Sample records for narrow ion energy
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Approximation of super-ions for single-file diffusion of multiple ions through narrow pores.
Kharkyanen, Valery N; Yesylevskyy, Semen O; Berezetskaya, Natalia M
2010-11-01
The general theory of the single-file multiparticle diffusion in the narrow pores could be greatly simplified in the case of inverted bell-like shape of the single-particle energy profile, which is often observed in biological ion channels. There is a narrow and deep groove in the energy landscape of multiple interacting ions in such profiles, which corresponds to the pre-defined optimal conduction pathway in the configurational space. If such groove exists, the motion of multiple ions can be reduced to the motion of single quasiparticle, called the superion, which moves in one-dimensional effective potential. The concept of the superions dramatically reduces the computational complexity of the problem and provides very clear physical interpretation of conduction phenomena in the narrow pores.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Albert, Felicie; Pak, A.; Kerr, S.; Lemos, N.; Link, A.; Patel, P.; Pollock, B. B.; Haberberger, D.; Froula, D.; Gauthier, M.; Glenzer, S. H.; Longman, A.; Manzoor, L.; Fedosejevs, R.; Tochitsky, S.; Joshi, C.; Fiuza, F.
2017-10-01
In this work, we report on electrostatic collisionless shock wave acceleration experiments that produced proton beams with peak energies between 10-17.5 MeV, with narrow energy spreads between Δ E / E of 10-20%, and with a total number of protons in these peaks of 1e7-1e8. These beams of ions were created by driving an electrostatic collisionless shock wave in a tailored near critical density plasma target using the ultra-intense ps duration Titan laser that operates at a wavelength of 1 um. The near critical density target was produced through the ablation of an initially 0.5 um thick Mylar foil with a separate low intensity laser. A narrow energy spread distribution of carbon / oxygen ions with a similar velocity to the accelerated proton distribution, consistent with the reflection and acceleration of ions from an electrostatic field, was also observed. This work was supported by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program under project 15-LW-095, and the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA2734.
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The importance of dehydration in determining ion transport in narrow pores.
Richards, Laura A; Schäfer, Andrea I; Richards, Bryce S; Corry, Ben
2012-06-11
The transport of hydrated ions through narrow pores is important for a number of processes such as the desalination and filtration of water and the conductance of ions through biological channels. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are used to systematically examine the transport of anionic drinking water contaminants (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite) through pores ranging in effective radius from 2.8 to 6.5 Å to elucidate the role of hydration in excluding these species during nanofiltration. Bulk hydration properties (hydrated size and coordination number) are determined for comparison with the situations inside the pores. Free energy profiles for ion transport through the pores show energy barriers depend on pore size, ion type, and membrane surface charge and that the selectivity sequence can change depending on the pore size. Ion coordination numbers along the trajectory showed that partial dehydration of the transported ion is the main contribution to the energy barriers. Ion transport is greatly hindered when the effective pore radius is smaller than the hydrated radius, as the ion has to lose some associated water molecules to enter the pore. Small energy barriers are still observed when pore sizes are larger than the hydrated radius due to re-orientation of the hydration shell or the loss of more distant water. These results demonstrate the importance of ion dehydration in transport through narrow pores, which increases the current level of mechanistic understanding of membrane-based desalination and transport in biological channels. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Dollar, Franklin; Matsuoka, Takeshi; McGuffey, Christopher
2010-11-04
Recent simulations show that an idealized, high intensity, short pulse laser can generate quasi-monoenergetic proton beams with energies over 100 MeV in an interaction with a thin film. However, most short pulse laser facilities with sufficient intensity have difficulty controlling the nanosecond and picosecond contrast necessary to realize such a regime. Experiments were performed to investigate proton and ion acceleration from a high contrast, short pulse laser by employing dual plasma mirrors along with a deformable mirror at the HERCULES laser facility at the Center for Ultrafast Optical Sciences, University of Michigan. Plasma mirrors were characterized, allowing a 50% throughputmore » with an intensity contrast increase of 105. The focal spot quality was also exceptional, showing a 1.1 micron full width at half maximum (FWHM) focal diameter. Experiments were done using temporally cleaned 30 TW, 32 fs pulses to achieve an intensity of up to 10{sup 21} Wcm{sup -2} on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} and Mylar targets with thicknesses ranging 50 nm to 13 microns. Proton beams with energy spreads below 2 MeV were observed from all thicknesses, peaking with energies up to 10.3 MeV and an energy spread of 0.8 MeV. Similar narrow energy spreads were observed for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon at the silicon nitride thickness of 50 nm with energies up to 24 MeV with an energy spread of 3 MeV, whereas the energy spread is greatly increased at a larger thickness. Maximum energies were confirmed with CR39 track detectors, while a Thomson ion spectrometer was used to gauge the monoenergetic nature of the beam.« less
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Ion acceleration with a narrow energy spectrum by nanosecond laser-irradiation of solid target
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Altana, C.; Lanzalone, G.; Mascali, D.; Muoio, A.; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Schillaci, F.; Tudisco, S.
2016-02-01
In laser-driven plasma, ion acceleration of aluminum with the production of a quasi-monoenergetic beam has occurred. A useful device to analyze the ions is the Thomson parabolas spectrometer, a well-known diagnostic that is able to obtain information on charge-to-mass ratio and energy distribution of the charged particles. At the LENS (Laser Energy for Nuclear Science) laboratory of INFN-LNS in Catania, experimental measures were carried out; the features of LENS are: Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 2 J laser energy, 1064 nm fundamental wavelengths, and 6 ns pulse duration.
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Ion acceleration with a narrow energy spectrum by nanosecond laser-irradiation of solid target
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Altana, C., E-mail: altana@lns.infn.it; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania; Lanzalone, G.
2016-02-15
In laser-driven plasma, ion acceleration of aluminum with the production of a quasi-monoenergetic beam has occurred. A useful device to analyze the ions is the Thomson parabolas spectrometer, a well-known diagnostic that is able to obtain information on charge-to-mass ratio and energy distribution of the charged particles. At the LENS (Laser Energy for Nuclear Science) laboratory of INFN-LNS in Catania, experimental measures were carried out; the features of LENS are: Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 2 J laser energy, 1064 nm fundamental wavelengths, and 6 ns pulse duration.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ungstrup, E.; Klumpar, D. M.; Heikkila, W. J.
1979-01-01
The soft particle spectrometer on the Isis 2 spacecraft occasionally observes fluxes of ions moving upward out of the ionosphere in the vicinity of the auroral oval. These ion fluxes are characterized by a sharp pitch angle distribution usually peaked at an angle somewhat greater than 90 deg, indicative of particles heated to a large transverse temperature in a narrow range below the spacecraft. The observations are interpreted in terms of electrostatic ion cyclotron waves, which heat the ions to superthermal energies transverse to the earth's magnetic field. When the transverse energy increases, the repulsive force of the earth's magnetic field, proportional to the particle magnetic moment, repels the particles away from the earth.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rosén, Johanna; Anders, André; Mráz, Stanislav; Atiser, Adil; Schneider, Jochen M.
2006-06-01
The charge-state-resolved ion energy distributions (IEDs) in filtered aluminum vacuum arc plasmas were measured and analyzed at different oxygen and argon pressures in the range of 0.5-8.0 mTorr. A significant reduction of the ion energy was detected as the pressure was increased, most pronounced in an argon environment and for the higher charge states. The corresponding average charge state decreased from 1.87 to 1.0 with increasing pressure. The IEDs of all metal ions in oxygen were fitted with shifted Maxwellian distributions. The results show that it is possible to obtain a plasma composition with a narrow charge-state distribution as well as a narrow IED. These data may enable tailoring thin film properties through selecting growth conditions that are characterized by predefined charge state and energy distributions.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Agarwal, Ankur; Kushner, Mark J.; Iowa State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 104 Marston Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2151
2005-09-15
The distributions of ion energies incident on the wafer significantly influence feature profiles and selectivity during plasma etching. Control of ion energies is typically obtained by varying the amplitude or frequency of a radio frequency sinusoidal bias voltage applied to the substrate. The resulting ion energy distribution (IED), though, is generally broad. Controlling the width and shape of the IED can potentially improve etch selectivity by distinguishing between threshold energies of surface processes. In this article, control of the IED was computationally investigated by applying a tailored, nonsinusoidal bias waveform to the substrate of an inductively coupled plasma. The waveformmore » we investigated, a quasi-dc negative bias having a short positive pulse each cycle, produced a narrow IED whose width was controllable based on the length of the positive spike and frequency. We found that the selectivity between etching Si and SiO{sub 2} in fluorocarbon plasmas could be controlled by adjusting the width and energy of the IED. Control of the energy of a narrow IED enables etching recipes that transition between speed and selectivity without change of gas mixture.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gandhi, Y.; Rajanikanth, P.; Sundara Rao, M.; Ravi Kumar, V.; Veeraiah, N.; Piasecki, M.
2016-07-01
This study is mainly focused on enriching the UVB 311 narrow emission band of Gd3+ ions in Li2Osbnd PbOsbnd P2O5 glasses doped with 1.0 mol% of Gd2O3 and mixed with different concentrations of SnO2 (0-7.0 mol%). The emission spectra SnO2 free glasses exhibited intense narrow UVB band at 311 nm due to 6P7/2 → 8S7/2 transition of Gd3+ ions when excited at 273 nm. The intensity of this band is found to be enhanced nearly four times when the glasses are mixed with 3.0 mol% of SnO2. The reasons for this enhancement have been explored in the light of energy transfer from Sn4+ to Gd3+ ions with the help of rate equations. The declustering of Gd3+ ions (that reduce cross relaxation losses) by tin ions is also found to the other reason for such enrichment. The 311 nm radiation is an efficient in the treatment of various skin diseases and currently it is one of the most desirable and commonly utilised UVB in the construction of phototherapy devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hall, Felix H. J.; Eberle, Pascal; Hegi, Gregor; Raoult, Maurice; Aymar, Mireille; Dulieu, Olivier; Willitsch, Stefan
2013-08-01
Cold chemical reactions between laser-cooled Ca+ ions and Rb atoms were studied in an ion-atom hybrid trap. Reaction rate constants were determined in the range of collision energies ⟨E coll⟩/k B=20 mK-20 K. The lowest energies were achieved in experiments using single localised Ca+ ions. Product branching ratios were studied using resonant-excitation mass spectrometry. The dynamics of the reactive processes in this system (non-radiative and radiative charge transfer as well as radiative association leading to the formation of CaRb+ molecular ions) have been analysed using high-level quantum-chemical calculations of the potential energy curves of CaRb+ and quantum-scattering calculations for the radiative channels. For the present low-energy scattering experiments, it is shown that the energy dependence of the reaction rate constants is governed by long-range interactions in line with the classical Langevin model, but their magnitude is determined by short-range non-adiabatic and radiative couplings which only weakly depend on the asymptotic energy. The quantum character of the collisions is predicted to manifest itself in the occurrence of narrow shape resonances at well-defined collision energies. The present results highlight both universal and system-specific phenomena in cold ion-neutral reactive collisions.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dulieu, O.; Hall, F. H. J.; Eberle, P.; Hegi, G.; Raoult, M.; Aymar, M.; Willitsch, S.
2013-05-01
Cold chemical reactions between laser-cooled Ca+ or Ba+ ions and Rb atoms were studied in an ion-atom hybrid trap. Reaction rate constants were determined in the collision energy range Ecoll /kB = 20 mK-20 K. Product branching ratios were studied using resonant-excitation mass spectrometry. The dynamics of the reactive processes including the radiative formation of CaRb+ and BaRb+ molecular ions has been analyzed using accurate potential energy curves and quantum-scattering calculations for the radiative channels. It is shown that the energy dependence of the reaction rates is governed by long-range interactions, while its magnitude is determined by short-range non-adiabatic and radiative couplings. The quantum character of the collisions is predicted to manifest itself in the occurrence of narrow shape resonances at well-defined collision energies. The present results highlight both universal and system-specific phenomena in cold ion-neutral collisions. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the COST Action ''Ion Traps for Tomorrow's Applications''.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kornbluth, Y. S.; Mathews, R. H.; Parameswaran, L.; Racz, L. M.; Velásquez-García, L. F.
2018-04-01
We report the design, modelling, and proof-of-concept demonstration of a continuously fed, atmospheric-pressure microplasma metal sputterer that is capable of printing conductive lines narrower than the width of the target without the need for post-processing or lithographic patterning. Ion drag-induced focusing is harnessed to print narrow lines; the focusing mechanism is modelled via COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and validated with experiments. A microplasma sputter head with gold target is constructed and used to deposit imprints with minimum feature sizes as narrow as 9 µm, roughness as small as 55 nm, and electrical resistivity as low as 1.1 µΩ · m.
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A New Poisson-Nernst-Planck Model with Ion-Water Interactions for Charge Transport in Ion Channels.
Chen, Duan
2016-08-01
In this work, we propose a new Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) model with ion-water interactions for biological charge transport in ion channels. Due to narrow geometries of these membrane proteins, ion-water interaction is critical for both dielectric property of water molecules in channel pore and transport dynamics of mobile ions. We model the ion-water interaction energy based on realistic experimental observations in an efficient mean-field approach. Variation of a total energy functional of the biological system yields a new PNP-type continuum model. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model with ion-water interaction energy has the new features that quantitatively describe dielectric properties of water molecules in narrow pores and are possible to model the selectivity of some ion channels.
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High resolution energy analyzer for broad ion beam characterization
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kanarov, V.; Hayes, A.; Yevtukhov, R.
2008-09-15
analyzed IEDF shape or mean energy value. This led us to conclude that the optimized analyzer construction provides an energy resolution considerably narrower than the investigated ion beam energy spectrum full width at half maximum, and the derived energy spectrum is an objective and accurate representation of the analyzed broad ion beam energy distribution characteristics. A quantitative study of the focusing voltage and retarding grid field effects based on the experimental data and modeling results have supported this conclusion.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Holland, O.W.; El-Ghor, M.K.; White, C.W.
1989-01-01
Damage nucleation/growth in single-crystal Si during ion irradiation is discussed. For MeV ions, the rate of growth as well as the damage morphology are shown to vary widely along the track of the ion. This is attributed to a change in the dominant, defect-related reactions as the ion penetrates the crystal. The nature of these reactions were elucidated by studying the interaction of MeV ions with different types of defects. The defects were introduced into the Si crystal prior to high-energy irradiation by self-ion implantation at a medium energy (100 keV). Varied damage morphologies were produced by implanting different ionmore » fluences. Electron microscopy and ion-channeling measurements, in conjunction with annealing studies, were used to characterize the damage. Subtle changes in the predamage morphology are shown to result in markedly different responses to the high-energy irradiation, ranging from complete annealing of the damage to rapid growth. These divergent responses occur over a narrow range of dose (2--3 /times/ 10/sup 14/ cm/sup /minus/2/) of the medium-energy ions; this range also marks a transition in the growth behavior of the damage during the predamage implantation. A model is proposed which accounts for these observations and provides insight into ion-induced growth of amorphous layers in Si and the role of the amorphous/crystalline interface in this process. 15 refs, 9 figs.« less
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Calculating tracer currents through narrow ion channels: Beyond the independent particle model.
Coalson, Rob D; Jasnow, David
2018-06-01
Discrete state models of single-file ion permeation through a narrow ion channel pore are employed to analyze the ratio of forward to backward tracer current. Conditions under which the well-known Ussing formula for this ratio hold are explored in systems where ions do not move independently through the channel. Building detailed balance into the rate constants for the model in such a way that under equilibrium conditions (equal rate of forward vs. backward permeation events) the Nernst Equation is satisfied, it is found that in a model where only one ion can occupy the channel at a time, the Ussing formula is always obeyed for any number of binding sites, reservoir concentrations of the ions and electric potential difference across the membrane which the ion channel spans, independent of the internal details of the permeation pathway. However, numerical analysis demonstrates that when multiple ions can occupy the channel at once, the nonequilibrium forward/backward tracer flux ratio deviates from the prediction of the Ussing model. Assuming an appropriate effective potential experienced by ions in the channel, we provide explicit formulae for the rate constants in these models. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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ARCS 3 ionospheric artificial argon ion beam injections - Waves near the heavy ion gyrofrequencies
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Erlandson, R. E.; Cahill, L. J., Jr.; Kaufmann, R. L.; Arnoldy, R. L.; Pollock, C. J.
1989-01-01
Low-frequency electric field data below the proton gyrofrequency are presented for the duration of the argon ion beam experiment conducted as part of the Argon Release for Controlled Studies (ARCS) program. An argon ion beam was injected from the subpayload antiparallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field at altitudes from 250 to 405 km. During the injections, the wave spectra were broadband near the subpayload and narrow-band near heavy ion gyrofrequencies at perpendicular separation distances between 42 and 254 m. It is suggested that the narrow-band waves are associated with both the perpendicular argon ion beam and an unexpected flux of low-energy ions which peaked in energy near 15 eV and pitch angle near 90 deg with respect to the magnetic field.
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Heavy-ion dominance near Cluster perigees
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ferradas, C. P.; Zhang, J.-C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.
2015-12-01
Time periods in which heavy ions dominate over H+ in the energy range of 1-40 keV were observed by the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS)/COmposition DIstribution Function (CODIF) instrument onboard Cluster Spacecraft 4 at L values less than 4. The characteristic feature is a narrow flux peak at around 10 keV that extends into low L values, with He+ and/or O+ dominating. In the present work we perform a statistical study of these events and examine their temporal occurrence and spatial distribution. The observed features, both the narrow energy range and the heavy-ion dominance, can be interpreted using a model of ion drift from the plasma sheet, subject to charge exchange losses. The narrow energy range corresponds to the only energy range that has direct drift access from the plasma sheet during quiet times. The drift time to these locations from the plasma sheet is > 30 h, so that charge exchange has a significant impact on the population. We show that a simple drift/loss model can explain the dependence on L shell and MLT of these heavy-ion-dominant time periods.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cayzac, W.; Pomorski, M.; Blažević, A.; Canaud, B.; Deslandes, D.; Fariaut, J.; Gontier, D.; Lescoute, E.; Marmouget, J. G.; Occelli, F.; Oudot, G.; Reverdin, C.; Sauvestre, J. E.; Sollier, A.; Soullié, G.; Varignon, C.; Villette, B.
2018-05-01
Ion stopping experiments in plasma for beam energies of few hundred keV per nucleon are of great interest to benchmark the stopping-power models in the context of inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics research. For this purpose, a specific ion detector on chemical-vapor-deposition diamond basis has been developed for precise time-of-flight measurements of the ion energy loss. The electrode structure is interdigitated for maximizing its sensitivity to low-energy ions, and it has a finger width of 100 μm and a spacing of 500 μm. A short single α-particle response is obtained, with signals as narrow as 700 ps at full width at half maximum. The detector has been tested with α-particle bunches at a 500 keV per nucleon energy, showing an excellent time-of-flight resolution down to 20 ps. In this way, beam energy resolutions from 0.4 keV to a few keV have been obtained in an experimental configuration using a 100 μg/cm2 thick carbon foil as an energy-loss target and a 2 m time-of-flight distance. This allows a highly precise beam energy measurement of δE/E ≈ 0.04%-0.2% and a resolution on the energy loss of 0.6%-2.5% for a fine testing of stopping-power models.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chaban, R.; Pace, D. C.; Marcy, G. R.; Taussig, D.
2016-10-01
Energetic ion losses must be minimized in burning plasmas to maintain fusion power, and existing tokamaks provide access to energetic ion parameter regimes that are relevant to burning machines. A new Fast Ion Loss Detector (FILD) probe on the DIII-D tokamak has been optimized to resolve beam ion losses across a range of 30 - 90 keV in energy and 40° to 80° in pitch angle, thereby providing valuable measurements during many different experiments. The FILD is a magnetic spectrometer; once inserted into the tokamak, the magnetic field allows energetic ions to pass through a collimating aperture and strike a scintillator plate that is imaged by a wide view camera and narrow view photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The design involves calculating scintillator strike patterns while varying probe geometry. Calculated scintillator patterns are then used to design an optical system that allows adjustment of the focus regions for the 1 MS/s resolved PMTs. A synthetic diagnostic will be used to determine the energy and pitch angle resolution that can be attained in DIII-D experiments. Work supported in part by US DOE under the Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) program and under DE-FC02-04ER54698.
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Radio frequency sustained ion energy
Jassby, Daniel L.; Hooke, William M.
1977-01-01
Electromagnetic (E.M.) energy injection method and apparatus for producing and sustaining suprathermal ordered ions in a neutral, two-ion-species, toroidal, bulk equilibrium plasma. More particularly, the ions are produced and sustained in an ordered suprathermal state of existence above the average energy and velocity of the bulk equilibrium plasma by resonant rf energy injection in resonance with the natural frequency of one of the ion species. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic energy is injected to clamp the energy and velocity of one of the ion species so that the ion energy is increased, sustained, prolonged and continued in a suprathermal ordered state of existence containing appreciable stored energy that counteracts the slowing down effects of the bulk equilibrium plasma drag. Thus, selective deuteron absorption may be used for ion-tail creation by radio-frequency excitation alone. Also, the rf can be used to increase the fusion output of a two-component neutral injected plasma by selective heating of the injected deuterons.
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Narrow Energy Gap between Triplet and Singlet Excited States of Sn2+ in Borate Glass
Masai, Hirokazu; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Yuto; Teramura, Kentaro; Kanemitsu, Yoshihiko; Yoko, Toshinobu
2013-01-01
Transparent inorganic luminescent materials have attracted considerable scientific and industrial attention recently because of their high chemical durability and formability. However, photoluminescence dynamics of ns2-type ions in oxide glasses has not been well examined, even though they can exhibit high quantum efficiency. We report on the emission property of Sn2+-doped strontium borate glasses. Photoluminescence dynamics studies show that the peak energy of the emission spectrum changes with time because of site distribution of emission centre in glass. It is also found that the emission decay of the present glass consists of two processes: a faster S1-S0 transition and a slower T1-S0 relaxation, and also that the energy difference between T1 and S1 states was found to be much smaller than that of (Sn, Sr)B6O10 crystals. We emphasize that the narrow energy gap between the S1 and T1 states provides the glass phosphor a high quantum efficiency, comparable to commercial crystalline phosphors. PMID:24345869
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Very-low-energy-spread ion sources
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Y.
1997-05-01
Ion beams with low axial energy spread are required in many applications such as ion projection lithography, isobaric separation in radioactive ion beam experiments, and ion beam deposition processes. In an ion source, the spread of the axial ion energy is caused by the nonuniformity of the plasma potential distribution along the source axis. Multicusp ion sources are capable of production positive and negative ions with good beam quality and relatively low energy spread. By intorducing a magnetic filter inside the multicusp source chamber, the axial plasma potential distribution is modified and the energy spread of positive hydrogen ions can be reduced to as low as 1 eV. The energy spread measurements of multicusp sources have been conducted by employing three different techniques: an electrostatic energy analyzer at the source exit; a magnetic deflection spectrometer; and a retarding-field energy analyzer for the accelerated beam. These different measurements confirmed tha! t ! the axial energy spread of positive and negative ions generated in the filter-equipped multicusp sources are small. New ion source configurations are now being investigated at LBNL with the purpose of achieving enen lower energy spread (<1eV) and of maximizing source performance such as reliability and lifetime.
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Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas
Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald C.; Hamilton, Christopher E.; Santiago, Miguel A.; Kreuzer, Christian; Sefkow, Adam B.; Shah, Rahul C.; Fernández, Juan C.
2015-01-01
Table-top laser–plasma ion accelerators have many exciting applications, many of which require ion beams with simultaneous narrow energy spread and high conversion efficiency. However, achieving these requirements has been elusive. Here we report the experimental demonstration of laser-driven ion beams with narrow energy spread and energies up to 18 MeV per nucleon and ∼5% conversion efficiency (that is 4 J out of 80-J laser). Using computer simulations we identify a self-organizing scheme that reduces the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma through persisting self-generated plasma electric (∼1012 V m−1) and magnetic (∼104 T) fields. These results contribute to the development of next generation compact accelerators suitable for many applications such as isochoric heating for ion-fast ignition and producing warm dense matter for basic science. PMID:26657147
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Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas
Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald C.; ...
2015-12-11
Here, table-top laser–plasma ion accelerators have many exciting applications, many of which require ion beams with simultaneous narrow energy spread and high conversion efficiency. However, achieving these requirements has been elusive. Here we report the experimental demonstration of laser-driven ion beams with narrow energy spread and energies up to 18 MeV per nucleon and ~5% conversion efficiency (that is 4 J out of 80-J laser). Using computer simulations we identify a self-organizing scheme that reduces the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma through persisting self-generated plasma electric (~10 12 V m –1) and magnetic (~10 4 T)more » fields. These results contribute to the development of next generation compact accelerators suitable for many applications such as isochoric heating for ion-fast ignition and producing warm dense matter for basic science.« less
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Charging dynamics of supercapacitors with narrow cylindrical nanopores.
Lee, Alpha A; Kondrat, Svyatoslav; Oshanin, Gleb; Kornyshev, Alexei A
2014-08-08
We present a coarse-grained, continuum kinetic theory for charging supercapacitors with narrow cylindrical nanopores. The theory reveals that the occupancy of a nonpolarized pore and the energy barrier for ion-ion interdiffusion are the key issues controlling the different regimes of dynamic response. For 'ionophobic' pores, where the pore is empty at no applied voltage, charge density advances into the pore via diffusion-like dynamics. The mechanism of charging an 'ionophilic' pore is starkly different: for moderate ionophilicities, co-ions are expelled from the pore in a front-like manner, with significant 'congestion' at the pore entrance predicted for strong ionophilicity. We thus show that pore ionophilicity is detrimental to the speed of charging/discharging cycles, whereas making pores more ionophobic can substantially accelerate charging and cyclic recharging.
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Charging dynamics of supercapacitors with narrow cylindrical nanopores
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Alpha A.; Kondrat, Svyatoslav; Oshanin, Gleb; Kornyshev, Alexei A.
2014-08-01
We present a coarse-grained, continuum kinetic theory for charging supercapacitors with narrow cylindrical nanopores. The theory reveals that the occupancy of a nonpolarized pore and the energy barrier for ion-ion interdiffusion are the key issues controlling the different regimes of dynamic response. For ‘ionophobic’ pores, where the pore is empty at no applied voltage, charge density advances into the pore via diffusion-like dynamics. The mechanism of charging an ‘ionophilic’ pore is starkly different: for moderate ionophilicities, co-ions are expelled from the pore in a front-like manner, with significant ‘congestion’ at the pore entrance predicted for strong ionophilicity. We thus show that pore ionophilicity is detrimental to the speed of charging/discharging cycles, whereas making pores more ionophobic can substantially accelerate charging and cyclic recharging.
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Neutral beamline with improved ion energy recovery
Dagenhart, William K.; Haselton, Halsey H.; Stirling, William L.; Whealton, John H.
1984-01-01
A neutral beamline generator with unneutralized ion energy recovery is provided which enhances the energy recovery of the full energy ion component of the beam exiting the neutralizer cell of the beamline. The unneutralized full energy ions exiting the neutralizer are deflected from the beam path and the electrons in the cell are blocked by a magnetic field applied transverse to the beamline in the cell exit region. The ions, which are generated at essentially ground potential and accelerated through the neutralizer cell by a negative acceleration voltage, are collected at ground potential. A neutralizer cell exit end region is provided which allows the magnetic and electric fields acting on the exiting ions to be closely coupled. As a result, the fractional energy ions exiting the cell with the full energy ions are reflected back into the gas cell. Thus, the fractional energy ions do not detract from the energy recovery efficiency of full energy ions exiting the cell which can reach the ground potential interior surfaces of the beamline housing.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Weber, M.J.; Brawer, S.A.
1982-07-02
The local structure at individual ion sites in simple and multicomponent glasses is simulated using methods of molecular dynamics. Computer simulations of fluoroberyllate glasses predict a range of ion separations and coordination numbers that increases with increasing complexity of the glass composition. This occurs at both glass forming and glass modifying cation sites. Laser-induced fluorescence line-narrowing techniques provide a unique probe of the local environments of selected subsets of ions and are used to measure site to site variations in the electronic energy levels and transition probabilities of rare earth ions. These and additional results from EXAFS, neutron and x-raymore » diffraction, and NMR experiments are compared with simulated glass structures.« less
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Dielectric Self-Energy in Poisson-Boltzmann and Poisson-Nernst-Planck Models of Ion Channels
Corry, Ben; Kuyucak, Serdar; Chung, Shin-Ho
2003-01-01
We demonstrated previously that the two continuum theories widely used in modeling biological ion channels give unreliable results when the radius of the conduit is less than two Debye lengths. The reason for this failure is the neglect of surface charges on the protein wall induced by permeating ions. Here we attempt to improve the accuracy of the Poisson-Boltzmann and Poisson-Nernst-Planck theories, when applied to channel-like environments, by including a specific dielectric self-energy term to overcome spurious shielding effects inherent in these theories. By comparing results with Brownian dynamics simulations, we show that the inclusion of an additional term in the equations yields significant qualitative improvements. The modified theories perform well in very wide and very narrow channels, but are less successful at intermediate sizes. The situation is worse in multi-ion channels because of the inability of the continuum theories to handle the ion-to-ion interactions correctly. Thus, further work is required if these continuum theories are to be reliably salvaged for quantitative studies of biological ion channels in all situations. PMID:12770869
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Rafalskyi, Dmytro; Aanesland, Ane; Dudin, Stanislav
2015-05-15
This paper presents the development of a magnetized retarding field energy analyzer (MRFEA) used for positive and negative ion analysis. The two-stage analyzer combines a magnetic electron barrier and an electrostatic ion energy barrier allowing both positive and negative ions to be analyzed without the influence of electrons (co-extracted or created downstream). An optimal design of the MRFEA for ion-ion beams has been achieved by a comparative study of three different MRFEA configurations, and from this, scaling laws of an optimal magnetic field strength and topology have been deduced. The optimal design consists of a uniform magnetic field barrier createdmore » in a rectangular channel and an electrostatic barrier consisting of a single grid and a collector placed behind the magnetic field. The magnetic barrier alone provides an electron suppression ratio inside the analyzer of up to 6000, while keeping the ion energy resolution below 5 eV. The effective ion transparency combining the magnetic and electrostatic sections of the MRFEA is measured as a function of the ion energy. It is found that the ion transparency of the magnetic barrier increases almost linearly with increasing ion energy in the low-energy range (below 200 eV) and saturates at high ion energies. The ion transparency of the electrostatic section is almost constant and close to the optical transparency of the entrance grid. We show here that the MRFEA can provide both accurate ion flux and ion energy distribution measurements in various experimental setups with ion beams or plasmas run at low pressure and with ion energies above 10 eV.« less
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Behar, Ehud; Nordon, Raanan; Soker, Noam; Kastner, Joel H.; Yu, Young Sam
2009-01-01
X-rays from planetary nebulae (PNs) are believed to originate from a shock driven into the fast stellar wind (v 1000 kilometers per second) as it collides with an earlier circumstellar slow wind (v 10 kilometers per second). In theory, the shocked fast wind (hot hubble) and the ambient cold nebula can remain separated by magnetic fields along a surface referred to as the contact discontinuity (CD) that inhibits diffusion and heat conduction. The CD region is extremely difficult to probe directly owing to its small size and faint emission. This has largely left the study of CDs, stellar-shocks, and the associated micro-physics in the realm of theory. This paper presents spectroscopic evidence for ions from the hot bubble (kT approximately equal to 100 eV) crossing the CD and penetrating the cold nebular gas (kT approximately equal to 1 eV). Specifically, a narrow radiative recombination continuum (RRC) emission feature is identified in the high resolution X-ray spectrum of the PN BD+30degree3639 indicating bare C VII ions are recombining with cool electrons at kT(sub e) = 1.7 plus or minus 1.3 eV. An upper limit to the flux of the narrow RRC of H-like C VI is obtained as well. The RRCs are interpreted as due to C ions from the hot bubble of BD+30degree3639 crossing the CD into the cold nebula, where they ultimately recombine with its cool electrons. The RRC flux ratio of C VII to C VI constrains the temperature jump across the CD to deltakT greater than 80 eV, providing for the first time direct evidence for the stark temperature disparity between the two sides of an astrophysical CD, and constraining the role of magnetic fields and heat conduction accordingly. Two colliding-wind binaries are noted to have similar RRCs suggesting a temperature jump and CD crossing by ions may be common feature of stellar wind shocks.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Diomede, Paola; Economou, Demetre J.; Donnelly, Vincent M.
2011-04-15
A Particle-in-Cell simulation with Monte Carlo Collisions (PIC-MCC) was conducted of the application of tailored DC voltage steps on an electrode, during the afterglow of a capacitively-coupled pulsed-plasma argon discharge, to control the energy of ions incident on the counter-electrode. Staircase voltage waveforms with selected amplitudes and durations resulted in ion energy distributions (IED) with distinct narrow peaks, with controlled energies and fraction of ions under each peak. Temporary electron heating at the moment of application of a DC voltage step did not influence the electron density decay in the afterglow. The IED peaks were 'smeared' by collisions, especially atmore » the higher pressures of the range (10-40 mTorr) investigated.« less
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Production of High Energy Ions Near an Ion Thruster Discharge Hollow Cathode
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Katz, Ira; Mikellides, I. G.; Goebel, D. M.; Jameson, K. K.; Wirz, R.; Polk, James E.
2006-01-01
Several researchers have measured ions leaving ion thruster discharge chambers with energies far greater than measured discharge chamber potentials. Presented in this paper is a new mechanism for the generation of high energy ions and a comparison with measured ion spectra. The source of high energy ions has been a puzzle because they not only have energies in excess of measured steady state potentials, but as reported by Goebel et. al. [1], their flux is independent of the amplitude of time dependent plasma fluctuations. The mechanism relies on the charge exchange neutralization of xenon ions accelerated radially into the potential trough in front of the discharge cathode. Previous researchers [2] have identified the importance of charge exchange in this region as a mechanism for protecting discharge cathode surfaces from ion bombardment. This paper is the first to identify how charge exchange in this region can lead to ion energy enhancement.
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Ion acceleration in shell cylinders irradiated by a short intense laser pulse
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Andreev, A.; ELI-ALPS, Szeged; Platonov, K.
The interaction of a short high intensity laser pulse with homo and heterogeneous shell cylinders has been analyzed using particle-in-cell simulations and analytical modeling. We show that the shell cylinder is proficient of accelerating and focusing ions in a narrow region. In the case of shell cylinder, the ion energy exceeds the ion energy for a flat target of the same thickness. The constructed model enables the evaluation of the ion energy and the number of ions in the focusing region.
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Neutral beamline with improved ion energy recovery
Kim, Jinchoon
1984-01-01
A neutral beamline employing direct energy recovery of unneutralized residual ions is provided which enhances the energy recovery of the full energy ion component of the beam exiting the neutralizer cell, and thus improves the overall neutral beamline efficiency. The unneutralized full energy ions exiting the neutralizer are deflected from the beam path and the electrons in the cell are blocked by a magnetic field applied transverse to the beam direction in the neutral izer exit region. The ions which are generated at essentially ground potential and accelerated through the neutralizer cell by a negative acceleration voltage are collected at ground potential. A neutralizer cell exit end region is provided which allows the magnetic and electric fields acting on the exiting ions to be loosely coupled. As a result, the fractional energy ions exiting the cell are reflected onto and collected at an interior wall of the neutralizer formed by the modified end geometry, and thus do not detract from the energy recovery efficiency of full energy ions exiting the cell. Electrons within the neutralizer are prevented from exiting the neutralizer end opening by the action of crossed fields drift (ExB) and are terminated to a collector collar around the downstream opening of the neutralizer. The correct combination of the extended neutralizer end structure and the magnet region is designed so as to maximize the exit of full energy ions and to contain the fractional energy ions.
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Optimized Ion Energy Profiles for Heavy Ion Direct Drive Targets
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hay, Michael J.; Barnard, John J.; Perkins, L. John; Logan, B. Grant
2009-11-01
Recent 1-D implosion calculations [1] have characterized pure-DT targets delivering gains of 50-90 with less than 0.5 MJ of heavy ion direct drive. With a payload fraction of 1/3, these low-aspect ratio targets operate near the peak of rocket efficiency and achieve ˜10% overall coupling efficiencies (vs. the 15-20% efficiencies analytically predicted for less stable, higher-aspect ratio targets). In Ref. 1, the ion energy is ramped directly from a 50 MeV foot pulse to a 500 MeV main pulse. In this paper, we instead tune the ion energy throughout the drive to closely match the beam deposition with the inward progress of the ablation front. We will present the ion energy and intensity time histories that maximize drive efficiency and gain for a single target at constant integrated drive energy. [1] L. J. Perkins, B. G. Logan, J. J. Barnard, and M. J. Hay. ``High Efficiency High Gain Heavy Ion Direct Drive Targets,'' Bulletin of the American Physical Society, vol. 54: DPP, Nov. 2009.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald; Hamilton, Christopher; Santiago, Miguel; Kreuzer, Christian; Shah, Rahul; Fernandez, Juan; Los Alamos National Laboratory Team; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Team
2015-11-01
Table-top laser-plasma ion accelerators seldom achieve narrow energy spreads, and never without serious compromises in efficiency, particle yield, etc. Using massive computer simulations, we identify a self-organizing scheme that exploits persisting self-generated plasma electric (~ TV/m) and magnetic (~ 104 Tesla) fields to reduce the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma - separating the ion acceleration from the energy spread reduction. Consistent with the scheme, we experimentally demonstrate aluminum and carbon ion beams with narrow spectral peaks at energies up to 310 MeV (11.5 MeV/nucleon) and 220 MeV (18.3 MeV/nucleon), respectively, with high conversion efficiency (~ 5%, i.e., 4J out of 80J laser). This is achieved with 0.12 PW high-contrast Gaussian laser pulses irradiating planar foils with optimal thicknesses of up to 250 nm that scale with laser intensity. When increasing the focused laser intensity fourfold (by reducing the focusing optic f/number twofold), the spectral-peak energy increases twofold. These results pave the way for next generation compact accelerators suitable for applications. For example, 400 MeV (33.3 MeV/nucleon) carbon-ion beam with narrow energy spread required for ion fast ignition could be generated using PW-class lasers.
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Kinetic energy offsets for multicharged ions from an electron beam ion source.
Kulkarni, D D; Ahl, C D; Shore, A M; Miller, A J; Harriss, J E; Sosolik, C E; Marler, J P
2017-08-01
Using a retarding field analyzer, we have measured offsets between the nominal and measured kinetic energy of multicharged ions extracted from an electron beam ion source (EBIS). By varying source parameters, a shift in ion kinetic energy was attributed to the trapping potential produced by the space charge of the electron beam within the EBIS. The space charge of the electron beam depends on its charge density, which in turn depends on the amount of negative charge (electron beam current) and its velocity (electron beam energy). The electron beam current and electron beam energy were both varied to obtain electron beams of varying space charge and these were related to the observed kinetic energy offsets for Ar 4+ and Ar 8+ ion beams. Knowledge of these offsets is important for studies that seek to utilize slow, i.e., low kinetic energy, multicharged ions to exploit their high potential energies for processes such as surface modification. In addition, we show that these offsets can be utilized to estimate the effective radius of the electron beam inside the trap.
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Aumayr, Friedrich; Facsko, Stefan; El-Said, Ayman S; Trautmann, Christina; Schleberger, Marika
2011-10-05
This topical review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the formation of surface nanostructures, an intriguing phenomenon in ion-surface interaction due to the impact of individual ions. In many solid targets, swift heavy ions produce narrow cylindrical tracks accompanied by the formation of a surface nanostructure. More recently, a similar nanometric surface effect has been revealed for the impact of individual, very slow but highly charged ions. While swift ions transfer their large kinetic energy to the target via ionization and electronic excitation processes (electronic stopping), slow highly charged ions produce surface structures due to potential energy deposited at the top surface layers. Despite the differences in primary excitation, the similarity between the nanostructures is striking and strongly points to a common mechanism related to the energy transfer from the electronic to the lattice system of the target. A comparison of surface structures induced by swift heavy ions and slow highly charged ions provides a valuable insight to better understand the formation mechanisms. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd
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Synergy of elastic and inelastic energy loss on ion track formation in SrTiO 3
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Weber, William J.; Zarkadoula, Eva; Pakarinen, Olli H.
2015-01-12
While the interaction of energetic ions with solids is well known to result in inelastic energy loss to electrons and elastic energy loss to atomic nuclei in the solid, the coupled effects of these energy losses on defect production, nanostructure evolution and phase transformations in ionic and covalently bonded materials are complex and not well understood due to dependencies on electron-electron scattering processes, electron-phonon coupling, localized electronic excitations, diffusivity of charged defects, and solid-state radiolysis. Here we show that a colossal synergy occurs between inelastic energy loss and pre-existing atomic defects created by elastic energy loss in single crystal strontiummore » titanate (SrTiO 3), resulting in the formation of nanometer-sized amorphous tracks, but only in the narrow region with pre-existing defects. These defects locally decrease the electronic and atomic thermal conductivities and increase electron-phonon coupling, which locally increase the intensity of the thermal spike for each ion. This work identifies a major gap in understanding on the role of defects in electronic energy dissipation and electron-phonon coupling; it also provides insights for creating novel interfaces and nanostructures to functionalize thin film structures, including tunable electronic, ionic, magnetic and optical properties.« less
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Measurement of ultra-low ion energy of decelerated ion beam using a deflecting electric field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thopan, P.; Suwannakachorn, D.; Tippawan, U.; Yu, L. D.
2015-12-01
In investigation on ultra-low-energy ion bombardment effect on DNA, an ion beam deceleration lens was developed for high-quality ultra-low-energy ion beam. Measurement of the ion energy after deceleration was necessary to confirm the ion beam really decelerated as theoretically predicted. In contrast to conventional methods, this work used a simple deflecting electrostatic field after the deceleration lens to bend the ion beam. The beam bending distance depended on the ion energy and was described and simulated. A system for the measurement of the ion beam energy was constructed. It consisted of a pair of parallel electrode plates to generate the deflecting electrical field, a copper rod measurement piece to detect ion beam current, a vernier caliper to mark the beam position, a stepping motor to translate the measurement rod, and a webcam-camera to read the beam bending distance. The entire system was installed after the ion-beam deceleration lens inside the large chamber of the bioengineering vertical ion beam line. Moving the measurement rod across the decelerated ion beam enabled to obtain beam profiles, from which the beam bending distance could be known and the ion beam energy could be calculated. The measurement results were in good agreement with theoretical and simulated results.
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Electron energy recovery system for negative ion sources
Dagenhart, W.K.; Stirling, W.L.
1979-10-25
An electron energy recovery system for negative ion sources is provided. The system, employing crossed electric and magnetic fields, separates the electrons from the ions as they are extracted from the ion source plasma generator and before the ions are accelerated to their full energy. With the electric and magnetic fields oriented 90/sup 0/ to each other, the electrons remain at approximately the electrical potential at which they were generated. The electromagnetic forces cause the ions to be accelerated to the full accelerating supply voltage energy while being deflected through an angle of less than 90/sup 0/. The electrons precess out of the accelerating field region into an electron recovery region where they are collected at a small fraction of the full accelerating supply energy. It is possible, by this method, to collect > 90% of the electrons extracted along with the negative ions from a negative ion source beam at < 4% of full energy.
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Energy-banded ions in Saturn's magnetosphere
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thomsen, M. F.; Badman, S. V.; Jackman, C. M.; Jia, X.; Kivelson, M. G.; Kurth, W. S.
2017-05-01
Using data from the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer ion mass spectrometer, we report the first observation of energy-banded ions at Saturn. Observed near midnight at relatively high magnetic latitudes, the banded ions are dominantly H+, and they occupy the range of energies typically associated with the thermal pickup distribution in the inner magnetosphere (L < 10), but their energies decline monotonically with increasing radial distance (or time or decreasing latitude). Their pitch angle distribution suggests a source at low (or slightly southern) latitudes. The band energies, including their pitch angle dependence, are consistent with a bounce-resonant interaction between thermal H+ ions and the standing wave structure of a field line resonance. There is additional evidence in the pitch angle dependence of the band energies that the particles in each band may have a common time of flight from their most recent interaction with the wave, which may have been at slightly southern latitudes. Thus, while the particles are basically bounce resonant, their energization may be dominated by their most recent encounter with the standing wave.
Plain Language SummaryDuring an outbound passage by the Cassini spacecraft through Saturn's inner magnetosphere, <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions were observed that featured discrete flux peaks at regularly spaced <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The peaks persisted over several hours and several Saturn radii of distance away from the planet. We show that these "bands" of <span class="hlt">ions</span> are plausibly the result of an interaction between the Saturnian plasma and standing waves that form along the magnetospheric magnetic field lines. These observations are the first reported evidence that such standing waves may be present in the inner magnetosphere, where they could contribute to the radial transport of Saturn's radiation belt particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315202','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315202"><span>An electron cyclotron resonance <span class="hlt">ion</span> source based low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam platform.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, L T; Shang, Y; Ma, B H; Zhang, X Z; Feng, Y C; Li, X X; Wang, H; Guo, X H; Song, M T; Zhao, H Y; Zhang, Z M; Zhao, H W; Xie, D Z</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>To satisfy the requirements of surface and atomic physics study in the field of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> multiple charge state <span class="hlt">ion</span> incident experiments, a low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (10 eV/q-20 keV/q) <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam platform is under design at IMP. A simple test bench has been set up to test the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam deceleration systems. Considering virtues such as structure simplicity, easy handling, compactness, cost saving, etc., an all-permanent magnet ECRIS LAPECR1 [Lanzhou all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) <span class="hlt">ion</span> source No. 1] working at 14.5 GHz has been adopted to produce intense medium and low charge state <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. LAPECR1 source has already been ignited. Some intense low charge state <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams have been produced on it, but the first test also reveals that many problems are existing on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam transmission line. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam transmission mismatches result in the depressed performance of LAPECR1, which will be discussed in this paper. To obtain ultralow <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam, after being analyzed by a double-focusing analyzer magnet, the selected <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam will be further decelerated by two afocal deceleration lens systems, which is still under design. This design has taken into consideration both <span class="hlt">ions</span> slowing down and also <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam focusing. In this paper, the conceptual design of deceleration system will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.394...73J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.394...73J"><span>Mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> for molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, Phillip W. K.; Sauer, Stephan P. A.; Oddershede, Jens; Sabin, John R.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The essential material constant that determines the bulk of the stopping power of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> projectiles, the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span>, is calculated for a range of smaller molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span> using the RPA method. It is demonstrated that the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span> of both molecules and atoms increase with ionic charge. However, while the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> of atoms also increase with atomic number, the opposite is the case for mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> for molecules and molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The origin of these effects is explained by considering the spectral representation of the excited state contributing to the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.814...73K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.814...73K"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam dynamics of NANOGAN ECR <span class="hlt">ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, Sarvesh; Mandal, A.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>A new low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam facility (LEIBF) has been developed for providing the mass analyzed highly charged intense <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams of <span class="hlt">energy</span> ranging from a few tens of keV to a few MeV for atomic, molecular and materials sciences research. The new facility consists of an all permanent magnet 10 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) <span class="hlt">ion</span> source (NANOGAN) installed on a high voltage platform (400 kV) which provides large currents of multiply charged <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. Higher emittance at low <span class="hlt">energy</span> of intense <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam puts a tremendous challenge to the beam optical design of this facility. The beam line consists of mainly the electrostatic quadrupoles, an accelerating section, analyzing cum switching magnet and suitable beam diagnostics including vacuum components. The accelerated <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam is analyzed for a particular mass to charge (m/q) ratio as well as guided to three different lines along 75°, 90° and 105° using a large acceptance analyzing cum switching magnet. The details of transverse beam optics to all the beam lines with TRANSPORT and GICOSY beam optics codes are being described. Field computation code, OPERA 3D has been utilized to design the magnets and electrostatic quadrupoles. A theoretical estimation of emittance for optimized geometry of <span class="hlt">ion</span> source is given so as to form the basis of beam optics calculations. The method of quadrupole scan of the beam is used to characterize the emittance of the final beam on the target. The measured beam emittance increases with m/q ratios of various <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams similar to the trend observed theoretically.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PlST....1...79Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PlST....1...79Y"><span>Interaction between Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ions</span> and the Complicated Organism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Zeng-liang</p> <p>1999-12-01</p> <p>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> exist widely in natural world, but people pay a little attention on the interaction between low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> and matter, it is even more out of the question of studying on the relation of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the complicated organism. The discovery of bioeffect induced by <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation has, however, opened a new branch in the field of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam application in life sciences. This paper reports recent advances in research on the role of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> in chemical synthesis of the biomolecules and application in genetic modification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911346L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911346L"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> outflow modulated by the solar wind <span class="hlt">energy</span> input</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Kun; Wei, Yong; Andre, Mats; Eriksson, Anders; Haaland, Stein; Kronberg, Elena; Nilsson, Hans; Maes, Lukas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Due to the spacecraft charging issue, it has been difficult to measure low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> of ionospheric origin in the magnetosphere. A recent study taking advantage of the spacecraft electric potential has found that the previously 'hidden' low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> is dominant in the magnetosphere. This comprehensive dataset of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> allows us to study the relationship between the ionospheric outflow and <span class="hlt">energy</span> input from the solar wind (ɛ). In this study, we discuss the ratios of the solar wind <span class="hlt">energy</span> input to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the ionospheric outflow. We show that the ɛ controls the ionospheric outflow when the ɛ is high, while the ionospheric outflow does not systematically change with the ɛ when the ɛ is low.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT........66K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT........66K"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>/momentum effects during <span class="hlt">ion</span> assisted growth of niobium nitride films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klingenberg, Melissa L.</p> <p></p> <p>The research described herein was performed to better understand and discern <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> vs. <span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum effects during <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam assisted (IBAD) film growth and their effects on residual stress, crystalline structure, morphology, and composition, which influence film tribological properties. NbxN y was chosen for this research because it is a refractory material that can possess a large number of crystalline structures, and it has been found to have good tribological properties. To separate the effects of momentum transfer per arriving atom (p/a), which considers bombarding species mass, <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and <span class="hlt">ion</span>-to-atom transport ratio, from those of <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition per arriving atom (E/a), a mass independent parameter, different inert <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams (krypton, argon, and neon) were used to create a matrix of coatings formed using similar <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition, but different momentum transfer and vice versa. Deposition was conducted in a research-scale IBAD system using electron beam evaporation, a radio frequency <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, and a neutral nitrogen gas backfill. Films were characterized using x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and residual stress analysis. Direct and quantifiable effects of bombardment were observed; however, <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition and momentum transfer effects could not be completely separated, confirming that thin film processes are complex. Complexities arose from <span class="hlt">ion</span>-specific interactions (<span class="hlt">ion</span> size, recoil <span class="hlt">energy</span>, per cent reflected neutrals, Penning ionization, etc.) and chemistry effects that are not considered by the simple models. Overall, it can be stated that bombardment promoted nitride formation, nanocrystallinity, and compressive stress formation; influenced morphology (which influenced post-deposition oxygen uptake) and stress evolution; increased lattice parameter; modified crystalline phase and texture; and led to inert gas incorporation. High stress levels correlated strongly with material disorder and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4035562','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4035562"><span>High ionic strength <span class="hlt">narrows</span> the population of sites participating in protein <span class="hlt">ion</span>-exchange adsorption: A single-molecule study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kisley, Lydia; Chen, Jixin; Mansur, Andrea P.; Dominguez-Medina, Sergio; Kulla, Eliona; Kang, Marci; Shuang, Bo; Kourentzi, Katerina; Poongavanam, Mohan-Vivekanandan; Dhamane, Sagar; Willson, Richard C.; Landes, Christy F.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The retention and elution of proteins in <span class="hlt">ion</span>-exchange chromatography is routinely controlled by adjusting the mobile phase salt concentration. It has repeatedly been observed, as judged from adsorption isotherms, that the apparent heterogeneity of adsorption is lower at more-eluting, higher ionic strength. Here, we present an investigation into the mechanism of this phenomenon using a single-molecule, super-resolution imaging technique called motion-blur Points Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography (mbPAINT). We observed that the number of functional adsorption sites was smaller at high ionic strength and that these sites had reduced desorption kinetic heterogeneity, and thus <span class="hlt">narrower</span> predicted elution profiles, for the anion-exchange adsorption of α-lactalbumin on an agarose-supported, clustered-charge ligand stationary phase. Explanations for the <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the functional population such as inter-protein interactions and protein or support structural changes were investigated through kinetic analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and microscopy of agarose microbeads, respectively. The results suggest the reduction of heterogeneity is due to both electrostatic screening between the protein and ligand and tuning the steric availability within the agarose support. Overall, we have shown that single molecule spectroscopy can aid in understanding the influence of ionic strength on the population of functional adsorbent sites participating in the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-exchange chromatographic separation of proteins. PMID:24751557</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPB.242..125T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPB.242..125T"><span>Formation of mono-layered gold nanoparticles in shallow depth of SiO 2 thin film by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> negative-<span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsuji, H.; Arai, N.; Ueno, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Gotoh, N.; Adachi, K.; Kotaki, H.; Gotoh, Y.; Ishikawa, J.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Mono-layered gold nanoparticles just below the surface of silicon oxide film have been formed by a gold negative-<span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation at a very low-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, where the deviation of implanted atoms was sufficiently <span class="hlt">narrow</span> comparing to the size of nanoparticles. Gold negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> were implanted into SiO2 thin films on Si substrate at <span class="hlt">energies</span> of 35, 15 and 1 keV. The samples were annealed in Ar flow for 1 h at 900 or 1000 °C. Cross-sectional TEM observation for the implantation at 1 keV showed existence of Au nanoparticles aligned in the same depth of 5 nm from the surface. The nanoparticles had almost same diameter of 7 nm. The nanoparticles were found to be gold single crystal from a high-resolution TEM image.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/886068','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/886068"><span>Influence of argon and oxygen on charge-state-resolved <span class="hlt">ion</span> energydistributions of filtered aluminum arcs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rosen, Johanna; Anders, Andre; Mraz, Stanislav</p> <p>2006-03-23</p> <p>The charge-state-resolved <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions (IEDs) in filtered aluminum vacuum arc plasmas were measured and analyzed at different oxygen and argon pressures in the range 0.5 8.0 mTorr. A significant reduction of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> was detected as the pressure was increased, most pronounced in an argon environment and for the higher charge states. The corresponding average charge state decreased from 1.87 to 1.0 with increasing pressure. The IEDs of all metal <span class="hlt">ions</span> in oxygen were fitted with shifted Maxwellian distributions. The results show that it is possible to obtain a plasma composition with a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> charge-state distribution as wellmore » as a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> IED. These data may enable tailoring thin-film properties through selecting growth conditions that are characterized by predefined charge state and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26996438','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26996438"><span>Rechargeable dual-metal-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries for advanced <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yao, Hu-Rong; You, Ya; Yin, Ya-Xia; Wan, Li-Jun; Guo, Yu-Guo</p> <p>2016-04-14</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span> storage devices are more important today than any time before in human history due to the increasing demand for clean and sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Rechargeable batteries are emerging as the most efficient <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage technology for a wide range of portable devices, grids and electronic vehicles. Future generations of batteries are required to have high gravimetric and volumetric <span class="hlt">energy</span>, high power density, low price, long cycle life, high safety and low self-discharge properties. However, it is quite challenging to achieve the above properties simultaneously in state-of-the-art single metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries (e.g. Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries, Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries and Mg-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries). In this contribution, hybrid-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in which various metal <span class="hlt">ions</span> simultaneously engage to store <span class="hlt">energy</span> are shown to provide a new perspective towards advanced <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage: by connecting the respective advantages of different metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries they have recently attracted widespread attention due to their novel performances. The properties of hybrid-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are not simply the superposition of the performances of single <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries. To enable a distinct description, we only focus on dual-metal-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in this article, for which the design and the benefits are briefly discussed. We enumerate some new results about dual-metal-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries and demonstrate the mechanism for improving performance based on knowledge from the literature and experiments. Although the search for hybrid-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries is still at an early age, we believe that this strategy would be an excellent choice for breaking the inherent disadvantages of single <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in the near future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23003055','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23003055"><span>Influence of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> {111} planes on axial and planar <span class="hlt">ion</span> channeling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Motapothula, M; Dang, Z Y; Venkatesan, T; Breese, M B H; Rana, M A; Osman, A</p> <p>2012-05-11</p> <p>We report channeling patterns where clearly resolved effects of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> {111} planes are observed in axial and planar alignments for 2 MeV protons passing through a 55 nm [001] silicon membrane. At certain axes, such as <213> and <314>, the offset in atomic rows forming the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> {111} planes results in shielding from the large potential at the wide {111} planes, producing a region of shallow, asymmetric potential from which axial channeling patterns have no plane of symmetry. At small tilts from such axes, different behavior is observed from the wide and <span class="hlt">narrow</span> {111} planes. At planar alignment, distinctive channeling effects due to the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> planes are observed. As a consequence of the shallow potential well at the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> planes, incident protons suffer dechanneled trajectories which are excluded from channeling within the wide planes, resulting in an anomalously large scattered beam at {111} alignment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910005500','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910005500"><span>Surface modification using low <span class="hlt">energy</span> ground state <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chutjian, Ara (Inventor); Hecht, Michael H. (Inventor); Orient, Otto J. (Inventor)</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A method of effecting modifications at the surfaces of materials using low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams of known quantum state, purity, flux, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> is presented. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam is obtained by bombarding <span class="hlt">ion</span>-generating molecules with electrons which are also at low <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The electrons used to bombard the <span class="hlt">ion</span> generating molecules are separated from the <span class="hlt">ions</span> thus obtained and the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam is directed at the material surface to be modified. Depending on the type of <span class="hlt">ion</span> generating molecules used, different <span class="hlt">ions</span> can be obtained for different types of surface modifications such as oxidation and diamond film formation. One area of application is in the manufacture of semiconductor devices from semiconductor wafers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13.5001B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13.5001B"><span>High responsivity secondary <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Belov, A. S.; Chermoshentsev, D. A.; Gavrilov, S. A.; Frolov, O. T.; Netchaeva, L. P.; Nikulin, E. S.; Zubets, V. N.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The degree of space charge compensation of a 70 mA, 400 keV pulsed hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam has been measured with the use of an electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer of secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The large azimuthal angle of the analyzer enables a high responsivity, defined as the ratio of the slow secondary <span class="hlt">ion</span> current emerging from the partially-compensated <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam to the fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam current. We measured 84% space charge compensation of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. The current from the slow <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the rise time from the degree of space charge compensation were measured and compared with expected values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRA..113.6211P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRA..113.6211P"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> energization in Ganymede's magnetosphere: Using multifluid simulations to interpret <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrograms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paty, C.; Paterson, W.; Winglee, R.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>We investigate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> population and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution within Ganymede's magnetosphere by examining Ganymede's ionospheric outflow as a source of heavy (O+) and light (H+) <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the Jovian magnetospheric plasma as an external source of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We develop a method for examining the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of each <span class="hlt">ion</span> species in a three-dimensional multifluid simulation in a way directly comparable to the observations of the Plasma Experiment on the Galileo spacecraft. This is used to provide new insight to the existing controversy over the composition of Ganymede's observed ionospheric outflow, and enables further examination of the energetic signatures of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> population trapped within Ganymede's magnetosphere. The model-predicted ionospheric outflow is consistent with the in situ <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrograms observed by the Galileo Plasma Experiment at closest approach, and requires that both ionospheric H+ and O+ are present in the population of <span class="hlt">ions</span> exiting Ganymede's ionosphere over the polar cap. The outward flux of ionospheric <span class="hlt">ions</span> was calculated to be ~1026 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2/s, which is in agreement with independently calculated sputtering rates of Ganymede's icy surface. The modeled spectrograms define characteristic <span class="hlt">energy</span> signatures and populations for various regions of Ganymede's magnetosphere, which illustrate the major sources of <span class="hlt">ions</span> trapped within the magnetosphere are Ganymede's ionospheric O+ and H+. The fact that very little plasma was observed inside Ganymede's magnetosphere during the G8 flyby is attributed to the region being shadowed from the sun for ~60 h, which may indicate the importance of photoionization for sustaining Ganymede's ionospheric plasma source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604162','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604162"><span>Activation of Peptide <span class="hlt">ions</span> by blackbody radiation: factors that lead to dissociation kinetics in the rapid <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange limit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Price, W D; Williams, E R</p> <p>1997-11-20</p> <p>Unimolecular rate constants for blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) were calculated for the model protonated peptide (AlaGly)(n) (n = 2-32) using a variety of dissociation parameters. Combinations of dissociation threshold <span class="hlt">energies</span> ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 eV and transition entropies corresponding to Arrhenius preexponential factors ranging from very "tight" (A(infinity) = 10(9.9) s(-1)) to "loose" (A(infinity) = 10(16.8) s(-1)) were selected to represent dissociation parameters within the experimental temperature range (300-520 K) and kinetic window (k(uni) = 0.001-0.20 s(-1)) typically used in the BIRD experiment. Arrhenius parameters were determined from the temperature dependence of these values and compared to those in the rapid <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange (REX) limit. In this limit, the internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> of a population of <span class="hlt">ions</span> is given by a Boltzmann distribution, and kinetics are the same as those in the traditional high-pressure limit. For a dissociation process to be in this limit, the rate of photon exchange between an <span class="hlt">ion</span> and the vacuum chamber walls must be significantly greater than the dissociation rate. Kinetics rapidly approach the REX limit either as the molecular size or threshold dissociation <span class="hlt">energy</span> increases or as the transition-state entropy or experimental temperature decreases. Under typical experimental conditions, peptide <span class="hlt">ions</span> larger than 1.6 kDa should be in the REX limit. Smaller <span class="hlt">ions</span> may also be in the REX limit depending on the value of the threshold dissociation <span class="hlt">energy</span> and transition-state entropy. Either modeling or information about the dissociation mechanism must be known in order to confirm REX limit kinetics for these smaller <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Three principal factors that lead to the size dependence of REX limit kinetics are identified. With increasing molecular size, rates of radiative absorption and emission increase, internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions become relatively <span class="hlt">narrower</span>, and the microcanonical dissociation rate constants increase more</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1434517','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1434517"><span>Activation of Peptide <span class="hlt">Ions</span> by Blackbody Radiation: Factors That Lead to Dissociation Kinetics in the Rapid <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Exchange Limit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Price, William D.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Unimolecular rate constants for blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) were calculated for the model protonated peptide (AlaGly)n (n = 2–32) using a variety of dissociation parameters. Combinations of dissociation threshold <span class="hlt">energies</span> ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 eV and transition entropies corresponding to Arrhenius preexponential factors ranging from very “tight” (A∞ = 109.9 s−1) to “loose” (A∞ = 1016.8 s−1) were selected to represent dissociation parameters within the experimental temperature range (300–520 K) and kinetic window (kuni = 0.001–0.20 s−1) typically used in the BIRD experiment. Arrhenius parameters were determined from the temperature dependence of these values and compared to those in the rapid <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange (REX) limit. In this limit, the internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> of a population of <span class="hlt">ions</span> is given by a Boltzmann distribution, and kinetics are the same as those in the traditional high-pressure limit. For a dissociation process to be in this limit, the rate of photon exchange between an <span class="hlt">ion</span> and the vacuum chamber walls must be significantly greater than the dissociation rate. Kinetics rapidly approach the REX limit either as the molecular size or threshold dissociation <span class="hlt">energy</span> increases or as the transition-state entropy or experimental temperature decreases. Under typical experimental conditions, peptide <span class="hlt">ions</span> larger than 1.6 kDa should be in the REX limit. Smaller <span class="hlt">ions</span> may also be in the REX limit depending on the value of the threshold dissociation <span class="hlt">energy</span> and transition-state entropy. Either modeling or information about the dissociation mechanism must be known in order to confirm REX limit kinetics for these smaller <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Three principal factors that lead to the size dependence of REX limit kinetics are identified. With increasing molecular size, rates of radiative absorption and emission increase, internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions become relatively <span class="hlt">narrower</span>, and the microcanonical dissociation rate constants increase more slowly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.423...22L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.423...22L"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span>-induced particle desorption in time-of-flight medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lohmann, S.; Primetzhofer, D.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> emitted from solids upon <span class="hlt">ion</span> impact are studied in a time-of-flight medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering (ToF-MEIS) set-up. In order to investigate characteristics of the emission processes and to evaluate the potential for surface and thin film analysis, experiments employing TiN and Al samples were conducted. The ejected <span class="hlt">ions</span> exhibit a low initial kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of a few eV, thus, requiring a sufficiently high acceleration voltage for detection. Molecular and atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span> of different charge states originating both from surface contaminations and the sample material are found, and relative yields of several species were determined. Experimental evidence that points towards a predominantly electronic sputtering process is presented. For emitted Ti target atoms an additional nuclear sputtering component is suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/527672-ion-energy-distributions-silane-hydrogen-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/527672-ion-energy-distributions-silane-hydrogen-plasmas"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in silane-hydrogen plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hamers, E.A.G.; Sark, W.G.J.H.M. van; Bezemer, J.</p> <p>1996-12-31</p> <p>For the first time <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions (IED) of different <span class="hlt">ions</span> from silane-hydrogen (SiH{sub 4}-H{sub 2}) RF plasmas are presented, i.e., the distributions of SiH{sub 3}{sup +}, SiH{sub 2}{sup +} and Si{sub 2}H{sub 4}{sup +}. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of SiH{sub 3}{sup +} and SiH{sub 2}{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> show peaks, which are caused by a charge exchange process in the sheath. A method is presented by which the net charge density in the sheath is determined from the plasma potential and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> positions of the charge exchange peaks. Knowing the net charge density in the sheath and the plasma potential,more » the sheath thickness can be determined and an estimation of the absolute <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes can be made. The flux of <span class="hlt">ions</span> can, at maximum, account for 10% of the observed deposition rate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29676733','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29676733"><span>Deep UV <span class="hlt">Narrow</span>-Band Photodetector Based on <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Synthesized Indium Oxide Quantum Dots in Al2O3 Matrix.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rajamani, Saravanan; Arora, Kanika; Konakov, Anton; Belov, Alexey; Korolev, Dmitry; Nikolskaya, Alyona; Mikhaylov, Alexey N; Surodin, Sergey; Kryukov, Ruslan; Nikolichev, Dmitri; Sushkov, Artem; Pavlov, Dmitry; Tetelbaum, David; Kumar, Mukesh; Kumar, Mahesh</p> <p>2018-04-20</p> <p>Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted tremendous attention owing to their novel electrical and optical properties due to the size dependent quantum confinement effects. This provides an advantage of tunable wavelength detection, which is essential to realize spectrally selective photodetectors. We report the fabrication and characterization of high performance <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band ultraviolet photodetector (UV-B) based on In2O3 nanocrystals embedded in Al2O3 matrices. The In2O3 nanocrystals are synthesized in Al2O3 matrix by sequential implantation of In+ and N2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> and post-implantation annealing. The photodetector exhibits excellent optoelectronic performances with high spectral responsivity and external quantum efficiency. The spectral response showed a band-selective nature with a full width half maximum of ∼ 60 nm, and the responsivity reaches up to 70 A/W under 290 nm at 5 V bias. The corresponding rejection ratio to visible region was as high as 8400. The high performance of this photodetector makes it highly suitable for practical applications such as <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band spectrum-selective photodetectors. The device design based on <span class="hlt">ion</span>-synthesized nanocrystals would provide a new approach for realizing a visible-blind photodetector. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.829..141M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.829..141M"><span>Mono-energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> emission by nanosecond laser solid target irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muoio, A.; Tudisco, S.; Altana, C.; Lanzalone, G.; Mascali, D.; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Schillaci, F.; Trifirò, A.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>An experimental campaign aiming to investigate the acceleration mechanisms through laser-matter interaction in nanosecond domain has been carried out at the LENS (Laser <span class="hlt">Energy</span> for Nuclear Science) laboratory of INFN-LNS, Catania. Pure Al targets were irradiated by 6 ns laser pulses at different pumping <span class="hlt">energies</span>, up to 2 J. Advanced diagnostics tools were used to characterize the plasma plume and <span class="hlt">ion</span> production. We show the preliminary results of this experimental campaign, and especially the ones showing the production of multicharged <span class="hlt">ions</span> having very <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spreads.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873336','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873336"><span>Focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam source method and apparatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Pellin, Michael J.; Lykke, Keith R.; Lill, Thorsten B.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>A focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam having a cross section of submicron diameter, a high <span class="hlt">ion</span> current, and a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> range is generated from a target comprised of particle source material by laser ablation. The method involves directing a laser beam having a cross section of critical diameter onto the target, producing a cloud of laser ablated particles having unique characteristics, and extracting and focusing a charged particle beam from the laser ablated cloud. The method is especially suited for producing focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams for semiconductor device analysis and modification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990024989','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990024989"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sputtering Studies of Boron Nitride with Xenon <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ray, P. K.; Shutthanandan, V.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Sputtering of boron nitride with xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span> was investigated using secondary <span class="hlt">ion</span> (SIMS) and secondary neutral (SNMS) mass spectrometry. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> generated from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun were incident on the target at an angle of 50' with respect to the surface'normal. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> ranged from 100 eV to 3 keV. A flood electron gun was used to neutralize the positive charge build-up on the target surface. The intensities of sputtered neutral and charged particles, including single atoms, molecules, and clusters, were measured as a function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Positive SIMS spectra were dominated by the two boron isotopes whereas BN- and B- were the two major constituents of the negative SIMS spectra. Nitrogen could be detected only in the SNMS spectra. The intensity-<span class="hlt">energy</span> curves of the sputtered particles were similar in shape. The knees in P-SIMS and SNMS intensity-<span class="hlt">energy</span> curves appear at around I keV which is significantly higher that 100 to 200 eV <span class="hlt">energy</span> range at which knees appear in the sputtering of medium and heavy elements by <span class="hlt">ions</span> of argon and xenon. This difference in the position of the sputter yield knee between boron nitride and heavier targets is due to the reduced <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> differences. The isotopic composition of secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> of boron were measured by bombarding boron nitride with xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span> at <span class="hlt">energies</span> ranging from 100 eV to 1.5 keV using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. An <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun was used to generate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. A flood electron gun was used to neutralize the positive charge buildup on the target surface. The secondary <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux was found to be enriched in heavy isotopes at lower incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The heavy isotope enrichment was observed to decrease with increasing primary <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Beyond 350 eV, light isotopes were sputtered preferentially with the enrichment increasing to an asymptotic value of 1.27 at 1.5 keV. The trend is similar to that of the isotopic enrichment observed earlier when copper was sputtered with xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the same <span class="hlt">energy</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4568479','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4568479"><span>Secondary batteries with multivalent <span class="hlt">ions</span> for <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Chengjun; Chen, Yanyi; Shi, Shan; Li, Jia; Kang, Feiyu; Su, Dangsheng</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The use of electricity generated from clean and renewable sources, such as water, wind, or sunlight, requires efficiently distributed electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage by high-power and high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> secondary batteries using abundant, low-cost materials in sustainable processes. American Science Policy Reports state that the next-generation “beyond-lithium” battery chemistry is one feasible solution for such goals. Here we discover new “multivalent ion” battery chemistry beyond lithium battery chemistry. Through theoretic calculation and experiment confirmation, stable thermodynamics and fast kinetics are presented during the storage of multivalent <span class="hlt">ions</span> (Ni2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, or La3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>) in alpha type manganese dioxide. Apart from zinc <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery, we further use multivalent Ni2+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> to invent another rechargeable battery, named as nickel <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery for the first time. The nickel <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery generally uses an alpha type manganese dioxide cathode, an electrolyte containing Ni2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and Ni anode. The nickel <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery delivers a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density (340 Wh kg−1, close to lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries), fast charge ability (1 minute), and long cycle life (over 2200 times). PMID:26365600</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.420....6Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.420....6Y"><span>Injected <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of SiC film deposited by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> SiC3H9+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam produced from hexamethyldisilane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yoshimura, Satoru; Sugimoto, Satoshi; Takeuchi, Takae; Murai, Kensuke; Kiuchi, Masato</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We mass-selected SiC3H9+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> from various fragments produced through the decomposition of hexamethyldisilane, and finally produced low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> SiC3H9+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams were injected into Si(1 0 0) substrates and the dependence of deposited films on injected <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> was then investigated. Injected <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> were 20, 100, or 200 eV. Films obtained were investigated with X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the substrates obtained following the injection of 20 eV <span class="hlt">ions</span> demonstrated the occurrence of silicon carbide film (3C-SiC) deposition. On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy showed that the films deposited by the injection of 100 or 200 eV <span class="hlt">ions</span> included 3C-SiC plus diamond-like carbon. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> beam deposition using hexamethyldisilane-derived 20 eV SiC3H9+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> is an efficient technique for 3C-SiC film formation on Si substrates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA250974','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA250974"><span>Probing Trapped <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energies</span> Via <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Molecule Reaction Kinetics: Fourier Transform <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-05-28</p> <p>ORGANIZATION (if applicable) Office of Naval Research N00014-87- j - 1248 Bc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS 800 N. Quincy St...RESEARCH Grant NOOO14-87- J -1248 R & T Code 4134052 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 36 Probing Trapped <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energies</span> Via <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Molecule Reaction Kinetics: Fourier...reactivity (for charge transfer with N2) of the higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> J =1/2 state is approximately three times that of the J =3/2 state at collision <span class="hlt">energies</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NIMPA.385..204L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NIMPA.385..204L"><span>Axial <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread measurements of an accelerated positive <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Y.; Gough, R. A.; Kunkel, W. B.; Leung, K. N.; Perkins, L. T.; Pickard, D. S.; Sun, L.; Vujic, J.; Williams, M. D.; Wutte, D.; Mondelli, Alfred A.; Stengl, Gerhard</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>A multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source has been designed for use in <span class="hlt">ion</span> projection lithography. Longitudinal <span class="hlt">energy</span> spreads of the extracted positive hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam have been studied using a retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. It has been found that the filament-discharge multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source can deliver a beam with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread less than 3 eV which is required for the ALG-1000 machine. The multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source can also deliver the current required for the application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.829..176A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.829..176A"><span>Numerical study of neutron beam divergence in a beam-fusion scenario employing laser driven <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alejo, A.; Green, A.; Ahmed, H.; Robinson, A. P. L.; Cerchez, M.; Clarke, R.; Doria, D.; Dorkings, S.; Fernandez, J.; McKenna, P.; Mirfayzi, S. R.; Naughton, K.; Neely, D.; Norreys, P.; Peth, C.; Powell, H.; Ruiz, J. A.; Swain, J.; Willi, O.; Borghesi, M.; Kar, S.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The most established route to create a laser-based neutron source is by employing laser accelerated, low atomic-number <span class="hlt">ions</span> in fusion reactions. In addition to the high reaction cross-sections at moderate <span class="hlt">energies</span> of the projectile <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the anisotropy in neutron emission is another important feature of beam-fusion reactions. Using a simple numerical model based on neutron generation in a pitcher-catcher scenario, anisotropy in neutron emission was studied for the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction. Simulation results are consistent with the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-divergence (∼ 70 ° full width at half maximum) neutron beam recently served in an experiment employing multi-MeV deuteron beams of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> divergence (up to 30° FWHM, depending on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>) accelerated by a sub-petawatt laser pulse from thin deuterated plastic foils via the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism. By varying the input <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam parameters, simulations show that a further improvement in the neutron beam directionality (i.e. reduction in the beam divergence) can be obtained by increasing the projectile <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam temperature and cut-off <span class="hlt">energy</span>, as expected from interactions employing higher power lasers at upcoming facilities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741493','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741493"><span>Dynamics of nanoparticle morphology under low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Holland-Moritz, Henry; Graupner, Julia; Möller, Wolfhard; Pacholski, Claudia; Ronning, Carsten</p> <p>2018-08-03</p> <p>If nanostructures are irradiated with energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the mechanism of sputtering becomes important when the <span class="hlt">ion</span> range matches about the size of the nanoparticle. Gold nanoparticles with diameters of ∼50 nm on top of silicon substrates with a native oxide layer were irradiated by gallium <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> ranging from 1 to 30 keV in a focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam system. High resolution in situ scanning electron microscopy imaging permits detailed insights in the dynamics of the morphology change and sputter yield. Compared to bulk-like structures or thin films, a pronounced shaping and enhanced sputtering in the nanostructures occurs, which enables a specific shaping of these structures using <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. This effect depends on the ratio of nanoparticle size and <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. In the investigated <span class="hlt">energy</span> regime, the sputter yield increases at increasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and shows a distinct dependence on the nanoparticle size. The experimental findings are directly compared to Monte Carlo simulations obtained from iradina and TRI3DYN, where the latter takes into account dynamic morphological and compositional changes of the target.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920068569&hterms=Free+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DFree%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920068569&hterms=Free+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DFree%2Benergy"><span>Relationship between wave <span class="hlt">energy</span> and free <span class="hlt">energy</span> from pickup <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the Comet Halley environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Huddleston, D. E.; Johnstone, A. D.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The free <span class="hlt">energy</span> available from the implanted heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> population at Comet Halley is calculated by assuming that the initial unstable velocity space ring distribution of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> evolves toward a bispherical shell. Ultimately this free <span class="hlt">energy</span> adds to the turbulence in the solar wind. Upstream and downstream free <span class="hlt">energies</span> are obtained separately for the conditions observed along the Giotto spacecraft trajectory. The results indicate that the waves are mostly upstream propagating in the solar wind frame. The total free <span class="hlt">energy</span> density always exceeds the measured wave <span class="hlt">energy</span> density because, as expected in the nonlinear process of <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering, the available <span class="hlt">energy</span> is not all immediately released. An estimate of the amount which has been released can be obtained from the measured oxygen <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions and again it exceeds that observed. The theoretical analysis is extended to calculate the k spectrum of the cometary-<span class="hlt">ion</span>-generated turbulence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21476175-ion-energy-distribution-near-plasma-meniscus-beam-extraction-multi-element-focused-ion-beams','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21476175-ion-energy-distribution-near-plasma-meniscus-beam-extraction-multi-element-focused-ion-beams"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution near a plasma meniscus with beam extraction for multi element focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mathew, Jose V.; Paul, Samit; Bhattacharjee, Sudeep</p> <p>2010-05-15</p> <p>An earlier study of the axial <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in the extraction region (plasma meniscus) of a compact microwave plasma <span class="hlt">ion</span> source showed that the axial <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread near the meniscus is small ({approx}5 eV) and comparable to that of a liquid metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, making it a promising candidate for focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam (FIB) applications [J. V. Mathew and S. Bhattacharjee, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 96101 (2009)]. In the present work we have investigated the radial <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (IED) under the influence of beam extraction. Initially a single Einzel lens system has been used for beam extractionmore » with potentials up to -6 kV for obtaining parallel beams. In situ measurements of IED with extraction voltages upto -5 kV indicates that beam extraction has a weak influence on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread ({+-}0.5 eV) which is of significance from the point of view of FIB applications. It is found that by reducing the geometrical acceptance angle at the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer probe, close to unidirectional distribution can be obtained with a spread that is smaller by at least 1 eV.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPJ11026B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPJ11026B"><span>Enhancements to the Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Facility at SUNY Geneseo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barfield, Zachariah; Kostick, Steven; Nagasing, Ethan; Fletcher, Kurt; Padalino, Stephen</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Facility at SUNY Geneseo is used for detector development and characterization for inertial confinement fusion diagnostics. The system has been upgraded to improve the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam quality by reducing contaminant <span class="hlt">ions</span>. In the new configuration, <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by the Peabody Scientific duoplasmatron <span class="hlt">ion</span> source are accelerated through a potential, focused into a new NEC analyzing magnet and directed to an angle of 30°. A new einzel lens on the output of the magnet chamber focuses the beam into a scattering chamber with a water-cooled target mount and rotatable detector mount plates. The analyzing magnet has been calibrated for deuteron, 4He+, and 4He2+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams at a range of <span class="hlt">energies</span>, and no significant hysteresis has been observed. The system can accelerate deuterons to <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to 25 keV to initiate d-d fusion using a deuterated polymer target. Charged particle spectra with protons, tritons, and 3He <span class="hlt">ions</span> from d-d fusion have been measured at scattering angles ranging from 55° to 135°. A time-of-flight beamline has been designed to measure the <span class="hlt">energies</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> elastically scattered at 135°. CEM detectors initiate start and stop signals from secondary electrons produced when low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> pass through very thin carbon foils. Funded in part by the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> through the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyB..535..232T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyB..535..232T"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> transfer from Pr3+ to Gd3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in BaB8O13 phosphor for phototherapy lamps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamboli, Sumedha; Nair, Govind B.; Dhoble, S. J.; Burghate, D. K.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A series of BaB8O13 phosphors doped with different concentrations of Gd3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> and co-doped with Pr3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> were synthesized by solid state synthesis method. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the compound in a crystalline and homogeneous form. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed to study the surface morphology of the compound and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy measurements determined the nature of bonding between elements of the compounds. The photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectra of BaB8O13:Gd3+ phosphor showed excitation peaks at 246 nm, 252 nm and 274 nm. The prominent emission peak was observed at 313 nm which is in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) range. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> transfer was achieved by co-doping Pr3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with Gd3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. PL decay time was also measured for BaB8O13: Gd3+, Pr3+ phosphor. Emission at 313 nm can be used for the treatment of skin diseases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873116','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873116"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread <span class="hlt">ion</span> source with a coaxial magnetic filter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Leung, Ka-Ngo; Lee, Yung-Hee Yvette</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources are capable of producing <span class="hlt">ions</span> with low axial <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread which are necessary in applications such as <span class="hlt">ion</span> projection lithography (IPL) and radioactive <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam production. The addition of a radially extending magnetic filter consisting of a pair of permanent magnets to the multicusp source reduces the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread considerably due to the improvement in the uniformity of the axial plasma potential distribution in the discharge region. A coaxial multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source designed to further reduce the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread utilizes a cylindrical magnetic filter to achieve a more uniform axial plasma potential distribution. The coaxial magnetic filter divides the source chamber into an outer annular discharge region in which the plasma is produced and a coaxial inner <span class="hlt">ion</span> extraction region into which the <span class="hlt">ions</span> radially diffuse but from which ionizing electrons are excluded. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread in the coaxial source has been measured to be 0.6 eV. Unlike other <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources, the coaxial source has the capability of adjusting the radial plasma potential distribution and therefore the transverse <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature (or beam emittance).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........88A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........88A"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> implantation of boron with decaborane <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Albano, Maria Angela</p> <p></p> <p>The goal of this dissertation was to determine the feasibility of a novel approach to forming ultra shallow p-type junctions (tens of nm) needed for future generations of Si MOS devices. In the new approach, B dopant atoms are implanted by cluster <span class="hlt">ions</span> obtained by ionization of decaborane (B 10H14) vapor. An experimental <span class="hlt">ion</span> implanter with an electron impact <span class="hlt">ion</span> source and magnetic mass separation was built at the <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam and Thin Film Research Laboratory at NJIT. Beams of B10Hx+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with currents of a few microamperes and <span class="hlt">energies</span> of 1 to 12 keV were obtained and used for implantation experiments. Profiles of B and H atoms implanted in Si were measured by Secondary <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) before and after rapid thermal annealing (RTA). From the profiles, the junction depth of 57 nm (at 1018 cm-3 B concentration) was obtained with 12 keV decaborane <span class="hlt">ions</span> followed by RTA. The dose of B atoms that can be implanted at low <span class="hlt">energy</span> into Si is limited by sputtering as the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputters both the matrix and the implanted atoms. As the number of sputtered B atoms increases with the implanted dose and approaches the number of the implanted atoms, equilibrium of B in Si is established. This effect was investigated by comparison of the B dose calculated from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam integration with B content in the sample measured by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). Maximum (equilibrium) doses of 1.35 x 1016 B cm -2 and 2.67 x 1016 B cm-2 were obtained at the beam <span class="hlt">energies</span> of 5 and 12 keV, respectively. The problem of forming shallow p-type junctions in Si is related not only to implantation depth, but also to transient enhanced diffusion (TED). TED in Si implanted with B10Hx+ was measured on boron doping superlattice (B-DSL) marker layers. It was found that TED, following decaborane implantation, is the same as with monomer B+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation of equivalent <span class="hlt">energy</span> and that it decreases with the decreasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPBO6001R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPBO6001R"><span>Plasma expansion dynamics physics: An understanding on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> reduction process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruzic, David; Srivastava, Shailendra; Thompson, Keith; Spencer, Joshua; Sporre, John</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>This paper studies the expanding plasma dynamics of <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced from a 5J Z-pinch xenon light source used for EUV lithography. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> reduction is essential for the successful implementation of this technology. To aid this investigation, <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> from a z-pinch DPP plasma source is measured using an <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer and effect of introducing a small percentage of low Z material on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and flux is investigated. Presence of low mass such as H2 or N2, shows a considerable reduction in total flux and in average <span class="hlt">energy</span>. For example, Xe^+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux at 5 keV are recorded as 425 ± 42 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm^2.eV.pulse at 157 cm and reduced to 125 ± 12 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm^2.eV.pulse when using the low mass into the system at same <span class="hlt">energy</span>. It is also noticed that such a combination leads to decrease in sputtering without changing the EUV output. Study of the possible mechanism supporting the experimental results is numerically calculated. This computational work indicates that the observed high <span class="hlt">energies</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> are probably resulting from coulomb explosion initiated by pinch instability. It is postulated that the electrons leave first setting up an electrostatic potential which accelerates the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The addition of small mass actually screens the potential and decorates the <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..MARW32003R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..MARW32003R"><span>Free <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Wells and Barriers to <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Transport Across Membranes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rempe, Susan</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The flow of <span class="hlt">ions</span> across cellular membranes is essential to many biological processes. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> transport is also important in synthetic materials used as battery electrolytes. Transport often involves specific <span class="hlt">ions</span> and fast conduction. To achieve those properties, <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction pathways must solvate specific <span class="hlt">ions</span> by just the ``right amount.'' The right amount of solvation avoids <span class="hlt">ion</span> traps due to deep free <span class="hlt">energy</span> wells, and avoids <span class="hlt">ion</span> block due to high free <span class="hlt">energy</span> barriers. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> channel proteins in cellular membranes demonstrate this subtle balance in solvation of specific <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Using ab initio molecular simulations, we have interrogated the link between binding site structure and <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> in biological <span class="hlt">ion</span> binding sites. Our results emphasize the surprisingly important role of the environment that surrounds <span class="hlt">ion</span>-binding sites for fast transport of specific <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We acknowledge support from Sandia's LDRD program. Sandia National Labs is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corp., for the US DOE's NNSA under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902061','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902061"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> spectrum of argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> emitted from Filippov type Sahand plasma focus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mohammadnejad, M; Pestehe, S J; Mohammadi, M A</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">energy</span> and flux of the argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced in Sahand plasma focus have been measured by employing a well-designed Faraday cup. The secondary electron emission effects on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals are simulated and the dimensions of Faraday cup are optimized to minimize these effects. The measured <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum is corrected for the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss and charge exchange in the background gas. The effects of the capacitor bank voltage and working gas pressure on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum are also investigated. It has been shown that the emitted <span class="hlt">ion</span> number per <span class="hlt">energy</span> increases as the capacitor bank voltage increases. Decreasing the working gas pressure leads to the increase in the number of emitted <span class="hlt">ion</span> per <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864205','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864205"><span>Electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery system for negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Dagenhart, William K.; Stirling, William L.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>An electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery system for negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources is provided. The system, employs crossed electric and magnetic fields to separate the electrons from <span class="hlt">ions</span> as they are extracted from a negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source plasma generator and before the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are accelerated to their full kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. With the electric and magnetic fields oriented 90.degree. to each other, the electrons are separated from the plasma and remain at approximately the electrical potential of the generator in which they were generated. The electrons migrate from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam path in a precessing motion out of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerating field region into an electron recovery region provided by a specially designed electron collector electrode. The electron collector electrode is uniformly spaced from a surface of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> generator which is transverse to the direction of migration of the electrons and the two surfaces are contoured in a matching relationship which departs from a planar configuration to provide an electric field component in the recovery region which is parallel to the magnetic field thereby forcing the electrons to be directed into and collected by the electron collector electrode. The collector electrode is maintained at a potential slightly positive with respect to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> generator so that the electrons are collected at a small fraction of the full accelerating supply voltage <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770014074','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770014074"><span>Analysis of the theory of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, J. W.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Procedures for the approximation of the transport of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> are discussed on the basis of available data on <span class="hlt">ion</span> nuclear reactions. A straightahead approximation appears appropriate for space applications. The assumption that the secondary-<span class="hlt">ion</span>-fragment velocity is equal to that of the fragmenting nucleus is inferior to straightahead theory but is of sufficient accuracy if the primary <span class="hlt">ions</span> display a broad <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum. An iterative scheme for the solution of the inhomogenous integral transport equations holds promise for practical calculation. A model calculation shows that multiple charged <span class="hlt">ion</span> fragments penetrate to greater depths in comparison with the free path of a primary heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.326..117S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.326..117S"><span>The shape of <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks in natural apatite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schauries, D.; Afra, B.; Bierschenk, T.; Lang, M.; Rodriguez, M. D.; Trautmann, C.; Li, W.; Ewing, R. C.; Kluth, P.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Small angle X-ray scattering measurements were performed on natural apatite of different thickness irradiated with 2.2 GeV Au swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The evolution of the track radius along the full <span class="hlt">ion</span> track length was estimated by considering the electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss and the velocity of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The shape of the track is nearly cylindrical, slightly widening with a maximum diameter approximately 30 μm before the <span class="hlt">ions</span> come to rest, followed by a rapid <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> towards the end within a cigar-like contour. Measurements of average <span class="hlt">ion</span> track radii in samples of different thicknesses, i.e. containing different sections of the tracks are in good agreement with the shape estimate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NIMPA.614..174N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NIMPA.614..174N"><span>A Penning sputter <span class="hlt">ion</span> source with very low <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nouri, Z.; Li, R.; Holt, R. A.; Rosner, S. D.</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>We have developed a version of the Frankfurt Penning <span class="hlt">ion</span> source that produces <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams with very low <span class="hlt">energy</span> spreads of ˜3 eV, while operating in a new discharge mode characterized by very high pressure, low voltage, and high current. The extracted <span class="hlt">ions</span> also comprise substantial metastable and doubly charged species. Detailed studies of the operating parameters of the source showed that careful adjustment of the magnetic field and gas pressure is critical to achieving optimum performance. We used a laser-fluorescence method of <span class="hlt">energy</span> analysis to characterize the properties of the extracted <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with a resolving power of 1×10 4, and to measure the absolute <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> to an accuracy of 4 eV in order to provide some insight into the distribution of plasma potential within the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source. This characterization method is widely applicable to accelerator beams, though not universal. The low <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread, coupled with the ability to produce intense <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams from almost any gas or conducting solid, make this source very useful for high-resolution spectroscopic measurements on fast-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214551','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214551"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> transport in weakly nonlinear wave systems with <span class="hlt">narrow</span> frequency band excitation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kartashova, Elena</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>A novel discrete model (D model) is presented describing nonlinear wave interactions in systems with small and moderate nonlinearity under <span class="hlt">narrow</span> frequency band excitation. It integrates in a single theoretical frame two mechanisms of <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport between modes, namely, intermittency and <span class="hlt">energy</span> cascade, and gives the conditions under which each regime will take place. Conditions for the formation of a cascade, cascade direction, conditions for cascade termination, etc., are given and depend strongly on the choice of excitation parameters. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra of a cascade may be computed, yielding discrete and continuous <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra. The model does not require statistical assumptions, as all effects are derived from the interaction of distinct modes. In the example given-surface water waves with dispersion function ω(2)=gk and small nonlinearity-the D model predicts asymmetrical growth of side-bands for Benjamin-Feir instability, while the transition from discrete to continuous <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, excitation parameters properly chosen, yields the saturated Phillips' power spectrum ~g(2)ω(-5). The D model can be applied to the experimental and theoretical study of numerous wave systems appearing in hydrodynamics, nonlinear optics, electrodynamics, plasma, convection theory, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24e3513W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24e3513W"><span>Broad <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in helicon wave-coupled helium plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions were measured in helicon wave-coupled plasmas of the dynamics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation and sputtering of surface experiment using a retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. The shape of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution is a double-peak, characteristic of radiofrequency plasma potential modulation. The broad distribution is located within a radius of 0.8 cm, while the quartz tube of the plasma source has an inner radius of 2.2 cm. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution rapidly changes from a double-peak to a single peak in the radius range of 0.7-0.9 cm. The average <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is approximately uniform across the plasma column including the double-peak and single peak regions. The widths of the broad distribution, ΔE , in the wave-coupled mode are large compared to the time-averaged <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, ⟨E ⟩. On the axis (r = 0), ΔE / ⟨E ⟩ ≲ 3.4, and at a radius near the edge of the plasma column (r = 2.2 cm), ΔE / ⟨E ⟩ ˜ 1.2. The discharge parameter space is scanned to investigate the effects of the magnetic field, input power, and chamber fill pressure on the wave-coupled mode that exhibits the sharp radial variation in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3501V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3501V"><span>Analysis of retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer transmission by simulation of <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van de Ven, T. H. M.; de Meijere, C. A.; van der Horst, R. M.; van Kampen, M.; Banine, V. Y.; Beckers, J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzers (RFEAs) are used routinely for the measurement of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions. By contrast, their ability to measure <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux densities has been considered unreliable because of lack of knowledge about the effective transmission of the RFEA grids. In this work, we simulate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories through a three-gridded RFEA using the simulation software SIMION. Using idealized test cases, it is shown that at high <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> (i.e., >100 eV) the transmission is equal to the optical transmission rather than the product of the individual grid transparencies. Below 20 eV, <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories are strongly influenced by the electric fields in between the grids. In this region, grid alignment and <span class="hlt">ion</span> focusing effects contribute to fluctuations in transmission with <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Subsequently the model has been used to simulate the transmission and <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of an experimental RFEA probe. Grid misalignments reduce the transmission fluctuations at low <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The model predicts the minimum <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution, which has been confirmed experimentally by irradiating the probe with a beam of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with a small <span class="hlt">energy</span> bandwidth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........78R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........78R"><span>The dynamics of <span class="hlt">energy</span> and charge transfer in low and hyperthermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-solid interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ray, Matthew Preston</p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">energy</span> and charge transfer dynamics for low and hyperthermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> (10 eV to 2 keV) alkali and noble gas <span class="hlt">ions</span> impacting noble metals as a function of incident <span class="hlt">energy</span>, species and scattering geometry has been studied. The experiments were performed in an ultra-high vacuum scattering chamber attached to a low and hyperthermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> beamline. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer was measured for K+ scattered from a Ag(001) surface along the [110] crystalline direction at a fixed laboratory angle of 90°. It was found that as the incident <span class="hlt">energy</span> is reduced from 100 to 10 eV, the normalized scattered <span class="hlt">energy</span> increased. Previous measurements have shown a decrease in the normalized <span class="hlt">energy</span> as the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> is reduced due to an attractive image force. Trajectory analysis of the data using a classical scattering simulation revealed that instead of undergoing sequential binary collisions as in previous studies, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> scatters from two surface atoms simultaneously leading to an increased normalized <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Additionally, charge transfer measurements have been performed for Na + scattering from Ag(001) along the [110] crystalline direction at a fixed laboratory angle of 70°. It was found that over the range of <span class="hlt">energies</span> used (10 eV to 2 keV), the neutralization probability of the scattered <span class="hlt">ions</span> varied from ˜30% to ˜70% depending on the incident velocity, consistent with resonant charge transfer. A fully quantum mechanical model that treats electrons independently accurately reproduces the observed data. Measurements of electron-hole pair excitations were used to explore the pathways which a solid uses to dissipate the <span class="hlt">energy</span> imparted by the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. Ultrathin film (10 nm) metal-oxide-semiconductor (Au/SiO2/n-Si) devices were used to detect the electron-hole pairs for cases when the <span class="hlt">ion</span> deposited all of its translational <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the solid. The incident <span class="hlt">ions</span> were incident at an angle normal to the surface of the device to maximize <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition and consequently</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1226060-spectral-modification-shock-accelerated-ions-using-hydrodynamically-shaped-gas-target','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1226060-spectral-modification-shock-accelerated-ions-using-hydrodynamically-shaped-gas-target"><span>Spectral modification of shock accelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span> using a hydrodynamically shaped gas target</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Tresca, O.; Polyanskiy, M. N.; Dover, N. P.; ...</p> <p>2015-08-28</p> <p>We report on reproducible shock acceleration from irradiation of a λ=10 μm CO2 laser on optically shaped H2 and He gas targets. A low <span class="hlt">energy</span> laser prepulse (I≲10 14 W cm –2) is used to drive a blast wave inside the gas target, creating a steepened, variable density gradient. This is followed, after 25 ns, by a high intensity laser pulse (I>10 16 W cm –2) that produces an electrostatic collisionless shock. Upstream <span class="hlt">ions</span> are accelerated for a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> range of prepulse <span class="hlt">energies</span>. For long density gradients (≳40 μm), broadband beams of He + and H + were routinely produced,more » whilst for shorter gradients (≲20 μm), quasimonoenergetic acceleration of protons is observed. These measurements indicate that the properties of the accelerating shock and the resultant <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution, in particular the production of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread beams, is highly dependent on the plasma density profile. These findings are corroborated by 2D particle-in-cell simulations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22085915-electrostatic-energy-analyzer-measurements-low-energy-zirconium-beam-parameters-plasma-sputter-type-negative-ion-source','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22085915-electrostatic-energy-analyzer-measurements-low-energy-zirconium-beam-parameters-plasma-sputter-type-negative-ion-source"><span>Electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer measurements of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> zirconium beam parameters in a plasma sputter-type negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Malapit, Giovanni M.; Department of Physical Sciences, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City 2600; Mahinay, Christian Lorenz S.</p> <p>2012-02-15</p> <p>A plasma sputter-type negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source is utilized to produce and detect negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 150 and 450 eV via a retarding potential-type electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. Traditional and modified semi-cylindrical Faraday cups (FC) inside the analyzer are employed to sample negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> and measure corresponding <span class="hlt">ion</span> currents. The traditional FC registered indistinct <span class="hlt">ion</span> current readings which are attributed to backscattering of <span class="hlt">ions</span> and secondary electron emissions. The modified Faraday cup with biased repeller guard ring, cut out these signal distortions leaving only ringings as issues which are theoretically compensated by fitting a sigmoidal function into themore » data. The mean <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread are calculated using the <span class="hlt">ion</span> current versus retarding potential data while the beam width values are determined from the data of the transverse measurement of <span class="hlt">ion</span> current. The most energetic negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> yield tighter <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread at 4.11 eV compared to the least energetic negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 4.79 eV. The smallest calculated beam width is 1.04 cm for the negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> with the highest mean <span class="hlt">energy</span> indicating a more focused beam in contrast to the less energetic negative Zr <span class="hlt">ions</span> due to space charge forces.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116s3201K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116s3201K"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Scaling of Cold Atom-Atom-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Three-Body Recombination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krükow, Artjom; Mohammadi, Amir; Härter, Arne; Denschlag, Johannes Hecker; Pérez-Ríos, Jesús; Greene, Chris H.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We study three-body recombination of Ba++Rb +Rb in the mK regime where a single 138Ba+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> in a Paul trap is immersed into a cloud of ultracold 87Rb atoms. We measure the <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of the three-body rate coefficient k3 and compare the results to the theoretical prediction, k3∝Ecol-3 /4, where Ecol is the collision <span class="hlt">energy</span>. We find agreement if we assume that the nonthermal <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution is determined by at least two different micromotion induced <span class="hlt">energy</span> scales. Furthermore, using classical trajectory calculations we predict how the median binding <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the formed molecules scales with the collision <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Our studies give new insights into the kinetics of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> immersed in an ultracold atom cloud and yield important prospects for atom-<span class="hlt">ion</span> experiments targeting the s -wave regime.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910018810','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910018810"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> sputtering of cobalt by cesium <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Handoo, A.; Ray, Pradosh K.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>An experimental facility to investigate low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (less than 500 eV) sputtering of metal surfaces with <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by an <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun is described. Results are reported on the sputtering yield of cobalt by cesium <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the 100 to 500 eV <span class="hlt">energy</span> range at a pressure of 1 times 10(exp -6) Torr. The target was electroplated on a copper substrate. The sputtered atoms were collected on a cobalt foil surrounding the target. Co-57 was used as a tracer to determine the sputtering yield.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/645600','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/645600"><span>Importance of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> on SEU in CMOS SRAMs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dodd, P.E.; Shaneyfelt, M.R.; Sexton, F.W.</p> <p>1998-03-01</p> <p>The single-event upset (SEU) responses of 16 Kbit to 1 Mbit SRAMs irradiated with low and high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> are reported. Standard low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> tests appear to be sufficiently conservative for technologies down to 0.5 {micro}m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM21A2560Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM21A2560Y"><span>Observations of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> with Arase/LEPi</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yoshizumi, M.; Asamura, K.; Kazama, Y.; Yokota, S.; Kasahara, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>LEPi is one of the instruments onboard Arase, which is an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-mass spectrometer designed to measure <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 0.01keV/q up to 25keV/q. In order to discriminate species of incoming <span class="hlt">ions</span>, LEPi uses a TOF (Time-Of-Flight) technique. TOF also works as a noise rejector, which is useful for rejection of background noise due to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> particles in the inner magnetosphere. LEPi has passed the initial checkout phase after launch, and now under regular observations. Since the regular observation started (end of March, 2017), Arase encountered several magnetic storms driven by CIR and CMEs. LEPi observed sudden flux enhancement and subsequent gradual decay of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ( 10eV/q) <span class="hlt">ions</span> around L=4 associated with the magnetic storms. In some cases, these flux modulations coinside with eclipse (absent of Sun light on the spacecraft), but others do not. Spacecraft potential decreases when the spacecraft gets eclipse. Therefore, a part of <span class="hlt">ions</span> whose enegies are lower than <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of LEPi are accelerated and appeared in the range. These fluxes might reflect transportation / energization of cold component in the inner magnetosphere. We will present current LEPi operations and initial scientific results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1037146-ion-selectivity-mechanism-bacterial-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channel','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1037146-ion-selectivity-mechanism-bacterial-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channel"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Selectivity Mechanism in a Bacterial Pentameric Ligand-Gated <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fritsch, Sebastian; Ivanov, Ivaylo; Wang, Hailong</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The proton-gated <span class="hlt">ion</span> channel from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) is a prokaryotic homolog of the eukaryotic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that responds to the binding of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and mediates fast signal transmission. Recent emergence of a high-resolution crystal structure of GLIC captured in a potentially open state allowed detailed, atomic-level insight into <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction and selectivity mechanisms in these channels. Herein, we have examined the barriers to <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction and origins of <span class="hlt">ion</span> selectivity in the GLIC channel by the construction of potential-of-mean-force profiles for sodium and chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> inside the transmembrane region. Our calculations reveal that the GLIC channel ismore » open for a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span> to transport, but presents a 11 kcal/mol free <span class="hlt">energy</span> barrier for a chloride <span class="hlt">ion</span>. Our collective findings identify three distinct contributions to the observed preference for the permeant <span class="hlt">ions</span>. First, there is a substantial contribution due to a ring of negatively charged glutamate residues (E-2 ) at the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> intracellular end of the channel. The negative electrostatics of this region and the ability of the glutamate side chains to directly bind cations would strongly favor the passage of sodium <span class="hlt">ions</span> while hindering translocation of chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Second, our results imply a significant hydrophobic contribution to selectivity linked to differences in the desolvation penalty for the sodium versus chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the central hydrophobic region of the pore. This hydrophobic contribution is evidenced by the large free <span class="hlt">energy</span> barriers experienced by Cl in the middle of the pore for both GLIC and the E-2 A mutant. Finally, there is a distinct contribution arising from the overall negative electrostatics of the channel.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25860747','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25860747"><span>Coulomb-driven <span class="hlt">energy</span> boost of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> for laser-plasma acceleration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Braenzel, J; Andreev, A A; Platonov, K; Klingsporn, M; Ehrentraut, L; Sandner, W; Schnürer, M</p> <p>2015-03-27</p> <p>An unprecedented increase of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of laser accelerated heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> is demonstrated. Ultrathin gold foils have been irradiated by an ultrashort laser pulse at a peak intensity of 8×10^{19} W/ cm^{2}. Highly charged gold <span class="hlt">ions</span> with kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to >200 MeV and a bandwidth limited <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution have been reached by using 1.3 J laser <span class="hlt">energy</span> on target. 1D and 2D particle in cell simulations show how a spatial dependence on the <span class="hlt">ion</span>'s ionization leads to an enhancement of the accelerating electrical field. Our theoretical model considers a spatial distribution of the ionization inside the thin target, leading to a field enhancement for the heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> by Coulomb explosion. It is capable of explaining the <span class="hlt">energy</span> boost of highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span>, enabling a higher efficiency for the laser-driven heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21208073-applications-high-energy-heavy-ions-from-superconducting-cyclotrons','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21208073-applications-high-energy-heavy-ions-from-superconducting-cyclotrons"><span>Applications of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ions</span> from superconducting cyclotrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Grimm, T. L.</p> <p>1999-06-10</p> <p>The superconducting cyclotrons of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), a major nuclear physics facility, can provide <span class="hlt">ions</span> of any element from hydrogen to uranium. A major upgrade to the NSCL is underway and will consist of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) <span class="hlt">ion</span> source followed by two large superconducting cyclotrons (K500 and K1200). <span class="hlt">Ions</span> can be extracted at any point along this chain allowing a large range of <span class="hlt">energies</span> and charge states. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> range from a few keV to over 20 GeV, and charge states up to fully stripped {sup 197}Au{sup 79+} and two electron {sup 238}U{sup 90+}more » are possible. The long range of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ions</span> allows them to penetrate deeply into a target that is placed in air, outside a vacuum chamber. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams have already been used for a number of applications including; <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation, atomic physics, single event effects in integrated circuits, DNA radiation studies, radiation detector studies, flux pinning in high-T{sub c} superconductors, calibration of a space-based spectrometer, isotropic ratio measurements, material wear studies, and continuous positron emission tomography imaging.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AIPC.1423..327M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AIPC.1423..327M"><span>Two-dimensional silicon-based detectors for <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martišíková, M.; Granja, C.; Jakůbek, J.; Hartmann, B.; Telsemeyer, J.; Huber, L.; Brons, S.; Pospíšil, S.; Jäkel, O.</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Radiation therapy with <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is a highly precise kind of cancer treatment. As <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams traverse material, the highest ionization density occurs at the end of their path. Due to this Bragg-peak, <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams enable higher dose conformation to the tumor and increased sparing of the surrounding tissue, in comparison to standard radiation therapy using high <span class="hlt">energy</span> photons. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> heavier than protons offer in addition increased biological effectiveness and lower scattering. The Heidelberg <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Therapy Center (HIT) is a state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam therapy facility and the first hospital-based facility in Europe. It provides proton and carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> treatments. A synchrotron is used for <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration. For dose delivery to the patient, <span class="hlt">narrow</span> pencil-like beams are scanned over the target volume.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730054395&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730054395&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> distribution functions of kilovolt <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a modified Penning discharge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roth, J. R.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The distribution function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> parallel to the magnetic field of a modified Penning discharge has been measured with a retarding potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. These <span class="hlt">ions</span> escaped through one of the throats of the magnetic mirror geometry. Simultaneous measurements of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function perpendicular to the magnetic field have been made with a charge-exchange neutral detector. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions are approximately Maxwellian, and the parallel and perpendicular kinetic temperatures are equal within experimental error. These results suggest that turbulent processes previously observed in this discharge Maxwellianize the velocity distribution along a radius in velocity space, and result in an isotropic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730035657&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730035657&hterms=potential+kinetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dpotential%2Bkinetic%2Benergy"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> distribution functions of kilovolt <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a modified Penning discharge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roth, J. R.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>The distribution function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> parallel to the magnetic field of a modified Penning discharge has been measured with a retarding potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. These <span class="hlt">ions</span> escaped through one of the throats of the magnetic mirror geometry. Simultaneous measurements of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function perpendicular to the magnetic field have been made with a charge-exchange neutral detector. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions are approximately Maxwellian, and the parallel and perpendicular kinetic temperatures are equal within experimental error. These results suggest that turbulent processes previously observed in this discharge Maxwellianize the velocity distribution along a radius in velocity space, and result in an isotropic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvC..94b4909A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvC..94b4909A"><span>Beam-<span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of charge balance functions from Au + Au collisions at <span class="hlt">energies</span> available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Alekseev, I.; Alford, J.; Aparin, A.; Arkhipkin, D.; Aschenauer, E. C.; Averichev, G. S.; Banerjee, A.; Bellwied, R.; Bhasin, A.; Bhati, A. K.; Bhattarai, P.; Bielcik, J.; Bielcikova, J.; Bland, L. C.; Bordyuzhin, I. G.; Bouchet, J.; Brandin, A. V.; Bunzarov, I.; Burton, T. P.; Butterworth, J.; Caines, H.; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, M.; Campbell, J. M.; Cebra, D.; Cervantes, M. C.; Chakaberia, I.; Chaloupka, P.; Chang, Z.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chen, J. H.; Chen, H. F.; Cheng, J.; Cherney, M.; Christie, W.; Codrington, M. J. M.; Contin, G.; Crawford, H. J.; Cui, X.; Das, S.; De Silva, L. C.; Debbe, R. R.; Dedovich, T. G.; Deng, J.; Derevschikov, A. A.; Derradi de Souza, R.; di Ruzza, B.; Didenko, L.; Dilks, C.; Dong, X.; Drachenberg, J. L.; Draper, J. E.; Du, C. M.; Dunkelberger, L. E.; Dunlop, J. C.; Efimov, L. G.; Engelage, J.; Eppley, G.; Esha, R.; Evdokimov, O.; Eyser, O.; Fatemi, R.; Fazio, S.; Federic, P.; Fedorisin, J.; Feng, Filip, P.; Fisyak, Y.; Flores, C. E.; Gagliardi, C. A.; Garand, D.; Geurts, F.; Gibson, A.; Girard, M.; Greiner, L.; Grosnick, D.; Gunarathne, D. S.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, S.; Guryn, W.; Hamad, A.; Hamed, A.; Han, L.-X.; Haque, R.; Harris, J. W.; Heppelmann, S.; Hirsch, A.; Hoffmann, G. W.; Hofman, D. J.; Horvat, S.; Huang, B.; Huang, X.; Huang, H. Z.; Huck, P.; Humanic, T. J.; Igo, G.; Jacobs, W. W.; Jang, H.; Judd, E. G.; Kabana, S.; Kalinkin, D.; Kang, K.; Kauder, K.; Ke, H. W.; Keane, D.; Kechechyan, A.; Khan, Z. H.; Kikola, D. P.; Kisel, I.; Kisiel, A.; Klein, S. R.; Koetke, D. D.; Kollegger, T.; Kosarzewski, L. K.; Kotchenda, L.; Kraishan, A. F.; Kravtsov, P.; Krueger, K.; Kulakov, I.; Kumar, L.; Kycia, R. A.; Lamont, M. A. C.; Landgraf, J. M.; Landry, K. D.; Lauret, J.; Lebedev, A.; Lednicky, R.; Lee, J. H.; Li, Z. M.; Li, X.; Li, W.; Li, Y.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Lisa, M. A.; Liu, F.; Ljubicic, T.; Llope, W. J.; Lomnitz, M.; Longacre, R. S.; Luo, X.; Ma, G. L.; Ma, R. M.; Ma, Y. G.; Magdy, N.; Mahapatra, D. P.; Majka, R.; Manion, A.; Margetis, S.; Markert, C.; Masui, H.; Matis, H. S.; McDonald, D.; Minaev, N. G.; Mioduszewski, S.; Mohanty, B.; Mondal, M. M.; Morozov, D. A.; Mustafa, M. K.; Nandi, B. K.; Nasim, Md.; Nayak, T. K.; Nigmatkulov, G.; Nogach, L. V.; Noh, S. Y.; Novak, J.; Nurushev, S. B.; Odyniec, G.; Ogawa, A.; Oh, K.; Okorokov, V.; Olvitt, D. L.; Page, B. S.; Pan, Y. X.; Pandit, Y.; Panebratsev, Y.; Pawlak, T.; Pawlik, B.; Pei, H.; Perkins, C.; Pile, P.; Planinic, M.; Pluta, J.; Poljak, N.; Poniatowska, K.; Porter, J.; Poskanzer, A. M.; Pruthi, N. K.; Przybycien, M.; Putschke, J.; Qiu, H.; Quintero, A.; Ramachandran, S.; Raniwala, R.; Raniwala, S.; Ray, R. L.; Ritter, H. G.; Roberts, J. B.; Rogachevskiy, O. V.; Romero, J. L.; Roy, A.; Ruan, L.; Rusnak, J.; Rusnakova, O.; Sahoo, N. R.; Sahu, P. K.; Sakrejda, I.; Salur, S.; Sandacz, A.; Sandweiss, J.; Sarkar, A.; Schambach, J.; Scharenberg, R. P.; Schmah, A. M.; Schmidke, W. B.; Schmitz, N.; Seger, J.; Seyboth, P.; Shah, N.; Shahaliev, E.; Shanmuganathan, P. V.; Shao, M.; Sharma, B.; Shen, W. Q.; Shi, S. S.; Shou, Q. Y.; Sichtermann, E. P.; Simko, M.; Skoby, M. J.; Smirnov, N.; Smirnov, D.; Solanki, D.; Song, L.; Sorensen, P.; Spinka, H. M.; Srivastava, B.; Stanislaus, T. D. S.; Stock, R.; Strikhanov, M.; Stringfellow, B.; Sumbera, M.; Summa, B. J.; Sun, X. M.; Sun, Z.; Sun, Y.; Sun, X.; Surrow, B.; Svirida, D. N.; Szelezniak, M. A.; Takahashi, J.; Tang, Z.; Tang, A. H.; Tarnowsky, T.; Tawfik, A. N.; Thomas, J. H.; Timmins, A. R.; Tlusty, D.; Tokarev, M.; Trentalange, S.; Tribble, R. E.; Tribedy, P.; Tripathy, S. K.; Trzeciak, B. A.; Tsai, O. D.; Turnau, J.; Ullrich, T.; Underwood, D. G.; Upsal, I.; Van Buren, G.; van Nieuwenhuizen, G.; Vandenbroucke, M.; Varma, R.; Vasconcelos, G. M. S.; Vasiliev, A. N.; Vertesi, R.; Videbæk, F.; Viyogi, Y. P.; Vokal, S.; Voloshin, S. A.; Vossen, A.; Wang, J. S.; Wang, X. L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, F.; Wang, G.; Webb, G.; Webb, J. C.; Wen, L.; Westfall, G. D.; Wieman, H.; Wissink, S. W.; Witt, R.; Wu, Y. F.; Xiao, Z.; Xie, W.; Xin, K.; Xu, N.; Xu, Z.; Xu, H.; Xu, Y.; Xu, Q. H.; Yan, W.; Yang, Y.; Yang, C.; Yang, Y.; Ye, Z.; Yepes, P.; Yi, L.; Yip, K.; Yoo, I.-K.; Yu, N.; Zbroszczyk, H.; Zha, W.; Zhang, X. P.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhang, J. B.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, F.; Zhao, J.; Zhong, C.; Zhu, Y. H.; Zhu, X.; Zoulkarneeva, Y.; Zyzak, M.; STAR Collaboration</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Balance functions have been measured in terms of relative pseudorapidity (Δ η ) for charged particle pairs at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider from Au + Au collisions at √{sNN}=7.7 GeV to 200 GeV using the STAR detector. These results are compared with balance functions measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider from Pb + Pb collisions at √{sNN}=2.76 TeV by the ALICE Collaboration. The width of the balance function decreases as the collisions become more central and as the beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> is increased. In contrast, the widths of the balance functions calculated using shuffled events show little dependence on centrality or beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and are larger than the observed widths. Balance function widths calculated using events generated by UrQMD are wider than the measured widths in central collisions and show little centrality dependence. The measured widths of the balance functions in central collisions are consistent with the delayed hadronization of a deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP). The <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the balance function in central collisions at √{sNN}=7.7 GeV implies that a QGP is still being created at this relatively low <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DPPPP8004K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DPPPP8004K"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> and Pitch Distribution of Spontaneously-generated High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> Bulk <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in the RFP</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Jungha; Anderson, Jay; Reusch, Joshua; Eilerman, Scott; Capecchi, William</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Magnetic reconnection events in the reversed field pinch (RFP) are known to heat bulk and impurity <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Runaway due to a parallel electric field has recently been confirmed as an important acceleration mechanism for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> test <span class="hlt">ions</span> supplied by a neutral beam. This effect does not, however, explain the change in distribution of nearly Maxwellian bulk <span class="hlt">ions</span> at a reconnection event. By operating MST near maximum current and low electron density, significant fusion neutron flux can be generated without neutral beam injection. The bulk <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution created in these plasmas is well-confined, non-Maxwellian, and can be measured by the Advanced Neutral Particle Analyzer (ANPA) placed at a radial or tangential porthole. Data show a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> tail up to 25 keV with a relatively higher signal in the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> channels (8-15 keV) at the radial port following a reconnection event. Analysis of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of trapped orbits sampled by the ANPA at the radial view implies an abundance of lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> particles in regions of higher neutral density. This mandates a careful deconvolution of the measured ANPA signal to compute the fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution. This work is supported by the US DOE and NSF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGO5008S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGO5008S"><span>High peak current acceleration of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> divergence <span class="hlt">ions</span> beams with the BELLA-PW laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steinke, Sven; Ji, Qing; Treffert, Franziska; Bulanov, Stepan; Bin, Jianhui; Nakamura, Kei; Gonsalves, Anthony; Toth, Csaba; Park, Jaehong; Roth, Markus; Esarey, Eric; Schenkel, Thomas; Leemans, Wim</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We present a parameter study of <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration driven by the BELLA-PW laser. The laser repetition rate of 1Hz allowed for scanning the laser pulse duration, relative focus location and target thickness for the first time at laser peak powers of above 1 petawatt. Further, the long focal length geometry of the experiment (f\\65) and hence, large focus size provided <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams of reduced divergence and unprecedented charge density. This work was supported by Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) funding from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730001929','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730001929"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> distribution functions of kilovolt <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a modified Penning discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roth, J. R.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>The distribution function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> parallel to the magnetic field of a Penning discharge was measured with a retarding potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. Simultaneous measurements of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function perpendicular to the magnetic field were made with a charge-exchange neutral detector. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions are approximately Maxwellian, and their kinetic temperatures are equal within experimental error. This suggests that turbulent processes previously observed Maxwellianize the velocity distribution along a radius in velocity space, and result in an isotropic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution. The kinetic temperatures are on the order of kilovolts, and the tails of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions are Maxwellian up to a factor of 7 e-folds in <span class="hlt">energy</span>. When the distributions depart from Maxwellian, they are enhanced above the Maxwellian tail. Above densities of about 10 to the 10th power particles/cc, this enhancement appears to be the result of a second, higher temperature Maxwellian distribution. At these high particle <span class="hlt">energies</span>, only the <span class="hlt">ions</span> perpendicular to the magnetic field lines were investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68.1398L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RScI...68.1398L"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread and current measurements of the rf-driven multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Y.; Gough, R. A.; Kunkel, W. B.; Leung, K. N.; Perkins, L. T.; Pickard, D. S.; Sun, L.; Vujic, J.; Williams, M. D.; Wutte, D.</p> <p>1997-03-01</p> <p>Axial <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread and useful beam current of positive <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams have been carried out using a radio frequency (rf)-driven multicusp <span class="hlt">ion</span> source. Operating the source with a 13.56 MHz induction discharge, the axial <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread is found to be approximately 3.2 eV. The extractable beam current of the rf-driven source is found to be comparable to that of filament-discharge sources. With a 0.6 mm diameter extraction aperture, a positive hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam current density of 80 mA/cm2 can be obtained at a rf input power of 2.5 kW. The expected source lifetime is much longer than that of filament discharges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PlST....5.1619W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PlST....5.1619W"><span>Computer-Controlled System for Plasma <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Auto-Analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Xian-qiu; Chen, Jun-fang; Jiang, Zhen-mei; Zhong, Qing-hua; Xiong, Yu-ying; Wu, Kai-hua</p> <p>2003-02-01</p> <p>A computer-controlled system for plasma <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> auto-analyzer was technically studied for rapid and online measurement of plasma <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution. The system intelligently controls all the equipments via a RS-232 port, a printer port and a home-built circuit. The software designed by Lab VIEW G language automatically fulfils all of the tasks such as system initializing, adjustment of scanning-voltage, measurement of weak-current, data processing, graphic export, etc. By using the system, a few minutes are taken to acquire the whole <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution, which rapidly provides important parameters of plasma process techniques based on semiconductor devices and microelectronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPU11028B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPU11028B"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Acoustic Wave-Particle <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Flow Rates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berumen, Jorge; Chu, Feng; Hood, Ryan; Mattingly, Sean; Skiff, Fred</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We present an experimental characterization of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> flow rates for <span class="hlt">ion</span> acoustic waves. The experiment is performed in a cylindrical, magnetized, singly-ionized Argon, inductively-coupled gas discharge plasma that is weakly collisional with typical conditions: n 109cm-3 Te 9 eV and B 660 kG. A 4 ring antenna with diameter similar to the plasma diameter is used for launching the waves. A survey of the zeroth and first order <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity distribution functions (IVDF) is done using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) as the main diagnostics method. Using these IVDFs along with Vlasov's equation the different <span class="hlt">energy</span> rates are measured for different values of <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity and separation from the antenna. We would like to acknowledge DOE DE-FG02-99ER54543 for their financial support throughout this research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.7569H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.7569H"><span>Measurement of track structure parameters of low and medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> helium and carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> in nanometric volumes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hilgers, G.; Bug, M. U.; Rabus, H.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Ionization cluster size distributions produced in the sensitive volume of an <span class="hlt">ion</span>-counting wall-less nanodosimeter by monoenergetic carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 45 MeV and 150 MeV were measured at the TANDEM-ALPI <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator facility complex of the LNL-INFN in Legnaro. Those produced by monoenergetic helium <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 2 MeV and 20 MeV were measured at the accelerator facilities of PTB and with a 241Am alpha particle source. C3H8 was used as the target gas. The ionization cluster size distributions were measured in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beam geometry with the primary beam passing the target volume at specified distances from its centre, and in broad beam geometry with a fan-like primary beam. By applying a suitable drift time window, the effective size of the target volume was adjusted to match the size of a DNA segment. The measured data were compared with the results of simulations obtained with the PTB Monte Carlo code PTra. Before the comparison, the simulated cluster size distributions were corrected with respect to the background of additional ionizations produced in the transport system of the ionized target gas molecules. Measured and simulated characteristics of the particle track structure are in good agreement for both types of primary particles and for both types of the irradiation geometry. As the range in tissue of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> investigated is within the typical extension of a spread-out Bragg peak, these data are useful for benchmarking not only ‘general purpose’ track structure simulation codes, but also treatment planning codes used in hadron therapy. Additionally, these data sets may serve as a data base for codes modelling the induction of radiation damages at the DNA-level as they almost completely characterize the ionization component of the nanometric track structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16853872','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16853872"><span>Ultralow <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam surface modification of low density polyethylene.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shenton, Martyn J; Bradley, James W; van den Berg, Jaap A; Armour, David G; Stevens, Gary C</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Ultralow <span class="hlt">energy</span> Ar+ and O+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam irradiation of low density polyethylene has been carried out under controlled dose and monoenergetic conditions. XPS of Ar+-treated surfaces exposed to ambient atmosphere show that the bombardment of 50 eV Ar+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> at a total dose of 10(16) cm(-2) gives rise to very reactive surfaces with oxygen incorporation at about 50% of the species present in the upper surface layer. Using pure O+ beam irradiation, comparatively low O incorporation is achieved without exposure to atmosphere (approximately 13% O in the upper surface). However, if the surface is activated by Ar+ pretreatment, then large oxygen contents can be achieved under subsequent O+ irradiation (up to 48% O). The results show that for very low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (20 eV) oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> there is a dose threshold of about 5 x 10(15) cm(-2) before surface oxygen incorporation is observed. It appears that, for both Ar+ and O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in this regime, the degree of surface modification is only very weakly dependent on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The results suggest that in the nonequilibrium plasma treatment of polymers, where the <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux is typically 10(18) m(-2) s(-1), low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> (<50 eV) may be responsible for surface chemical modification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPC12047X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPC12047X"><span>Neutral dynamics and <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport in MST plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xing, Zichuan; Nornberg, Mark; den Hartog, Daniel; Kumar, Santosh; Anderson, Jay</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Neutral dynamics can have a significant effect on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport through charge exchange collisions. Whereas previously charge exchange was considered a direct loss mechanism in MST plasmas, new analysis indicates that significant thermal charge exchange neutrals are reionized. Further, the temperatures of the neutral species in the core of the plasma are suspected to be much higher than room temperature, which has a large effect on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses due to charge exchange. The DEGAS2 Monte Carlo simulation code is applied to the MST reversed field pinch experiment to estimate the density and temperature profile of the neutral species. The result is then used to further examine the effect of the neutral species on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport in improved confinement plasmas. This enables the development of a model that accounts for collisional equilibration between species, classical convective and conductive <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss due to charge exchange collisions. The goal is to quantify classical, stochastic, and anomalous <span class="hlt">ion</span> heating and transport in RFP plasmas. Work supported by the US DOE. DEGAS2 is provided by PPPL and STRAHL is provided by Ralph Dux of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcSpA.184..119T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcSpA.184..119T"><span>Influence of Li+ charge compensator <span class="hlt">ion</span> on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from Pr3 + to Gd3 + <span class="hlt">ions</span> in Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2:Gd3 +, Pr3 +, Li+ phosphor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamboli, Sumedha; Dhoble, S. J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Phototherapy is a renowned treatment for curing skin diseases since ancient times. Phototherapeutic treatment for psoriasis and many other diseases require <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band ultra violet-B (NB-UVB) light with peak intensity at 313 nm to be exposed to the affected part of body. In this paper, we report combustion synthesis of NB-UVB - 313 nm emitting Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2 phosphors doped with Gd3 +, Pr3 + and Li+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The phase formation was confirmed by obtaining X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and morphology was studied with the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra show intense <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band emission at 313 nm under 274 nm excitation wavelengths. Emission intensity was enhanced when Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2 compound is co-doped with Pr3 + <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Excitation spectra of Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2:Gd3 +, Pr3 + doped samples shows broad excitation in ultra violet C (UVC) region. Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), obtained by UV-visible spectrophotometer, measures the absorption properties of the material. By applying Kubelka Munk function on the diffuse reflectance spectra, band gap of the material is determined. PL decay curves were examined which indicates efficient <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer between Pr3 + and Gd3 + <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Charge compensation effect was also studied by co-doping Li+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> in host. Emission intensity was found to increase with the addition of charge compensator. The prepared phosphor has potential to convert UVC light into NB-UVB. The luminescence intensity of Gd3 + shows remarkable increase when it is sensitized with Pr3 +, and an addition of charge compensator in the form of Li+, show even better results. This phosphor surely has the potential to be used as phototherapy lamp phosphor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPB.317..143K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPB.317..143K"><span>Materials modification using <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> below 1 MeV/u</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karlušić, M.; Jakšić, M.; Buljan, M.; Sancho-Parramon, J.; Bogdanović-Radović, I.; Radić, N.; Bernstorff, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Materials modifications using swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams provided by large scale accelerators have been used for many years in a wide variety of ways, e.g. to produce <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks or to modify the shape of nanoparticles. In all those applications the most relevant parameter for the materials modification is the electronic stopping power and not the <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. For many materials, <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> below 1 MeV/u delivered from medium and small size accelerators have already sufficiently high electronic stopping power to modify materials in different ways. Also, in this <span class="hlt">energy</span> range the nuclear stopping power can be large enough to provide additional opportunities for materials modifications. In the present paper, we review recent experimental activities of the Zagreb group where <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams with <span class="hlt">energies</span> below 1 MeV/u, obtained from a 6 MV EN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator have been used. Additionally, we present several novel examples of materials modifications and their analysis with such <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482970-ion-collector-design-energy-recovery-test-proposal-negative-ion-source-nio1','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482970-ion-collector-design-energy-recovery-test-proposal-negative-ion-source-nio1"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> collector design for an <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery test proposal with the negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source NIO1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Variale, V., E-mail: vincenzo.variale@ba.infn.it; Cavenago, M.; Agostinetti, P.</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>Commercial viability of thermonuclear fusion power plants depends also on minimizing the recirculation power used to operate the reactor. The neutral beam injector (NBI) remains one of the most important method for plasma heating and control. For the future fusion power plant project DEMO, a NBI wall plug efficiency at least of 0.45 is required, while efficiency of present NBI project is about 0.25. The D{sup −} beam from a negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source is partially neutralized by a gas cell, which leaves more than 40% of <span class="hlt">energy</span> in residual beams (D{sup −} and D{sup +}), so that an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beammore » <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery system can significantly contribute to optimize efficiency. Recently, the test negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> source NIO1 (60 keV, 9 beamlets with 15 mA H{sup −} each) has been designed and built at RFX (Padua) for negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> production efficiency and the beam quality optimization. In this paper, a study proposal to use the NIO1 source also for a beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery test experiment is presented and a preliminary design of a negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam collector with simulations of beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery is discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1366725','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1366725"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Transport through Membrane-Spanning Nanopores Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Continuum Electrostatics Calculations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Peter, Christine; Hummer, Gerhard</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Narrow</span> hydrophobic regions are a common feature of biological channels, with possible roles in <span class="hlt">ion</span>-channel gating. We study the principles that govern <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through <span class="hlt">narrow</span> hydrophobic membrane pores by molecular dynamics simulation of model membranes formed of hexagonally packed carbon nanotubes. We focus on the factors that determine the energetics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> translocation through such nonpolar nanopores and compare the resulting free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> barriers for pores with different diameters corresponding to the gating regions in closed and open forms of potassium channels. Our model system also allows us to compare the results from molecular dynamics simulations directly to continuum electrostatics calculations. Both simulations and continuum calculations show that subnanometer wide pores pose a huge free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> barrier for <span class="hlt">ions</span>, but a small increase in the pore diameter to ∼1 nm nearly eliminates that barrier. We also find that in those wider channels the <span class="hlt">ion</span> mobility is comparable to that in the bulk phase. By calculating local electrostatic potentials, we show that the long range Coulomb interactions of <span class="hlt">ions</span> are strongly screened in the wide water-filled channels. Whereas continuum calculations capture the overall energetics reasonably well, the local water structure, which is not accounted for in this model, leads to interesting effects such as the preference of hydrated <span class="hlt">ions</span> to move along the pore wall rather than through the center of the pore. PMID:16006629</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710657','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710657"><span>Graded bit patterned magnetic arrays fabricated via angled low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> He <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chang, L V; Nasruallah, A; Ruchhoeft, P; Khizroev, S; Litvinov, D</p> <p>2012-07-11</p> <p>A bit patterned magnetic array based on Co/Pd magnetic multilayers with a binary perpendicular magnetic anisotropy distribution was fabricated. The binary anisotropy distribution was attained through angled helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation of a bit edge using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist as an <span class="hlt">ion</span> stopping layer to protect the rest of the bit. The viability of this technique was explored numerically and evaluated through magnetic measurements of the prepared bit patterned magnetic array. The resulting graded bit patterned magnetic array showed a 35% reduction in coercivity and a 9% <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the standard deviation of the switching field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862996','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862996"><span>High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> accelerator for beams of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Martin, Ronald L.; Arnold, Richard C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus for accelerating heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> to high <span class="hlt">energies</span> and directing the accelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span> at a target comprises a source of singly ionized heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> of an element or compound of greater than 100 atomic mass units, means for accelerating the heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>, a storage ring for accumulating the accelerated heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> and switching means for switching the heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the storage ring to strike a target substantially simultaneously from a plurality of directions. In a particular embodiment the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> that is accelerated is singly ionized hydrogen iodide. After acceleration, if the beam is of molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are dissociated to leave an accelerated singly ionized atomic <span class="hlt">ion</span> in a beam. Extraction of the beam may be accomplished by stripping all the electrons from the atomic <span class="hlt">ion</span> to switch the beam from the storage ring by bending it in magnetic field of the storage ring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT.......185H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT.......185H"><span><span class="hlt">Ions</span> in water: Free <span class="hlt">energies</span>, surface effects, and geometrical constraints</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herce, Henry David</p> <p></p> <p>In this work, we present our results for <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation in finite and infinite water clusters. Molecular Dynamic simulations are used to connect the fundamental macroscopic quantities such as free <span class="hlt">energy</span>, internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> and entropy with the underlying microscopic description. Molecular dynamics studies complement experimental results and lead to a deeper insight into the solvation and diffusion of ionic species. Beyond its intrinsic interest, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation problem has practical relevance because of its role as ideal model system with which to construct and test <span class="hlt">ion</span>-water interaction potentials. The ionic charging free <span class="hlt">energy</span> is a very sensitive probe for the treatment of electrostatics in any given simulation setting. In this work, we present methods to compute the ionic charging free <span class="hlt">energy</span> in systems characterized by atomic charges, and higher-order multipoles, mainly dipoles and quadrupoles. The results of these methods under periodic boundary conditions and spherical boundary conditions are then compared. For the treatment of spherical boundary conditions, we introduce a generalization of Gauss' law that links the microscopic variables to the relevant thermodynamic quantities. Ionic solvation in finite clusters is a problem relevant for many areas of chemistry and biology, such as the gas-liquid interface of tropospheric aerosol particles, or the interphase between water and proteins, membranes, etc. Careful evaluations of the free <span class="hlt">energy</span>, internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> and entropy are used to address controversial or unresolved issues, related to the underlying physical cause of surface solvation, and the basic assumptions that go with it. Our main conclusions are the following: (i) The main cause of surface solvation of a single <span class="hlt">ion</span> in a water cluster is both water and <span class="hlt">ion</span> polarization, coupled to the charge and size of the <span class="hlt">ion</span>. Interestingly, the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> increases near the cluster surface, while the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> of water decreases. Also, our analysis</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJP..132..452W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJP..132..452W"><span>Study on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in low-frequency oscillation time scale of Hall thrusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Liqiu; Li, Wenbo; Ding, Yongjie; Han, Liang; Yu, Daren; Cao, Yong</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This paper reports on the dynamic characteristics of the distribution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> during Hall thruster discharge in the low-frequency oscillation time scale through experimental studies, and a statistical analysis of the time-varying peak and width of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and the ratio of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> during the low-frequency oscillation. The results show that the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution exhibits a periodic change during the low-frequency oscillation. Moreover, the variation in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> peak is opposite to that of the discharge current, and the variations in width of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution and the ratio of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> are consistent with that of the discharge current. The variation characteristics of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> density and discharge potential were simulated by one-dimensional hybrid-direct kinetic simulations; the simulation results and analysis indicate that the periodic change in the distribution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> during the low-frequency oscillation depends on the relationship between the ionization source term and discharge potential distribution during ionization in the discharge channel.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850018016','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850018016"><span>Kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> of fragment <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by dissociative photoionization of NO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Samson, J. A. R.; Angel, G. C.; Rstgi, O. P.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by dissociative photoionization of NO have been measured at the discrete resonance lines of He (584A) and Ne (736A), and with undispersed synchrotron radiation. O sup + <span class="hlt">ions</span> were identified with <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 0 to approximately 0.5 eV and two groups of N sup + <span class="hlt">ions</span> one with <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 0.36 eV and another with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 0.9 and 1.5 eV, apparently produced by predissociation of the C sup 3 P 1 and B'1 sigma states respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6385247-ion-componsition-zipper-events','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6385247-ion-componsition-zipper-events"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> componsition of zipper events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kaye, S.M.; Shelley, E.G.; Sharp, R.D.</p> <p>1981-05-01</p> <p>A class of <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions has recently been identified by Fennell et al. (this issue). The distributions are composed of two components, a low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> component with peak fluxes directed along the field line and a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> component with peak fluxes in the perpendicular direction. The transiton between the two components occur over a very <span class="hlt">narrow</span> range of <span class="hlt">energies</span> but can occur anywhere between approximately several hundred electron volts and 20 keV. Because of the appearance of this distribution on an <span class="hlt">energy</span> versus time spectrogram, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> events have been called zippers. The purpose of this report is to examine themore » mass composition of the zipper events. We find that the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and parallel component is composed primarily of O/sup +/, with, to a lesser degree, H/sup +/ and a trace of He/sup +/. The high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and perpendicular component is predominantly H/sup +/, with the relative abundances of O/sup +/ and He/sup +/ down from those of the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> component by a factor of approx.10. These results suggest that whereas the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> component is probably ionospheric in origin, the source of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> components is most probably the plsamasheet.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1029705','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1029705"><span>High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Acceleration by Extreme Laser Radiation Pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-03-14</p> <p>and was published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods A [11]. For similar targets, it was found that by monitoring the divergence of a low- <span class="hlt">energy</span> ...AFRL-AFOSR-UK-TR-2017-0015 High <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration by extreme laser radiation pressure Paul McKenna UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE VIZ ROYAL COLLEGE...MM-YYYY) 14-03-2017 2. REPORT TYPE Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 01 May 2013 to 31 Dec 2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE High <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094919"><span>Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Li-Rich Layered Cathode Oxides for High Volumetric and Power <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qiu, Bao; Yin, Chong; Xia, Yonggao; Liu, Zhaoping</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>As rechargeable Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries have expanded their applications into on-board <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage for electric vehicles, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power must be increased to meet the new demands. Li-rich layered oxides are one of the most promising candidate materials; however, it is very difficult to make them compatible with high volumetric <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and power density. Here, we develop an innovative approach to synthesize three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous Li-rich layered oxides Li[Li 0.144 Ni 0.136 Co 0.136 Mn 0.544 ]O 2 , directly occurring at deep chemical delithiation with carbon dioxide. It is found that the as-prepared material presents a micrometer-sized spherical structure that is typically composed of interconnected nanosized subunits with <span class="hlt">narrow</span> distributed pores at 3.6 nm. As a result, this unique 3D micro-/nanostructure not only has a high tap density over 2.20 g cm -3 but also exhibits excellent rate capability (197.6 mA h g -1 at 1250 mA g -1 ) as an electrode. The excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to the unique nanoporous micro-nanostructures, which facilitates the Li + diffusion and enhances the structural stability of the Li-rich layered cathode materials. Our work offers a comprehensive designing strategy to construct 3D nanoporous Li-rich layered oxides for both high volumetric <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and power density in Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RScI...76h3302G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RScI...76h3302G"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beamline scattering apparatus for surface science investigations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gordon, M. J.; Giapis, K. P.</p> <p>2005-08-01</p> <p>We report on the design, construction, and performance of a high current (monolayers/s), mass-filtered <span class="hlt">ion</span> beamline system for surface scattering studies using inert and reactive species at collision <span class="hlt">energies</span> below 1500 eV. The system combines a high-density inductively coupled plasma <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, high-voltage floating beam transport line with magnet mass-filter and neutral stripping, decelerator, and broad based detection capabilities (<span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutrals in both mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span>) for products leaving the target surface. The entire system was designed from the ground up to be a robust platform to study <span class="hlt">ion</span>-surface interactions from a more global perspective, i.e., high fluxes (>100μA/cm2) of a single <span class="hlt">ion</span> species at low, tunable <span class="hlt">energy</span> (50-1400±5eV full width half maximum) can be delivered to a grounded target under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The high current at low <span class="hlt">energy</span> problem is solved using an accel-decel transport scheme where <span class="hlt">ions</span> are created at the desired collision <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the plasma source, extracted and accelerated to high transport <span class="hlt">energy</span> (20 keV to fight space charge repulsion), and then decelerated back down to their original creation potential right before impacting the grounded target. Scattered species and those originating from the surface are directly analyzed in <span class="hlt">energy</span> and mass using a triply pumped, hybrid detector composed of an electron impact ionizer, hemispherical electrostatic sector, and rf/dc quadrupole in series. With such a system, the collision kinematics, charge exchange, and chemistry occurring on the target surface can be separated by fully analyzing the scattered product flux. Key design aspects of the plasma source, beamline, and detection system are emphasized here to highlight how to work around physical limitations associated with high beam flux at low <span class="hlt">energy</span>, pumping requirements, beam focusing, and scattered product analysis. Operational details of the beamline are discussed from the perspective of available beam current</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340412','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340412"><span>Beam-<span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of charge balance functions from Au + Au collisions at <span class="hlt">energies</span> available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.</p> <p></p> <p>Balance functions have been measured in terms of relative pseudorapidity ( Δη ) for charged particle pairs at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider (RHIC) from Au + Au collisions atmore » $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 7.7 GeV to 200 GeV using the STAR detector. These results are compared with balance functions measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider from Pb + Pb collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 2.76 TeV by the ALICE Collaboration. The width of the balance function decreases as the collisions become more central and as the beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> is increased. In contrast, the widths of the balance functions calculated using shuffled events show little dependence on centrality or beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and are larger than the observed widths. Balance function widths calculated using events generated by UrQMD are wider than the measured widths in central collisions and show little centrality dependence. The measured widths of the balance functions in central collisions are consistent with the delayed hadronization of a deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP). Finally, the <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the balance function in central collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 7.7 GeV implies that a QGP is still being created at this relatively low <span class="hlt">energy</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1340412-beam-energy-dependence-charge-balance-functions-from-au-au-collisions-energies-available-bnl-relativistic-heavy-ion-collider','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1340412-beam-energy-dependence-charge-balance-functions-from-au-au-collisions-energies-available-bnl-relativistic-heavy-ion-collider"><span>Beam-<span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of charge balance functions from Au + Au collisions at <span class="hlt">energies</span> available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; ...</p> <p>2016-08-16</p> <p>Balance functions have been measured in terms of relative pseudorapidity ( Δη ) for charged particle pairs at the BNL Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider (RHIC) from Au + Au collisions atmore » $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 7.7 GeV to 200 GeV using the STAR detector. These results are compared with balance functions measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider from Pb + Pb collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 2.76 TeV by the ALICE Collaboration. The width of the balance function decreases as the collisions become more central and as the beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> is increased. In contrast, the widths of the balance functions calculated using shuffled events show little dependence on centrality or beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and are larger than the observed widths. Balance function widths calculated using events generated by UrQMD are wider than the measured widths in central collisions and show little centrality dependence. The measured widths of the balance functions in central collisions are consistent with the delayed hadronization of a deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP). Finally, the <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the balance function in central collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}$$$_{NN}$$ = 7.7 GeV implies that a QGP is still being created at this relatively low <span class="hlt">energy</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265472-density-functional-theory-study-capacitance-single-file-ions-narrow-cylinder','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265472-density-functional-theory-study-capacitance-single-file-ions-narrow-cylinder"><span>Density functional theory study of the capacitance of single file <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> cylinder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kong, Xian; Wu, Jianzhong; Henderson, Douglas</p> <p>2014-11-14</p> <p>In this paper, the differential capacitance of a model organic electrolyte in a cylindrical pore that is so <span class="hlt">narrow</span> that the <span class="hlt">ions</span> can form only a single file is studied by means of density functional theory (DFT). Kornyshev (2013), has studied this system and found the differential capacitance to have only a double hump shape (the so-called camel shape) whereas other geometries show this behavior only at low ionic concentrations that are typical for aqueous electrolytes. However, his calculation is rather approximate. In this DFT study we find that the double hump shape occurs only at low ionic concentrations. Atmore » high concentrations, the capacitance has only a single hump. Kornyshev considers a metallic cylinder and approximately includes the contributions of electrostatic images. Electrostatic images are not easily incorporated into DFT. In conclusion, images are not considered in this study and the question of whether Kornyshev’s result is due to his approximations or images cannot be answered. Simulations to answer this question are planned.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJMSp.267..346M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJMSp.267..346M"><span>A thermal extrapolation method for the effective temperatures and internal <span class="hlt">energies</span> of activated <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meot-Ner (Mautner), Michael; Somogyi, Árpád</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>The internal <span class="hlt">energies</span> of dissociating <span class="hlt">ions</span>, activated chemically or collisionally, can be estimated using the kinetics of thermal dissociation. The thermal Arrhenius parameters can be combined with the observed dissociation rate of the activated <span class="hlt">ions</span> using kdiss = Athermalexp(-Ea,thermal/RTeff). This Arrhenius-type relation yields the effective temperature, Teff, at which the <span class="hlt">ions</span> would dissociate thermally at the same rate, or yield the same product distributions, as the activated <span class="hlt">ions</span>. In turn, Teff is used to calculate the internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposited by the activation process. The method yields an <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition efficiency of 10% for a chemical ionization proton transfer reaction and 8-26% for the surface collisions of various peptide <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Internal <span class="hlt">energies</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> activated by chemical ionization or by gas phase collisions, and of <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by desorption methods such as fast atom bombardment, can be also evaluated. Thermal extrapolation is especially useful for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-molecule reaction products and for biological <span class="hlt">ions</span>, where other methods to evaluate internal <span class="hlt">energies</span> are laborious or unavailable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.118n3401R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.118n3401R"><span>Superstatistical <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Distributions of an <span class="hlt">Ion</span> in an Ultracold Buffer Gas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rouse, I.; Willitsch, S.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">ion</span> in a radio frequency <span class="hlt">ion</span> trap interacting with a buffer gas of ultracold neutral atoms is a driven dynamical system which has been found to develop a nonthermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution with a power law tail. The exact analytical form of this distribution is unknown, but has often been represented empirically by q -exponential (Tsallis) functions. Based on the concepts of superstatistics, we introduce a framework for the statistical mechanics of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> trapped in an rf field subject to collisions with a buffer gas. We derive analytic <span class="hlt">ion</span> secular <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions from first principles both neglecting and including the effects of the thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the buffer gas. For a buffer gas with a finite temperature, we prove that Tsallis statistics emerges from the combination of a constant heating term and multiplicative <span class="hlt">energy</span> fluctuations. We show that the resulting distributions essentially depend on experimentally controllable parameters paving the way for an accurate control of the statistical properties of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-atom hybrid systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRA..119.8137L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRA..119.8137L"><span>On an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion pattern of <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation potentially associated with magnetospheric EMIC waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Jun; Donovan, E.; Ni, B.; Yue, C.; Jiang, F.; Angelopoulos, V.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> precipitation mechanisms are usually <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependent and contingent upon magnetospheric/ionospheric locations. Therefore, the pattern of <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dependence of <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation boundaries seen by low Earth orbit satellites can be implicative of the mechanism(s) underlying the precipitation. The pitch angle scattering of <span class="hlt">ions</span> led by the field line curvature, a well-recognized mechanism of <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation in the central plasma sheet (CPS), leads to one common pattern of <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion, in that the <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation flux diminishes at higher (lower) latitudes for protons with lower (higher) <span class="hlt">energies</span>. In this study, we introduce one other systematically existing pattern of <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion of <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation, in that the lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation extends to lower latitude than the higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation. Via investigating such a "reversed" <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion pattern, we explore possible mechanisms of <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation other than the field line curvature scattering. We demonstrate via theories and simulations that the H-band electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron (EMIC) wave is capable of preferentially scattering keV protons in the CPS and potentially leads to the reversed <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion of proton precipitation. We then present detailed event analyses and provide support to a linkage between the EMIC waves in the equatorial CPS and <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation events with reversed <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude dispersion. We also discuss the role of <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration in the topside ionosphere which, together with the CPS <span class="hlt">ion</span> population, may result in a variety of <span class="hlt">energy</span>-latitude distributions of the overall <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22299714-observation-high-energy-tail-ion-energy-distribution-cylindrical-hall-thruster-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22299714-observation-high-energy-tail-ion-energy-distribution-cylindrical-hall-thruster-plasma"><span>Observation of a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail in <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in the cylindrical Hall thruster plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lim, Youbong; Kim, Holak; Choe, Wonho, E-mail: wchoe@kaist.ac.kr</p> <p>2014-10-15</p> <p>A novel method is presented to determine populations and <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions (IEDFs) of individual <span class="hlt">ion</span> species having different charge states in an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam from the measured spectrum of an E × B probe. The inversion of the problem is performed by adopting the iterative Tikhonov regularization method with the characteristic matrices obtained from the calculated <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories. In a cylindrical Hall thruster plasma, an excellent agreement is observed between the IEDFs by an E × B probe and those by a retarding potential analyzer. The existence of a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail in the IEDF is found to be mainly due to singlymore » charged Xe <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and is interpreted in terms of non-linear <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13G..03O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13G..03O"><span>Variations of High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ions</span> during Fast Plasma Flows and Dipolarization in the Plasma Sheet: Comparison Among Different <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohtani, S.; Nose, M.; Miyashita, Y.; Lui, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the responses of different <span class="hlt">ion</span> species (H+, He+, He++, and O+) to fast plasma flows and local dipolarization in the plasma sheet in terms of <span class="hlt">energy</span> density. We use energetic (9-210 keV) <span class="hlt">ion</span> composition measurements made by the Geotail satellite at r = 10~31 RE. The results are summarized as follows: (1) whereas the O+-to-H+ ratio decreases with earthward flow velocity, it increases with tailward flow velocity with Vx dependence steeper for perpendicular flows than for parallel flows; (2) for fast earthward flows, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of each <span class="hlt">ion</span> species increases without any clear preference for heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>; (3) for fast tailward flows the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> density increases initially, then it decreases to below pre-flow levels except for O+; (4) the O+-to-H+ ratio does not increase through local dipolarization irrespective of dipolarization amplitude, background BZ, X distance, and VX; (5) in general, the H+ and He++ <span class="hlt">ions</span> behave similarly. Result (1) can be attributed to radial transport along with the earthward increase of the background O+-to-H+ ratio. Results (2) and (4) indicate that <span class="hlt">ion</span> energization associated with local dipolarization is not mass-dependent possibly because in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of our interest the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are not magnetized irrespective of species. In the tailward outflow region of reconnection, where the plasma sheet becomes thinner, the H+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> escape along the field line more easily than the O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>, which possibly explains result (3). Result (5) suggests that the solar wind is the primary source of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> H+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvS..16a1001S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvS..16a1001S"><span>Experiments with crystal deflectors for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams: Electromagnetic dissociation probability for well channeled <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scandale, W.; Taratin, A. M.; Kovalenko, A. D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The paper presents the current status with the use of the crystal defectors for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. The channeling properties of multicharged <span class="hlt">ions</span> are discussed. The results of the experiments on the deflection and extraction (collimation) of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams with bent crystals performed in the accelerator centers are shortly considered. The analysis of the recent collimation experiment with a Pb nuclei of 270GeV/c per charge at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron showed that the channeling efficiency was as large as about 90%. For Pb <span class="hlt">ions</span> of the LHC <span class="hlt">energies</span> a new mechanism, which can reduce the channeling efficiency, appears. The electromagnetic dissociation (ED) becomes possible for well channeled particles. However, the estimations performed in the paper show that the ED probability is small and should not visibly reduce the collimation efficiency. On the other hand, the aligned crystal gives the possibility to study the ED processes of heavy nuclei in the conditions when nuclear interactions are fully suppressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2548S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2548S"><span>Flow direction variations of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> as measured by the <span class="hlt">ion</span> electron sensor (IES) flying on board of Rosetta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Szegö, Karoly; Nemeth, Zoltan; Foldy, Lajos; Burch, James L.; Goldstein, Raymond; Mandt, Kathleen; Mokashi, Prachet; Broiles, Tom</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Electron Sensor (IES) simultaneously measures <span class="hlt">ions</span> and electrons with two separate electrostatic plasma analyzers in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 4 eV- 22 keV for <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The field of view is 90ox360o, with angular resolution 5ox45o for <span class="hlt">ions</span>, with a sector containing the solar wind being further segmented to 5o × 5o. IES has operated continuously since early 2014. In the <span class="hlt">ion</span> data a low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (<50-100 eV) component is well separated from the higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Here we analyze the arrival direction of this low <span class="hlt">energy</span> component. The origin of these low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> is certainly the ionized component of the neutral gas emitted due to solar activity from comet 67P/Churiumov-Gerasimenko. The low <span class="hlt">energy</span> component in general shows a 6h periodicity due to cometary rotation. The data show, however, that the arrival direction of the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> is smeared both in azimuth and elevation, due possibly to the diverse mechanisms affecting these <span class="hlt">ions</span>. One of these effects is the spacecraft potential (~-10V), which accelerates the <span class="hlt">ions</span> towards the spacecraft omnidirectionally. To characterize the flow direction in azimuth-elevation, we have integrated over the lowest 8 <span class="hlt">energy</span> channels using weighted <span class="hlt">energy</span>: sum(counts * <span class="hlt">energy</span>)/sum(counts); and considered only cases when the counts are above 30. When we apply higher cut for counts, the flow direction became more definite. For this analysis we use data files where the two neighbouring <span class="hlt">energy</span> values and elevation values are collapsed; and the azimuthal resolution is 45o, that is the solar wind azimuthal segmentation is also collapsed. Here we use day 2014.09.11. as illustration. On that day a solar wind shock reached the spacecraft at about ~10 UT. After the shock transition the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the solar wind became higher, and after ~12 UT the flow direction of the solar wind fluctuated, sometimes by 35o. On this day Rosetta flew at about 29.3-29.6 km from the nucleus. In the azimuth-elevation plots summed over "weighted <span class="hlt">energy</span>" (as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392358-feasibility-electric-sector-energy-analyzer-low-energy-ion-beam-characterization','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392358-feasibility-electric-sector-energy-analyzer-low-energy-ion-beam-characterization"><span>Feasibility of a 90° electric sector <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer for low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mahinay, C. L. S., E-mail: cmahinay@nip.upd.edu.ph; Ramos, H. J.; Wada, M.</p> <p>2015-02-15</p> <p>A simple formula to calculate refocusing by locating the output slit at a specific distance away from the exit of 90° <span class="hlt">ion</span> deflecting electric sector is given. Numerical analysis is also performed to calculate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam trajectories for different values of the initial angular deviation of the beam. To validate the theory, a compact (90 mm × 5.5 mm × 32 mm) 90° sector ESA is fabricated which can fit through the inner diameter of a conflat 70 vacuum flange. Experimental results show that the dependence of resolution upon the distance between the sector exit and the Faraday cupmore » agrees with the theory. The fabricated 90° sector electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer was then used to measure the space resolved <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with the <span class="hlt">energy</span> as low as 600 eV.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1176851-modeling-stream-tidal-energy-development-its-potential-effects-tacoma-narrows-washington-usa','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1176851-modeling-stream-tidal-energy-development-its-potential-effects-tacoma-narrows-washington-usa"><span>Modeling of In-stream Tidal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Development and its Potential Effects in Tacoma <span class="hlt">Narrows</span>, Washington, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Zhaoqing; Wang, Taiping; Copping, Andrea E.</p> <p></p> <p>Understanding and providing proactive information on the potential for tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> projects to cause changes to the physical system and to key water quality constituents in tidal waters is a necessary and cost-effective means to avoid costly regulatory involvement and late stage surprises in the permitting process. This paper presents a modeling study for evaluating the tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction and its potential impacts on the marine environment in a real world site - Tacoma <span class="hlt">Narrows</span> of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. An unstructured-grid coastal ocean model, fitted with a module that simulates tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> devices, was applied to simulate themore » tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> extracted by different turbine array configurations and the potential effects of the extraction at local and system-wide scales in Tacoma <span class="hlt">Narrows</span> and South Puget Sound. Model results demonstrated the advantage of an unstructured-grid model for simulating the far-field effects of tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction in a large model domain, as well as assessing the near-field effect using a fine grid resolution near the tidal turbines. The outcome shows that a realistic near-term deployment scenario extracts a very small fraction of the total tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the system and that system wide environmental effects are not likely; however, near-field effects on the flow field and bed shear stress in the area of tidal turbine farm are more likely. Model results also indicate that from a practical standpoint, hydrodynamic or water quality effects are not likely to be the limiting factor for development of large commercial-scale tidal farms. Results indicate that very high numbers of turbines are required to significantly alter the tidal system; limitations on marine space or other environmental concerns are likely to be reached before reaching these deployment levels. These findings show that important information obtained from numerical modeling can be used to inform regulatory and policy processes for tidal <span class="hlt">energy</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...538..581R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...538..581R"><span>The <span class="hlt">Narrow</span>-Line Region of <span class="hlt">Narrow</span>-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Binette, Luc; Pastoriza, Miriani G.; Donzelli, Carlos J.</p> <p>2000-08-01</p> <p>This work studies the optical emission-line properties and physical conditions of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-line region (NLR) of seven <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1's) for which high signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopic observations were available. The resolution is 340 km s-1 (at Hα) over the wavelength interval 3700-9500 Å, enabling us to separate the broad and <span class="hlt">narrow</span> components of the permitted emission lines. Our results show that the flux carried out by the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> component of Hβ is, on average, 50% of the total line flux. As a result, the [O III] λ5007/Hβ ratio emitted in the NLR varies from 1 to 5, instead of the universally adopted value of 10. This has strong implications for the required spectral <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution that ionizes the NLR gas. Photoionization models that consider a NLR composed of a combination of matter-bounded and ionization-bounded clouds are successful at explaining the low [O III] λ5007/Hβ ratio and the weakness of low-ionization lines of NLS1's. Variation of the relative proportion of these two type of clouds nicely reproduces the dispersion of <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-line ratios found among the NLS1 sample. Assuming similar physical model parameters of both NLS1's and the normal Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548, we show that the observed differences of emission-line ratios between these two groups of galaxies can be explained, to a first approximation, in terms of the shape of the input ionizing continuum. <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> emission-line ratios of NLS1's are better reproduced by a steep power-law continuum in the EUV-soft X-ray region, with spectral index α~-2. Flatter spectral indices (α~-1.5) match the observed line ratios of NGC 5548 but are unable to provide a good match to the NLS1 ratios. This result is consistent with ROSAT observations of NLS1's, which show that these objects are characterized by steeper power-law indices than those of Seyfert 1 galaxies with strong broad optical lines. Based on observations made at CASLEO. Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApSS..263..334G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApSS..263..334G"><span>Optical characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) implanted with low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gupta, Renu; Kumar, Vijay; Goyal, Parveen Kumar; Kumar, Shyam</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The samples of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were subjected to 100 keV N+ and Ar+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation up to a maximum fluence of 2 × 1016 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. The effect of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation on the optical <span class="hlt">energy</span> gap and the refractive index has been studied through UV-visible spectroscopy. The results clearly indicate a decrease in the values of optical <span class="hlt">energy</span> gap and an increase in the values of refractive index as an effect of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation corresponding to both of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. It has also been observed that the changes induced by the implanted <span class="hlt">ions</span> are more pronounced for N+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in comparison to Ar+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. This variation has been correlated with the calculated ranges of these <span class="hlt">ions</span> in PMMA polymer using Stopping and Range of <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Matter (SRIM) code. Finally, an attempt has been made to correlate all the observed changes with the induced structural changes as revealed through Raman spectroscopy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvL.111r3602S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvL.111r3602S"><span>Spectral Engineering of Slow Light, Cavity Line <span class="hlt">Narrowing</span>, and Pulse Compression</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sabooni, Mahmood; Li, Qian; Rippe, Lars; Mohan, R. Krishna; Kröll, Stefan</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>More than 4 orders of magnitude of cavity-linewidth <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> in a rare-earth-<span class="hlt">ion</span>-doped crystal cavity, emanating from strong intracavity dispersion caused by off-resonant interaction with dopant <span class="hlt">ions</span>, is demonstrated. The dispersion profiles are engineered using optical pumping techniques creating significant semipermanent but reprogrammable changes of the rare-earth absorption profiles. Several cavity modes are shown within the spectral transmission window. Several possible applications of this phenomenon are discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185640-role-electronic-energy-loss-ion-beam-modification-materials','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185640-role-electronic-energy-loss-ion-beam-modification-materials"><span>The role of electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam modification of materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Weber, William J.; Duffy, Dorothy M.; Thome, Lionel; ...</p> <p>2014-10-05</p> <p>The interaction of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> with solids results in <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss to both atomic nuclei and electrons in the solid. In this article, recent advances in understanding and modeling the additive and competitive effects of nuclear and electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss on the response of materials to <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation are reviewed. Experimental methods and large-scale atomistic simulations are used to study the separate and combined effects of nuclear and electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss on <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam modification of materials. The results demonstrate that nuclear and electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss can lead to additive effects on irradiation damage production in some materials; while inmore » other materials, the competitive effects of electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss leads to recovery of damage induced by elastic collision cascades. Lastly, these results have significant implications for <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam modification of materials, non-thermal recovery of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation damage, and the response of materials to extreme radiation environments.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864337','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864337"><span>Neutral beamline with <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery based on magnetic blocking of electrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Stirling, William L.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A neutral beamline generator with <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery of the full-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> ponent of the beam based on magnetic blocking of electrons is provided. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> from a positive <span class="hlt">ion</span> source are accelerated to the desired beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> from a slightly positive potential level with respect to ground through a neutralizer cell by means of a negative acceleration voltage. The unneutralized full-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> component of the beam exiting the neutralizer are retarded and slightly deflected and the electrons in the neutralizer are blocked by a magnetic field generated transverse to the beamline. An electron collector in the form of a coaxial cylinder surrounding and protruding axial a few centimeters beyond the neutralizer exit terminates the electrons which exit the neutralizer in an E x B drift to the collector when the collector is biased a few hundred volts positive with respect to the neutralizer voltage. The neutralizer is operated at the negative acceleration voltage, and the deflected full <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> are decelerated and the charge collected at ground potential thereby expending none of their <span class="hlt">energy</span> received from the acceleration power supply.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080041055','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080041055"><span>Model for Cumulative Solar Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and LET Spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xapsos, Mike; Barth, Janet; Stauffer, Craig; Jordan, Tom; Mewaldt, Richard</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A probabilistic model of cumulative solar heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and lineary <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer (LET) spectra is developed for spacecraft design applications. Spectra are given as a function of confidence level, mission time period during solar maximum and shielding thickness. It is shown that long-term solar heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes exceed galactic cosmic ray fluxes during solar maximum for shielding levels of interest. Cumulative solar heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluences should therefore be accounted for in single event effects rate calculations and in the planning of space missions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392537"><span>Direct observation and theory of trajectory-dependent electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses in medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hentz, A; Parkinson, G S; Quinn, P D; Muñoz-Márquez, M A; Woodruff, D P; Grande, P L; Schiwietz, G; Bailey, P; Noakes, T C Q</p> <p>2009-03-06</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum associated with scattering of 100 keV H+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the outermost few atomic layers of Cu(111) in different scattering geometries provides direct evidence of trajectory-dependent electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss. Theoretical simulations, combining standard Monte Carlo calculations of the elastic scattering trajectories with coupled-channel calculations to describe inner-shell ionization and excitation as a function of impact parameter, reproduce the effects well and provide a means for far more complete analysis of medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020042709&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dby-product','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020042709&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dby-product"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Flux Distributions of CF4/Ar/O2 Inductively Coupled Plasmas in a GEC Cell</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rao, M. V. V. S.; Cruden, Brett; Sharma, Surendra; Meyyappan, Meyya</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Knowledge of <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetics in plasma processing gas mixtures, such as CF4:Ar:O2, is important for understanding plasma assisted etching and deposition of materials. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> and <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes were measured in this mixture for 80:10:10, 60:20:20, and 40:30:30 mixture ratios in the pressure range of 10-50 mTorr, and at 200 and 300 W of RF power. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> from plasma, sampled through a 10 micron orifice in the center of the lower plane electrode, were <span class="hlt">energy</span> and mass analyzed by a combination of electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> and quadrupole mass filters. CFx(+) (x = 1 - 3), F2(+), F(+), C(+) from CF4, Ar(+) from Ar, and O2(+) and O(+) from O2, and by-product <span class="hlt">ions</span> SiFx(+)(x = 1 - 3) from etching of quartz coupling window, COFx(+)(x = 1 - 3), CO(+), CO2(+), and OF(+) were detected. In all conditions <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux decreases with increase of pressure but increase with increase of RF power. Ar(+) signal decreases with increase of pressure while CF3(+), which is the dominant <span class="hlt">ion</span> at all conditions, increases with increase in pressure. The loss mechanism for Ar(+) and increase of CF3(+) is due to large cross section for Ar(+) + CF4 yields Ar + CF3(+) + F. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which range from 15-25 eV depending on plasma operating conditions, are nearly Gaussian. By-product <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals are higher at lower pressures indicating stronger plasma interaction with quartz window.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543202','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543202"><span>A Green's function method for high charge and <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chun, S Y; Khandelwal, G S; Wilson, J W</p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>A heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport code using Green's function methods is developed. The low-order perturbation terms exhibiting the greatest <span class="hlt">energy</span> variation are used as dominant <span class="hlt">energy</span>-dependent terms, and the higher order collision terms are evaluated using nonperturbative methods. The recently revised NUCFRG database is used to evaluate the solution for comparison with experimental data for 625A MeV 20Ne and 517A MeV 40Ar <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. Improved agreements with the attenuation characteristics for neon <span class="hlt">ions</span> are found, and reasonable agreement is obtained for the transport of argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> in water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPB.317..137F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPB.317..137F"><span>Systematic investigations of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> Ar <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering of Si and Ag</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feder, R.; Frost, F.; Neumann, H.; Bundesmann, C.; Rauschenbach, B.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> beam sputter deposition (IBD) delivers some intrinsic features influencing the growing film properties, because <span class="hlt">ion</span> properties and geometrical process conditions generate different <span class="hlt">energy</span> and spatial distributions of the sputtered and scattered particles. Even though IBD has been used for decades, the full capabilities are not investigated systematically and specifically used yet. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the correlation between the properties of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam, the generated secondary particles and backscattered <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the deposited films needs to be done.A vacuum deposition chamber has been set up which allows <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering of different targets under variation of geometrical parameters (<span class="hlt">ion</span> incidence angle, position of substrates and analytics in respect to the target) and of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam parameters (<span class="hlt">ion</span> species, <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>) to perform a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the correlation between the properties of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam, the properties of the sputtered and scattered particles, and the properties of the deposited films. A set of samples was prepared and characterized with respect to selected film properties, such as thickness and surface topography. The experiments indicate a systematic influence of the deposition parameters on the film properties as hypothesized before. Because of this influence, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of secondary particles was measured using an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-selective mass spectrometer. Among others, experiments revealed a high-energetic maximum for backscattered primary <span class="hlt">ions</span>, which shifts with increasing emission angle to higher <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Experimental data are compared with Monte Carlo simulations done with the well-known Transport and Range of <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Matter, Sputtering version (TRIM.SP) code [J.P. Biersack, W. Eckstein, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 34 (1984) 73]. The thicknesses of the films are in good agreement with those calculated from simulated particle fluxes. For the positions of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..DMP.P6032T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002APS..DMP.P6032T"><span>Internal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Distribution in Sympathetically Cooled Molecular <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Robert I.; Fisher, Amy; Harmon, Thomas; Winslade, Clayton; Ahmadi, Nasser</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Over the past year a research program at the University of Calgary has begun looking at the distribution of <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the internal degrees of freedom (vibrational and rotational) of trapped and sympathetically cooled molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> traps are capable of holding mixed samples of charged atoms and molecules simultaneously. Atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the trapped cloud can be laser cooled by traditional techniques. The molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span> are not directly laser cooled, but all of the trapped particles are charged so they interact strongly through Coulomb forces. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the external or translational degrees of freedom of the non-laser-cooled species are significantly lowered through this interaction (e.g. [1]). However, there is little known about the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in the in the internal degrees of freedom. This poster will outline the results of our theoretical work, as well as the technical design, construction, and initial work in the laboratory. [1] T. Baba and I. Waki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L1134 (1996).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4102904','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4102904"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> deposition by heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>: Additivity of kinetic and potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> contributions in hillock formation on CaF2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Y. Y.; Grygiel, C.; Dufour, C.; Sun, J. R.; Wang, Z. G.; Zhao, Y. T.; Xiao, G. Q.; Cheng, R.; Zhou, X. M.; Ren, J. R.; Liu, S. D.; Lei, Y.; Sun, Y. B.; Ritter, R.; Gruber, E.; Cassimi, A.; Monnet, I.; Bouffard, S.; Aumayr, F.; Toulemonde, M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Modification of surface and bulk properties of solids by irradiation with <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is a widely used technique with many applications in material science. In this study, we show that nano-hillocks on CaF2 crystal surfaces can be formed by individual impact of medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> (3 and 5 MeV) highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> (Xe22+ to Xe30+) as well as swift (kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 12 and 58 MeV) heavy xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span>. For very slow highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> the appearance of hillocks is known to be linked to a threshold in potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> (Ep) while for swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> a minimum electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss per unit length (Se) is necessary. With our results we bridge the gap between these two extreme cases and demonstrate, that with increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition via Se the Ep-threshold for hillock production can be lowered substantially. Surprisingly, both mechanisms of <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition in the target surface seem to contribute in an additive way, which can be visualized in a phase diagram. We show that the inelastic thermal spike model, originally developed to describe such material modifications for swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>, can be extended to the case where both kinetic and potential <span class="hlt">energies</span> are deposited into the surface. PMID:25034006</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034006','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034006"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> deposition by heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>: additivity of kinetic and potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> contributions in hillock formation on CaF2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Y Y; Grygiel, C; Dufour, C; Sun, J R; Wang, Z G; Zhao, Y T; Xiao, G Q; Cheng, R; Zhou, X M; Ren, J R; Liu, S D; Lei, Y; Sun, Y B; Ritter, R; Gruber, E; Cassimi, A; Monnet, I; Bouffard, S; Aumayr, F; Toulemonde, M</p> <p>2014-07-18</p> <p>Modification of surface and bulk properties of solids by irradiation with <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is a widely used technique with many applications in material science. In this study, we show that nano-hillocks on CaF2 crystal surfaces can be formed by individual impact of medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> (3 and 5 MeV) highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> (Xe(22+) to Xe(30+)) as well as swift (kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 12 and 58 MeV) heavy xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span>. For very slow highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> the appearance of hillocks is known to be linked to a threshold in potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> (Ep) while for swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> a minimum electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss per unit length (Se) is necessary. With our results we bridge the gap between these two extreme cases and demonstrate, that with increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition via Se the Ep-threshold for hillock production can be lowered substantially. Surprisingly, both mechanisms of <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition in the target surface seem to contribute in an additive way, which can be visualized in a phase diagram. We show that the inelastic thermal spike model, originally developed to describe such material modifications for swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>, can be extended to the case where both kinetic and potential <span class="hlt">energies</span> are deposited into the surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..179F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..179F"><span>Temporal Evolution of <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Spectral Structures During a Geomagnetic Storm: Observations and Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferradas, C. P.; Zhang, J.-C.; Spence, H. E.; Kistler, L. M.; Larsen, B. A.; Reeves, G. D.; Skoug, R. M.; Funsten, H. O.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Using the Van Allen Probes/Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron mass spectrometer, we perform a case study of the temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 1 to 50 keV throughout the geomagnetic storm of 2 October 2013. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral features are observed near the inner edge of the plasma sheet and are signatures of fresh transport from the plasma sheet into the inner magnetosphere. We find that the characteristics of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures are determined by the intensity of the convection electric field. Prior to the beginning of the storm, the plasma sheet inner edge exhibits <span class="hlt">narrow</span> nose spectral structures that vary little in <span class="hlt">energy</span> across <fi>L</fi> values. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> access to the inner magnetosphere during these times is limited to the nose <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands. As convection is enhanced and large amounts of plasma are injected from the plasma sheet during the main phase of the storm, <span class="hlt">ion</span> access occurs at a wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> range, as no nose structures are observed. As the magnetosphere recovers from the storm, single noses and then multiple noses are observed once again. We use a model of <span class="hlt">ion</span> drift and losses due to charge exchange to simulate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra and gain insight into the main observed features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EP%26S...70...70A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EP%26S...70...70A"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> particle experiments-<span class="hlt">ion</span> mass analyzer (LEPi) onboard the ERG (Arase) satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Asamura, K.; Kazama, Y.; Yokota, S.; Kasahara, S.; Miyoshi, Y.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> experiments-<span class="hlt">ion</span> mass analyzer (LEPi) is one of the particle instruments onboard the ERG satellite. LEPi is an <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>-mass spectrometer which covers the range of particle <span class="hlt">energies</span> from < 0.01 to 25 keV/q. Species of incoming <span class="hlt">ions</span> are discriminated by a combination of electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span>-per-charge analysis and the time-of-flight technique. The sensor has a planar field-of-view, which provides 4π steradian coverage by using the spin motion of the satellite. LEPi started its nominal observation after the initial checkout and commissioning phase in space. [Figure not available: see fulltext.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353505"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> deposition of H and He <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in hydroxyapatite films: a study with implications for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam cancer therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Limandri, Silvina; de Vera, Pablo; Fadanelli, Raul C; Nagamine, Luiz C C M; Mello, Alexandre; Garcia-Molina, Rafael; Behar, Moni; Abril, Isabel</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span>-beam cancer therapy is a promising technique to treat deep-seated tumors; however, for an accurate treatment planning, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition by the <span class="hlt">ions</span> must be well known both in soft and hard human tissues. Although the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in water and other organic and biological materials is fairly well known, scarce information is available for the hard tissues (i.e., bone), for which the current stopping power information relies on the application of simple additivity rules to atomic data. Especially, more knowledge is needed for the main constituent of human bone, calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp), which constitutes 58% of its mass composition. In this work the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of H and He <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in HAp films has been obtained experimentally. The experiments have been performed using the Rutherford backscattering technique in an <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 450-2000 keV for H and 400-5000 keV for He <span class="hlt">ions</span>. These measurements are used as a benchmark for theoretical calculations (stopping power and mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span>) based on the dielectric formalism together with the MELF-GOS (Mermin <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss function-generalized oscillator strength) method to describe the electronic excitation spectrum of HAp. The stopping power calculations are in good agreement with the experiments. Even though these experimental data are obtained for low projectile <span class="hlt">energies</span> compared with the ones used in hadron therapy, they validate the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span> obtained theoretically, which is the fundamental quantity to accurately assess <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition and depth-dose curves of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams at clinically relevant high <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The effect of the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span> choice on the depth-dose profile is discussed on the basis of detailed simulations. Finally, implications of the present work on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of charged particles in human cortical bone are remarked.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..305..186S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..305..186S"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> deposition and <span class="hlt">ion</span> production from thermal oxygen <span class="hlt">ion</span> precipitation during Cassini's T57 flyby</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Snowden, Darci; Smith, Michael; Jimson, Theodore; Higgins, Alex</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Cassini's Radio Science Investigation (RSS) and Langmuir Probe observed abnormally high electron densities in Titan's ionosphere during Cassini's T57 flyby. We have developed a three-dimensional model to investigate how the precipitation of thermal magnetospheric O+ may have contributed to enhanced <span class="hlt">ion</span> production in Titan's ionosphere. The three-dimensional model builds on previous work because it calculates both the flux of oxygen through Titan's exobase and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition and <span class="hlt">ion</span> production rates in Titan's atmosphere. We find that <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition rates and <span class="hlt">ion</span> production rates due to thermal O+ precipitation have a similar magnitude to the rates from magnetospheric electron precipitation and that the simulated ionization rates are sufficient to explain the abnormally high electron densities observed by RSS and Cassini's Langmuir Probe. Globally, thermal O+ deposits less <span class="hlt">energy</span> in Titan's atmosphere than solar EUV, suggesting it has a smaller impact on the thermal structure of Titan's neutral atmosphere. However, our results indicate that thermal O+ precipitation can have a significant impact on Titan's ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/279567-cera-microwave-plasma-stream-source-variable-ion-energy','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/279567-cera-microwave-plasma-stream-source-variable-ion-energy"><span>CERA-V: Microwave plasma stream source with variable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Balmashnov, A.A.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>A microwave plasma stream source with variable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> operated under low magnetic field electron cyclotron resonance conditions has been developed. A two mode resonant cavity (TE{sub 111}, {ital E}{sub 010}) was used. It was established that overdense plasma creation (TE{sub 111}) and high <span class="hlt">energy</span> in-phase space localized electron plasma oscillations ({ital E}{sub 010}) in a decreased magnetic field lead to the potential for <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> variation from 10 to 300 eV (up to 1 A of <span class="hlt">ion</span> current, and a plasma cross section of 75 cm{sup 2}, hydrogen) by varying the TE{sub 111}, {ital E}{sub 010} power, the valuemore » of the magnetic field, and pressure. The threshold level of {ital E}{sub 010}-mode power was also determined. An application of this CERA-V source to hydrogenation of semiconductor devices without deterioration of surface layers by <span class="hlt">ions</span> and fast atoms is under investigation. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Vacuum Society}« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810054551&hterms=Magnetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DMagnetic%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810054551&hterms=Magnetic+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DMagnetic%2Benergy"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> composition and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution during 10 magnetic storms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lennartsson, W.; Sharp, R. D.; Shelley, E. G.; Johnson, R. G.; Balsiger, H.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Data from the plasma composition experiment of ISEE 1 are used to investigate the relative quantities and <span class="hlt">energy</span> characteristics of H(+), He(++), He(+), and O(+) <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the near-equatorial magnetosphere during magnetic storm conditions. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the study had <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 0.1 and 17 keV/e and pitch angles between 45 and 135 deg. The data were obtained during 10 storms, for the most part at or immediately following the peak Dst, covering all major local time sectors and geocentric distances between 2 and 15 earth radii. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes are averaged over the spacecraft spin angle and over time for periods ranging from about 20 min close to the earth to more than an hour in most distant regions. The inferred 'isotropic' number densities are characterized by a large to dominant fraction of terrestrial <span class="hlt">ions</span> throughout the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range covered. The data are found to be consistent with a terrestrial origin for all of the O(+), most of the He(+), and a large but varying fraction of the H(+), whereas the He(++) and part of the H(+) appear to be of solar wind origin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993nhud.rept.....V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993nhud.rept.....V"><span>A search for energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> directivity in large solar flares</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vestrand, W. Thomas</p> <p></p> <p>One of the key observational questions for solar flare physics is: What is the number, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, and the angular distribution of flare accelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span>? The standard method for deriving <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral shape employs the ratio of influences observed on the 4-7 MeV band to the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> neutron capture line at 2.223 MeV. The 4-7 MeV band is dominated by the principal nuclear de-excitation lines from C-12 and O-16 which are generated in the low chromosphere by the direct excitation or spallation of nuclei by energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span>. In contrast, the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> 2.223 MeV line is produced by the capture of thermal neutrons on protons in the photosphere. These capture neutrons are generated by energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> interactions and thermalized by scattering in the solar atmosphere. In a series of papers, Ramaty, Lingenfelter, and their collaborators have calculated the expected ratio of fluence in the 4-7 MeV band to the 2.223 MeV line for a wide range of energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral shapes (see, e.g. Hua and Lingenfelter 1987). Another technique for deriving <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral shapes and angular distributions uses the relative strength of the Compton tail associated with the 2.223 MeV neutron capture line (Vestrand 1988, 1990). This technique can independently constrain both the angular and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of the energetic parent <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The combination of this tail/line strength diagnostic with the line/(4-7) MeV fluence ratio can allow one to constrain both properties of the energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions. The primary objective of our Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) guest investigator program was to study measurements of neutron capture line emission and prompt nuclear de-excitation for large flares detected by the Solar Maximum Mission/ Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (SMM/GRS) and to use these established line diagnostics to study the properties of flare accelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6533699','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6533699"><span>Neutral beamline with <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery based on magnetic blocking of electrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Stirling, W.L.</p> <p>1980-07-01</p> <p>A neutral beamline generator with <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery of the full-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> component of the beam based on magnetic blocking of electrons is provided. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> from a positive <span class="hlt">ion</span> source are accelerated to the desired beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> from a slightly positive potential level with respect to ground through a neutralizer cell by means of a negative acceleration voltage. The unneutralized full-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> component of the beam exiting the neutralizer are retarded and slightly deflected and the elecrons in the neutralizer are blocked by a magnetic field generated transverse to the beamline. An electron collector in the form of a coaxial cylinder surrounding and protruding axial a few centimeters beyond the neutralizer exit terminates the electrons which exit the neutralizer in an E x B drift to the collector when the collector is biased a few hundred volts positive with respect to the neutralizer voltage. The neutralizer is operated at the negative acceleration voltage. The neutralizer is operated at the negative acceleration voltage, and the deflected full <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> are decelerated and the charge collected at ground potential thereby expending none of their <span class="hlt">energy</span> received from the acceleration power supply.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2046C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2046C"><span>Two-stage <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage equalization system for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery pack</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, W.; Yang, Z. X.; Dong, G. Q.; Li, Y. B.; He, Q. Y.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>How to raise the efficiency of <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage and maximize storage capacity is a core problem in current <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage management. For that, two-stage <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage equalization system which contains two-stage equalization topology and control strategy based on a symmetric multi-winding transformer and DC-DC (direct current-direct current) converter is proposed with bidirectional active equalization theory, in order to realize the objectives of consistent lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery packs voltages and cells voltages inside packs by using a method of the Range. Modeling analysis demonstrates that the voltage dispersion of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery packs and cells inside packs can be kept within 2 percent during charging and discharging. Equalization time was 0.5 ms, which shortened equalization time of 33.3 percent compared with DC-DC converter. Therefore, the proposed two-stage lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery equalization system can achieve maximum storage capacity between lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery packs and cells inside packs, meanwhile efficiency of <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage is significantly improved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24984782','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24984782"><span>Realizing synchronous <span class="hlt">energy</span> harvesting and <span class="hlt">ion</span> separation with graphene oxide membranes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Pengzhan; Zheng, Feng; Zhu, Miao; Wang, Kunlin; Zhong, Minlin; Wu, Dehai; Zhu, Hongwei</p> <p>2014-07-02</p> <p>A synchronous <span class="hlt">ion</span> separation and electricity generation process has been developed using G-O membranes. In addition to the size effect proposed prevsiouly, the separation of <span class="hlt">ions</span> can be attributed to the different interactions between <span class="hlt">ions</span> and G-O membranes; the generation of electricity is due to the confinement of G-O membranes, and the mobility difference of <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Efficient <span class="hlt">energy</span> transduction has been achieved with G-O membranes, converting magnetic, thermal and osmotic <span class="hlt">energy</span> to electricity, distinguishing this material from other commercial semi-permeable membranes. Our study indicated that G-O membranes could find potential applications in the purification of wastewater, while producing electricity simultaneously. With G-O membranes, industrial magnetic leakage and waste heat could also be used to produce electricity, affording a superior approach for <span class="hlt">energy</span> recovery.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950017387','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950017387"><span>Characteristics of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the Heavy <span class="hlt">Ions</span> In Space (HIIS) experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kleis, Thomas; Tylka, Allan J.; Boberg, Paul R.; Adams, James H., Jr.; Beahm, Lorraine P.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>We present preliminary data on heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> (Z greater than or equal to 10) detected in the topmost Lexan sheets of the track detector stacks of the Heavy <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in space (HIIS) experiment (M0001) on LDEF. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> interval covered by these observations varies with the element, with (for example) Ne observable at 18-100 MeV nuc and Fe at 45-200 MeV/nuc. All of the observed <span class="hlt">ions</span> are at <span class="hlt">energies</span> far below the geomagnetic cutoff for fully-ionized particles at the LDEF orbit. Above 50 MeV/nuc (where most of our observed particles are Fe), the <span class="hlt">ions</span> arrive primarily from the direction of lowest geomagnetic cutoff. This suggests that these particles originate outside the magnetosphere from a source with a steeply-falling spectrum and may therefore be associated with solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Below 50 MeV/nuc, the distribution of arrival directions suggests that most of the observed heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. Preliminary analysis, however, shows that these trapped heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> have a very surprising composition: they include not only Ne and Ar, which are expected from the trapping of anomalous cosmic rays (ACR's), but also Mg and Si, which are not part of the anomalous component. Our preliminary analysis shows that trapped heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 12 less than or equal to Zeta less than or equal to 14 have a steeply-falling spectrum, similar to that reported by the Kiel experiment (exp 1,2,3) on LDEF (M0002) for trapped Ar and Fe at E less than 50 MeV/nuc. The trapped Mg, Si, and Fe may also be associated with SEP events, but the mechanism by which they have appeared to deep in the inner magnetosphere requires further theoretical investigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAP...123i3301N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAP...123i3301N"><span>Effect of gas filling pressure and operation <span class="hlt">energy</span> on <span class="hlt">ion</span> and neutron emission in a medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> plasma focus device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Niranjan, Ram; Rout, R. K.; Srivastava, Rohit; Kaushik, T. C.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The effects of gas filling pressure and operation <span class="hlt">energy</span> on deuterium <span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutrons have been studied in a medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> plasma focus device, MEPF-12. The deuterium gas filling pressure was varied from 1 to 10 mbar at an operation <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 9.7 kJ. Also, the operation <span class="hlt">energy</span> was varied from 3.9 to 9.7 kJ at a deuterium gas filling pressure of 4 mbar. Time resolved emission of deuterium <span class="hlt">ions</span> was measured using a Faraday cup. Simultaneously, time integrated and time resolved emissions of neutrons were measured using a silver activation detector and plastic scintillator detector, respectively. Various characteristics (fluence, peak density, and most probable <span class="hlt">energy</span>) of deuterium <span class="hlt">ions</span> were estimated using the Faraday cup signal. The fluence was found to be nearly independent of the gas filling pressure and operation <span class="hlt">energy</span>, but the peak density and most probable <span class="hlt">energy</span> of deuterium <span class="hlt">ions</span> were found to be varying. The neutron yield was observed to be varying with the gas filling pressure and operation <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The effect of <span class="hlt">ions</span> on neutrons emission was observed at each operation condition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NIMPB.211..288C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NIMPB.211..288C"><span>Excitation functions of heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> induced nuclear reactions between 16O <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam and natural copper: Measurements, analysis and its applicability in TLA study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chowdhury, D. P.; Guin, R.; Saha, S. K.; Sudersanan, M.</p> <p>2003-11-01</p> <p>Experimental cross sections of a number of reaction channels of 16O <span class="hlt">ion</span> induced reactions on natural copper target have been determined at different <span class="hlt">energies</span> in the range of 50-110 MeV of 16O projectile by stacked foil activation technique. The cross sections have been compared with theoretical calculations using the computer code ALICE-91. The experimental values compared reasonably well with the corresponding theoretical estimates. The results indicate no significant role of incomplete fusion process in the 16O induced reactions on natural copper in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of ⩽7 MeV/nucleon. As heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam produces an extremely <span class="hlt">narrow</span> layer of activities in the surface of a material, these reactions could be useful for thin layer activation (TLA) study. The purpose of this work is to apply heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> activation in TLA technique for the study of surface wear with increased sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DDA....4730002H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DDA....4730002H"><span>Keeping the Edges Sharp I: Honing the Theory of <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Rings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hamilton, Douglas P.; Rimlinger, Thomas; Hahn, Joseph M.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Most of the rings that encircle Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are very <span class="hlt">narrow</span> structures with typical radial widths of just a few kilometers. Such extreme sharpness is surprising, as even slightly different orbital periods should allow ring particles to continually jostle one another in collisions that preserve angular momentum whileinexorably draining <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Sharp edges should blur as rings spread in response to collisions and yet they do not. The generally accepted solution to this dilemma is to bracket each <span class="hlt">narrow</span> ring with a pair of shepherding satellites that can pump <span class="hlt">energy</span> back into the ring to replace that lost by collisions. But only a disappointing two of roughly twenty <span class="hlt">narrow</span> rings actually have known attendant satellites. We present a compelling alternative in which the slight eccentricities and inclinations of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> ringlets act as internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources that can be tapped to prevent ring spreading. When unattended circular rings dissipate <span class="hlt">energy</span> they must spread radially in order to preserve angular momentum. By contrast, eccentric or inclined rings have an extra degree of freedom that can be exploited to prevent radial spreading; <span class="hlt">energy</span> is dissipated while keeping z-component of angular momentum, sqrt(a(1-e^2))cos(i), constant by simply decreasing the overall eccentricity (e) and/or inclination (i) of the entire ring. A real <span class="hlt">narrow</span> ring moves inward as a unit, circularizes, and drops into the equatorial plane in a process that deters radial spreading for millions or billions of years. Using secular theory with dissipation (Zhang et al. 2013), we show that <span class="hlt">narrow</span> rings are secular eigenstates in which ellipses are nested with pericenters almost, but not exactly aligned. The misalignment of pericenters is crucial in allowing <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipation to be shared evenly across the ring. We predict ring surface densities that are roughly constant across the ring's width, in contrast to profiles expected for shepherded rings. Rimlinger et al. (this meeting</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483047-low-energy-ion-beam-based-deposition-gallium-nitride','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483047-low-energy-ion-beam-based-deposition-gallium-nitride"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam-based deposition of gallium nitride</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Vasquez, M. R., E-mail: mrvasquez@coe.upd.edu.ph; Wada, M.</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">ion</span> source with a remote plasma chamber excited by a 13.56 MHz radio frequency power was used for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> broad <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam extraction. Optical emission spectral analyses showed the sputtering and postionization of a liquid gallium (Ga) target placed in a chamber separated from the source bombarded by argon (Ar) plasma guided by a bent magnetic field. In addition, an E × B probe successfully showed the extraction of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> Ga and Ar <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams using a dual-electrode extractor configuration. By introducing dilute amounts of nitrogen gas into the system, formation of thin Ga-based films on a silicon substratemore » was demonstrated as determined from X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity studies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89f6104H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89f6104H"><span>Note: A well-confined pulsed low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam: Test experiments of Ar+</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Jie; Wu, Chun-Xiao; Tian, Shan Xi</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Here we report a pulsed low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam source for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-molecule reaction study, in which the <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by the pulsed electron impact are confined well in the spatial size of each bunch. In contrast to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> focusing method to reduce the transverse section of the beam, the longitudinal section in the translational direction is compressed by introducing a second pulse in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> time-of-flight system. The test experiments for the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> are performed. The present beam source is ready for applications in the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-molecule reaction dynamics experiments, in particular, in combination with the <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity map imaging technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PTEP.2017j3J01T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PTEP.2017j3J01T"><span>Evaluation of laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> for fusion fast-ignition research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tosaki, S.; Yogo, A.; Koga, K.; Okamoto, K.; Shokita, S.; Morace, A.; Arikawa, Y.; Fujioka, S.; Nakai, M.; Shiraga, H.; Azechi, H.; Nishimura, H.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We investigate laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration using kJ-class picosecond (ps) laser pulses as a fundamental study for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-assisted fusion fast ignition, using a newly developed Thomson-parabola <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectrometer (TPIS). The TPIS has a space- and weight-saving design, considering its use in an laser-irradiation chamber in which 12 beams of fuel implosion laser are incident, and, at the same time, demonstrates sufficient performance with its detectable range and resolution of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> required for fast-ignition research. As a fundamental study on laser-<span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration using a ps pulse laser, we show proton acceleration up to 40 MeV at 1 × 10^{19} W cm^{-2}. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion efficiency from the incident laser into protons higher than 6 MeV is 4.6%, which encourages the realization of fusion fast ignition by laser-driven <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1390418-real-single-ion-solvation-free-energies-quantum-mechanical-simulation','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1390418-real-single-ion-solvation-free-energies-quantum-mechanical-simulation"><span>Real single <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> with quantum mechanical simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Duignan, Timothy T.; Baer, Marcel D.; Schenter, Gregory K.; ...</p> <p>2017-07-04</p> <p>Single <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> are one of the most important properties of electrolyte solutions and yet there is ongoing debate about what these values are. Only the values for neutral <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs are known. Here, we use DFT interaction potentials with molecular dynamics simulation (DFT-MD) combined with a modified version of the quasi-chemical theory (QCT) to calculate these <span class="hlt">energies</span> for the lithium and fluoride <span class="hlt">ions</span>. A method to correct for the error in the DFT functional is developed and very good agreement with the experimental value for the lithium fluoride pair is obtained. Moreover, this method partitions the energiesmore » into physically intuitive terms such as surface potential, cavity and charging <span class="hlt">energies</span> which are amenable to descriptions with reduced models. Here, our research suggests that lithium's solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> is dominated by the free energetics of a charged hard sphere, whereas fluoride exhibits significant quantum mechanical behavior that cannot be simply described with a reduced model.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1390418','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1390418"><span>Real single <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> with quantum mechanical simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Duignan, Timothy T.; Baer, Marcel D.; Schenter, Gregory K.</p> <p></p> <p>Single <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> are one of the most important properties of electrolyte solutions and yet there is ongoing debate about what these values are. Only the values for neutral <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs are known. Here, we use DFT interaction potentials with molecular dynamics simulation (DFT-MD) combined with a modified version of the quasi-chemical theory (QCT) to calculate these <span class="hlt">energies</span> for the lithium and fluoride <span class="hlt">ions</span>. A method to correct for the error in the DFT functional is developed and very good agreement with the experimental value for the lithium fluoride pair is obtained. Moreover, this method partitions the energiesmore » into physically intuitive terms such as surface potential, cavity and charging <span class="hlt">energies</span> which are amenable to descriptions with reduced models. Here, our research suggests that lithium's solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> is dominated by the free energetics of a charged hard sphere, whereas fluoride exhibits significant quantum mechanical behavior that cannot be simply described with a reduced model.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1042763-ion-selectivity-mechanism-bacterial-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channel','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1042763-ion-selectivity-mechanism-bacterial-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channel"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Selectivity Mechanism in a Bacterial Pentameric Ligand-Gated <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fritsch, Sebastian M; Ivanov, Ivaylo N; Wang, Hailong</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The proton-gated <span class="hlt">ion</span> channel from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) is a prokaryotic homolog of the eukaryotic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that responds to the binding of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and mediates fast signal transmission. Recent emergence of a high resolution crystal structure of GLIC captured in a potentially open state allowed detailed, atomic-level insight into <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction and selectivity mechanisms in these channels. Herein, we have examined the barriers to <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction and origins of <span class="hlt">ion</span> selectivity in the GLIC channel by the construction of potential of mean force (PMF) profiles for sodium and chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> inside the transmembrane region. Our calculationsmore » reveal that the GLIC channel is open for a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span> to transport, but presents a ~10 kcal/mol free <span class="hlt">energy</span> barrier for a chloride <span class="hlt">ion</span>, which arises primarily from the unfavorable interactions with a ring of negatively charged glutamate residues (E-2 ) at the intracellular end and a ring of hydrophobic residues (I9 ) in the middle of the transmembrane domain. Our collective findings further suggest that the charge selection mechanism can, to a large extent, be attributed to the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> intracellular end and a ring of glutamate residues in this position their strong negative electrostatics and ability to bind cations. By contrast, E19 at the extracellular entrance only plays a minor role in <span class="hlt">ion</span> selectivity of GLIC. In addition to electrostatics, both <span class="hlt">ion</span> hydration and protein dynamics are found to be crucial for <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction as well, which explains why a chloride <span class="hlt">ion</span> experiences a much greater barrier than a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span> in the hydrophobic region of the pore.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540036','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540036"><span>Selectivity and permeation of alkali metal <span class="hlt">ions</span> in K+-channels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Furini, Simone; Domene, Carmen</p> <p>2011-06-24</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> conduction in K(+)-channels is usually described in terms of concerted movements of K(+) progressing in a single file through a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> pore. Permeation is driven by an incoming <span class="hlt">ion</span> knocking on those <span class="hlt">ions</span> already inside the protein. A fine-tuned balance between high-affinity binding and electrostatic repulsive forces between permeant <span class="hlt">ions</span> is needed to achieve efficient conduction. While K(+)-channels are known to be highly selective for K(+) over Na(+), some K(+) channels conduct Na(+) in the absence of K(+). Other <span class="hlt">ions</span> are known to permeate K(+)-channels with a more moderate preference and unusual conduction features. We describe an extensive computational study on <span class="hlt">ion</span> conduction in K(+)-channels rendering free <span class="hlt">energy</span> profiles for the translocation of three different alkali <span class="hlt">ions</span> and some of their mixtures. The free <span class="hlt">energy</span> maps for Rb(+) translocation show at atomic level why experimental Rb(+) conductance is slightly lower than that of K(+). In contrast to K(+) or Rb(+), external Na(+) block K(+) currents, and the sites where Na(+) transport is hindered are characterized. Translocation of K(+)/Na(+) mixtures is energetically unfavorable owing to the absence of equally spaced <span class="hlt">ion</span>-binding sites for Na(+), excluding Na(+) from a channel already loaded with K(+). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602079"><span>Ultrathin and <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Selective Janus Membranes for High-Performance Osmotic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Conversion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhen; Sui, Xin; Li, Pei; Xie, Ganhua; Kong, Xiang-Yu; Xiao, Kai; Gao, Longcheng; Wen, Liping; Jiang, Lei</p> <p>2017-07-05</p> <p>The osmotic <span class="hlt">energy</span> existing in fluids is recognized as a promising "blue" <span class="hlt">energy</span> source that can help solve the global issues of <span class="hlt">energy</span> shortage and environmental pollution. Recently, nanofluidic channels have shown great potential for capturing this worldwide <span class="hlt">energy</span> because of their novel transport properties contributed by nanoconfinement. However, with respect to membrane-scale porous systems, high resistance and undesirable <span class="hlt">ion</span> selectivity remain bottlenecks, impeding their applications. The development of thinner, low-resistance membranes, meanwhile promoting their <span class="hlt">ion</span> selectivity, is a necessity. Here, we engineered ultrathin and <span class="hlt">ion</span>-selective Janus membranes prepared via the phase separation of two block copolymers, which enable osmotic <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion with power densities of approximately 2.04 W/m 2 by mixing natural seawater and river water. Both experiments and continuum simulation help us to understand the mechanism for how membrane thickness and channel structure dominate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport process and overall device performance, which can serve as a general guiding principle for the future design of nanochannel membranes for high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> concentration cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50q5201H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50q5201H"><span>On singlet metastable states, <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux and <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in single and dual frequency capacitively coupled oxygen discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hannesdottir, H.; Gudmundsson, J. T.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>We apply particle-in-cell simulations with Monte Carlo collisions to study the influence of the singlet metastable states on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in single and dual frequency capacitively coupled oxygen discharges. For this purpose, the one-dimensional object-oriented particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision code oopd1 is used, in which the discharge model includes the following nine species: electrons, the neutrals O(3P) and O{{}2}≤ft({{\\text{X}}3} Σ g-\\right. ), the negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> O-, the positive <span class="hlt">ions</span> O+ and O2+ , and the metastables O(1D), O{{}2}≤ft({{\\text{a}}1}{{ Δ }g}\\right) and O2(b{{}1} Σ g+ ). Earlier, we have explored the effects of adding the species O{{}2}≤ft({{\\text{a}}1}{{ Δ }g}\\right. ) and O2(b{{}1} Σ g+ ), and an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-dependent secondary electron emission yield for oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutrals, to the discharge model. We found that including the two molecular singlet metastable states decreases the ohmic heating and the effective electron temperature in the bulk region (the electronegative core). Here we explore how these metastable states influence dual frequency discharges consisting of a fundamental frequency and the lowest even harmonics. Including or excluding the detachment reactions of the metastables O{{}2}≤ft({{\\text{a}}1}{{ Δ }g}\\right. ) and O2(b{{}1} Σ g+ ) can shift the peak electron temperature from the grounded to the powered electrode or vice versa, depending on the phase difference of the two applied frequencies. These metastable states can furthermore significantly influence the peak of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution for O2+ -<span class="hlt">ions</span> bombarding the powered electrode, and hence the average <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> upon bombardment of the electrode, and lower the <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1223381','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1223381"><span>RF System Requirements for a Medium-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Electron-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider (MEIC) at JLab</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rimmer, Robert A; Hannon, Fay E; Guo, Jiquan</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>JLab is studying options for a medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider that could fit on the JLab site and use CEBAF as a full-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electron injector. A new <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, linac and booster would be required, together with collider storage rings for the <span class="hlt">ions</span> and electrons. In order to achieve the maximum luminosity these will be high-current storage rings with many bunches. We present the high-level RF system requirements for the storage rings, <span class="hlt">ion</span> booster ring and high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam cooling system, and describe the technology options under consideration to meet them. We also present options for staging that might reducemore » the initial capital cost while providing a smooth upgrade path to a higher final <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The technologies under consideration may also be useful for other proposed storage ring colliders or ultimate light sources.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890014884','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890014884"><span>A Hierarchy of Transport Approximations for High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Heavy (HZE) <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, John W.; Lamkin, Stanley L.; Hamidullah, Farhat; Ganapol, Barry D.; Townsend, Lawrence W.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The transport of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy (HZE) <span class="hlt">ions</span> through bulk materials is studied neglecting <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of the nuclear cross sections. A three term perturbation expansion appears to be adequate for most practical applications for which penetration depths are less than 30 g per sq cm of material. The differential <span class="hlt">energy</span> flux is found for monoenergetic beams and for realistic <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam spectral distributions. An approximate formalism is given to estimate higher-order terms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402598-evolution-ring-current-ion-energy-density-energy-content-during-geomagnetic-storms-based-van-allen-probes-measurements','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402598-evolution-ring-current-ion-energy-density-energy-content-during-geomagnetic-storms-based-van-allen-probes-measurements"><span>The evolution of ring current <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and <span class="hlt">energy</span> content during geomagnetic storms based on Van Allen Probes measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Zhao, H.; Li, X.; Baker, D. N.; ...</p> <p>2015-08-25</p> <p>Enabled by the comprehensive measurements from the Magnetic Electron <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Spectrometer (MagEIS), Helium Oxygen Proton Electron mass spectrometer (HOPE), and Radiation Belt Storm Probes <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instruments onboard Van Allen Probes in the heart of the radiation belt, the relative contributions of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with different <span class="hlt">energies</span> and species to the ring current <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and their dependence on the phases of geomagnetic storms are quantified. The results show that lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> (<50 keV) protons enhance much more often and also decay much faster than higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons. During the storm main phase, <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> <50 keV contribute moremore » significantly to the ring current than those with higher <span class="hlt">energies</span>; while the higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons dominate during the recovery phase and quiet times. The enhancements of higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> proton fluxes as well as <span class="hlt">energy</span> content generally occur later than those of lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> protons, which could be due to the inward radial diffusion. For the 29 March 2013 storm we investigated in detail that the contribution from O + is ~25% of the ring current <span class="hlt">energy</span> content during the main phase and the majority of that comes from <50 keV O +. This indicates that even during moderate geomagnetic storms the ionosphere is still an important contributor to the ring current <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Using the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation, the contributions of ring current particles to the magnetic field depression during this geomagnetic storm are also calculated. In conclusion, the results show that the measured ring current <span class="hlt">ions</span> contribute about half of the Dst depression.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402598','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402598"><span>The evolution of ring current <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and <span class="hlt">energy</span> content during geomagnetic storms based on Van Allen Probes measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhao, H.; Li, X.; Baker, D. N.</p> <p></p> <p>Enabled by the comprehensive measurements from the Magnetic Electron <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Spectrometer (MagEIS), Helium Oxygen Proton Electron mass spectrometer (HOPE), and Radiation Belt Storm Probes <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instruments onboard Van Allen Probes in the heart of the radiation belt, the relative contributions of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with different <span class="hlt">energies</span> and species to the ring current <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and their dependence on the phases of geomagnetic storms are quantified. The results show that lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> (<50 keV) protons enhance much more often and also decay much faster than higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons. During the storm main phase, <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> <50 keV contribute moremore » significantly to the ring current than those with higher <span class="hlt">energies</span>; while the higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons dominate during the recovery phase and quiet times. The enhancements of higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> proton fluxes as well as <span class="hlt">energy</span> content generally occur later than those of lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> protons, which could be due to the inward radial diffusion. For the 29 March 2013 storm we investigated in detail that the contribution from O + is ~25% of the ring current <span class="hlt">energy</span> content during the main phase and the majority of that comes from <50 keV O +. This indicates that even during moderate geomagnetic storms the ionosphere is still an important contributor to the ring current <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Using the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation, the contributions of ring current particles to the magnetic field depression during this geomagnetic storm are also calculated. In conclusion, the results show that the measured ring current <span class="hlt">ions</span> contribute about half of the Dst depression.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22220356-energy-filtering-device-coupled-quadrupole-mass-spectrometer-soft-landing-molecular-ions-surfaces-controlled-energy','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22220356-energy-filtering-device-coupled-quadrupole-mass-spectrometer-soft-landing-molecular-ions-surfaces-controlled-energy"><span>An <span class="hlt">energy</span>-filtering device coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for soft-landing molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span> on surfaces with controlled <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bodin, A.; Laloo, R.; Abeilhou, P.</p> <p>2013-09-15</p> <p>We have developed an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-filtering device coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer to deposit ionized molecules on surfaces with controlled <span class="hlt">energy</span> in ultra high vacuum environment. Extensive numerical simulations as well as direct measurements show that the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam flying out of a quadrupole exhibits a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail decreasing slowly up to several hundred eV. This <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution renders impossible any direct soft-landing deposition of molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>. To remove this high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail by <span class="hlt">energy</span> filtering, a 127° electrostatic sector and a specific triplet lenses were designed and added after the last quadrupole of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The resultsmore » obtained with this <span class="hlt">energy</span>-filtering device show clearly the elimination of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam that impinges on the sample surface satisfies now the soft-landing criterion for molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>, opening new research opportunities in the numerous scientific domains involving charges adsorbed on insulating surfaces.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10240E..02L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10240E..02L"><span>Generation of monoenergetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams via ionization dynamics (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, Chen; Kim, I. Jong; Yu, Jinqing; Choi, Il Woo; Ma, Wenjun; Yan, Xueqing; Nam, Chang Hee</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The research on <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration driven by high intensity laser pulse has attracted significant interests in recent decades due to the developments of laser technology. The intensive study of energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> bunches is particularly stimulated by wide applications in nuclear fusion, medical treatment, warm dense matter production and high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density physics. However, to implement such compact accelerators, challenges are still existing in terms of beam quality and stability, especially in applications that require higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">narrow</span> bandwidth spectra <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. We report on the acceleration of quasi-mono-energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams via ionization dynamics in the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a solid target. Using ionization dynamics model in 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we found that high charge state contamination <span class="hlt">ions</span> can only be ionized in the central spot area where the intensity of sheath field surpasses their ionization threshold. These <span class="hlt">ions</span> automatically form a microstructure target with a width of few micron scale, which is conducive to generate mono-energetic beams. In the experiment of ultraintense (< 10^21 W/cm^2) laser pulses irradiating ultrathin targets each attracted with a contamination layer of nm-thickness, high quality < 100 MeV mono-energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> bunches are generated. The peak <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the self-generated micro-structured target <span class="hlt">ions</span> with respect to different contamination layer thickness is also examined This is relatively newfound respect, which is confirmed by the consistence between experiment data and the simulation results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPB.242..550P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPB.242..550P"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam induced changes in ETFE polymer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parada, M. A.; Delalez, N.; de Almeida, A.; Muntele, C.; Muntele, I.; Ila, D.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam bombardment of ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) modifies the physical and chemical properties of the polymer surface in ways that enhance or compromise applications in the technological and medical physics fields. When a material is exposed to ionizing radiation, its changes depends on the type, <span class="hlt">energy</span> and intensity of the applied radiation. In order to determine the nature of the induced radiation changes, ETFE films were bombarded with fluences from 1012 up to 1015 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2 of keV N and protons. The emission of gaseous species during the bombardments was monitored with a residual gas analyser (RGA). The bombarded films were analysed with optical absorption photospectrometry (OAP), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro-Raman spectrometries that determine the chemical nature of the structural changes caused by <span class="hlt">ions</span> bombardment.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPGO7004F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DPPGO7004F"><span>Demonstrated Efficient Quasi-Monoenergetic Carbon-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beams Approaching Fast Ignition (FI) Requirements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernández, Juan C.; Palaniyappan, S.; Huang, C.; Gautier, D. C.; Santiago, M.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Using massive computer simulations of relativistic laser-plasma interactions, we have identified a self-organizing scheme that exploits persisting self-generated plasma electric (~TV/m) and magnetic (~104 Tesla) fields to reduce the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread of intense laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams after the laser exits the plasma. Consistent with the scheme, we have demonstrated on the LANL Trident laser carbon-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams with <span class="hlt">narrow</span> spectral peaks at 220 MeV, with high conversion efficiency (~ 5%). These parameters are within a factor of 2 of FI requirements. The remaining gap may be bridged by increasing the laser intensity by a factor of 4, according to our data. We also discuss how this beam may be focused, to address the remaining requirement for FI, besides the total laser <span class="hlt">energy</span>. This work is sponsored by the LANL LDRD Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1414117-temporal-evolution-ion-spectral-structures-during-geomagnetic-storm-observations-modeling','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1414117-temporal-evolution-ion-spectral-structures-during-geomagnetic-storm-observations-modeling"><span>Temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures during a geomagnetic storm: Observations and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ferradas Alva, Cristian Pablo; Zhang, J.-C.; Spence, H. E.</p> <p></p> <p>Using the Van Allen Probes/Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron (HOPE) mass spectrometer, we perform a case study of the temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 1- ~50 keV throughout the geomagnetic storm of 2 October 2013. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral features are observed near the inner edge of the plasma sheet and are signatures of fresh transport from the plasma sheet into the inner magnetosphere. We find that the characteristics of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures are determined by the intensity of the convection electric field. Prior to the beginning of the storm, the plasma sheet innermore » edge exhibits <span class="hlt">narrow</span> nose spectral structures that vary little in <span class="hlt">energy</span> across L values. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> access to the inner magnetosphere during these times is limited to the nose <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands. As convection is enhanced and large amounts of plasma are injected from the plasma sheet during the main phase of the storm, <span class="hlt">ion</span> access occurs at a wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> range, as no nose structures are observed. Here, as the magnetosphere recovers from the storm, single noses and then multiple noses are observed once again. Lastly, we use a model of <span class="hlt">ion</span> drift and losses due to charge exchange to simulate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra and gain insight into the main observed features.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1414117-temporal-evolution-ion-spectral-structures-during-geomagnetic-storm-observations-modeling','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1414117-temporal-evolution-ion-spectral-structures-during-geomagnetic-storm-observations-modeling"><span>Temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures during a geomagnetic storm: Observations and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ferradas Alva, Cristian Pablo; Zhang, J.-C.; Spence, H. E.; ...</p> <p>2017-12-13</p> <p>Using the Van Allen Probes/Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron (HOPE) mass spectrometer, we perform a case study of the temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 1- ~50 keV throughout the geomagnetic storm of 2 October 2013. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral features are observed near the inner edge of the plasma sheet and are signatures of fresh transport from the plasma sheet into the inner magnetosphere. We find that the characteristics of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures are determined by the intensity of the convection electric field. Prior to the beginning of the storm, the plasma sheet innermore » edge exhibits <span class="hlt">narrow</span> nose spectral structures that vary little in <span class="hlt">energy</span> across L values. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> access to the inner magnetosphere during these times is limited to the nose <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands. As convection is enhanced and large amounts of plasma are injected from the plasma sheet during the main phase of the storm, <span class="hlt">ion</span> access occurs at a wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> range, as no nose structures are observed. Here, as the magnetosphere recovers from the storm, single noses and then multiple noses are observed once again. Lastly, we use a model of <span class="hlt">ion</span> drift and losses due to charge exchange to simulate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra and gain insight into the main observed features.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27d5001B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27d5001B"><span>Sn <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of ns- and ps-laser produced plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bayerle, A.; Deuzeman, M. J.; van der Heijden, S.; Kurilovich, D.; de Faria Pinto, T.; Stodolna, A.; Witte, S.; Eikema, K. S. E.; Ubachs, W.; Hoekstra, R.; Versolato, O. O.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions arising from laser-produced plasmas of Sn are measured over a wide laser parameter space. Planar-solid and liquid-droplet targets are exposed to infrared laser pulses with <span class="hlt">energy</span> densities between 1 J cm‑2 and 4 kJ cm‑2 and durations spanning 0.5 ps to 6 ns. The measured <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions are compared to two self-similar solutions of a hydrodynamic approach assuming isothermal expansion of the plasma plume into vacuum. For planar and droplet targets exposed to ps-long pulses, we find good agreement between the experimental results and the self-similar solution of a semi-infinite simple planar plasma configuration with an exponential density profile. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions resulting from solid Sn exposed to ns-pulses agrees with solutions of a limited-mass model that assumes a Gaussian-shaped initial density profile.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005865','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005865"><span>The Marshall Space Flight Center Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Facility: A preliminary report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Biddle, A. P.; Reynolds, J. W.; Chisholm, W. L., Jr.; Hunt, R. D.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Facility (LEIF) is designed for laboratory research of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams similar to those present in the magnetosphere. In addition, it provides the ability to develop and calibrate low-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, less than 50 eV, plasma instrumentation over its full range of <span class="hlt">energy</span>, mass, flux, and arrival angle. The current status of this evolving resource is described. It also provides necessary information to allow users to utilize it most efficiently.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418953','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418953"><span>Tracking of Polycarbonate Films using Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Final Report CRADA No. TC-774-94</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Musket, R. G.</p> <p>2018-01-24</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> tracking is performed almost exclusively using <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> near or above the maximum in electronic stopping. For the present study, we have examined the results of etching <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks created by <span class="hlt">ions</span> bombarding polycarbonate films with <span class="hlt">energies</span> corresponding to stopping well below the maximum and just above the anticipated threshold for creating etchable latent tracks. Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neon and argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> with 18-60 keV /amu and fluences of about 10 8/cm 2 were used to examine the limits for producing etchable tracks in polycarbonate films. By concentrating on the early stages of etching (i.e., -20 nm < SEM holemore » diameter < -100 nm), we can directly relate the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition calculated for the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> to the creation of etchable tracks. The experimental results will be discussed with regard to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the polycarbonate films and to the formation of continuous latent tracks through the entire thickness the films. These results have significant implications with respect to the threshold for formation of etchable tracks and to the use of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> for lithographic applications.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000032536','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000032536"><span>Range and <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Straggling in <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, John W.; Tai, Hsiang</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>A first-order approximation to the range and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is given as a normal distribution for which the standard deviation is estimated from the fluctuations in <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss events. The standard deviation is calculated by assuming scattering from free electrons with a long range cutoff parameter that depends on the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the medium. The present formalism is derived by extrapolating Payne's formalism to low <span class="hlt">energy</span> by systematic <span class="hlt">energy</span> scaling and to greater depths of penetration by a second-order perturbation. Limited comparisons are made with experimental data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPSJ...68.1793S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPSJ...68.1793S"><span>Magnetic Field Generation During the Collision of <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Plasma Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sakai, Jun-ichi; Kazimura, Yoshihiro; Haruki, Takayuki</p> <p>1999-06-01</p> <p>We investigate the dynamics of the collision of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> plasma clouds,whose transverse dimension is on the order of the electron skin depth.A 2D3V (two dimensions in space and three dimensions in velocity space)particle-in-cell (PIC) collisionless relativistic code is used toshow the generation of a quasi-staticmagnetic field during the collision of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> plasma clouds both inelectron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> and electron-positron (pair) plasmas. The localizedstrong magnetic fluxes result in the generation of the charge separationwith complicated structures, which may be sources of electromagneticas well as Langmuir waves. We also present one applicationof this process, which occurs during coalescence of magnetic islandsin a current sheet of pair plasmas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872698','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872698"><span>Sharpening of field emitter tips using high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Musket, Ronald G.</p> <p>1999-11-30</p> <p>A process for sharpening arrays of field emitter tips of field emission cathodes, such as found in field-emission, flat-panel video displays. The process uses sputtering by high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (more than 30 keV) <span class="hlt">ions</span> incident along or near the longitudinal axis of the field emitter to sharpen the emitter with a taper from the tip or top of the emitter down to the shank of the emitter. The process is particularly applicable to sharpening tips of emitters having cylindrical or similar (e.g., pyramidal) symmetry. The process will sharpen tips down to radii of less than 12 nm with an included angle of about 20 degrees. Because the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are incident along or near the longitudinal axis of each emitter, the tips of gated arrays can be sharpened by high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams rastered over the arrays using standard <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation equipment. While the process is particularly applicable for sharpening of arrays of field emitters in field-emission flat-panel displays, it can be effectively utilized in the fabrication of other vacuum microelectronic devices that rely on field emission of electrons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvB..97k5308K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvB..97k5308K"><span>Direct observation of a Γ -X <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum transition in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> AlAs quantum wells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khisameeva, A. R.; Shchepetilnikov, A. V.; Muravev, V. M.; Gubarev, S. I.; Frolov, D. D.; Nefyodov, Yu. A.; Kukushkin, I. V.; Reichl, C.; Tiemann, L.; Dietsche, W.; Wegscheider, W.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Spectra of magnetoplasma excitations have been investigated in two-dimensional electron systems in AlAs quantum wells (QWs) of different widths. The magnetoplasma spectrum has been found to change profoundly when the quantum well width becomes thinner than 5.5 nm, indicating a drastic change in the conduction electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum. The transformation can be interpreted in terms of transition from the in-plane strongly anisotropic Xx-Xy valley occupation to the out-of-plane isotropic Xz valley in the QW plane. Strong enhancement of the cyclotron effective mass over the band value in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> AlAs QWs is reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...341..404S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...341..404S"><span>Sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> hybrid electrolyte battery for sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Senthilkumar, S. T.; Abirami, Mari; Kim, Junsoo; Go, Wooseok; Hwang, Soo Min; Kim, Youngsik</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Sustainable, safe, and low-cost <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems are essential for large-scale electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. Herein, we report a sodium (Na)-<span class="hlt">ion</span> hybrid electrolyte battery with a replaceable cathode system, which is separated from the Na metal anode by a Na superionic conducting ceramic. By using a fast Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span>-intercalating nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) cathode along with an eco-friendly seawater catholyte, we demonstrate good cycling performance with an average discharge voltage of 3.4 V and capacity retention >80% over 100 cycles and >60% over 200 cycle. Remarkably, such high capacity retention is observed for both the initial as well as replaced cathodes. Moreover, a Na-metal-free hybrid electrolyte battery containing hard carbon as the anode exhibits an <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of ∼146 Wh kg-1 at a current density of 10 mA g-1, which is comparable to that of lead-acid batteries and much higher than that of conventional aqueous Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries. These results pave the way for further advances in sustainable <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1050030','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1050030"><span>Science Requirements and Conceptual Design for a Polarized Medium <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Electron-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider at Jlab</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Abeyratne, S; Ahmed, S; Barber, D</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Researchers have envisioned an electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider with <span class="hlt">ion</span> species up to heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>, high polarization of electrons and light <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and a well-matched center-of-mass <span class="hlt">energy</span> range as an ideal gluon microscope to explore new frontiers of nuclear science. In its most recent Long Range Plan, the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) of the US Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and the National Science Foundation endorsed such a collider in the form of a 'half-recommendation.' As a response to this science need, Jefferson Lab and its user community have been engaged in feasibility studies of a medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> polarized electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider (MEIC), cost-effectivelymore » utilizing Jefferson Lab's already existing Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). In close collaboration, this community of nuclear physicists and accelerator scientists has rigorously explored the science case and design concept for this envisioned grand instrument of science. An electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider embodies the vision of reaching the next frontier in Quantum Chromodynamics - understanding the behavior of hadrons as complex bound states of quarks and gluons. Whereas the 12 GeV Upgrade of CEBAF will map the valence-quark components of the nucleon and nuclear wave functions in detail, an electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider will determine the largely unknown role sea quarks play and for the first time study the glue that binds all atomic nuclei. The MEIC will allow nuclear scientists to map the spin and spatial structure of quarks and gluons in nucleons, to discover the collective effects of gluons in nuclei, and to understand the emergence of hadrons from quarks and gluons. The proposed electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collider at Jefferson Lab will collide a highly polarized electron beam originating from the CEBAF recirculating superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) linear accelerator (linac) with highly polarized light-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams or unpolarized light- to heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams from a new <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator and storage complex. Since the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860056281&hterms=debye+length&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddebye%2Blength','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860056281&hterms=debye+length&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddebye%2Blength"><span>Observations of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the wake of a magnetospheric satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Samir, U.; Comfort, R. H.; Chappell, C. R.; Stone, N. H.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> made by the retarding <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass spectrometer (RIMS) onboard the Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE 1) satellite are used to study some aspects of 'body-plasma interactions' in the terrestrial plasmasphere. Preliminary results are presented, yielding the degree of H+ and He+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> depletion in the wake of the satellite in terms of specific and average <span class="hlt">ion</span> Mach numbers, average <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass, body size normalized to ionic Debye length, and body potential normalized to <span class="hlt">ion</span> thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Some results from the RIMS measurements are compared with relevant results from the Explorer 31 and the Atmosphere Explorer C ionospheric satellites. Wake depletion is found to vary approximately linearly for small bodies (R-sub-Di less than about 12) and exponentially for large bodies (R-sub-Di greater than 50).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116949-development-long-lived-thick-carbon-stripper-foils-high-energy-heavy-ion-accelerators-heavy-ion-beam-sputtering-method','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116949-development-long-lived-thick-carbon-stripper-foils-high-energy-heavy-ion-accelerators-heavy-ion-beam-sputtering-method"><span>Development of long-lived thick carbon stripper foils for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerators by a heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Muto, Hideshi; Ohshiro, Yukimitsu; Kawasaki, Katsunori</p> <p>2013-04-19</p> <p>In the past decade, we have developed extremely long-lived carbon stripper foils of 1-50 {mu}g/cm{sup 2} thickness prepared by a heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering method. These foils were mainly used for low <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. Recently, high <span class="hlt">energy</span> negative Hydrogen and heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerators have started to use carbon stripper foils of over 100 {mu}g/cm{sup 2} in thickness. However, the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering method was unsuccessful in production of foils thicker than about 50 {mu}g/cm{sup 2} because of the collapse of carbon particle build-up from substrates during the sputtering process. The reproduction probability of the foils was lessmore » than 25%, and most of them had surface defects. However, these defects were successfully eliminated by introducing higher beam <span class="hlt">energies</span> of sputtering <span class="hlt">ions</span> and a substrate heater during the sputtering process. In this report we describe a highly reproducible method for making thick carbon stripper foils by a heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering with a Krypton <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..439..106R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..439..106R"><span>High-intensity low <span class="hlt">energy</span> titanium <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation into zirconium alloy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ryabchikov, A. I.; Kashkarov, E. B.; Pushilina, N. S.; Syrtanov, M. S.; Shevelev, A. E.; Korneva, O. S.; Sutygina, A. N.; Lider, A. M.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>This research describes the possibility of ultra-high dose deep titanium <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation for surface modification of zirconium alloy Zr-1Nb. The developed method based on repetitively pulsed high intensity low <span class="hlt">energy</span> titanium <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation was used to modify the surface layer. The DC vacuum arc source was used to produce metal plasma. Plasma immersion titanium <span class="hlt">ions</span> extraction and their ballistic focusing in equipotential space of biased electrode were used to produce high intensity titanium <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with the amplitude of 0.5 A at the <span class="hlt">ion</span> current density 120 and 170 mA/cm2. The solar eclipse effect was used to prevent vacuum arc titanium macroparticles from appearing in the implantation area of Zr sample. Titanium low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (mean <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> E = 3 keV) <span class="hlt">ions</span> were implanted into zirconium alloy with the dose in the range of (5.4-9.56) × 1020 <span class="hlt">ion</span>/cm2. The effect of <span class="hlt">ion</span> current density, implantation dose on the phase composition, microstructure and distribution of elements was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy, respectively. The results show the appearance of Zr-Ti intermetallic phases of different stoichiometry after Ti implantation. The intermetallic phases are transformed from both Zr0.7Ti0.3 and Zr0.5Ti0.5 to single Zr0.6Ti0.4 phase with the increase in the implantation dose. The changes in phase composition are attributed to Ti dissolution in zirconium lattice accompanied by the lattice distortions and appearance of macrostrains in intermetallic phases. The depth of Ti penetration into the bulk of Zr increases from 6 to 13 μm with the implantation dose. The hardness and wear resistance of the Ti-implanted zirconium alloy were increased by 1.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. The higher current density (170 mA/cm2) leads to the increase in the grain size and surface roughness negatively affecting the tribological properties of the alloy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..440..570Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApSS..440..570Z"><span>Double matrix effect in Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Scattering from La surfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zameshin, Andrey A.; Yakshin, Andrey E.; Sturm, Jacobus M.; Brongerma, Hidde H.; Bijkerk, Fred</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Scattering (LEIS) has been performed on several lanthanum-based surfaces. Strong subsurface matrix effects - dependence of surface scattered He+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> yield on the composition of subsurface layer - have been observed. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> yield of He+ scattered by La differed by a factor of up to 2.5 for different surfaces, while only the La peak was visible in the spectra. To study these effects and enable surface quantification, He+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> yields have been measured in a range of incident He+ <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 1000 to 7500 eV for LaB6, La2O3, oxidized La and pure La surfaces. The investigation showed that as many as two simultaneous matrix effects are present, each one driven by a separate charge exchange mechanism. The first one is a resonant neutralization from the conduction band of La to an excited state of the He+ <span class="hlt">ion</span>. It depends on the work function of the surface, which is lowered significantly when La interacts with O or B. The second mechanism is quasiresonant charge transfer between bound La levels and He 1s, which creates characteristic oscillations in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of <span class="hlt">ion</span> yields. The exact structure of the oscillations depends on small changes in binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> of interacting La levels. This is the first time quasiresonant charge transfer is proven to be present in La. It is likely that La 5p orbitals participate in this resonance, which can be the first clear observation of a resonance between p and s orbitals in LEIS. This type of resonance was previously believed to be absent because of strong damping. We also demonstrated that despite the complex matrix effect precise measurements over a wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> range allow quantification of the atomic composition of La-based surfaces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P4025G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P4025G"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> deposition measurements of single 1H, 4He and 12C <span class="hlt">ions</span> of therapeutic <span class="hlt">energies</span> in a silicon pixel detector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gehrke, T.; Burigo, L.; Arico, G.; Berke, S.; Jakubek, J.; Turecek, D.; Tessonnier, T.; Mairani, A.; Martišíková, M.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In the field of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam radiotherapy and space applications, measurements of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition of single <span class="hlt">ions</span> in thin layers are of interest for dosimetry and imaging. The present work investigates the capability of a pixelated detector Timepix to measure the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition of single <span class="hlt">ions</span> in therapeutic proton, helium- and carbon-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in a 300 μm-thick sensitive silicon layer. For twelve different incident beams, the measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition distributions of single <span class="hlt">ions</span> are compared to the expected <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition spectra, which were predicted by detailed Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA code. A methodology for the analysis of the measured data is introduced in order to identify and reject signals that are either degraded or caused by multiple overlapping <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Applying a newly proposed linear recalibration, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition measurements are in good agreement with the simulations. The twelve measured mean <span class="hlt">energy</span> depositions between 0.72 MeV/mm and 56.63 MeV/mm in a partially depleted silicon sensor do not deviate more than 7% from the corresponding simulated values. Measurements of <span class="hlt">energy</span> depositions above 10 MeV/mm with a fully depleted sensor are found to suffer from saturation effects due to the too high per-pixel signal. The utilization of thinner sensors, in which a lower signal is induced, could further improve the performance of the Timepix detector for <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4296291','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4296291"><span>PULSED <span class="hlt">ION</span> SOURCE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ford, F.C.; Ruff, J.W.; Zizzo, S.G.; Cook, B.</p> <p>1958-11-11</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">ion</span> source is described adapted for pulsed operation and producing copious quantities of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with a particular <span class="hlt">ion</span> egress geometry. The particular source construction comprises a conical member having a conducting surface formed of a metal with a gas occladed therein and <span class="hlt">narrow</span> non-conducting portions hereon dividing the conducting surface. A high voltage pulse is applied across the conducting surface or producing a discharge across the surface. After the gas <span class="hlt">ions</span> have been produced by the discharge, the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are drawn from the source in a diverging conical beam by a specially constructed accelerating electrode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20879950-correlating-ion-energies-cf-sub-surface-production-during-fluorocarbon-plasma-processing-silicon','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20879950-correlating-ion-energies-cf-sub-surface-production-during-fluorocarbon-plasma-processing-silicon"><span>Correlating <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> and CF{sub 2} surface production during fluorocarbon plasma processing of silicon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Martin, Ina T.; Zhou Jie; Fisher, Ellen R.</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (IED) measurements are reported for <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the plasma molecular beam source of the imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces (IRIS) apparatus. The IEDs and relative intensities of nascent <span class="hlt">ions</span> in C{sub 3}F{sub 8} and C{sub 4}F{sub 8} plasma molecular beams were measured using a Hiden PSM003 mass spectrometer mounted on the IRIS main chamber. The IEDs are complex and multimodal, with mean <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> ranging from 29 to 92 eV. Integrated IEDs provided relative <span class="hlt">ion</span> intensities as a function of applied rf power and source pressure. Generally, higher applied rf powers and lower source pressures resultedmore » in increased <span class="hlt">ion</span> intensities and mean <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Most significantly, a comparison to CF{sub 2} surface interaction measurements previously made in our laboratories reveals that mean <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> are directly and linearly correlated to CF{sub 2} surface production in these systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRA..10912213S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRA..10912213S"><span>Two types of <span class="hlt">energy</span>-dispersed <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures at the plasma sheet boundary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sauvaud, J.-A.; Kovrazhkin, R. A.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>We study two main types of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> dispersions observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range ˜1 to 14 keV on board the Interball-Auroral (IA) satellite at altitudes 2-3 RE at the poleward boundary of the plasma sheet. The first type of structure is named velocity dispersed <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures (VDIS). It is known that VDIS represent a global proton structure with a latitudinal width of ˜0.7-2.5°, where the <span class="hlt">ion</span> overall <span class="hlt">energy</span> increases with latitude. IA data allow to show that VDIS are made of substructures lasting for ˜1-3 min. Inside each substructure, high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons arrive first, regardless of the direction of the plasma sheet boundary crossing. A near-continuous rise of the maximal and minimal <span class="hlt">energies</span> of consecutive substructures with invariant latitude characterizes VDIS. The second type of dispersed structure is named time-of-flight dispersed <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures (TDIS). TDIS are recurrent sporadic structures in H+ (and also O+) with a quasi-period of ˜3 min and a duration of ˜1-3 min. The maximal <span class="hlt">energy</span> of TDIS is rather constant and reaches ≥14 keV. During both poleward and equatorward crossings of the plasma sheet boundary, inside each TDIS, high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> arrive first. These structures are accompanied by large fluxes of upflowing H+ and O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with maximal <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to 5-10 keV. In association with TDIS, bouncing H+ clusters are observed in quasi-dipolar magnetic field tubes, i.e., equatorward from TDIS. The electron populations generally have different properties during observations of VDIS and TDIS. The electron flux accompanying VDIS first increases smoothly and then decreases after Interball-Auroral has passed through the proton structure. The average electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the range ˜0.5-2 keV is typical for electrons from the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). The electron fluxes associated with TDIS increases suddenly at the polar boundary of the auroral zone. Their average <span class="hlt">energy</span>, reaching ˜5-8 keV, is typical for CPS. A statistical analysis shows that</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002237','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002237"><span>Centrifugally Stimulated Exospheric <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Escape at Mercury</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Delcourt, Dominique; Seki, K.; Terada, N.; Moore, Thomas E.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We investigate the transport of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the low-altitude magnetosphere magnetosphere of Mercury. We show that, because of small spatial scales, the centrifugal effect due to curvature of the E B drift paths can lead to significant particle energization in the parallel direction. We demonstrate that because of this effect, <span class="hlt">ions</span> with initial speed smaller than the escape speed such as those produced via thermal desorption can overcome gravity and escape into the magnetosphere. The escape route of this low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> exosphere originating material is largely controlled by the magnetospheric convection rate. This escape route spreads over a <span class="hlt">narrower</span> range of altitudes when the convection rate increases. Bulk transport of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> planetary material thus occurs within a limited region of space once moderate magnetospheric convection is established. These results suggest that, via release of material otherwise gravitationally trapped, the E B related centrifugal acceleration is an important mechanism for the net supply of plasma to the magnetosphere of Mercury.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C3086S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C3086S"><span>Time of Flight based diagnostics for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> laser driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scuderi, V.; Milluzzo, G.; Alejo, A.; Amico, A. G.; Booth, N.; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Doria, D.; Green, J.; Kar, S.; Larosa, G.; Leanza, R.; Margarone, D.; McKenna, P.; Padda, H.; Petringa, G.; Pipek, J.; Romagnani, L.; Romano, F.; Schillaci, F.; Borghesi, M.; Cuttone, G.; Korn, G.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Nowadays the innovative high power laser-based <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration technique is one of the most interesting challenges in particle acceleration field, showing attractive characteristics for future multidisciplinary applications, including medical ones. Nevertheless, peculiarities of optically accelerated <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams make mandatory the development of proper transport, selection and diagnostics devices in order to deliver stable and controlled <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams for multidisciplinary applications. This is the main purpose of the ELIMAIA (ELI Multidisciplinary Applications of laser-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Acceleration) beamline that will be realized and installed within 2018 at the ELI-Beamlines research center in the Czech Republic, where laser driven high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>, up to 60 MeV/n, will be available for users. In particular, a crucial role will be played by the on-line diagnostics system, recently developed in collaboration with INFN-LNS (Italy), consisting of TOF detectors, placed along the beamline (at different detection distances) to provide online monitoring of key characteristics of delivered beams, such as <span class="hlt">energy</span>, fluence and <span class="hlt">ion</span> species. In this contribution an overview on the ELIMAIA available <span class="hlt">ion</span> diagnostics will be briefly given along with the preliminary results obtained during a test performed with high <span class="hlt">energy</span> laser-driven proton beams accelerated at the VULCAN PW-laser available at RAL facility (U.K.).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21g2701M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21g2701M"><span>The effect of turbulent kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> on inferred <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature from neutron spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murphy, T. J.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Measuring the width of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum of fusion-produced neutrons from deuterium (DD) or deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas is a commonly used method for determining the <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In a plasma with a Maxwellian distribution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>, the spread in neutron <span class="hlt">energy</span> arises from the thermal spread in the center-of-mass velocities of reacting pairs of <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Fluid velocities in ICF are of a similar magnitude as the center-of-mass velocities and can lead to further broadening of the neutron spectrum, leading to erroneous inference of <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature. Motion of the reacting plasma will affect DD and DT neutrons differently, leading to disagreement between <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperatures inferred from the two reactions. This effect may be a contributor to observations over the past decades of <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperatures higher than expected from simulations, <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperatures in disagreement with observed yields, and different temperatures measured in the same implosion from DD and DT neutrons. This difference in broadening of DD and DT neutrons also provides a measure of turbulent motion in a fusion plasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234599-matrix-calculations-energy-levels-sodiumlike-ions','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234599-matrix-calculations-energy-levels-sodiumlike-ions"><span>S -matrix calculations of <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels of sodiumlike <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Sapirstein, J.; Cheng, K. T.</p> <p>2015-06-24</p> <p>A recent S -matrix-based QED calculation of <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels of the lithium isoelectronic sequence is extended to the general case of a valence electron outside an arbitrary filled core. Emphasis is placed on modifications of the lithiumlike formulas required because more than one core state is present, and an unusual feature of the two-photon exchange contribution involving autoionizing states is discussed. Here, the method is illustrated with a calculation of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels of sodiumlike <span class="hlt">ions</span>, with results for 3s 1/2, 3p 1/2, and 3p 3/2 <span class="hlt">energies</span> tabulated for the range Z = 30 – 100 . Comparison with experimentmore » and other calculations is given, and prospects for extension of the method to <span class="hlt">ions</span> with more complex electronic structure discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1398396-photoionization-tungsten-ions-experiment-theory-rm-rm','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1398396-photoionization-tungsten-ions-experiment-theory-rm-rm"><span>Photoionization of tungsten <span class="hlt">ions</span>: experiment and theory for $${{\\rm{W}}}^{2+}$$ and $${{\\rm{W}}}^{3+}$$</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McLaughlin, B. M.; Ballance, C. P.; Schippers, S.</p> <p>2016-02-22</p> <p>Experimental and theoretical results are reported for single-photon single ionization of W 2+ and W 3+ tungsten <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Experiments were performed at the photon-<span class="hlt">ion</span> merged-beam setup of the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley. Absolute cross sections and detailed <span class="hlt">energy</span> scans were measured over an <span class="hlt">energy</span> range 20-90 eV at a bandwidth of 100 meV. Broad peak features with widths typically around 5 eV have been observed with almost no <span class="hlt">narrow</span> resonances present in the investigated <span class="hlt">energy</span> range. Theoretical results were obtained from a Dirac-Coulomb R-matrix approach. The calculations were carried out for the lowest-<span class="hlt">energy</span> terms of the investigated tungsten ionsmore » with levels 5s 25p 65d 4 5D J J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 for W 2+ and 5s 25p 65d 3 4F J' J ' = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, 9/2 for W 3+. Assuming a statistically weighted distribution of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the initial ground-term levels there is good agreement of theory and experiment for W 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. However, for W 2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> at higher <span class="hlt">energies</span> there is a factor of approximately two difference between experimental and theoretical cross sections.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140001969&hterms=Krause&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DKrause','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140001969&hterms=Krause&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DKrause"><span>Electrolytes with Improved Safety Characteristics for High Voltage, High Specific <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smart, M. C.; Krause, F. C.; Hwang, C.; West, W. C.; Soler, J.; Whitcanack, L. W.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Ratnakumar, B. V.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>(1) NASA is actively pursuing the development of advanced electrochemical <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage and conversion devices for future lunar and Mars missions; (2) The Exploration Technology Development Program, <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Project is sponsoring the development of advanced Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries and PEM fuel cell and regenerative fuel cell systems for the Altair Lunar Lander, Extravehicular Activities (EVA), and rovers and as the primary <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system for Lunar Surface Systems; (3) At JPL, in collaboration with NASA-GRC, NASA-JSC and industry, we are actively developing advanced Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with improved specific <span class="hlt">energy</span>, <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and safety. One effort is focused upon developing Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery electrolyte with enhanced safety characteristics (i.e., low flammability); and (4) A number of commercial applications also require Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with enhanced safety, especially for automotive applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003087&hterms=energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003087&hterms=energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denergy"><span>Inverse <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Dispersion of Energetic <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Observed in the Magnetosheath</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, S. H.; Sibeck, D. G.; Hwang, K.-J.; Wang, Y.; Silveira, M. V. D.; Fok, M.-C.; Mauk, B. H.; Cohen, I. J.; Ruohoniemi, J. M.; Kitamura, N.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170003087'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003087_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003087_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003087_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003087_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We present a case study of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> observed by the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) on the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the magnetosheath just outside the subsolar magnetopause that occurred at 1000 UT on 8 December 2015. As the magnetopause receded inward, the EPD observed a burst of energetic (approximately 50-1000 keV) proton, helium, and oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> that exhibited an inverse dispersion, with the lowest <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> appearing first. The prolonged interval of fast antisunward flow observed in the magnetosheath and transient increases in the H components of global ground magnetograms demonstrate that the burst appeared at a time when the magnetosphere was rapidly compressed. We attribute the inverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> dispersion to the leakage along reconnected magnetic field lines of betatron-accelerated energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the magnetosheath, and a burst of reconnection has an extent of about 1.5 R(sub E) using combined Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar and EPD observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017hspp.confe2004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017hspp.confe2004M"><span>N-Ω Interaction from High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morita, Kenji; Ohnishi, Akira; Hatsuda, Tetsuo</p> <p></p> <p>We discuss possible observation of the N-Ω interaction from intensity correlation function in high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions. Recently a lattice QCD simulation by the HAL QCD collaboration predicts the existence of a N-Ω bound state in the 5S2 channel. We adopt the N-Ω interaction potential obtained by the lattice simulation and use it to calculate the N-Ω correlation function. We also study the variation of the correlation function with respect to the change of the binding <span class="hlt">energy</span> and scattering parameters. Our result indicates that heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions at RHIC and LHC may provide information on the possible existence of the N-Ω dibaryon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870008','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870008"><span>Controlled removal of ceramic surfaces with combination of <span class="hlt">ions</span> implantation and ultrasonic <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Boatner, Lynn A.; Rankin, Janet; Thevenard, Paul; Romana, Laurence J.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A method for tailoring or patterning the surface of ceramic articles is provided by implanting <span class="hlt">ions</span> to predetermined depth into the ceramic material at a selected surface location with the <span class="hlt">ions</span> being implanted at a fluence and <span class="hlt">energy</span> adequate to damage the lattice structure of the ceramic material for bi-axially straining near-surface regions of the ceramic material to the predetermined depth. The resulting metastable near-surface regions of the ceramic material are then contacted with <span class="hlt">energy</span> pulses from collapsing, ultrasonically-generated cavitation bubbles in a liquid medium for removing to a selected depth the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-damaged near-surface regions containing the bi-axially strained lattice structure from the ceramic body. Additional patterning of the selected surface location on the ceramic body is provided by implanting a high fluence of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, relatively-light <span class="hlt">ions</span> at selected surface sites for relaxing the bi-axial strain in the near-surface regions defined by these sites and thereby preventing the removal of such <span class="hlt">ion</span>-implanted sites by the <span class="hlt">energy</span> pulses from the collapsing ultrasonic cavitation bubbles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660686','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660686"><span>Measurements of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of a high brightness rubidium <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ten Haaf, G; Wouters, S H W; Nijhof, D F J; Mutsaers, P H A; Vredenbregt, E J D</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of a high brightness rubidium <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam, which is intended to be used as the source for a focused <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam instrument, is measured with a retarding field analyzer. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> are created from a laser-cooled and compressed atomic beam by two-step photoionization in which the ionization laser power is enhanced in a build-up cavity. Particle tracing simulations are performed to ensure the analyzer is able to resolve the distribution. The lowest achieved full width 50% <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread is (0.205 ± 0.006) eV, which is measured at a beam current of 9 pA. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread originates from the variation in the ionization position of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> which are created inside an extraction electric field. This extraction field is essential to limit disorder-induced heating which can decrease the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam brightness. The ionization position distribution is limited by a tightly focused excitation laser beam. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> distributions are measured for various ionization and excitation laser intensities and compared with calculations based on numerical solutions of the optical Bloch equations including ionization. A good agreement is found between measurements and calculations. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930071501&hterms=chromium&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dchromium','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930071501&hterms=chromium&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dchromium"><span>Sputtering of cobalt and chromium by argon and xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span> near the threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Handoo, A. K.; Ray, P. K.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Sputtering yields of cobalt and chromium by argon and xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> below 50 eV are reported. The targets were electroplated on copper substrates. Measurable sputtering yields were obtained from cobalt with <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> as low as 10 eV. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams were produced by an <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun. A radioactive tracer technique was used for the quantitative measurement of the sputtering yield. Co-57 and Cr-51 were used as tracers. The yield-<span class="hlt">energy</span> curves are observed to be concave, which brings into question the practice of finding threshold <span class="hlt">energies</span> by linear extrapolation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379314-radiation-pressure-acceleration-factors-limiting-maximum-attainable-ion-energy','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379314-radiation-pressure-acceleration-factors-limiting-maximum-attainable-ion-energy"><span>Radiation pressure acceleration: The factors limiting maximum attainable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bulanov, S. S.; Esarey, E.; Schroeder, C. B.; ...</p> <p>2016-04-15</p> <p>Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) is a highly efficient mechanism of laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration, with near complete transfer of the laser <span class="hlt">energy</span> to the <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the relativistic regime. However, there is a fundamental limit on the maximum attainable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, which is determined by the group velocity of the laser. The tightly focused laser pulses have group velocities smaller than the vacuum light speed, and, since they offer the high intensity needed for the RPA regime, it is plausible that group velocity effects would manifest themselves in the experiments involving tightly focused pulses and thin foils. However, in this case,more » finite spot size effects are important, and another limiting factor, the transverse expansion of the target, may dominate over the group velocity effect. As the laser pulse diffracts after passing the focus, the target expands accordingly due to the transverse intensity profile of the laser. Due to this expansion, the areal density of the target decreases, making it transparent for radiation and effectively terminating the acceleration. The off-normal incidence of the laser on the target, due either to the experimental setup, or to the deformation of the target, will also lead to establishing a limit on maximum <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RScI...87c4301G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RScI...87c4301G"><span>Live cell imaging combined with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> microbeam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guo, Na; Du, Guanghua; Liu, Wenjing; Guo, Jinlong; Wu, Ruqun; Chen, Hao; Wei, Junzhe</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>DNA strand breaks can lead to cell carcinogenesis or cell death if not repaired rapidly and efficiently. An online live cell imaging system was established at the high <span class="hlt">energy</span> microbeam facility at the Institute of Modern Physics to study early and fast cellular response to DNA damage after high linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer <span class="hlt">ion</span> radiation. The HT1080 cells expressing XRCC1-RFP were irradiated with single high <span class="hlt">energy</span> nickel <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and time-lapse images of the irradiated cells were obtained online. The live cell imaging analysis shows that strand-break repair protein XRCC1 was recruited to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> hit position within 20 s in the cells and formed bright foci in the cell nucleus. The fast recruitment of XRCC1 at the <span class="hlt">ion</span> hits reached a maximum at about 200 s post-irradiation and then was followed by a slower release into the nucleoplasm. The measured dual-exponential kinetics of XRCC1 protein are consistent with the proposed consecutive reaction model, and the measurements obtained that the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 recruitment to DNA strand break is 1.2 × 10-3 s-1 and the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 release from the break-XRCC1 complex is 1.2 × 10-2 s-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089836"><span>Experimental determination of the effect of detector size on profile measurements in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> photon beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pappas, E; Maris, T G; Papadakis, A; Zacharopoulou, F; Damilakis, J; Papanikolaou, N; Gourtsoyiannis, N</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>The aim of this work is to investigate experimentally the detector size effect on <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beam profile measurements. Polymer gel and magnetic resonance imaging dosimetry was used for this purpose. Profile measurements (Pm(s)) of a 5 mm diameter 6 MV stereotactic beam were performed using polymer gels. Eight measurements of the profile of this <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beam were performed using correspondingly eight different detector sizes. This was achieved using high spatial resolution (0.25 mm) two-dimensional measurements and eight different signal integration volumes A X A X slice thickness, simulating detectors of different size. "A" ranged from 0.25 to 7.5 mm, representing the detector size. The gel-derived profiles exhibited increased penumbra width with increasing detector size, for sizes >0.5 mm. By extrapolating the gel-derived profiles to zero detector size, the true profile (Pt) of the studied beam was derived. The same polymer gel data were also used to simulate a small-volume <span class="hlt">ion</span> chamber profile measurement of the same beam, in terms of volume averaging. The comparison between these results and actual corresponding small-volume chamber profile measurements performed in this study, reveal that the penumbra broadening caused by both volume averaging and electron transport alterations (present in actual <span class="hlt">ion</span> chamber profile measurements) is a lot more intense than that resulted by volume averaging effects alone (present in gel-derived profiles simulating <span class="hlt">ion</span> chamber profile measurements). Therefore, not only the detector size, but also its composition and tissue equivalency is proved to be an important factor for correct <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beam profile measurements. Additionally, the convolution kernels related to each detector size and to the air <span class="hlt">ion</span> chamber were calculated using the corresponding profile measurements (Pm(s)), the gel-derived true profile (Pt), and convolution theory. The response kernels of any desired detector can be derived, allowing the elimination of the errors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089009&hterms=Molecular+Dynamics+Interactions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMolecular%2BDynamics%2BInteractions','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089009&hterms=Molecular+Dynamics+Interactions&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMolecular%2BDynamics%2BInteractions"><span>Interaction of a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span> with the water liquid-vapor interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, M. A.; Pohorille, A.; Pratt, L. R.; MacElroy, R. D. (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Molecular dynamics results are presented for the density profile of a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span> near the water liquid-vapor interface at 320 K. These results are compared with the predictions of a simple dielectric model for the interaction of a monovalent <span class="hlt">ion</span> with this interface. The interfacial region described by the model profile is too <span class="hlt">narrow</span> and the profile decreases too abruptly near the solution interface. Thus, the simple model does not provide a satisfactory description of the molecular dynamics results for <span class="hlt">ion</span> positions within two molecular diameters from the solution interface where appreciable <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentrations are observed. These results suggest that surfaces associated with dielectric models of ionic processes at aqueous solution interfaces should be located at least two molecular diameters inside the liquid phase. A free <span class="hlt">energy</span> expense of about 2 kcal/mol is required to move the <span class="hlt">ion</span> within two molecular layers of the free water liquid-vapor interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29092461','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29092461"><span>Orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with a broad kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> profile.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, S W; Prince, B D; Bemish, R J</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>A combined experimental and modeling effort is undertaken to assess a detection system composed of an orthogonal extraction time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled to a continuous <span class="hlt">ion</span> source emitting an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of several hundred eV. The continuous <span class="hlt">ion</span> source comprises an electrospray capillary system employing an undiluted ionic liquid emitting directly into vacuum. The resulting <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam consists of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of width greater than a hundred of eV and mass-to-charge (m/q) ratios ranging from 111 to 500 000 amu/q. In particular, the investigation aims to demonstrate the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution along the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam axis (axial) of orthogonally extracted <span class="hlt">ions</span> in measurements of the axial kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>-specific mass spectrum, mass flow rate, and total <span class="hlt">ion</span> current. The described instrument is capable of simultaneous measurement of a broad m/q range in a single acquisition cycle with approximately 25 eV/q axial kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution. Mass resolutions of ∼340 (M/ΔM, FWHM) were obtained for <span class="hlt">ions</span> at m/q = 1974. Comparison of the orthogonally extracted TOF mass spectrum to mass flow and <span class="hlt">ion</span> current measurements obtained with a quartz-crystal microbalance and Faraday cup, respectively, shows reasonable numeric agreement and qualitative agreement in the trend as a function of <span class="hlt">energy</span> defect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPB.354..205M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPB.354..205M"><span>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in silicon nitride and polypropylene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikšová, R.; Hnatowicz, V.; Macková, A.; Malinský, P.; Slepička, P.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of 12C3+ and 16O3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 4.5 and 7.8 MeV in a 0.166-μm-thin silicon nitride and in 4-μm-thin polypropylene foils were measured by means of an indirect transmission method using a half-covered PIPS detector. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> scattered from a thin gold layer under a scattering angle of 150° were used. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra of back-scattered and decelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span> were registered and evaluated simultaneously. The measured stopping powers were compared with the theoretical predictions simulated by SRIM-2008 and MSTAR codes. SRIM prediction of <span class="hlt">energy</span> stopping is reasonably close to the experimentally obtained values comparing to MSTAR values. Better agreement between experimental and predicted data was observed for C3+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses comparing to O3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The experimental data from Paul's database and our previous experimental data were also discussed. The obtained experimental <span class="hlt">energy</span>-straggling data were compared to those calculated by using Bohr's, Yang's models etc. The predictions by Yang are in good agreement with our experiment within a frame of uncertainty of 25%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912011P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912011P"><span>Structure of High <span class="hlt">Energy</span>, Heavy <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Venus' Upper Ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Persson, Moa; Futaana, Yoshifumi; Nilsson, Hans; Stenberg Wieser, Gabriella; Hamrin, Maria; Fedorov, Andrei; Barabash, Stas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The solar wind interacts with the atmosphere of Venus, and can reach directly down to the ionosphere. The interaction has previously been studied using the Pioneer Venus mission (PVO) and is now known to cause variations in the density in the ionosphere [Taylor et al., 1980], a transport of <span class="hlt">ions</span> towards the night side [Knudsen et al., 1980], and an outflow of <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the atmosphere [Barabash et al., 2007]. Measurements made by PVO showed that the main constituents of Venus ionosphere in the altitude range 150-400 km is the O+ and O2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>, where the former dominates from 180 km and higher, and the latter dominates from 180 km down to 150 km [Taylor et al., 1980]. New measurements, made by the <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Mass Analyzer (IMA) onboard the Venus Express spacecraft, reveal the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (10 eV to 15 keV) plasma characteristics in the ionosphere of Venus. Using the data collected during the low altitude (down to 130 km) pericentre passages during the aerobraking time period, we are able to extract the height profile of the total heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> content (O+ and O2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>) of Venus ionosphere. The results show two scale heights separated at 200 km; 10 km for <200 km and 100 km for >200 km. We interpret the results as two heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> components, namely, the O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are dominant for >200 km, while the O2+ is dominant for <200 km. This is consistent with previous results from PVO. Furthermore, we attempt several methods of mass separation, to extract the two <span class="hlt">ion</span> components of the scale height profiles, (O+ and O2+). First method is to use the moderate mass separation capabilities of the IMA instrument. The individual mass spectra are fitted by two Gaussian curves, representing O+ and O2+, derived from ground calibration information. The second method uses the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, which sometimes has two discrete peaks. By assuming the same velocity for different components in the spacecraft reference frame (resulting in different <span class="hlt">energy</span> for different masses), we can separate the composition</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20787772-ripple-pattern-formation-silicon-surfaces-low-energy-ion-beam-erosion-experiment-theory','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20787772-ripple-pattern-formation-silicon-surfaces-low-energy-ion-beam-erosion-experiment-theory"><span>Ripple pattern formation on silicon surfaces by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam erosion: Experiment and theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ziberi, B.; Frost, F.; Rauschenbach, B.</p> <p></p> <p>The topography evolution of Si surfaces during low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> noble-gas <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam erosion (<span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> {<=}2000 eV) at room temperature has been studied. Depending on the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam parameters, self-organized ripple patterns evolve on the surface with a wavelength {lambda}<100 nm. Ripple patterns were found to occur at near-normal <span class="hlt">ion</span> incidence angles (5 deg. -30 deg.) with the wave vector oriented parallel to the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam direction. The ordering and homogeneity of these patterns increase with <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence, leading to very-well-ordered ripples. The ripple wavelength remains constant with <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence. Also, the influence of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> on the ripple wavelength is investigated. Additionally itmore » is shown that the mass of the bombarding <span class="hlt">ion</span> plays a decisive role in the ripple formation process. Ripple patterns evolve for Ar{sup +},Kr{sup +}, and Xe{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span>, while no ripples are observed using Ne{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span>. These results are discussed in the context of continuum theories and by using Monte Carlo simulations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014623','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014623"><span>A thermalized <span class="hlt">ion</span> explosion model for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> sputtering and track registration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Seiberling, L. E.; Griffith, J. E.; Tombrello, T. A.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A velocity spectrum of neutral sputtered particles as well as a low resolution mass spectrum of sputtered molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span> was measured for 4.74 MeV F-19(+2) incident of UF4. The velocity spectrum is dramatically different from spectra taken with low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (keV) bombarding <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and is shown to be consistent with a hot plasma of atoms in thermal equilibrium inside the target. A thermalized <span class="hlt">ion</span> explosion model is proposed for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> sputtering which is expected to describe track formation in dielectric materials. The model is shown to be consistent with the observed total sputtering yield and the dependence of the yield on the primary ionization rate of the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930026304&hterms=Electromagnetic+Spectrum&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BSpectrum','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930026304&hterms=Electromagnetic+Spectrum&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BSpectrum"><span>Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion/ion</span> cyclotron instability - Theory and simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Winske, D.; Omidi, N.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Linear theory and 1D and 2D hybrid simulations are employed to study electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion/ion</span> cyclotron (EMIIC) instability driven by the relative streaming of two field-aligned <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. The characteristics of the instability are studied as a function of beam density, propagation angle, electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature ratios, and <span class="hlt">ion</span> beta. When the propagation angle is near 90 deg the EMIIC instability has the characteristics of an electrostatic instability, while at smaller angles electromagnetic effects play a significant role as does strong beam coupling. The 2D simulations point to a <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> of the wave spectrum and accompanying coherent effects during the linear growth stage of development. The EMIIC instability is an important effect where <span class="hlt">ion</span> beta is low such as in the plasma-sheet boundary layer and upstream of slow shocks in the magnetotail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..MAR.K1249M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..MAR.K1249M"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Distribution Studies of <span class="hlt">Ions</span> and Radicals in an Ar/H2 Radio Frequency Magnetron Discharge During a-Si:H Deposition Using <span class="hlt">Energy</span>-Resolved Mass Spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mensah, Samuel; Abu-Safe, Husam; Naseem, Hameed; Gordon, Matt</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions of sputtered Si particles have been measured by an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-resolved mass spectrometer, and we correlate the results with measured thin film properties. The plasmas have been generated in a conventional magnetron chamber powered at 150W, 13.56MHz at hydrogen flow rates ranging from 0-25sccm. Various Hn^+, SiHn^+, SiHn fragments (with n = 1, 2, 3) together with Ar^+ and ArH^+ species were detected in the discharge. The most important species for the film deposition is SiHn with n = 0,1,2, and H fragments affect the hydrogen content in the material. The flux of Ar^+ decreases and that of ArH^+ increases when the hydrogen flow rate was increased. However both fluxes saturate at hydrogen flow rates above 15sccm. Plasma parameters, such as plasma potential Vp, electron density ne and electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> Te, are measured with the Langmuir probe. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (IED) of all prominent species in the plasma is measured with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolved mass analyzer. The plasma parameters decreased with increasing hydrogen flow rate; Vp, ne and Te decreased from 36.5V, 7.2x10^15 m-3, 5.6eV to 32.8, 2.2x10^15m-3 and 3.8eV respectively. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the heavy species, Ar, Ar^+, ArH, ArH^+, SiHn and SiHn^+ radicals have <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> comparable to the plasma potential. Analysis of the IEDs shows an inter-dependence of the species and their contribution to the thin film growth and properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JASMS..26..774B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JASMS..26..774B"><span>Formation of a1 <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Directly from Oxazolone b2 <span class="hlt">Ions</span>: an <span class="hlt">Energy</span>-Resolved and Computational Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bythell, Benjamin J.; Harrison, Alex G.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>It is well-known that oxazolone b2 <span class="hlt">ions</span> fragment extensively by elimination of CO to form a2 <span class="hlt">ions</span>, which often fragment further to form a1 <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Less well-known is that some oxazolone b2 <span class="hlt">ions</span> may fragment directly to form a1 <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The present study uses <span class="hlt">energy</span>-resolved collision-induced dissociation experiments to explore the occurrence of the direct b2→a1 fragmentation reaction. The experimental results show that the direct b2→a1 reaction is generally observed when Gly is the C-terminal residue of the oxazolone. When the C-terminal residue is more complex, it is able to provide increased stability of the a2 product in the b2→a2 fragmentation pathway. Our computational studies of the relative critical reaction <span class="hlt">energies</span> for the b2→a2 reaction compared with those for the b2→a1 reaction provide support that the critical reaction <span class="hlt">energies</span> are similar for the two pathways when the C-terminal residue of the oxazolone is Gly. By contrast, when the nitrogen of the oxazolone ring in the b2 <span class="hlt">ion</span> does not bear a hydrogen, as in the Ala-Sar and Tyr-Sar (Sar = N-methylglycine) oxazolone b2 <span class="hlt">ions</span>, a1 <span class="hlt">ions</span> are not formed but rather neutral imine elimination from the N-terminus of the b2 <span class="hlt">ion</span> becomes a dominant fragmentation reaction. The M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) density functional theory calculations are in general agreement with the experimental data for both types of reaction. In contrast, the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) model systematically underestimates the barriers of these SN2-like b2→a1 reaction. The difference between the two methods of barrier calculation are highly significant ( P < 0.001) for the b2→a1 reaction, but only marginally significant ( P = 0.05) for the b2→a2 reaction. The computations provide further evidence of the limitations of the B3LYP functional when describing SN2-like reactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858155','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858155"><span>Study of <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer mechanism from ZnO nanocrystals to Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mangalam, Vivek; Pita, Kantisara; Couteau, Christophe</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this work, we investigate the efficient <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer occurring between ZnO nanocrystals (ZnO-nc) and europium (Eu(3+)) <span class="hlt">ions</span> embedded in a SiO2 matrix prepared using the sol-gel technique. We show that a strong red emission was observed at 614 nm when the ZnO-nc were excited using a continuous optical excitation at 325 nm. This emission is due to the radiative (5)D0 → (7)F2 de-excitation of the Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span> and has been conclusively shown to be due to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from the excited ZnO-nc to the Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The photoluminescence excitation spectra are also examined in this work to confirm the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from ZnO-nc to the Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Furthermore, we study various de-excitation processes from the excited ZnO-nc and their contribution to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer to Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We also report the optimum fabrication process for maximum red emission at 614 nm from the samples where we show a strong dependence on the annealing temperature and the Eu(3+) concentration in the sample. The maximum red emission is observed with 12 mol% Eu(3+) annealed at 450 °C. This work provides a better understanding of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer mechanism from ZnO-nc to Eu(3+) <span class="hlt">ions</span> and is important for applications in photonics, especially for light emitting devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.371...97N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.371...97N"><span>Computer simulation program for medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nishimura, Tomoaki</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>A computer simulation program for <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering and its graphical user interface (MEISwin) has been developed. Using this program, researchers have analyzed medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry at Ritsumeikan University since 1998, and at Rutgers University since 2007. The main features of the program are as follows: (1) stopping power can be chosen from five datasets spanning several decades (from 1977 to 2011), (2) straggling can be chosen from two datasets, (3) spectral shape can be selected as Gaussian or exponentially modified Gaussian, (4) scattering cross sections can be selected as Coulomb or screened, (5) simulations adopt the resonant elastic scattering cross section of 16O(4He, 4He)16O, (6) pileup simulation for RBS spectra is supported, (7) natural and specific isotope abundances are supported, and (8) the charge fraction can be chosen from three patterns (fixed, <span class="hlt">energy</span>-dependent, and <span class="hlt">ion</span> fraction with charge-exchange parameters for medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering). This study demonstrates and discusses the simulations and their results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JOM....69i1484L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JOM....69i1484L"><span>Toward Low-Cost, High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia; Ruther, Rose E.; AN, Seong Jin; David, Lamuel Abraham; Hays, Kevin; Wood, Marissa; Phillip, Nathan D.; Sheng, Yangping; Mao, Chengyu; Kalnaus, Sergiy; Daniel, Claus; Wood, David L.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Reducing cost and increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by 70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost (268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets (125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. This article discusses three major aspects for cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Insights on increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power densities of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are also addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1400215-toward-low-cost-high-energy-density-high-power-density-lithium-ion-batteries','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1400215-toward-low-cost-high-energy-density-high-power-density-lithium-ion-batteries"><span>Toward Low-Cost, High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia; Ruther, Rose E.; ...</p> <p>2017-06-12</p> <p>Reducing cost and increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by ~70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost (268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets (125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. Here, this article discusses three major aspects formore » cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Insights on increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power densities of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are also addressed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1400215','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1400215"><span>Toward Low-Cost, High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia; Ruther, Rose E.</p> <p></p> <p>Reducing cost and increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by ~70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost (268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets (125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. Here, this article discusses three major aspects formore » cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Insights on increasing <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power densities of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are also addressed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23006353','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23006353"><span>Optical transitions in highly charged californium <span class="hlt">ions</span> with high sensitivity to variation of the fine-structure constant.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berengut, J C; Dzuba, V A; Flambaum, V V; Ong, A</p> <p>2012-08-17</p> <p>We study electronic transitions in highly charged Cf <span class="hlt">ions</span> that are within the frequency range of optical lasers and have very high sensitivity to potential variations in the fine-structure constant, α. The transitions are in the optical range despite the large ionization <span class="hlt">energies</span> because they lie on the level crossing of the 5f and 6p valence orbitals in the thallium isoelectronic sequence. Cf(16+) is a particularly rich <span class="hlt">ion</span>, having several <span class="hlt">narrow</span> lines with properties that minimize certain systematic effects. Cf(16+) has very large nuclear charge and large ionization <span class="hlt">energy</span>, resulting in the largest α sensitivity seen in atomic systems. The lines include positive and negative shifters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1325972','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1325972"><span>A Variable <span class="hlt">Energy</span> CW Compact Accelerator for <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cancer Therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Johnstone, Carol J.; Taylor, J.; Edgecock, R.</p> <p>2016-03-10</p> <p>Cancer is the second-largest cause of death in the U.S. and approximately two-thirds of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy with the majority of the radiation treatments performed using x-rays produced by electron linacs. Charged particle beam radiation therapy, both protons and light <span class="hlt">ions</span>, however, offers advantageous physical-dose distributions over conventional photon radiotherapy, and, for particles heavier than protons, a significant biological advantage. Despite recognition of potential advantages, there is almost no research activity in this field in the U.S. due to the lack of clinical accelerator facilities offering light <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy in the States. In January, 2013, amore » joint DOE/NCI workshop was convened to address the challenges of light <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy [1], inviting more than 60 experts from diverse fields related to radiation therapy. This paper reports on the conclusions of the workshop, then translates the clinical requirements into accelerat or and beam-delivery technical specifications. A comparison of available or feasible accelerator technologies is compared, including a new concept for a compact, CW, and variable <span class="hlt">energy</span> light <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator currently under development. This new light <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator is based on advances in nonscaling Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerator design. The new design concepts combine isochronous orbits with long (up to 4m) straight sections in a compact racetrack format allowing inner circulating orbits to be <span class="hlt">energy</span> selected for low-loss, CW extraction, effectively eliminating the high-loss <span class="hlt">energy</span> degrader in conventional CW cyclotron designs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1236244','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1236244"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons and swift <span class="hlt">ion</span> track structure in PADC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fromm, Michel; Quinto, Michele A.; Weck, Philippe F.</p> <p></p> <p>The current work aims at providing an accurate description of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track-structure in poly-allyl dyglycol carbonate (PADC) by using an up-to-date Monte-Carlo code-called TILDA-V (a French acronym for Transport d’<span class="hlt">Ions</span> Lourds Dans l’Aqua & Vivo). In this simulation the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track-structure in PADC is mainly described in terms of ejected electrons with a particular attention done to the Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Electrons (LEEs). After a brief reminder of the most important channels through which LEEs are prone to break a chemical bond, we will report on the simulated energetic distributions of LEEs along an <span class="hlt">ion</span> track in PADC for particularmore » incident <span class="hlt">energies</span> located on both sides of the Bragg-peak position. Lastly, based on the rare data dealing with LEEs interaction with polymers or organic molecules, we will emphasise the role played by the LEEs in the formation of a latent track in PADC, and more particularly the one played by the sub-ionization electrons.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236244-low-energy-electrons-swift-ion-track-structure-padc','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236244-low-energy-electrons-swift-ion-track-structure-padc"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons and swift <span class="hlt">ion</span> track structure in PADC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Fromm, Michel; Quinto, Michele A.; Weck, Philippe F.; ...</p> <p>2015-05-27</p> <p>The current work aims at providing an accurate description of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track-structure in poly-allyl dyglycol carbonate (PADC) by using an up-to-date Monte-Carlo code-called TILDA-V (a French acronym for Transport d’<span class="hlt">Ions</span> Lourds Dans l’Aqua & Vivo). In this simulation the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track-structure in PADC is mainly described in terms of ejected electrons with a particular attention done to the Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Electrons (LEEs). After a brief reminder of the most important channels through which LEEs are prone to break a chemical bond, we will report on the simulated energetic distributions of LEEs along an <span class="hlt">ion</span> track in PADC for particularmore » incident <span class="hlt">energies</span> located on both sides of the Bragg-peak position. Lastly, based on the rare data dealing with LEEs interaction with polymers or organic molecules, we will emphasise the role played by the LEEs in the formation of a latent track in PADC, and more particularly the one played by the sub-ionization electrons.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AnGeo..32.1233A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AnGeo..32.1233A"><span>Formation of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the earth's magnetotail: spacecraft observations and theoretical models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Artemyev, A. V.; Vasko, I. Y.; Lutsenko, V. N.; Petrukovich, A. A.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>We investigate the formation of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (E ∈ [20,600] keV) <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the earth's magnetotail. We collect statistics of 4 years of Interball / Tail observations (1995-1998) in the vicinity of the neutral plane in the magnetotail region (X <-17 RE, |Y| ≤ 20 RE in geocentric solar magnetospheric (GSM) system). We study the dependence of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra on the thermal-plasma parameters (the temperature Ti and the amplitude of bulk velocity vi) and on the magnetic-field component Bz. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range E ∈ [20,600] keV can be separated in the thermal core and the power-law tail with the slope (index) ~ -4.5. Fluxes of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> population increase with the growth of Bz, vi and especially Ti, but spectrum index seems to be independent on these parameters. We have suggested that the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> population is generated by small scale transient processes, rather than by the global reconfiguration of the magnetotail. We have proposed the relatively simple and general model of <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration by transient bursts of the electric field. This model describes the power-law <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra and predicts typical <span class="hlt">energies</span> of accelerated <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22597090-live-cell-imaging-combined-high-energy-single-ion-microbeam','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22597090-live-cell-imaging-combined-high-energy-single-ion-microbeam"><span>Live cell imaging combined with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> microbeam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Guo, Na; Du, Guanghua, E-mail: gh-du@impcas.ac.cn; Liu, Wenjing</p> <p></p> <p>DNA strand breaks can lead to cell carcinogenesis or cell death if not repaired rapidly and efficiently. An online live cell imaging system was established at the high <span class="hlt">energy</span> microbeam facility at the Institute of Modern Physics to study early and fast cellular response to DNA damage after high linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer <span class="hlt">ion</span> radiation. The HT1080 cells expressing XRCC1-RFP were irradiated with single high <span class="hlt">energy</span> nickel <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and time-lapse images of the irradiated cells were obtained online. The live cell imaging analysis shows that strand-break repair protein XRCC1 was recruited to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> hit position within 20 s in themore » cells and formed bright foci in the cell nucleus. The fast recruitment of XRCC1 at the <span class="hlt">ion</span> hits reached a maximum at about 200 s post-irradiation and then was followed by a slower release into the nucleoplasm. The measured dual-exponential kinetics of XRCC1 protein are consistent with the proposed consecutive reaction model, and the measurements obtained that the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 recruitment to DNA strand break is 1.2 × 10{sup −3} s{sup −1} and the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 release from the break-XRCC1 complex is 1.2 × 10{sup −2} s{sup −1}.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..DPPCP8073T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..DPPCP8073T"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> distribution in the hot spot of an inertial confinement fusion plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tang, Xianzhu; Guo, Zehua; Berk, Herb</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Maximizing the fusion gain of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) for inertial fusion <span class="hlt">energy</span> (IFE) applications leads to the standard scenario of central hot spot ignition followed by propagating burn wave through the cold/dense assembled fuel. The fact that the hot spot is surrounded by cold but dense fuel layer introduces subtle plasma physics which requires a kinetic description. Here we perform Fokker-Planck calculations and kinetic PIC simulations for an ICF plasma initially in pressure balance but having large temperature gradient over a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> transition layer. The loss of the fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> tail from the hot spot, which is important for fusion reactivity, is quantified by Fokker-Planck models. The role of electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> transport and the ambipolar electric field is investigated via kinetic simulations and the fluid moment models. The net effect on both hot spot <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature and the <span class="hlt">ion</span> tail distribution, and hence the fusion reactivity, is elucidated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12240732','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12240732"><span>Measurement of alpha particle <span class="hlt">energy</span> using windowless electret <span class="hlt">ion</span> chambers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dua, S K; Kotrappa, P; Srivastava, R; Ebadian, M A; Stieff, L R</p> <p>2002-10-01</p> <p>Electret <span class="hlt">ion</span> chambers are inexpensive, lightweight, robust, commercially available, passive, charge-integrating devices for accurate measurement of different ionizing radiations. In an earlier work a chamber of dimensions larger than the range of alpha particles having aluminized Mylar windows of different thickness was used for measurement of alpha radiation. Correlation between electret mid-point voltage, alpha particle <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and response was developed and it was shown that this chamber could be used for estimating the effective <span class="hlt">energy</span> of an unknown alpha source. In the present study, the electret <span class="hlt">ion</span> chamber is used in the windowless mode so that the alpha particles dissipate their entire <span class="hlt">energy</span> inside the volume, and the alpha particle <span class="hlt">energy</span> is determined from the first principles. This requires that alpha disintegration rate be accurately known or measured by an alternate method. The measured <span class="hlt">energies</span> were within 1 to 4% of the true values for different sources (230Th, 237Np, 239Pu, 241Am, and 224Cm). This method finds application in quantitative determination of alpha <span class="hlt">energy</span> absorbed in thin membrane and, hence, the absorbed dose.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM13C..04F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM13C..04F"><span>Temporal evolution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral structures during a geomagnetic storm: Observations and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferradas, C.; Zhang, J.; Spence, H. E.; Kistler, L. M.; Larsen, B.; Reeves, G. D.; Skoug, R. M.; Funsten, H. O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>During the last decades several missions have recorded the presence of dynamic spectral features of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the inner magnetosphere. We present a case study of the temporal evolution of H+, He+, and O+ spectral structures throughout the geomagnetic storm of 2 October 2013. We use data from the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron (HOPE) mass spectrometer onboard Van Allen Probe A to analyze the spectral structures in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 1- 50 keV. We find that the characteristics of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures follow a cyclic pattern, the observed features changing dramatically as the storm starts and then returning to its initial pre-storm state. Quiet, pre-storm times are characterized by multiple and often complex flux structures at <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands. During the storm main phase, the observed features become simple, with no nose structures or only one nose structure present in the <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time spectrograms. As the inner magnetosphere recovers from the storm, more complex structures appear once again. Additionally, the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectral features are generally more complex than the H+ features, with multiple noses being observed more often in the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra. We use a model of <span class="hlt">ion</span> drift and losses due to charge exchange to understand the formation of the spectral features and their species dependence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005LPB....23..467S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005LPB....23..467S"><span>Application of laser driven fast high density plasma blocks for <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sari, Amir H.; Osman, F.; Doolan, K. R.; Ghoranneviss, M.; Hora, H.; Höpfl, R.; Benstetter, G.; Hantehzadeh, M. H.</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>The measurement of very <span class="hlt">narrow</span> high density plasma blocks of high <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> from targets irradiated with ps-TW laser pulses based on a new skin depth interaction process is an ideal tool for application of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation in materials, especially of silicon, GaAs, or conducting polymers, for micro-electronics as well as for low cost solar cells. A further application is for <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources in accelerators with most specifications of many orders of magnitudes advances against classical <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources. We report on near band gap generation of defects by implantation of <span class="hlt">ions</span> as measured by optical absorption spectra. A further connection is given for studying the particle beam transforming of n-type semiconductors into p-type and vice versa as known from sub-threshold particle beams. The advantage consists in the use of avoiding aggressive or rare chemical materials when using the beam techniques for industrial applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG13003W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG13003W"><span>Kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> budget for electroconvective flows near <span class="hlt">ion</span> selective membranes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Karen; Mani, Ali</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Electroconvection occurs when <span class="hlt">ions</span> are driven from a bulk fluid through an <span class="hlt">ion</span>-selective surface. When the driving voltage is beyond a threshold, this process undergoes a hydrodynamic instability called electroconvection, which can become chaotic due to nonlinear coupling between <span class="hlt">ion</span>-transport, fluid flow, and electrostatic forces. Electroconvection significantly enhances <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport and plays an important role in a wide range of electrochemical applications. We investigate this phenomenon by considering a canonical geometry consisting of a symmetric binary electrolyte between an <span class="hlt">ion</span>-selective membrane and a reservoir using 2D direct numerical simulation (DNS). Our simulations reveal that for most practical regimes, DNS of electroconvection is expensive. Thus, a plan towards development of reduced-order models is necessary to facilitate the adoption of analysis of this phenomenon in industry. Here we use DNS to analyze the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> budget to shed light into the mechanisms sustaining flow and mixing in electroconvective flows. Our analysis reveals the relative dominance of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> sources, dissipation, and transport mechanisms sustaining electroconvection at different distances from the interface and over a wide range of input parameters. Karen Wang was supported by the National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG). Ali Mani was supported by the National Science Foundation Award.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22086151-transition-energies-polarizabilities-hydrogen-like-ions-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22086151-transition-energies-polarizabilities-hydrogen-like-ions-plasma"><span>Transition <span class="hlt">energies</span> and polarizabilities of hydrogen like <span class="hlt">ions</span> in plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Das, Madhusmita</p> <p>2012-09-15</p> <p>Effect of plasma screening on various properties like transition <span class="hlt">energy</span>, polarizability (dipole and quadrupole), etc. of hydrogen like <span class="hlt">ions</span> is studied. The bound and free state wave functions and transition matrix elements are obtained by numerically integrating the radial Schrodinger equation for appropriate plasma potential. We have used adaptive step size controlled Runge-Kutta method to perform the numerical integration. Debye-Huckel potential is used to investigate the variation in transition lines and polarizabilities (dipole and quadrupole) with increasing plasma screening. For a strongly coupled plasma, <span class="hlt">ion</span> sphere potential is used to show the variation in excitation <span class="hlt">energy</span> with decreasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> spheremore » radius. It is observed that plasma screening sets in phenomena like continuum lowering and pressure ionization, which are unique to <span class="hlt">ions</span> in plasma. Of particular interest is the blue (red) shift in transitions conserving (non-conserving) principal quantum number. The plasma environment also affects the dipole and quadrupole polarizability of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a significant manner. The bound state contribution to polarizabilities decreases with increase in plasma density whereas the continuum contribution is significantly enhanced. This is a result of variation in the behavior of bound and continuum state wave functions in the presence of plasma. We have compared the results with existing theoretical and experimental data wherever present.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210658L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210658L"><span>Cold <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Outflow Modulated by the Solar Wind <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Input and Tilt of the Geomagnetic Dipole</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Kun; Wei, Y.; André, M.; Eriksson, A.; Haaland, S.; Kronberg, E. A.; Nilsson, H.; Maes, L.; Rong, Z. J.; Wan, W. X.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The solar wind <span class="hlt">energy</span> input into the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system drives ionospheric outflow, which plays an important role in both the magnetospheric dynamics and evolution of the atmosphere. However, little is known about the cold <span class="hlt">ion</span> outflow with <span class="hlt">energies</span> lower than a few tens of eV, as the direct measurement of cold <span class="hlt">ions</span> is difficult because a spacecraft gains a positive electric charge due to the photoemission effect, which prevents cold <span class="hlt">ions</span> from reaching the onboard detectors. A recent breakthrough in the measurement technique using Cluster spacecraft revealed that cold <span class="hlt">ions</span> dominate the <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the magnetosphere. This new technique yields a comprehensive data set containing measurements of the velocities and densities of cold <span class="hlt">ions</span> for the years 2001-2010. In this paper, this data set is used to analyze the cold <span class="hlt">ion</span> outflow from the ionosphere. We found that about 0.1% of the solar wind <span class="hlt">energy</span> input is transformed to the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of cold <span class="hlt">ion</span> outflow at the topside ionosphere. We also found that the geomagnetic dipole tilt can significantly affect the density of cold <span class="hlt">ion</span> outflow, modulating the outflow rate of cold <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. These results give us clues to study the evolution of ionospheric outflow with changing global magnetic field and solar wind condition in the history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20982742-method-computing-ion-energy-distributions-multifrequency-capacitive-discharges','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20982742-method-computing-ion-energy-distributions-multifrequency-capacitive-discharges"><span>A method for computing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions for multifrequency capacitive discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wu, Alan C. F.; Lieberman, M. A.; Verboncoeur, J. P.</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (IED) at a surface is an important parameter for processing in multiple radio frequency driven capacitive discharges. An analytical model is developed for the IED in a low pressure discharge based on a linear transfer function that relates the time-varying sheath voltage to the time-varying <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> response at the surface. This model is in good agreement with particle-in-cell simulations over a wide range of single, dual, and triple frequency driven capacitive discharge excitations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/957418','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/957418"><span>Enhanced tunable <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band THz emission from laser-modulated electron beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Xiang, D.; Stupakov, G.; /SLAC</p> <p>2009-06-19</p> <p>We propose and analyze a scheme to generate enhanced <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band terahertz (THz) radiation through down-conversion of the frequency of optical lasers using laser-modulated electron beams. In the scheme the electron beam is first <span class="hlt">energy</span> modulated by two lasers with wave numbers k{sub 1} and k2, respectively. After passing through a dispersion section, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> modulation is converted to density modulation. Due to the nonlinear conversion process, the beam will have density modulation at wave number k = nk{sub 1} + mk{sub 2}, where n and m are positive or negative integers. By properly choosing the parameters for the lasers andmore » dispersion section, one can generate density modulation at THz frequency in the beam using optical lasers. This density-modulated beam can be used to generate powerful <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band THz radiation. Since the THz radiation is in tight synchronization with the lasers, it should provide a high temporal resolution for the optical-pump THz-probe experiments. The central frequency of the THz radiation can be easily tuned by varying the wavelength of the two lasers and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> chirp of the electron beam. The proposed scheme is in principle able to generate intense <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band THz radiation covering the whole THz range and offers a promising way towards the tunable intense <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band THz sources.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MolPh.115.2987Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MolPh.115.2987Y"><span>Solvent-coordinate free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> landscape view of water-mediated <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yonetani, Yoshiteru</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Water-mediated <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation is studied by molecular dynamics simulations of NaCl in water. Multidimensional free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> analysis clarifies the relation between two essential solvent coordinates: the water coordination number and water-bridge formation. These two are related in a complex way. Both are necessary to describe <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation. The mechanism constructed with both solvent variables clearly shows the individual roles. The water coordination number is critical for starting <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation. Water-bridge formation is also important because it increases the likelihood of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation by reducing the dissociation free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> barrier. Additional Ca-Cl and NH4-Cl calculations show that these conclusions are unaffected by changes in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge and shape. The present results will contribute to future explorations of many other molecular events such as surface water exchange and protein-ligand dissociation because the same mechanism is involved in such events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793617','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793617"><span>Phase Space Generation for Proton and Carbon <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beams for External Users' Applications at the Heidelberg <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Therapy Center.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tessonnier, Thomas; Marcelos, Tiago; Mairani, Andrea; Brons, Stephan; Parodi, Katia</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In the field of radiation therapy, accurate and robust dose calculation is required. For this purpose, precise modeling of the irradiation system and reliable computational platforms are needed. At the Heidelberg <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Therapy Center (HIT), the beamline has been already modeled in the FLUKA Monte Carlo (MC) code. However, this model was kept confidential for disclosure reasons and was not available for any external team. The main goal of this study was to create efficiently phase space (PS) files for proton and carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams, for all <span class="hlt">energies</span> and foci available at HIT. PSs are representing the characteristics of each particle recorded (charge, mass, <span class="hlt">energy</span>, coordinates, direction cosines, generation) at a certain position along the beam path. In order to achieve this goal, keeping a reasonable data size but maintaining the requested accuracy for the calculation, we developed a new approach of beam PS generation with the MC code FLUKA. The generated PSs were obtained using an infinitely <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beam and recording the desired quantities after the last element of the beamline, with a discrimination of primaries or secondaries. In this way, a unique PS can be used for each <span class="hlt">energy</span> to accommodate the different foci by combining the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-beam scenario with a random sampling of its theoretical Gaussian beam in vacuum. PS can also reproduce the different patterns from the delivery system, when properly combined with the beam scanning information. MC simulations using PS have been compared to simulations, including the full beamline geometry and have been found in very good agreement for several cases (depth dose distributions, lateral dose profiles), with relative dose differences below 0.5%. This approach has also been compared with measured data of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams with different <span class="hlt">energies</span> and foci, resulting in a very satisfactory agreement. Hence, the proposed approach was able to fulfill the different requirements and has demonstrated its capability for application to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2528251','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2528251"><span>Single-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Solvation Free <span class="hlt">Energies</span> and the Normal Hydrogen Electrode Potential in Methanol, Acetonitrile, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelly, Casey P.; Cramer, Christopher J.; Truhlar, Donald G.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The division of thermodynamic solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of electrolytes into ionic constituents is conventionally accomplished by using the single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of one reference <span class="hlt">ion</span>, conventionally the proton, to set the single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> scales. Thus the determination of the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of solvation of the proton in various solvents is a fundamental issue of central importance in solution chemistry. In the present article, relative solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> and <span class="hlt">ion</span>-solvent clusters in methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been determined using a combination of experimental and theoretical gas-phase free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of formation, solution-phase reduction potentials and acid dissociation constants, and gas-phase clustering free <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Applying the cluster pair approximation to differences between these relative solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> leads to values of −263.5, −260.2, and −273.3 kcal/mol for the absolute solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the proton in methanol, acetonitrile, and DMSO, respectively. The final absolute proton solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> are used to assign absolute values for the normal hydrogen electrode potential and the solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of other single <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the above solvents. PMID:17214493</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950020360','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950020360"><span>Electronic characterization of defects in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gap semiconductors: Comparison of electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels and formation <span class="hlt">energies</span> in mercury cadmium telluride, mercury zinc telluride, and mercury zinc selenide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Patterson, James D.; Li, Wei-Gang</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The project has evolved to that of using Green's functions to predict properties of deep defects in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gap materials. Deep defects are now defined as originating from short range potentials and are often located near the middle of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> gap. They are important because they affect the lifetime of charge carriers and hence the switching time of transistors. We are now moving into the arena of predicting formation <span class="hlt">energies</span> of deep defects. This will also allow us to make predictions about the relative concentrations of the defects that could be expected at a given temperature. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gap materials mercury cadmium telluride (MCT), mercury zinc telluride (MZT), and mercury zinc selenide (MZS) are of interest to NASA because they have commercial value for infrared detecting materials, and because there is a good possibility that they can be grown better in a microgravity environment. The uniform growth of these crystals on earth is difficult because of convection (caused by solute depletion just ahead of the growing interface, and also due to thermal gradients). In general it is very difficult to grow crystals with both radial and axial homogeneity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/383137-narrow-chaotic-compound-autoionizing-states-atomic-spectra','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/383137-narrow-chaotic-compound-autoionizing-states-atomic-spectra"><span><span class="hlt">Narrow</span> chaotic compound autoionizing states in atomic spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Flambaum, V.V.; Gribakina, A.A.; Gribakin, G.F.</p> <p>1996-09-01</p> <p>Simultaneous excitation of several valence electrons in atoms gives rise to a dense spectrum of compound autoionizing states (AIS). These states are almost chaotic superpositions of large numbers of many-electron basis states built of single-electron orbitals. The mean level spacing {ital D} between such states is very small (e.g., {ital D}{lt}0.01 eV for the numerical example of {ital J}{sup {pi}}=4{sup {minus}} states of Ce just above the ionization threshold). The autoionization widths of these states estimated by perturbations, {gamma}=2{pi}{vert_bar}{ital W}{vert_bar}{sup 2}, where {ital W} is the Coulomb matrix element coupling the AIS to the continuum, are also small, but comparablemore » with {ital D} in magnitude: {gamma}{approximately}{ital D}. Hence the nonperturbative interaction of AIS with each other via the continuum is very essential. It suppresses greatly the widths of the autoionizing resonances ({Gamma}{approx_equal}{ital D}{sup 2}/3{gamma}{lt}{ital D}), and leads to the emergence of a {open_quote}{open_quote}collective{close_quote}{close_quote} doorway state which accumulates a large share of the total width. This state is in essence a modified single-particle continuum decoupled from the resonances due to its large width. <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> compound AIS should be a common feature of atomic spectra at <span class="hlt">energies</span> sufficient for excitation of several electrons above the ground-state configuration. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span> resonances can be observed as peaks in the photoabsorption, or, in electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering, as Fano-type profiles on the background provided by the wide doorway-state resonance. It is also shown that the statistics of electromagnetic and autoionization amplitudes involving compound states are close to Gaussian. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930053928&hterms=fusion+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dfusion%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930053928&hterms=fusion+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dfusion%2Benergy"><span>High-flux source of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutral beams using reflection of <span class="hlt">ions</span> from metals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cuthbertson, John W.; Motley, Robert W.; Langer, William D.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Reflection of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> from surfaces can be applied as a method of producing high-flux beams of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutral particles, and is an important effect in several areas of plasma technology, such as in the edge region of fusion devices. We have developed a beam source based on acceleration and reflection of <span class="hlt">ions</span> from a magnetically confined coaxial RF plasma source. The beam provides a large enough flux to allow the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of the reflected neutrals to be measured despite the inefficiency of detection, by means of an electrostatic cylindrical mirror analyzer coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> distributions have been measured for oxygen, nitrogen, and inert gas <span class="hlt">ions</span> incident with from 15 to 70 eV reflected from amorphous metal surfaces of several compositions. For <span class="hlt">ions</span> of lighter atomic mass than the reflecting metal, reflected beams have peaked <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions; beams with the peak at 4-32 eV have been measured. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> and mass dependences of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions as well as measurements of absolute flux, and angular distribution and divergence are reported. Applications of the neutral beams produced are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040000779','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040000779"><span>Characterization of Downstream <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Distributions From a High Current Hollow Cathode in a Ring Cusp Discharge Chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Foster, John E.; Patterson, Michael J.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The presence of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced by a hollow cathodes operating at high emission currents (greater than 10 Angstroms) has been documented in the literature. As part of an ongoing effort to uncover the underlying physics of the formation of these <span class="hlt">ions</span>, <span class="hlt">ion</span> efflux from a high current hollow cathode operating in an <span class="hlt">ion</span> thruster discharge chamber was investigated. Using a spherical sector electrostatic <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer located downstream of the discharge cathode, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution over a 0 to 60 eV <span class="hlt">energy</span> range was measured. The sensitivity of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function to zenith angle was also assessed at 3 different positions: 0, 15, and 25 degrees. The measurements suggest that the majority of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> current at the measuring point falls into the analyzer with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> approximately equal to the discharge voltage. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution, however, was found to be quite broad. The high <span class="hlt">energy</span> tail of the distribution function tended to grow with increasing discharge current. Sensitivity of the profiles to flow rate at fixed discharge current was also investigated. A simple model is presented that provides a potential mechanism for the production of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> above the discharge voltage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.387...34R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.387...34R"><span>Precise measurements of <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss straggling for swift heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in polymers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rani, Bindu; Neetu; Sharma, Kalpana; Diwan, P. K.; Kumar, Shyam</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss straggling measurements for heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> with Z = 3-22 (∼0.2-2.5 MeV/u) in PEN (C7H5O2) and PET (C10H8O4) polymers have been carried out utilizing the swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam facility from 15UD Pelletron accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India. The recorded spectra are analyzed in such a way that the Straggling associated with <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss process could be measured in a systematic manner at any selected value of <span class="hlt">energy</span>, in terms of per unit thickness of the absorber, at any desired <span class="hlt">energy</span> intervals. The measured values have been compared with the calculated values obtained from the most commonly used Bethe-Livingston formulations applicable for collisional straggling. The results are tried to be understood in terms of the effective charge on the impinging <span class="hlt">ion</span> within the absorber. Some interesting trends are observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000052458','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000052458"><span>Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sputtering Experiments for <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Engine Lifetime Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Duchemin Olivier B.; Polk, James E.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The sputtering yield of molybdenum under xenon <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment was measured using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. The measurements were made for <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> in the range 100-1keV on molybdenum films deposited by magnetron sputtering in conditions optimized to reproduce or approach bulk-like properties. SEM micrographs for different anode bias voltages during the deposition are compared, and four different methods were implemented to estimate the density of the molybdenum films. A careful discussion of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance is proposed and it is shown that this method can be used to measure mass changes that are distributed unevenly on the crystal electrode surface, if an analytical expression is known for the differential mass-sensitivity of the crystal and the erosion profile. Finally, results are presented that are in good agreement with previously published data, and it is concluded that this method holds the promise of enabling sputtering yield measurements at <span class="hlt">energies</span> closer to the threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the very short term.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.830a2063M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.830a2063M"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> & mass-charge distribution peculiarities of <span class="hlt">ion</span> emitted from penning source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mamedov, N. V.; Kolodko, D. V.; Sorokin, I. A.; Kanshin, I. A.; Sinelnikov, D. N.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The optimization of hydrogen Penning sources used, in particular, in plasma chemical processing of materials and DLC deposition, is still very important. Investigations of mass-charge composition of these <span class="hlt">ion</span> source emitted beams are particular relevant for miniature linear accelerators (neutron flux generators) nowadays. The Penning <span class="hlt">ion</span> source <span class="hlt">energy</span> and mass-charge <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions are presented. The relation between the discharge current abrupt jumps with increasing plasma density in the discharge center and increasing potential whipping (up to 50% of the anode voltage) is shown. Also the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra in the discharge different modes as the pressure and anode potential functions are presented. It has been revealed that the atomic hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration is about 5-10%, and it weakly depends on the pressure and the discharge current (in the investigated range from 1 to 10 mTorr and from 50 to 1000 μA) and increases with the anode voltage (up 1 to 3,5 kV).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3105W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3105W"><span>Development of an electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> coincidence apparatus for molecular-frame electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss spectroscopy studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Watanabe, Noboru; Hirayama, Tsukasa; Yamada, So; Takahashi, Masahiko</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We report details of an electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> coincidence apparatus, which has been developed for molecular-frame electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss spectroscopy studies. The apparatus is mainly composed of a pulsed electron gun, an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-dispersive electron spectrometer, and an <span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum imaging spectrometer. Molecular-orientation dependence of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electron scattering cross section can be examined by conducting measurements of vector correlation between the momenta of the scattered electron and fragment <span class="hlt">ion</span>. Background due to false coincidences is significantly reduced by introducing a pulsed electron beam and pulsing scheme of <span class="hlt">ion</span> extraction. The experimental setup has been tested by measuring the inner-shell excitation of N2 at an incident electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 1.5 keV and a scattering angle of 10.2°.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265946-coupled-effect-nuclear-electronic-energy-loss-ion-irradiation-damage-lithium-niobate','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265946-coupled-effect-nuclear-electronic-energy-loss-ion-irradiation-damage-lithium-niobate"><span>A coupled effect of nuclear and electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss on <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation damage in lithium niobate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Liu, Peng; Zhang, Yanwen; Xue, Haizhou; ...</p> <p>2016-01-09</p> <p>Understanding irradiation effects induced by elastic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss to atomic nuclei and inelastic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss to electrons in a crystal, as well as the coupled effect between them, is a scientific challenge. Damage evolution in LiNbO 3 irradiated by 0.9 and 21 MeV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 300 K has been studied utilizing Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling mode. During the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation process, damage accumulation produced due to elastic collisions is described utilizing a disorder accumulation model. Moreover, low electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss is shown to induce observable damage that increases with <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence. For the same electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss,more » the velocity of the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> could affect the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and spatial distribution of excited electrons, and therefore effectively modify the diameter of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track. Furthermore, nonlinear additive phenomenon of irradiation damage induced by high electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in pre-damaged LiNbO 3 has been observed. The result indicates that pre-existing damage induced from nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss interacts synergistically with inelastic electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss to promote the formation of amorphous tracks and lead to rapid phase transformation, much more efficient than what is observed in pristine crystal solely induced by electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss. As a result, this synergistic effect is attributed to the fundamental mechanism that the defects produced by the elastic collisions result in a decrease in thermal conductivity, increase in the electron-phonon coupling, and further lead to higher intensity in thermal spike from intense electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition along high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectory.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6137002-trajectory-analysis-low-energy-hyperthermal-ions-scattered-from-cu','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6137002-trajectory-analysis-low-energy-hyperthermal-ions-scattered-from-cu"><span>Trajectory analysis of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and hyperthermal <span class="hlt">ions</span> scattered from Cu(110)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McEachern, R. L.; Goodstein, D. M.; Cooper, B. H.</p> <p>1989-05-15</p> <p>We have investigated the trajectories of Na/sup +/ <span class="hlt">ions</span> scattered from the Cu(110) surface in the <1/bar 1/0> and <001> azimuths for a range of incident <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 56 eV to 4 keV. Our goal is to explain the trends observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra and determine what types of trajectories contribute to these spectra. Using the computer program SAFARI, we have performed simulations with trajectory analyses for 100-, 200-, and 400-eV scattering. We show results from the 100-eV simulations in both azimuths and compare them with the experimental data. The simulated <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra are in excellent agreement with themore » data. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> trajectories and impact parameter plots from the simulations are used to determine the relative importance of different types of <span class="hlt">ion</span>--surface-atom collisions. The simulations have shown that the striking differences observed in comparing the <1/bar 1/0> and <001> spectra are mostly due to <span class="hlt">ions</span> which scatter from second-layer atoms. This system exhibits strong focusing onto the second-layer atoms by the first-layer rows, and the focusing is very sensitive to the spacing between the rows. At the lower beam <span class="hlt">energies</span>, scattering from the second layer dominates the measured spectra.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557200','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557200"><span><span class="hlt">Narrow</span>-linewidth Q-switched random distributed feedback fiber laser.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Jiangming; Ye, Jun; Xiao, Hu; Leng, Jinyong; Wu, Jian; Zhang, Hanwei; Zhou, Pu</p> <p>2016-08-22</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth Q-switched random fiber laser (RFL) based on a half-opened cavity, which is realized by <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a section of 3 km passive fiber, has been proposed and experimentally investigated. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth lasing is generated by the spectral filtering of three FBGs with linewidth of 1.21 nm, 0.56 nm, and 0.12 nm, respectively. The Q switching of the distributed cavity is achieved by placing an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) between the FBG and the passive fiber. The maximal output powers of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth RFLs with the three different FBGs are 0.54 W, 0.27 W, and 0.08 W, respectively. Furthermore, the repetition rates of the output pulses are 500 kHz, and the pulse durations are about 500 ns. The corresponding pulse <span class="hlt">energies</span> are about 1.08 μJ, 0.54 μJ, and 0.16 μJ, accordingly. The linewidth of FBG can influence the output characteristics in full scale. The <span class="hlt">narrower</span> the FBG, the higher the pump threshold; the lower the output power at the same pump level, the more serious the linewidth broadening; and thus the higher the proportion of the CW-ground exists in the output pulse trains. Thanks to the assistance of the band-pass filter (BPF), the proportion of the CW-ground of <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth Q-switched RFL under the relative high-pump-low-output condition can be reduced effectively. The experimental results indicate that it is challenging to demonstrate a <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth Q-switched RFL with high quality output. But further power scaling and linewidth <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> is possible in the case of operating parameters, optimization efforts, and a more powerful pump source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-linewidth generation in a Q-switched RFL.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003xseh.proc..127H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003xseh.proc..127H"><span>Cryogenic Detectors (<span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Field Instruments)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoevers, H.; Verhoeve, P.</p> <p></p> <p>Two cryogenic imaging spectrometer arrays are currently considered as focal plane instruments for XEUS. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span> field imager 1 (NFI 1) will cover the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range from 0.05 to 3 keV with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of 2 eV, or better, at 500 eV. A second <span class="hlt">narrow</span> field imager (NFI 2) covers the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range from 1 to 15 keV with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of 2 eV (at 1 keV) and 5 eV (at 7 keV), creating some overlap with part of the NFI 1 <span class="hlt">energy</span> window. Both <span class="hlt">narrow</span> field imagers have a 0.5 arcmin field of view. Their imaging capabilities are matched to the XEUS optics of 2 to 5 arcsec leading to 1 arcsec pixels. The detector arrays will be cooled by a closed cycle system comprising a mechanical cooler with a base temperature of 2.5 K and either a low temperature 3He sorption pump providing the very low temperature stage and/or an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR). The ADR cooler is explicitly needed to cool the NFI 2 array. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span> field imager 1} Currently a 48 times 48 element array of superconducting tunnel junctions (STJ) is envisaged. Its operating temperature is in the range between 30 and 350 mK. Small, single Ta STJs (20-50 mum on a side) have shown 3.5 eV (FWHM) resolution at E = 525 eV and small arrays have been successfully demonstrated (6 times 6 pixels), or are currently tested (10 times 12 pixels). Alternatively, a prototype Distributed Read-Out Imaging Device (DROID), consisting of a linear superconducting Ta absorber of 20 times 100 mum2, including a 20 times 20 mum STJ for readout at either end, has shown a measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of 2.4 eV (FWHM) at E = 500 eV. Simulations involving the diffusion properties as well as loss and tunnel rates have shown that the performance can be further improved by slight modifications in the geometry, and that the size of the DROIDS can be increased to 0.5-1.0 mm without loss in <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution. The relatively large areas and good <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution compared to single STJs make DROIDS good candidates for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSST...24d5010T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSST...24d5010T"><span>Adding high time resolution to charge-state-specific <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> measurements for pulsed copper vacuum arc plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Koichi; Han, Liang; Zhou, Xue; Anders, André</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Charge-state-resolved <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time distributions of pulsed Cu arc plasma were obtained by using direct (time-dependent) acquisition of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> detection signal from a commercial <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass-per-charge and <span class="hlt">energy</span>-per-charge analyzer. We find a shift of <span class="hlt">energies</span> of Cu2+, Cu3+ and Cu4+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> to lower values during the first few hundred microseconds after arc ignition, which is evidence for particle collisions in the plasma. The generation of Cu+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the later part of the pulse, measured by the increase of Cu+ signal intensity and an associated slight reduction of the mean charge state, points to charge exchange reactions between <span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutrals. At the very beginning of the pulse, when the plasma expands into vacuum and the plasma potential strongly fluctuates, <span class="hlt">ions</span> with much higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> (over 200 eV) are observed. Early in the pulse, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> observed are approximately proportional to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge state, and we conclude that the acceleration mechanism is primarily based on acceleration in an electric field. This field is directed away from the cathode, indicative of a potential hump. Measurements by a floating probe suggest that potential structures travel, and <span class="hlt">ions</span> moving in the traveling field can gain high <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to a few hundred electron-volts. Later in the pulse, the approximate proportionality is lost, which is related to increased smearing out of different <span class="hlt">energies</span> due to collisions with neutrals, and/or to a change of the acceleration character from electrostatic to ‘gas-dynamic’, i.e. dominated by pressure gradient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998NIMPB.140..341Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998NIMPB.140..341Y"><span>High yield antibiotic producing mutants of Streptomyces erythreus induced by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Chen; Zhixin, Lin; Zuyao, Zou; Feng, Zhang; Duo, Liu; Xianghuai, Liu; Jianzhong, Tang; Weimin, Zhu; Bo, Huang</p> <p>1998-05-01</p> <p>Conidia of Streptomyces erythreus, an industrial microbe, were implanted by nitrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 40-60 keV and fluence from 1 × 10 11 to 5 × 10 14 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm 2. The logarithm value of survival fraction had good linear relationship with the logarithm value of fluence. Some mutants with a high yield of erythromycin were induced by <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation. The yield increment was correlated with the implantation fluence. Compared with the mutation results induced by ultraviolet rays, mutation effects of <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation were obvious having higher increasing erythromycin potency and wider mutation spectrum. The spores of Bacillus subtilis were implanted by arsenic <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 100 keV. The distribution of implanted <span class="hlt">ions</span> was measured by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and calculated in theory. The mechanism of mutation induced by <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation was discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RScI...86l3302D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RScI...86l3302D"><span>Calibration of BAS-TR image plate response to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> (3-300 MeV) carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doria, D.; Kar, S.; Ahmed, H.; Alejo, A.; Fernandez, J.; Cerchez, M.; Gray, R. J.; Hanton, F.; MacLellan, D. A.; McKenna, P.; Najmudin, Z.; Neely, D.; Romagnani, L.; Ruiz, J. A.; Sarri, G.; Scullion, C.; Streeter, M.; Swantusch, M.; Willi, O.; Zepf, M.; Borghesi, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The paper presents the calibration of Fuji BAS-TR image plate (IP) response to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> of different charge states by employing an intense laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, which allowed access to carbon <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to 270 MeV. The calibration method consists of employing a Thomson parabola spectrometer to separate and spectrally resolve different <span class="hlt">ion</span> species, and a slotted CR-39 solid state detector overlayed onto an image plate for an absolute calibration of the IP signal. An empirical response function was obtained which can be reasonably extrapolated to higher <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The experimental data also show that the IP response is independent of <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724017','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724017"><span>Calibration of BAS-TR image plate response to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> (3-300 MeV) carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Doria, D; Kar, S; Ahmed, H; Alejo, A; Fernandez, J; Cerchez, M; Gray, R J; Hanton, F; MacLellan, D A; McKenna, P; Najmudin, Z; Neely, D; Romagnani, L; Ruiz, J A; Sarri, G; Scullion, C; Streeter, M; Swantusch, M; Willi, O; Zepf, M; Borghesi, M</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The paper presents the calibration of Fuji BAS-TR image plate (IP) response to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> of different charge states by employing an intense laser-driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, which allowed access to carbon <span class="hlt">energies</span> up to 270 MeV. The calibration method consists of employing a Thomson parabola spectrometer to separate and spectrally resolve different <span class="hlt">ion</span> species, and a slotted CR-39 solid state detector overlayed onto an image plate for an absolute calibration of the IP signal. An empirical response function was obtained which can be reasonably extrapolated to higher <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The experimental data also show that the IP response is independent of <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AnGeo..36....1Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AnGeo..36....1Y"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> conversion through mass loading of escaping ionospheric <span class="hlt">ions</span> for different Kp values</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamauchi, Masatoshi; Slapak, Rikard</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>By conserving momentum during the mixing of fast solar wind flow and slow planetary <span class="hlt">ion</span> flow in an inelastic way, mass loading converts kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> to other forms - e.g. first to electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> through charge separation and then to thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> (randomness) through gyromotion of the newly born cold <span class="hlt">ions</span> for the comet and Mars cases. Here, we consider the Earth's exterior cusp and plasma mantle, where the ionospheric origin escaping <span class="hlt">ions</span> with finite temperatures are loaded into the decelerated solar wind flow. Due to direct connectivity to the ionosphere through the geomagnetic field, a large part of this electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> is consumed to maintain field-aligned currents (FACs) toward the ionosphere, in a similar manner as the solar wind-driven ionospheric convection in the open geomagnetic field region. We show that the <span class="hlt">energy</span> extraction rate by the mass loading of escaping <span class="hlt">ions</span> (ΔK) is sufficient to explain the cusp FACs, and that ΔK depends only on the solar wind velocity accessing the mass-loading region (usw) and the total mass flux of the escaping <span class="hlt">ions</span> into this region (mloadFload), as ΔK ˜ -mloadFloadu2sw/4. The expected distribution of the separated charges by this process also predicts the observed flowing directions of the cusp FACs for different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations if we include the deflection of the solar wind flow directions in the exterior cusp. Using empirical relations of u0 ∝ Kp + 1.2 and Fload ∝ exp(0.45Kp) for Kp = 1-7, where u0 is the solar wind velocity upstream of the bow shock, ΔK becomes a simple function of Kp as log10(ΔK) = 0.2 ṡ Kp + 2 ṡ log10(Kp + 1.2) + constant. The major contribution of this nearly linear increase is the Fload term, i.e. positive feedback between the increase of <span class="hlt">ion</span> escaping rate Fload through the increased <span class="hlt">energy</span> consumption in the ionosphere for high Kp, and subsequent extraction of more kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> ΔK from the solar wind to the current system by the increased</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820038624&hterms=Transformation+energies&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTransformation%2Benergies','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820038624&hterms=Transformation+energies&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTransformation%2Benergies"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution functions on a magnetically quiet day at geostationary altitude /L = 7/</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Singh, N.; Raitt, W. J.; Yasuhara, F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and pitch angle distribution functions are examined for a magnetically quiet day using averaged data from ATS 6. For both field-aligned and perpendicular fluxes, the populations have a mixture of characteristic <span class="hlt">energies</span>, and the distribution functions can be fairly well approximated by Maxwellian distributions over three different <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands in the range 3-600 eV. Pitch angle distributions varying with local time, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions are used to compute total <span class="hlt">ion</span> density. Pitch angle scattering mechanisms responsible for the observed transformation of pitch angle distribution are examined, and it is found that a magnetic noise of a certain power spectral density belonging to the electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron mode near the <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron frequency can be effective in trapping the field aligned fluxes by pitch angle scattering.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.875...35S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.875...35S"><span>CMOS active pixel sensors response to low <span class="hlt">energy</span> light <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spiriti, E.; Finck, Ch.; Baudot, J.; Divay, C.; Juliani, D.; Labalme, M.; Rousseau, M.; Salvador, S.; Vanstalle, M.; Agodi, C.; Cuttone, G.; De Napoli, M.; Romano, F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recently CMOS active pixel sensors have been used in Hadrontherapy <span class="hlt">ions</span> fragmentation cross section measurements. Their main goal is to reconstruct tracks generated by the non interacting primary <span class="hlt">ions</span> or by the produced fragments. In this framework the sensors, unexpectedly, demonstrated the possibility to obtain also some informations that could contribute to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> type identification. The present analysis shows a clear dependency in charge and number of pixels per cluster (pixels with a collected amount of charge above a given threshold) with both fragment atomic number Z and <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in the sensor. This information, in the FIRST (F ragmentation of I ons R elevant for S pace and T herapy) experiment, has been used in the overall particle identification analysis algorithm. The aim of this paper is to present the data analysis and the obtained results. An empirical model was developed, in this paper, that reproduce the cluster size as function of the deposited <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the sensor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NIMPA.464....6B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NIMPA.464....6B"><span>Review of light-<span class="hlt">ion</span> driver development for inertial fusion <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bluhm, H.; Hoppé, P.</p> <p>2001-05-01</p> <p>The concept of a light <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam driver for Inertial Fusion <span class="hlt">Energy</span> (IFE) is based on multi-terawatt, multi-megavolt pulsed power generators, two-stage <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration and charge neutralised transport. In this paper we discuss the present status for each of these components and identify the main issues for research. Only modest extrapolations from presently available technologies seem necessary for the high voltage pulse generator. The greatest challenge of this approach is the accelerator, which will consist of two stages, the injector and the post-accelerator. Large progress has been made in understanding the physical phenomena occurring in the injector gap. This progress has become possible by new sophisticated diagnostics that allowed detailed temporally and spatially resolved measurements of field and particle densities in the acceleration gap and by relativistic fully electromagnetic PIC-simulation tools, that stimulated analytic models. The conclusions drawn from these studies, namely limiting the <span class="hlt">ion</span> current density to small enhancements to reduce the beam divergence need still to be verified experimentally. Systematic experimental research on post-acceleration at high power and voltage must aim at a complete understanding of instabilities coupling from the injector to the post-accelerator and at limiting voltages and barriers for the extraction of unwanted <span class="hlt">ions</span> from plasmas at the injection side. Ultimately the light <span class="hlt">ion</span> approach requires rep-rateable large area <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources with <span class="hlt">ion</span> masses greater than 1 and particle <span class="hlt">energies</span> around 30 MeV. Although different cleaning protocols were able to reduce the amount of parasitic <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the Li beam from a LiF field emission source the achievements are still insufficient. A field of common interest between light and heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam driven fusion is beam transport from the accelerator to the target. Supposedly the most favourable concept for both approaches is self-pinched transport. Experimental evidence for self</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InPhT..89..140I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InPhT..89..140I"><span>Visualization and analysis of pulsed <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> density profile with infrared imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Isakova, Y. I.; Pushkarev, A. I.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Infrared imaging technique was used as a surface temperature-mapping tool to characterize the <span class="hlt">energy</span> density distribution of intense pulsed <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams on a thin metal target. The technique enables the measuring of the total <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> density distribution along the cross section and allows one to optimize the operation of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> diode and control target irradiation mode. The diagnostics was tested on the TEMP-4M accelerator at TPU, Tomsk, Russia and on the TEMP-6 accelerator at DUT, Dalian, China. The diagnostics was applied in studies of the dynamics of the target cooling in vacuum after irradiation and in the experiments with target ablation. Errors caused by the target ablation and target cooling during measurements have been analyzed. For Fluke Ti10 and Fluke Ti400 infrared cameras, the technique can achieve surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> density sensitivity of 0.05 J/cm2 and spatial resolution of 1-2 mm. The thermal imaging diagnostics does not require expensive consumed materials. The measurement time does not exceed 0.1 s; therefore, this diagnostics can be used for the prompt evaluation of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> density distribution of a pulsed <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam and during automation of the irradiation process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..GECQR1001U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..GECQR1001U"><span>State-to-state measurements of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-molecule and <span class="hlt">ion-ion</span> collisions by three dimensional momentum imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Urbain, Xavier</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>While the measurement of total absolute cross sections remains challenging, the insight provided by differential cross sections and branching ratios is invaluable to assess the quality of theoretical predictions. Satisfactory agreement at the latter level gives better confidence in the proper identification of the reaction mechanism and key parameters. The three dimensional imaging of molecular dissociation, and more generally, the determination of all momentum vectors of the reaction products, gives direct access to the differential quantities of interest. For the prototype reaction of a proton colliding with H2, the secondary H2+current may be recorded to provide the total charge transfer yield. The dissociative charge transfer of the product <span class="hlt">ions</span> with alkali targets leaves a characteristic signature in the total kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> imparted to the H fragments. Its measurement is readily achieved by coincident detection on position sensitive detectors. This allows us to extract vibrational populations as a function of collision <span class="hlt">energy</span>. A resonant enhancement of the charge transfer around 45 eV/amu is observed, that leaves the molecular <span class="hlt">ion</span> in its vibrational ground state. Those observations are supported by state-of-the-art calculations. We have similarly explored the ionization of molecular oxygen by proton and alpha particle impact, at velocities characteristic of the solar wind. A somewhat more involved vibrational analysis of the O2+cations indicates a Franck-Condon like vibrational population of the ground electronic state from 50 eV to 10 keV, unlikely to modify the branching ratios of dissociative recombination, itself responsible for airglow emissions. More interestingly, a significant population of the 4Πu excited state is measured at velocities typical of the fast solar wind. Finally, we shall address the implementation of three dimensional imaging in merged <span class="hlt">ion-ion</span> beam studies. Mutual neutralization involving anions and cations is a very efficient process</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPS...329..197Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPS...329..197Y"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> distributions exhibited during thermal runaway of commercial lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries used for human spaceflight applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yayathi, Sandeep; Walker, William; Doughty, Daniel; Ardebili, Haleh</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> (Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span>) batteries provide low mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> dense solutions necessary for space exploration, but thermal related safety concerns impede the utilization of Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> technology for human applications. Experimental characterization of thermal runaway <span class="hlt">energy</span> release with accelerated rate calorimetry supports safer thermal management systems. 'Standard' accelerated rate calorimetry setup provides means to measure the addition of <span class="hlt">energy</span> exhibited through the body of a Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cell. This study considers the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> generated during thermal runaway as distributions between cell body and hot gases via inclusion of a unique secondary enclosure inside the calorimeter; this closed system not only contains the cell body and gaseous species, but also captures <span class="hlt">energy</span> release associated with rapid heat transfer to the system unobserved by measurements taken on the cell body. Experiments include Boston Power Swing 5300, Samsung 18650-26F and MoliCel 18650-J Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cells at varied states-of-charge. An inverse relationship between state-of-charge and onset temperature is observed. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> contained in the cell body and gaseous species are successfully characterized; gaseous <span class="hlt">energy</span> is minimal. Significant additional <span class="hlt">energy</span> is measured with the heating of the secondary enclosure. Improved calorimeter apparatus including a secondary enclosure provides essential capability to measuring total <span class="hlt">energy</span> release distributions during thermal runaway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21341852','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21341852"><span>Kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of multiply charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> in Coulomb explosion of Xe clusters.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heidenreich, Andreas; Jortner, Joshua</p> <p>2011-02-21</p> <p>We report on the calculations of kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (KED) functions of multiply charged, high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> in Coulomb explosion (CE) of an assembly of elemental Xe(n) clusters (average size (n) = 200-2171) driven by ultra-intense, near-infrared, Gaussian laser fields (peak intensities 10(15) - 4 × 10(16) W cm(-2), pulse lengths 65-230 fs). In this cluster size and pulse parameter domain, outer ionization is incomplete∕vertical, incomplete∕nonvertical, or complete∕nonvertical, with CE occurring in the presence of nanoplasma electrons. The KEDs were obtained from double averaging of single-trajectory molecular dynamics simulation <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span>. The KEDs were doubly averaged over a log-normal cluster size distribution and over the laser intensity distribution of a spatial Gaussian beam, which constitutes either a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) profile, with the 3D profile (when the cluster beam radius is larger than the Rayleigh length) usually being experimentally realized. The general features of the doubly averaged KEDs manifest the smearing out of the structure corresponding to the distribution of <span class="hlt">ion</span> charges, a marked increase of the KEDs at very low <span class="hlt">energies</span> due to the contribution from the persistent nanoplasma, a distortion of the KEDs and of the average <span class="hlt">energies</span> toward lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> values, and the appearance of long low-intensity high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tails caused by the admixture of contributions from large clusters by size averaging. The doubly averaged simulation results account reasonably well (within 30%) for the experimental data for the cluster-size dependence of the CE energetics and for its dependence on the laser pulse parameters, as well as for the anisotropy in the angular distribution of the <span class="hlt">energies</span> of the Xe(q+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Possible applications of this computational study include a control of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> by the choice of the laser intensity profile (2D∕3D) in the laser-cluster interaction volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/967213-molecular-depth-profiling-sucrose-films-comparative-study-cn-ions-traditional-cs-ions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/967213-molecular-depth-profiling-sucrose-films-comparative-study-cn-ions-traditional-cs-ions"><span>Molecular Depth Profiling of Sucrose Films: A Comparative Study of C₆₀n⁺ <span class="hlt">Ions</span> and Traditional Cs⁺ and O₂⁺ <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Zihua; Nachimuthu, Ponnusamy; Lea, Alan S.</p> <p>2009-10-15</p> <p>Time-of-flight secondary <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling of sucrose thin films were investigated using 10 keV C60+, 20 keV C602+, 30 keV C603+, 250 eV, 500 eV and 1000 eV Cs+ and O2+ as sputtering <span class="hlt">ions</span>. With C60n+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the molecular <span class="hlt">ion</span> signal initially decreases, and reaches a steady-state that is about 38-51% of its original intensity, depending on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the C60n+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. On the contrary, with Cs+ and O2+ sputtering, molecular <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals decrease quickly to the noise level, even using low <span class="hlt">energy</span> (250 eV) sputtering <span class="hlt">ions</span>. In addition, the sucrose/Si interface by C60+ sputtering ismore » much <span class="hlt">narrower</span> than that of Cs+ and O2+ sputtering. To understand the mechanisms of sputtering-induced damage by these <span class="hlt">ions</span>, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the bottoms of these sputter craters. XPS data show very little chemical change in the C60+ sputter crater, while considerable amorphous carbon was found in the O2+ and Cs+ sputter craters, indicating extensive decomposition of the sucrose molecules. AFM images show a very flat bottom in the C60+ sputter crater, while the Cs+ and O2+ sputter crater bottoms are significantly rougher than that of the C60+ sputter crater. Based on above data, we developed a simple model to explain different damage mechanisms during sputtering process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM21A2414L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM21A2414L"><span>MMS Observation of Inverse <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Dispersion in Shock Drift Acceleration <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, S. H.; Sibeck, D. G.; Hwang, K. J.; Wang, Y.; Silveira, M. D.; Mauk, B.; Cohen, I. J.; Chu, C. S.; Mason, G. M.; Gold, R. E.; Burch, J. L.; Giles, B. L.; Torbert, R. B.; Russell, C. T.; Wei, H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed bursts of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> (50 keV-1000 keV) both in the foreshock and in the magnetosheath near the bow shock on December 6, 2015. Three species (protons, helium, and oxygen) exhibit inverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> dispersions. Angular distributions for all three species indicate acceleration at the perpendicular bow shock. Acceleration that energizes the seed solar population by a factor of 2 and 4 is required for the protons and helium <span class="hlt">ions</span>, respectively. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> increases with θBn (the angle between the IMF and the local shock normal) since the induced electric field that energizes the charged particles increases as θBn increases towards 90°. We compare events upstream and downstream from the bow shock. We compare the MMS observations with those of the solar wind seed populations by the Ultra Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Isotope Spectrometer (ULEIS) instrument on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) mission and by the WIND 3-D Plamsa and Energetic Particle Experiment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910068897&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910068897&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy"><span>Comparison of magnetosonic wave and water group <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> densities at Comet Giacobini-Zinner</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Staines, K.; Balogh, A.; Cowley, S. W. H.; Forster, P. M. De F.; Hynds, R. J.; Yates, T. S.; Sanderson, T. R.; Wenzel, K.-P.; Tsurutani, B. T.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of the Comet Giacobini-Zinner (GZ) are presented to determine to what extent wave-particle scattering redistributed the initial pick-up <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> population. Also examined is the difference between the <span class="hlt">ion</span> thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the magnetic fields of the waves. In spite of uncertainty of about a factor of 2 noted in the pick-up and mass-loaded regions, it is shown that less than approximately 50 percent of the pick-up <span class="hlt">energy</span> is converted into wave magnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the inbound pick-up region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29717864','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29717864"><span>Quasi-Solid-State Sodium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Full Battery with High-Power/<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Densities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Jin-Zhi; Yang, Ai-Bo; Gu, Zhen-Yi; Wu, Xing-Long; Pang, Wei-Lin; Ning, Qiu-Li; Li, Wen-Hao; Zhang, Jing-Ping; Su, Zhong-Min</p> <p>2018-05-30</p> <p>Developing a high-performance, low-cost, and safer rechargeable battery is a primary challenge in next-generation electrochemical <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. In this work, a quasi-solid-state (QSS) sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> full battery (SIFB) is designed and fabricated. Hard carbon cloth derived from cotton cloth and Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 O 2 F (NVPOF) are employed as the anode and the cathode, respectively, and a sodium <span class="hlt">ion</span>-conducting gel-polymer membrane is used as both the QSS electrolyte and separator, accomplishing the high <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power densities in the QSS sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> density can reach 460 W h kg -1 according to the mass of the cathode materials. Moreover, the fabricated QSS SIFB also exhibits an excellent rate performance (e.g., about 78.1 mA h g -1 specific capacity at 10 C) and a superior cycle performance (e.g., ∼90% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 10 C). These results show that the developed QSS SIFB is a hopeful candidate for large-scale <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.331...42M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.331...42M"><span>The stopping powers and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in polymer foils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikšová, R.; Macková, A.; Malinský, P.; Hnatowicz, V.; Slepička, P.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of 7Li, 12C and 16O <span class="hlt">ions</span> in thin poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polycarbonate (PC) foils were measured in the incident beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of 9.4-11.8 MeV using an indirect transmission method. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> scattered from a thin gold target at an angle of 150° were registered by a partially depleted PIPS detector, partly shielded with a polymer foil placed in front of the detector. Therefore, the signals from both direct and slowed down <span class="hlt">ions</span> were visible in the same <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, which was evaluated by the ITAP code, developed at our laboratory. The ITAP code was employed to perform a Gaussian-fitting procedure to provide a complete analysis of each measured spectrum. The measured stopping powers were compared with the predictions obtained from the SRIM-2008 and MSTAR codes and with previous experimental data. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling data were compared with those calculated by using Bohr's, Lindhard-Scharff and Bethe-Livingston theories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.371...81M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.371...81M"><span>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of the energetic C and O <span class="hlt">ions</span> in polyimide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikšová, R.; Macková, A.; Slepička, P.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of 12Cn+ and 16On+ heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range 5.3-8.0 MeV in 8 μm thick polyimide (PI) foil were measured by means of an indirect transmission method using a half-covered a PIPS detector. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> scattered from thin gold layer, under the scattering angle 150° were detected and the spectrum of <span class="hlt">ions</span> penetrating the PI foil and without foil was recorded. The values of the experimentally determined stopping powers were compared to the calculated data by SRIM-2013 and MSTAR codes. Measured data were in good agreement with data calculated by SRIM-2013, especially for C <span class="hlt">ions</span> was observed better agreement than for O <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling was determined and compared to those calculated by using Bohr's, Bethe-Livingston and Yang models. The measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling values in the PI foil was corrected for foil roughness and thickness inhomogeneity determined from AFM. Bethe-Livingston predicting formula has been modified to make it appropriate for thicker targets. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling determined in our experiment was obtained higher than Bohr's predicted value; the predictions by Yang are in good agreement with our experiment. Bethe-Livingston formulation of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling shows better agreement with the experimental data after the modified formula implementation which assumes that the thick target was consisted to be composed of n-number of thin layers. Influence of the charge-exchange phenomena to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of C and O <span class="hlt">ions</span> in PI was discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1257985-analyzing-system-safety-lithium-ion-grid-energy-storage','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1257985-analyzing-system-safety-lithium-ion-grid-energy-storage"><span>Analyzing system safety in lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Rosewater, David; Williams, Adam</p> <p>2015-10-08</p> <p>As grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems become more complex, it grows more di cult to design them for safe operation. This paper first reviews the properties of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries that can produce hazards in grid scale systems. Then the conventional safety engineering technique Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is reviewed to identify its limitations in complex systems. To address this gap, new research is presented on the application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to a lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery based grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system. STPA is anticipated to ll the gaps recognized in PRA for designing complex systems and hence be more e ectivemore » or less costly to use during safety engineering. It was observed that STPA is able to capture causal scenarios for accidents not identified using PRA. Additionally, STPA enabled a more rational assessment of uncertainty (all that is not known) thereby promoting a healthy skepticism of design assumptions. Lastly, we conclude that STPA may indeed be more cost effective than PRA for safety engineering in lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery systems. However, further research is needed to determine if this approach actually reduces safety engineering costs in development, or improves industry safety standards.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPS...300..460R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPS...300..460R"><span>Analyzing system safety in lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rosewater, David; Williams, Adam</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>As grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems become more complex, it grows more difficult to design them for safe operation. This paper first reviews the properties of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries that can produce hazards in grid scale systems. Then the conventional safety engineering technique Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is reviewed to identify its limitations in complex systems. To address this gap, new research is presented on the application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to a lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery based grid <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system. STPA is anticipated to fill the gaps recognized in PRA for designing complex systems and hence be more effective or less costly to use during safety engineering. It was observed that STPA is able to capture causal scenarios for accidents not identified using PRA. Additionally, STPA enabled a more rational assessment of uncertainty (all that is not known) thereby promoting a healthy skepticism of design assumptions. We conclude that STPA may indeed be more cost effective than PRA for safety engineering in lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery systems. However, further research is needed to determine if this approach actually reduces safety engineering costs in development, or improves industry safety standards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1363990-ion-sieving-desalination-energy-penalty-excess-baggage','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1363990-ion-sieving-desalination-energy-penalty-excess-baggage"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> sieving and desalination: <span class="hlt">Energy</span> penalty for excess baggage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Devanathan, Ram</p> <p>2017-04-03</p> <p>Here, more than a billion people do not have access to clean water globally and millions of people die every year from water borne diseases. Human activity has resulted in depletion of groundwater, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, pollution of water resources, ecological damage, and resultant threats to the world’s freshwater, food supply, security, and prosperity. To address this challenge, there is a pressing need to produce clean water from seawater, brackish groundwater, and waste water. Current desalination methods are <span class="hlt">energy</span> intensive and produce adverse environmental impact. At the same time, <span class="hlt">energy</span> production consumes large quantities of water and createsmore » waste water that needs to be treated with further <span class="hlt">energy</span> input. Water treatment with membranes that separate water molecules from <span class="hlt">ions</span>, pathogens and pollutants has been proposed as an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-efficient solution to the fresh water crisis. Recently, membranes based on carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have garnered considerable interest for their potential in desalination. Of these, GO membranes hold the promise of inexpensive production on a large scale but swell when immersed in water. The swollen membrane allows not only water molecules but also <span class="hlt">ions</span>, such as Na + and Mg 2+, to pass through. Abraham and coworkers show that the interlayer spacing in a GO laminar membrane can be tuned to a certain value and then fixed by physically restraining the membrane from swelling. When the authors reduced the spacing systematically in steps from 9.8 Å to 7.4 Å, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> permeation rate was reduced by two orders of magnitude while the water permeation rate was only halved.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AIPC..576..900S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AIPC..576..900S"><span>Recoil implantation of boron into silicon by high <span class="hlt">energy</span> silicon <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shao, L.; Lu, X. M.; Wang, X. M.; Rusakova, I.; Mount, G.; Zhang, L. H.; Liu, J. R.; Chu, Wei-Kan</p> <p>2001-07-01</p> <p>A recoil implantation technique for shallow junction formation was investigated. After e-gun deposition of a B layer onto Si, 10, 50, or 500 keV Si <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams were used to introduce surface deposited B atoms into Si by knock-on. It has been shown that recoil implantation with high <span class="hlt">energy</span> incident <span class="hlt">ions</span> like 500 keV produces a shallower B profile than lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> implantation such as 10 keV and 50 keV. This is due to the fact that recoil probability at a given angle is a strong function of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the primary projectile. Boron diffusion was showed to be suppressed in high <span class="hlt">energy</span> recoil implantation and such suppression became more obvious at higher Si doses. It was suggested that vacancy rich region due to defect imbalance plays the role to suppress B diffusion. Sub-100 nm junction can be formed by this technique with the advantage of high throughput of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> implanters.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.421...45S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.421...45S"><span>Lifetimes of relativistic heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in the High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Ring of FAIR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shevelko, V. P.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Stöhlker, Th.; Tolstikhina, I. Yu.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Ring, HESR, will be constructed at the Facility for Antiproton and <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Research, FAIR, Darmstadt. For the first time, it will be possible to perform experiments with cooled high-intensity stable and radioactive heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> at highly relativistic <span class="hlt">energies</span>. To design experiments at the HESR, realistic estimations of beam lifetimes are indispensable. Here we report calculated cross sections and lifetimes for typical U88+ , U90+ , U92+ , Sn49+ and Sn50+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range E = 400 MeV/u-5 GeV/u, relevant for the HESR. Interactions with the residual gas and with internal gas-jet targets are also considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254758-coulomb-nuclear-excitations-narrow-resonances','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254758-coulomb-nuclear-excitations-narrow-resonances"><span>Coulomb and nuclear excitations of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> resonances in 17Ne</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Marganiec, J.; Wamers, F.; Aksouh, F.; ...</p> <p>2016-05-25</p> <p>New experimental data for dissociation of relativistic 17Ne projectiles incident on targets of lead, carbon, and polyethylene targets at GSI are presented. Special attention is paid to the excitation and decay of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> resonant states in 17Ne. Distributions of internal <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the 15O+p +p three-body system have been determined together with angular and partial-<span class="hlt">energy</span> correlations between the decay products in different <span class="hlt">energy</span> regions. The analysis was done using existing experimental data on 17Ne and its mirror nucleus 17N. The isobaric multiplet mass equation is used for assignment of observed resonances and their spins and parities. A combination of datamore » from the heavy and light targets yielded cross sections and transition probabilities for the Coulomb excitations of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> resonant states. Finally, the resulting transition probabilities provide information relevant for a better understanding of the 17Ne structure.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148q4307S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148q4307S"><span>Z-dependence of mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> for second and third row atoms and their <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sauer, Stephan P. A.; Sabin, John R.; Oddershede, Jens</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>All mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> for second and third row atoms and their <span class="hlt">ions</span> are calculated in the random-phase approximation using large basis sets. To a very good approximation, it turns out that mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> within an isoelectronic series are a quadratic function of the nuclear charge. It is demonstrated that this behavior is linked to the fact that the contributions from continuum electronic states give the dominate contributions to the mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> and that these contributions for atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span> appear hydrogen-like. We argue that this finding may present a method to get a first estimate of mean excitation <span class="hlt">energies</span> also for other non-relativistic atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM44A..02R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM44A..02R"><span>Do <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Injected with the Dipolarizing Flux Bundles Provide the Free <span class="hlt">Energy</span> for Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Runov, A.; Angelopoulos, V.; Artemyev, A.; Lu, S.; Birn, J.; Pritchett, P. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Electron interactions with Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cyclotron (EMIC) amd Magnetosnic (MS) waves are considered as a mechanism of electron acceleration up to relativistic <span class="hlt">energies</span> in the inner magnetosphere. The free <span class="hlt">energy</span> for these waves is provided by <span class="hlt">ion</span> populations with unstable <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions. It is established that the perpendicular anisotropy (T_perp > T_par) of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> may provide the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> for EMIC waves. The ring-type <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions are considered as the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> source for the MS waves. Where and how do these distributions formed? To answer this question, we examined <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution functions within earthward-contracting dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) observed in the near-Earth plasma sheet at R 10 - 12 RE. It was found that <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions are often characterized by the perpendicular anisotropy at supra-thermal <span class="hlt">energies</span> (at velocities V_thermal ≤ v ≤ 2*V_thermal). The effect was found to be stronger at largerbackground Bz (i.e., closer to the dipole). Similar characteristics wereobserved in particle-in-cell and test-particle simulations. Moreover, the simulations showed the ring-type <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution formation. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">ions</span>, injected towards the inner magnetosphere with DFBs may indeed provide free <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the EMIC and MS wave excitations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251710','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251710"><span>Feasibility of Cathode Surface Coating Technology for High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> and Beyond-Lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> Batteries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kalluri, Sujith; Yoon, Moonsu; Jo, Minki; Liu, Hua Kun; Dou, Shi Xue; Cho, Jaephil; Guo, Zaiping</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Cathode material degradation during cycling is one of the key obstacles to upgrading lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> and beyond-lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries for high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and varied-temperature applications. Herein, we highlight recent progress in material surface-coating as the foremost solution to resist the surface phase-transitions and cracking in cathode particles in mono-valent (Li, Na, K) and multi-valent (Mg, Ca, Al) <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries under high-voltage and varied-temperature conditions. Importantly, we shed light on the future of materials surface-coating technology with possible research directions. In this regard, we provide our viewpoint on a novel hybrid surface-coating strategy, which has been successfully evaluated in LiCoO 2 -based-Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cells under adverse conditions with industrial specifications for customer-demanding applications. The proposed coating strategy includes a first surface-coating of the as-prepared cathode powders (by sol-gel) and then an ultra-thin ceramic-oxide coating on their electrodes (by atomic-layer deposition). What makes it appealing for industry applications is that such a coating strategy can effectively maintain the integrity of materials under electro-mechanical stress, at the cathode particle and electrode- levels. Furthermore, it leads to improved <span class="hlt">energy</span>-density and voltage retention at 4.55 V and 45 °C with highly loaded electrodes (≈24 mg.cm -2 ). Finally, the development of this coating technology for beyond-lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries could be a major research challenge, but one that is viable. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880036217&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880036217&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy"><span>Unusual characteristics of electromagnetic waves excited by cometary newborn <span class="hlt">ions</span> with large perpendicular <span class="hlt">energies</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Brinca, A. L.; Tsurutani, B. T.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The characteristics of electromagnetic waves excited by cometary newborn <span class="hlt">ions</span> with large perpendicular <span class="hlt">energies</span> are examined using a model of solar wind permeated by dilute drifting ring distributions of electrons and oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> with finite thermal spreads. The model has parameters compatible with the ICE observations at the Giacobini-Zinner comet. It is shown that cometary newborn <span class="hlt">ions</span> with large perpendicular <span class="hlt">energies</span> can excite a wave mode with rest frame frequencies in the order of the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron frequency, Omega(i), and unusual propagation characteristics at small obliquity angles. For parallel propagation, the mode is left-hand circularly polarized, might be unstable in a frequency range containing Omega(i), and moves in the direction of the newborn <span class="hlt">ion</span> drift along the static magnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920004538','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920004538"><span>Benchmark solutions for the galactic heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport equations with <span class="hlt">energy</span> and spatial coupling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ganapol, Barry D.; Townsend, Lawrence W.; Lamkin, Stanley L.; Wilson, John W.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Nontrivial benchmark solutions are developed for the galactic heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport equations in the straightahead approximation with <span class="hlt">energy</span> and spatial coupling. Analytical representations of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes are obtained for a variety of sources with the assumption that the nuclear interaction parameters are <span class="hlt">energy</span> independent. The method utilizes an analytical LaPlace transform inversion to yield a closed form representation that is computationally efficient. The flux profiles are then used to predict <span class="hlt">ion</span> dose profiles, which are important for shield design studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016P%26SS..130...60S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016P%26SS..130...60S"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions and densities in the plume of Enceladus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sakai, Shotaro; Cravens, Thomas E.; Omidi, Nojan; Perry, Mark E.; Waite, J. Hunter</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Enceladus has a dynamic plume that is emitting gas, including water vapor, and dust. The gas is ionized by solar EUV radiation, charge exchange, and electron impact and extends throughout the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. The charge exchange collisions alter the plasma composition. Ice grains (dust) escape from the vicinity of Enceladus and form the E ring, including a portion that is negatively charged by the local plasma. The inner magnetosphere within 10 RS (Saturn radii) contains a complex mixture of plasma, neutral gas, and dust that links back to Enceladus. In this paper we investigate the <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions, <span class="hlt">ion</span> species and densities of water group <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the plume of Enceladus using test particle and Monte Carlo methods that include collisional processes such as charge exchange and <span class="hlt">ion</span>-neutral chemical reactions. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> observations from the Cassini <span class="hlt">Ion</span> and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) for E07 are presented for the first time. We use the modeling results to interpret observations made by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) and the INMS. The low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>, as observed by CAPS, appear to be affected by a vertical electric field (EZ=-10 μV/m) in the plume. The EZ field may be associated with the charged dust and/or the pressure gradient of plasma. The model results, along with the results of earlier models, show that H3O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> created by chemistry are predominant in the plume, which agrees with INMS and CAPS data, but the INMS count rate in the plume for the model is several times greater than the data, which we do not fully understand. This composition and the total <span class="hlt">ion</span> count found in the plume agree with INMS and CAPS data. On the other hand, the Cassini Langmuir Probe measured a maximum plume <span class="hlt">ion</span> density more than 30,000 cm-3, which is far larger than the maximum <span class="hlt">ion</span> density from our model, 900 cm-3. The model results also demonstrate that most of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the plume are from the external magnetospheric flow and are not generated by local</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820047475&hterms=sampling+distribution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dsampling%2Bdistribution','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820047475&hterms=sampling+distribution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dsampling%2Bdistribution"><span>Conical pitch angle distributions of very low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes observed by ISEE 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Horwitz, J. L.; Baugher, C. R.; Chappell, C. R.; Shelley, E. G.; Young, D. T.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Observations are presented of conical distributions of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes from throughout the magnetosphere. The data were provided by the plasma composition experiment (PCE) on ISEE 1. ISEE 1 was launched in October 1977 into a highly elliptical orbit with a 30 deg inclination to the equator and 22.5 earth radii apogee. Particular attention is given to data taken when the instrument was in its thermal plasma mode, sampling <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> per charge range 0-100 eV/e. Attention is given to examples of conical distributions in 0- to 100-eV/e <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the occurrence of conical distributions of 0- to 100-eV <span class="hlt">ions</span> in local time-geocentric distance and latitude-geocentric distance coordinates, the cone angles in 0- to 100-eV <span class="hlt">ion</span> conics, Kp distributions of 0- to 100-eV <span class="hlt">ion</span> conics, and some compositional aspects of 0- to 100-eV <span class="hlt">ion</span> conics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5485205-low-energy-ion-backscattering-spectroscopies-applied-determination-surface-structure','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5485205-low-energy-ion-backscattering-spectroscopies-applied-determination-surface-structure"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-backscattering spectroscopies applied to the determination of surface structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yarmoff, J.A.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Scattering (LEIS) was investigated as a means for determining the geometric structure at a single-crystal surface. A three-dimensional Monte-Carlo computer simulation was developed and applied to existing LEIS data. The binary collision approximation was found to yield satisfactory results in simulating Buck's time-of-flight <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra for 2.4 keV Ne/sup +/ scattering from Ni(001). A two-atom-layer model was used in calculations of the azimuthal anisotropy of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> yield measured by Bernheim and Slodzian for 9.5 keV Ne/sup +/ scattering from Cu(001). The calculations were successful in reproducing most of the features that had been observed in the experiments,more » which shows that this model contained most of the physics required to interpret the data. An apparatus for performing LEIS studies was built, and Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Backscattering Angular Distributions (LEIBAD) were collected with 3-20 keV /sup 6/Li/sup +/ incident on Cu(001). For incidence along a low-index Miller axis of the crystal, shadowing effects limited the penetration depth of the elastically scattered <span class="hlt">ions</span>. However, neutralized Li atoms, which were not filtered out of the scattered yield by the high-pass filter, provided a background characteristic of the bulk. A high-resolution electrostatic analyzer was used to collect impact Collision <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Scattering Spectroscopy (ICISS) data for 5-keV /sup 6/Li/sup +/ <span class="hlt">ions</span> to study the Cu(110) and Cu(110) (2 x 1)-0 surfaces.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Music+AND+Cognition&pg=7&id=EJ924677','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Music+AND+Cognition&pg=7&id=EJ924677"><span>Is Perceptual <span class="hlt">Narrowing</span> Too <span class="hlt">Narrow</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cashon, Cara H.; Denicola, Christopher A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>There is a growing list of examples illustrating that infants are transitioning from having earlier abilities that appear more "universal," "broadly tuned," or "unconstrained" to having later abilities that appear more "specialized," "narrowly tuned," or "constrained." Perceptual <span class="hlt">narrowing</span>, a well-known phenomenon related to face, speech, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPhD...36.2027W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPhD...36.2027W"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation induced synthesis of nitrogenous compound from solid organic sodium salts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Xiangqin; Yu, Zengliang</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>In this paper, samples of solid organic sodium salts (sodium formate, sodium acetate and sodium benzoate) were irradiated by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> N+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The induced damage was detected by infrared (FT-IR). It is shown that a new cyano group (-CN) and amino group (-NH2) were formed in the irradiated sodium carbroxylic sample with N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation. The experimental results examined the effect of N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation by reacting with sodium salt molecules, and presented a new way for the synthesis of nitrogenous compound by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638895L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638895L"><span>Feasibility Study on Cardiac Arrhythmia Ablation Using High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lehmann, H. Immo; Graeff, Christian; Simoniello, Palma; Constantinescu, Anna; Takami, Mitsuru; Lugenbiel, Patrick; Richter, Daniel; Eichhorn, Anna; Prall, Matthias; Kaderka, Robert; Fiedler, Fine; Helmbrecht, Stephan; Fournier, Claudia; Erbeldinger, Nadine; Rahm, Ann-Kathrin; Rivinius, Rasmus; Thomas, Dierk; Katus, Hugo A.; Johnson, Susan B.; Parker, Kay D.; Debus, Jürgen; Asirvatham, Samuel J.; Bert, Christoph; Durante, Marco; Packer, Douglas L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams are successfully used in cancer therapy and precisely deliver high doses of ionizing radiation to small deep-seated target volumes. A similar noninvasive treatment modality for cardiac arrhythmias was tested here. This study used high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> for ablation of cardiac tissue in pigs. Doses of 25, 40, and 55 Gy were applied in forced-breath-hold to the atrioventricular junction, left atrial pulmonary vein junction, and freewall left ventricle of intact animals. Procedural success was tracked by (1.) in-beam positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging; (2.) intracardiac voltage mapping with visible lesion on ultrasound; (3.) lesion outcomes in pathohistolgy. High doses (40-55 Gy) caused slowing and interruption of cardiac impulse propagation. Target fibrosis was the main mediator of the ablation effect. In irradiated tissue, apoptosis was present after 3, but not 6 months. Our study shows feasibility to use high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams for creation of cardiac lesions that chronically interrupt cardiac conduction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110003627','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110003627"><span>Performance Characterization of High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Commercial Lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schneidegger, Brianne T.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Glenn Research Center Electrochemistry Branch performed characterization of commercial lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cells to determine the cells' performance against Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) Key Performance Parameters (KPP). The goals of the ETDP <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Project require significant improvements in the specific <span class="hlt">energy</span> of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> technology over the state-of-the-art. This work supports the high <span class="hlt">energy</span> cell development for the Constellation customer Lunar Surface Systems (LSS). In support of these goals, testing was initiated in September 2009 with high <span class="hlt">energy</span> cylindrical cells obtained from Panasonic and E-One Moli. Both manufacturers indicated the capability of their cells to deliver specific <span class="hlt">energy</span> of at least 180 Wh/kg or higher. Testing is being performed at the NASA Glenn Research Center to evaluate the performance of these cells under temperature, rate, and cycling conditions relevant to the ETDP goals for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> cells. The cell-level specific <span class="hlt">energy</span> goal for high <span class="hlt">energy</span> technology is 180 Wh/kg at a C/10 rate and 0 C. The threshold value is 165 Wh/kg. The goal is to operate for at least 2000 cycles at 100 percent DOD with greater than 80 percent capacity retention. The Panasonic NCR18650 cells were able to deliver nearly 200 Wh/kg at the aforementioned conditions. The E-One Moli ICR18650J cells also met the specific <span class="hlt">energy</span> goal by delivering 183 Wh/kg. Though both cells met the goal for specific <span class="hlt">energy</span>, this testing was only one portion of the testing required to determine the suitability of commercial cells for the ETDP. The cells must also meet goals for cycle life and safety. The results of this characterization are summarized in this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhST..166a4042K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhST..166a4042K"><span>Investigation of the heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> mode in the FAIR High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage Ring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kovalenko, O.; Dolinskii, O.; Litvinov, Yu A.; Maier, R.; Prasuhn, D.; Stöhlker, T.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>High <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage ring (HESR) as a part of the future accelerator facility FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Research) will serve for a variety of internal target experiments with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> stored heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> (SPARC collaboration). Bare uranium is planned to be used as a primary beam. Since a storage time in some cases may be significant—up to half an hour—it is important to examine the high-order effects in the long-term beam dynamics. A new <span class="hlt">ion</span> optics specifically for the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> mode of the HESR is developed and is discussed in this paper. The subjects of an optics design, tune working point and a dynamic aperture are addressed. For that purpose nonlinear beam dynamics simulations are carried out. Also a flexibility of the HESR <span class="hlt">ion</span> optical lattice is verified with regard to various experimental setups. Specifically, due to charge exchange reactions in the internal target, secondary beams, such as hydrogen-like and helium-like uranium <span class="hlt">ions</span>, will be produced. Thus the possibility of separation of these secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the primary {{{U}}}92+ beam is presented with different internal target locations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..744J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlST...18..744J"><span>Diagnosing the Fine Structure of Electron <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Within the ECRIT <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jin, Yizhou; Yang, Juan; Tang, Mingjie; Luo, Litao; Feng, Bingbing</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">ion</span> source of the electron cyclotron resonance <span class="hlt">ion</span> thruster (ECRIT) extracts <span class="hlt">ions</span> from its ECR plasma to generate thrust, and has the property of low gas consumption (2 sccm, standard-state cubic centimeter per minute) and high durability. Due to the indispensable effects of the primary electron in gas discharge, it is important to experimentally clarify the electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> structure within the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source of the ECRIT through analyzing the electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function (EEDF) of the plasma inside the thruster. In this article the Langmuir probe diagnosing method was used to diagnose the EEDF, from which the effective electron temperature, plasma density and the electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> probability function (EEPF) were deduced. The experimental results show that the magnetic field influences the curves of EEDF and EEPF and make the effective plasma parameter nonuniform. The diagnosed electron temperature and density from sample points increased from 4 eV/2×1016 m-3 to 10 eV/4×1016 m-3 with increasing distances from both the axis and the screen grid of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source. Electron temperature and density peaking near the wall coincided with the discharge process. However, a double Maxwellian electron distribution was unexpectedly observed at the position near the axis of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source and about 30 mm from the screen grid. Besides, the double Maxwellian electron distribution was more likely to emerge at high power and a low gas flow rate. These phenomena were believed to relate to the arrangements of the gas inlets and the magnetic field where the double Maxwellian electron distribution exits. The results of this research may enhance the understanding of the plasma generation process in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source of this type and help to improve its performance. supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11475137)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3745478','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3745478"><span>A Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer for characterizing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in a coaxial plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rieker, G. B.; Poehlmann, F. R.; Cappelli, M. A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution are performed in the accelerated plasma of a coaxial electromagnetic plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode at relatively low discharge <span class="hlt">energy</span> (900 J) and discharge potential (4 kV). The measurements are made using a Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer with a gated microchannel plate and phosphor screen as the <span class="hlt">ion</span> sensor. The parabolic <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories are captured from the sensor screen with an intensified charge-coupled detector camera. The spectrometer was designed and calibrated using the Geant4 toolkit, accounting for the effects on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories of spatial non-uniformities in the spectrometer magnetic and electric fields. Results for hydrogen gas puffs indicate the existence of a class of accelerated protons with <span class="hlt">energies</span> well above the coaxial discharge potential (up to 24 keV). The Thomson analyzer confirms the presence of impurities of copper and iron, also of relatively high <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which are likely erosion or sputter products from plasma-electrode interactions. PMID:23983449</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20g3115R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20g3115R"><span>A Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer for characterizing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in a coaxial plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rieker, G. B.; Poehlmann, F. R.; Cappelli, M. A.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Measurements of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution are performed in the accelerated plasma of a coaxial electromagnetic plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode at relatively low discharge <span class="hlt">energy</span> (900 J) and discharge potential (4 kV). The measurements are made using a Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer with a gated microchannel plate and phosphor screen as the <span class="hlt">ion</span> sensor. The parabolic <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories are captured from the sensor screen with an intensified charge-coupled detector camera. The spectrometer was designed and calibrated using the Geant4 toolkit, accounting for the effects on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories of spatial non-uniformities in the spectrometer magnetic and electric fields. Results for hydrogen gas puffs indicate the existence of a class of accelerated protons with <span class="hlt">energies</span> well above the coaxial discharge potential (up to 24 keV). The Thomson analyzer confirms the presence of impurities of copper and iron, also of relatively high <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which are likely erosion or sputter products from plasma-electrode interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983449','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983449"><span>A Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer for characterizing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in a coaxial plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rieker, G B; Poehlmann, F R; Cappelli, M A</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Measurements of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution are performed in the accelerated plasma of a coaxial electromagnetic plasma gun operating in a gas-puff mode at relatively low discharge <span class="hlt">energy</span> (900 J) and discharge potential (4 kV). The measurements are made using a Thomson-type mass and <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrometer with a gated microchannel plate and phosphor screen as the <span class="hlt">ion</span> sensor. The parabolic <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories are captured from the sensor screen with an intensified charge-coupled detector camera. The spectrometer was designed and calibrated using the Geant4 toolkit, accounting for the effects on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories of spatial non-uniformities in the spectrometer magnetic and electric fields. Results for hydrogen gas puffs indicate the existence of a class of accelerated protons with <span class="hlt">energies</span> well above the coaxial discharge potential (up to 24 keV). The Thomson analyzer confirms the presence of impurities of copper and iron, also of relatively high <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which are likely erosion or sputter products from plasma-electrode interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JVST....5.1332H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JVST....5.1332H"><span>A low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> metal-<span class="hlt">ion</span> source for primary <span class="hlt">ion</span> deposition and accelerated <span class="hlt">ion</span> doping during molecular-beam epitaxy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hasan, M.-A.; Knall, J.; Barnett, S. A.; Rockett, A.; Sundgren, J.-E.</p> <p>1987-10-01</p> <p>A single-grid electron-impact ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) compatible low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun capable of operating with a low vapor pressure solid source material such as In is presented. The gun consists of a single chamber which integrates the functions of an effusion cell, a vapor transport tube, and a glow discharge ionizer. The initial results of experiments designed to study the role of <span class="hlt">ion</span>/surface interactions during nucleation and the early stages of crystal growth in UHV revealed that, for deposition on amorphous substrates, the use of a partially ionized In(+) beam resulted in a progressive shift towards larger island sizes, a decreased rate of secondary nucleation, and a more uniform island size distribution.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1313..262V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AIPC.1313..262V"><span>Synthesis Of Noble Metal Nanoparticle Composite Glasses Using Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Mixing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Varma, Ranjana S.; Kothari, D. C.; Mahadkar, A. G.; Kulkarni, N. A.; Kanjilal, D.; Kumar, P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Carbon coated thin films of Cu or Au on fused silica glasses have been irradiated using 100 keV Ar+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> at different fluences ranging from 1×1013 to 1×1016 <span class="hlt">ion</span>/cm2. In this article, we explore a route to form noble metal nanoparticles in amorphous glass matrices without post irradiation annealing using low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam mixing where nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss process is dominant. Optical and structural properties were studied using UV-Vis-NIR absorbance spectroscopy and Glancing angle X-ray Diffraction (GXRD). Results showed that Cu and Au nanoparticles are formed at higher fluence of 1×1016 <span class="hlt">ion</span>/cm2 used in this work without annealing. The diameters of metal nanoparticles obtained from UV-Vis NIR and GXRD are in agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29905485','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29905485"><span>High Interfacial Barriers at <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Carbon Nanotube-Water Interfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Varanasi, Srinivasa Rao; Subramanian, Yashonath; Bhatia, Suresh K</p> <p>2018-06-26</p> <p>Water displays anomalous fast diffusion in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a behavior that has been reproduced in both experimental and simulation studies. However, little is reported on the effect of bulk water-CNT interfaces, which is critical to exploiting the fast transport of water across <span class="hlt">narrow</span> carbon nanotubes in actual applications. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate here the effect of such interfaces on the transport of water across arm-chair CNTs of different diameters. Our results demonstrate that diffusion of water is significantly retarded in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> CNTs due to bulk regions near the pore entrance. The slowdown of dynamics can be attributed to the presence of large <span class="hlt">energy</span> barriers at bulk water-CNT interfaces. The presence of such intense barriers at the bulk-CNT interface arises due to the entropy contrast between the bulk and confined regions, with water molecules undergoing high translational and rotational entropy gain on entering from the bulk to the CNT interior. The intensity of such <span class="hlt">energy</span> barriers decreases with increase in CNT diameter. These results are very important for emerging technological applications of CNTs and other nanoscale materials, such as in nanofluidics, water purification, nanofiltration, and desalination, as well as for biological transport processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28169329','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28169329"><span>A hybrid electrochemical device based on a synergetic inner combination of Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery and Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor for <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zheng, Jun-Sheng; Zhang, Lei; Shellikeri, Annadanesh; Cao, Wanjun; Wu, Qiang; Zheng, Jim P</p> <p>2017-02-07</p> <p>Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery (LIB) and electrochemical capacitor (EC) are considered as the most widely used <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems (ESSs) because they can produce a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density or a high power density, but it is a huge challenge to achieve both the demands of a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density as well as a high power density on their own. A new hybrid Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor (HyLIC), which combines the advantages of LIB and Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor (LIC), is proposed. This device can successfully realize a potential match between LIB and LIC and can avoid the excessive depletion of electrolyte during the charge process. The galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests reveal that at low current, the HyLIC exhibits a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density, while at high current, it demonstrates a high power density. Ragone plot confirms that this device can make a synergetic balance between <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power and achieve a highest <span class="hlt">energy</span> density in the power density range of 80 to 300 W kg -1 . The cycle life test proves that HyLIC exhibits a good cycle life and an excellent coulombic efficiency. The present study shows that HyLIC, which is capable of achieving a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density, a long cycle life and an excellent power density, has the potential to achieve the winning combination of a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5294406','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5294406"><span>A hybrid electrochemical device based on a synergetic inner combination of Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery and Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor for <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zheng, Jun-Sheng; Zhang, Lei; Shellikeri, Annadanesh; Cao, Wanjun; Wu, Qiang; Zheng, Jim P.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery (LIB) and electrochemical capacitor (EC) are considered as the most widely used <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage systems (ESSs) because they can produce a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density or a high power density, but it is a huge challenge to achieve both the demands of a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density as well as a high power density on their own. A new hybrid Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor (HyLIC), which combines the advantages of LIB and Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor (LIC), is proposed. This device can successfully realize a potential match between LIB and LIC and can avoid the excessive depletion of electrolyte during the charge process. The galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests reveal that at low current, the HyLIC exhibits a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density, while at high current, it demonstrates a high power density. Ragone plot confirms that this device can make a synergetic balance between <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power and achieve a highest <span class="hlt">energy</span> density in the power density range of 80 to 300 W kg−1. The cycle life test proves that HyLIC exhibits a good cycle life and an excellent coulombic efficiency. The present study shows that HyLIC, which is capable of achieving a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density, a long cycle life and an excellent power density, has the potential to achieve the winning combination of a high <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power density. PMID:28169329</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptEn..53f5108L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptEn..53f5108L"><span>Nanopatterning of optical surfaces during low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liao, Wenlin; Dai, Yifan; Xie, Xuhui</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> beam figuring (IBF) provides a highly deterministic method for high-precision optical surface fabrication, whereas <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced microscopic morphology evolution would occur on surfaces. Consequently, the fabrication specification for surface smoothness must be seriously considered during the IBF process. In this work, low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> nanopatterning of our frequently used optical material surfaces is investigated to discuss the manufacturability of an ultrasmooth surface. The research results indicate that <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam sputtering (IBS) can directly smooth some amorphous or amorphizable material surfaces, such as fused silica, Si, and ULE under appropriate processing conditions. However, for IBS of a Zerodur surface, preferential sputtering together with curvature-dependent sputtering overcome <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced smoothing mechanisms, leading to the granular nanopatterns' formation and the coarsening of the surface. Furthermore, the material property difference at microscopic scales and the continuous impurity incorporation would affect the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam smoothing of optical surfaces. Overall, IBS can be used as a promising technique for ultrasmooth surface fabrication, which strongly depends on processing conditions and material characters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1295200-physics-perspectives-heavy-ion-collisions-very-high-energy','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1295200-physics-perspectives-heavy-ion-collisions-very-high-energy"><span>Physics perspectives of heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions at very high <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Chang, Ning-bo; Cao, ShanShan; Chen, Bao-yi; ...</p> <p>2016-01-15</p> <p>We expect heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions at very high colliding <span class="hlt">energies</span> to produce a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at the highest temperature obtainable in a laboratory setting. Experimental studies of these reactions can provide an unprecedented range of information on properties of the QGP at high temperatures. We also report theoretical investigations of the physics perspectives of heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions at a future high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> collider. These include initial parton production, collective expansion of the dense medium, jet quenching, heavy-quark transport, dissociation and regeneration of quarkonia, photon and dilepton production. Here, we illustrate the potential of future experimental studies of the initial particle production andmore » formation of QGP at the highest temperature to provide constraints on properties of strongly interaction matter.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22299972-low-energy-ion-distribution-measurements-madison-symmetric-torus-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22299972-low-energy-ion-distribution-measurements-madison-symmetric-torus-plasmas"><span>Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution measurements in Madison Symmetric Torus plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Titus, J. B., E-mail: jtitus@cepast.famu.edu; Mezonlin, E. D.; Johnson, J. A.</p> <p>2014-06-15</p> <p>Charge-exchange neutrals contain information about the contents of a plasma and can be detected as they escape confinement. The Florida A and M University compact neutral particle analyzer (CNPA), used to measure the contents of neutral particle flux, has been reconfigured, calibrated, and installed on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) for high temperature deuterium plasmas. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> range of the CNPA has been extended to cover 0.34–5.2 keV through an upgrade of the 25 detection channels. The CNPA has been used on all types of MST plasmas at a rate of 20 kHz throughout the entire discharge (∼70 ms). Plasma parameter scans showmore » that the <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution is most dependent on the plasma current. Magnetic reconnection events throughout these scans produce stronger poloidal electric fields, stronger global magnetic modes, and larger changes in magnetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> all of which heavily influence the non-Maxwellian part of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution (the fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> tail)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011599','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011599"><span>Statistical Characterization of 18650-Format Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cell Thermal Runaway <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Distributions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walker, William Q.; Rickman, Steven; Darst, John; Finegan, Donal; Bayles, Gary; Darcy, Eric</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Effective thermal management systems, designed to handle the impacts of thermal runaway (TR) and to prevent cell-to-cell propagation, are key to safe operation of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> (Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span>) battery assemblies. Critical factors for optimizing these systems include the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> released during a single cell TR event and the fraction of the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> that is released through the cell casing vs. through the ejecta material. A unique calorimeter was utilized to examine the TR behavior of a statistically significant number of 18650-format Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cells with varying manufacturers, chemistries, and capacities. The calorimeter was designed to contain the TR <span class="hlt">energy</span> in a format conducive to discerning the fractions of <span class="hlt">energy</span> released through the cell casing vs. through the ejecta material. Other benefits of this calorimeter included the ability to rapidly test of large quantities of cells and the intentional minimization of secondary combustion effects. High <span class="hlt">energy</span> (270 Wh/kg) and moderate <span class="hlt">energy</span> (200 Wh/kg) 18650 cells were tested. Some of the cells had an imbedded short circuit (ISC) device installed to aid in the examination of TR mechanisms under more realistic conditions. Other variations included cells with bottom vent (BV) features and cells with thin casings (0.22 1/4m). After combining the data gathered with the calorimeter, a statistical approach was used to examine the probability of certain TR behavior, and the associated <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions, as a function of capacity, venting features, cell casing thickness and temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1419362-investigation-high-energy-ion-irradiated-ma957-using-synchrotron-radiation-under-situ-tension','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1419362-investigation-high-energy-ion-irradiated-ma957-using-synchrotron-radiation-under-situ-tension"><span>Investigation of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-irradiated MA957 using synchrotron radiation under in-situ tension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Mo, Kun; Yun, Di; Miao, Yinbin; ...</p> <p>2016-01-02</p> <p>In this paper, an MA957 oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloy was irradiated with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System. Fe <span class="hlt">ions</span> at an <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 84 MeV bombarded MA957 tensile specimens, creating a damage region similar to 7.5 μm in depth; the peak damage (similar to 40 dpa) was estimated to be at similar to 7 μm from the surface. Following the irradiation, in-situ high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> X-ray diffraction measurements were performed at the Advanced Photon Source in order to study the dynamic deformation behavior of the specimens after <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation damage. In-situ X-ray measurements taken during tensile testing ofmore » the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-irradiated MA957 revealed a difference in loading behavior between the irradiated and un-irradiated regions of the specimen. At equivalent applied stresses, lower lattice strains were found in the radiation-damaged region than those in the un-irradiated region. This might be associated with a higher level of Type II stresses as a result of radiation hardening. The study has demonstrated the feasibility of combining high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> radiation and high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> synchrotron X-ray diffraction to study materials' radiation damage in a dynamic manner.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28706626','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28706626"><span>History-dependent <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through conical nanopipettes and the implications in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion dynamics at nanoscale interfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Yan; Wang, Dengchao; Kvetny, Maksim M; Brown, Warren; Liu, Juan; Wang, Gangli</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The dynamics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport at nanostructured substrate-solution interfaces play vital roles in high-density <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion, stochastic chemical sensing and biosensing, membrane separation, nanofluidics and fundamental nanoelectrochemistry. Further advancements in these applications require a fundamental understanding of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport at nanoscale interfaces. The understanding of the dynamic or transient transport, and the key physical process involved, is limited, which contrasts sharply with widely studied steady-state <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport features at atomic and nanometer scale interfaces. Here we report striking time-dependent <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport characteristics at nanoscale interfaces in current-potential ( I - V ) measurements and theoretical analyses. First, a unique non-zero I - V cross-point and pinched I - V curves are established as signatures to characterize the dynamics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through individual conical nanopipettes. Second, <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport against a concentration gradient is regulated by applied and surface electrical fields. The concept of <span class="hlt">ion</span> pumping or separation is demonstrated via the selective <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport against concentration gradients through individual nanopipettes. Third, this dynamic <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport process under a predefined salinity gradient is discussed in the context of nanoscale <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion in supercapacitor type charging-discharging, as well as chemical and electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion. The analysis of the emerging current-potential features establishes the urgently needed physical foundation for <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion employing ordered nanostructures. The elucidated mechanism and established methodology can be generalized into broadly-defined nanoporous materials and devices for improved <span class="hlt">energy</span>, separation and sensing applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265884-history-dependent-ion-transport-through-conical-nanopipettes-implications-energy-conversion-dynamics-nanoscale-interfaces','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265884-history-dependent-ion-transport-through-conical-nanopipettes-implications-energy-conversion-dynamics-nanoscale-interfaces"><span>History-dependent <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through conical nanopipettes and the implications in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion dynamics at nanoscale interfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Li, Yan; Wang, Dengchao; Kvetny, Maksim M.; ...</p> <p>2014-08-20</p> <p>The dynamics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport at nanostructured substrate–solution interfaces play vital roles in high-density <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion, stochastic chemical sensing and biosensing, membrane separation, nanofluidics and fundamental nanoelectrochemistry. Advancements in these applications require a fundamental understanding of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport at nanoscale interfaces. The understanding of the dynamic or transient transport, and the key physical process involved, is limited, which contrasts sharply with widely studied steady-state <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport features at atomic and nanometer scale interfaces. Here we report striking time-dependent <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport characteristics at nanoscale interfaces in current–potential (I–V) measurements and theoretical analyses. First, a unique non-zero I–V cross-point and pinched I–Vmore » curves are established as signatures to characterize the dynamics of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through individual conical nanopipettes. Moreoever, <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport against a concentration gradient is regulated by applied and surface electrical fields. The concept of <span class="hlt">ion</span> pumping or separation is demonstrated via the selective <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport against concentration gradients through individual nanopipettes. Third, this dynamic <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport process under a predefined salinity gradient is discussed in the context of nanoscale <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion in supercapacitor type charging–discharging, as well as chemical and electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion. Our analysis of the emerging current–potential features establishes the urgently needed physical foundation for <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion employing ordered nanostructures. The elucidated mechanism and established methodology can be generalized into broadly-defined nanoporous materials and devices for improved <span class="hlt">energy</span>, separation and sensing applications.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19044627','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19044627"><span>Comparison of gridded <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer and laser induced fluorescence measurements of a two-component <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harvey, Z; Thakur, S Chakraborty; Hansen, A; Hardin, R; Przybysz, W S; Scime, E E</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity distribution function (IVDF) measurements obtained with a five grid retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer (RFEA) and IVDF measurements obtained with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) for an expanding helicon plasma. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> population consists of a background population and an energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. When the RFEA measurements are corrected for acceleration due to the electric potential difference across the plasma sheath, we find that the RFEA measurements indicate a smaller background to beam density ratio and a much larger parallel <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature than the LIF. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam is the same in both measurements. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">ion</span> heating occurs during the transit of the background <span class="hlt">ions</span> through the sheath and that LIF cannot detect the fraction of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam whose metastable population has been eliminated by collisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122h3301L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122h3301L"><span>Effects of a chirped bias voltage on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in inductively coupled plasma reactors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lanham, Steven J.; Kushner, Mark J.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The metrics for controlling reactive fluxes to wafers for microelectronics processing are becoming more stringent as feature sizes continue to shrink. Recent strategies for controlling <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions to the wafer involve using several different frequencies and/or pulsed powers. Although effective, these strategies are often costly or present challenges in impedance matching. With the advent of matching schemes for wide band amplifiers, other strategies to customize <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions become available. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of biasing substrates using chirped frequencies in high density, electronegative inductively coupled plasmas. Depending on the frequency range and chirp duration, the resulting <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions exhibit components sampled from the entire frequency range. However, the chirping process also produces transient shifts in the self-generated dc bias due to the reapportionment of displacement and conduction with frequency to balance the current in the system. The dynamics of the dc bias can also be leveraged towards customizing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860056272&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860056272&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle"><span>Medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons and heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in Jupiter's magnetosphere - Effects of lower hybrid wave-particle interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barbosa, D. D.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A theory of medium-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (about keV) electrons and heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in Jupiter's magnetosphere is presented. Lower hybrid waves are generated by the combined effects of a ring instability of neutral wind pickup <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the modified two-stream instability associated with transport of cool Iogenic plasma. The quasi-linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> diffusion coefficient for lower hybrid wave-particle interactions is evaluated, and several solutions to the diffusion equation are given. Calculations based on measured wave properties show that the noise substantially modifies the particle distribution functions. The effects are to accelerate superthermal <span class="hlt">ions</span> and electrons to keV <span class="hlt">energies</span> and to thermalize the pickup <span class="hlt">ions</span> on time scales comparable to the particle residence time. The S(2+)/S(+) ratio at medium <span class="hlt">energies</span> is a measure of the relative contribution from Iogenic thermal plasma and neutral wind <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and this important quantity should be determined from future measurements. The theory also predicts a preferential acceleration of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> with an accleration time that scales inversely with the root of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass. Electrons accelerated by the process contribute to further reionization of the neutral wind by electron impact, thus providing a possible confirmation of Alfven's critical velocity effect in the Jovian magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864998','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864998"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Leung, Ka-Ngo; Ehlers, Kenneth W.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A magnetic filter for an <span class="hlt">ion</span> source reduces the production of undesired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species and improves the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam quality. High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ionizing electrons are confined by the magnetic filter to an <span class="hlt">ion</span> source region, where the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons ionize gas molecules. One embodiment of the magnetic filter uses permanent magnets oriented to establish a magnetic field transverse to the direction of travel of <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source region to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> extraction region. In another embodiment, low <span class="hlt">energy</span> 16 eV electrons are injected into the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source to dissociate gas molecules and undesired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species into desired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1291224-local-time-variations-high-energy-plasmaspheric-ion-pitch-angle-distributions','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1291224-local-time-variations-high-energy-plasmaspheric-ion-pitch-angle-distributions"><span>Local time variations of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> plasmaspheric <span class="hlt">ion</span> pitch angle distributions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Sarno-Smith, Lois K.; Liemohn, Michael W.; Skoug, Ruth M.; ...</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Recent observations from the Van Allen Probes Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) instrument revealed a persistent depletion in the 1–10 eV <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the postmidnight sector during quiet times in the 2 < L < 3 region. This study explores the source of this <span class="hlt">ion</span> depletion by developing an algorithm to classify 26 months of pitch angle distributions measured by the HOPE instrument. We correct the HOPE low <span class="hlt">energy</span> fluxes for spacecraft potential using measurements from the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) instrument. A high percentage of low count pitch angle distributions is found in the postmidnight sector coupledmore » with a low percentage of <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions peaked perpendicular to the field line. A peak in loss cone distributions in the dusk sector is also observed. Here, these results characterize the nature of the dearth of the near 90° pitch angle 1–10 eV <span class="hlt">ion</span> population in the near-Earth postmidnight sector. This study also shows, for the first time, low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> HOPE differential number fluxes corrected for spacecraft potential and 1–10 eV H + fluxes at different levels of geomagnetic activity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649717-formation-donors-germaniumsilicon-alloys-implanted-hydrogen-ions-different-energies','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649717-formation-donors-germaniumsilicon-alloys-implanted-hydrogen-ions-different-energies"><span>Formation of donors in germanium–silicon alloys implanted with hydrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span> with different <span class="hlt">energies</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pokotilo, Yu. M., E-mail: Pokotilo@bsu.by; Petukh, A. N.; Litvinov, V. V.</p> <p>2016-08-15</p> <p>The distributions of hydrogen-containing donors in Ge{sub 1–x}Si{sub x} (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) alloys implanted with hydrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span> with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 200 and 300 keV and a dose of 1 × 10{sup 15} cm{sup –2} are studied. It is established that, at the higher <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, the limiting donor concentration after postimplantation heat treatment (275°C) is attained within ~30 min and, at the lower <span class="hlt">energy</span>, within ~320 min. In contrast to donors formed near the surface, a portion of hydrogen-containing donors formed upon the implantation of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with the higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> possess the property of bistability. The limitingmore » donor concentration is independent of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, but decreases from 1.3 × 10{sup 16} to 1.5 × 10{sup 15} cm{sup –3}, as the Si impurity content in the alloy is increased from x = 0.008 to x = 0.062. It is inferred that the observed differences arise from the participation of the surface in the donor formation process, since the surface significantly influences defect-formation processes involving radiation-induced defects, whose generation accompanies implantation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900041001&hterms=new+target&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dnew%2Btarget','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900041001&hterms=new+target&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dnew%2Btarget"><span>A new gamma-ray diagnostic for energetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions - The Compton tail on the neutron capture line</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vestrand, W. Thomas</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a new radiation diagnostic for assaying the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum and the angular distribution of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> incident on thick hydrogen-rich thermal targets. This diagnostic compares the number of emergent photons in the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> neutron capture line at 2.223 MeV to the number of Compton scattered photons that form a low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> tail on the line. It is shown that the relative strength of the tail can be used as a measure of the hardness of the incident <span class="hlt">ion-energy</span> spectrum. Application of this diagnostic to solar flare conditions is the main thrust of the work presented here. It is examined how the strength of the Compton tail varies with flare viewing angle and the angular distribution of the flare-accelerated particles. Application to compact X-ray binary systems is also briefly discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265558"><span>A silicon strip detector array for <span class="hlt">energy</span> verification and quality assurance in heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Debrot, Emily; Newall, Matthew; Guatelli, Susanna; Petasecca, Marco; Matsufuji, Naruhiro; Rosenfeld, Anatoly B</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The measurement of depth dose profiles for range and <span class="hlt">energy</span> verification of heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is an important aspect of quality assurance procedures for heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy facilities. The steep dose gradients in the Bragg peak region of these profiles require the use of detectors with high spatial resolution. The aim of this work is to characterize a one dimensional monolithic silicon detector array called the "serial Dose Magnifying Glass" (sDMG) as an independent <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and range verification system used for quality assurance conducted for <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams used in heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy. The sDMG detector consists of two linear arrays of 128 silicon sensitive volumes each with an effective size of 2mm × 50μm × 100μm fabricated on a p-type substrate at a pitch of 200 μm along a single axis of detection. The detector was characterized for beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and range verification by measuring the response of the detector when irradiated with a 290 MeV/u 12 C <span class="hlt">ion</span> broad beam incident along the single axis of the detector embedded in a PMMA phantom. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the 12 C <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam incident on the detector and the residual <span class="hlt">energy</span> of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam incident on the phantom was determined from the measured Bragg peak position in the sDMG. Ad hoc Monte Carlo simulations of the experimental setup were also performed to give further insight into the detector response. The relative response profiles along the single axis measured with the sDMG detector were found to have good agreement between experiment and simulation with the position of the Bragg peak determined to fall within 0.2 mm or 1.1% of the range in the detector for the two cases. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the beam incident on the detector was found to vary less than 1% between experiment and simulation. The beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> incident on the phantom was determined to be (280.9 ± 0.8) MeV/u from the experimental and (280.9 ± 0.2) MeV/u from the simulated profiles. These values coincide with the expected <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 281 MeV/u. The sDMG detector</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1962c0006K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1962c0006K"><span>Investigation of charge stripping scheme for uranium <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 1-20 MeV/nucleon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuboki, Hironori; Harada, Hiroyuki; Saha, Pranab K.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We investigated a possibility to obtain charge distributions of uranium <span class="hlt">ions</span> under the conditions to meet the requirements of the booster synchrotron proposed for heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration at J-PARC. The charge distribution is expected to have a width as <span class="hlt">narrow</span> as possible to realize multi-charge acceleration. The main candidate of stripping material is a carbon foil because we can obtain <span class="hlt">narrower</span> distributions than gas stripper and a lot of data is available. Besides that, the thickness of the stripping material should be less than 142 μg cm-2 because the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in the stripping material would be compensated by an auxiliary accelerating cavity in the synchrotron ring. We studied the impact <span class="hlt">energy</span> with which the charge distribution attains equilibrium within this thickness and has the narrowest width. The width is estimated over 1-20 MeV/nucleon by the calculation using the ionization and electron capture cross sections. Scaling factors are introduced to reproduce the experimental data and are determined to be 2.0 and 0.08 for the cross sections of ionization and electron capture, respectively. We concluded that the narrowest width can be obtained at 5.5 MeV/nucleon with a 109-μg cm-2-thick carbon foil.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012523','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890012523"><span>Influence of several metal <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the gelation activation <span class="hlt">energy</span> of silicon tetraethoxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bansal, Narottam P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The effects of nine metal cations (Li(+), Na(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Cu(2+), Al(3+), La(3+), and Y(3+) on silica gel formation has been investigated by studying the hydrolysis and polycondensation of silicon tetraethoxide (TEOS) in the presence of metal nitrates. The influence of water: TEOS mole ratio, metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration, and the reaction temperature has been investigated. The overall activation <span class="hlt">energy</span> for gel formation has been determined from the temperature dependence of the time of gelation for each system. The activation <span class="hlt">energy</span> for -Si-O-Si- network formation is found to be 54.5 kJ/mol. The gel formation time as well as the activation <span class="hlt">energy</span> sharply increase in the presence of Cu(2+), Al(3+), La(3+) and Y(3+). In contrast, the presence of Li(+), Na(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), or, Sr(2+) lowers the gelation time, but has no appreciable effect on the activation <span class="hlt">energy</span>. This difference may be attributed to the participation or nonparticipation of the metal <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the formation of the three-dimensional polymeric network during the polycondensation step. The concentration of metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> (Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Y(3+) or the water: TEOS mole ratio had no appreciable effect on the gelation activation <span class="hlt">energy</span>. A simple test has been proposed to determine whether a metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> would act as a network intermediate or modifier in silica and other glassy networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1138M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1138M"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> distributions in RC at different <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels retrieved from TWINS ENA images by voxel CT tech</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, S. Y.; McComas, David; Xu, Liang; Goldstein, Jerry; Yan, Wei-Nan</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Distributions of energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the RC regions in different <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels are retrieved by using 3-D voxel CT inversion method from ENA measurements onboard TWINS constellation during the main phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm. It is assumed that the <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux distribution in the RC is anisotropic in regard to pitch angle which complies with the adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment as <span class="hlt">ion</span> moving in the dipole magnetic mirror field. A semi-empirical model of the RC <span class="hlt">ion</span> distribution in the magnetic equator is quoted to form the <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux distribution shape at off-equatorial latitudes by mapping. For the concerned time interval, the two satellites of the TWINS flying in double Molnia orbits were located in nearly the same meridian plane at vantage points widely separated in magnetic local time, and both more than 5 RE geocentric distance from the Earth. The ENA data used in this study are differential fluxes averaged over 12 sweeps (corresponding to an interval of 16 min.) at different <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels ranging from about 1 to 100 keV. The retrieved <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions show that in total the main part of the RC is located in the region with L value larger than 4, tending to increase at larger L. It reveals that there are two distinct dominant <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands at which the <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes are significantly larger magnitude than at other <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels, one is at lower level around 2 keV and the other at higher level of 30-100 keV. Furthermore, it is very interesting that the peak fluxes of the RC <span class="hlt">ions</span> at the two <span class="hlt">energy</span> bands occurred in different magnetic local time, low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> appear preferentially in after midnight, while the higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> mainly distributed around midnight and pre-midnight. This new profile is worthy of further study and needs to be demonstrated by more cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790069918&hterms=solar+energy+benefits&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Bbenefits','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790069918&hterms=solar+energy+benefits&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Bbenefits"><span>The importance of surface recombination and <span class="hlt">energy</span>-bandgap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> in p-n-junction silicon solar cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fossum, J. G.; Lindholm, F. A.; Shibib, M. A.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Experimental data demonstrating the sensitivity of open-circuit voltage to front-surface conditions are presented for a variety of p-n-junction silicon solar cells. Analytical models accounting for the data are defined and supported by additional experiments. The models and the data imply that a) surface recombination significantly limits the open-circuit voltage (and the short-circuit current) of typical silicon cells, and b) <span class="hlt">energy</span>-bandgap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> is important in the manifestation of these limitations. The models suggest modifications in both the structural design and the fabrication processing of the cells that would result in substantial improvements in cell performance. The benefits of one such modification - the addition of a thin thermal silicon-dioxide layer on the front surface - are indicated experimentally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26421411','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26421411"><span>A Quasi-Solid-State Sodium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Capacitor with High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Faxing; Wang, Xiaowei; Chang, Zheng; Wu, Xiongwei; Liu, Xiang; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei</p> <p>2015-11-18</p> <p>A quasi-solid-state sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor is demonstrated with nanoporous disordered carbon and macroporous graphene as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, using a sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span>-conducting gel polymer electrolyte. It can operate at a cell voltage as high as 4.2 V with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of record high 168 W h kg(-1). © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886992','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886992"><span>Characteristics of The <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Spectrum Beams Used in the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory at the Lebanese Atomic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Commission.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Melhem, N; El Balaa, H; Younes, G; Al Kattar, Z</p> <p>2017-06-15</p> <p>The Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory at the Lebanese Atomic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Commission has different calibration methods for various types of dosimeters used in industrial, military and medical fields. The calibration is performed using different beams of X-rays (low and medium <span class="hlt">energy</span>) and Gamma radiation delivered by a Cesium 137 source. The Secondary Standard Dosimetry laboratory in charge of calibration services uses different protocols for the determination of high and low air kerma rate and for <span class="hlt">narrow</span> and wide series. In order to perform this calibration work, it is very important to identify all the beam characteristics for the different types of sources and qualities of radiation. The following work describes the methods used for the determination of different beam characteristics and calibration coefficients with their uncertainties in order to enhance the radiation protection of workers and patient applications in the fields of medical diagnosis and industrial X-ray. All the characteristics of the X-ray beams are determined for the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> spectrum series in the 40 and 200 keV range where the inherent filtration, the current intensity, the high voltage, the beam profile and the total uncertainty are the specific characteristics of these X-ray beams. An X-ray software was developed in order to visualize the reference values according to the characteristics of each beam. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4321884-determination-range-energy-relation-nitrogen-oxygen-ions-photographic-emulsions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4321884-determination-range-energy-relation-nitrogen-oxygen-ions-photographic-emulsions"><span>DETERMINATION OF THE RANGE-<span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> RELATION FOR NITROGEN AND OXYGEN <span class="hlt">IONS</span> IN PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS (in Russian)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Parfanovich, D.M.; Semchinova, A.M.; Flerov, G.N.</p> <p>1957-08-01</p> <p>The dependence of ramge on <span class="hlt">energy</span> has been measured for N and O <span class="hlt">ions</span> in E-1 Ilford emulsions for <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 3 to 120 Mev. The results are compared with theoretical predictions. It is also estimated at what <span class="hlt">energy</span> the N and O <span class="hlt">ions</span> lose all their electrons on tranversal of matter. (tr-auth)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120r4801B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120r4801B"><span>Charge-Transfer Processes in Warm Dense Matter: Selective Spectral Filtering for Laser-Accelerated <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Braenzel, J.; Barriga-Carrasco, M. D.; Morales, R.; Schnürer, M.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, how the spectral distribution of laser accelerated carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> can be filtered by charge exchange processes in a double foil target setup. Carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> at multiple charge states with an initially wide kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, from 0.1 to 18 MeV, were detected with a remarkably <span class="hlt">narrow</span> spectral bandwidth after they had passed through an ultrathin and partially ionized foil. With our theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that this process is a consequence of the evolution of the carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge states in the second foil. We calculated the resulting spectral distribution separately for each <span class="hlt">ion</span> species by solving the rate equations for electron loss and capture processes within a collisional radiative model. We determine how the efficiency of charge transfer processes can be manipulated by controlling the ionization degree of the transfer matter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237093','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237093"><span>Track Structure Model for Radial Distributions of Electron Spectra and Event Spectra from High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cucinotta, F. A.; Katz, R.; Wilson, J. W.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>An analytic method is described for evaluating the average radial electron spectrum and the radial and total frequency-event spectrum for high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>. For high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>, indirect events make important contributions to frequency-event spectra. The method used for evaluating indirect events is to fold the radial electron spectrum with measured frequency-event spectrum for photons or electrons. The contribution from direct events is treated using a spatially restricted linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer (LET). We find that high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> have a significantly reduced frequency-averaged final <span class="hlt">energy</span> (yF) compared to LET, while relativistic protons have a significantly increased yF and dose-averaged lineal <span class="hlt">energy</span> (yD) for typical site sizes used in tissue equivalent proportional counters. Such differences represent important factors in evaluating event spectra with laboratory beams, in space- flight, or in atmospheric radiation studies and in validation of radiation transport codes. The inadequacy of LET as descriptor because of deviations in values of physical quantities, such as track width, secondary electron spectrum, and yD for <span class="hlt">ions</span> of identical LET is also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597535','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597535"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Move Brownian Dynamics (IMBD)--simulations of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kurczynska, Monika; Kotulska, Malgorzata</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Comparison of the computed characteristics and physiological measurement of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport through transmembrane proteins could be a useful method to assess the quality of protein structures. Simulations of <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport should be detailed but also timeefficient. The most accurate method could be Molecular Dynamics (MD), which is very time-consuming, hence is not used for this purpose. The model which includes <span class="hlt">ion-ion</span> interactions and reduces the simulation time by excluding water, protein and lipid molecules is Brownian Dynamics (BD). In this paper a new computer program for BD simulation of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport is presented. We evaluate two methods for calculating the pore accessibility (round and irregular shape) and two representations of <span class="hlt">ion</span> sizes (van der Waals diameter and one voxel). <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Move Brownian Dynamics (IMBD) was tested with two nanopores: alpha-hemolysin and potassium channel KcsA. In both cases during the simulation an <span class="hlt">ion</span> passed through the pore in less than 32 ns. Although two types of <span class="hlt">ions</span> were in solution (potassium and chloride), only <span class="hlt">ions</span> which agreed with the selectivity properties of the channels passed through the pores. IMBD is a new tool for the <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport modelling, which can be used in the simulations of wide and <span class="hlt">narrow</span> pores.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22666080-dynamics-high-energy-ions-structured-collisionless-shock-front','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22666080-dynamics-high-energy-ions-structured-collisionless-shock-front"><span>DYNAMICS OF HIGH <span class="hlt">ENERGY</span> <span class="hlt">IONS</span> AT A STRUCTURED COLLISIONLESS SHOCK FRONT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gedalin, M.; Dröge, W.; Kartavykh, Y. Y., E-mail: gedalin@bgu.ac.il</p> <p>2016-07-10</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ions</span> undergoing first-order Fermi acceleration at a shock are scattered in the upstream and downstream regions by magnetic inhomogeneities. For high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> this scattering is efficient at spatial scales substantially larger than the gyroradius of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The transition from one diffusive region to the other occurs via crossing the shock, and the <span class="hlt">ion</span> dynamics during this crossing is mainly affected by the global magnetic field change between the upstream and downstream region. We study the effects of the fine structure of the shock front, such as the foot-ramp-overshoot profile and the phase-standing upstream and downstream magnetic oscillations. Wemore » also consider time dependent features, including reformation and large amplitude coherent waves. We show that the influence of the spatial and temporal structure of the shock front on the dependence of the transition and reflection on the pitch angle of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> is already weak at <span class="hlt">ion</span> speeds five times the speed of the upstream flow.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0071B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0071B"><span>Enhancement of optical absorption of Si (100) surfaces by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhowmik, Dipak; Karmakar, Prasanta</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The increase of optical absorption efficiency of Si (100) surface by 7 keV and 8 keV N+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> bombardment has been reported here. A periodic ripple pattern on surface has been observed as well as silicon nitride is formed at the <span class="hlt">ion</span> impact zones by these low <span class="hlt">energy</span> N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment [P. Karmakar et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 025301 (2016)]. The light absorption efficiency increases due to the presence of silicon nitride compound as well as surface nanopatterns. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) study shows the formation of periodic ripple pattern and increase of surface roughness with N+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The enhancement of optical absorption by the <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombarded Si, compared to the bare Si have been measured by UV - visible spectrophotometer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28859240','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28859240"><span>Rocking-Chair Ammonium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Battery: A Highly Reversible Aqueous <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Xianyong; Qi, Yitong; Hong, Jessica J; Li, Zhifei; Hernandez, Alexandre S; Ji, Xiulei</p> <p>2017-10-09</p> <p>Aqueous rechargeable batteries are promising solutions for large-scale <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. Such batteries have the merit of low cost, innate safety, and environmental friendliness. To date, most known aqueous <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries employ metal cation charge carriers. Here, we report the first "rocking-chair" NH 4 -<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery of the full-cell configuration by employing an ammonium Prussian white analogue, (NH 4 ) 1.47 Ni[Fe(CN) 6 ] 0.88 , as the cathode, an organic solid, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI), as the anode, and 1.0 m aqueous (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as the electrolyte. This novel aqueous ammonium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery demonstrates encouraging electrochemical performance: an average operation voltage of ca. 1.0 V, an attractive <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of ca. 43 Wh kg -1 based on both electrodes' active mass, and excellent cycle life over 1000 cycles with 67 % capacity retention. Importantly, the topochemistry results of NH 4 + in these electrodes point to a new paradigm of NH 4 + -based <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..179M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..179M"><span>The electronic stopping powers and angular <span class="hlt">energy</span>-loss dependence of helium and lithium <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the silicon crystal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikšová, R.; Macková, A.; Malinský, P.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We have measured the electronic stopping powers of helium and lithium <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the channelling direction of the Si〈1 0 0〉 crystal. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> range used (2.0-8.0 MeV) was changed by 200 and 400-keV steps. The ratio α between the channelling and random stopping powers was determined as a function of the angle for 2, 3 and 4 MeV 4He+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> and for 3 and 6 MeV 7Li+,2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The measurements were carried out using the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in the channelling mode (RBS-C) in a silicon-on-insulator material. The experimental channelling stopping-power values measured in the channelling direction were then discussed in the frame of the random <span class="hlt">energy</span> stopping predictions calculated using SRIM-2013 code and the theoretical unitary convolution approximation (UCA) model. The experimental channelling stopping-power values decrease with increasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The stopping-power difference between channelled and randomly moving <span class="hlt">ions</span> increases with the enhanced initial <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The ratio between the channelling and random <span class="hlt">ion</span> stopping powers α as a function of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam incoming angle for 2, 3 and 4 MeV He+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> and for 3 and 6 MeV Li+,2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> was observed in the range 0.5-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7638E..14M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7638E..14M"><span>Nanofabrication with a helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> microscope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maas, Diederik; van Veldhoven, Emile; Chen, Ping; Sidorkin, Vadim; Salemink, Huub; van der Drift, Emile..; Alkemade, Paul</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>The recently introduced helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> microscope (HIM) is capable of imaging and fabrication of nanostructures thanks to its sub-nanometer sized <span class="hlt">ion</span> probe. The unique interaction of the helium <span class="hlt">ions</span> with the sample material provides very localized secondary electron emission, thus providing a valuable signal for high-resolution imaging as well as a mechanism for very precise nanofabrication. The low proximity effects, due to the low yield of backscattered <span class="hlt">ions</span> and the confinement of the forward scattered <span class="hlt">ions</span> into a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> cone, enable patterning of ultra-dense sub-10 nm structures. This paper presents various nanofabrication results obtained with direct-write, with scanning helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam lithography, and with helium <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam induced deposition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110m3102W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110m3102W"><span>Joining of graphene flakes by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> N <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Xin; Zhao, Haiyan; Pei, Jiayun; Yan, Dong</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>An approach utilizing low <span class="hlt">energy</span> N <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam irradiation is applied in joining two monolayer graphene flakes. Raman spectrometry and atomic force microscopy show the joining signal under 40 eV and 1 × 1014 cm-2 N <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the joining phenomenon is attributed to the punch-down effect and the subsequent chemical bond generation between the two sheets. The generated chemical bonds are made up of inserted <span class="hlt">ions</span> (embedded joining) and knocked-out carbon atoms (saturation joining). The electronic transport properties of the joint are also calculated for its applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874149','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874149"><span>Relating to <span class="hlt">ion</span> detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Orr, Christopher Henry; Luff, Craig Janson; Dockray, Thomas; Macarthur, Duncan Whittemore</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The apparatus and method provide a technique for improving detection of alpha and/or beta emitting sources on items or in locations using indirect means. The emission forms generate <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a medium surrounding the item or location and the medium is then moved to a detecting location where the <span class="hlt">ions</span> are discharged to give a measure of the emission levels. To increase the level of <span class="hlt">ions</span> generated and render the system particularly applicable for <span class="hlt">narrow</span> pipes and other forms of conduits, the medium pressure is increased above atmospheric pressure. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MARM11003C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MARM11003C"><span>Ionomer Design, Synthesis and Characterization for <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Conducting <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colby, Ralph H.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>For ionic actuators and battery separators, it is vital to utilize single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> conductors that avoid the detrimental polarization of other <span class="hlt">ions</span>; the commonly studied dual-<span class="hlt">ion</span> conductors simply will not be used in the next generation of materials for these applications. Ab initio quantum chemistry calculations at 0 K in vacuum characterize <span class="hlt">ion</span> interactions and <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation by various functional groups, allowing identification of constituents with weak interactions to be incorporated in ionomers for facile <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport. Simple ideas for estimating the <span class="hlt">ion</span> interactions and solvation at practical temperatures and dielectric constants are presented that indicate the rank ordering observed at 0 K in vacuum should be preserved. Hence, such ab initio calculations are useful for screening the plethora of combinations of polymer-<span class="hlt">ion</span>, counterion and polar functional groups, to decide which are worthy of synthesis for new ionomers. Single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> conducting ionomers are synthesized based on these calculations, with low glass transition temperatures (facile dynamics) to prepare <span class="hlt">ion</span>-conducting membranes for ionic actuators and battery separators. Characterization by X-ray scattering, dielectric spectroscopy, NMR and linear viscoelasticity collectively develop a coherent picture of ionic aggregation and both counterion and polymer dynamics. Examples are shown of how ab initio calculations can be used to understand experimental observations of dielectric constant, glass transition temperature and conductivity of polymerized ionic liquids with counterions being either lithium, sodium, fluoride, hydroxide (for batteries) or bulky ionic liquids (for ionic actuators). This work was supported by the Department of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> under Grant BES-DE-FG02-07ER46409.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......370S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......370S"><span>Fabrication and demonstration of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> microbatteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Ke</p> <p></p> <p>Since their commercialization by Sony two decades ago, Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries have only experienced mild improvement in <span class="hlt">energy</span> and power performance, which remains one of the main hurdles for their widespread implementation in applications outside of powering compact portable devices, such as in electric vehicles. Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries must be advanced through a disruptive technological development or a series of incremental improvements in chemistry and design in order to be competitive enough for advanced applications. As it will be introduced in this work, achieving this goal by new chemistries and chemical modifications does not seem to be promising in the short term, so efforts to fully optimize existing systems must be pursued at in parallel. This optimization must be mainly relying on the modification and optimizations of micro and macro structures of current battery systems. This kind of battery architecture study will be even more important when small <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage devices are desired to power miniaturized and autonomous gadgets, such as MEMs, micro-robots, biomedical sensors, etc. In this regime, the limited space available makes requirements on electrode architecture more stringent and the assembly process more challenging. Therefore, the study of battery assembly strategies for Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> microbatteries will benefit not only micro-devices but also the development of more powerful and energetic large scale battery systems based on available chemistries. In chapter 2, preliminary research related to the mechanism for the improved rate capability of cathodes by amorphous lithium phosphate surficial films will be used to motivate the potential for structural optimization of existing commercial lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> battery electrode. In the following chapters, novel battery assembly techniques will be explored to achieve new battery architectures. In chapter 3, direct ink writing will be used to fabricate 3D interdigitated microbattery structures that have superior areal <span class="hlt">energy</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvA..90c2508K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvA..90c2508K"><span>Transition <span class="hlt">energy</span> measurements in hydrogenlike and heliumlike <span class="hlt">ions</span> strongly supporting bound-state QED calculations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kubiček, K.; Mokler, P. H.; Mäckel, V.; Ullrich, J.; López-Urrutia, J. R. Crespo</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>For the hydrogenlike Ar17+ <span class="hlt">ion</span>, the 1s Lamb shift was absolutely determined with a 1.4% accuracy based on Lyman-α wavelength measurements that have negligible uncertainties from nuclear size effects. The result agrees with state-of-the-art quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations, and demonstrates the suitability of Lyman-α transitions in highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> as x-ray <span class="hlt">energy</span> standards, accurate at the five parts-per-million level. For the heliumlike Ar16+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> the transition <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the 1s2p1P1→1s21S0 line was also absolutely determined on an even higher level of accuracy. Additionally, we present relative measurements of transitions in S15+,S14+, and Fe24+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The data for the heliumlike S14+,Ar16+, and Fe24+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> stringently confirm advanced bound-state QED predictions including screened QED terms that had recently been contested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.417...75L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.417...75L"><span>Analysis of photon emission induced by light and heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in time-of-flight medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lohmann, S.; Sortica, M. A.; Paneta, V.; Primetzhofer, D.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We present a systematic analysis of the photon emission observed due to impact of pulsed keV <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in time-of-flight medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering (ToF-MEIS) experiments. Hereby, hydrogen, helium and neon <span class="hlt">ions</span> served as projectiles and thin gold and titanium nitride films on different substrates were employed as target materials. The present experimental evidence indicates that a significant fraction of the photons has <span class="hlt">energies</span> of around 10 eV, i.e. on the order of typical valence and conduction band transitions in solids. Furthermore, the scaling properties of the photon emission with respect to several experimental parameters were studied. A dependence of the photon yield on the projectile velocity was observed in all experiments. The photon yield exhibits a dependence on the film thickness and the scattering angle, which can be explained by photon production along the path of the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> through the material. Additionally, a strong dependence on the projectile type was found with the photon emission being higher for heavier projectiles. This difference is larger than the respective difference in electronic stopping cross section. The photon yield shows a strong material dependence, and according to a comparison of SiO2 and Si seems to be subject to matrix effects.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CPL...623..108R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CPL...623..108R"><span>An extracellular enzyme synthesizes <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-sized silver nanoparticles in both water and methanol</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rai, Tripti; Panda, Debashis</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Cellulase reduces silver <span class="hlt">ions</span> in both aqueous and methanolic media yielding stable <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-sized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) at room temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by various spectroscopic, microscopic methods. The redox potentials of tyrosine residues and protein backbone play an instrumental role to reduce the metal <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The average size of nanoparticles formed in aqueous medium is of 5.04 ± 3.50 nm. Post-synthesis of Ag-NP secondary structure of enzyme is completely lost whereas upon incubation with chemically synthesized Ag-NP a significant gain in secondary structure is observed. Cellulase as a capping ligand stabilizes the silver nanoparticles even in methanol.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AIPC.1321..440T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AIPC.1321..440T"><span>Monitoring <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Implantation <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Using Non-contact Characterization Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tallian, M.; Pap, A.; Mocsar, K.; Somogyi, A.; Nadudvari, Gy.; Kosztka, D.; Pavelka, T.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>State-of-the-art ultra-shallow junctions are produced using extremely low <span class="hlt">ion</span> implant <span class="hlt">energies</span>, down to the range of 1-3 keV. This can be achieved by a variety of production techniques; however there is a significant risk that the actual implantation <span class="hlt">energy</span> differs from the desired value. To detect this, sensitive measurement methods need to be utilized. Experiments show that both Photomodulated Reflection measurements before anneal and Junction Photovoltage-based sheet resistance measurements after anneal are suitable for this purpose.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28783039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28783039"><span>Highly porous carbon with large electrochemical <span class="hlt">ion</span> absorption capability for high-performance supercapacitors and <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Shijie; Wang, Rutao; Zhang, Yabin; Zhang, Li</p> <p>2017-11-03</p> <p>Carbon-based supercapacitors have attracted extensive attention as the complement to batteries, owing to their durable lifespan and superiority in high-power-demand fields. However, their widespread use is limited by the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage density; thus, a high-surface-area porous carbon is urgently needed. Herein, a highly porous carbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area up to 3643 m 2 g -1 has been synthesized by chemical activation of papayas for the first time. This sp 2 -bonded porous carbon has a continuous three-dimensional network of highly curved, atom-thick walls that form <span class="hlt">narrow</span> mesopores of 2 ∼ 5 nm in width, which can be systematically tailored with varied activation levels. Two-electrode symmetric supercapacitors constructed by this porous carbon achieve <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of 8.1 Wh kg -1 in aqueous electrolyte and 65.5 Wh kg -1 in ionic-liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, half-cells (versus Li or Na metal) using this porous carbon as <span class="hlt">ion</span> sorption cathodes yield high specific capacity, e.g., 51.0 and 39.3 mAh g -1 in Li + and Na + based organic electrolyte. These results underline the possibility of obtaining the porous carbon for high-performance carbon-based supercapacitors and <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitors in a readily scalable and economical way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Nanot..28R5406W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Nanot..28R5406W"><span>Highly porous carbon with large electrochemical <span class="hlt">ion</span> absorption capability for high-performance supercapacitors and <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Shijie; Wang, Rutao; Zhang, Yabin; Zhang, Li</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Carbon-based supercapacitors have attracted extensive attention as the complement to batteries, owing to their durable lifespan and superiority in high-power-demand fields. However, their widespread use is limited by the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage density; thus, a high-surface-area porous carbon is urgently needed. Herein, a highly porous carbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area up to 3643 m2 g-1 has been synthesized by chemical activation of papayas for the first time. This sp2-bonded porous carbon has a continuous three-dimensional network of highly curved, atom-thick walls that form <span class="hlt">narrow</span> mesopores of 2 ˜ 5 nm in width, which can be systematically tailored with varied activation levels. Two-electrode symmetric supercapacitors constructed by this porous carbon achieve <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of 8.1 Wh kg-1 in aqueous electrolyte and 65.5 Wh kg-1 in ionic-liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, half-cells (versus Li or Na metal) using this porous carbon as <span class="hlt">ion</span> sorption cathodes yield high specific capacity, e.g., 51.0 and 39.3 mAh g-1 in Li+ and Na+ based organic electrolyte. These results underline the possibility of obtaining the porous carbon for high-performance carbon-based supercapacitors and <span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitors in a readily scalable and economical way.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010168','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010168"><span>Lunar Pickup <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Observed by ARTEMIS: Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Constraints on Species and Source Locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Halekas, Jasper S.; Poppe, A. R.; Delory, G. T.; Sarantos, M.; Farrell, W. M.; Angelopoulos, V.; McFadden, J. P.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>ARTEMIS observes pickup <span class="hlt">ions</span> around the Moon, at distances of up to 20,000 km from the surface. The observed <span class="hlt">ions</span> form a plume with a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> spatial and angular extent, generally seen in a single <span class="hlt">energy</span>/angle bin of the ESA instrument. Though ARTEMIS has no mass resolution capability, we can utilize the analytically describable characteristics of pickup <span class="hlt">ion</span> trajectories to constrain the possible <span class="hlt">ion</span> masses that can reach the spacecraft at the observation location in the correct <span class="hlt">energy</span>/angle bin. We find that most of the observations are consistent with a mass range of approx. 20-45 amu, with a smaller fraction consistent with higher masses, and very few consistent with masses below 15 amu. With the assumption that the highest fluxes of pickup <span class="hlt">ions</span> come from near the surface, the observations favor mass ranges of approx. 20-24 and approx. 36-40 amu. Although many of the observations have properties consistent with a surface or near-surface release of <span class="hlt">ions</span>, some do not, suggesting that at least some of the observed <span class="hlt">ions</span> have an exospheric source. Of all the proposed sources for <span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutrals about the Moon, the pickup <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux measured by ARTEMIS correlates best with the solar wind proton flux, indicating that sputtering plays a key role in either directly producing <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the surface, or producing neutrals that subsequently become ionized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233144','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233144"><span>Distinct dissociation kinetics between <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs: Solvent-coordinate free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> landscape analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yonetani, Yoshiteru</p> <p>2015-07-28</p> <p>Different <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs exhibit different dissociation kinetics; however, while the nature of this process is vital for understanding various molecular systems, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, to examine the origin of different kinetic rate constants for this process, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for LiCl, NaCl, KCl, and CsCl in water. The results showed substantial differences in dissociation rate constant, following the trend kLiCl < kNaCl < kKCl < kCsCl. Analysis of the free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> landscape with a solvent reaction coordinate and subsequent rate component analysis showed that the differences in these rate constants arose predominantly from the variation in solvent-state distribution between the <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs. The formation of a water-bridging configuration, in which the water molecule binds to an anion and a cation simultaneously, was identified as a key step in this process: water-bridge formation lowers the related dissociation free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> barrier, thereby increasing the probability of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation. Consequently, a higher probability of water-bridge formation leads to a higher <span class="hlt">ion</span>-pair dissociation rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.828...15Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.828...15Y"><span>Characterization of a Gafchromic film for the two-dimensional profile measurement of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuri, Yosuke; Narumi, Kazumasa; Yuyama, Takahiro</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The feasibility of the transverse intensity distribution measurement of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (keV/u range) heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams using radiochromic films is experimentally explored. We employ a Gafchromic radiochromic film, HD-V2, whose active layer is not laminated by a surface-protection layer. The coloration response of films irradiated with several <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams is characterized in terms of optical density (OD) by reading the films with a general-purpose scanner. To explore the <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of the film response widely, the kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the beams is varied from 1.5 keV/u to 27 MeV/u. We have found that the coloration of HD-V2 films is induced by irradiation with low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams of the order of 10 keV/u. The range of the beams is considerably shorter than the thickness of the film's active layer. The dependence of OD response on <span class="hlt">ion</span> species is also discussed. We demonstrate that the Gafchromic film used here is useful for measuring the intensity distribution of such low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DMP.H5001N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DMP.H5001N"><span>EBIT spectroscopy of highly charged heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> relevant to hot plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Nobuyuki</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>An electron beam <span class="hlt">ion</span> trap (EBIT) is a versatile device for studying highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We have been using two types of EBITs for the spectroscopic studies of highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span>. One is a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> device called the Tokyo-EBIT, and another is a compact low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> device called CoBIT. Complementary use of them enables us to obtain spectroscopic data for <span class="hlt">ions</span> over a wide charge-state range interacting with electrons over a wide <span class="hlt">energy</span> range. In this talk, we present EBIT spectra of highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> for tungsten, iron, bismuth, etc., which are relevant to hot plasmas. Tungsten is considered to be the main impurity in the ITER (the next generation nuclear fusion reactor) plasma, and thus its emission lines are important for diagnosing and controlling the ITER plasma. We have observed many previously unreported lines to supply the lack of spectroscopic data of tungsten <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Iron is one of the main components of the solar corona, and its spectra are used to diagnose temperature, density, etc. The diagnostics is usually done by comparing observed spectra with model calculations. An EBIT can provide spectra under a well-defined condition; they are thus useful to test the model calculations. Laser-produced bismuth plasma is one of the candidates for a soft x-ray source in the water window region. An EBIT has a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> charge state distribution; it is thus useful to disentangle the spectra of laser-produced plasma containing <span class="hlt">ions</span> with a wide charge-state range. Performed with the support and under the auspices of the NIFS Collaboration Research program (NIFS09KOAJ003) and JSPS KAKENHI Number 23246165, and partly supported by the JSPS-NRF-NSFC A3 Foresight Program in the field of Plasma Physics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234540-enhancement-maximum-attainable-ion-energy-radiation-pressure-acceleration-regime-using-guiding-structure','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234540-enhancement-maximum-attainable-ion-energy-radiation-pressure-acceleration-regime-using-guiding-structure"><span>Enhancement of maximum attainable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the radiation pressure acceleration regime using a guiding structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bulanov, S. S.; Esarey, E.; Schroeder, C. B.; ...</p> <p>2015-03-13</p> <p>Radiation Pressure Acceleration is a highly efficient mechanism of laser driven <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration, with the laser <span class="hlt">energy</span> almost totally transferrable to the <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the relativistic regime. There is a fundamental limit on the maximum attainable <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, which is determined by the group velocity of the laser. In the case of a tightly focused laser pulses, which are utilized to get the highest intensity, another factor limiting the maximum <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> comes into play, the transverse expansion of the target. Transverse expansion makes the target transparent for radiation, thus reducing the effectiveness of acceleration. Utilization of an external guidingmore » structure for the accelerating laser pulse may provide a way of compensating for the group velocity and transverse expansion effects.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PlST...10..254L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PlST...10..254L"><span>Study of Biological Effects of Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Implantation on Tomato and Radish Breeding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Qiuxia; Huang, Qunce; Cao, Gangqiang; Ying, Fangqing; Liu, Yanbo; Huang, Wen</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>Biological effects of 30 keV low <span class="hlt">energy</span> nitrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation on the seeds of five types of tomato and one type of radish were investigated. Results showed that low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> have different effects on different vegetables. The whole dose-response curve of the germination ratio did not take on "the shape of saddle", but was a rising and falling waveform with the increase or decrease in <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation. In the vegetable of Solanaceae, two outstanding aberrant plants were selected from M1 of Henan No.4 tomato at a dose of 7 × 1017 nitrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2, which had thin-leaves, long-petal and nipple tip fruit stably inherited to M7. Furthermore the analysis of the isozyme showed that the activity of the mutant tomato seedling was distinct in quantity and color. In Raphanus sativus L., the aberrances were obvious in the mutant of radish 791 at a dose of 5 × 1017 nitrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2, and the weight of succulent root and the volume of growth were over twice the control's. At present, many species for breeding have been identified in the field and only stable species have been selected for the experiment of production. It is evident that the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation technology has clear effects on vegetables' genetic improvement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5462799-trajectory-analysis-low-energy-hyperthermal-ions-scattered-from-cu','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5462799-trajectory-analysis-low-energy-hyperthermal-ions-scattered-from-cu"><span>Trajectory analysis of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and hyperthermal <span class="hlt">ions</span> scattered from Cu(110)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McEachern, R.L.; Goodstein, D.M.; Cooper, B.H.</p> <p>1989-05-15</p> <p>Trajectories of Na{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> scattered from the Cu(110) surface in the <1 1bar 0> and <001> azimuths were studied for a range of incident <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 56 eV to 4 keV. The goal is to explain the trends observed in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra and determine what types of trajectories contribute to these spectra. Using the computer program SAFARI, simulations were performed with trajectory analyses for 100-, 200-, and 400-eV scattering. We show results from the 100-eV simulations in both azimuths and compare them with the experimental data. The simulated <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra are in excellent agreement with the data. Ionmore » trajectories and impact parameter plots from the simulations are used to determine the relative importance of different types of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-surface-atom collisions. The simulations have shown that the striking differences observed in comparing the <1 1bar 0> and <001> spectra are mostly due to <span class="hlt">ions</span> which scatter from second-layer atoms. This system exhibits strong focusing onto the second-layer atoms by the first-layer rows, and the focusing is very sensitive to the spacing between the rows. At the lower beam <span class="hlt">energies</span>, scattering from the second layer dominates the measured spectra.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730007963','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730007963"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> distribution functions of kilovolt <span class="hlt">ions</span> parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field of a modified Penning discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roth, R. J.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The distribution function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> parallel to the magnetic field of a modified Penning discharge has been measured with a retarding potential <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer. These <span class="hlt">ions</span> escaped through one of the throats of the magnetic mirror geometry. Simultaneous measurements of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution function perpendicular to the magnetic field have been made with a charge exchange neutral detector. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution functions are approximately Maxwellian, and the parallel and perpendicular kinetic temperatures are equal within experimental error. These results suggest that turbulent processes previously observed in this discharge Maxwellianize the velocity distribution along a radius in velocity space and cause an isotropic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution. When the distributions depart from Maxwellian, they are enhanced above the Maxwellian tail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21510117-dose-control-system-optima-xe-single-wafer-high-energy-ion-implanter','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21510117-dose-control-system-optima-xe-single-wafer-high-energy-ion-implanter"><span>Dose Control System in the Optima XE Single Wafer High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Implanter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Satoh, Shu; Yoon, Jongyoon; David, Jonathan</p> <p>2011-01-07</p> <p>Photoresist outgassing can significantly compromise accurate dosimetry of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> implants. High <span class="hlt">energy</span> implant even at a modest beam current produces high beam powers which create significantly worse outgassing than low and medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> implants and the outgassing continues throughout the implant due to the low dose in typical high <span class="hlt">energy</span> implant recipes. In the previous generation of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> implanters, dose correction by monitoring of process chamber pressure during photoresist outgassing has been used. However, as applications diversify and requirements change, the need arises for a more versatile photoresist correction system to match the versatility of a single wafermore » high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> implanter. We have successfully developed a new dosimetry system for the Optima XE single wafer high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> implanter which does not require any form of compensation due to the implant conditions. This paper describes the principles and performance of this new dose system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25247447','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25247447"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> band gap and optical transition of metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> modified double crossover DNA lattices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dugasani, Sreekantha Reddy; Ha, Taewoo; Gnapareddy, Bramaramba; Choi, Kyujin; Lee, Junwye; Kim, Byeonghoon; Kim, Jae Hoon; Park, Sung Ha</p> <p>2014-10-22</p> <p>We report on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> band gap and optical transition of a series of divalent metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> (Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), and Co(2+)) modified DNA (M-DNA) double crossover (DX) lattices fabricated on fused silica by the substrate-assisted growth (SAG) method. We demonstrate how the degree of coverage of the DX lattices is influenced by the DX monomer concentration and also analyze the band gaps of the M-DNA lattices. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> band gap of the M-DNA, between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), ranges from 4.67 to 4.98 eV as judged by optical transitions. Relative to the band gap of a pristine DNA molecule (4.69 eV), the band gap of the M-DNA lattices increases with metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> doping up to a critical concentration and then decreases with further doping. Interestingly, except for the case of Ni(2+), the onset of the second absorption band shifts to a lower <span class="hlt">energy</span> until a critical concentration and then shifts to a higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> with further increasing the metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration, which is consistent with the evolution of electrical transport characteristics. Our results show that controllable metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> doping is an effective method to tune the band gap <span class="hlt">energy</span> of DNA-based nanostructures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870006992','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870006992"><span>Use of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> implants in high-efficiency crystalline-silicon solar cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fonash, S. J.; Sigh, R.; Mu, H. C.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The use of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen implants in the fabrication of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells was investigated. Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen implants result in hydrogen-caused effects in all three regions of a solar cell: emitter, space charge region, and base. In web, Czochralski (Cz), and floating zone (Fz) material, low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen implants reduced surface recombination velocity. In all three, the implants passivated the space charge region recombination centers. It was established that hydrogen implants can alter the diffusion properties of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-implanted boron in silicon, but not <span class="hlt">ion</span>-implated arsenic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180000084','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180000084"><span>Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Testing at the Galactic Cosmic Ray <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Peak</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pellish, Jonathan A.; Xapsos, M. A.; LaBel, K. A.; Marshall, P. W.; Heidel, D. F.; Rodbell, K. P.; Hakey, M. C.; Dodd, P. E.; Shaneyfelt, M. R.; Schwank, J. R.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20180000084'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20180000084_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20180000084_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20180000084_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20180000084_hide"></p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A 1 GeV/u Fe-56 <span class="hlt">Ion</span> beam allows for true 90 deg. tilt irradiations of various microelectronic components and reveals relevant upset trends for an abundant element at the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux-<span class="hlt">energy</span> peak.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1869f0005S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1869f0005S"><span>Development of an <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer as diagnostic of beam-generated plasma in negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sartori, E.; Carozzi, G.; Veltri, P.; Spolaore, M.; Cavazzana, R.; Antoni, V.; Serianni, G.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The measurement of the plasma potential and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum of secondary particles in the drift region of a negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam offers an insight into beam-induced plasma formation and beam transport in low pressure gasses. Plasma formation in negative-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beam systems, and the characteristics of such a plasma are of interest especially for space charge compensation, plasma formation in neutralizers, and the development of improved schemes of beam-induced plasma neutralisers for future fusion devices. All these aspects have direct implications in the ITER Heating Neutral Beam and the operation of the prototypes, SPIDER and MITICA, and also have important role in the conceptual studies for NBI systems of DEMO, while at present experimental data are lacking. In this paper we present the design and development of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer to measure the beam plasma formation and space charge compensation in negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. The diagnostic is a retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer (RFEA), and will measure the transverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra of plasma molecular <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The calculations that supported the design are reported, and a method to interpret the measurements in negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam systems is also proposed. Finally, the experimental results of the first test in a magnetron plasma are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21503294','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21503294"><span>Quantum fluctuations increase the self-diffusive motion of para-hydrogen in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> carbon nanotubes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kowalczyk, Piotr; Gauden, Piotr A; Terzyk, Artur P; Furmaniak, Sylwester</p> <p>2011-05-28</p> <p>Quantum fluctuations significantly increase the self-diffusive motion of para-hydrogen adsorbed in <span class="hlt">narrow</span> carbon nanotubes at 30 K comparing to its classical counterpart. Rigorous Feynman's path integral calculations reveal that self-diffusive motion of para-hydrogen in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> (6,6) carbon nanotube at 30 K and pore densities below ∼29 mmol cm(-3) is one order of magnitude faster than the classical counterpart. We find that the zero-point <span class="hlt">energy</span> and tunneling significantly smoothed out the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> landscape of para-hydrogen molecules adsorbed in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> (6,6) carbon nanotube. This promotes a delocalization of the confined para-hydrogen at 30 K (i.e., population of unclassical paths due to quantum effects). Contrary the self-diffusive motion of classical para-hydrogen molecules in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> (6,6) carbon nanotube at 30 K is very slow. This is because classical para-hydrogen molecules undergo highly correlated movement when their collision diameter approached the carbon nanotube size (i.e., anomalous diffusion in quasi-one dimensional pores). On the basis of current results we predict that <span class="hlt">narrow</span> single-walled carbon nanotubes are promising nanoporous molecular sieves being able to separate para-hydrogen molecules from mixtures of classical particles at cryogenic temperatures. This journal is © the Owner Societies 2011</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577685','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577685"><span>Improved spatial resolution and lower-dose pediatric CT imaging: a feasibility study to evaluate <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> the X-ray photon <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Benz, Mark G; Benz, Matthew W; Birnbaum, Steven B; Chason, Eric; Sheldon, Brian W; McGuire, Dale</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>This feasibility study has shown that improved spatial resolution and reduced radiation dose can be achieved in pediatric CT by <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> the X-ray photon <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum. This is done by placing a hafnium filter between the X-ray generator and a pediatric abdominal phantom. A CT system manufactured in 1999 that was in the process of being remanufactured was used as the platform for this study. This system had the advantage of easy access to the X-ray generator for modifications to change the X-ray photon <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum; it also had the disadvantage of not employing the latest post-imaging noise reduction iterative reconstruction technology. Because we observed improvements after changing the X-ray photon <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum, we recommend a future study combining this change with an optimized iterative reconstruction noise reduction technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM21A2554M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM21A2554M"><span>Radial transport of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> into the deep inner magnetosphere observed by Van Allen Probes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mitani, K.; Seki, K.; Keika, K.; Gkioulidou, M.; Lanzerotti, L. J.; Mitchell, D. G.; Kletzing, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>It is known that proton is main contributor of the ring current and oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> can make significant contribution during major magnetic storms. <span class="hlt">Ions</span> are supplied to the ring current by radial transport from the plasma sheet. Convective transport of lower-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons and diffusive transport of higher-<span class="hlt">energy</span> protons were reported to contribute to the storm-time and quiet-time ring current respectively [e.g., Gkioulidou et al., 2016]. However, supply mechanisms of the oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> are not clear. To characterize the supply of oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> to the ring current during magnetic storms, we studied the properties of energetic proton and oxygen <span class="hlt">ion</span> phase space densities (PSDs) for specific magnetic moment (μ) during the April 23-25, 2013, geomagnetic storm observed by the Van Allen Probes mission. We here report on radial transport of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (μ ≥ 0.5 keV/nT) oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> into the deep inner magnetosphere during the late main phase of the magnetic storm. Since protons show little change during this period, this oxygen radial transport is inferred to cause the development of the late main phase. Enhancement of poloidal magnetic fluctuations is simultaneously observed. We estimated azimuthal mode number ≤5 by using cross wavelet analysis with ground-based observation of IMAGE ground magnetometers. The fluctuations can resonate with drift and bounce motions of the oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The results suggest that combination of the drift and drift-bounce resonances is responsible for the radial transport of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> into the deep inner magnetosphere. We also report on the radial transport of the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> oxygen <span class="hlt">ions</span> into the deep inner magnetosphere during other magnetic storms.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261629','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1261629"><span>Measurements of <span class="hlt">ion</span> stopping around the Bragg peak in high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>-density plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Frenje, J. A.; Grabowski, P. E.; Li, C. K.</p> <p>2015-11-09</p> <p>For the first time, quantitative measurements of <span class="hlt">ion</span> stopping at <span class="hlt">energies</span> about the Bragg peak (or peak <span class="hlt">ion</span> stopping, which occurs at an <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity comparable to the average thermal electron velocity), and its dependence on electron temperature (T e) and electron number density (n e) in the range of 0.5 – 4.0 keV and 3 × 10 22 – 3 × 10 23 cm -3 have been conducted, respectively. It is experimentally demonstrated that the position and amplitude of the Bragg peak varies strongly with T e with n e. As a result, the importance of including quantum diffractionmore » is also demonstrated in the stopping-power modeling of High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span>-Density Plasmas.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930068207&hterms=energy+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bsolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930068207&hterms=energy+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bsolar"><span>LEICA - A low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> composition analyzer for the study of solar and magnetospheric heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mason, Glenn M.; Hamilton, Douglas C.; Walpole, Peter H.; Heuerman, Karl F.; James, Tommy L.; Lennard, Michael H.; Mazur, Joseph E.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The SAMPEX LEICA instrument is designed to measure about 0.5-5 MeV/nucleon solar and magnetospheric <span class="hlt">ions</span> over the range from He to Ni. The instrument is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer which measures particle time-of-flight over an about 0.5 m path, and the residual <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposited in an array of Si solid state detectors. Large area microchannel plates are used, resulting in a large geometrical factor for the instrument (0.6 sq cm sr) which is essential for accurate compositional measurements in small solar flares, and in studies of precipitating magnetospheric heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1066..509M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1066..509M"><span>Development of Compact Electron Cyclotron Resonance <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Source with Permanent Magnets for High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Carbon-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muramatsu, M.; Kitagawa, A.; Iwata, Y.; Hojo, S.; Sakamoto, Y.; Sato, S.; Ogawa, Hirotsugu; Yamada, S.; Ogawa, Hiroyuki; Yoshida, Y.; Ueda, T.; Miyazaki, H.; Drentje, A. G.</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>Heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cancer treatment is being carried out at the Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) with 140 to 400 MeV/n carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) since 1994. At NIRS, more than 4,000 patients have been treated, and the clinical efficiency of carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> radiotherapy has been demonstrated for many diseases. A more compact accelerator facility for cancer therapy is now being constricted at the Gunma University. In order to reduce the size of the injector (consists of <span class="hlt">ion</span> source, low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> beam transport and post-accelerator Linac include these power supply and cooling system), an <span class="hlt">ion</span> source requires production of highly charged carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span>, lower electric power for easy installation of the source on a high-voltage platform, long lifetime and easy operation. A compact Electron Cyclotron Resonance <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Source (ECRIS) with all permanent magnets is one of the best types for this purpose. An ECRIS has advantage for production of highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span>. A permanent magnet is suitable for reduce the electric power and cooling system. For this, a 10 GHz compact ECRIS with all permanent magnets (Kei2-source) was developed. The maximum mirror magnetic fields on the beam axis are 0.59 T at the extraction side and 0.87 T at the gas-injection side, while the minimum B strength is 0.25 T. These parameters have been optimized for the production of C4+ based on experience at the 10 GHz NIRS-ECR <span class="hlt">ion</span> source. The Kei2-source has a diameter of 320 mm and a length of 295 mm. The beam intensity of C4+ was obtained to be 618 eμA under an extraction voltage of 30 kV. Outline of the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> therapy and development of the compact <span class="hlt">ion</span> source for new facility are described in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23952799','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23952799"><span>A new high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> cathode for a Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery with ultrahigh stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Park, Young-Uk; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Kwon, Hyung-Soon; Kim, Byoungkook; Kim, Jongsoon; Kim, Haegyeom; Kim, Inkyung; Yoo, Han-Ill; Kang, Kisuk</p> <p>2013-09-18</p> <p>Large-scale electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage is a key enabler for the use of renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Recently, the room-temperature Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery has been rehighlighted as an alternative low-cost technology for this application. However, significant challenges such as <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and long-term stability must be addressed. Herein, we introduce a novel cathode material, Na1.5VPO4.8F0.7, for Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries. This new material provides an <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of ~600 Wh kg(-1), the highest value among cathodes, originating from both the multielectron redox reaction (1.2 e(-) per formula unit) and the high potential (~3.8 V vs Na(+)/Na) of the tailored vanadium redox couple (V(3.8+)/V(5+)). Furthermore, an outstanding cycle life (~95% capacity retention for 100 cycles and ~84% for extended 500 cycles) could be achieved, which we attribute to the small volume change (2.9%) upon cycling, the smallest volume change among known Na intercalation cathodes. The open crystal framework with two-dimensional Na diffusional pathways leads to low activation barriers for Na diffusion, enabling excellent rate capability. We believe that this new material can bring the low-cost room-temperature Na-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery a step closer to a sustainable large-scale <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..173M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..173M"><span>The stopping power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling of light <span class="hlt">ions</span> in graphene oxide foils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikšová, R.; Macková, A.; Malinský, P.; Sofer, Z.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Energy</span>-loss and straggling experiments were performed using 2-4 MeV 1H+ and 7.4-9.0 MeV 4He2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in graphene oxide foils by the transmission technique. The thickness of the graphene oxide foils was determined using a detailed image analysis of a graphene oxide cut, which was used to refine the graphene oxide density. The density was determined by the standard technique of micro-balance weighing. The stoichiometry of the graphene oxide foils before the irradiation was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) using 2 and 2.5 MeV 4He+. The measured <span class="hlt">energy</span> stopping powers for hydrogen and helium <span class="hlt">ions</span> in graphene oxide were compared with the predictions obtained from the SRIM-2013 code. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling was compared with that calculated using Bohr's, Bethe-Livingston and Yang predictions. The results show that the stopping power of graphene oxide foils irradiated by both <span class="hlt">ion</span> species decreases with increasing <span class="hlt">energies</span>, the differences between the measured and predicted values being below 3.8%. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> straggling determined in our experiment is higher than Bohr's and Bethe-Livingston predicted values; the predictions by Yang are in better agreement with our experiment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308467-enhanced-emission-er-sup-ions-phosphate-glass-via-energy-transfer-from-cu-sup-ions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308467-enhanced-emission-er-sup-ions-phosphate-glass-via-energy-transfer-from-cu-sup-ions"><span>Enhanced 1.53 μm emission of Er{sup 3+} <span class="hlt">ions</span> in phosphate glass via <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from Cu{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jiménez, José A., E-mail: jose.jimenez@unf.edu; Sendova, Mariana</p> <p>2014-07-21</p> <p>Optimizing the efficiency of Er{sup 3+} emission in the near-infrared telecommunication window in glass matrices is currently a subject of great interest in photonics research. In this work, Cu{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> are shown to be successfully stabilized at a high concentration in Er-containing phosphate glass by a single-step melt-quench method, and demonstrated to transfer <span class="hlt">energy</span> to Er{sup 3+} thereby enhancing the near-infrared emission about 15 times. The spectroscopic data indicate an <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion process where Cu{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> first absorb photons broadly around 360 nm and subsequently transfer <span class="hlt">energy</span> from the Stokes-shifted emitting states to resonant Er{sup 3+} absorption transitions inmore » the visible. Consequently, the Er{sup 3+} electronic excited states decay and the {sup 4}I{sub 3/2} metastable state is populated, leading to the enhanced emission at 1.53 μm. Monovalent copper <span class="hlt">ions</span> are thus recognized as sensitizers of Er{sup 3+} <span class="hlt">ions</span>, suggesting the potential of Cu{sup +} co-doping for applications in the telecommunications, solar cells, and solid-state lasing realizable under broad band near-ultraviolet optical pumping.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.4722M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.4722M"><span>Galaxy properties from J-PAS <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band photometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mejía-Narváez, A.; Bruzual, G.; Magris, C. G.; Alcaniz, J. S.; Benítez, N.; Carneiro, S.; Cenarro, A. J.; Cristóbal-Hornillos, D.; Dupke, R.; Ederoclite, A.; Marín-Franch, A.; de Oliveira, C. Mendes; Moles, M.; Sodre, L.; Taylor, K.; Varela, J.; Ramió, H. Vázquez</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We study the consistency of the physical properties of galaxies retrieved from spectral <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution (SED) fitting as a function of spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using a selection of physically motivated star formation histories, we set up a control sample of mock galaxy spectra representing observations of the local Universe in high-resolution spectroscopy, and in 56 <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band and 5 broad-band photometry. We fit the SEDs at these spectral resolutions and compute their corresponding stellar mass, the mass- and luminosity-weighted age and metallicity, and the dust extinction. We study the biases, correlations and degeneracies affecting the retrieved parameters and explore the role of the spectral resolution and the SNR in regulating these degeneracies. We find that <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band photometry and spectroscopy yield similar trends in the physical properties derived, the former being considerably more precise. Using a galaxy sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we compare more realistically the results obtained from high-resolution and <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band SEDs (synthesized from the same SDSS spectra) following the same spectral fitting procedures. We use results from the literature as a benchmark to our spectroscopic estimates and show that the prior probability distribution functions, commonly adopted in parametric methods, may introduce biases not accounted for in a Bayesian framework. We conclude that <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band photometry yields the same trend in the age-metallicity relation in the literature, provided it is affected by the same biases as spectroscopy, albeit the precision achieved with the latter is generally twice as large as with the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band, at SNR values typical of the different kinds of data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6955724-quightness-proposed-figure-merit-sources-low-energy-high-charge-state-ions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6955724-quightness-proposed-figure-merit-sources-low-energy-high-charge-state-ions"><span>Quightness: A proposed figure of merit for sources of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, high-charge-state <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schmieder, R.W.</p> <p></p> <p>A variety of <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources, including the EBIS and ECRIS, are distinguished by their ability to produce low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> of very high charge state. It would be useful to have some figure of merit that is particularly sensitive to this performance. I propose here such a quantity, called Quightness,'' which is related to brightness but which enhances the contrast between sources supplying multicharged <span class="hlt">ions</span> of low <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The rationale for introducing this quantity, its etymology and relationship to other figures of merit, and some representative values are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885295','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885295"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration, solution and membrane permittivity on electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage and capacitance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tajparast, Mohammad; Glavinović, Mladen I</p> <p>2018-06-06</p> <p>Bio-membranes as capacitors store electric <span class="hlt">energy</span>, but their permittivity is low whereas the permittivity of surrounding solution is high. To evaluate the effective capacitance of the membrane/solution system and determine the electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> stored within the membrane and in the solution, we estimated their electric variables using Poisson-Nernst-Planck simulations. We calculated membrane and solution capacitances from stored electric <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The effective capacitance was calculated by fitting a six-capacitance model to charges (fixed and <span class="hlt">ion</span>) and associated potentials, because it cannot be considered as a result of membrane and solution capacitance in series. The electric <span class="hlt">energy</span> stored within the membrane (typically much smaller than that in the solution), depends on the membrane permittivity, but also on the external electric field, surface charge density, water permittivity and <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration. The effect on capacitances is more specific. Solution capacitance rises with greater solution permittivity or <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration, but the membrane capacitance (much smaller than solution capacitance) is only influenced by its permittivity. Interestingly, the effective capacitance is independent of membrane or solution permittivity, but rises as the <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration increases and surface charge becomes positive. Experimental estimates of membrane capacitance are thus not necessarily a reliable index of its surface area. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptMa..73..550B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptMa..73..550B"><span>Photoluminescence and reflectivity studies of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> light <span class="hlt">ions</span> irradiated polymethyl methacrylate films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bharti, Madhu Lata; Singh, Fouran; Ramola, R. C.; Joshi, Veena</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The self-standing films of non-conducting polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were irradiated in vacuum using high <span class="hlt">energy</span> light <span class="hlt">ions</span> (HELIs) of 50 MeV Lithium (Li+3) and 80 MeV Carbon (C+5) at various <span class="hlt">ion</span> dose to induce the optical changes in the films. Upon HELI irradiation, films exhibit a significant enhancement in optical reflectivity at the highest dose. Interestingly, the photoluminescence (PL) emission band with green light at (514.5 nm) shows a noticeable increase in the intensity with increasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> dose for both <span class="hlt">ions</span>. However, the rate of increase in PL intensity is different for both HELI and can be correlated with the linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer by these <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the films. Origin of PL is attributed to the formation of carbon cluster and hydrogenated amorphous carbon in the polymer films. HAC clusters act as PL active centres with optical reflectivity. Most of the harmful radiation like UV are absorbed by the material and is becoming opaque after irradiation and this PL active material are useful in fabrication of optoelectronic devices, UV-filter, back-lit components in liquid crystal display systems, micro-components for integrate optical circuits, diffractive elements, advanced materials and are also applicable to the post irradiation laser treatment by means of <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RJPCA..91.2124S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RJPCA..91.2124S"><span>Mean force potential of interaction between Na+ and Cl- <span class="hlt">ions</span> in planar nanopores in contact with water under pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shevkunov, S. V.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The mean force potential (MFP) of interaction between counterions Na+ and Cl- in a planar nanopore with structureless hydrophobic walls is calculated via computer simulation under the condition that the nanopore is in contact with water at an external pressure that exceeds the saturation pressure but remains insufficient to fill the nanopore with water. For a nanopore with a liquid phase, the MFP dependence on the interionic distance indicates the dissociation of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> pair into two hydrated <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a nanopore that is not completely filled with water. Fluctuations in the number of water molecules drawn into the interionic space decisively influence the dissociation. The attraction between counterions, averaged over thermal fluctuations, depends largely on the pore width and grows as the shielding of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>' electric field by water molecules in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> pore diminishes. The contributions from <span class="hlt">energy</span> and entropy to the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of hydration are analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410428-precise-energy-eigenvalues-hydrogen-like-ion-moving-quantum-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410428-precise-energy-eigenvalues-hydrogen-like-ion-moving-quantum-plasmas"><span>Precise <span class="hlt">energy</span> eigenvalues of hydrogen-like <span class="hlt">ion</span> moving in quantum plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dutta, S.; Saha, Jayanta K.; Mukherjee, T. K.</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>The analytic form of the electrostatic potential felt by a slowly moving test charge in quantum plasma is developed. It has been shown that the electrostatic potential is composed of two parts: the Debye-Huckel screening term and the near-field wake potential. The latter depends on the velocity of the test charge as well as on the number density of the plasma electrons. Rayleigh-Ritz variational calculation has been done to estimate precise <span class="hlt">energy</span> eigenvalues of hydrogen-like carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> under such plasma environment. A detailed analysis shows that the <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels gradually move to the continuum with increasing plasma electron density whilemore » the level crossing phenomenon has been observed with the variation of <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970004994','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970004994"><span>Laboratory Studies of Thermal <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Charge Transfer of Silicon and Iron <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Astrophysical Plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kwong, Victor H. S.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Charge transfer at electron-volt <span class="hlt">energies</span> between multiply charged atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span> and neutral atoms and molecules is of considerable importance in astrophysics, plasma physics, and in particular, fusion plasmas. In the year covered by this report, several major tasks were completed. These include: (1) the re-calibration of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> gauge to measure the absolute particle densities of H2, He, N2, and CO for our current measurements; (2) the analysis of data for charge transfer reactions of N(exp 2 plus) <span class="hlt">ion</span> and He, H2, N2, and CO; (3) measurement and data analysis of the charge transfer reaction of (Fe(exp 2 plus) <span class="hlt">ion</span> and H2; (4) charge transfer measurement of Fe(exp 2 plus) <span class="hlt">ion</span> and H2; and (5) redesign and modification of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> detection and data acquisition system for the low <span class="hlt">energy</span> beam facility (reflection time of flight mass spectrometer) dedicated to the study of state select charge transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3853973','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3853973"><span>Synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles on Si (100) by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We report the growth and characterization of uniform-sized nanoparticles of cobalt on n-type silicon (100) substrates by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> (SHI) irradiation. The Co thin films of 25-nm thicknesses were grown by e-beam evaporation and irradiated with two different types of <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 45-MeV Li3+ and 100-MeV O7+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with fluences ranging from 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. SHI irradiation, with the beam rastered over the area of the film, resulted in the restructuring of the film into a dense array of Co nanostructures. Surface topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed <span class="hlt">narrowed</span> size distributions, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm, formed through a self-organized process. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> fluence-dependent changes in crystallinity of the Co nanostructures were determined by glancing angle X-ray diffraction. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analysis showed the absence of beam-induced mixing in this system. Surface restructuring and beam-induced crystallization are the dominant effects, with the nanoparticle size and density being dependent on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence. Results are analyzed in the context of molecular dynamics calculations of electron-lattice <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer. PMID:24138985</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24138985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24138985"><span>Synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles on Si (100) by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Attri, Asha; Kumar, Ajit; Verma, Shammi; Ojha, Sunil; Asokan, Kandasami; Nair, Lekha</p> <p>2013-10-18</p> <p>We report the growth and characterization of uniform-sized nanoparticles of cobalt on n-type silicon (100) substrates by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> (SHI) irradiation. The Co thin films of 25-nm thicknesses were grown by e-beam evaporation and irradiated with two different types of <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 45-MeV Li3+ and 100-MeV O7+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with fluences ranging from 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. SHI irradiation, with the beam rastered over the area of the film, resulted in the restructuring of the film into a dense array of Co nanostructures. Surface topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed <span class="hlt">narrowed</span> size distributions, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm, formed through a self-organized process. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> fluence-dependent changes in crystallinity of the Co nanostructures were determined by glancing angle X-ray diffraction. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analysis showed the absence of beam-induced mixing in this system. Surface restructuring and beam-induced crystallization are the dominant effects, with the nanoparticle size and density being dependent on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence. Results are analyzed in the context of molecular dynamics calculations of electron-lattice <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NRL.....8..433A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NRL.....8..433A"><span>Synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles on Si (100) by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Attri, Asha; Kumar, Ajit; Verma, Shammi; Ojha, Sunil; Asokan, Kandasami; Nair, Lekha</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>We report the growth and characterization of uniform-sized nanoparticles of cobalt on n-type silicon (100) substrates by swift heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> (SHI) irradiation. The Co thin films of 25-nm thicknesses were grown by e-beam evaporation and irradiated with two different types of <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 45-MeV Li3+ and 100-MeV O7+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> with fluences ranging from 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. SHI irradiation, with the beam rastered over the area of the film, resulted in the restructuring of the film into a dense array of Co nanostructures. Surface topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed <span class="hlt">narrowed</span> size distributions, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm, formed through a self-organized process. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> fluence-dependent changes in crystallinity of the Co nanostructures were determined by glancing angle X-ray diffraction. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analysis showed the absence of beam-induced mixing in this system. Surface restructuring and beam-induced crystallization are the dominant effects, with the nanoparticle size and density being dependent on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluence. Results are analyzed in the context of molecular dynamics calculations of electron-lattice <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5968366','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5968366"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> dissipation on <span class="hlt">ion</span>-accelerator grids during high-voltage breakdown</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Menon, M.M.; Ponte, N.S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The effects of stored <span class="hlt">energy</span> in the system capacitance across the accelerator grids during high voltage vacuum breakdown are examined. Measurements were made of the current flow and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition on the grids during breakdown. It is shown that only a portion (less than or equal to 40 J) of the total stored <span class="hlt">energy</span> (congruent to 100 J) is actually dissipated on the grids. Most of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> is released during the formation phase of the vacuum arc and is deposited primarily on the most positive grid. Certain abnormal situations led to <span class="hlt">energy</span> depositions of about 200 J onmore » the grid, but the <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator endured them without exhibiting any deterioration in performance.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482910-investigation-target-normal-sheath-acceleration-through-measurements-ions-energy-distribution','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482910-investigation-target-normal-sheath-acceleration-through-measurements-ions-energy-distribution"><span>Investigation on target normal sheath acceleration through measurements of <span class="hlt">ions</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tudisco, S., E-mail: tudisco@lns.infn.it; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Mascali, D.</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>An experimental campaign aiming at investigating the <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration mechanisms through laser-matter interaction in femtosecond domain has been carried out at the Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory facility with a laser intensity of up to 2 × 10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}. A Thomson parabola spectrometer was used to obtain the spectra of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> of the different species accelerated. Here, we show the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra of light-<span class="hlt">ions</span> and we discuss their dependence on structural characteristics of the target and the role of surface and target bulk in the acceleration process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22590616-ion-velocities-presheath-electronegative-radio-frequency-plasmas-measured-low-energy-cutoff','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22590616-ion-velocities-presheath-electronegative-radio-frequency-plasmas-measured-low-energy-cutoff"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> velocities in the presheath of electronegative, radio-frequency plasmas measured by low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> cutoff</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sobolewski, Mark A.; Wang, Yicheng; Goyette, Amanda</p> <p>2016-07-11</p> <p>Simple kinematic considerations indicate that, under certain conditions in radio-frequency (rf) plasmas, the amplitude of the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> peak in <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions (IEDs) measured at an electrode depends sensitively on <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocities upstream, at the presheath/sheath boundary. By measuring this amplitude, the velocities at which <span class="hlt">ions</span> exit the presheath can be determined and long-standing controversies regarding presheath transport can be resolved. Here, IEDs measured in rf-biased, inductively coupled plasmas in CF{sub 4} gas determined the presheath exit velocities of all significant positive <span class="hlt">ions</span>: CF{sub 3}{sup +}, CF{sub 2}{sup +}, CF{sup +}, and F{sup +}. At higher bias voltages, we detectedmore » essentially the same velocity for all four <span class="hlt">ions</span>. For all <span class="hlt">ions</span>, measured velocities were significantly lower than the Bohm velocity and the electropositive <span class="hlt">ion</span> sound speed. Neither is an accurate boundary condition for rf sheaths in electronegative gases: under certain low-frequency, high-voltage criteria defined here, either yields large errors in predicted IEDs. These results indicate that many widely used sheath models will need to be revised.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhB...46x5201R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhB...46x5201R"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span>-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon collisions: kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> releases for specific fragmentation channels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reitsma, G.; Zettergren, H.; Boschman, L.; Bodewits, E.; Hoekstra, R.; Schlathölter, T.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>We report on 30 keV He2 + collisions with naphthalene (C10H8) molecules, which leads to very extensive fragmentation. To unravel such complex fragmentation patterns, we designed and constructed an experimental setup, which allows for the determination of the full momentum vector by measuring charged collision products in coincidence in a recoil <span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum spectrometer type of detection scheme. The determination of fragment kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> is found to be considerably more accurate than for the case of mere coincidence time-of-flight spectrometers. In fission reactions involving two cationic fragments, typically kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> releases of 2-3 eV are observed. The results are interpreted by means of density functional theory calculations of the reverse barriers. It is concluded that naphthalene fragmentation by collisions with keV <span class="hlt">ions</span> clearly is much more violent than the corresponding photofragmentation with energetic photons. The <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced naphthalene fragmentation provides a feedstock of various small hydrocarbonic species of different charge states and kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>, which could influence several molecule formation processes in the cold interstellar medium and facilitates growth of small hydrocarbon species on pre-existing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559353','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559353"><span>Quadrupole terms in the Maxwell equations: Born <span class="hlt">energy</span>, partial molar volume, and entropy of <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Slavchov, Radomir I; Ivanov, Tzanko I</p> <p>2014-02-21</p> <p>A new equation of state relating the macroscopic quadrupole moment density Q to the gradient of the field ∇E in an isotropic fluid is derived: Q = αQ(∇E - U∇·E/3), where the quadrupolarizability αQ is proportional to the squared molecular quadrupole moment. Using this equation of state, a generalized expression for the Born <span class="hlt">energy</span> of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> dissolved in quadrupolar solvent is obtained. It turns out that the potential and the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of a point charge in a quadrupolar medium are finite. From the obtained Born <span class="hlt">energy</span>, the partial molar volume and the partial molar entropy of a dissolved <span class="hlt">ion</span> follow. Both are compared to experimental data for a large number of simple <span class="hlt">ions</span> in aqueous solutions. From the comparison the value of the quadrupolar length LQ is determined, LQ = (αQ/3ɛ)(1/2) = 1-4 Å. Data for <span class="hlt">ion</span> transfer from aqueous to polar oil solution are analyzed, which allowed for the determination of the quadrupolarizability of nitrobenzene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148v2830P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148v2830P"><span>Re-examining the tetraphenyl-arsonium/tetraphenyl-borate (TATB) hypothesis for single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energies</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pollard, Travis P.; Beck, Thomas L.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Attempts to establish an absolute single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> hydration free <span class="hlt">energy</span> scale have followed multiple strategies. Two central themes consist of (1) employing bulk pair thermodynamic data and an underlying interfacial-potential-free model to partition the hydration free <span class="hlt">energy</span> into individual contributions [Marcus, Latimer, and tetraphenyl-arsonium/tetraphenyl-borate (TATB) methods] or (2) utilizing bulk thermodynamic and cluster data to estimate the free <span class="hlt">energy</span> to insert a proton into water, including in principle an interfacial potential contribution [the cluster pair approximation (CPA)]. While the results for the hydration free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the proton agree remarkably well between the three approaches in the first category, the value differs from the CPA result by roughly +10 kcal/mol, implying a value for the effective electrochemical surface potential of water of -0.4 V. This paper provides a computational re-analysis of the TATB method for single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> free <span class="hlt">energies</span> using quasichemical theory. A previous study indicated a significant discrepancy between the free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of hydration for the TA cation and the TB anion. We show that the main contribution to this large computed difference is an electrostatic artifact arising from modeling interactions in periodic boundaries. No attempt is made here to develop more accurate models for the local <span class="hlt">ion</span>/solvent interactions that may lead to further small free <span class="hlt">energy</span> differences between the TA and TB <span class="hlt">ions</span>, but the results clarify the primary importance of interfacial potential effects for analysis of the various free <span class="hlt">energy</span> scales. Results are also presented, related to the TATB assumption in the organic solvents dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,2-dichloroethane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPhCS..58..188A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPhCS..58..188A"><span>Charge exchange of highly charged argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> as a function of projectile <span class="hlt">energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Allen, F. I.; Biedermann, C.; Radtke, R.; Fussmann, G.</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>X-ray emission of highly charged argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> following charge exchange collisions with argon atoms has been measured as a function of projectile <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> are extracted from the Electron Beam <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Trap (EBIT) in Berlin and selected according to their massto-charge ratios. Experiments focussed on hydrogen-like and bare argon <span class="hlt">ions</span> which were decelerated from 125q eV/amu to below 0.25q eV/amu prior to interaction with an argon gas target. The x-ray spectra recorded probe the cascading transitions resulting from electron capture into Rydberg states and are found to vary significantly with collision velocity. This indicates a shift in the orbital angular momentum of the capture state. Hardness ratios are observed to increase with decreasing projectile <span class="hlt">energy</span> though at a rate which differs from the results of simulations. For comparison, measurements of the x-ray emission following charge exchange within the trap were carried out and are in agreement with the findings of the EBIT group at LLNL. Both of these in situ measurements, however, are in discrepancy with the results of the experiments using extracted <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JMSTL...3..469S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JMSTL...3..469S"><span>Pressure Fluctuation Characteristics of <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Gauge Train Running Through Tunnel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suzuki, Masahiro; Sakuma, Yutaka</p> <p></p> <p>Pressure fluctuations on the sides of <span class="hlt">narrow</span> (1067 mm) gauge trains running in tunnels are measured for the first time to investigate the aerodynamic force acting on the trains. The present measurements are compared with earlier measurements obtained with the Shinkansen trains. The results are as follows: (1) The aerodynamic force, which stems from pressure fluctuations on the sides of cars, puts the <span class="hlt">energy</span> into the vibration of the car body running through a tunnel. (2) While the pressure fluctuations appear only on one of the two sides of the trains running in double-track tunnels, the fluctuations in opposite phase on both sides in single-track tunnels. (3) The on-track test data of the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gauge trains show the same tendency as those of the Shinkansen trains, although it is suggested that the pressure fluctuations develop faster along the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gauge trains than the Shinkansen trains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50R5201S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50R5201S"><span>Quantitative evaluation of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> O- <span class="hlt">ion</span> particle flux in a DC magnetron sputter plasma with an indium-tin-oxide target</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suyama, Taku; Bae, Hansin; Setaka, Kenta; Ogawa, Hayato; Fukuoka, Yushi; Suzuki, Haruka; Toyoda, Hirotaka</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>O- <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux from the indium tin oxide (ITO) sputter target under Ar <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment is quantitatively evaluated using a calorimetry method. Using a mass spectrometer with an <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer, O- <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution is measured with spatial dependence. Directional high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> O- <span class="hlt">ion</span> ejected from the target surface is observed. Using a calorimetry method, localized heat flux originated from high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> O- <span class="hlt">ion</span> is measured. From absolute evaluation of the heat flux from O- <span class="hlt">ion</span>, O- particle flux in order of 1018 m-2 s-1 is evaluated at a distance of 10 cm from the target. Production yield of O- <span class="hlt">ion</span> on the ITO target by one Ar+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> impingement at a kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 244 eV is estimated to be 3.3 × 10-3 as the minimum value.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797500','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797500"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> loss of <span class="hlt">ions</span> by electric-field fluctuations in a magnetized plasma.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nersisyan, Hrachya B; Deutsch, Claude</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>The results of a theoretical investigation of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of charged particles in a magnetized classical plasma due to the electric-field fluctuations are reported. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss for a test particle is calculated through the linear-response theory. At vanishing magnetic field, the electric-field fluctuations lead to an <span class="hlt">energy</span> gain of the charged particle for all velocities. It has been shown that in the presence of strong magnetic field, this effect occurs only at low velocities. In the case of high velocities, the test particle systematically loses its <span class="hlt">energy</span> due to the interaction with a stochastic electric field. The net effect of the fluctuations is the systematic reduction of the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss (i.e., the sum of the polarization and stochastic <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses) at vanishing magnetic field and reduction or enhancement at strong field, depending on the velocity of the particle. It is found that the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of the slow heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> contains an anomalous term that depends logarithmically on the projectile mass. The physical origin of this anomalous term is the coupling between the cyclotron motion of the plasma electrons and the long-wavelength, low-frequency fluctuations produced by the projectile <span class="hlt">ion</span>. This effect may strongly enhance the stochastic <span class="hlt">energy</span> gain of the particle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1840i0006K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1840i0006K"><span>The role of <span class="hlt">ion</span>-exchange membrane in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khoiruddin, Aryanti, Putu T. P.; Hakim, Ahmad N.; Wenten, I. Gede</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span>-exchange membrane (IEM) may play an important role in the future of electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> generation which is considered as renewable and clean <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Fell cell (FC) is one of the promising technologies for solving <span class="hlt">energy</span> issues in the future owing to the interesting features such as high electrical efficiency, low emissions, low noise level, and modularity. IEM-based processes, such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) may be combined with water or wastewater treatment into an integrated system. By using the integrated system, water and <span class="hlt">energy</span> could be produced simultaneously. The IEM-based processes can be used for direct electricity generation or long term <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage such as by harnessing surplus electricity from an existing renewable <span class="hlt">energy</span> system to be converted into hydrogen gas via electrolysis or stored into chemical <span class="hlt">energy</span> via redox flow battery (RFB). In this paper, recent development and applications of IEM-based processes in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion are reviewed. In addition, perspective and challenges of IEM-based processes in <span class="hlt">energy</span> conversion are pointed out.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4656249','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4656249"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> specific effects: decoupling <span class="hlt">ion-ion</span> and <span class="hlt">ion</span>-water interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Song, Jinsuk; Kang, Tae Hui; Kim, Mahn Won; Han, Songi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p> <span class="hlt">energy</span> values derived from experimental data for various <span class="hlt">ions</span> are compared with theoretical values in the literature. Ultimately, quantifying <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced changes in surface <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the purpose of developing valid theoretical models for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-water interaction, will be critical to rationalizing the Hofmeister effect. PMID:25761273</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.339...75B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPB.339...75B"><span>Surface-conductivity enhancement of PMMA by keV-<span class="hlt">energy</span> metal-<span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bannister, M. E.; Hijazi, H.; Meyer, H. M.; Cianciolo, V.; Meyer, F. W.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>An experiment has been proposed to measure the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) with high precision at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Spallation Neutron Source. One of the requirements of this experiment is the development of PMMA (Lucite) material with a sufficiently conductive surface to permit its use as a high-voltage electrode while immersed in liquid He. At the ORNL Multicharged <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Research Facility, an R&D activity is under way to achieve suitable surface conductivity in poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) using metal <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation. The metal implantation is performed using an electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) <span class="hlt">ion</span> source and a recently developed beam line deceleration module that is capable of providing high flux beams for implantation at <span class="hlt">energies</span> as low as a few tens of eV. The latter is essential for reaching implantation fluences exceeding 1 × 1016 cm-2, where typical percolation thresholds in polymers have been reported. In this contribution, we report results on initial implantation of Lucite by Ti and W beams with keV <span class="hlt">energies</span> to average fluences in the range 0.5-6.2 × 1016 cm-2. Initial measurements of surface-resistivity changes are reported as function of implantation fluence, <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and sample temperature. We also report X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface and depth profiling measurements of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> implanted samples, to identify possible correlations between the near surface and depth resolved implanted W concentrations and the measured surface resistivities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApSS..275..136Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApSS..275..136Y"><span>Nano-ranged low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam-induced DNA transfer in biological cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, L. D.; Wongkham, W.; Prakrajang, K.; Sangwijit, K.; Inthanon, K.; Thongkumkoon, P.; Wanichapichart, P.; Anuntalabhochai, S.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams at a few tens of keV were demonstrated to be able to induce exogenous macromolecules to transfer into plant and bacterial cells. In the process, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam with well controlled <span class="hlt">energy</span> and fluence bombarded living cells to cause certain degree damage in the cell envelope in nanoscales to facilitate the macromolecules such as DNA to pass through the cell envelope and enter the cell. Consequently, the technique was applied for manipulating positive improvements in the biological species. This physical DNA transfer method was highly efficient and had less risk of side-effects compared with chemical and biological methods. For better understanding of mechanisms involved in the process, a systematic study on the mechanisms was carried out. Applications of the technique were also expanded from DNA transfer in plant and bacterial cells to DNA transfection in human cancer cells potentially for the stem cell therapy purpose. Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> nitrogen and argon <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams that were applied in our experiments had ranges of 100 nm or less in the cell envelope membrane which was majorly composed of polymeric cellulose. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam bombardment caused chain-scission dominant damage in the polymer and electrical property changes such as increase in the impedance in the envelope membrane. These nano-modifications of the cell envelope eventually enhanced the permeability of the envelope membrane to favor the DNA transfer. The paper reports details of our research in this direction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011664','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011664"><span>The photodetachment cross-section and threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> of negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> in carbon dioxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Helmy, E. M.; Woo, S. B.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> and sunlight photodetachment measurements on negative carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">ions</span>, using a 2.5 kw light pressure xenon lamp, show that: (1) Electron affinity of CO3(+) is larger than 2.7 e.V. and that an isomeric form of CO3(+) is likely an error; (2) The photodetachment cross section of CO3(-) will roughly be like a step function across the range of 4250 to 2500A, having its threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> at 4250A; (3) Sunlight photodetachment rate for CO3(-) is probably much smaller than elsewhere reported; and (4) The probability of having photodetached electrons re-attach to form negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> is less than 1%. Mass identifying drift tube tests confirm that the slower <span class="hlt">ion</span> is CO3(-), formed through the O(-) + 2CO2 yields CO3(-) + CO2 reaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..95o5437S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..95o5437S"><span>Spin-orbit coupling and surface magnetism coexisting in spin-dependent low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> He+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> surface scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suzuki, T. T.; Sakai, O.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Surface magnetism is analyzed by spin-dependent He+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> neutralization (the Auger neutralization) in the vicinity of a surface using an electron spin-polarized low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> He+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beam [spin-polarized <span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering spectroscopy (SP-ISS)]. Recently, spin-orbit coupling (SOC) has been found to act as another mechanism of spin-dependent low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> He+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering. Thus, it is crucial for surface magnetism analyses by SP-ISS to separate those two mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the spin-induced asymmetry in scattering of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> He+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> on ultrathin Au and Sn films as well as the oxygen adsorbate on a magnetized-Fe(100) surface where these two mechanisms may coexist. We found that the Fe surface magnetism immediately disappeared with the growth of those overlayers. On the other hand, we observed no induced spin polarization in the Au and Sn thin films even in the very initial stage of the growth. We also observed that the spin asymmetry of the O adsorbate was induced by the magnetism of the underlying Fe substrate. The present study demonstrates that the two mechanisms of the spin-asymmetric He+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> scattering (the <span class="hlt">ion</span> neutralization and SOC) can be separated by an azimuthal-angle-resolved SP-ISS measurement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...364..258P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...364..258P"><span>Aqueous hybrid <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries - An environmentally friendly alternative for stationary <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peters, Jens F.; Weil, Marcel</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Aqueous hybrid <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries (AHIB) are being promoted as an environmentally friendly alternative to existing stationary battery technologies. However, no quantification of their potential environmental impacts has yet been done. This paper presents a prospective life cycle assessment of an AHIB module and compares its performance with lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> and sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in two different stationary <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage applications. The findings show that the claim of being an environmentally friendly technology can only be supported with some major limitations. While the AHIB uses abundant and non-toxic materials, it has a very low <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and requires increased amounts of material for providing a given storage capacity. Per kWh of battery, results comparable to those of the alternative lithium- or sodium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are obtained, but significantly higher impacts under global warming and ozone depletion aspects. The comparable high cycle life of the AHIB compensates this partially, requiring less battery replacements over the lifetime of the application. On the other hand, its internal inefficiencies are higher, what becomes the dominating factor when charging majorly fossil based electricity, making AHIB unattractive for this type of applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3536522','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3536522"><span>Free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> relationships in <span class="hlt">ion</span> channels activated by voltage and ligand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chowdhury, Sandipan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Many <span class="hlt">ion</span> channels are modulated by multiple stimuli, which allow them to integrate a variety of cellular signals and precisely respond to physiological needs. Understanding how these different signaling pathways interact has been a challenge in part because of the complexity of underlying models. In this study, we analyzed the energetic relationships in polymodal <span class="hlt">ion</span> channels using linkage principles. We first show that in proteins dually modulated by voltage and ligand, the net free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> change can be obtained by measuring the charge-voltage (Q-V) relationship in zero ligand condition and the ligand binding curve at highly depolarizing membrane voltages. Next, we show that the voltage-dependent changes in ligand occupancy of the protein can be directly obtained by measuring the Q-V curves at multiple ligand concentrations. When a single reference ligand binding curve is available, this relationship allows us to reconstruct ligand binding curves at different voltages. More significantly, we establish that the shift of the Q-V curve between zero and saturating ligand concentration is a direct estimate of the interaction <span class="hlt">energy</span> between the ligand- and voltage-dependent pathway. These free-<span class="hlt">energy</span> relationships were tested by numerical simulations of a detailed gating model of the BK channel. Furthermore, as a proof of principle, we estimate the interaction <span class="hlt">energy</span> between the ligand binding and voltage-dependent pathways for HCN2 channels whose ligand binding curves at various voltages are available. These emerging principles will be useful for high-throughput mutagenesis studies aimed at identifying interaction pathways between various regulatory domains in a polymodal <span class="hlt">ion</span> channel. PMID:23250866</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARH24013C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARH24013C"><span>Ionomers for <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Conducting <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colby, Ralph</p> <p></p> <p>For ionic actuators and battery separators, it is vital to utilize single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> conducting ionomers that avoid the detrimental polarization of other <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> conducting ionomers are synthesized based on DFT calculations, with low glass transition temperatures (facile dynamics) to prepare <span class="hlt">ion</span>-conducting membranes for battery separators that conduct Li+ or Na+. Characterization by X-ray scattering, dielectric spectroscopy, FTIR, NMR and linear viscoelasticity collectively develop a coherent picture of ionic aggregation and both counterion and polymer dynamics. 7Li NMR diffusion measurements find that diffusion is faster than expected by conductivity using the Nernst-Einstein equation, which means that the majority of Li diffusion occurs by <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs moving with the polymer segmental motion. Segmental motion only contributes to ionic conduction in the rare event that one of these <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs has an extra Li (a positive triple <span class="hlt">ion</span>). This leads us to a new metric for <span class="hlt">ion</span>-conducting soft materials, the product of the cation number density p0 and their diffusion coefficient D; p0D is the diffusive flux of lithium <span class="hlt">ions</span>. This new metric has a maximum at intermediate <span class="hlt">ion</span> content that corresponds to the overlap of <span class="hlt">ion</span> pair polarizability volumes. At higher <span class="hlt">ion</span> contents, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs interact strongly and form larger aggregation states that retard segmental motion of both mobile <span class="hlt">ion</span> pairs and triple <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057060&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057060&hterms=Wave+Energy&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DWave%2BEnergy"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> transfer between energetic ring current H(+) and O(+) by electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thorne, Richard M.; Horne, Richard B.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the frequency range below the helium gyrofrequency can be excited in the equatorial region of the outer magnetosphere by cyclotron resonant instability with anisotropic ring current H(+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>. As the unducted waves propagate to higher latitudes, the wave normal should become highly inclined to the ambient magnetic field. Under such conditions, wave <span class="hlt">energy</span> can be absorbed by cyclotron resonant interactions with ambient O(+), leading to <span class="hlt">ion</span> heating perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. Resonant wave absorption peaks in the vicinity of the bi-<span class="hlt">ion</span> frequency and the second harmonic of the O(+) gyrofrequrency. This absorption should mainly occur at latitudes between 10 deg and 30 deg along auroral field lines (L is greater than or equal to 7) in the postnoon sector. The concomitant <span class="hlt">ion</span> heating perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field can contribute to the isotropization and geomagnetic trapping of collapsed O(+) <span class="hlt">ion</span> conics (or beams) that originate from a low-altitude ionospheric source region. During geomagnetic storms when the O(+) content of the magnetosphere is significantly enhanced, the absorption of EMIC waves should become more efficient, and it may contribute to the observed acceleration of O(+) <span class="hlt">ions</span> of ionospheric origin up to ring current <span class="hlt">energies</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6368705','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6368705"><span>Improved <span class="hlt">ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Leung, K.N.; Ehlers, K.W.</p> <p>1982-05-04</p> <p>A magnetic filter for an <span class="hlt">ion</span> source reduces the production of undesired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species and improves the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam quality. High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> ionizing electrons are confined by the magnetic filter to an <span class="hlt">ion</span> source region, where the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons ionize gas molecules. One embodiment of the magnetic filter uses permanent magnets oriented to establish a magnetic field transverse to the direction of travel of <span class="hlt">ions</span> from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source region to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> extraction region. In another embodiment, low <span class="hlt">energy</span> 16 eV electrons are injected into the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source to dissociate gas molecules and undesired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species into desired <span class="hlt">ion</span> species,</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=130524&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=corona&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=130524&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=corona&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">NARROW</span>-GAP POINT-TO-PLANE CORONA WITH HIGH VELOCITY FLOWS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The article discusses a mathematical model developed to describe a <span class="hlt">narrow</span>- gap point- to- plane corona system used in the detoxification of chemical agents or their simulants, for which the degree of destruction depends on the strength of the electric field or electron <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Na...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPS...226..272L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPS...226..272L"><span>A review on the key issues for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> battery management in electric vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Languang; Han, Xuebing; Li, Jianqiu; Hua, Jianfeng; Ouyang, Minggao</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Compared with other commonly used batteries, lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are featured by high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density, high power density, long service life and environmental friendliness and thus have found wide application in the area of consumer electronics. However, lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries for vehicles have high capacity and large serial-parallel numbers, which, coupled with such problems as safety, durability, uniformity and cost, imposes limitations on the wide application of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries in the vehicle. The <span class="hlt">narrow</span> area in which lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries operate with safety and reliability necessitates the effective control and management of battery management system. This present paper, through the analysis of literature and in combination with our practical experience, gives a brief introduction to the composition of the battery management system (BMS) and its key issues such as battery cell voltage measurement, battery states estimation, battery uniformity and equalization, battery fault diagnosis and so on, in the hope of providing some inspirations to the design and research of the battery management system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16300053S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16300053S"><span>Pre-compound emission in low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharma, Manoj Kumar; Shuaib, Mohd.; Sharma, Vijay R.; Yadav, Abhishek; Singh, Pushpendra P.; Singh, Devendra P.; Unnati; Singh, B. P.; Prasad, R.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Recent experimental studies have shown the presence of pre-compound emission component in heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> reactions at low projectile <span class="hlt">energy</span> ranging from 4 to 7 MeV/nucleons. In earlier measurements strength of the pre-compound component has been estimated from the difference in forward-backward distributions of emitted particles. Present measurement is a part of an ongoing program on the study of reaction dynamics of heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> interactions at low <span class="hlt">energies</span> aimed at investigating the effect of momentum transfer in compound, precompound, complete and incomplete fusion processes in heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> reactions. In the present work on the basis of momentum transfer the measurement of the recoil range distributions of heavy residues has been used to decipher the components of compound and pre-compound emission processes in the fusion of 16O projectile with 159Tb and 169Tm targets. The analysis of recoil range distribution measurements show two distinct linear momentum transfer components corresponding to pre-compound and compound nucleus processes are involved. In order to obtain the mean input angular momentum associated with compound and pre-compound emission processes, an online measurement of the spin distributions of the residues has been performed. The analysis of spin distribution indicate that the mean input angular momentum associated with pre-compound products is found to be relatively lower than that associated with compound nucleus process. The pre-compound components obtained from the present analysis are consistent with those obtained from the analysis of excitation functions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000164&hterms=nuclear+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dnuclear%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000164&hterms=nuclear+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dnuclear%2Benergy"><span>Theoretical nuclear database for high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> (HZE) transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Townsend, L. W.; Cucinotta, F. A.; Wilson, J. W.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Theoretical methods for estimating high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> (HZE) particle absorption and fragmentation cross-sections are described and compared with available experimental data. Differences between theory and experiment range from several percent for absorption cross-sections up to about 25%-50% for fragmentation cross-sections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430609','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430609"><span>Two-stage synergy of electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss with defects in LiTaO 3 under <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sellami, Neila; Crespillo, Miguel L.; Zhang, Yanwen</p> <p></p> <p>Understanding <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipation in electronic and atomic subsystems and subsequent defect evolution is a scientific challenge. Separate and combined effects of electronic and nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition in z-cut LiTaO 3 have been investigated. Irradiation of pristine LiTaO 3 samples with 2 MeV Ta <span class="hlt">ions</span> leads to amorphization due to atomic displacement damage, described by a disorder accumulation model. Here, while 21 MeV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> do not produce significant damage in pristine LiTaO 3, introduction of pre-existing defects sensitizes LiTaO 3 to the formation of <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks from the electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss by 21 MeV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> that induce a synergisticmore » two-stage phase transition process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1430609-two-stage-synergy-electronic-energy-loss-defects-litao3-under-ion-irradiation','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1430609-two-stage-synergy-electronic-energy-loss-defects-litao3-under-ion-irradiation"><span>Two-stage synergy of electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss with defects in LiTaO 3 under <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Sellami, Neila; Crespillo, Miguel L.; Zhang, Yanwen; ...</p> <p>2018-03-27</p> <p>Understanding <span class="hlt">energy</span> dissipation in electronic and atomic subsystems and subsequent defect evolution is a scientific challenge. Separate and combined effects of electronic and nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition in z-cut LiTaO 3 have been investigated. Irradiation of pristine LiTaO 3 samples with 2 MeV Ta <span class="hlt">ions</span> leads to amorphization due to atomic displacement damage, described by a disorder accumulation model. Here, while 21 MeV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> do not produce significant damage in pristine LiTaO 3, introduction of pre-existing defects sensitizes LiTaO 3 to the formation of <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks from the electronic <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss by 21 MeV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> that induce a synergisticmore » two-stage phase transition process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4387T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.4387T"><span>Formation of multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> dispersion of H+, He+, and O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the inner magnetosphere in response to interplanetary shock</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsuji, H.; Ebihara, Y.; Tanaka, T.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>An interplanetary (IP) shock has a large impact on magnetospheric <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Satellite observations have shown that soon after arrival of the IP shock, overall intensity of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> rapidly increases and multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span> dispersion appears in an <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time spectrogram of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. In order to understand the response of the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">ions</span> to IP shock, we have performed test particle simulation under the electric and magnetic fields provided by the global magnetohydrodynamic simulation. We reconstructed the differential flux of H+, He+, and O+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> at (7, 0, 0) Re in GSM coordinates by means of the semi-Lagrangian (phase space mapping) method. Simulation results show that the <span class="hlt">ions</span> respond to the IP shock in two different ways. First, overall intensity of the flux gradually increases at all pitch angles. As the compressional wave propagates tailward, the magnetic field increases, which accelerates the <span class="hlt">ions</span> due to the gyrobetatron. Second, multiple <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time dispersion appears in the reconstructed spectrograms of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux. The <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time dispersion is caused by the <span class="hlt">ion</span> moving toward mirror point together with tailward propagating compressional wave at off-equator. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> are primarily accelerated by the drift betatron under the strong electric field looking dawnward. The dispersion is absent in the spectrogram of equatorially mirroring <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The dispersion appears at higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> for heavier <span class="hlt">ions</span>. These features are consistent with the satellite observations. Because the acceleration depends on bounce phase, the bounce-averaged approximation is probably invalid for the <span class="hlt">ions</span> during the interval of geomagnetic sudden commencement.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummarySolar storm can cause a significant compression of the magnetosphere on the dayside. The compression starts at the subsolar point and propagates toward the nightside in the magnetosphere. Some <span class="hlt">ions</span> bouncing between the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353751','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353751"><span><span class="hlt">Narrow</span> beam neutron dosimetry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ferenci, M Sutton</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Organ and effective doses have been estimated for male and female anthropomorphic mathematical models exposed to monoenergetic <span class="hlt">narrow</span> beams of neutrons with <span class="hlt">energies</span> from 10(-11) to 1000 MeV. Calculations were performed for anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, left-lateral and right-lateral irradiation geometries. The beam diameter used in the calculations was 7.62 cm and the phantoms were irradiated at a height of 1 m above the ground. This geometry was chosen to simulate an accidental scenario (a worker walking through the beam) at Flight Path 30 Left (FP30L) of the Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The calculations were carried out using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX 2.5c.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5775530-linked-gas-chromatograph-thermal-energy-analyzer-ion-trap-mass-spectrometer','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5775530-linked-gas-chromatograph-thermal-energy-analyzer-ion-trap-mass-spectrometer"><span>Linked gas chromatograph-thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer/<span class="hlt">ion</span> trap mass spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alcaraz, A.; Martin, W.H.; Andresen, B.D.</p> <p>1991-05-01</p> <p>The capability of comparing a nitrogen chromatogram generated from a gas chromatograph (GC, Varian model 3400) linked to a thermal <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer (TEA, Thermedics Inc. Model 610) with a total <span class="hlt">ion</span> chromatogram (from a Finnigan-MAT <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Trap Mass Spectrometer, ITMS) has provided a new means to screen and identifying trace levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in complex mixtures. Prior to the work described here, it has not been possible to simultaneously acquire TEA and MS data. What was needed was a viable GC-TEA/ITMS interface to combine the capabilities of both instruments. 4 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPB.365..389S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPB.365..389S"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> plasma immersion <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation to induce DNA transfer into bacterial E. coli</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sangwijit, K.; Yu, L. D.; Sarapirom, S.; Pitakrattananukool, S.; Anuntalabhochai, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Plasma immersion <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation (PIII) at low <span class="hlt">energy</span> was for the first time applied as a novel biotechnology to induce DNA transfer into bacterial cells. Argon or nitrogen PIII at low bias voltages of 2.5, 5 and 10 kV and fluences ranging from 1 × 1012 to 1 × 1017 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2 treated cells of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, DNA transfer was operated by mixing the PIII-treated cells with DNA. Successes in PIII-induced DNA transfer were demonstrated by marker gene expressions. The induction of DNA transfer was <span class="hlt">ion-energy</span>, fluence and DNA-size dependent. The DNA transferred in the cells was confirmed functioning. Mechanisms of the PIII-induced DNA transfer were investigated and discussed in terms of the E. coli cell envelope anatomy. Compared with conventional <span class="hlt">ion</span>-beam-induced DNA transfer, PIII-induced DNA transfer was simpler with lower cost but higher efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DMP.Q1144F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DMP.Q1144F"><span>Simple method for determining binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> of fullerene and complex atomic negative <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Felfli, Zineb; Msezane, Alfred</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A robust potential which embeds fully the vital core polarization interaction has been used in the Regge pole method to explore low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electron scattering from C60, Eu and Nb through the total cross sections (TCSs) calculations. From the characteristic dramatically sharp resonances in the TCSs manifesting negative <span class="hlt">ion</span> formation in these systems, we extracted the binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> for the C60, Euand Nbanions they are found to be in outstanding agreement with the measured electron affinities of C60, Eu and Nb. Common among these considered systems, including the standard atomic Au is the formation of their ground state negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> at the second Ramsauer-Townsend (R-T) minima of their TCSs. Indeed, this is a signature of all the fullerenes and complex atoms considered thus far. Shape resonances, R-T minima and binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> of the resultant anions are presented. This work was supported by U.S. DOE, Basic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Sciences, Office of <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.896..139H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.896..139H"><span>Emittance measurements in low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> storage rings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hunt, J. R.; Carli, C.; Resta-López, J.; Welsch, C. P.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>The development of the next generation of ultra-low <span class="hlt">energy</span> antiproton and <span class="hlt">ion</span> facilities requires precise information about the beam emittance to guarantee optimum performance. In the Extra-Low <span class="hlt">ENergy</span> Antiproton storage ring (ELENA) the transverse emittances will be measured by scraping. However, this diagnostic measurement faces several challenges: non-zero dispersion, non-Gaussian beam distributions due to effects of the electron cooler and various systematic errors such as closed orbit offsets and inaccurate rms momentum spread estimation. In addition, diffusion processes, such as intra-beam scattering might lead to emittance overestimates. Here, we present algorithms to efficiently address the emittance reconstruction in presence of the above effects, and present simulation results for the case of ELENA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50L5602D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhD...50L5602D"><span>Characterization of charge and kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of <span class="hlt">ions</span> emitted during nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of several metals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dogar, A. H.; Ullah, S.; Qayyum, H.; Rehman, Z. U.; Qayyum, A.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">ion</span> flux from various metals (Al, Ti, Cu, Sn and W) ablated with 20 ns Nd:YAG laser radiation at a wavelength of 1064 nm was investigated by an <span class="hlt">ion</span> collector operating in time-of-flight (TOF) configuration. The laser irradiance at the target was varied in the range of 1.7 × 108-5.73 × 108 W cm-2. <span class="hlt">Ion</span> yield from various metals showed a linearly increasing trend with increasing laser irradiance, whereas <span class="hlt">ion</span> yield was found to decrease with an increasing atomic mass of the target. Our results clearly indicate that <span class="hlt">ion</span> yield is not a function of the volatility of the metal. TOF <span class="hlt">ion</span> spectra showed at least two groups of low intensity peaks due to fast <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The first group of <span class="hlt">ion</span> peaks, which was present in the spectra of all five metals, was due to surface contamination. The additional fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> structures in the spectra of Sn and W can be related to the <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration due to the prompt electron emission from these high-Z metals. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> velocity follows the anticipated inverse square root dependence on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass. For the range of laser irradiance investigated here, the most probable <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the Cu <span class="hlt">ions</span> increases from about 100-600 eV. The fast increase in <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> above ~3 × 108 W cm-2 is related to the increase of the Columb part of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> due to the production of multiply charged <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......114H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......114H"><span>Advanced Electrode Materials for High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Next Generation Li <span class="hlt">ion</span> Batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hayner, Cary Michael</p> <p></p> <p>Lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries are becoming an increasingly ubiquitous part of modern society. Since their commercial introduction by Sony in 1991, lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries have grown to be the most popular form of electrical <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage for portable applications. Today, lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries power everything from cellphones and electric vehicles to e-cigarettes, satellites, and electric aircraft. Despite the commercialization of lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries over twenty years ago, it remains the most active field of <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage research for its potential improvement over current technology. In order to capitalize on these opportunities, new materials with higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and storage capacities must be developed. Unfortunately, most next-generation materials suffer from rapid capacity degradation or severe loss of capacity when rapidly discharged. In this dissertation, the development of novel anode and cathode materials for advanced high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> and high-power lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries is reported. In particular, the application of graphene-based materials to stabilize active material is emphasized. Graphene, a unique two-dimensional material composed of atomically thin carbon sheets, has shown potential to address unsatisfactory rate capability, limited cycling performance and abrupt failure of these next-generation materials. This dissertation covers four major subjects: development of silicon-graphene composites, impact of carbon vacancies on graphene high-rate performance, iron fluoride-graphene composites, and ternary iron-manganese fluoride synthesis. Silicon is considered the most likely material to replace graphite as the anode active material for lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries due to its ability to alloy with large amounts of lithium, leading to significantly higher specific capacities than the graphite standard. However, Si also expands in size over 300% upon lithiation, leading to particle fracture and isolation from conductive support, resulting in cell failure within a few</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483027-development-pepper-pot-emittance-meter-diagnostics-low-energy-multiply-charged-heavy-ion-beams-extracted-from-ecr-ion-source','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483027-development-pepper-pot-emittance-meter-diagnostics-low-energy-multiply-charged-heavy-ion-beams-extracted-from-ecr-ion-source"><span>Development of a pepper-pot emittance meter for diagnostics of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> multiply charged heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams extracted from an ECR <span class="hlt">ion</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nagatomo, T., E-mail: nagatomo@riken.jp; Kase, M.; Kamigaito, O.</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>Several fluorescent materials were tested for use in the imaging screen of a pepper-pot emittance meter that is suitable for investigating the beam dynamics of multiply charged heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> extracted from an ECR <span class="hlt">ion</span> source. SiO{sub 2} (quartz), KBr, Eu-doped CaF{sub 2}, and Tl-doped CsI crystals were first irradiated with 6.52-keV protons to determine the effects of radiation damage on their fluorescence emission properties. For such a low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> proton beam, only the quartz was found to be a suitable fluorescent material, since the other materials suffered a decay in fluorescence intensity with irradiation time. Subsequently, quartz was irradiated with heavymore » {sup 12}C{sup 4+}, {sup 16}O{sup 4+}, and {sup 40}Ar{sup 11+} <span class="hlt">ions</span>, but it was found that the fluorescence intensity decreased too rapidly to measure the emittance of these heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams. These results suggest that a different <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss mechanism occurs for heavier <span class="hlt">ions</span> and for protons.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002959','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002959"><span>Apparatus, Method and Program Storage Device for Determining High-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Neutron/<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Transport to a Target of Interest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, John W. (Inventor); Tripathi, Ram K. (Inventor); Cucinotta, Francis A. (Inventor); Badavi, Francis F. (Inventor)</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus, method and program storage device for determining high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutron/<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport to a target of interest. Boundaries are defined for calculation of a high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutron/<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport to a target of interest; the high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutron/<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport to the target of interest is calculated using numerical procedures selected to reduce local truncation error by including higher order terms and to allow absolute control of propagated error by ensuring truncation error is third order in step size, and using scaling procedures for flux coupling terms modified to improve computed results by adding a scaling factor to terms describing production of j-particles from collisions of k-particles; and the calculated high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> neutron/<span class="hlt">ion</span> transport is provided to modeling modules to control an effective radiation dose at the target of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASMS.tmp..725H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASMS.tmp..725H"><span>Determining <span class="hlt">Energies</span> and Cross Sections of Individual <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Using Higher-Order Harmonics in Fourier Transform Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry (FT-CDMS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harper, Conner C.; Elliott, Andrew G.; Lin, Haw-Wei; Williams, Evan R.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>A general method for in situ measurements of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of individual <span class="hlt">ions</span> trapped and weighed using charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is described. Highly charged (> 300 e), individual polyethylene glycol (PEG) <span class="hlt">ions</span> are trapped and oscillate within an electrostatic trap, producing a time domain signal. A segmented Fourier transform (FT) of this signal yields the temporal evolution of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of <span class="hlt">ion</span> motion throughout the 500-ms trap time. The ratio of the fundamental frequency and second harmonic (HAR) depends on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, which is an essential parameter for measuring <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass in CDMS. This relationship is calibrated using simulated <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals, and the calibration is compared to the HAR values measured for PEG <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals where the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> was also determined using an independent method that requires that the <span class="hlt">ions</span> be highly charged (> 300 e). The mean error of 0.6% between the two measurements indicates that the HAR method is an accurate means of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> determination that does not depend on <span class="hlt">ion</span> size or charge. The HAR is determined dynamically over the entire trapping period, making it possible to observe the change in <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that takes place as solvent evaporates from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> and collisions with background gas occur. This method makes it possible to measure mass changes, either from solvent evaporation or from molecular fragmentation (MSn), as well as the cross sections of <span class="hlt">ions</span> measured using CDMS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29860679','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29860679"><span>Determining <span class="hlt">Energies</span> and Cross Sections of Individual <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Using Higher-Order Harmonics in Fourier Transform Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry (FT-CDMS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harper, Conner C; Elliott, Andrew G; Lin, Haw-Wei; Williams, Evan R</p> <p>2018-06-02</p> <p>A general method for in situ measurements of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of individual <span class="hlt">ions</span> trapped and weighed using charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is described. Highly charged (> 300 e), individual polyethylene glycol (PEG) <span class="hlt">ions</span> are trapped and oscillate within an electrostatic trap, producing a time domain signal. A segmented Fourier transform (FT) of this signal yields the temporal evolution of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of <span class="hlt">ion</span> motion throughout the 500-ms trap time. The ratio of the fundamental frequency and second harmonic (HAR) depends on the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span>, which is an essential parameter for measuring <span class="hlt">ion</span> mass in CDMS. This relationship is calibrated using simulated <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals, and the calibration is compared to the HAR values measured for PEG <span class="hlt">ion</span> signals where the <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> was also determined using an independent method that requires that the <span class="hlt">ions</span> be highly charged (> 300 e). The mean error of 0.6% between the two measurements indicates that the HAR method is an accurate means of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> determination that does not depend on <span class="hlt">ion</span> size or charge. The HAR is determined dynamically over the entire trapping period, making it possible to observe the change in <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> that takes place as solvent evaporates from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> and collisions with background gas occur. This method makes it possible to measure mass changes, either from solvent evaporation or from molecular fragmentation (MS n ), as well as the cross sections of <span class="hlt">ions</span> measured using CDMS. Graphical Abstract.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483023-prototyping-beam-position-monitor-medium-energy-beam-transport-section-raon-heavy-ion-accelerator','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22483023-prototyping-beam-position-monitor-medium-energy-beam-transport-section-raon-heavy-ion-accelerator"><span>Prototyping of beam position monitor for medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> beam transport section of RAON heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jang, Hyojae, E-mail: lkcom@ibs.re.kr; Jin, Hyunchang; Jang, Ji-Ho</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>A heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator, RAON is going to be built by Rare Isotope Science Project in Korea. Its target is to accelerate various stable <span class="hlt">ions</span> such as uranium, proton, and xenon from electron cyclotron resonance <span class="hlt">ion</span> source and some rare isotopes from isotope separation on-line. The beam shaping, charge selection, and modulation should be applied to the <span class="hlt">ions</span> from these <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources because RAON adopts a superconducting linear accelerator structure for beam acceleration. For such treatment, low <span class="hlt">energy</span> beam transport, radio frequency quadrupole, and medium <span class="hlt">energy</span> beam transport (MEBT) will be installed in injector part of RAON accelerator. Recently, developmentmore » of a prototype of stripline beam position monitor (BPM) to measure the position of <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in MEBT section is under way. In this presentation, design of stripline, electromagnetic (EM) simulation results, and RF measurement test results obtained from the prototyped BPM will be described.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3411325','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3411325"><span>Influences of Mutations on the Electrostatic Binding Free <span class="hlt">Energies</span> of Chloride <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Escherichia Coli ClC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yu, Tao; Wang, Xiao-Qing; Sang, Jian-Ping; Pan, Chun-Xu; Zou, Xian-Wu; Chen, Tsung-Yu; Zou, Xiaoqin</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Mutations in ClC channel proteins may cause serious functional changes and even diseases. The function of ClC proteins mainly manifests as Cl− transport, which is related to the binding free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Therefore, the influence of a mutation on ClC function can be studied by investigating the mutational effect on the binding free <span class="hlt">energies</span> of chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The present study provides quantitative and systematic investigations on the influences of residue mutations on the electrostatic binding free <span class="hlt">energies</span> in Escherichia coli ClC (EcClC) proteins, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the change of the electrostatic binding free <span class="hlt">energy</span> decreases linearly with the increase of the residue-chloride <span class="hlt">ion</span> distance for a mutation. This work reveals how changes in the charge of a mutated residue and in the distance between the mutated residue and the binding site govern the variations in the electrostatic binding free <span class="hlt">energies</span>, and therefore influence the transport of chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> and conduction in EcClC. This work would facilitate our understanding of the mutational effects on transport of chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> and functions of ClC proteins, and provide a guideline to estimate which residue mutations will have great influences on ClC functions. PMID:22612693</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/204222','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/204222"><span>The interactions of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span>, highly-charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> with fullerenes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ali, R.; Berry, H.G.; Cheng, S.</p> <p>1996-03-01</p> <p>In 1985, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered a new form of carbon, the fullerene, C{sub 60}, which consists of 60 carbon atoms in a closed cage resembling a soccer ball. In 1990, Kritschmer et al. were able to make macroscopic quantities of fullerenes. This has generated intense activity to study the properties of fullerenes. One area of research involves collisions between fullerenes and atoms, <span class="hlt">ions</span> or electrons. In this paper we describe experiments involving interactions between fullerenes and highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> in which the center-of-mass <span class="hlt">energies</span> exceed those used in other work by several orders of magnitude. The highmore » values of projectile velocity and charge state result in excitation and decay processes differing significantly from those seen in studies 3 at lower <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Our results are discussed in terms of theoretical models analogous to those used in nuclear physics and this provides an interesting demonstration of the unity of physics.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22479683-level-energy-dependent-mean-velocities-excited-tungsten-atoms-sputtered-krypton-ion-bombardment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22479683-level-energy-dependent-mean-velocities-excited-tungsten-atoms-sputtered-krypton-ion-bombardment"><span>Level-<span class="hlt">energy</span>-dependent mean velocities of excited tungsten atoms sputtered by krypton-<span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nogami, Keisuke; Sakai, Yasuhiro; Mineta, Shota</p> <p>2015-11-15</p> <p>Visible emission spectra were acquired from neutral atoms sputtered by 35–60 keV Kr{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> from a polycrystalline tungsten surface. Mean velocities of excited tungsten atoms in seven different 6p states were also obtained via the dependence of photon intensities on the distance from the surface. The average velocities parallel to the surface normal varied by factors of 2–4 for atoms in the different 6p <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels. However, they were almost independent of the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The 6p-level <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence indicated that the velocities of the excited atoms were determined by inelastic processes that involve resonant charge exchange.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850025258','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850025258"><span>Use of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> implants in high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fonash, S. J.; Singh, R.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>This program is a study of the use of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation for high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells. The first quarterly report focuses on two tasks of this program: (1) an examination of the effects of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen implants on surface recombination speed; and (2) an examination of the effects of hydrogen on silicon regrowth and diffusion in silicon. The first part of the project focussed on the measurement of surface properties of hydrogen implanted silicon. Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> hydrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span> when bombarded on the silicon surface will create structural damage at the surface, deactivate dopants and introduce recombination centers. At the same time the electrically active centers such as dangling bonds will be passivated by these hydrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Thus hydrogen is expected to alter properties such as the surface recombination velocity, dopant profiles on the emitter, etc. In this report the surface recombination velocity of a hydrogen emplanted emitter was measured.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=bridge&id=EJ1079244','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=bridge&id=EJ1079244"><span>The Tacoma <span class="hlt">Narrows</span> Bridge Collapse on Film and Video</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Olson, Don; Hook, Joseph; Doescher, Russell; Wolf, Steven</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This month marks the 75th anniversary of the Tacoma <span class="hlt">Narrows</span> Bridge collapse. During a gale on Nov. 7, 1940, the bridge exhibited remarkable oscillations before collapsing spectacularly (Figs. 1-5). Physicists over the years have spent a great deal of time and <span class="hlt">energy</span> studying this event. By using open-source analysis tools and digitized footage of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PSST...20a5006C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PSST...20a5006C"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions in bipolar pulsed-dc discharges of methane measured at the biased cathode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Corbella, C.; Rubio-Roy, M.; Bertran, E.; Portal, S.; Pascual, E.; Polo, M. C.; Andújar, J. L.</p> <p>2011-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">ion</span> fluxes and <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions (IED) corresponding to discharges in methane (CH4) were measured in time-averaged mode with a compact retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyser (RFEA). The RFEA was placed on a biased electrode at room temperature, which was powered by either radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) or asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc (250 kHz) signals. The shape of the resulting IED showed the relevant populations of <span class="hlt">ions</span> bombarding the cathode at discharge parameters typical in the material processing technology: working pressures ranging from 1 to 10 Pa and cathode bias voltages between 100 and 200 V. High-<span class="hlt">energy</span> peaks in the IED were detected at low pressures, whereas low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> populations became progressively dominant at higher pressures. This effect is attributed to the transition from collisionless to collisional regimes of the cathode sheath as the pressure increases. On the other hand, pulsed-dc plasmas showed broader IED than RF discharges. This fact is connected to the different working frequencies and the intense peak voltages (up to 450 V) driven by the pulsed power supply. This work improves our understanding in plasma processes at the cathode level, which are of crucial importance for the growth and processing of materials requiring controlled <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment. Examples of industrial applications with these requirements are plasma cleaning, <span class="hlt">ion</span> etching processes during fabrication of microelectronic devices and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of hard coatings (diamond-like carbon, carbides and nitrides).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptEn..57a7103W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptEn..57a7103W"><span>Optical planar waveguides in photo-thermal-refractive glasses fabricated by single- or double-<span class="hlt">energy</span> carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yue; Shen, Xiao-Liang; Zheng, Rui-Lin; Guo, Hai-Tao; Lv, Peng; Liu, Chun-Xiao</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ion</span> implantation has demonstrated to be an efficient and reliable technique for the fabrication of optical waveguides in a diversity of transparent materials. Photo-thermal-refractive glass (PTR) is considered to be durable and stable holographic recording medium. Optical planar waveguide structures in the PTR glasses were formed, for the first time to our knowledge, by the C3+-<span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation with single-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (6.0 MeV) and double-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (5.5+6.0 MeV), respectively. The process of the carbon <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation was simulated by the stopping and range of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in matter code. The morphologies of the waveguides were recorded by a microscope operating in transmission mode. The guided beam distributions of the waveguides were measured by the end-face coupling technique. Comparing with the single-<span class="hlt">energy</span> implantation, the double-<span class="hlt">energy</span> implantation improves the light confinement for the dark-mode spectrum. The guiding properties suggest that the carbon-implanted PTR glass waveguides have potential for the manufacture of photonic devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596876-low-energy-mass-selected-ion-beam-production-fragments-produced-from-hexamethyldisilane-sic-film-formation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22596876-low-energy-mass-selected-ion-beam-production-fragments-produced-from-hexamethyldisilane-sic-film-formation"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> mass-selected <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam production of fragments produced from hexamethyldisilane for SiC film formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yoshimura, Satoru, E-mail: yosimura@ppl.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp; Sugimoto, Satoshi; Kiuchi, Masato</p> <p>2016-03-14</p> <p>We have proposed an experimental methodology which makes it possible to deposit silicon carbide (SiC) films on Si substrates with a low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> mass-selected <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam system using hexamethyldisilane (HMD) as a gas source. In this study, one of the fragment <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced from HMD, SiCH{sub 4}{sup +}, was mass-selected. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> was approximately 100 eV. Then, the SiCH{sub 4}{sup +} <span class="hlt">ions</span> were irradiated to a Si(100) substrate. When the temperature of the Si substrate was set at 800 °C during the <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation, the X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy of the substrate following the completion of <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation experiment demonstrated themore » occurrence of 3C-SiC deposition.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29480289','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29480289"><span>Unimolecular reaction <span class="hlt">energies</span> for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>West, Brandi; Rodriguez Castillo, Sarah; Sit, Alicia; Mohamad, Sabria; Lowe, Bethany; Joblin, Christine; Bodi, Andras; Mayer, Paul M</p> <p>2018-03-07</p> <p>Imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy was employed to explore the unimolecular dissociation of the ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) acenaphthylene, fluorene, cyclopenta[d,e,f]phenanthrene, pyrene, perylene, fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, coronene and corannulene. The primary reaction is always hydrogen atom loss, with the smaller species also exhibiting loss of C 2 H 2 to varying extents. Combined with previous work on smaller PAH <span class="hlt">ions</span>, trends in the reaction <span class="hlt">energies</span> (E 0 ) for loss of H from sp 2 -C and sp 3 -C centres, along with hydrocarbon molecule loss were found as a function of the number of carbon atoms in the ionized PAHs ranging in size from naphthalene to coronene. In the case of molecules which possessed at least one sp 3 -C centre, the activation <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the loss of an H atom from this site was 2.34 eV, with the exception of cyclopenta[d,e,f]phenanthrene (CPP) <span class="hlt">ions</span>, for which the E 0 was 3.44 ± 0.86 eV due to steric constraints. The hydrogen loss from PAH cations and from their H-loss fragments exhibits two trends, depending on the number of unpaired electrons. For the loss of the first hydrogen atom, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> is consistently ca. 4.40 eV, while the threshold to lose the second hydrogen atom is much lower at ca. 3.16 eV. The only exception was for the dibenzo[a,l]pyrene cation, which has a unique structure due to steric constraints, resulting in a low H loss reaction <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 2.85 eV. If C 2 H 2 is lost directly from the precursor cation, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> required for this dissociation is 4.16 eV. No other fragmentation channels were observed over a large enough sample set for trends to be extrapolated, though data on CH 3 and C 4 H 2 loss obtained in previous studies is included for completeness. The dissociation reactions were also studied by collision induced dissociation after ionization by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. When modeled with a simple temperature-based theory for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1213383-photon-dilepton-production-high-energy-heavy-ion-collisions','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1213383-photon-dilepton-production-high-energy-heavy-ion-collisions"><span>Photon and dilepton production in high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Sakaguchi, Takao</p> <p>2015-05-07</p> <p>The recent results on direct photons and dileptons in high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions, obtained particularly at RHIC and LHC are reviewed. The results are new not only in terms of the probes, but also in terms of the precision. We shall discuss the physics learned from the results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhFl...29g2102Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhFl...29g2102Z"><span>Droplet squeezing through a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> constriction: Minimum impulse and critical velocity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhifeng; Drapaca, Corina; Chen, Xiaolin; Xu, Jie</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Models of a droplet passing through <span class="hlt">narrow</span> constrictions have wide applications in science and engineering. In this paper, we report our findings on the minimum impulse (momentum change) of pushing a droplet through a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> circular constriction. The existence of this minimum impulse is mathematically derived and numerically verified. The minimum impulse happens at a critical velocity when the time-averaged Young-Laplace pressure balances the total minor pressure loss in the constriction. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to verify these concepts. These results could be relevant to problems of <span class="hlt">energy</span> optimization and studies of chemical and biomedical systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChPhL..31f8701Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChPhL..31f8701Y"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Binding <span class="hlt">Energies</span> Determining Functional Transport of ClC Proteins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Tao; Guo, Xu; Zou, Xian-Wu; Sang, Jian-Ping</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The ClC-type proteins, a large family of chloride transport proteins ubiquitously expressed in biological organisms, have been extensively studied for decades. Biological function of ClC proteins can be reflected by analyzing the binding situation of Cl- <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We investigate <span class="hlt">ion</span> binding properties of ClC-ec1 protein with the atomic molecular dynamics simulation approach. The calculated electrostatic binding <span class="hlt">energy</span> results indicate that Cl- at the central binding site Scen has more binding stability than the internal binding site Sint. Quantitative comparison between the latest experimental heat release data isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and our calculated results demonstrates that chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> prefer to bind at Scen than Sint in the wild-type ClC-ec1 structure and prefer to bind at Sext and Scen than Sint in mutant E148A/E148Q structures. Even though the chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> make less contribution to heat release when binding to Sint and are relatively unstable in the Cl- pathway, they are still part contributors for the Cl- functional transport. This work provides a guide rule to estimate the importance of Cl- at the binding sites and how chloride <span class="hlt">ions</span> have influences on the function of ClC proteins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830048903&hterms=1103&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231103','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830048903&hterms=1103&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231103"><span>Steady-state turbulence with a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> inertial range</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weatherall, J. C.; Nicholson, D. R.; Goldman, M. V.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Coupled two-dimensional wave equations are solved on a computer to model Langmuir wave turbulence excited by a weak electron beam. The model includes wave growth due to beam-plasma interaction, and dissipation by Landau damping. The inertial range is limited to a relatively small number of modes such as could occur when the ratio of masses between the negative and positive <span class="hlt">ions</span> is larger than in a hydrogen plasma, or when there is damping in long wavelength Langmuir waves. A steady state is found consisting of quasistable, collapsed wave packets. The effects of different beam parameters and the assumed <span class="hlt">narrow</span> inertial range are considered. The results may be relevant to plasma turbulence observed in connection with type III solar bursts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......259R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......259R"><span>The Effect of <span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and Substrate Temperature on Deuterium Trapping in Tungsten</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roszell, John Patrick Town</p> <p></p> <p>Tungsten is a candidate plasma facing material for next generation magnetic fusion devices such as ITER and there are major operational and safety issues associated with hydrogen (tritium) retention in plasma facing components. An <span class="hlt">ion</span> gun was used to simulate plasma-material interactions under various conditions in order to study hydrogen retention characteristics of tungsten thus enabling better predictions of hydrogen retention in ITER. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) was used to measure deuterium retention from <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation while modelling of TDS spectra with the Tritium Migration Analysis Program (TMAP) was used to provide information about the trapping mechanisms involved in deuterium retention in tungsten. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) were used to determine the depth resolved composition of specimens used for irradiation experiments. Carbon and oxygen atoms will be among the most common contaminants within ITER. C and O contamination in polycrystalline tungsten (PCW) specimens even at low levels (˜0.1%) was shown to reduce deuterium retention by preventing diffusion of deuterium into the bulk of the specimen. This diffusion barrier was also responsible for the inhibition of blister formation during irradiations at 500 K. These observations may provide possible mitigation techniques for problems associated with tritium retention and mechanical damage to plasma facing components caused by hydrogen implantation. Deuterium trapping in PCW and single crystal tungsten (SCW) was studied as a function of <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> and substrate temperature. Deuterium retention was shown to decrease with decreasing <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> below 100 eV/D+. Irradiation of tungsten specimens with 10 eV/D+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> was shown to retain up to an order of magnitude less deuterium than irradiation with 500 eV/D+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Furthermore, the retention mechanism for deuterium was shown to be consistent across the entire <span class="hlt">energy</span> range studied (10-500 e</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJD...69..216A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EPJD...69..216A"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> dependent track structure parametrisations for protons and carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> based on nanometric simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alexander, Frauke; Villagrasa, Carmen; Rabus, Hans; Wilkens, Jan J.</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The BioQuaRT project within the European Metrology Research Programme aims at correlating <span class="hlt">ion</span> track structure characteristics with the biological effects of radiation and develops measurement and simulation techniques for determining <span class="hlt">ion</span> track structure on different length scales from about 2 nm to about 10 μm. Within this framework, we investigate methods to translate track-structure quantities derived on a nanometre scale to macroscopic dimensions. Input data sets were generated by simulations of <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks of protons and carbon <span class="hlt">ions</span> in liquid water using the Geant 4 Monte Carlo toolkit with the Geant4-DNA processes. Based on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer points - recorded with nanometre resolution - we investigated parametrisations of overall properties of <span class="hlt">ion</span> track structure. Three different track structure parametrisations have been developed using the distances to the 10 next neighbouring ionisations, the radial <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution and ionisation cluster size distributions. These parametrisations of nanometric track structure build a basis for deriving biologically relevant mean values which are essential in the clinical situation where each voxel is exposed to a mixed radiation field. Contribution to the Topical Issue "COST Action Nano-IBCT: Nano-scale Processes Behind <span class="hlt">Ion</span>-Beam Cancer Therapy", edited by Andrey Solov'yov, Nigel Mason, Gustavo García, Eugene Surdutovich.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521047','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521047"><span>Transmission measurement based on STM observation to detect the penetration depth of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in botanic samples.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Feng; Wang, Yugang; Xue, Jianming; Wang, Sixue; Du, Guanhua; Zhao, Weijiang</p> <p>2003-02-01</p> <p>The penetration depth of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in botanic samples was detected with a new transmission measurement. In the measurement, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) pieces were placed behind the botanic samples with certain thickness. During the irradiation of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energy</span> of tens of keV, the energetic particles transmitted from those samples were received by the HOPG pieces. After irradiation, scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was applied to observe protrusion-like damage induced by these transmitted <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the surface of the HOPG. The statistical average number density of protrusions and the minimum transmission rate of the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> can be obtained. The detection efficiency of the new method for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> was about 0.1-1 and the background in the measurement can be reduced to as low as 1.0 x 10(8) protrusions/cm2. With this method, the penetration depth of the energetic particles was detected to be no less than 60 micrometers in kidney bean slices when the slices were irradiated by 100 keVAr+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> at the fluence of 5 x 10(16) <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. c2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040104061&hterms=Elsevier&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DElsevier','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040104061&hterms=Elsevier&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DElsevier"><span>Transmission measurement based on STM observation to detect the penetration depth of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in botanic samples</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Feng; Wang, Yugang; Xue, Jianming; Wang, Sixue; Du, Guanhua; Zhao, Weijiang</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The penetration depth of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> in botanic samples was detected with a new transmission measurement. In the measurement, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) pieces were placed behind the botanic samples with certain thickness. During the irradiation of heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energy</span> of tens of keV, the energetic particles transmitted from those samples were received by the HOPG pieces. After irradiation, scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was applied to observe protrusion-like damage induced by these transmitted <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the surface of the HOPG. The statistical average number density of protrusions and the minimum transmission rate of the low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> can be obtained. The detection efficiency of the new method for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> was about 0.1-1 and the background in the measurement can be reduced to as low as 1.0 x 10(8) protrusions/cm2. With this method, the penetration depth of the energetic particles was detected to be no less than 60 micrometers in kidney bean slices when the slices were irradiated by 100 keVAr+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> at the fluence of 5 x 10(16) <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. c2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572465','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572465"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> implantation in nanodiamonds: size effect and <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shiryaev, Andrey A; Hinks, Jonathan A; Marks, Nigel A; Greaves, Graeme; Valencia, Felipe J; Donnelly, Stephen E; González, Rafael I; Kiwi, Miguel; Trigub, Alexander L; Bringa, Eduardo M; Fogg, Jason L; Vlasov, Igor I</p> <p>2018-03-23</p> <p>Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in nature and are increasingly important for technology. They are subject to bombardment by ionizing radiation in a diverse range of environments. In particular, nanodiamonds represent a variety of nanoparticles of significant fundamental and applied interest. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the behaviour of nanodiamonds under irradiation by xenon <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Unexpectedly, we observed a pronounced size effect on the radiation resistance of the nanodiamonds: particles larger than 8 nm behave similarly to macroscopic diamond (i.e. characterized by high radiation resistance) whereas smaller particles can be completely destroyed by a single impact from an <span class="hlt">ion</span> in a defined <span class="hlt">energy</span> range. This latter observation is explained by extreme heating of the nanodiamonds by the penetrating <span class="hlt">ion</span>. The obtained results are not limited to nanodiamonds, making them of interest for several fields, putting constraints on processes for the controlled modification of nanodiamonds, on the survival of dust in astrophysical environments, and on the behaviour of actinides released from nuclear waste into the environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850052183&hterms=ACCOUNTS+CHARGE&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DACCOUNTS%2BBY%2BCHARGE','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850052183&hterms=ACCOUNTS+CHARGE&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DACCOUNTS%2BBY%2BCHARGE"><span>The charge-<span class="hlt">energy</span>-mass spectrometer for 0.3-300 keV/e <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the AMPTE CCE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gloeckler, G.; Ipavich, F. M.; Hamilton, D. C.; Lundgren, R. A.; Studemann, W.; Wilken, B.; Kremser, G.; Hovestadt, D.; Gliem, F.; Rieck, W.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The charge-<span class="hlt">energy</span>-mass (CHEM) spectrometer on the Charge Composition Explorer (CCE) has the function to measure the <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra, pitch-angle distributions, and ionization states of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in the earth's magnetosphere and magnetosheath in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range from 0.3 to 300 keV/charge with a time resolution of less than 1 min. The obtained data will provide essential information on outstanding problems related to <span class="hlt">ion</span> sources and dynamical processes of space plasmas and of suprathermal <span class="hlt">ions</span>. A description of the CHEM experiment is given, taking into account the principle of operation, the sensor, the electronics, instrument characteristics, specifications, and requirements. Questions of postlaunch performance are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..146...68M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..146...68M"><span>Effect of the track potential on the motion and <span class="hlt">energy</span> flow of secondary electrons created from heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moribayashi, Kengo</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Using simulations, we have evaluated the effect of the track potential on the motion and <span class="hlt">energy</span> flow of secondary electrons, with the goal of determining the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition due to irradiation with heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We have simulated this effect as a function of the mean path τ between the incident <span class="hlt">ion</span>-impact-ionization events at <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> Eion. Here, the track potential is the potential formed from electric field near this incident <span class="hlt">ion</span> path. The simulations indicate that this effect is mainly determined by τ and hardly depends on Eion. To understand heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam science more deeply and to reduce the time required by simulations, we have proposed simple approximation methods that almost reproduce the simulation results here.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830065668&hterms=boring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dboring','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830065668&hterms=boring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dboring"><span>Plasma <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced molecular ejection on the Galilean satellites - <span class="hlt">Energies</span> of ejected molecules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, R. E.; Boring, J. W.; Reimann, C. T.; Barton, L. A.; Sieveka, E. M.; Garrett, J. W.; Farmer, K. R.; Brown, W. L.; Lanzerotti, L. J.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>First measurements of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> of ejection of molecules from icy surfaces by fast incident <span class="hlt">ions</span> are presented. Such results are needed in discussions of the Jovian and Saturnian plasma interactions with the icy satellites. In this letter parameters describing the <span class="hlt">ion</span>-induced ejection and redistribution of molecules on the Galilean satellites are recalculated in light of the new laboratory data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4294628','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4294628"><span>A Fluorescent Indicator for Imaging Lysosomal Zinc(II) with Förster Resonance <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Transfer (FRET)-Enhanced Photostability and a <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Band of Emission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sreenath, Kesavapillai; Yuan, Zhao; Allen, John R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We demonstrate a strategy to transfer the zinc(II) sensitivity of a fluoroionophore with low photostability and a broad emission band to a bright and photostable fluorophore with a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> emission band. The two fluorophores are covalently connected to afford an intramolecular Förster resonance <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer (FRET) conjugate. The FRET donor in the conjugate is a zinc(II)-sensitive arylvinylbipyridyl fluoroionophore, the absorption and emission of which undergo bathochromic shifts upon zinc(II) coordination. When the FRET donor is excited, efficient intramolecular <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer occurs to result in the emission of the acceptor boron dipyrromethene (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene or BODIPY) as a function of zinc(II) concentration. The broad emission band of the donor/zinc(II) complex is transformed into the strong, <span class="hlt">narrow</span> emission band of the BODIPY acceptor in the FRET conjugates, which can be captured within the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> emission window that is preferred for multicolor imaging experiments. In addition to competing with other nonradiative decay processes of the FRET donor, the rapid intramolecular FRET of the excited FRET-conjugate molecule protects the donor fluorophore from photobleaching, thus enhancing the photostability of the indicator. FRET conjugates 3 and 4 contain aliphatic amino groups, which selectively target lysosomes in mammalian cells. This subcellular localization preference was verified by using confocal fluorescence microscopy, which also shows the zinc(II)-enhanced emission of 3 and 4 in lysosomes. It was further shown using two-color structured illumination microscopy (SIM), which is capable of extending the lateral resolution over the Abbe diffraction limit by a factor of two, that the morpholino-functionalized compound 4 localizes in the interior of lysosomes, rather than anchoring on the lysosomal membranes, of live HeLa cells. PMID:25382395</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPB.257..568M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPB.257..568M"><span>Effects of low and high <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment on ETFE polymer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Minamisawa, R. A.; De Almeida, A.; Abidzina, V.; Parada, M. A.; Muntele, I.; Ila, D.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>The polymer ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) is used as anti-adherent coatings for food packages and radiation dosimeters. In this work, we compare the damage induced in ETFE bombarded with 100 keV Si <span class="hlt">ions</span> with that induced by 1 MeV proton bombardment. The damage depends on the type, <span class="hlt">energy</span> and intensity of the irradiation. Irradiated films were analyzed with optical absorption photospectrometry, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the chemical nature of the structural changes caused by <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation. Computer simulations were performed to evaluate the radiation damage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22105421-pepper-pot-emittance-meter-low-energy-heavy-ion-beams','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22105421-pepper-pot-emittance-meter-low-energy-heavy-ion-beams"><span>A pepper-pot emittance meter for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kremers, H. R.; Beijers, J. P. M.; Brandenburg, S.</p> <p>2013-02-15</p> <p>A novel emittance meter has been developed to measure the four-dimensional, transverse phase-space distribution of a low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam using the pepper-pot technique. A characteristic feature of this instrument is that the pepper-pot plate, which has a linear array of holes in the vertical direction, is scanned horizontally through the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. This has the advantage that the emittance can also be measured at locations along the beam line where the beam has a large horizontal divergence. A set of multi-channel plates, scintillation screen, and ccd camera is used as a position-sensitive <span class="hlt">ion</span> detector allowing a large range of beammore » intensities that can be handled. This paper describes the design, construction, and operation of the instrument as well as the data analysis used to reconstruct the four-dimensional phase-space distribution of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam. Measurements on a 15 keV He{sup +} beam are used as an example.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180000357','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180000357"><span>Silicon-Based Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Capacitor for High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> and High Power Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, James J.; Demattia, Brianne; Loyselle, Patricia; Reid, Concha; Kohout, Lisa</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Si-based Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> capacitor has been developed and demonstrated. The results show it is feasible to improve both power density and <span class="hlt">energy</span> density in this configuration. The applied current density impacts the power and <span class="hlt">energy</span> density: low current favors <span class="hlt">energy</span> density while high current favors power density. Active carbon has a better rate capability than Si. Next StepsFuture Directions. Si electrode needs to be further studied and improved. Further optimization of SiAC ratio and evaluation of its impact on <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and power density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvC..93f4902B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvC..93f4902B"><span>Beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence of pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles produced in relativistic heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Basu, Sumit; Nayak, Tapan K.; Datta, Kaustuv</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions at the Relativistic Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN probe matter at extreme conditions of temperature and <span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Most of the global properties of the collisions can be extracted from the measurements of charged-particle multiplicity and pseudorapidity (η ) distributions. We have shown that the available experimental data on beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> and centrality dependence of η distributions in heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> (Au +Au or Pb +Pb ) collisions from √{sNN}=7.7 GeV to 2.76 TeV are reasonably well described by the AMPT model, which is used for further exploration. The nature of the η distributions has been described by a double Gaussian function using a set of fit parameters, which exhibit a regular pattern as a function of beam <span class="hlt">energy</span>. By extrapolating the parameters to a higher <span class="hlt">energy</span> of √{sNN}=5.02 TeV, we have obtained the charged-particle multiplicity densities, η distributions, and <span class="hlt">energy</span> densities for various centralities. Incidentally, these results match well with some of the recently published data by the ALICE Collaboration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.424...10K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.424...10K"><span>Mass spectrometric study of the negative and positive secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> emitted from ethanol microdroplets by MeV-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> impact</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kitajima, Kensei; Majima, Takuya; Nishio, Tatsuya; Oonishi, Yoshiki; Mizutani, Shiori; Kohno, Jun-ya; Saito, Manabu; Tsuchida, Hidetsugu</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>We have investigated the negative and positive secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> emitted from ethanol droplets by 4.0-MeV C3+ impact to reveal the characteristic features of the reaction processes induced by fast heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> at the liquid ethanol surface. Analysis of the secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span> was performed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for microdroplet targets in a high vacuum environment. Fragment <span class="hlt">ions</span>, deprotonated cluster <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and trace amounts of the reaction product <span class="hlt">ions</span> are observed in the negative secondary <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The main fragment anions are C2HmO- (m = 1, 3, and 5) and C2H- generated by loss of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The reaction product anions include deprotonated glycols, larger alcohols, and their dehydrated and dehydrogenated forms generated by secondary reactions between fragments and radicals. Furthermore, C3Hm- (m = 0-2) and C4Hm- (m = 0 and 1) are observed, which could be produced through a plasma state generated in the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> track. Deprotonated ethanol cluster <span class="hlt">ions</span>, [(EtOH)n - H]-, are observed up to about n = 25. [(EtOH)n - H]- have smaller kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> than the protonated cluster <span class="hlt">ions</span> (EtOH)nH+. This probably represents the effect of the positive Coulomb potential transiently formed in the <span class="hlt">ion</span> track. We also discuss the size distributions and structures of the water- and CH2OH-radical-attached ethanol cluster <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......201S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......201S"><span>Foldable, High <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density Lithium <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suresh, Shravan</p> <p></p> <p>Lithium <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Batteries (LIBs) have become ubiquitous owing to its low cost, high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and, power density. Due to these advantages, LIBs have garnered a lot of attention as the primary <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage devices in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Recent advances in the consumer electronics research and, the drive to reduce greenhouse gases have created a demand for a shape conformable, high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density batteries. This thesis focuses on the aforementioned two aspects of LIBs: (a) shape conformability (b) <span class="hlt">energy</span> density and provides potential solutions to enhance them. This thesis is divided into two parts viz. (i) achieving foldability in batteries and, (ii) improving its <span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Conventional LIBs are not shape conformable due to two limitations viz. inelasticity of metallic foils, and delamination of the active materials while bending. In the first part of the thesis (in Chapter 3), this problem is solved by replacing metallic current collector with Carbon Nanotube Macrofilms (CNMs). CNMs are superelastic films comprising of porous interconnected nanotube network. Using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, we found that in the presence of an interconnected nanotube network CNMs can be fully folded. This is because the resultant stress due to bending and, the effective bending angle at the interface is reduced due to the network of nanotubes. Hence, unlike an isolated nanotube (which ruptures beyond 120 degrees of bending), a network of nanotubes can be completely folded. Thus, by replacing metallic current collector foils with CNMs, the flexibility limitation of a conventional LIB can be transcended. The second part of this thesis focusses on enhancing the <span class="hlt">energy</span> density of LIBs. Two strategies adopted to achieve this goal are (a) removing the dead weight of the batteries, and (b) incorporating high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density electrode materials. By incorporating CNMs, the weight of the batteries was reduced by 5-10 times due to low mass loading of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120006014','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120006014"><span>Calculation of the Frequency Distribution of the <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Deposition in DNA Volumes by Heavy <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Plante, Ianik; Cicinotta, Francis A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Radiation quality effects are largely determined by <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition in small volumes of characteristic sizes less than 10 nm representative of short-segments of DNA, the DNA nucleosome, or molecules initiating oxidative stress in the nucleus, mitochondria, or extra-cellular matrix. On this scale, qualitatively distinct types of molecular damage are possible for high linear <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer (LET) radiation such as heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> compared to low LET radiation. Unique types of DNA lesions or oxidative damages are the likely outcome of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition. The frequency distribution for <span class="hlt">energy</span> imparted to 1-20 nm targets per unit dose or particle fluence is a useful descriptor and can be evaluated as a function of impact parameter from an <span class="hlt">ions</span> track. In this work, the simulation of 1-Gy irradiation of a cubic volume of 5 micron by: 1) 450 (1)H(+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 300 MeV; 2) 10 (12)C(6+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 290 MeV/amu and 3) (56)Fe(26+) <span class="hlt">ions</span>, 1000 MeV/amu was done with the Monte-Carlo simulation code RITRACKS. Cylindrical targets are generated in the irradiated volume, with random orientation. The frequency distribution curves of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposited in the targets is obtained. For small targets (i.e. <25 nm size), the probability of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> to hit a target is very small; therefore a large number of tracks and targets as well as a large number of histories are necessary to obtain statistically significant results. This simulation is very time-consuming and is difficult to perform by using the original version of RITRACKS. Consequently, the code RITRACKS was adapted to use multiple CPU on a workstation or on a computer cluster. To validate the simulation results, similar calculations were performed using targets with fixed position and orientation, for which experimental data are available [5]. Since the probability of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA as function of <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposited is well know, the results that were obtained can be used to estimate the yield of DSB, and can be extended</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810056812&hterms=debye+length&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddebye%2Blength','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810056812&hterms=debye+length&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddebye%2Blength"><span>Sheath effects on current collection by particle detectors with <span class="hlt">narrow</span> acceptance angles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Singh, N.; Baugher, C. R.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Restriction of the aperture acceptance angle of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> or electron trap on an attracting spacecraft significantly alters the volt-ampere characteristics of the instrument in a low Mach number plasma. It is shown when the angular acceptance of the aperture is restricted the current to the collector tends to be independent of the Debye length. Expressions for the RPA characteristics for both a thin sheath and a thick sheath are derived; and it is shown that as the aperture is <span class="hlt">narrowed</span> the curves tend toward equivalence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25e2503P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25e2503P"><span>Simulations of toroidal Alfvén eigenmode excited by fast <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pei, Youbin; Xiang, Nong; Shen, Wei; Hu, Youjun; Todo, Y.; Zhou, Deng; Huang, Juan</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Kinetic-MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) hybrid simulations are carried out to study fast <span class="hlt">ion</span> driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The first part of this article presents the linear benchmark between two kinetic-MHD codes, namely MEGA and M3D-K, based on a realistic EAST equilibrium. Parameter scans show that the frequency and the growth rate of the TAE given by the two codes agree with each other. The second part of this article discusses the resonance interaction between the TAE and fast <span class="hlt">ions</span> simulated by the MEGA code. The results show that the TAE exchanges <span class="hlt">energy</span> with the co-current passing particles with the parallel velocity |v∥ | ≈VA 0/3 or |v∥ | ≈VA 0/5 , where VA 0 is the Alfvén speed on the magnetic axis. The TAE destabilized by the counter-current passing <span class="hlt">ions</span> is also analyzed and found to have a much smaller growth rate than the co-current <span class="hlt">ions</span> driven TAE. One of the reasons for this is found to be that the overlapping region of the TAE spatial location and the counter-current <span class="hlt">ion</span> orbits is <span class="hlt">narrow</span>, and thus the wave-particle <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange is not efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28796195','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28796195"><span><span class="hlt">Energy</span> Transfer Efficiency from ZnO-Nanocrystals to Eu3+ <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Embedded in SiO₂ Film for Emission at 614 nm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mangalam, Vivek; Pita, Kantisara</p> <p>2017-08-10</p> <p>In this work, we study the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer mechanism from ZnO nanocrystals (ZnO-nc) to Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> by fabricating thin-film samples of ZnO-nc and Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> embedded in a SiO₂ matrix using the low-cost sol-gel technique. The time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements from the samples were analyzed to understand the contribution of <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from the various ZnO-nc emission centers to Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The decay time obtained from the TRPL measurements was used to calculate the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer efficiencies from the ZnO-nc emission centers, and these results were compared with the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer efficiencies calculated from steady-state photoluminescence emission results. The results in this work show that high transfer efficiencies from the excitonic and Zn defect emission centers is mostly due to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from ZnO-nc to Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> which results in the radiative emission from the Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 614 nm, while the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from the oxygen defect emissions is most probably due to the <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer from ZnO-nc to the new defects created due to the incorporation of the Eu 3+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.16702007N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.16702007N"><span>Surface modifications of AISI 420 stainless steel by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> Yttrium <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nassisi, Vincenzo; Delle Side, Domenico; Turco, Vito; Martina, Luigi</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In this work, we study surface modifications of AISI 420 stainless steel specimens in order to improve their surface properties. Oxidation resistance and surface micro-hardness were analyzed. Using an <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam delivered by a Laser <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Source (LIS) coupled to an electrostatic accelerator, we performed implantation of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> yttrium <span class="hlt">ions</span> on the samples. The <span class="hlt">ions</span> experienced an acceleration passing through a gap whose ends had a potential difference of 60 kV. The gap was placed immediately before the samples surface. The LIS produced high <span class="hlt">ions</span> fluxes per laser pulse, up to 3x1011 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2, resulting in a total implanted flux of 7x1015 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2. The samples were characterized before and after <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation using two analytical techniques. They were also thermally treated to investigate the oxide scale. The crystal phases were identified by an X-ray diffractometer, while the micro-hardness was assayed using the scratch test and a profilometer. The first analysis was applied to blank, implanted and thermally treated sample surface, while the latter was applied only to blank and implanted sample surfaces. We found a slight increase in the hardness values and an increase to oxygen resistance. The implantation technique we used has the advantages, with respect to conventional methods, to modify the samples at low temperature avoiding stray diffusion of <span class="hlt">ions</span> inside the substrate bulk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25c2108C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25c2108C"><span>Influence of dense plasma on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels and transition properties in highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Zhan-Bin; Hu, Hong-Wei; Ma, Kun; Liu, Xiao-Bin; Guo, Xue-Ling; Li, Shuang; Zhu, Bo-Hong; Huang, Lian; Wang, Kai</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The studies of the influence of plasma environments on the level structures and transition properties for highly charged <span class="hlt">ions</span> are presented. For the relativistic treatment, we implemented the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method incorporating the <span class="hlt">ion</span> sphere (IS) model potential, in which the plasma screening is taken into account as a modified interaction potential between the electron and the nucleus. For the nonrelativistic treatment, analytical solutions of the Schrödinger equation with two types of the IS screened potential are proposed. The Ritz variation method is used with hydrogenic wave function as a trial wave function that contains two unknown variational parameters. Bound <span class="hlt">energies</span> are derived from an <span class="hlt">energy</span> equation, and the variational parameters are obtained from the minimisation condition of the expectation value of the <span class="hlt">energy</span>. Numerical results for hydrogen-like <span class="hlt">ions</span> in dense plasmas are presented as examples. A detailed analysis of the influence of relativistic effects on the <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels and transition properties is also reported. Our results are compared with available results in the literature showing a good quantitative agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1378083','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1378083"><span>Life Prediction Model for Grid-Connected Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> Battery <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage System: Preprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Smith, Kandler A; Saxon, Aron R; Keyser, Matthew A</p> <p></p> <p>Life Prediction Model for Grid-Connected Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> Battery <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Storage System: Preprint Lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> (Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span>) batteries are being deployed on the electrical grid for a variety of purposes, such as to smooth fluctuations in solar renewable power generation. The lifetime of these batteries will vary depending on their thermal environment and how they are charged and discharged. To optimal utilization of a battery over its lifetime requires characterization of its performance degradation under different storage and cycling conditions. Aging tests were conducted on commercial graphite/nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cells. A general lifetime prognostic model framework is applied to model changes in capacity andmore » resistance as the battery degrades. Across 9 aging test conditions from 0oC to 55oC, the model predicts capacity fade with 1.4 percent RMS error and resistance growth with 15 percent RMS error. The model, recast in state variable form with 8 states representing separate fade mechanisms, is used to extrapolate lifetime for example applications of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> storage system integrated with renewable photovoltaic (PV) power generation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChPhC..37l7001W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChPhC..37l7001W"><span>A new compact structure for a high intensity low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> accelerator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhi-Jun; He, Yuan; A. Kolomiets, A.; Liu, Shu-Hui; Du, Xiao-Nan; Jia, Huan; Li, Chao; Wang, Wang-Sheng; Chen, Xi-Meng</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>A new compact accelerating structure named Hybrid RFQ is proposed to accelerate a high-intensity low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam in HISCL (High Intensive heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> SuperConducting Linear accelerator), which is an injector of HIAF (Heavy <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Advanced Research Facility). It is combined by an alternative series of acceleration gaps and RFQ sections. The proposed structure has a high accelerating ability compared with a conventional RFQ and is more compact than traditional DTLs. A Hybrid RFQ is designed to accelerate 238U34+ from 0.38 MeV/u to 1.33 MeV/u. The operation frequency is described to be 81.25 MHz at CW (continuous wave) mode. The design beam current is 1.0 mA. The results of beam dynamics and RF simulation of the Hybrid RFQ show that the structure has a good performance at the <span class="hlt">energy</span> range for <span class="hlt">ion</span> acceleration. The emittance growth is less than 5% in both directions and the RF power is less than 150 kW. In this paper, the results of beam dynamics and RF simulation of the Hybrid RFQ are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JLTP..176.1002K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JLTP..176.1002K"><span>Precise Determination of the Lyman-1 Transition <span class="hlt">Energy</span> in Hydrogen-like Gold <span class="hlt">Ions</span> with Microcalorimeters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kraft-Bermuth, S.; Andrianov, V.; Bleile, A.; Echler, A.; Egelhof, P.; Grabitz, P.; Kilbourne, C.; Kiselev, O.; McCammon, D.; Scholz, P.</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The precise determination of the transition <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the Lyman-1 line in hydrogen-like heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> provides a sensitive test of quantum electrodynamics in very strong Coulomb fields. We report the determination of the Lyman-1 transition <span class="hlt">energy</span> of gold <span class="hlt">ions</span> (Au) with microcalorimeters at the experimental storage ring at GSI. X-rays produced by the interaction of 125 MeV/u Au <span class="hlt">ions</span> with an internal argon gas-jet target were detected. The detector array consisted of 14 pixels with silicon thermistors and Sn absorbers, for which an <span class="hlt">energy</span> resolution of 50 eV for an X-ray <span class="hlt">energy</span> of 59.5 keV was obtained in the laboratory. The Lyman-1 transition <span class="hlt">energy</span> was determined for each pixel in the laboratory frame, then transformed into the emitter frame and averaged. A Dy-159 source was used for <span class="hlt">energy</span> calibration. The absolute positions of the detector pixels, which are needed for an accurate correction of the Doppler shift, were determined by topographic measurements and by scanning a collimated Am-241 source across the cryostat window. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the Lyman-1 line in the emitter frame is eV, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The systematic error is dominated by the uncertainty in the position of the cryostat relative to the interaction region of beam and target.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..90b5502V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..90b5502V"><span>First β-ν correlation measurement from the recoil-<span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum of Penning trapped Ar35 <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Van Gorp, S.; Breitenfeldt, M.; Tandecki, M.; Beck, M.; Finlay, P.; Friedag, P.; Glück, F.; Herlert, A.; Kozlov, V.; Porobic, T.; Soti, G.; Traykov, E.; Wauters, F.; Weinheimer, Ch.; Zákoucký, D.; Severijns, N.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>We demonstrate a novel method to search for physics beyond the standard model by determining the β-ν angular correlation from the recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution after β decay of <span class="hlt">ions</span> stored in a Penning trap. This recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution is measured with a retardation spectrometer. The unique combination of the spectrometer with a Penning trap provides a number of advantages, e.g., a high recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> count rate and low sensitivity to the initial position and velocity distribution of the <span class="hlt">ions</span> and completely different sources of systematic errors compared to other state-of-the-art experiments. Results of a first measurement with the isotope Ar35 are presented. Although currently at limited precision, we show that a statistical precision of about 0.5% is achievable with this unique method, thereby opening up the possibility of contributing to state-of-the-art searches for exotic currents in weak interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SurSc.326L.489M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SurSc.326L.489M"><span>On the defect structure due to low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment of graphite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marton, D.; Bu, H.; Boyd, K. J.; Todorov, S. S.; Al-Bayati, A. H.; Rabalais, J. W.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p>Graphite surfaces cleaved perpendicular to the c axis have been irradiated with low doses of Ar + <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 50 eV kinetic <span class="hlt">energy</span> and perpendicular incidence. Scanning tunneling micrographs (STM) of these irradiated surfaces exhibited dome-like features as well as point defects. These dome-like features retain undisturbed graphite periodicity. This finding is attributed to the stopping of <span class="hlt">ions</span> between the first and second graphite sheets. The possibility of doping semiconductors at extremely shallow depths is raised.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlST...11..122Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlST...11..122Y"><span>The Breeding of a Pigment Mutant Strain of Steroid Hydroxylation Aspergillus Flavus by Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ye, Hui; Ma, Jingming; Feng, Chun; Cheng, Ying; Zhu, Suwen; Cheng, Beijiu</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>In the process of the fermentation of steroid C11α-hydroxylgenation strain Aspergillus flavus AF-ANo208, a red pigment is derived, which will affect the isolation and purification of the target product. Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam implantation is a new tool for breeding excellent mutant strains. In this study, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam implantation experiments were performed by infusing two different <span class="hlt">ions</span>: argon <span class="hlt">ion</span> (Ar+) and nitrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> (N+). The results showed that the optimal <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation was N+ with an optimum dose of 2.08 × 1015 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2, with which the mutant strain AF-ANm16 that produced no red pigment was obtained. The strain had high genetic stability and kept the strong capacity of C11α-hydroxylgenation, which could be utilized in industrial fermentation. The differences between the original strain and the mutant strain at a molecular level were analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results indicated that the frequency of variation was 7.00%, which would establish the basis of application investigation into the breeding of pigment mutant strains by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5421013','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5421013"><span><span class="hlt">Narrow</span> band gap amorphous silicon semiconductors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Madan, A.; Mahan, A.H.</p> <p>1985-01-10</p> <p>Disclosed is a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band gap amorphous silicon semiconductor comprising an alloy of amorphous silicon and a band gap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> element selected from the group consisting of Sn, Ge, and Pb, with an electron donor dopant selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Bi and N. The process for producing the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> band gap amorphous silicon semiconductor comprises the steps of forming an alloy comprising amorphous silicon and at least one of the aforesaid band gap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> elements in amount sufficient to <span class="hlt">narrow</span> the band gap of the silicon semiconductor alloy below that of amorphous silicon, and also utilizing sufficient amounts of the aforesaid electron donor dopant to maintain the amorphous silicon alloy as an n-type semiconductor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015REDS..170....1P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015REDS..170....1P"><span>Radiation damage studies of soft magnetic metallic glasses irradiated with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pavlovič, Márius; Miglierini, Marcel; Mustafin, Edil; Ensinger, Wolfgang; Šagátová, Andrea; Šoka, Martin</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Some soft magnetic metallic glasses are considered for use in magnetic cores of accelerator radio frequency cavities. Due to losses of the circulating <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam, they may be exposed to irradiation by different <span class="hlt">ions</span> at different <span class="hlt">energies</span>. This paper presents data and review results of irradiation experiments concerning the influence of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> on magnetic susceptibility of VITROPERM®-type metallic glasses. Samples of the VITROPERM® magnetic ribbons were irradiated by Au, Xe and U <span class="hlt">ions</span> at 11.1 MeV/A (per nucleon) and 5.9 MeV/A, respectively. Irradiation fluences from 1 × 1011 up to 1 × 1013 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2 were applied. In case of the Au and U <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the total fluence was accumulated in one beamtime, whereas two separate beamtimes were used to accumulate the final fluence in case of the Xe <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Relative change in the samples' magnetic susceptibility after and before irradiation was evaluated as a function of the irradiation fluence. The irradiation experiments were performed with the UNILAC accelerator at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH. They were simulated in SRIM2010 in order to obtain ionization densities (electronic stopping, dE/dx) and dpa (displacements per atom) caused by the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beams in the sample material. This paper focuses mainly on the results collected in experiments with the Xe <span class="hlt">ions</span> and compares them with data obtained in earlier experiments using Au and U <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Radiation hardness of VITROPERM® is compared with radiation hardness of VITROVAC® that was studied in previous experiments. The VITROPERM® samples showed less drop in magnetic susceptibility in comparison with the VITROVAC® ones, and this drop occurred at higher fluences. This indicates higher radiation hardness of VITROPERM® compared with VITROVAC®. In addition, heavier <span class="hlt">ions</span> cause bigger change in magnetic susceptibility than the lighter ones. The effect can be roughly scaled with electronic stopping, which suggests that the main mechanism of radiation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97d2704Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97d2704Z"><span>Transmission of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> through insulating nanocapillaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Qi; Liu, Zhonglin; Li, Pengfei; Jin, Bo; Song, Guangyin; Jin, Dingkun; Niu, Ben; Wei, Long; Ha, Shuai; Xie, Yiming; Ma, Yue; Wan, Chengliang; Cui, Ying; Zhou, Peng; Zhang, Hongqiang; Chen, Ximeng</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A simulation is performed to study the transmission of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> C l- <span class="hlt">ions</span> through A l2O3 nanocapillaries. For the trajectory simulations, there are several processes involved: the image forces induced by the projectile; the electrostatic force from the deposited charges; the scattering from the inner surface and charge exchange. The simulation reproduces the main features of the experiments; i.e., the double peak structure in the transmitted angular distribution and the transmitted fractions of C l- , C l+ , and C l0 were found in the charge state distribution. The transmitted C l- <span class="hlt">ions</span> are centered around the beam direction while the transmitted fractions of C l0 and C l+ are centered around the tilt angles. The role of the deposited charge is also studied by simulations. With the deposited charge, it is found that C l- is dominant in the transmission and the majority of the <span class="hlt">ions</span>, centered around the tilt angle, are mainly from the single deflection by the negative charge patches on the inner surfaces of the capillaries, and only a few directly transmitted C l- <span class="hlt">ions</span> are centered around the incident direction. There are also a few transmitted fractions of C l0 and C l+ from close surface scatterings. In the case that there are no negative charge patches, the simulation agrees with the experiment in detail: The majority of the directly transmitted C l- <span class="hlt">ions</span> are centered around the incident direction while only a few scattered C l- <span class="hlt">ions</span> are centered around the tilt angle from the single close collisions with the inner surfaces of the capillaries. There is a portion, comparable to the transmitted fraction of C l- , of the transmitted fractions of C l0 and C l+ , centered around the tilt angle, from the single scatterings with the inner surfaces of the capillaries. This confirms that at the present experimental conditions there are most probably no negative charge patches formed to guide the negative <span class="hlt">ions</span> through insulating A l2O3 nanocapillaries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604717"><span>Comparison between calculation and measured data on secondary neutron <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectra by heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> reactions from different thick targets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Iwase, H; Wiegel, B; Fehrenbacher, G; Schardt, D; Nakamura, T; Niita, K; Radon, T</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Measured neutron <span class="hlt">energy</span> fluences from high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> reactions through targets several centimeters to several hundred centimeters thick were compared with calculations made using the recently developed general-purpose particle and heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> transport code system (PHITS). It was confirmed that the PHITS represented neutron production by heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> reactions and neutron transport in thick shielding with good overall accuracy.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...847...90L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...847...90L"><span>Relativistic Shear Flow between Electron-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> and Electron-Positron Plasmas and Astrophysical Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Edison; Fu, Wen; Böttcher, Markus</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We present particle-in-cell simulation results of relativistic shear boundary layers between electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> and electron-positron plasmas and discuss their potential applications to astrophysics. Specifically, we find that in the case of a fast electron-positron spine surrounded by a slow-moving or stationary electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> sheath, lepton acceleration proceeds in a highly anisotropic manner due to electromagnetic fields created at the shear interface. While the highest-<span class="hlt">energy</span> leptons still produce a beaming pattern (as seen in the quasi-stationary frame of the sheath) of order 1/Γ, where Γ is the bulk Lorentz factor of the spine, for lower-<span class="hlt">energy</span> particles, the beaming is much less pronounced. This is in stark contrast to the case of pure electron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> shear layers, in which anisotropic particle acceleration leads to significantly <span class="hlt">narrower</span> beaming patterns than 1/Γ for the highest-<span class="hlt">energy</span> particles. In either case, shear-layer acceleration is expected to produce strongly angle-dependent lepton (hence, emanating radiation) spectra, with a significantly harder spectrum in the forward direction than viewed from larger off-axis angles, much beyond the regular Doppler boosting effect from a co-moving isotropic lepton distribution. This may solve the problem of the need for high (and apparently arbitrarily chosen) minimum Lorentz factors of radiating electrons, often plaguing current blazar and GRB jet modeling efforts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679812-relativistic-shear-flow-between-electronion-electronpositron-plasmas-astrophysical-applications','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679812-relativistic-shear-flow-between-electronion-electronpositron-plasmas-astrophysical-applications"><span>Relativistic Shear Flow between Electron–<span class="hlt">Ion</span> and Electron–Positron Plasmas and Astrophysical Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Liang, Edison; Fu, Wen; Böttcher, Markus</p> <p></p> <p>We present particle-in-cell simulation results of relativistic shear boundary layers between electron–<span class="hlt">ion</span> and electron–positron plasmas and discuss their potential applications to astrophysics. Specifically, we find that in the case of a fast electron–positron spine surrounded by a slow-moving or stationary electron–<span class="hlt">ion</span> sheath, lepton acceleration proceeds in a highly anisotropic manner due to electromagnetic fields created at the shear interface. While the highest-<span class="hlt">energy</span> leptons still produce a beaming pattern (as seen in the quasi-stationary frame of the sheath) of order 1/Γ, where Γ is the bulk Lorentz factor of the spine, for lower-<span class="hlt">energy</span> particles, the beaming is much less pronounced. Thismore » is in stark contrast to the case of pure electron–<span class="hlt">ion</span> shear layers, in which anisotropic particle acceleration leads to significantly <span class="hlt">narrower</span> beaming patterns than 1/Γ for the highest-<span class="hlt">energy</span> particles. In either case, shear-layer acceleration is expected to produce strongly angle-dependent lepton (hence, emanating radiation) spectra, with a significantly harder spectrum in the forward direction than viewed from larger off-axis angles, much beyond the regular Doppler boosting effect from a co-moving isotropic lepton distribution. This may solve the problem of the need for high (and apparently arbitrarily chosen) minimum Lorentz factors of radiating electrons, often plaguing current blazar and GRB jet modeling efforts.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20718371-recoil-ion-momentum-distributions-transfer-ionization-fast-proton-he-collisions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20718371-recoil-ion-momentum-distributions-transfer-ionization-fast-proton-he-collisions"><span>Recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum distributions for transfer ionization in fast proton-He collisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, H.T.; Reinhed, P.; Schuch, R.</p> <p>2005-07-15</p> <p>We present high-luminosity experimental investigations of the transfer ionization (TI:p+He{yields}H{sup 0}+He{sup 2+}+e{sup -}) process in collisions between fast protons and neutral helium atoms in the earlier inaccessibly high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> range 1.4-5.8 MeV. The protons were stored in the heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> storage and cooler ring CRYRING, where they intersected a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> supersonic helium gas jet. We discuss the longitudinal recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum distribution, as measured by means of cold-target recoil-<span class="hlt">ion</span> momentum spectroscopy and find that this distribution splits into two completely separated peaks at the high end of our <span class="hlt">energy</span> range. These separate contributions are discussed in terms of the earlier proposed Thomas TImore » (TTI) and kinematic TI mechansims. The cross section of the TTI process is found to follow a {sigma}{proportional_to}v{sup -b} dependence with b=10.78{+-}0.27 in accordance with the expected v{sup -11} asymptotic behavior. Further, we discuss the probability for shake-off accompanying electron transfer and the relation of this TI mechanism to photodouble ionization. Finally the influence of the initial-state electron velocity distribution on the TTI process is discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900047753&hterms=discrete+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddiscrete%2Bstructure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900047753&hterms=discrete+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddiscrete%2Bstructure"><span>Structure of an energetic <span class="hlt">narrow</span> discrete arc</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mcfadden, J. P.; Carlson, C. W.; Boehm, M. H.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Particle distributions, waves, dc electric fields, and magnetic fields were measured by two sounding rockets at altitudes of 950 and 430 km through an energetic (greater than 5 keV) <span class="hlt">narrow</span> (about 10 km) stable discrete arc. Although the payloads' magnetic footprints were separated by only 50 km, differences in the arc's structure were observed including the spatial width, peak <span class="hlt">energy</span>, and characteristic spectra. The energetic electron precipitation included both slowly varying isotropic fluxes that formed an inverted-V <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time signature and rapidly varying field-aligned fluxes at or below the isotropic spectral peak. The isotropic precipitation had a flux discontinuity inside the arc indicating the arc was present on a boundary between two different magnetospheric plasmas. Dispersive and nondispersive bursts of field-aligned electrons were measured throughout the arc, appearing over broad <span class="hlt">energy</span> ranges or as monoenergetic beams. Dispersive bursts gave variable source distances less than 8000 km. Plateauing of some of the most intense bursts suggests that waves stabilized these electrons. During the lower altitude arc crossing, the field-aligned component formed a separate inverted-V <span class="hlt">energy</span>-time signature whose peak <span class="hlt">energy</span> was half the isotropic peak <span class="hlt">energy</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29683272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29683272"><span>Ultrahigh-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Density Lithium-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cable Battery Based on the Carbon-Nanotube Woven Macrofilms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Ziping; Liu, Kaixi; Lv, Chao; Zhong, Shengwen; Wang, Qinghui; Liu, Ting; Liu, Xianbin; Yin, Yanhong; Hu, Yingyan; Wei, Di; Liu, Zhongfan</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Moore's law predicts the performance of integrated circuit doubles every two years, lasting for more than five decades. However, the improvements of the performance of <span class="hlt">energy</span> density in batteries lag far behind that. In addition, the poor flexibility, insufficient-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density, and complexity of incorporation into wearable electronics remain considerable challenges for current battery technology. Herein, a lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cable battery is invented, which is insensitive to deformation due to its use of carbon nanotube (CNT) woven macrofilms as the charge collectors. An ultrahigh-tap density of 10 mg cm -2 of the electrodes can be obtained, which leads to an extremely high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density of 215 mWh cm -3 . The value is approximately seven times than that of the highest performance reported previously. In addition, the battery displays very stable rate performance and lower internal resistance than conventional lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries using metal charge collectors. Moreover, it demonstrates excellent convenience for connecting electronics as a new strategy is applied, in which both electrodes can be integrated into one end by a CNT macrorope. Such an ultrahigh-<span class="hlt">energy</span> density lithium-<span class="hlt">ion</span> cable battery provides a feasible way to power wearable electronics with commercial viability. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062189&hterms=brar&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dbrar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062189&hterms=brar&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dbrar"><span>Photoluminescence from <span class="hlt">narrow</span> InAs-AlSb quantum wells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Brar, Berinder; Kroemer, Herbert; Ibbetson, James; English, John H.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>We report on photoluminescence spectra from <span class="hlt">narrow</span> InAs-AlSb quantum wells. Strong, clearly resolved peaks for well widths from 2 to 8 monolayers were observed. Transmission electron micrographs show direct evidence for the structural quality of the quantum well structures. The transition <span class="hlt">energies</span> of the narrowest wells suggest a strong influence of the AlSb X-barrier on the electronic states in the conduction band.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22398796-ion-energies-high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering-without-localized-ionization-zones','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22398796-ion-energies-high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering-without-localized-ionization-zones"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> in high power impulse magnetron sputtering with and without localized ionization zones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Yuchen; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720; Tanaka, Koichi</p> <p>2015-03-23</p> <p>High speed imaging of high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges has revealed that ionization is localized in moving ionization zones but localization disappears at high currents for high yield targets. This offers an opportunity to study the effect ionization zones have on <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span>. We measure that <span class="hlt">ions</span> have generally higher <span class="hlt">energies</span> when ionization zones are present, supporting the concept that these zones are associated with moving potential humps. We propose that the disappearance of ionization zones is caused by an increased supply of atoms from the target which cools electrons and reduces depletion of atoms to be ionized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819165','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819165"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> peak <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> by applying additional AC voltage (ripple voltage) to FAIMS extractor electrode.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pervukhin, Viktor V; Sheven, Dmitriy G</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The use of a non-uniform electric field in a high-field asymmetric waveform <span class="hlt">ion</span> mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) analyzer increases sensitivity but decreases resolution. The application of an additional AC voltage to the extractor electrode ("ripple" voltage, U(ripple)) can overcome this effect, which decreases the FAIMS peak width. In this approach, the diffusion <span class="hlt">ion</span> loss remains minimal in the non-uniform electric field in the cylindrical part of the device, and all <span class="hlt">ion</span> losses under U(ripple) occur in a short portion of their path. Application of the ripple voltage to the extractor electrode is twice as efficient as the applying of U(ripple) along the total length of the device. 2010 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771616','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771616"><span>A Sensitivity Enhanced MWCNT/PDMS Tactile Sensor Using Micropillars and Low <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Ar⁺ <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Treatment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Azkar Ul Hasan, Syed; Jung, Youngdo; Kim, Seonggi; Jung, Cho-Long; Oh, Sunjong; Kim, Junhee; Lim, Hyuneui</p> <p>2016-01-12</p> <p>High sensitive flexible and wearable devices which can detect delicate touches have attracted considerable attentions from researchers for various promising applications. This research was aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of a MWCNT/PDMS piezoresistive tactile sensor through modification of its surface texture in the form of micropillars on MWCNT/PDMS film and subsequent low <span class="hlt">energy</span> Ar⁺ <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam treatment of the micropillars. The introduction of straight micropillars on the MWCNT/PDMS surface increased the sensitivity under gentle touch. Low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam treatment was performed to induce a stiff layer on the exposed surface of the micropillar structured MWCNT/PDMS film. The low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment stabilized the electrical properties of the MWCNT/PDMS surface and tuned the curvature of micropillars according to the treatment conditions. The straight micropillars which were treated by Ar⁺ <span class="hlt">ion</span> with an incident angle of 0° demonstrated the enhanced sensitivity under normal pressure and the curved micropillars which were treated with Ar⁺ <span class="hlt">ion</span> with an incident angle of 60° differentiated the direction of an applied shear pressure. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam treatment on micropillar structured MWCNT/PDMS tactile sensors can thus be applied to reliable sensing under gentle touch with directional discrimination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NIMPB.266.3365G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NIMPB.266.3365G"><span>High <span class="hlt">energy</span> primary knock-on process in metal deuterium systems initiated by bombardment with noble gas <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gann, V. V.; Tolstolutskaya, G. D.</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>An experimental study confirms the possibility of nuclear fusion reactions initiating in metal-deuterium targets by bombarding them with <span class="hlt">ions</span> that are not the reagents of the fusion reaction, in particular, with noble gas <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The yields of (d,d) and (d,t) reactions were measured as functions of <span class="hlt">energy</span> (0.4-3.2 MeV) and mass of incident <span class="hlt">ions</span> (He +, Ne +, Ar +, Kr + and Xe +). Irradiation by heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span> produced a number of energetic deuterium atoms in the deuteride and deuterium + tritium metal targets. At <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energies</span> of ˜0.1-1 MeV the d-d reaction yields are relatively high. A model of nuclear fusion reaction cross-sections in atomic collision cascades initiated by noble gas <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam in metal-deuterium target is developed. The method for calculation tritium or deuterium recoil fluxes and the yield of d-d fusion reaction in subsequent collisions was proposed. It was shown that D(d,p)t and D(t,n) 4He reactions mainly occur in <span class="hlt">energy</span> region of the recoiled D-atom from 10 keV to 250 keV. The calculated probabilities of d-d and d-t fusion reactions were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26395146','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26395146"><span>Cluster-continuum quasichemical theory calculation of the lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation in water, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide: an absolute single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> scale.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carvalho, Nathalia F; Pliego, Josefredo R</p> <p>2015-10-28</p> <p>Absolute single-<span class="hlt">ion</span> solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> is a very useful property for understanding solution phase chemistry. The real solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of an <span class="hlt">ion</span> depends on its interaction with the solvent molecules and on the net potential inside the solute cavity. The tetraphenyl arsonium-tetraphenyl borate (TATB) assumption as well as the cluster-continuum quasichemical theory (CC-QCT) approach for Li(+) solvation allows access to a solvation scale excluding the net potential. We have determined this free <span class="hlt">energy</span> scale investigating the solvation of the lithium <span class="hlt">ion</span> in water (H2O), acetonitrile (CH3CN) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvents via the CC-QCT approach. Our calculations at the MP2 and MP4 levels with basis sets up to the QZVPP+diff quality, and including solvation of the clusters and solvent molecules by the dielectric continuum SMD method, predict the solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of Li(+) as -116.1, -120.6 and -123.6 kcal mol(-1) in H2O, CH3CN and DMSO solvents, respectively (1 mol L(-1) standard state). These values are compatible with the solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of the proton of -253.4, -253.2 and -261.1 kcal mol(-1) in H2O, CH3CN and DMSO solvents, respectively. Deviations from the experimental TATB scale are only 1.3 kcal mol(-1) in H2O and 1.8 kcal mol(-1) in DMSO solvents. However, in the case of CH3CN, the deviation reaches a value of 9.2 kcal mol(-1). The present study suggests that the experimental TATB scale is inconsistent for CH3CN. A total of 125 values of the solvation free <span class="hlt">energy</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> in these three solvents were obtained. These new data should be useful for the development of theoretical solvation models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013819','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013819"><span>Method for Predicting the <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Characteristics of Li-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Cells Designed for High Specific <span class="hlt">Energy</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bennett, William, R.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Novel electrode materials with increased specific capacity and voltage performance are critical to the NASA goals for developing Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries with increased specific <span class="hlt">energy</span> and <span class="hlt">energy</span> density. Although performance metrics of the individual electrodes are critically important, a fundamental understanding of the interactions of electrodes in a full cell is essential to achieving the desired performance, and for establishing meaningful goals for electrode performance in the first place. This paper presents design considerations for matching positive and negative electrodes in a viable design. Methods for predicting cell-level performance, based on laboratory data for individual electrodes, are presented and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997APS..PAC..7W16P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997APS..PAC..7W16P"><span>ELISA - an electrostatic storage ring for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pape Moeller, Soeren</p> <p>1997-05-01</p> <p>The design of a new type of storage ring for low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span> using electrostatic deflection and focusing devices is described. Electrostatic bends and quadrupoles are used since they are more efficient than magnetic ones for low-velocity heavy <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Furthermore, electrostatic devices are more compact and easier to construct than magnetic devices. In comparison to an electromagnetic trap, one important advantage of the elecrostatic ring is the easy access to the circulating beam and its decay products. These and other features, e.g. no magnetic fields, makes such storage devices attractive for many atomic-physics experiments. Also neigboring fields as chemistry and biology might benefit from such an relatively inexpensive device. One important difference between an electrostatic and a magnetic ring is, that the longitudinal <span class="hlt">energy</span> is not conserved for the electrostatic ring. The actual ring will have a race-track shape as defined by two straight sections each with two quadrupole doublets connected by 180-degrees bends. The bends will consist of 160-degrees spherical deflection plates surrounded by two parallel plate 10-degrees bends. The storage ring ELISA, currently being built, will have a circumference of 6 meters. The first beam tests will take place during summer 1996.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48S5308Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhD...48S5308Z"><span>Band-gap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> and magnetic behavior of Ni-doped Ba(Ti0.875Ce0.125)O3 thin films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Wenliang; Deng, Hongmei; Yu, Lu; Yang, Pingxiong; Chu, Junhao</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Band-gap <span class="hlt">narrowing</span> and magnetic effects have been observed in a Ni-doped Ba(Ti0.875Ce0.125)O3 (BTC) thin film. Structural characterizations and microstructural analysis show that the as-prepared Ba(Ti0.75Ce0.125Ni0.125)O3-δ (BTCN) thin film exhibits a cubic perovskite structure with an average grain size of 25 nm. The Ce doping at the Ti-site results in an increasing perovskite volume to favour an O-vacancy-stabilized Ni2+ substitution. Raman spectroscopy, however, shows the cubic symmetry of crystalline structures is locally lowered by the presence of dopants, significantly deviating from the ideal Pm3m space group. Moreover, BTCN presents a <span class="hlt">narrowed</span> band-gap, much smaller than that of BaTiO3 and BTC, due to new states of both the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in an electronic structure with the presence of Ni. Also, magnetic enhancement driven by co-doping has been confirmed in the films, which mainly stems from the exchange interaction of Ni2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> via an electron trapped in a bridging oxygen vacancy. These findings may open an avenue to discover and design optimal perovskite compounds for solar-<span class="hlt">energy</span> devices and information storage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88h3501C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88h3501C"><span>Determining the <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in a lithium-plasma interaction test stand with a retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Christenson, M.; Stemmley, S.; Jung, S.; Mettler, J.; Sang, X.; Martin, D.; Kalathiparambil, K.; Ruzic, D. N.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The ThermoElectric-driven Liquid-metal plasma-facing Structures (TELS) experiment at the University of Illinois is a gas-puff driven, theta-pinch plasma source that is used as a test stand for off-normal plasma events incident on materials in the edge and divertor regions of a tokamak. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperatures and resulting <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions are crucial for understanding how well a TELS pulse can simulate an extreme event in a larger, magnetic confinement device. A retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer (RFEA) has been constructed for use with such a transient plasma due to its inexpensive and robust nature. The innovation surrounding the use of a control analyzer in conjunction with an actively sampling analyzer is presented and the conditions of RFEA operation are discussed, with results presented demonstrating successful performance under extreme conditions. Such extreme conditions are defined by heat fluxes on the order of 0.8 GW m-2 and on time scales of nearly 200 μs. Measurements from the RFEA indicate two primary features for a typical TELS discharge, following closely with the pre-ionizing coaxial gun discharge characteristics. For the case using the pre-ionization pulse (PiP) and the theta pinch, the measured <span class="hlt">ion</span> signal showed an <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature of 23.3 ± 6.6 eV for the first peak and 17.6 ± 1.9 eV for the second peak. For the case using only the PiP, the measured signal showed an <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature of 7.9 ± 1.1 eV for the first peak and 6.6 ± 0.8 eV for the second peak. These differences illustrate the effectiveness of the theta pinch for imparting <span class="hlt">energy</span> on the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. This information also highlights the importance of TELS as being one of the few linear pulsed plasma sources whereby moderately energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> will strike targets without the need for sample biasing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28863682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28863682"><span>Determining the <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution in a lithium-plasma interaction test stand with a retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Christenson, M; Stemmley, S; Jung, S; Mettler, J; Sang, X; Martin, D; Kalathiparambil, K; Ruzic, D N</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The ThermoElectric-driven Liquid-metal plasma-facing Structures (TELS) experiment at the University of Illinois is a gas-puff driven, theta-pinch plasma source that is used as a test stand for off-normal plasma events incident on materials in the edge and divertor regions of a tokamak. The <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperatures and resulting <span class="hlt">energy</span> distributions are crucial for understanding how well a TELS pulse can simulate an extreme event in a larger, magnetic confinement device. A retarding field <span class="hlt">energy</span> analyzer (RFEA) has been constructed for use with such a transient plasma due to its inexpensive and robust nature. The innovation surrounding the use of a control analyzer in conjunction with an actively sampling analyzer is presented and the conditions of RFEA operation are discussed, with results presented demonstrating successful performance under extreme conditions. Such extreme conditions are defined by heat fluxes on the order of 0.8 GW m -2 and on time scales of nearly 200 μs. Measurements from the RFEA indicate two primary features for a typical TELS discharge, following closely with the pre-ionizing coaxial gun discharge characteristics. For the case using the pre-ionization pulse (PiP) and the theta pinch, the measured <span class="hlt">ion</span> signal showed an <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature of 23.3 ± 6.6 eV for the first peak and 17.6 ± 1.9 eV for the second peak. For the case using only the PiP, the measured signal showed an <span class="hlt">ion</span> temperature of 7.9 ± 1.1 eV for the first peak and 6.6 ± 0.8 eV for the second peak. These differences illustrate the effectiveness of the theta pinch for imparting <span class="hlt">energy</span> on the <span class="hlt">ions</span>. This information also highlights the importance of TELS as being one of the few linear pulsed plasma sources whereby moderately energetic <span class="hlt">ions</span> will strike targets without the need for sample biasing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22657899-effective-hamiltonians-correlated-narrow-energy-band-systems-magnetic-insulators-role-spin-orbit-interactions-metal-insulator-transitions-magnetic-phase-transitions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22657899-effective-hamiltonians-correlated-narrow-energy-band-systems-magnetic-insulators-role-spin-orbit-interactions-metal-insulator-transitions-magnetic-phase-transitions"><span>Effective Hamiltonians for correlated <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> band systems and magnetic insulators: Role of spin-orbit interactions in metal-insulator transitions and magnetic phase transitions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chakraborty, Subrata; Vijay, Amrendra, E-mail: avijay@iitm.ac.in</p> <p></p> <p>Using a second-quantized many-electron Hamiltonian, we obtain (a) an effective Hamiltonian suitable for materials whose electronic properties are governed by a set of strongly correlated bands in a <span class="hlt">narrow</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> range and (b) an effective spin-only Hamiltonian for magnetic materials. The present Hamiltonians faithfully include phonon and spin-related interactions as well as the external fields to study the electromagnetic response properties of complex materials and they, in appropriate limits, reduce to the model Hamiltonians due to Hubbard and Heisenberg. With the Hamiltonian for <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band strongly correlated materials, we show that the spin-orbit interaction provides a mechanism for metal-insulator transition, whichmore » is distinct from the Mott-Hubbard (driven by the electron correlation) and the Anderson mechanism (driven by the disorder). Next, with the spin-only Hamiltonian, we demonstrate the spin-orbit interaction to be a reason for the existence of antiferromagnetic phase in materials which are characterized by a positive isotropic spin-exchange <span class="hlt">energy</span>. This is distinct from the Néel-VanVleck-Anderson paradigm which posits a negative spin-exchange for the existence of antiferromagnetism. We also find that the Néel temperature increases as the absolute value of the spin-orbit coupling increases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870040381&hterms=Dwarf+stars&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DDwarf%2Bstars','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870040381&hterms=Dwarf+stars&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DDwarf%2Bstars"><span><span class="hlt">Narrow</span>-band radio flares from red dwarf stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>White, Stephen M.; Kundu, Mukul R.; Jackson, Peter D.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>VLA observations of <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band behavior in 20 cm flares from two red dwarf stars, L726 - 8A and AD Leo, are reported. The flare on L726 - 8A was observed at 1415 and 1515 MHz; the flux and the evolution differed significantly at the two frequencies. The flare on AD Leo lasted for 2 hr at 1415 MHz but did not appear at 1515 MHz. The AD Leo flare appears to rule out a source drifting through the stellar corona and is unlikely to be due to plasma emission. In the cyclotron maser model the <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band behavior reflects the range of magnetic fields present within the source. The apparent constancy of this field for 2 hr is difficult to understand if magnetic reconnection is the source of <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the flare. The consistent polarization exhibited by red dwarf flares at 20 cm may be related to stellar activity cycles, and changes in this polarization will permit measuring the length of these cycles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..624Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPB.406..624Z"><span>The effects on γ-LiAlO2 induced by nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses during Ga <span class="hlt">ions</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Jing; Song, Hong-Lian; Qiao, Mei; Yu, Xiao-Fei; Wang, Tie-Jun; Wang, Xue-Lin</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>To explore the evolution of γ-LiAlO2 under <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation at low <span class="hlt">energy</span>, we implanted Ga <span class="hlt">ions</span> of 30, 80 and 150 keV at fluences of 1 × 1014 and 1 × 1015 <span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm2 in z-cut γ-LiAlO2 samples, respectively. The implantation resulted in damage regions dominated by nuclear <span class="hlt">energy</span> losses at depth of 232 Å, 514 Å, and 911 Å beneath the surface, respectively, which was simulated by the Stopping and Range of <span class="hlt">Ions</span> in Matter program. The irradiated γ-LiAlO2 were characterized with atomic force microscope, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering in a channeling mode for morphology evolution, structure information and damage profiles. The interesting and partly abnormal results showed the various behaviors in modification of surface by Ga <span class="hlt">ions</span> implantation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvM...1e5201C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvM...1e5201C"><span>Ionoluminescence properties of polystyrene-hosted fluorophore films induced by helium <span class="hlt">ions</span> of <span class="hlt">energy</span> 50-350 keV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chakraborty, Subha; Huang, Mengbing</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We report on measurements and analysis of ionoluminescence properties of pure polystyrene films and polystyrene films doped with four types of fluorophores in low kinetic <span class="hlt">energies</span> (50-350 keV) of <span class="hlt">ion</span> irradiation. We have developed a theoretical model to understand the experimentally observed ionoluminescence behaviors in terms of scintillation yield from individual <span class="hlt">ion</span> tracks, photophysical <span class="hlt">energy</span> transfer mechanisms, and irradiation-induced defects. A comparison of the model and experimental results suggests that singlet up-conversion resulting from triplet-triplet annihilation processes may be responsible for enhanced singlet emission of the fluorophores at high <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam flux densities. <span class="hlt">Energy</span> transfer from the polystyrene matrix to the fluorophore molecules has been identified as an effective pathway to increasing the fluorescence efficiency in the doped scintillator films.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT........23T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT........23T"><span><span class="hlt">Energies</span> of rare-earth <span class="hlt">ion</span> states relative to host bands in optical materials from electron photoemission spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thiel, Charles Warren</p> <p></p> <p>There are a vast number of applications for rare-earth-activated materials and much of today's cutting-edge optical technology and emerging innovations are enabled by their unique properties. In many of these applications, interactions between the rare-earth <span class="hlt">ion</span> and the host material's electronic states can enhance or inhibit performance and provide mechanisms for manipulating the optical properties. Continued advances in these technologies require knowledge of the relative <span class="hlt">energies</span> of rare-earth and crystal band states so that properties of available materials may be fully understood and new materials may be logically developed. Conventional and resonant electron photoemission techniques were used to measure 4f electron and valence band binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> in important optical materials, including YAG, YAlO3, and LiYF4. The photoemission spectra were theoretically modeled and analyzed to accurately determine relative <span class="hlt">energies</span>. By combining these <span class="hlt">energies</span> with ultraviolet spectroscopy, binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> of excited 4fN-15d and 4fN+1 states were determined. While the 4fN ground-state <span class="hlt">energies</span> vary considerably between different trivalent <span class="hlt">ions</span> and lie near or below the top of the valence band in optical materials, the lowest 4f N-15d states have similar <span class="hlt">energies</span> and are near the bottom of the conduction band. As an example for YAG, the Tb3+ 4f N ground state is in the band gap at 0.7 eV above the valence band while the Lu3+ ground state is 4.7 eV below the valence band maximum; however, the lowest 4fN-15d states are 2.2 eV below the conduction band for both <span class="hlt">ions</span>. We found that a simple model accurately describes the binding <span class="hlt">energies</span> of the 4fN, 4fN-1 5d, and 4fN+1 states. The model's success across the entire rare-earth series indicates that measurements on two different <span class="hlt">ions</span> in a host are sufficient to predict the <span class="hlt">energies</span> of all rare-earth <span class="hlt">ions</span> in that host. This information provides new insight into electron transfer transitions, luminescence quenching, and valence</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870015735&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Denvironnement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870015735&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Denvironnement"><span>Angular and <span class="hlt">energy</span> distribution of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> cometary <span class="hlt">ions</span> measured in the outer coma of Comet Halley</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berthelier, J. J.; Illiano, J. M.; Hodges, R. R.; Krankowsky, D.; Eberhardt, P.; Laemmerzahl, P.; Hoffman, J. H.; Herrwerth, I.; Woweries, J.; Dolder, U.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>During the early phase of the Giotto encounter with comet Halley, at distances from the nucleus greater than 350,000 km, the neutral mass spectrometer was operated in a mode allowing the measurement of low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Data reveal two important features of the outer coma: the presence of a sharp discontinuity in the plasma flow at 550,000 km from the nucleus which results in a significant decrease of the plasma flow accompanied by an increase in temperature; and the detection of newly born <span class="hlt">ions</span> identified as O(+) and CO(+), at distances from the comet greater than 800,000 km.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991NIMPB..59..962Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991NIMPB..59..962Y"><span>Hardness depth profile of lattice strained cemented carbide modified by high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> boron <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yoshida, Y.; Matsumura, A.; Higeta, K.; Inoue, T.; Shimizu, S.; Motonami, Y.; Sato, M.; Sadahiro, T.; Fujii, K.</p> <p>1991-07-01</p> <p>The hardness depth profiles of cemented carbides which were implanted with high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> B + <span class="hlt">ions</span> have been estimated using a dynamic microhardness tester. The B + implantations into (16% Co)-cemented WC alloys were carried out under conditions where the implantation <span class="hlt">energies</span> were 1-3 MeV and the fluences 1 × 10 17-1 × 10 18<span class="hlt">ions</span>/cm 2. The profiles show that the implanted layer becomes harder as fluences are chosen at higher values and there is a peak at a certain depth which depends on the implantation <span class="hlt">energy</span>. In X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the implanted surface the broadened refraction peaks of only WC and Co are detected and the increments of lattice strain and of residual stress in the near-surface region are observed. It is supposed that the hardening effect should be induced by an increase in residual stress produced by lattice strain. The hardness depth profile in successive implantation of <span class="hlt">ions</span> with different <span class="hlt">energies</span> agrees with the compounded profile of each one of the implantations. It is concluded that the hardness depth profile can be controlled under adequate conditions of implantation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJA...54...39K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJA...54...39K"><span>Transverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> per charged particle in heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions: Role of collective flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar Tiwari, Swatantra; Sahoo, Raghunath</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The ratio of (pseudo)rapidity density of transverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> and the (pseudo)rapidity density of charged particles, which is a measure of the mean transverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> per particle, is an important observable in high <span class="hlt">energy</span> heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> collisions. This ratio reveals information about the mechanism of particle production and the freeze-out criteria. Its collision <span class="hlt">energy</span> and centrality dependence is almost similar to the chemical freeze-out temperature until top Relativistic Heavy-<span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collider (RHIC) <span class="hlt">energy</span>. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) measurement at √{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV brings up new challenges towards understanding the phenomena like gluon saturation and role of collective flow, etc. being prevalent at high <span class="hlt">energies</span>, which could contribute to the above observable. Statistical Hadron Gas Model (SHGM) with a static fireball approximation has been successful in describing both the centrality and <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence until top RHIC <span class="hlt">energies</span>. However, the SHGM predictions for higher <span class="hlt">energies</span> lie well below the LHC data. In order to understand this, we have incorporated collective flow in an excluded-volume SHGM (EV-SHGM). Our studies suggest that the collective flow plays an important role in describing E T/ N ch and it could be one of the possible parameters to explain the rise observed in E T/ N ch from RHIC to LHC <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Predictions are made for E T/ N ch , participant pair normalized-transverse <span class="hlt">energy</span> per unit rapidity and the Bjorken <span class="hlt">energy</span> density for Pb+Pb collisions at √{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApSS..258.1854R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApSS..258.1854R"><span>Treatment of PVC using an alternative low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment procedure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rangel, Elidiane C.; dos Santos, Nazir M.; Bortoleto, José Roberto R.; Durrant, Steven F.; Schreiner, Wido H.; Honda, Roberto Y.; Rangel, Rita de Cássia C.; Cruz, Nilson C.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>In many applications, polymers have progressively substituted traditional materials such as ceramics, glasses, and metals. Nevertheless, the use of polymeric materials is still limited by their surface properties. Frequently, selective modifications are necessary to suit the surface to a given application. Amongst the most common treatments, plasma immersion <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation (PIII) has attracted the attention of many researchers owing to its versatility and practicality. This method, however, requires a power supply to provide high voltage (tens of kV) negative pulses, with a controlled duty cycle, width and frequency. Owing to this, the implementation of PIII on the industrial scale can become economically inviable. In this work, an alternative plasma treatment that enables low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment without the need of a high voltage pulse generator is presented. To evaluate the efficiency of the treatment of polymers, polyvinylchloride, PVC, specimens were exposed to 5 Pa argon plasmas for 3600 s, at excitation powers, P, of between 10 and 125 W. Through contact angle and atomic force microscopy data, the influence of P on the wettability, surface free <span class="hlt">energy</span> and roughness of the samples was studied. Surface chemical composition was measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS. To evaluate the effect of aging under atmospheric conditions, contact angle and XPS measurements were performed one and 1334 days after the treatment. The plasma potential and <span class="hlt">ion</span> density around the driven electrode were determined from Langmuir probe measurements while the self-bias potential was derived with the aid of an oscilloscope. From these data it was possible to estimate the mean <span class="hlt">energy</span> of <span class="hlt">ions</span> bombarding the PVC surface. Chlorine, carbon and oxygen contamination were detected on the surface of the as-received PVC. Upon exposure to the plasma, the proportion of chlorine was observed to decrease while that of oxygen increased. Consequently, the wettability and surface <span class="hlt">energy</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1434665','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1434665"><span>Effects of Charge State on Fragmentation Pathways, Dynamics, and Activation <span class="hlt">Energies</span> of Ubiquitin <span class="hlt">Ions</span> Measured by Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jockusch, Rebecca A.; Schnier, Paul D.; Price, William D.; Strittmatter, Eric. F.; Demirev, Plamen A.; Williams*, Evan R.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation spectra of the (M + 5H)5+ through (M + 11H)11+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> of the protein ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) formed by electrospray ionization were measured in a Fourier-transform mass spectrometer. The 5+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> dissociates exclusively by loss of water and/or ammonia, whereas the 11+ charge state dissociates only by formation of complementary y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span>. These two processes are competitive for intermediate charge state <span class="hlt">ions</span>, with the formation of y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> increasingly favored for the higher charge states. The y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> are formed by cleavage of the backbone amide bond on the C-terminal side of acidic residues exclusively, with cleavage adjacent to aspartic acid favored. Thermal unimolecular dissociation rate constants for the dissociation of each of these charge states were measured. From the temperature dependence of these rates, Arrhenius activation parameters in the rapid <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange limit are obtained. The activation <span class="hlt">energies</span> (Ea) and preexponential factors (A) for the 5+, 8+, and 9+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 1.2 eV and 1012 s−1, respectively. These values for the 6+ and 7+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 0.9–1.0 eV and 109 s−1, and those for the 10+ and 11+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 1.6 eV and 1016–1017 s−1. Thus, with the exception of the 5+ <span class="hlt">ion</span>, the higher charge states of ubiquitin have larger dissociation activation <span class="hlt">energies</span> than the lower charge states. The different A factors observed for production of y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> from different precursor charge states indicate that they are formed by different mechanisms, ranging from relatively complex rearrangements to direct bond cleavages. These results clearly demonstrate that the relative dissociation rates of large biomolecule <span class="hlt">ions</span> by themselves are not necessarily a reliable indicator of their relative dissociation <span class="hlt">energies</span>, even when similar fragment <span class="hlt">ions</span> are formed. PMID:9075403</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9075403','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9075403"><span>Effects of charge state on fragmentation pathways, dynamics, and activation <span class="hlt">energies</span> of ubiquitin <span class="hlt">ions</span> measured by blackbody infrared radiative dissociation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jockusch, R A; Schnier, P D; Price, W D; Strittmatter, E F; Demirev, P A; Williams, E R</p> <p>1997-03-15</p> <p>Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation spectra of the (M + 5H)5+ through (M + 11H)11+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> of the protein ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) formed by electrospray ionization were measured in a Fourier-transform mass spectrometer. The 5+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> dissociates exclusively by loss of water and/or ammonia, whereas the 11+ charge state dissociates only by formation of complementary y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span>. These two processes are competitive for intermediate charge state <span class="hlt">ions</span>, with the formation of y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> increasingly favored for the higher charge states. The y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> are formed by cleavage of the backbone amide bond on the C-terminal side of acidic residues exclusively, with cleavage adjacent to aspartic acid favored. Thermal unimolecular dissociation rate constants for the dissociation of each of these charge states were measured. From the temperature dependence of these rates, Arrhenius activation parameters in the rapid <span class="hlt">energy</span> exchange limit are obtained. The activation <span class="hlt">energies</span> (Ea) and preexponential factors (A) for the 5+, 8+, and 9+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 1.2 eV and 10(12) s-1, respectively. These values for the 6+ and 7+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 0.9-1.0 eV and 10(9) s-1, and those for the 10+ and 11+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> are 1.6 eV and 10(16)-10(17) s-1. Thus, with the exception of the 5+ <span class="hlt">ion</span>, the higher charge states of ubiquitin have larger dissociation activation <span class="hlt">energies</span> than the lower charge states. The different A factors observed for production of y and b <span class="hlt">ions</span> from different precursor charge states indicate that they are formed by different mechanisms, ranging from relatively complex rearrangements to direct bond cleavages. These results clearly demonstrate that the relative dissociation rates of large biomolecule <span class="hlt">ions</span> by themselves are not necessarily a reliable indicator of their relative dissociation <span class="hlt">energies</span>, even when similar fragment <span class="hlt">ions</span> are formed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021283&hterms=silicon+detector+electrons&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsilicon%2Bdetector%2Belectrons','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021283&hterms=silicon+detector+electrons&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsilicon%2Bdetector%2Belectrons"><span>Observations of the 3-D distribution of interplanetary electrons and <span class="hlt">ions</span> from solar wind plasma to low <span class="hlt">energy</span> cosmic rays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lin, R. P.; Anderson, K. A.; Ashford, S.; Carlson, C.; Curtis, D.; Ergun, R.; Larson, D.; McFadden, J.; McCarthy, M.; Parks, G. K.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle instrument on the GGS Wind spacecraft (launched November 1, 1994) is designed to make measurements of the full three-dimensional distribution of suprathermal electrons and <span class="hlt">ions</span> from solar wind plasma to low <span class="hlt">energy</span> cosmic rays, with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, good <span class="hlt">energy</span> and angular resolution, and high time resolution. Three pairs of double-ended telescopes, each with two or three closely sandwiched passivated <span class="hlt">ion</span> implanted silicon detectors measure electrons and <span class="hlt">ions</span> from approximately 20 keV to greater than or equal to 300 keV. Four top-hat symmetrical spherical section electrostatic analyzers with microchannel plate detectors, a large and a small geometric factor analyzer for electrons and a similar pair for <span class="hlt">ions</span>, cover from approximately 3 eV to 30 keV. We present preliminary observations of the electron and <span class="hlt">ion</span> distributions in the absence of obvious solar impulsive events and upstream particles. The quiet time electron <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum shows a smooth approximately power law fall-off extending from the halo population at a few hundred eV to well above approximately 100 keV The quiet time <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spectrum also shows significant fluxes over this <span class="hlt">energy</span> range. Detailed 3-D distributions and their temporal variations will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960022944','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960022944"><span>Electronic Characterization of Defects in <span class="hlt">Narrow</span> Gap Semiconductors-Comparison of Electronic <span class="hlt">Energy</span> Levels and Formation <span class="hlt">Energies</span> in Mercury Cadmium Telluride, Mercury Zinc Telluride, and Mercury Zinc Selenide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Patterson, James D.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>We have used a Green's function technique to calculate the <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels and formation <span class="hlt">energy</span> of deep defects in the <span class="hlt">narrow</span> gap semiconductors mercury cadmium telluride (MCT), mercury zinc telluride (MZT) and mercury zinc selenide (MZS). The formation <span class="hlt">energy</span> is calculated from the difference between the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> with an impurity cluster and the total <span class="hlt">energy</span> for the perfect crystal. Substitutional (including antisite), interstitial (self and foreign), and vacancy deep defects are considered. Relaxation effects are calculated (with molecular dynamics). By use of a pseudopotential, we generalize the ideal vacancy model so as to be able to consider relaxation for vacancies. Different charge states are considered and the charged state <span class="hlt">energy</span> shift (as computed by a modified Haldane-Anderson model) can be twice that due to relaxation. Different charged states for vacancies were not calculated to have much effect on the formation <span class="hlt">energy</span>. For all cases we find deep defects in the <span class="hlt">energy</span> gap only for cation site s-like orbitals or anion site p-like orbitals, and for the substitutional case only the latter are appreciably effected by relaxation. For most cases for MCT, MZT, MZS, we consider x (the concentration of Cd or Zn) in the range appropriate for a band gap of 0.1 eV. For defect <span class="hlt">energy</span> levels, the absolute accuracy of our results is limited, but the precision is good, and hence chemical trends are accurately predicted. For the same reason, defect formation <span class="hlt">energies</span> are more accurately predicted than <span class="hlt">energy</span> level position. We attempt, in Appendix B, to calculate vacancy formation <span class="hlt">energies</span> using relatively simple chemical bonding ideas due to Harrison. However, these results are only marginally accurate for estimating vacancy binding <span class="hlt">energies</span>. Appendix C lists all written reports and publications produced for the grant. We include abstracts and a complete paper that summarizes our work which is not yet available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187790','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187790"><span>Cytogenetic effects of high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> iron <span class="hlt">ions</span>: dependence on shielding thickness and material.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Durante, M; George, K; Gialanella, G; Grossi, G; La Tessa, C; Manti, L; Miller, J; Pugliese, M; Scampoli, P; Cucinotta, F A</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>We report results for chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after they were exposed to high-<span class="hlt">energy</span> iron <span class="hlt">ions</span> with or without shielding at the HIMAC, AGS and NSRL accelerators. Isolated lymphocytes were exposed to iron <span class="hlt">ions</span> with <span class="hlt">energies</span> between 200 and 5000 MeV/nucleon in the 0.1-1-Gy dose range. Shielding materials consisted of polyethylene, lucite (PMMA), carbon, aluminum and lead, with mass thickness ranging from 2 to 30 g/cm2. After exposure, lymphocytes were stimulated to grow in vitro, and chromosomes were prematurely condensed using a phosphatase inhibitor (calyculin A). Aberrations were scored using FISH painting. The yield of total interchromosomal exchanges (including dicentrics, translocations and complex rearrangements) increased linearly with dose or fluence in the range studied. Shielding decreased the effectiveness per unit dose of iron <span class="hlt">ions</span>. The highest RBE value was measured with the 1 GeV/nucleon iron-<span class="hlt">ion</span> beam at NSRL. However, the RBE for the induction of aberrations apparently is not well correlated with the mean LET. When shielding thickness was increased, the frequency of aberrations per particle incident on the shield increased for the 500 MeV/nucleon <span class="hlt">ions</span> and decreased for the 1 GeV/nucleon <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Maximum variation at equal mass thickness was obtained with light materials (polyethylene, carbon or PMMA). Variations in the yield of chromosomal aberrations per iron particle incident on the shield follow variations in the dose per incident particle behind the shield but can be modified by the different RBE of the mixed radiation field produced by nuclear fragmentation. The results suggest that shielding design models should be benchmarked using both physics and biological data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229293','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229293"><span>Heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> charge-state distribution effects on <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in plasmas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barriga-Carrasco, Manuel D</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>According to dielectric formalism, the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> depends on its velocity and its charge density. Also, it depends on the target through its dielectric function; here the random phase approximation is used because it correctly describes fully ionized plasmas at any degeneracy. On the other hand, the Brandt-Kitagawa (BK) model is employed to depict the projectile charge space distribution, and the stripping criterion of Kreussler et al. is used to determine its mean charge state [Q]. This latter criterion implies that the mean charge state depends on the electron density and temperature of the plasma. Also, the initial charge state of the heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> is crucial for calculating [Q] inside the plasma. Comparing our models and estimations with experimental data, a very good agreement is found. It is noticed that the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss in plasmas is higher than that in the same cold gas cases, confirming the well-known enhanced plasma stopping (EPS). In this case, EPS is only due to the increase in projectile effective charge Q(eff), which is obtained as the ratio between the <span class="hlt">energy</span> loss of each heavy <span class="hlt">ion</span> and that of the proton in the same plasma conditions. The ratio between the effective charges in plasmas and in cold gases is higher than 1, but it is not as high as thought in the past. Finally, another significant issue is that the calculated effective charge in plasmas Q(eff) is greater than the mean charge state [Q], which is due to the incorporation of the BK charge distribution. When estimations are performed without this distribution, they do not fit well with experimental data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628125','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628125"><span>High current density <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam obtained by a transition to a highly focused state in extremely low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> region.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hirano, Y; Kiyama, S; Fujiwara, Y; Koguchi, H; Sakakita, H</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>A high current density (≈3 mA/cm(2)) hydrogen <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam source operating in an extremely low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> region (E(ib) ≈ 150-200 eV) has been realized by using a transition to a highly focused state, where the beam is extracted from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> source chamber through three concave electrodes with nominal focal lengths of ≈350 mm. The transition occurs when the beam <span class="hlt">energy</span> exceeds a threshold value between 145 and 170 eV. Low-level hysteresis is observed in the transition when E(ib) is being reduced. The radial profiles of the <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam current density and the low temperature <span class="hlt">ion</span> current density can be obtained separately using a Faraday cup with a grid in front. The measured profiles confirm that more than a half of the extracted beam <span class="hlt">ions</span> reaches the target plate with a good focusing profile with a full width at half maximum of ≈3 cm. Estimation of the particle balances in beam <span class="hlt">ions</span>, the slow <span class="hlt">ions</span>, and the electrons indicates the possibility that the secondary electron emission from the target plate and electron impact ionization of hydrogen may play roles as particle sources in this extremely low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> beam after the compensation of beam <span class="hlt">ion</span> space charge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJMPS..2760147R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJMPS..2760147R"><span><span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Materials Analysis and Modifications at keV to MeV <span class="hlt">Energies</span> at the University of North Texas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rout, Bibhudutta; Dhoubhadel, Mangal S.; Poudel, Prakash R.; Kummari, Venkata C.; Lakshantha, Wickramaarachchige J.; Manuel, Jack E.; Bohara, Gyanendra; Szilasi, Szabolcs Z.; Glass, Gary A.; McDaniel, Floyd D.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The University of North Texas (UNT) <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Beam Modification and Analysis Laboratory (IBMAL) has four particle accelerators including a National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) 9SDH-2 3 MV tandem Pelletron, a NEC 9SH 3 MV single-ended Pelletron, and a 200 kV Cockcroft-Walton. A fourth HVEC AK 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator is presently being refurbished as an educational training facility. These accelerators can produce and accelerate almost any <span class="hlt">ion</span> in the periodic table at <span class="hlt">energies</span> from a few keV to tens of MeV. They are used to modify materials by <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation and to analyze materials by numerous atomic and nuclear physics techniques. The NEC 9SH accelerator was recently installed in the IBMAL and subsequently upgraded with the addition of a capacitive-liner and terminal potential stabilization system to reduce <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> spread and therefore improve spatial resolution of the probing <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam to hundreds of nanometers. Research involves materials modification and synthesis by <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation for photonic, electronic, and magnetic applications, micro-fabrication by high <span class="hlt">energy</span> (MeV) <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam lithography, microanalysis of biomedical and semiconductor materials, development of highenergy <span class="hlt">ion</span> nanoprobe focusing systems, and educational and outreach activities. An overview of the IBMAL facilities and some of the current research projects are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1301988','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1301988"><span>Fabrication and characterization of a co-planar detector in diamond for low <span class="hlt">energy</span> single <span class="hlt">ion</span> implantation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Abraham, John Bishoy Sam; Pacheco, Jose L.; Aguirre, Brandon Adrian</p> <p>2016-08-09</p> <p>We demonstrate low <span class="hlt">energy</span> single <span class="hlt">ion</span> detection using a co-planar detector fabricated on a diamond substrate and characterized by <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam induced charge collection. Histograms are taken with low fluence <span class="hlt">ion</span> pulses illustrating quantized <span class="hlt">ion</span> detection down to a single <span class="hlt">ion</span> with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 10. We anticipate that this detection technique can serve as a basis to optimize the yield of single color centers in diamond. In conclusion, the ability to count <span class="hlt">ions</span> into a diamond substrate is expected to reduce the uncertainty in the yield of color center formation by removing Poisson statistics from the implantationmore » process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3150K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3150K"><span>Low-<span class="hlt">Energy</span> Electrons Emitted in <span class="hlt">Ion</span> Collisions with Thin Foils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kraemer, Michael; Kozhuharov, Christophor; Durante, Marco; Hagmann, Siegbert; Kraft, Gerhard; Lineva, Natallia</p> <p></p> <p>The realistic description of radiation damage after charged particle passage is an ongoing issue for both radiotherapy as well as space applications. In both areas of applied radiological science, living as well as nonliving matter is exposed to ionizing radiation, and it is of vital interest to predict the responses of structures like cells, detectors or electronic devices. In <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam radiotherapy, for example, the Local Effect Model (LEM) is being used to calculate radiobiological effects with so far unprecedented versatility. This has been shown in the GSI radiotherapy pilot project and consequently this model has become the "industry standard" for treatment planning in subsequent commercial <span class="hlt">ion</span> radiotherapy sites. The model has also been extended to nonliving matter, i.e. to describe the response of solid state detectors such as TLDs and films. A prerequisite for this model (and possibly similar ones) is the proper description of microscopic track structure and <span class="hlt">energy</span> deposition. In particular, the area at a very low distance (¡20 nm) from the <span class="hlt">ion</span> path needs special attention due to the locally very high dose and the rather limited experimental evidence for the shape of the dose distribution. The dose distribution at low distances is inevitably associated with the creation and transport of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (sub-keV) electrons. While some data, elementary cross sections as well as dose distributions, exist for gaseous media, i.e. under single collision conditions, experimental data for the condensed phase are scarce. We have, therefore, launched a project aimed at systematic research of the <span class="hlt">energy</span> and angular distributions of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> (sub-keV) electrons emitted from solids. These investigations com-prise creation as well as transport of low-<span class="hlt">energy</span> electrons under multiple collision conditions and hence require accounting for the properties of the target, both bulk and surface, i.e. for the inherent inhomogeneity of the thickness and for the surface roughness. To</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016isms.confEWI07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016isms.confEWI07H"><span>Precision Spectroscopy on Single Cold Trapped Molecular Nitrogen <span class="hlt">Ions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hegi, Gregor; Najafian, Kaveh; Germann, Matthias; Sergachev, Ilia; Willitsch, Stefan</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The ability to precisely control and manipulate single cold trapped particles has enabled spectroscopic studies on <span class="hlt">narrow</span> transitions of <span class="hlt">ions</span> at unprecedented levels of precision. This has opened up a wide range of applications, from tests of fundamental physical concepts, e.g., possible time-variations of fundamental constants, to new and improved frequency standards. So far most of these experiments have concentrated on atomic <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Recently, however, attention has also been focused on molecular species, and molecular nitrogen <span class="hlt">ions</span> have been identified as promising candidates for testing a possible time-variation of the proton/electron mass ratio. Here, we report progress towards precision-spectroscopic studies on dipole-forbidden vibrational transitions in single trapped N2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>. Our approach relies on the state-selective generation of single N2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span>, subsequent infrared excitation using high intensity, <span class="hlt">narrow</span>-band quantum-cascade lasers and a quantum-logic scheme for non-destructive state readout. We also characterize processes limiting the state lifetimes in our experiment, which impair the measurement fidelity. P. O. Schmidt et. al., Science 309 (2005), 749. M. Kajita et. al., Phys. Rev. A 89 (2014), 032509 M. Germann , X. Tong, S. Willitsch, Nature Physics 10 (2014), 820. X. Tong, A. Winney, S. Willitsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010), 143001</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPhCS.113a2028Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPhCS.113a2028Y"><span>Deposition of silicon oxynitride films by low <span class="hlt">energy</span> <span class="hlt">ion</span> beam assisted nitridation at room temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Youroukov, S.; Kitova, S.; Danev, G.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>The possibility is studied of growing thin silicon oxynitride films by e-gun evaporation of SiO and SiO2 together with concurrent bombardment with low <span class="hlt">energy</span> N2+ <span class="hlt">ions</span> from a cyclotron resonance (ECR) source at room temperature of substrates. The degree of nitridation and oxidation of the films is investigated by means of X-ray spectroscopy. The optical characteristics of the films, their environmental stability and adhesion to different substrates are examined. The results obtained show than the films deposited are transparent. It is found that in the case of SiO evaporation with concurrent N2+ <span class="hlt">ion</span> bombardment, reactive implantation of nitrogen within the films takes place at room temperature of the substrate with the formation of a new silicon oxynitride compound even at low <span class="hlt">ion</span> <span class="hlt">energy</span> (150-200 eV).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPA....6g5025W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPA....6g5025W"><span>Electrokinetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> breakdown in a nanochannel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Jun-yao; Xu, Zheng</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In this paper, the electrokinetic <span class="hlt">ion</span> breakdown in a nanochannel is investigated. The Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations are employed to simulate the influence of the voltage on the concentration. Both theoretical research and experiments show that increasing the voltage can promote the <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration, but high voltage will break up the repulsion effect of the electric double layer and bring the concentration down. For a given micro-nanochannel, the <span class="hlt">ion</span> concentration has a peak value corresponding with a peak voltage. <span class="hlt">Narrowing</span> the width of a nanochannel improves the peak voltage and the peak concentration. The results will be beneficial to research the internal discipline of electrokinetic concentration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346648-understanding-limiting-factors-thick-electrode-performance-applied-high-energy-density-li-ion-batteries','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346648-understanding-limiting-factors-thick-electrode-performance-applied-high-energy-density-li-ion-batteries"><span>Understanding limiting factors in thick electrode performance as applied to high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Du, Zhijia; Wood, David L.; Daniel, Claus; ...</p> <p>2017-02-09</p> <p>We present that increasing electrode thickness, thus increasing the volume ratio of active materials, is one effective method to enable the development of high <span class="hlt">energy</span> density Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> batteries. In this study, an <span class="hlt">energy</span> density versus power density optimization of LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2 (NCA)/graphite cell stack was conducted via mathematical modeling. The <span class="hlt">energy</span> density was found to have a maximum point versus electrode thickness (critical thickness) at given discharging C rates. The physics-based factors that limit the <span class="hlt">energy</span>/power density of thick electrodes were found to be increased cell polarization and underutilization of active materials. The latter is affected bymore » Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> diffusion in active materials and Li-<span class="hlt">ion</span> depletion in the electrolyte phase. Based on those findings, possible approaches were derived to surmount the limiting factors. Finally, the improvement of the energy–power relationship in an 18,650 cell was used to demonstrate how to optimize the thick electrode parameters in cell engineering.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvC..97c4623H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvC..97c4623H"><span>Origin of a maximum of the astrophysical S factor in heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> fusion reactions at deep subbarrier <span class="hlt">energies</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hagino, K.; Balantekin, A. B.; Lwin, N. W.; Thein, Ei Shwe Zin</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The hindrance phenomenon of heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> fusion cross sections at deep subbarrier <span class="hlt">energies</span> often accompanies a maximum of an astrophysical S factor at a threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span> for fusion hindrance. We argue that this phenomenon can naturally be explained when the fusion excitation function is fitted with two potentials, with a larger (smaller) logarithmic slope at <span class="hlt">energies</span> lower (higher) than the threshold <span class="hlt">energy</span>. This analysis clearly suggests that the astrophysical S factor provides a convenient tool to analyze the deep subbarrier hindrance phenomenon, even though the S factor may have a strong <span class="hlt">energy</span> dependence for heavy-<span class="hlt">ion</span> systems unlike that for astrophysical reactions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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