcohol substrate, exhibited uncompetitive inhibition with respect to the coenzyme, with Ki values less than 1 microM, whereas indomethacin exhibited noncompetitive inhibition (Ki < 24 microM). The kinetics of the inhibition by a mixture of the two inhibitors suggests that bile acids and drugs, except indomethacin, bind to overlapping sites at the active center of the enzyme-coenzyme binary complex.

  2. Biotransformation of pharmaceuticals under nitrification, nitratation and heterotrophic conditions.

    PubMed

    Fernandez-Fontaina, E; Gomes, I B; Aga, D S; Omil, F; Lema, J M; Carballa, M

    2016-01-15

    The effect of nitrification, nitratation and heterotrophic conditions on the biotransformation of several pharmaceuticals in a highly enriched nitrifying activated sludge was evaluated in this study by selective activation of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and heterotrophic bacteria. Nitrifiers displayed a noticeable capacity to process ibuprofen due to hydroxylation by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) to produce 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen. Naproxen was also biotransformed under nitrifying conditions. On the other hand, heterotrophic bacteria present in the nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) biotransformed sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, both nitrifying and heterotrophic activities were ineffective against diclofenac, diazepam, carbamazepine and trimethoprim. Similar biotransformation rates of erythromycin, roxithromycin and fluoxetine were observed under all conditions tested. Overall, results from this study give more evidence on the role of the different microbial communities present in activated sludge reactors on the biological removal of pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Adsorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from aqueous solution using activated carbons: Review.

    PubMed

    Ahmed, Muthanna J

    2017-04-01

    Pharmaceutical pollutants are of significant effect on the environment, so that their treatments have been addressed in many studies. Activated carbon (AC) adsorbent shows best attraction for these compounds due to its unique characteristics represented by high capacity and porosity. In this article, the adsorption performance of AC towards non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac were reviewed. According to collected data, maximum adsorption capacities of 417, 25, 290, and 372 mg/g were obtained from Langmuir isotherm for these drugs, respectively. The values of 1/n for Freundlich isotherm were lower than unity for all studied drugs, confirming the nonlinear and favorable adsorption. In addition, kinetics data were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model and mechanism was not controlled by the pore diffusion step alone. AC adsorption demonstrated superior performance for all selected NSAIDs, thus being efficient technology for treatment of these pharmaceutical pollutants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antiulcer properties of Porphyra vietnamensis.

    PubMed

    Bhatia, Saurabh; Sharma, Kiran; Sharma, Ajay; Nagpal, Kalpana; Bera, Tanmoy

    2015-01-01

    Aim of the present work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiulcer effects of red seaweed Porphyra vietnamensis (P. vietnamenis). Aqueous (POR) and alcoholic (PE) fractions were successfully isolated from P. vietnamenis. Further biological investigations were performed using a classic test of paw edema induced by carrageenan, writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate method and naproxen induced gastro-duodenal ulcer. Among the fractions POR showed better activity. POR and PE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced carrageenan induced paw edema in a dose dependent manner. In the writhing test POR significantly (p < 0.05) reduced abdominal writhes than PE. In hot plate method POR showed better analgesic activity than PE. POR showed comparable ulcers reducing potential (p<0.01) to that of omeprazole, and has more ulcer reducing potential then PE. The results of this study demonstrated that P. vietnamenis aqueous fraction possesses biological activity that is close to the standards taken for the treatment of peripheral painful or/and inflammatory and ulcer conditions.

  5. Charge transfer complex studies between some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and π-electron acceptors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duymus, Hulya; Arslan, Mustafa; Kucukislamoglu, Mustafa; Zengin, Mustafa

    2006-12-01

    Charge transfer (CT) complexes of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, naproxen and etodolac which are electron donors with some π-acceptors, such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano- p-benzoquinone (DDQ), p-chloranil ( p-CHL), have been investigated spectrophotometrically in chloroform at 21 °C. The coloured products are measured spectrophotometrically at different wavelength depending on the electronic transition between donors and acceptors. Beer's law is obeyed and colours were produced in non-aqueous media. All complexes were stable at least 2 h except for etodolac with DDQ stable for 5 min. The equilibrium constants of the CT complexes were determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The thermodynamic parameters Δ H, Δ S, Δ G° were calculated by Van't Hoff equation. Stochiometries of the complexes formed between donors and acceptors were defined by the Job's method of the continuous variation and found in 1:1 complexation with donor and acceptor at the maximum absorption bands in all cases.

  6. Predicting Crystallization of Amorphous Drugs with Terahertz Spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Sibik, Juraj; Löbmann, Korbinian; Rades, Thomas; Zeitler, J Axel

    2015-08-03

    There is a controversy about the extent to which the primary and secondary dielectric relaxations influence the crystallization of amorphous organic compounds below the glass transition temperature. Recent studies also point to the importance of fast molecular dynamics on picosecond-to-nanosecond time scales with respect to the glass stability. In the present study we provide terahertz spectroscopy evidence on the crystallization of amorphous naproxen well below its glass transition temperature and confirm the direct role of Johari-Goldstein (JG) secondary relaxation as a facilitator of the crystallization. We determine the onset temperature Tβ above which the JG relaxation contributes to the fast molecular dynamics and analytically quantify the level of this contribution. We then show there is a strong correlation between the increase in the fast molecular dynamics and onset of crystallization in several chosen amorphous drugs. We believe that this technique has immediate applications to quantify the stability of amorphous drug materials.

  7. Separation-oriented derivatization of native fluorescent compounds through fluorous labeling followed by liquid chromatography with fluorous-phase.

    PubMed

    Sakaguchi, Yohei; Yoshida, Hideyuki; Todoroki, Kenichiro; Nohta, Hitoshi; Yamaguchi, Masatoshi

    2009-06-15

    We have developed a new and simple method based on "fluorous derivatization" for LC of native fluorescent compounds. This method involves the use of a column with a fluorous stationary phase. Native fluorescent analytes with target functional groups are precolumn derivatized with a nonfluorescent fluorous tag, and the fluorous-labeled analytes are retained in the column, whereas underivatized substances are not. Only the retained fluorescent analytes are detected fluorometrically at appropriate retention times, and retained substrates without fluorophores are not detected. In this study, biologically important carboxylic acids (homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and drugs (naproxen, felbinac, flurbiprofen, and etodolac) were used as model native fluorescent compounds. Experimental results indicate that the fluorous-phase column can selectively retain fluorous compounds including fluorous-labeled analytes on the basis of fluorous separation. We believe that separation-oriented derivatization presented here is the first step toward the introduction of fluorous derivatization in quantitative LC analysis.

  8. Uptake and Accumulation of Four PPCP/EDCs in Two Leafy Vegetables

    PubMed Central

    Dodgen, LK; Li, J; Parker, D; Gan, JJ

    2013-01-01

    Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in reclaimed water, leading to concerns of human health risks from the consumption of food crops irrigated with reclaimed water. This study evaluated the potential for plant uptake and accumulation of four commonly occurring PPCP/EDCs, i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), diclofenac sodium (DCL), naproxen (NPX), and 4-nonylphenol (NP), by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and collards (Brassica oleracea) in hydroponic culture, using 14C-labeled compounds. In both plant species, plant accumulation followed the order of BPA > NP > DCL > NPX and accumulation in roots was much greater than in leaves and stems. Concentrations of 14C-PPCP/EDCs in plant tissues ranged from 0.22±0.03 to 927± 213 ng/g, but nearly all 14C-residue was non-extractable. PPCP/EDCs, particularly BPA and NP, were also extensively transformed in the nutrient solution. Dietary uptake of these PPCP/EDCs by humans was predicted to be negligible. PMID:23911624

  9. Fate of pharmaceutical and trace organic compounds in three septic system plumes, Ontario, Canada.

    PubMed

    Carrara, Cherilyn; Ptacek, Carol J; Robertson, William D; Blowes, David W; Moncur, Michael C; Sverko, Ed; Backus, Sean

    2008-04-15

    Three high volume septic systems in Ontario, Canada, were examined to assess the potential for onsite wastewatertreatment systems to release pharmaceutical compounds to the environment and to evaluate the mobility of these compounds in receiving aquifers. Wastewater samples were collected from the septic tanks, and groundwater samples were collected below and down gradient of the infiltration beds and analyzed for a suite of commonly used pharmaceutical and trace organic compounds. The septic tank samples contained elevated concentrations of several pharmaceutical compounds. Ten of the 12 compounds analyzed were detected in groundwater at one or more sites at concentrations in the low ng L(-1) to low microg L(-1) range. Large differences among the sites were observed in both the number of detections and the concentrations of the pharmaceutical compounds. Of the compounds analyzed, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen were observed to be transported atthe highest concentrations and greatest distances from the infiltration source areas, particularly in anoxic zones of the plumes.

  10. Application of solid-phase microextraction in the investigation of protein binding of pharmaceuticals.

    PubMed

    Theodoridis, Georgios

    2006-01-18

    Protein-drug interactions of seven common pharmaceuticals were studied using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). SPME can be used in such investigations on the condition that no analyte depletion occurs. In multi-compartment systems (e.g. a proteinaceous matrix) only the free portion of the analyte is able to partition into the SPME fiber. In addition if no sample depletion occurs, the bound drug-free drug equilibria are not disturbed. In the present study seven pharmaceuticals (quinine, quinidine, naproxen, ciprofloxacin, haloperidol, paclitaxel and nortriptyline) were assayed by SPME. For quantitative purposes SPME was validated first in the absence of proteins. Calibration curves were constructed for each drug by HPLC-fluorescence and HPLC-UV analysis. SPME was combined to HPLC off-line, desorption occurring in HPLC inserts filled with 200 microL methanol. Binding of each drug to human serum albumin was studied independently. Experimental results were in agreement with literature data and ultrafiltration experiments, indicating the feasibility of the method for such bioanalytical purposes.

  11. Simultaneous determination of 20 pharmacologically active substances in cow's milk, goat's milk, and human breast milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Azzouz, Abdelmonaim; Jurado-Sánchez, Beatriz; Souhail, Badredine; Ballesteros, Evaristo

    2011-05-11

    This paper reports a systematic approach to the development of a method that combines continuous solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of 20 pharmacologically active substances including antibacterials (chloramphenicol, florfenicol, pyrimethamine, thiamphenicol), nonsteroideal anti-inflammatories (diclofenac, flunixin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, phenylbutazone), antiseptic (triclosan), antiepileptic (carbamazepine), lipid regulator (clofibric acid), β-blockers (metoprolol, propranolol), and hormones (17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, 17β-estradiol) in milk samples. The sample preparation procedure involves deproteination of the milk, followed by sample enrichment and cleanup by continuous solid-phase extraction. The proposed method provides a linear response over the range of 0.6-5000 ng/kg and features limits of detection from 0.2 to 1.2 ng/kg depending on the particular analyte. The method was successfully applied to the determination of pharmacologically active substance residues in food samples including whole, raw, half-skim, skim, and powdered milk from different sources (cow, goat, and human breast).

  12. Improved tolerance to transplanting injury and chilling stress in rice seedlings treated with orysastrobin.

    PubMed

    Takahashi, Naoto; Sunohara, Yukari; Fujiwara, Masami; Matsumoto, Hiroshi

    2017-04-01

    In addition to their fungicidal activity, strobilurin-type fungicides are reported to show enhancing effects on crop growth and yield. Previous studies suggested that the fungicide has a mitigating effect on abiotic stresses. However, there are few reports about growth enhancement through abiotic stress alleviation by strobilurin-type fungicides, but the mechanism of action of the growth enhancement is still not clear. The present study revealed that orysastrobin enhanced rice seedling growth after root cutting injury and chilling stress. We also found that orysastrobin decreased the transpiration rate and increased ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities. This stress alleviation was eliminated by the application of naproxen, a putative abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitor. These results suggested that orysastrobin improved tolerance against transplanting injury and chilling stress in rice seedlings by inducing water-retaining activity through the suppression of transpiration, and also by inducing reactive oxygen scavenging activity thus inhibiting reactive oxygen species accumulation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  13. Environmental risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in Turkey.

    PubMed

    Oğuz, Merve; Mihçiokur, Hamdi

    2014-07-01

    In this study, environmental risks of selected pharmaceuticals were investigated to assess potential hazards. Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Cefuroxime axetil, antibiotics, Benzalkoniuman antiseptic, Paracetamol, an analgesic, and Naproxen, an anti-inflammatory, were selected due to their high rate of usage in Turkey. Ciprofloxacin was found to have the highest risk due to its high PEC/PNEC ratio (28.636). Benzalkonium, Paracetamol and Clarithromycin have a potential to cause environmental hazards. The biodegradation and biological concentration factors (BCF) of the drugs were also determined using EPA/STWIN and EPA/BCFWIN programs. The results illustrated that these pharmaceuticals are nonbiodegradable in wastewater treatment plants. The BCFs of Benzalkonium and Clarithromycin were found to be very high, 70.790 L/kg and 56.490 L/kg, respectively. It was suggested that alternative treatment methods other than biological ones should be investigated for these pharmaceuticals because of their low biodegradability. Also, unnecessary use of antibiotics is supposed to be discouraged to reduce environmental hazards. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Using the medical food flavocoxid [corrected] in managing osteoarthritis.

    PubMed

    Gottlieb, Daniel; Kuritzky, Louis

    2011-01-01

    Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common debilitating joint disease worldwide. Clinicians have many therapeutic modalities and prescription medications in their arsenals to treat chronic inflammatory pain. However, as patients age, and develop numerous comorbidities, the most common, and often most effective pharmacologic treatment for OA, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), becomes problematic in that it may exacerbate or even cause cardiovascular, renal, and/or gastrointestinal pathology. This paper reviews the metabolism of arachidonic acid as it relates to the clinical treatment of inflammation, and explores a novel botanical therapy, flavocoxid, that has shown equal efficacy to naproxen in treating pain associated with mild to moderate OA of the knee. Flavocoxid has demonstrated balanced inhibition of the three primary enzymes responsible for processing AA, cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, and 5-lipoxygenase. Researchers have proposed that balanced inhibition of AA metabolism offers the promise of analgesia similar to NSAIDs without the associated cardiovascular, renal, or gastrointestinal side effects.

  15. New antiinflammatory sucrose esters in the natural sticky coating of tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica), an important culinary fruit.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chuan-Rui; Khan, Wajid; Bakht, Jehan; Nair, Muraleedharan G

    2016-04-01

    Tomatillo is a popular culinary fruit. The sticky material on its surface, consumed as part of the fruit, has never been investigated. Chemical characterization of sticky material on tomatillo fruits yielded five new sucrose esters, as confirmed by spectroscopic methods. The solvent extract of the sticky material from the whole fresh fruit and pure isolates showed antiinflammatory activity as confirmed by in vitro cyclooxygenase enzymes inhibitory assays. Five sucrose esters isolated at 100 μg/mL (153.8, 138.8, 136.2, 141.6 and 138.8 μM, respectively) inhibited cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 enzymes by 50%. The cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activity of extract and isolates at 100 μg/mL was similar to non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen, used as positive controls in the assay at 108, 12 and 15 μg/mL (600, 60 and 60 μM), respectively. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Patterns of pregnancy exposure to prescription FDA C, D and X drugs in a Canadian population.

    PubMed

    Wen, S W; Yang, T; Krewski, D; Yang, Q; Nimrod, C; Garner, P; Fraser, W; Olatunbosun, O; Walker, M C

    2008-05-01

    To examine prescription Food and Drug Administration (FDA) C, D and X drugs in general obstetric population. Historical cohort study. A total of 18 575 women who gave a birth in Saskatchewan between January 1997 and December 2000 were included. Among them, 3604 (19.4%) received FDA C, D or X drugs at least once during pregnancy. The pregnancy exposure rates were 15.8, 5.2 and 3.9%, respectively, for category C, D and X drugs, and were 11.2, 7.3 and 8.2%, respectively, in the first, second and third trimesters. Salbutamol (albuterol), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), ibuprofen, naproxen and oral contraceptives were the most common C, D, X drugs used during pregnancy. About one in every five women uses FDA C, D and X drugs at least once during pregnancy, and the most common prescription drugs in pregnancy are antiasthmatic, antibiotics, nonsteroid anti-inflammation drugs, antianxiety or antidepressants and oral contraceptives.

  17. Surface-active agents from the group of polyoxyethylated glycerol esters of fatty acids. Part III. Surface activity and solubilizing properties of the products of oxyethylation of lard (Adeps suillus, F.P. VIII) in the equilibrium system in relation to lipophilic therapeutic agents (class II and III of BCS).

    PubMed

    Nachajski, Michał J; Piotrowska, Jowita B; Kołodziejczyk, Michał K; Lukosek, Marek; Zgoda, Marian M

    2013-01-01

    Research was conducted into the solubilization processes of diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in equilibrium conditions in the environment of aqueous solutions of oxyethylated lard's fractions (Adeps suillus, Polish Pharmacopoeia VIII). The determined thermodynamic (cmc, deltaGm(0)) and hydrodynamic (R0, R(obs), omega, M(eta)) parameters characterizing the micelle of the solubilizer and the adduct demonstrate that lipophilic therapeutic agents are adsorbed in a palisade structure of the micelle due to a topologically created so-called "lipophilic adsorption pocket". This shows that the hydrophilicity of the micelle and the adsorption layer decreases at the phase boundary, which is confirmed by the calculated values of coefficients A(m) and r x (a). The results obtained indicate the possibility of making use of the class of non-ionic surfactants which are not ksenobiotics for the modification of the profile of solid oral dosage forms with lipophilic therapeutic agents from the II class of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).

  18. Modification of flow and compressibility of corn starch using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method.

    PubMed

    Akhgari, Abbas; Sadeghi, Hasti; Dabbagh, Mohammad Ali

    2014-08-01

    The aim of this study was to improve flowability and compressibility characteristics of starch to use as a suitable excipient in direct compression tabletting. Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion was used as a crystal modification method. Corn starch was dissolved in hydrochloric acid at 80°C and then ethanol as a non-solvent was added with lowering temperature until the formation of a precipitate of modified starch. Flow parameters, particle size and thermal behavior of the treated powders were compared with the native starch. Finally, the 1:1 mixture of naproxen and each excipient was tabletted, and hardness and friability of different tablets were evaluated. Larger and well shaped agglomerates were formed which showed different thermal behavior. Treated starch exhibited suitable flow properties and tablets made by the treated powder had relatively high hardness. It was found that recrystallization of corn starch by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method could improve its flowability and compressibility characteristics.

  19. Use of multicriteria decision analysis for assessing the benefit and risk of over-the-counter analgesics.

    PubMed

    Moore, Andrew; Crossley, Anne; Ng, Bernard; Phillips, Lawrence; Sancak, Özgür; Rainsford, K D

    2017-10-01

    To test the ability of a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) model to incorporate disparate data sources of varying quality along with clinical judgement in a benefit-risk assessment of six well-known pain-relief drugs. Six over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics were evaluated against three favourable effects and eight unfavourable effects by seven experts who specialise in the relief of pain, two in a 2-day facilitated workshop whose input data and judgements were later peer-reviewed by five additional experts. Ibuprofen salts and solubilised emerged with the best benefit-risk profile, followed by naproxen, ibuprofen acid, diclofenac, paracetamol and aspirin. Multicriteria decision analysis enabled participants to evaluate the OTC analgesics against a range of favourable and unfavourable effects in a group setting that enabled all issues to be openly aired and debated. The model was easily communicated and understood by the peer reviewers, so the model should be comprehensible to physicians, pharmacists and other health professionals. © 2017 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

  20. Update on the medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

    PubMed

    Hashkes, Philip J; Laxer, Ronald M

    2006-12-01

    Many exciting developments in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have emerged recently, including new tools to assess the results of clinical trials (eg, the definition of remission and a radiologic scoring tool). New controlled studies examined the equivalence of meloxicam to naproxen, the efficacy of leflunomide but the superiority of methotrexate, and the use of infliximab in polyarthritis JIA. Initial studies have shown the potential of anti-interleukin (IL)-1 and anti-IL-6 receptor antibody therapy for systemic JIA. Corticosteroid-sparing medications including the use of "biologic modifiers" for JIA-associated uveitis have been described. Evidence-based guidelines for the main subtypes of JIA have been published. However, good evidence on the treatment of several disease subtypes is still lacking. Studies of new medications and the use of combination therapy, including aggressive induction therapy early in the disease course, are necessary to continue improving the outcome of JIA patients.