Polarimetry of gas planets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joos, Franco

The quest for new worlds was not only an adventure at the times of Columbus. Also nowadays mankind searches for new, undiscovered territories. But today they lie no longer only on our Earth, but also well outside the solar system. There, new planets are sought and found. One of the challenges of modern astrophysics is the direct detection of extra- solar planets. To reach this goal, the largest available telescopes and most sophisticated detection techniques are required. A promising method to "see" and analyse extra-solar planets is based on the fact, that light reflected by a planet can be polarised. For its detection, accurate polarisation measurements are needed. This is one of the methods ESO intends to make use of to find new planets outside the solar system. The Institute of Astronomy of ETH Zürich contributes ZIMPOL to this planet-finder project. ZIMPOL is a very sensitive imaging polarimeter. This thesis is situated within the ESO-planet-finder project. It deals with two problems that are crucial for a successful mission: (1) Instrumental polarisation can seriously hamper the performance of the instrument. It is therefore essential, to keep instrumental polarisation very low. (2) A knowledge of the polarisation properties of our targets would be very helpful. For this reason the polarisation properties of our solar system planets are investigated. Promising candidates for a detection with ZIMPOL are large planets with atmospheres similar to those of our giant gas planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. In the first part of the thesis the planet-finder project is presented and the role of ZIMPOL is explained. To obtain the instrumental polarisation, the polarimetric properties of mirrors and other optical components of our planet- finder instrument are analysed. The instrumental polarisation for the wavelength range of 600 to 1000 nm and for all zenith distances is calculated with Mueller matrices. Methods for reducing the instrumental polarisation are proposed and checked by the renewed application of the Mueller calculus. The correction of the instrumental polarisation is divided into two parts. First, a combination of a rotating half-wave plate and a plane mirror compensate the polarisation introduced by the Nasmyth mirror. Secondly, a rotatable and tiltable glass plate compensates the residual polarisation introduced by oblique reflections on mirrors after the Nasmyth mirror. Further, possible aging effects of the mirrors are considered and consequences for the polarisation are highlighted. An error budget for non perfect retardation of the half-wave plate is also regarded, and the effects for the polarisation are calculated. In the second part spectropolarimetric measurements of the four gas planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune for the wavelength range from 530 to 930 nm are presented. Our measurements of Uranus and Neptune are the first of their kind. For Uranus and Neptune a second-order scattering effect, leading to limb polarisation, has been measured. This effect is expected in atmospheres of Rayleigh scattering type and allows conclusions on the properties of the scatterers and the stratification inside the atmosphere. The limb polarisation reaches a maximum of more than 3% on Uranus. Spectropolarimetric plots for selected regions on Uranus and polarimetric profiles parallel to the spectrographic slits are presented. An enhanced polarisation in the methane absorption bands is detected. For both planets the limb polarisation decreases with wavelength. For Jupiter and Saturn profiles parallel to the slits and polarimetric spectra for some selected regions such as the poles of Jupiter or the ring system of Saturn are presented. The poles of Jupiter exhibit a large polarisation (up to 10%) perpendicular to the limb. In the methane absorption bands at the Jovian poles the polarisation is enhanced compared to the adjacent higher albedo regions. The polarisation decreases from short wavelengths towards longer wavelengths. Disc resolved spectropolarimetry of Saturn has not yet been published in the literature. Therefore, the spectropolarimetric data of Saturn presented in this thesis are the first of their kind. The polarised profiles for Saturn show an enhanced limb polarisation at the South Pole perpendicular to the limb and a small negative polarisation for the ring system (parallel to the scattering plane). In addition, we observe, an enhanced polarisation at northern mid- latitudes. An appendix is added that contains numerous spectropolarimetric plots and all profiles of the four planets. The main body of the text only contains a small selection of these data.

Polarised Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of EGFR During Chemotactic Invasion

PubMed Central

Mutch, Laura Jane; Howden, Jake Davey; Jenner, Emma Poppy Louise; Poulter, Natalie Sarah; Rappoport, Joshua Zachary

2014-01-01

Directed cell migration is critical for numerous physiological processes including development and wound healing. However chemotaxis is also exploited during cancer progression. Recent reports have suggested links between vesicle trafficking pathways and directed cell migration. Very little is known about the potential roles of endocytosis pathways during metastasis. Therefore we performed a series of studies employing a previously characterised model for chemotactic invasion of cancer cells to assess specific hypotheses potentially linking endocytosis to directed cell migration. Our results demonstrate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is indispensable for epidermal growth factor (EGF) directed chemotactic invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Conversely, caveolar endocytosis is not required in this mode of migration. We further found that chemoattractant receptor (EGFR) trafficking occurs by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is polarised towards the front of migrating cells. However, we found no role for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in focal adhesion disassembly in this migration model. Thus, this study has characterised the role of endocytosis during chemotactic invasion and has identified functions mechanistically linking clathrin-mediated endocytosis to directed cell motility. PMID:24921075

The impact of chemical structure and molecular packing on the electronic polarisation of fullerene arrays.

PubMed

Few, Sheridan; Chia, Cleaven; Teo, Daniel; Kirkpatrick, James; Nelson, Jenny

2017-07-19

Electronic polarisation contributes to the electronic landscape as seen by separating charges in organic materials. The nature of electronic polarisation depends on the polarisability, density, and arrangement of polarisable molecules. In this paper, we introduce a microscopic, coarse-grained model in which we treat each molecule as a polarisable site, and use an array of such polarisable dipoles to calculate the electric field and associated energy of any arrangement of charges in the medium. The model incorporates chemical structure via the molecular polarisability and molecular packing patterns via the structure of the array. We use this model to calculate energies of charge pairs undergoing separation in finite fullerene lattices of different chemical and crystal structures. The effective dielectric constants that we estimate from this approach are in good quantitative agreement with those measured experimentally in C 60 and phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) films, but we find significant differences in dielectric constant depending on packing and on direction of separation, which we rationalise in terms of density of polarisable fullerene cages in regions of high field. In general, we find lattices containing molecules of more isotropic polarisability tensors exhibit higher dielectric constants. By exploring several model systems we conclude that differences in molecular polarisability (and therefore, chemical structure) appear to be less important than differences in molecular packing and separation direction in determining the energetic landscape for charge separation. We note that the results are relevant for finite lattices, but not necessarily for infinite systems. We propose that the model could be used to design molecular systems for effective electronic screening.

Enhancement of temporal contrast of high-power laser pulses in an anisotropic medium with cubic nonlinearity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuz'mina, M. S.; Khazanov, E. A.

2015-05-01

We consider the methods for enhancing the temporal contrast of super-high-power laser pulses, based on the conversion of radiation polarisation in a medium with cubic nonlinearity. For a medium with weak birefringence and isotropic nonlinearity, we propose a new scheme to enhance the temporal contrast. For a medium with anisotropic nonlinearity, the efficiency of the temporal contrast optimisation is shown to depend not only on the spatial orientation of the crystal and B-integral, but also on the type of the crystal lattice symmetry.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen Weicheng; Chen Guojie; Han Dingan

A fibre laser with a SESAM as a passive mode-locker is constructed for obtaining a vector soliton with the Kelly sidebands. The analysis of the peculiarities of the sidebands shows that the polarisation states are nonuniform across the entire pulse spectral profile from the leading edge to the trailing edge. Polarisation filtering effect is proposed to obtain a vector soliton with a uniform polarisation state. It is shown that during the polarisation filtering by a polariser incorporated into the laser cavity, the spectral width of the vector solitons gradually broadens and the pulse power decreases. It is found that atmore » a maximum spectral width and a minimum pulse power, vector solitons with a uniform polarisation state are generated. (nonlinear optical phenomena)« less

Investigation of stress-induced birefringence of tissue determined with polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karnowski, Karol; Li, Qingyun; Villiger, Martin; Sampson, David D.

2017-02-01

Polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) offers additional intrinsic contrast to probe differences between healthy tissue and cancer that are often barely visible due to limited scattering contrast in an OCT image. PS-OCT reconstructs tissue birefringence from phase-sensitive measurements of orthogonal polarisation components of backscattering. In material science, polarisation has been used to study stress distribution, including the birefringence induced by stress in an otherwise isotropic material. Similar effects in biological tissues have not been well studied yet; however, may have application to tissues subjected to stress, e.g., tendons, muscles, lens, cornea or airway smooth muscle (ASM). The objective of this work is to explore stress-induced birefringence in tissue. We employ an advanced swept source-based PS-OCT system capable of measurement of tissue local polarisation properties. The sample in both cases is illuminated with orthogonal, passively depth-encoded polarisation states. Light returning from the tissue is detected via a polarisation-diversity detection module and a Mueller formalism is used to reconstruct polarisation properties (including retardation, diattenuation, and depolarisation) of the tissue. In this study, we demonstrate the measurement of stress-induced birefringence in phantoms and in soft tissues with polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography.

Deterministic optical polarisation in nitride quantum dots at thermoelectrically cooled temperatures.

PubMed

Wang, Tong; Puchtler, Tim J; Patra, Saroj K; Zhu, Tongtong; Jarman, John C; Oliver, Rachel A; Schulz, Stefan; Taylor, Robert A

2017-09-21

We report the successful realisation of intrinsic optical polarisation control by growth, in solid-state quantum dots in the thermoelectrically cooled temperature regime (≥200 K), using a non-polar InGaN system. With statistically significant experimental data from cryogenic to high temperatures, we show that the average polarisation degree of such a system remains constant at around 0.90, below 100 K, and decreases very slowly at higher temperatures until reaching 0.77 at 200 K, with an unchanged polarisation axis determined by the material crystallography. A combination of Fermi-Dirac statistics and k·p theory with consideration of quantum dot anisotropy allows us to elucidate the origin of the robust, almost temperature-insensitive polarisation properties of this system from a fundamental perspective, producing results in very good agreement with the experimental findings. This work demonstrates that optical polarisation control can be achieved in solid-state quantum dots at thermoelectrically cooled temperatures, thereby opening the possibility of polarisation-based quantum dot applications in on-chip conditions.

Polarisation Measurement with a Dual Beam Interferometer (CATSI). Exploratory Results and Preliminary Phenomenological Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Polarisation measurement with a dual beam interferometer (CATSI) Exploratory results and preliminary phenomenological analysis H. Lavoie J.-M... Polarisation measurement with a dual beam interferometer (CATSI) Exploratory results and preliminary phenomenological analysis H. Lavoie J.-M. Thériault... Polarisation measurement with a dual beam interferometer (CATSI) - Exploratory results and preliminary phenomenological analysis. ECR 2004-372. DRDC Valcartier

Resolving dispersion and induction components for polarisable molecular simulations of ionic liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pádua, Agílio A. H.

2017-05-01

One important development in interaction potential models, or atomistic force fields, for molecular simulation is the inclusion of explicit polarisation, which represents the induction effects of charged or polar molecules on polarisable electron clouds. Polarisation can be included through fluctuating charges, induced multipoles, or Drude dipoles. This work uses Drude dipoles and is focused on room-temperature ionic liquids, for which fixed-charge models predict too slow dynamics. The aim of this study is to devise a strategy to adapt existing non-polarisable force fields upon addition of polarisation, because induction was already contained to an extent, implicitly, due to parametrisation against empirical data. Therefore, a fraction of the van der Waals interaction energy should be subtracted so that the Lennard-Jones terms only account for dispersion and the Drude dipoles for induction. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory is used to resolve the dispersion and induction terms in dimers and to calculate scaling factors to reduce the Lennard-Jones terms from the non-polarisable model. Simply adding Drude dipoles to an existing fixed-charge model already improves the prediction of transport properties, increasing diffusion coefficients, and lowering the viscosity. Scaling down the Lennard-Jones terms leads to still faster dynamics and densities that match experiment extremely well. The concept developed here improves the overall prediction of density and transport properties and can be adapted to other models and systems. In terms of microscopic structure of the ionic liquids, the inclusion of polarisation and the down-scaling of Lennard-Jones terms affect only slightly the ordering of the first shell of counterions, leading to small decreases in coordination numbers. Remarkably, the effect of polarisation is major beyond first neighbours, significantly weakening spatial correlations, a structural effect that is certainly related to the faster dynamics of polarisable models.

Solid-State Laser Source of Tunable Narrow-Bandwidth Ultraviolet Radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Lew; Kliner, Dahv A.; Koplow, Jeffrey P.

1998-01-01

A solid-state laser source of tunable and narrow-bandwidth UV light is disclosed. The system relies on light from a diode laser that preferably generates light at infrared frequencies. The light from the seed diode laser is pulse amplified in a light amplifier, and converted into the ultraviolet by frequency tripling, quadrupling, or quintupling the infrared light. The narrow bandwidth, or relatively pure light, of the seed laser is preserved, and the pulse amplifier generates high peak light powers to increase the efficiency of the nonlinear crystals in the frequency conversion stage. Higher output powers may be obtained by adding a fiber amplifier to power amplify the pulsed laser light prior to conversion.

Polarisation of auroral emission lines in the Earth's upper atmosphere : first results and perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamy, H.; Barthelemy, M.; Simon Wedlund, C.; Lilensten, J.; Bommier, V.

2011-12-01

Polarisation of light is a key observable to provide information about asymmetry or anisotropy within a radiative source. Following the pioneering and controversial work of Duncan in 1959, the polarisation of auroral emission lines in the Earth's upper atmosphere has been overlooked for a long time, even though the red intense auroral line (6300Å) produced by collisional impacts with electrons precipitating along magnetic field lines is a good candidate to search for polarisation. This problem was investigated again by Lilensten et al (2006) and observations were obtained by Lilensten et al (2008) confirming that the red auroral emission line is polarised. More recent measurements obtained by Barthélemy et al (2011) are presented and discussed. The results are compared to predictions of the theoretical work of Bommier et al (2011) and are in good agreement. Following these encouraging results, a new dedicated spectropolarimeter is currently under construction between BIRA-IASB and IPAG to provide simultaneously the polarisation of the red line and of other interesting auroral emission lines such as N2+ 1NG (4278Å), other N2 bands, etc... Perspectives regarding the theoretical polarisation of some of these lines will be presented. The importance of these polarisation measurements in the framework of atmospheric modeling and geomagnetic activity will be discussed.

Dynamic nuclear polarisation via the integrated solid effect II: experiments on naphthalene-h8 doped with pentacene-d14

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eichhorn, T. R.; van den Brandt, B.; Hautle, P.; Henstra, A.; Wenckebach, W. Th.

2014-07-01

In dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP), also called hyperpolarisation, a small amount of unpaired electron spins is added to the sample containing the nuclear spins, and the polarisation of these unpaired electron spins is transferred to the nuclear spins by means of a microwave field. Traditional DNP polarises the electron spin of stable paramagnetic centres by cooling down to low temperature and applying a strong magnetic field. Then weak continuous wave microwave fields are used to induce the polarisation transfer. Complicated cryogenic equipment and strong magnets can be avoided using short-lived photo-excited triplet states that are strongly aligned in the optical excitation process. However, a much faster transfer of the electron spin polarisation is needed and pulsed DNP methods like nuclear orientation via electron spin locking (NOVEL) and the integrated solid effect (ISE) are used. To describe the polarisation transfer with the strong microwave fields in NOVEL and ISE, the usual perturbation methods cannot be used anymore. In the previous paper, we presented a theoretical approach to calculate the polarisation transfer in ISE. In the present paper, the theory is applied to the system naphthalene-h8 doped with pentacene-d14 yielding the photo-excited triplet states and compared with experimental results.

Polarisation analysis on the LET time-of-flight spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nilsen, G. J.; Košata, J.; Devonport, M.; Galsworthy, P.; Bewley, R. I.; Voneshen, D. J.; Dalgliesh, R.; Stewart, J. R.

2017-06-01

We present a design for implementing uniaxial polarisation analysis on the LET cold neutron time-of-flight spectrometer, installed on the second target station at ISIS. The polarised neutron beam is to be produced by a transmission-based supermirror polariser with the polarising mirrors arranged in a “double-V” formation. This will be followed by a Mezei-type precession coil spin flipper, selected for its small spatial requirements, as well as a permanent magnet guide field to transport the beam polarisation to the sample position. The sample area will contain a set of holding field coils, whose purpose is to produce a highly homogenous magnetic field for the wide-angle 3He analyser cell. To facilitate fast cell changes and reduce the risk of cell failure, we intend to separate the cell and cryostat from the vacuum of the sample tank by installing both in a vessel at atmospheric pressure. When the instrument upgrade is complete, the performance of LET is expected to be commensurate with existing and planned polarised cold neutron spectrometers at other sources. Finally, we discuss the implications of performing uniaxial polarisation analysis only, and identify quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) on ionic conducting materials as an interesting area to apply the technique.

Polarisation vision: overcoming challenges of working with a property of light we barely see

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foster, James J.; Temple, Shelby E.; How, Martin J.; Daly, Ilse M.; Sharkey, Camilla R.; Wilby, David; Roberts, Nicholas W.

2018-04-01

In recent years, the study of polarisation vision in animals has seen numerous breakthroughs, not just in terms of what is known about the function of this sensory ability, but also in the experimental methods by which polarisation can be controlled, presented and measured. Once thought to be limited to only a few animal species, polarisation sensitivity is now known to be widespread across many taxonomic groups, and advances in experimental techniques are, in part, responsible for these discoveries. Nevertheless, its study remains challenging, perhaps because of our own poor sensitivity to the polarisation of light, but equally as a result of the slow spread of new practices and methodological innovations within the field. In this review, we introduce the most important steps in designing and calibrating polarised stimuli, within the broader context of areas of current research and the applications of new techniques to key questions. Our aim is to provide a constructive guide to help researchers, particularly those with no background in the physics of polarisation, to design robust experiments that are free from confounding factors.

LOFAR tied-array imaging and spectroscopy of solar S bursts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morosan, D. E.; Gallagher, P. T.; Zucca, P.; O'Flannagain, A.; Fallows, R.; Reid, H.; Magdalenić, J.; Mann, G.; Bisi, M. M.; Kerdraon, A.; Konovalenko, A. A.; MacKinnon, A. L.; Rucker, H. O.; Thidé, B.; Vocks, C.; Alexov, A.; Anderson, J.; Asgekar, A.; Avruch, I. M.; Bentum, M. J.; Bernardi, G.; Bonafede, A.; Breitling, F.; Broderick, J. W.; Brouw, W. N.; Butcher, H. R.; Ciardi, B.; de Geus, E.; Eislöffel, J.; Falcke, H.; Frieswijk, W.; Garrett, M. A.; Grießmeier, J.; Gunst, A. W.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Hoeft, M.; Karastergiou, A.; Kondratiev, V. I.; Kuper, G.; van Leeuwen, J.; McKay-Bukowski, D.; McKean, J. P.; Munk, H.; Orru, E.; Paas, H.; Pizzo, R.; Polatidis, A. G.; Scaife, A. M. M.; Sluman, J.; Tasse, C.; Toribio, M. C.; Vermeulen, R.; Zarka, P.

2015-08-01

Context. The Sun is an active source of radio emission that is often associated with energetic phenomena ranging from nanoflares to coronal mass ejections (CMEs). At low radio frequencies (<100 MHz), numerous millisecond duration radio bursts have been reported, such as radio spikes or solar S bursts (where S stands for short). To date, these have neither been studied extensively nor imaged because of the instrumental limitations of previous radio telescopes. Aims: Here, LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) observations were used to study the spectral and spatial characteristics of a multitude of S bursts, as well as their origin and possible emission mechanisms. Methods: We used 170 simultaneous tied-array beams for spectroscopy and imaging of S bursts. Since S bursts have short timescales and fine frequency structures, high cadence (~50 ms) tied-array images were used instead of standard interferometric imaging, that is currently limited to one image per second. Results: On 9 July 2013, over 3000 S bursts were observed over a time period of ~8 h. S bursts were found to appear as groups of short-lived (<1 s) and narrow-bandwidth (~2.5 MHz) features, the majority drifting at ~3.5 MHz s-1 and a wide range of circular polarisation degrees (2-8 times more polarised than the accompanying Type III bursts). Extrapolation of the photospheric magnetic field using the potential field source surface (PFSS) model suggests that S bursts are associated with a trans-equatorial loop system that connects an active region in the southern hemisphere to a bipolar region of plage in the northern hemisphere. Conclusions: We have identified polarised, short-lived solar radio bursts that have never been imaged before. They are observed at a height and frequency range where plasma emission is the dominant emission mechanism, however, they possess some of the characteristics of electron-cyclotron maser emission. A movie associated to Fig. 3 is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Polarisation Dynamics of Vector Soliton Molecules in Mode Locked Fibre Laser

PubMed Central

Tsatourian, Veronika; Sergeyev, Sergey V.; Mou, Chengbo; Rozhin, Alex; Mikhailov, Vitaly; Rabin, Bryan; Westbrook, Paul S.; Turitsyn, Sergei K.

2013-01-01

Two fundamental laser physics phenomena - dissipative soliton and polarisation of light are recently merged to the concept of vector dissipative soliton (VDS), viz. train of short pulses with specific state of polarisation (SOP) and shape defined by an interplay between anisotropy, gain/loss, dispersion, and nonlinearity. Emergence of VDSs is both of the fundamental scientific interest and is also a promising technique for control of dynamic SOPs important for numerous applications from nano-optics to high capacity fibre optic communications. Using specially designed and developed fast polarimeter, we present here the first experimental results on SOP evolution of vector soliton molecules with periodic polarisation switching between two and three SOPs and superposition of polarisation switching with SOP precessing. The underlying physics presents an interplay between linear and circular birefringence of a laser cavity along with light induced anisotropy caused by polarisation hole burning. PMID:24193374

Polarisation Dynamics of Vector Soliton Molecules in Mode Locked Fibre Laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsatourian, Veronika; Sergeyev, Sergey V.; Mou, Chengbo; Rozhin, Alex; Mikhailov, Vitaly; Rabin, Bryan; Westbrook, Paul S.; Turitsyn, Sergei K.

2013-11-01

Two fundamental laser physics phenomena - dissipative soliton and polarisation of light are recently merged to the concept of vector dissipative soliton (VDS), viz. train of short pulses with specific state of polarisation (SOP) and shape defined by an interplay between anisotropy, gain/loss, dispersion, and nonlinearity. Emergence of VDSs is both of the fundamental scientific interest and is also a promising technique for control of dynamic SOPs important for numerous applications from nano-optics to high capacity fibre optic communications. Using specially designed and developed fast polarimeter, we present here the first experimental results on SOP evolution of vector soliton molecules with periodic polarisation switching between two and three SOPs and superposition of polarisation switching with SOP precessing. The underlying physics presents an interplay between linear and circular birefringence of a laser cavity along with light induced anisotropy caused by polarisation hole burning.

Conversion of evanescent Lamb waves into propagating waves via a narrow aperture edge.

PubMed

Yan, Xiang; Yuan, Fuh-Gwo

2015-06-01

This paper presents a quantitative study of conversion of evanescent Lamb waves into propagating in isotropic plates. The conversion is substantiated by prescribing time-harmonic Lamb displacements/tractions through a narrow aperture at an edge of a semi-infinite plate. Complex-valued dispersion and group velocity curves are employed to characterize the conversion process. The amplitude coefficient of the propagating Lamb modes converted from evanescent is quantified based on the complex reciprocity theorem via a finite element analysis. The power flow generated into the plate can be separated into radiative and reactive parts made on the basis of propagating and evanescent Lamb waves, where propagating Lamb waves are theoretically proved to radiate pure real power flow, and evanescent Lamb waves carry reactive pure imaginary power flow. The propagating power conversion efficiency is then defined to quantitatively describe the conversion. The conversion efficiency is strongly frequency dependent and can be significant. With the converted propagating waves from evanescent, sensors at far-field can recapture some localized damage information that is generally possessed in evanescent waves and may have potential application in structural health monitoring.

Amplified luminescence of heavily doped AlxGa1-xN structures under optical pumping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bokhan, P. A.; Zhuravlev, K. S.; Zakrevskii, D. E.; Malin, T. V.; Osinnykh, I. V.; Fateev, N. V.

2018-03-01

Spectral, temporal, and polarisation characteristics of luminescence of heavily doped AlxGa1-xN films on a sapphire substrate are studied under pulsed pumping at the wavelength λ = 266 m. Spectra of spontaneous emission related to donor – acceptor transitions are inhomogeneously broadened with the FWHM of above 0.5 eV and cover the entire visible range. Spectra of radiation emitted from an edge of investigated structure comprise several narrow-band equidistant components, each of them being split to TE and TM modes with mutually orthogonal polarisations. This is related to plane waves propagating inside a plane waveguide along a zigzag path in the conditions of total internal reflection from waveguide surfaces. The optical gains measured for Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN at λ ≈ 510 nm, Al0.74Ga0.26N/AlN at λ ≈ 468 nm, and AlN/Al0.6Ga0.4N/AlN/Al2O3 at λ ≈ 480 nm were, respectively, ~70, 20, and 44 cm-1. The luminescence quantum efficiencies measured for Al0.74Ga0.26N, Al0.65Ga0.35N, and Al0.5Ga0.5N films are, respectively, 0.79, 0.49, and 0.14; the transition cross sections calculated at emission band centres are ~10-18 cm2.

Toward Narrowing Fermentation Endproduct Distribution in Undefined Mixed Culture Anaerobic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Corn Fiber to Butyrate

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Conversion of second-generation renewable energy sources to useful products is gaining attention as an alternative to traditional conversion of sugar and starch-based renewable energy crops. The natural recalcitrance of second-generation energy resources, such as (ligno)cellulosic feedstock, makes ...

Spectral line narrowing in PPLN OPO devices for 1-μm wavelength doubling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perrett, Brian J.; Terry, Jonathan A. C.; Mason, Paul D.; Orchard, David A.

2004-12-01

One route to generating mid-infrared (mid-IR) radiation is through a two-stage non-linear conversion process from the near-IR, exploiting powerful neodymium lasers operating at wavelengths close to 1 μm. In the first stage of this process non-linear conversion within a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is used to double the wavelength of the 1 μm laser. The resultant 2 μm radiation is then used to pump a second OPO, based on a material such as ZGP, for conversion into the 3 to 5 μm mid-IR waveband. Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is a useful material for conversion from 1 to 2 μm due to its high non-linear coefficient (deff ~ 16 pm/V) and the long crystal lengths available (up to 50 mm). Slope efficiencies in excess of 40% have readily been achieved using a simple plane-plane resonator when pumped at 10 kHz with 3.5 mJ pulses from a 1.047 μm Nd:YLF laser. However, the OPO output was spectrally broad at degeneracy with a measured full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of approximately 65 nm. This output linewidth is significantly broader than the spectral acceptance bandwidth of ZGP for conversion into the mid-IR. In this paper techniques for spectral narrowing the output from a degenerate PPLN OPO are investigated using two passive elements, a diffraction grating and an air spaced etalon. Slope efficiencies approaching 20% have been obtained using the grating in a dog-leg cavity configuration producing spectrally narrow 2 μm output with linewidths as low as 2 nm. A grating-narrowed degenerate PPLN OPO has been successfully used to pump a ZGP OPO.

Orientational analysis of dodecanethiol and p-nitrothiophenol SAMs on metals with polarisation-dependent SFG spectroscopy.

PubMed

Cecchet, Francesca; Lis, Dan; Guthmuller, Julien; Champagne, Benoît; Caudano, Yves; Silien, Christophe; Mani, Alaa Addin; Thiry, Paul A; Peremans, André

2010-02-22

Polarisation-dependent sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is used to investigate the orientation of molecules on metallic surfaces. In particular, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dodecanethiol (DDT) and of p-nitrothiophenol (p-NTP), grown on Pt and on Au, have been chosen as models to highlight the ability of combining ppp and ssp polarisations sets (representing the polarisation of the involved beams in the conventional order of SFG, Vis and IR beam) to infer orientational information at metallic interfaces. Indeed, using only the ppp set of data, as it is usually done for metallic surfaces, is not sufficient to determine the full molecular orientation. We show here that simply combining ppp and ssp polarisations enables both the tilt and rotation angles of methyl groups in DDT SAMs to be determined. Moreover, for p-NTP, while the SFG active vibrations detected with the ppp polarisation alone provide no orientational information, however, the combination with ssp spectra enables to retrieve the tilt angle of the p-NTP 1,4 axis. Though orientational information obtained by polarisation-dependent measurements has been extensively used at insulating interfaces, we report here their first application to metallic surfaces.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alekseev, A E; Potapov, V T; Gorshkov, B G

We report the results of studying statistical properties of the intensity of partially polarised coherent light backscattered by a single mode optical fibre. An expression is derived for the deviation of the backscattered light intensity depending on the scattering region length, the degree of the light source coherence and the degree of scattered light polarisation. It is shown that the backscattered light in a fibre scattered-light interferometer is partially polarised with the polarisation degree P = 1/3 in the case of external perturbations of the interferometer fibre. (scattering of light)

High Extinction Ratio In-Fibre Polarisers by Exploiting Tilted Fibre Bragg Grating Structures for Single-Polarisation High-Power Fibre Lasers and Amplifiers

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-01

maintaining (PM) fibre, utilising polarisation hole-burning ( PHB ) effect to reduce homogeneous linewidth of the EDFL. In our work, we demonstrate a stable...loss filter which will induce some loss to the cavity around its paired attenuation band region, thus imposing PHB effect to the gain medium. The...polarisation-hole-burning ( PHB ) effect to realise multi-wavelength switchable function in proposed fibre ring laser system. In the proposed fibre ring laser

Wettability and surface free energy of polarised ceramic biomaterials.

PubMed

Nakamura, Miho; Hori, Naoko; Namba, Saki; Toyama, Takeshi; Nishimiya, Nobuyuki; Yamashita, Kimihiro

2015-01-13

The surface modification of ceramic biomaterials used for medical devices is expected to improve osteoconductivity through control of the interfaces between the materials and living tissues. Polarisation treatment induced surface charges on hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite and yttria-stabilized zirconia regardless of the differences in the carrier ions participating in the polarisation. Characterization of the surfaces revealed that the wettability of the polarised ceramic biomaterials was improved through the increase in the surface free energies compared with conventional ceramic surfaces.

How to polarise all neutrons in one beam: a high performance polariser and neutron transport system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodriguez, D. Martin; Bentley, P. M.; Pappas, C.

2016-09-01

Polarised neutron beams are used in disciplines as diverse as magnetism,soft matter or biology. However, most of these applications often suffer from low flux also because the existing neutron polarising methods imply the filtering of one of the spin states, with a transmission of 50% at maximum. With the purpose of using all neutrons that are usually discarded, we propose a system that splits them according to their polarisation, flips them to match the spin direction, and then focuses them at the sample. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations show that this is achievable over a wide wavelength range and with an outstanding performance at the price of a more divergent neutron beam at the sample position.

Transient birefringence effects in electromagnetically induced transparency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parshkov, O. M.

2015-11-01

We report the results of numerical modelling of transient birefringence that arises as a result of electromagnetically induced transparency on degenerate quantum transitions between the states with J = 0, 1 and 2 in the presence of the Doppler broadening of spectral lines. It is shown that in the case of a linearly polarised control field, the effect of transient birefringence leads to a decay of the input circularly polarised probe pulse into separate linearly polarised pulses inside a medium. In the case of a circularly polarised control field, the effect of transient birefringence manifests itself in a decay of the input linearly polarised probe pulse into separate circularly polarised pulses. It is shown that the distance that a probe pulse has to pass in a medium before decaying into subpulses is considerably greater in the first case than in the second. The influence of the input probe pulse power and duration on the process of spatial separation into individual pulses inside a medium is studied. A qualitative analysis of the obtained results is presented.

Shot and Patronin polarise microtubules to direct membrane traffic and biogenesis of microvilli in epithelia.

PubMed

Khanal, Ichha; Elbediwy, Ahmed; Diaz de la Loza, Maria Del Carmen; Fletcher, Georgina C; Thompson, Barry J

2016-07-01

In epithelial tissues, polarisation of microtubules and actin microvilli occurs along the apical-basal axis of each cell, yet how these cytoskeletal polarisation events are coordinated remains unclear. Here, we examine the hierarchy of events during cytoskeletal polarisation in Drosophila melanogaster epithelia. Core apical-basal polarity determinants polarise the spectrin cytoskeleton to recruit the microtubule-binding proteins Patronin (CAMSAP1, CAMSAP2 and CAMSAP3 in humans) and Shortstop [Shot; MACF1 and BPAG1 (also known as DST) in humans] to the apical membrane domain. Patronin and Shot then act to polarise microtubules along the apical-basal axis to enable apical transport of Rab11 endosomes by the Nuf-Dynein microtubule motor complex. Finally, Rab11 endosomes are transferred to the MyoV (also known as Didum in Drosophila) actin motor to deliver the key microvillar determinant Cadherin 99C to the apical membrane to organise the biogenesis of actin microvilli. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

A physico-genetic module for the polarisation of auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernández-Hernández, Valeria; Barrio, Rafael A.; Benítez, Mariana; Nakayama, Naomi; Romero-Arias, José Roberto; Villarreal, Carlos

2018-05-01

Intracellular polarisation of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for understanding how auxin gradients form in plants. The polarisation dynamics of auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN) depends on both biomechanical forces as well as chemical, molecular and genetic factors. Biomechanical forces have shown to affect the localisation of PIN transporters to the plasma membrane. We propose a physico-genetic module of PIN polarisation that integrates biomechanical, molecular, and cellular processes as well as their non-linear interactions. The module was implemented as a discrete Boolean model and then approximated to a continuous dynamic system, in order to explore the relative contribution of the factors mediating PIN polarisation at the scale of single cell. Our models recovered qualitative behaviours that have been experimentally observed and enable us to predict that, in the context of PIN polarisation, the effects of the mechanical forces can predominate over the activity of molecular factors such as the GTPase ROP6 and the ROP-INTERACTIVE CRIB MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN RIC1.

Improving Image Matching by Reducing Surface Reflections Using Polarising Filter Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conen, N.; Hastedt, H.; Kahmen, O.; Luhmann, T.

2018-05-01

In dense stereo matching applications surface reflections may lead to incorrect measurements and blunders in the resulting point cloud. To overcome the problem of disturbing reflexions polarising filters can be mounted on the camera lens and light source. Reflections in the images can be suppressed by crossing the polarising direction of the filters leading to homogeneous illuminated images and better matching results. However, the filter may influence the camera's orientation parameters as well as the measuring accuracy. To quantify these effects, a calibration and an accuracy analysis is conducted within a spatial test arrangement according to the German guideline VDI/VDE 2634.1 (2002) using a DSLR with and without polarising filter. In a second test, the interior orientation is analysed in more detail. The results do not show significant changes of the measuring accuracy in object space and only very small changes of the interior orientation (Δc ≤ 4 μm) with the polarising filter in use. Since in medical applications many tiny reflections are present and impede robust surface measurements, a prototypic trinocular endoscope is equipped with polarising technique. The interior and relative orientation is determined and analysed. The advantage of the polarising technique for medical image matching is shown in an experiment with a moistened pig kidney. The accuracy and completeness of the resulting point cloud can be improved clearly when using polarising filters. Furthermore, an accuracy analysis using a laser triangulation system is performed and the special reflection properties of metallic surfaces are presented.

A Simple Homemade Polarised Sunglasses Test Card

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bamdad, Farzad

2016-01-01

In this article construction of a simple and inexpensive test card which can be used to demonstrate the polarisation ability of sunglasses is described. The card was fabricated simply by using a piece of polariser sheet with one to three layers of cellophane tape fixed on it.

Erratum: Correction to: Polarisation vision: overcoming challenges of working with a property of light we barely see

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foster, James J.; Temple, Shelby E.; How, Martin J.; Daly, Ilse M.; Sharkey, Camilla R.; Wilby, David; Roberts, Nicholas W.

2018-06-01

In "Polarisation vision: overcoming challenges of working with a property of light we barely see" (Foster et al. 2018) we provide a basic description of how Stokes parameters can be estimated and used to calculate the angle of polarisation (AoP).

Birefringence in anisotropic optical fibres studied by polarised light Brillouin reflectometry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smirnov, A S; Burdin, V V; Konstantinov, Yu A

2015-01-31

Modal birefringence (the difference between the effective refractive indices of orthogonal polarisation modes) is one of the key parameters of anisotropic single-mode fibres, characterising their ability to preserve a linearly polarised state of input light. This parameter is commonly measured using short pieces of fibre, but such procedures are destructive and allow the birefringence to be determined only at the ends of long fibres. In this study, polarised light Brillouin reflectometry is used to assess birefringence uniformity throughout the length of an anisotropic fibre. (optical fibres)

The sunstone and polarised skylight: ancient Viking navigational tools?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ropars, Guy; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan; Le Floch, Albert

2014-10-01

Although the polarisation of the light was discovered at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Vikings could have used the polarised light around the tenth century in their navigation to America, using a 'sunstone' evoked in the Icelandic Sagas. Indeed, the birefringence of the Iceland spar (calcite), a common crystal in Scandinavia, permits a simple observation of the axis of polarisation of the skylight at the zenith. From this, it is possible to guess the azimuth of a hidden Sun below the horizon, for instance. The high sensitivity of the differential method provided by the ordinary and extraordinary beams of calcite at its so-called isotropy point is about two orders higher than that of the best dichroic polariser and permits to reach an accuracy of ±1° for the Sun azimuth (at sunrise and sunset). Unfortunately, due to the relative fragility of calcite, only the so-called Alderney crystal was discovered on board a 16th ancient ship. Curiously, beyond its use as a sunstone by the Vikings, during these last millennia calcite has led to the discovery of the polarisation of the light itself by Malus and is currently being used to detect the atmospheres of exoplanets. Moreover, the differential method for the light polarisation detection is widely used in the animal world.

A Initio Studies of Polarisabilities of Ions in Crystals.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tole, Philip

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. This thesis is concerned with the ab initio calculation of polarisabilities of ions in crystals. For a binary salt the Clausius-Mossotti equation relates the refractive index to the in-crystal polarisability of the ion-pair. However, there is no experimental means of separating the sum into anion and cation components. Theoretical models which use isolated ion polarisabilities to do this are physically unrealistic and have met with little success. A much better model has been developed using ab initio all-electron CHF calculations. The in-crystal environment is represented by a 'molecular' cluster embedded in a point-charge lattice. The physical features important to the success of the model are the nearest-neighbour overlap compression and the isotropic part of the electrostatic potential arising from the point -charge lattice. Calculations on simple first row alkali halides show the cation to be independent of these forces whereas the anion becomes, smaller, more bound and less polarisable in the crystal. When corrections for correlation are added the agreement with Clausius-Mossotti polarisabilities is at the 5% level or better. This implies a reduction in polarisability by factors of up to 2 with respect to the free ion. The polarisabilities for the anions in LiF, NaF, KF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, CaF _2, BeO, MgO, CaO, Li_2O, Na_2O, K_2O, BeS, CaS, Li_2S, Na_2 S and K_2S were calculated. Anion polarisability is found to vary with lattice parameter but hardly at all with coordination number. Calculations on Be_2C show that in-crystal compression is sufficient to stabilise even C^{4 -}, which has a polarisability of over 20 au. Anions at the surface of LiF and MgO were also modelled. Because anisotropic overlap and electrostatic factors tend to cancel, the ion in 5-, 4- and 3-coordinate surface sites has a polarisability only a few per cent greater than in the bulk solid. Implications for active-site theories are discussed. A calculation of the geometric derivatives of the bromide polarisability in NaBr provides physical insight into models for simulating ionic melts. Calculations on NH_sp{4}{+} and CH_3NH_sp{3 }{+} show that of electronic properties of polyatomic cations also are independent of the crystal. CHF calculation of molecular polarisability was used to examine additivity of methyl-substituted alkanes, amines and ammonium cations, (CH_3)_ {x}CH_{4-x}, (CH_3)_{x} NH_{3-x} and (CH _3)_{x} NH_sp{4-x}{+} (x = 1...4). Calculations on polyatomic anions, OH^{-} and BH_sp{4}{-}, in sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride environment show the same trends in electronic properties as those on monatomic anions.

Polarisation of Social Studies Textbooks in Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zaidi, Syed Manzar Abbas

2011-01-01

This article looks at the evolution of the social studies curricula in Pakistan, which are of critical importance in shaping the outlook of many young Pakistanis, who are affected by this polarised discourse. The author argues that this trend of polarisation springing from dynamics of education also effectively contributes to a widening social…

Manipulating and probing the polarisation of a methyl tunnelling system by field-cycling NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bo; Abu-Khumra, Sabah M. M.; Aibout, Abdellah; Horsewill, Anthony J.

2017-02-01

In NMR the polarisation of the Zeeman system may be routinely probed and manipulated by applying resonant rf pulses. As with spin-1/2 nuclei, at low temperature the quantum tunnelling states of a methyl rotor are characterised by two energy levels and it is interesting to consider how these tunnelling states might be probed and manipulated in an analogous way to nuclear spins in NMR. In this paper experimental procedures based on magnetic field-cycling NMR are described where, by irradiating methyl tunnelling sidebands, the polarisations of the methyl tunnelling systems are measured and manipulated in a prescribed fashion. At the heart of the technique is a phenomenon that is closely analogous to dynamic nuclear polarisation and the solid effect where forbidden transitions mediate polarisation transfer between 1H Zeeman and methyl tunnelling systems. Depending on the irradiated sideband, both positive and negative polarisations of the tunnelling system are achieved, the latter corresponding to population inversion and negative tunnelling temperatures. The transition mechanics are investigated through a series of experiments and a theoretical model is presented that provides good quantitative agreement.

Experimental results on TMDs

DOE PAGES

None, None

2016-06-13

QCD factorisation for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering at low transverse momentum in the current-fragmentation region has been established recently, providing a rigorous basis to study the Transverse Momentum Dependent distribution and fragmentation functions (TMDs) of partons from Semi-Inclusive DIS data using different spin-dependent and spin-independent observables. The main focus of the experiments were the measurements of various single- and double-spin asymmetries in hadron electro-production (ep{up-arrow} --> ehX ) with unpolarised, longitudinally and transversely polarised targets. The joint use of a longitudinally polarised beam and longitudinally and transversely polarised targets allowed to measure double-spin asymmetries (DSA) related to leading-twist distribution functionsmore » describing the transverse momentum distribution of longitudinally and transversely polarised quarks in a longitudinally and transversely polarised nucleons (helicity and worm-gear TMDs). Furthermore, the single-spin asymmetries (SSA) measured with transversely polarised targets, provided access to specific leading-twist parton distribution functions: the transversity, the Sivers function and the so-called 'pretzelosity' function. In this review we present the current status and some future measurements of TMDs worldwide.« less

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Time-domain polarisation scrambler on one bulk LiNbO3 crystal with quadrupole electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davydov, B. L.; Mironov, V. Yu

2010-02-01

As distinct from the classic Billings depolariser, a simple time-domain polarisation scrambler can be made on one crystal possessing a threefold axis among its symmetry elements and displaying a linear electro-optical effect (Pockels effect). We demonstrate a polarisation scrambler on a LiNbO3 uniaxial crystal with two pairs of electrodes to which two harmonic voltages identical in amplitude and differing in phase by 90° are applied. The residual degree of polarisation of the depolarised light, quantified by the polarisation extinction ratio, is less than 0.1 dB. Tolerances on the crystal orientation and the phase difference between the control voltages are estimated. The quality of the crystal is shown to be critical to the performance of the scrambler.

Measurement of the W boson polarisation in [Formula: see text] events from pp collisions at [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS.

PubMed

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Zimmermann, S; Zinonos, Z; Zinser, M; Ziolkowski, M; Živković, L; Zobernig, G; Zoccoli, A; Zur Nedden, M; Zwalinski, L

2017-01-01

This paper presents a measurement of the polarisation of W bosons from [Formula: see text] decays, reconstructed in events with one high-[Formula: see text] lepton and at least four jets. Data from pp collisions at the LHC were collected at [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb[Formula: see text]. The angle [Formula: see text] between the b -quark from the top quark decay and a direct W boson decay product in the W boson rest frame is sensitive to the W boson polarisation. Two different W decay products are used as polarisation analysers: the charged lepton and the down-type quark for the leptonically and hadronically decaying W boson, respectively. The most precise measurement of the W boson polarisation via the distribution of [Formula: see text] is obtained using the leptonic analyser and events in which at least two of the jets are tagged as b -quark jets. The fitted fractions of longitudinal, left- and right-handed polarisation states are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and are the most precisely measured W boson polarisation fractions to date. Limits on anomalous couplings of the Wtb vertex are set.

Measurement of the W boson polarisation in $$t\\bar{t}$$ events from pp collisions at $$\\sqrt{s} = 8$$ TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.

This paper presents a measurement of the polarisation of W bosons from tt¯ decays, reconstructed in events with one high-p T lepton and at least four jets. Data from pp collisions at the LHC were collected at √s = 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb –1. The angle θ* between the b-quark from the top quark decay and a direct W boson decay product in the W boson rest frame is sensitive to the W boson polarisation. Two different W decay products are used as polarisation analysers: the charged lepton and the down-type quark formore » the leptonically and hadronically decaying W boson, respectively. The most precise measurement of the W boson polarisation via the distribution of cosθ* is obtained using the leptonic analyser and events in which at least two of the jets are tagged as b-quark jets. The fitted fractions of longitudinal, left- and right-handed polarisation states are F 0 = 0.709 ± 0.019, F L = 0.299 ± 0.015 and F R = –0.008 ± 0.014, and are the most precisely measured W boson polarisation fractions to date. Limits on anomalous couplings of the Wtb vertex are set.« less

Measurement of the W boson polarisation in $$t\\bar{t}$$ events from pp collisions at $$\\sqrt{s} = 8$$ TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS

DOE PAGES

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; ...

2017-04-26

This paper presents a measurement of the polarisation of W bosons from tt¯ decays, reconstructed in events with one high-p T lepton and at least four jets. Data from pp collisions at the LHC were collected at √s = 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb –1. The angle θ* between the b-quark from the top quark decay and a direct W boson decay product in the W boson rest frame is sensitive to the W boson polarisation. Two different W decay products are used as polarisation analysers: the charged lepton and the down-type quark formore » the leptonically and hadronically decaying W boson, respectively. The most precise measurement of the W boson polarisation via the distribution of cosθ* is obtained using the leptonic analyser and events in which at least two of the jets are tagged as b-quark jets. The fitted fractions of longitudinal, left- and right-handed polarisation states are F 0 = 0.709 ± 0.019, F L = 0.299 ± 0.015 and F R = –0.008 ± 0.014, and are the most precisely measured W boson polarisation fractions to date. Limits on anomalous couplings of the Wtb vertex are set.« less

Power generating reflective-type liquid crystal displays using a reflective polariser and a polymer solar cell.

PubMed

Ho Huh, Yoon; Park, Byoungchoo

2015-06-23

We herein report the results of a study of a power generating reflective-type liquid crystal display (LCD), composed of a 90° twisted nematic (TN) LC cell attached to the top of a light-absorbing polymer solar cell (PSC), i.e., a Solar-LCD. The PSC consisted of a polymer bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic (PV) layer of poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl] and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDTBT:PCBM70), and showed a high power conversion efficiency of about 5%. In order to improve the visibility of the Solar-LCD, between the TN-LC and the PV cells we inserted a reflective polariser of a giant birefringent optical (GBO) film. The reflectivity from the Solar-LCD was observed to be considerably increased by more than 13-15% under illumination by visible light. The Solar-LCD also exhibited a significantly improved contrast ratio of more than 17-19. We believe there is a clear case for using such Solar-LCDs in new power-generating reflective-type displays; taken as a whole these results also demonstrate the possibility of their application in a number of energy-harvesting opto-electrical display devices.

Nucleon Polarisabilities and Effective Field Theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griesshammer, Harald W.

2017-09-01

Low-energy Compton scattering probes the nucleon's two-photon response to electric and magnetic fields at fixed photon frequency and multipolarity. It tests the symmetries and strengths of the interactions between constituents, and with photons. For convenience, this energy-dependent information is often compressed into the two scalar dipole polarisabilities αE 1 and βM 1 at zero photon energy. These are fundamental quantities, and important for the proton charge radius puzzle and the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen. Combined with emerging lattice QCD computations, they provide stringent tests for our understanding of hadron structure. Extractions of the proton and neutron polarisabilities from all published elastic data below 300 MeV in Chiral Effective Field Theory with explicit Δ (1232) are now available. This talk emphasises χEFT as natural bridge between lattice QCD and ongoing or approved efforts at HI γS, MAMI and MAX-lab. Chiral lattice extrapolations from mπ > 200 MeV to the physical point compare well to lattice computations. Combining χEFT with high-intensity experiments with polarised targets and polarised beams will extract not only scalar polarisabilities, but in particular the four so-far poorly explored spin-polarisabilities. These parametrise the stiffness of the spin in external electro-magnetic fields (nucleonic bi-refringence/Faraday effect). New chiral predictions for proton, deuteron and 3He observables show intriguing sensitivities on spin and neutron polarisabilities. Data consistency and a model-independent quantification of residual theory uncertainties by Bayesian analysis are also discussed. Proton-neutron differences explore the interplay between chiral symmetry breaking and short-distance Physics. Finally, I address their impact on the neutron-proton mass difference, big-bang nucleosynthesis, and their relevance for anthropic arguments. Supported in part by DOE DE-SC0015393 and George Washington University.

Electromagnetic backscattering from freak waves in (1 + 1)-dimensional deep-water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Tao; Shen, Tao; William, Perrie; Chen, Wei; Kuang, Hai-Lan

2010-05-01

To study the electromagnetic (EM) backscatter characteristics of freak waves at moderate incidence angles, we establish an EM backscattering model for freak waves in (1 + 1)-dimensional deep water. The nonlinear interaction between freak waves and Bragg short waves is considered to be the basic hydrodynamic spectra modulation mechanism in the model. Numerical results suggest that the EM backscattering intensities of freak waves are less than those from the background sea surface at moderate incidence angles. The normalised radar cross sections (NRCSs) from freak waves are highly polarisation dependent, even at low incidence angles, which is different from the situation for normal sea waves; moreover, the NRCS of freak waves is more polarisation dependent than the background sea surface. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and the background sea surface with using horizontal transmitting horizomtal (HH) polarisation are larger than those using vertical transmitting vertical (VV) polarisation, at moderate incident angles. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and background sea surface decreases with the increase of incidence angle, in both HH and VV polarisation radars. As an application, in the synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging of freak waves, we suggest that freak waves should have extremely low backscatter NRCSs for the freak wave facet with the strongest slope. Compared with the background sea surface, the freak waves should be darker in HH polarisation echo images than in VV echo images, in SAR images. Freak waves can be more easily detected from the background sea surface in HH polarisation images than in VV polarisation images. The possibility of detection of freak waves at low incidence angles is much higher than at high incidence angles.

PASTIS2 and CROCODILE: XYZ-wide angle polarisation analysis for thermal neutrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Enderle, Mechthild; Jullien, David; Petoukhov, Alexander; Mouveau, Pascal; Andersen, Ken; Courtois, Pierre

2017-06-01

We present a wide-angle device for inelastic neutron scattering with XYZ-polarisation analysis (PASTIS2). PASTIS2 employs a banana-shaped Si-walled 3He-filter for the polarisation analysis and allows pillar-free neutron scattering for horizontal scattering angles 0-100◦. The guide field direction at the sample can be chosen vertical or with 45◦ incremental steps in the horizontal scattering plane. When PASTIS2 is implemented on a polarised neutron beam, the incident neutron spin can be flipped with an easy-to-optimise broad-band adiabatic resonant flipper (CROCODILE) independent of the guide field direction at the sample position. We have tested the performance of this new device on the polarised thermal triple-axis spectrometer IN20 at the Institut Laue-Langevin, equipped with Heusler monochromator and the FlatCone multi-analyser, and discuss its potential for future instruments.

Polarisation-controlled single photon emission at high temperatures from InGaN quantum dots.

PubMed

Wang, T; Puchtler, T J; Zhu, T; Jarman, J C; Nuttall, L P; Oliver, R A; Taylor, R A

2017-07-13

Solid-state single photon sources with polarisation control operating beyond the Peltier cooling barrier of 200 K are desirable for a variety of applications in quantum technology. Using a non-polar InGaN system, we report the successful realisation of single photon emission with a g (2) (0) of 0.21, a high polarisation degree of 0.80, a fixed polarisation axis determined by the underlying crystallography, and a GHz repetition rate with a radiative lifetime of 357 ps at 220 K in semiconductor quantum dots. The temperature insensitivity of these properties, together with the simple planar epitaxial growth method and absence of complex device geometries, demonstrates that fast single photon emission with polarisation control can be achieved in solid-state quantum dots above the Peltier temperature threshold, making this system a potential candidate for future on-chip applications in integrated systems.

Radio polarisation measurements of meteor trail echoes with BRAMS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamy, H.; Ranvier, S.; Anciaux, M.; Calders, S.; De Keyser, J.; Gamby, E.

2012-04-01

BRAMS, the Belgian RAdio Meteor Stations, is a network of radio receiving stations using forward scatter techniques to detect and characterize meteors. The transmitter is a dedicated beacon located in Dourbes in the south-west of Belgium. It emits towards the zenith a purely sinusoidal wave circularly polarised, at a frequency of 49.97 MHz and with a power of 150 watts. The main goals of the project are to compute meteoroid flux rates and trajectories. Most receiving stations are using a 3 element Yagi antenna and are therefore only sensitive to one polarisation. The station located in Uccle has also a crossed 3 element Yagi antenna and therefore allows measurements of horizontal and vertical polarisations. We present the preliminary radio polarisation measurements of meteor trail echoes and compare them with the theoretical predictions of Jones & Jones (1991) for oblique scattering of radio waves from meteor trails.

The polarised internal target for the PAX experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciullo, G.; Barion, L.; Barschel, C.; Grigoriev, K.; Lenisa, P.; Nass, A.; Sarkadi, J.; Statera, M.; Steffens, E.; Tagliente, G.

2011-05-01

The PAX (Polarized Antiproton eXperiment) collaboration aims to polarise antiproton beams stored in ring by means of spin-filtering. The experimental setup is based on a polarised internal gas target, surrounded by a detection system for the measurement of spin observables. In this report, we present results from the commission of the PAX target (atomic beam source, openable cell, and polarimeter).

Influence of laser radiation polarisation on small-scale self-focusing in isotropic crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ginzburg, V. N.; Kochetkov, A. A.; Kuz'mina, M. S.; Burdonov, K. F.; Shaykin, A. A.; Khazanov, E. A.

2017-04-01

The gain of spatial noise in the field of an intense linearly polarised wave, propagating in a BaF2 cubic crystal with orientation [001], is directly measured. The previously predicted strong dependence of the evolution of small-scale self-focusing on the angle between the radiation polarisation vector and the crystallographic axis of crystal is demonstrated.

Towards an integrated AlGaAs waveguide platform for phase and polarisation shaping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maltese, G.; Halioua, Y.; Lemaître, A.; Gomez-Carbonell, C.; Karimi, E.; Banzer, P.; Ducci, S.

2018-05-01

We propose, design and fabricate an on-chip AlGaAs waveguide capable of generating a controlled phase delay of π/2 between the guided transverse electric and magnetic modes. These modes possess significantly strong longitudinal field components as a direct consequence of their strong lateral confinement in the waveguide. We demonstrate that the effect of the device on a linearly polarised input beam is the generation of a field, which is circularly polarised in its transverse components and carries a phase vortex in its longitudinal component. We believe that the discussed integrated platform enables the generation of light beams with tailored phase and polarisation distributions.

Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey:The Dust Elongation When Combining Optical-Submm Polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siebenmorgen, Ralf; Voschinnikov, N.; Bagnulo, S.; Cox, N.; Cami, J.

2017-10-01

The Planck mission has shown that dust properties of the diffuse ISM varies on a large scale and we present variability on a small scales. We present FORS spectro-polarimetry obtained by the Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey along 60 sight-lines. We fit these combined with extinction data by a silicate and carbon dust model with grain sizes ranging from the molecular to the sub-mic. domain. Large silicates of prolate shape account for the observed polarisation. For 37 sight-lines we complement our data set with UVES high-resolution spectra that establish the presence of single or multiple clouds along individual sight-lines. We find correlations between extinction and Serkowski parameters with the dust model and that the presence of multiple clouds depolarises the incoming radiation. However, there is a degeneracy in the dust model between alignment efficiency and the elongation of the grains. This degeneracy can be broken by combining polarization data in the optical-to-submm. This is of wide general interest as it improves the accuracy of deriving dust masses. We show that a flat IR/submm polarisation spectrum with substantial polarisation is predicted from dust models.

Reflection of a TE-polarised Gaussian beam from a layered structure under conditions of resonance excitation of waveguide modes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sokolov, V I; Marusin, N V; Molchanova, S I

2014-11-30

The problem of reflection of a TE-polarised Gaussian light beam from a layered structure under conditions of resonance excitation of waveguide modes using a total internal reflection prism is considered. Using the spectral approach we have derived the analytic expressions for the mode propagation lengths, widths and depths of m-lines (sharp and narrow dips in the angular dependence of the specular reflection coefficient), depending on the structure parameters. It is shown that in the case of weak coupling, when the propagation lengths l{sub m} of the waveguide modes are mainly determined by the extinction coefficient in the film, the depthmore » of m-lines grows with the mode number m. In the case of strong coupling, when l{sub m} is determined mainly by the radiation of modes into the prism, the depth of m-lines decreases with increasing m. The change in the TE-polarised Gaussian beam shape after its reflection from the layered structure is studied, which is determined by the energy transfer from the incident beam into waveguide modes that propagate along the structure by the distance l{sub m}, are radiated in the direction of specular reflection and interfere with a part of the beam reflected from the working face of the prism. It is shown that this interference can lead to the field intensity oscillations near m-lines. The analysis of different methods for determining the parameters of thin-film structures is presented, including the measurement of mode angles θ{sub m} and the reflected beam shape. The methods are based on simultaneous excitation of a few waveguide modes in the film with a strongly focused monochromatic Gaussian beam, the waist width of which is much smaller than the propagation length of the modes. As an example of using these methods, the refractive index and the thickness of silicon monoxide film on silica substrate at the wavelength 633 nm are determined. (fibre and integrated-optical structures)« less

Time-resolved proton polarisation (TPP) images tyrosyl radical sites in bovine liver catalase.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimmer, Oliver; Jouve, Hélène M.; Stuhrmann, Heinrich B.

2017-05-01

A differentiation between dynamic polarised protons close to tyrosyl radical sites in catalase and those of the bulk is achieved by time-resolved polarised neutron scattering. Three radical sites, all of them being close to the molecular centre and the heme, appear to be equally possible. Among these is tyr-369 the radial site of which had previously been proven by EPR.

Quantum Photonics Beyond Conventional Computing

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-10

polarisation using a half- wave plate (HWP), the two arms are combined by a polarising beam splitter (PBS). The resulting state is passed through the...phase-matched for Type-I SPDC, creating non -collinear degenerate horizontally polarised photon pairs at 808 nm. After converting one arm to vertical...For the case of non -interacting fermions, the transition probabilities for states under unitary evolution are governed by matrix determinants, which are

A GPU-Based Wide-Band Radio Spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chennamangalam, Jayanth; Scott, Simon; Jones, Glenn; Chen, Hong; Ford, John; Kepley, Amanda; Lorimer, D. R.; Nie, Jun; Prestage, Richard; Roshi, D. Anish; Wagner, Mark; Werthimer, Dan

2014-12-01

The graphics processing unit has become an integral part of astronomical instrumentation, enabling high-performance online data reduction and accelerated online signal processing. In this paper, we describe a wide-band reconfigurable spectrometer built using an off-the-shelf graphics processing unit card. This spectrometer, when configured as a polyphase filter bank, supports a dual-polarisation bandwidth of up to 1.1 GHz (or a single-polarisation bandwidth of up to 2.2 GHz) on the latest generation of graphics processing units. On the other hand, when configured as a direct fast Fourier transform, the spectrometer supports a dual-polarisation bandwidth of up to 1.4 GHz (or a single-polarisation bandwidth of up to 2.8 GHz).

Local birefringence of the anterior segment of the human eye in a single capture with a full range polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Qingyun; Karnowski, Karol; Villiger, Martin; Sampson, David D.

2017-04-01

A fibre-based full-range polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography system is developed to enable complete capture of the structural and birefringence properties of the anterior segment of the human eye in a single acquisition. The system uses a wavelength swept source centered at 1.3 μm, passively depth-encoded, orthogonal polarisation states in the illumination path and polarisation-diversity detection. Off-pivot galvanometer scanning is used to extend the imaging range and compensate for sensitivity drop-off. A Mueller matrix-based method is used to analyse data. We demonstrate the performance of the system and discuss issues relating to its optimisation.

Independent polarisation control of multiple optical traps

PubMed Central

Preece, Daryl; Keen, Stephen; Botvinick, Elliot; Bowman, Richard; Padgett, Miles; Leach, Jonathan

2009-01-01

We present a system which uses a single spatial light modulator to control the spin angular momentum of multiple optical traps. These traps may be independently controlled both in terms of spatial location and in terms of their spin angular momentum content. The system relies on a spatial light modulator used in a “split-screen” configuration to generate beams of orthogonal polarisation states which are subsequently combined at a polarising beam splitter. Defining the phase difference between the beams with the spatial light modulator enables control of the polarisation state of the light. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by controlling the rotation and orientation of birefringent vaterite crystals within holographic optical tweezers. PMID:18825226

The utility of polarimetry within passive military imaging systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hickman, Duncan L.; Smith, Moira I.; Kim, Kyung Su; Choi, Hyun-Jin

2017-10-01

An ongoing challenge for many military imaging systems is the detection and classification of weak target signatures in a cluttered environment. In such cases, the use of image contrast and relative target motion alone does not always provide a sufficient level of target discrimination to give operational confidence and it is therefore necessary to consider the use of other discriminatory scene information. Polarisation is one such source of information and this paper reports on an extensive series of polarimetric trials undertaken across the visible, NIR, SWIR, MWIR and LWIR spectral bands. Using this data, the benefits and limitations of polarisation discrimination are reviewed in the context of practical military scenarios. It is shown that polarisation signatures vary with viewing geometry and atmospheric conditions. This would lead to an unpredictable performance level if the sensor discrimination was based solely on polarisation. However, by carefully combining polarisation with other scene information, useful operational benefits can be obtained and this is illustrated through a consideration of different data fusion approaches.

In-pile electrochemical measurements on AISI 316 L(N) IG and EUROFER 97 I: experimental results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vankeerberghen, Marc; Bosch, Rik-Wouter; Van Nieuwenhoven, Rudi

2003-02-01

In-pile electrochemical measurements were performed in order to investigate the effect of radiation on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of two materials: reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel EUROFER 97 and stainless steel AISI 316 L(N) IG. The corrosion potential was continuously monitored during the whole irradiation period. At regular intervals and under various flux levels, polarisation resistance measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. Polarisation curves were recorded at the end of the reactor cycle. Analysis showed that the corrosion potential increased and the polarisation resistance decreased with the flux level. The impedance data showed two semi-circles in the Nyquist diagram which contracted with increasing flux level. A fit of the impedance data yielded a decrease of solution and polarisation resistances with the flux level. The polarisation curves could be fitted with a standard Butler-Volmer representation after correction for the solution resistance and showed an increase in the corrosion current density with the flux level.

Study of clathrate hydrates via equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulation employing polarisable and non-polarisable, rigid and flexible water models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burnham, Christian J., E-mail: christian.burnham@ucd.ie, E-mail: niall.english@ucd.ie; English, Niall J., E-mail: christian.burnham@ucd.ie, E-mail: niall.english@ucd.ie

Equilibrium molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on metastable sI and sII polymorphs of empty hydrate lattices, in addition to liquid water and ice Ih. The non-polarisable TIP4P-2005, simple point charge model (SPC), and polarisable Thole-type models (TTM): TTM2, TTM3, and TTM4 water models were used in order to survey the differences between models and to see what differences can be expected when polarisability is incorporated. Rigid and flexible variants were used of each model to gauge the effects of flexibility. Power spectra are calculated and compared to density-of-states spectra inferred from inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measurements. Thermodynamic properties weremore » also calculated, as well as molecular-dipole distributions. It was concluded that TTM models offer optimal fidelity vis-à-vis INS spectra, together with thermodynamic properties, with the flexible TTM2 model offering optimal placement of vibrational modes.« less

Polarisation of the Balmer-α emission in crossed electric and magnetic fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thorman, Alex

2018-03-01

An analysis of the polarisation structure of the Balmer-α emission in the presence of electric and magnetic fields is presented, with an emphasis on motional Stark effect polarimetry for fusion plasma diagnostics. When the fields are orthogonal, as is the case for neutral heating beams injected into a magnetised plasma, some degeneracy remains in the Stark-Zeeman energy levels and the magnetic quantum number is not well defined. The polarisation structure from the degenerate states is underdetermined and therefore volatile to weaker interactions that resolve this degeneracy, a critical subtlety that has previously been overlooked. A perturbation theory analysis finds distinct polarisation structures for the σ emission that apply when the fine-structure and microscopic electric fields are considered. It is found that only the σ ± 1 polarisation orientation is sensitive to upper-state populations (which are non-statistically weighted for neutral beam injection into a target gas), but with appropriate viewing geometries and beam injection directions the effect can be made negligible.

Radar Detection Performance in Medium Grazing Angle X-band Sea-clutter

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

polarisation HV: Horizontal transmit and Vertical receive polarisation IRSG: Imagery Radar Systems Group MAST06: Maritime Surveillance Trial 2006 PDF...different combinations of the polarisation, collection geometry and environmental conditions. Relevant models include the imaging radar systems group (IRSG...atmospheric and system losses respectively and pulse compression adds a gain given by the pulse length - bandwidth product, TpB. The thermal noise power in the

High Resolution X-Band SAR Constallation for Risk Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-10-01

polarisation has been specified to two unique, alternative SAR-satellite designs which as no specific requirement exists for dual- polarisation combine...dispersion while Fig. 4a). beam -scanning; 5 azimuth power splitters which feed the sub- 2. An architecture borrowed from modem panels...resolution SAR constellation therefore forms an essential Polarisation HH (or VV) component of such an observation system which shall Mean/max revisit < 12/24

Re-Engineering the Stomatopod Eye, Nature’s Most Comprehensive Visual Sensor

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-22

polarisation and colour processing by the brain of stomatopods  Two new methodologies introduced, polarisation distance and intuitive polarisation display...combination of our current state of knowledge and fresh intellectual and methodological input to the project, we aimed to explain the complexity of...achieve an optimal reflective silvery camouflage by controlling the non -polarizing properties of the skin (Jordan et al 2012, 2013, 2014, Roberts et

Leading-order determination of the gluon polarisation from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adolph, C.; Aghasyan, M.; Akhunzyanov, R.; Alexeev, M. G.; Alexeev, G. D.; Amoroso, A.; Andrieux, V.; Anfimov, N. V.; Anosov, V.; Augustyniak, W.; Austregesilo, A.; Azevedo, C. D. R.; Badełek, B.; Balestra, F.; Barth, J.; Beck, R.; Bedfer, Y.; Bernhard, J.; Bicker, K.; Bielert, E. R.; Birsa, R.; Bisplinghoff, J.; Bodlak, M.; Boer, M.; Bordalo, P.; Bradamante, F.; Braun, C.; Bressan, A.; Büchele, M.; Chang, W.-C.; Chiosso, M.; Choi, I.; Chung, S.-U.; Cicuttin, A.; Crespo, M. L.; Curiel, Q.; Dalla Torre, S.; Dasgupta, S. S.; Dasgupta, S.; Denisov, O. Yu.; Dhara, L.; Donskov, S. V.; Doshita, N.; Duic, V.; Dünnweber, W.; Dziewiecki, M.; Efremov, A.; Eversheim, P. D.; Eyrich, W.; Faessler, M.; Ferrero, A.; Finger, M.; , M. Finger, Jr.; Fischer, H.; Franco, C.; du Fresne von Hohenesche, N.; Friedrich, J. M.; Frolov, V.; Fuchey, E.; Gautheron, F.; Gavrichtchouk, O. P.; Gerassimov, S.; Giordano, F.; Gnesi, I.; Gorzellik, M.; Grabmüller, S.; Grasso, A.; Grosse Perdekamp, M.; Grube, B.; Grussenmeyer, T.; Guskov, A.; Haas, F.; Hahne, D.; von Harrach, D.; Hashimoto, R.; Heinsius, F. H.; Heitz, R.; Herrmann, F.; Hinterberger, F.; Horikawa, N.; d'Hose, N.; Hsieh, C.-Y.; Huber, S.; Ishimoto, S.; Ivanov, A.; Ivanshin, Yu.; Iwata, T.; Jahn, R.; Jary, V.; Joosten, R.; Jörg, P.; Kabuß, E.; Ketzer, B.; Khaustov, G. V.; Khokhlov, Yu. A.; Kisselev, Yu.; Klein, F.; Klimaszewski, K.; Koivuniemi, J. H.; Kolosov, V. N.; Kondo, K.; Königsmann, K.; Konorov, I.; Konstantinov, V. F.; Kotzinian, A. M.; Kouznetsov, O. M.; Krämer, M.; Kremser, P.; Krinner, F.; Kroumchtein, Z. V.; Kulinich, Y.; Kunne, F.; Kurek, K.; Kurjata, R. P.; Lednev, A. A.; Lehmann, A.; Levillain, M.; Levorato, S.; Lichtenstadt, J.; Longo, R.; Maggiora, A.; Magnon, A.; Makins, N.; Makke, N.; Mallot, G. K.; Marchand, C.; Marianski, B.; Martin, A.; Marzec, J.; Matoušek, J.; Matsuda, H.; Matsuda, T.; Meshcheryakov, G. V.; Meyer, W.; Michigami, T.; Mikhailov, Yu. V.; Mikhasenko, M.; Miyachi, Y.; Montuenga, P.; Nagaytsev, A.; Nerling, F.; Neyret, D.; Nikolaenko, V. I.; Nový, J.; Nowak, W.-D.; Nukazuka, G.; Nunes, A. S.; Olshevsky, A. G.; Orlov, I.; Ostrick, M.; Panzieri, D.; Parsamyan, B.; Paul, S.; Peng, J.-C.; Pereira, F.; Pešek, M.; Peshekhonov, D. V.; Platchkov, S.; Pochodzalla, J.; Polyakov, V. A.; Pretz, J.; Quaresma, M.; Quintans, C.; Ramos, S.; Regali, C.; Reicherz, G.; Riedl, C.; Roskot, M.; Rossiyskaya, N. S.; Ryabchikov, D. I.; Rybnikov, A.; Rychter, A.; Salac, R.; Samoylenko, V. D.; Sandacz, A.; Santos, C.; Sarkar, S.; Savin, I. A.; Sawada, T.; Sbrizzai, G.; Schiavon, P.; Schmidt, K.; Schmieden, H.; Schönning, K.; Schopferer, S.; Seder, E.; Selyunin, A.; Shevchenko, O. Yu.; Silva, L.; Sinha, L.; Sirtl, S.; Slunecka, M.; Smolik, J.; Sozzi, F.; Srnka, A.; Stolarski, M.; Sulc, M.; Suzuki, H.; Szabelski, A.; Szameitat, T.; Sznajder, P.; Takekawa, S.; Tasevsky, M.; Tessaro, S.; Tessarotto, F.; Thibaud, F.; Tosello, F.; Tskhay, V.; Uhl, S.; Veloso, J.; Virius, M.; Vondra, J.; Weisrock, T.; Wilfert, M.; ter Wolbeek, J.; Zaremba, K.; Zavada, P.; Zavertyaev, M.; Zemlyanichkina, E.; Ziembicki, M.; Zink, A.

2017-04-01

Using a novel analysis technique, the gluon polarisation in the nucleon is re-evaluated using the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry measured in the cross section of semi-inclusive single-hadron muoproduction with photon virtuality Q^2>1 (GeV/c)^2. The data were obtained by the COMPASS experiment at CERN using a 160 GeV/ c polarised muon beam impinging on a polarised ^6LiD target. By analysing the full range in hadron transverse momentum p_T, the different p_T-dependences of the underlying processes are separated using a neural-network approach. In the absence of pQCD calculations at next-to-leading order in the selected kinematic domain, the gluon polarisation Δ g/g is evaluated at leading order in pQCD at a hard scale of μ ^2= < Q^2 \\rangle = 3 (GeV/c)^2. It is determined in three intervals of the nucleon momentum fraction carried by gluons, x_g, covering the range 0.04 < x_{g} < 0.28 and does not exhibit a significant dependence on x_g. The average over the three intervals, < Δ g/g \\rangle = 0.113 ± 0.038_(stat.)± 0.036_(syst.) at < x_g \\rangle ≈ 0.10, suggests that the gluon polarisation is positive in the measured x_g range.

Late summer sea ice segmentation with multi-polarisation SAR features in C- and X-band

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fors, A. S.; Brekke, C.; Doulgeris, A. P.; Eltoft, T.; Renner, A. H. H.; Gerland, S.

2015-09-01

In this study we investigate the potential of sea ice segmentation by C- and X-band multi-polarisation synthetic aperture radar (SAR) features during late summer. Five high-resolution satellite SAR scenes were recorded in the Fram Strait covering iceberg-fast first-year and old sea ice during a week with air temperatures varying around zero degrees Celsius. In situ data consisting of sea ice thickness, surface roughness and aerial photographs were collected during a helicopter flight at the site. Six polarimetric SAR features were extracted for each of the scenes. The ability of the individual SAR features to discriminate between sea ice types and their temporally consistency were examined. All SAR features were found to add value to sea ice type discrimination. Relative kurtosis, geometric brightness, cross-polarisation ratio and co-polarisation correlation angle were found to be temporally consistent in the investigated period, while co-polarisation ratio and co-polarisation correlation magnitude were found to be temporally inconsistent. An automatic feature-based segmentation algorithm was tested both for a full SAR feature set, and for a reduced SAR feature set limited to temporally consistent features. In general, the algorithm produces a good late summer sea ice segmentation. Excluding temporally inconsistent SAR features improved the segmentation at air temperatures above zero degrees Celcius.

Polarisation Of High-Energy Emission In A Pulsar Striped Wind

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petri, J. A.; Kirk, J. G.

2006-08-01

Recent observations of the polarisation of the optical pulses from the Crab pulsar (Kanbach et al. 2005, AIP Proceedings, astro-ph/0511636) motivated detailed comparative studies of the emission predicted by the polar cap, the outer gap and the two-pole caustics models. In this work, we study the polarisation properties of the synchrotron emission emanating from the striped wind model. We use an explicit asymptotic solution for the large-scale field structure related to the oblique split monopole and valid for the case of an ultrarelativistic plasma (Bogovalov, A&A, 1999, 349, 1017). This is combined with a crude model for the emissivity of the striped wind and of the magnetic field within the dissipating stripes themselves. We calculate the polarisation properties of the high-energy pulsed emission and compare our results with optical observations of the Crab pulsar. The resulting radiation is linearly polarized. In the off-pulse region, the electric vector lies in the direction of the projection on the sky of the rotation axis of the pulsar, in good agreement with the data. Other properties such as a reduced degree of polarisation and a characteristic sweep of the polarisation angle within the pulses are also reproduced (Petri & Kirk, ApJ Letters, 2005, 627, L37).

Ultracompact high-efficiency polarising beam splitter based on silicon nanobrick arrays.

PubMed

Zheng, Guoxing; Liu, Guogen; Kenney, Mitchell Guy; Li, Zile; He, Ping'an; Li, Song; Ren, Zhi; Deng, Qiling

2016-03-21

Since the transmission of anisotropic nano-structures is sensitive to the polarisation of an incident beam, a novel polarising beam splitter (PBS) based on silicon nanobrick arrays is proposed. With careful design of such structures, an incident beam with polarisation direction aligned with the long axis of the nanobrick is almost totally reflected (~98.5%), whilst that along the short axis is nearly totally transmitted (~94.3%). More importantly, by simply changing the width of the nanobrick we can shift the peak response wavelength from 1460 nm to 1625 nm, covering S, C and L bands of the fiber telecommunications windows. The silicon nanobrick-based PBS can find applications in many fields which require ultracompactness, high efficiency, and compatibility with semiconductor industry technologies.

Polarisation effects in twin-core fibre: Application for mode locking in a fibre laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lobach, I A; Kablukov, S I; Podivilov, Evgenii V

2012-09-30

We report the first measurements of the longitudinal power distribution in a twin-core optical fibre at different input light polarisations. Experimental evidence is presented that, because of the difference in birefringence between the cores, the power in them depends on which core the beam is launched into. Experimental data are interpreted in terms of a modified polarisation model for mode coupling in twin-core fibres which takes into account the birefringence of the cores. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time the use of the polarisation properties of a twincore fibre for mode locking in a fibre laser. (optical fibres,more » lasers and amplifiers. properties and applications)« less

Polarisation Spectral Synthesis For Type Ia Supernova Explosion Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulla, Mattia

2017-02-01

Despite their relevance across a broad range of astrophysical research topics, Type Ia supernova explosions are still poorly understood and answers to the questions of when, why and how these events are triggered remain unclear. In this respect, polarisation offers a unique opportunity to discriminate between the variety of possible scenarios. The observational evidence that Type Ia supernovae are associated with rather low polarisation signals (smaller than a few per cent) places strong constraints for models and calls for modest asphericities in the progenitor system and/or explosion mechanism.The goal of this thesis is to assess the validity of contemporary Type Ia supernova explosion models by testing whether their predicted polarisation signatures can account for the small signals usually observed. To this end, we have implemented and tested an innovative Monte Carlo scheme in the radiative transfer code artis. Compared to previous Monte Carlo approaches, this technique produces synthetic observables (light curves, flux and polarisation spectra) with a substantial reduction in the Monte Carlo noise and therefore in the required computing time. This improvement is particularly crucial for our study as we aim to extract very weak polarisation signals, comparable to those detected in Type Ia supernovae. We have also demonstrated the applicability of this method to other classes of supernovae via a preliminary study of the first spectropolarimetry observations of superluminous supernovae.Using this scheme, we have calculated synthetic spectropolarimetry for three multi-dimensional explosion models recently proposed as promising candidates to explain Type Ia supernovae. Our findings highlight the power of spectropolarimetry in testing and discriminating between different scenarios. While all the three models predict light curves and flux spectra that are similar to each others and reproduce those observed in Type Ia supernovae comparably well, polarisation does provide a clear distinction. In particular, we find that one model is too strongly asymmetric and produces polarisation levels that are too high and clearly inconsistent with those detected for the bulk of Type Ia supernovae. Polarisation signals - and their time evolution - extracted for the remaining two models are instead in good agreement with the currently available spectropolarimetry data. Providing a powerful way to connect hydrodynamic explosion models to observed data, the study presented in this thesis is an important step towards a better understanding of Type Ia supernovae from a synthesis of theory and observations.

Chasing Low Frequency Radio Bursts from Magnetically Active Stars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lynch, Christene; Murphy, Tara; Kaplan, David

2017-05-01

Flaring activity is a common characteristic of magnetically active stars. These events produce emission throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, implying a range of physical processes. A number of objects exhibit short-duration, narrow band, and highly circularly polarised (reaching 100%) radio bursts. The observed polarisation and frequency-time structure of these bursts points to a coherent emission mechanism such as the electron cyclotron maser. Due to the stochastic nature of these bursts and the sensitivity of current instruments, the number of stars where coherent emission has been detected is few, with numbers limited to a few tens of objects. Observations of a wider sample of active stars are necessary in order to establish the percentage that exhibit coherent radio bursts and to relate the observed emission characteristics to stellar magnetic properties. New wide-field, low frequency radio telescopes will probe a frequency regime that is mostly unexplored for many magnetically active stars and where coherent radio emissions are expected to be more numerous. M dwarf stars are of particular interest as they are currently favoured as most likely to host habitable planets. Yet the extreme magnetic activity observed for some M dwarf stars places some doubt on the ability of orbiting planets to host life. This presentation reports the first results from a targeted Murchison Widefield Array survey of M dwarf stars that were previously detected at 100 - 200 MHz using single dish telescopes. We will discuss robust flare-rate measurements over a high dynamic range of flare properties, as well as investigate the physical mechanism(s) behind the flares.

NonLinear Effects in Photorefractive Crystals

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

effect (a non - reciprocal rotation of the polarisation axis in a crystal subjected to a magnetic field) in 1845 [331 but failed to find a comparable...the transmission geometry for the crystal orientation in Fig 5. Take the two incident beams polarised in the y direction to maximize the electrooptic... beams polarised in z. There will be little or no coupling in these regions and therefore the overall gain is reduced. John Heaton’s D.Phil. thesis

An Assessment of the Crossed Porro Prism Resonator

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-01

to P n 7 + 4tan-{(4( 1 - 2/(n) 2) In the laser, the plane polarised beam from the polarising beam splitter ERL-OI(2-TM - 2 - will, on emerging from... Beam intensities in resonators 17. Ray path rotation in crossed porro resonator 18. Elliptically polarised light ray - I I•HI,-O ,-0162-IM I...military laser rangefinder and designator applications. This paper reviews the properties of these devices and examines the advantages over normal mirror

Semi-inclusive polarised lepton-nucleon scattering and the anomalous gluon contribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Güllenstern, St.; Veltri, M.; Górnicki, P.; Mankiewicz, L.; Schäfer, A.

1993-08-01

We discuss a new observable for semi-inclusive pion production in polarised lepton-nucleon collisions. This observable is sensitive to the polarised and unpolarised strange quark distribution and the anomalous gluon contribution, provided that their fragmentation functions into pions differ substantially from that of light quarks. From Monte Carlo data generated with our PEPSI code we conclude that HERMES might be able to decide whether the polarized strange quark and gluon distributions are large.

Reconstruction of the primordial power spectrum using temperature and polarisation data from multiple experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nicholson, Gavin; Contaldi, Carlo R., E-mail: gavin.nicholson05@imperial.ac.uk, E-mail: c.contaldi@imperial.ac.uk

2009-07-01

We develop a method to reconstruct the primordial power spectrum, P(k), using both temperature and polarisation data from the joint analysis of a number of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations. The method is an extension of the Richardson-Lucy algorithm, first applied in this context by Shafieloo and Souradeep [1]. We show how the inclusion of polarisation measurements can decrease the uncertainty in the reconstructed power spectrum. In particular, the polarisation data can constrain oscillations in the spectrum more effectively than total intensity only measurements. We apply the estimator to a compilation of current CMB results. The reconstructed spectrum is consistentmore » with the best-fit power spectrum although we find evidence for a 'dip' in the power on scales k ≈ 0.002 Mpc{sup −1}. This feature appears to be associated with the WMAP power in the region 18 ≤ l ≤ 26 which is consistently below best-fit models. We also forecast the reconstruction for a simulated, Planck-like [2] survey including sample variance limited polarisation data.« less

Polarisation in spin-echo experiments: Multi-point and lock-in measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamtögl, Anton; Davey, Benjamin; Ward, David J.; Jardine, Andrew P.; Ellis, John; Allison, William

2018-02-01

Spin-echo instruments are typically used to measure diffusive processes and the dynamics and motion in samples on ps and ns time scales. A key aspect of the spin-echo technique is to determine the polarisation of a particle beam. We present two methods for measuring the spin polarisation in spin-echo experiments. The current method in use is based on taking a number of discrete readings. The implementation of a new method involves continuously rotating the spin and measuring its polarisation after being scattered from the sample. A control system running on a microcontroller is used to perform the spin rotation and to calculate the polarisation of the scattered beam based on a lock-in amplifier. First experimental tests of the method on a helium spin-echo spectrometer show that it is clearly working and that it has advantages over the discrete approach, i.e., it can track changes of the beam properties throughout the experiment. Moreover, we show that real-time numerical simulations can perfectly describe a complex experiment and can be easily used to develop improved experimental methods prior to a first hardware implementation.

The intrinsic B-mode polarisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fidler, Christian; Pettinari, Guido W.; Crittenden, Robert

2014-07-01

We estimate the B-polarisation induced in the Cosmic Microwave Background by the non-linear evolution of density perturbations. Using the second-order Boltzmann code SONG, our analysis incorporates, for the first time, all physical effects at recombination. We also include novel contributions from the redshift part of the Boltzmann equation and from the bolometric definition of the temperature in the presence of polarisation. The remaining line-of-sight terms (lensing and time-delay) have previously been studied and must be calculated non-perturbatively. The intrinsic B-mode polarisation is present independent of the initial conditions and might contaminate the signal from primordial gravitational waves. We find thismore » contamination to be comparable to a primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio of r ≅ 10{sup −7} at the angular scale ℓ ≅ 100, where the primordial signal peaks, and r ≅ 5 × 10{sup −5} at ℓ ≅ 700, where the intrinsic signal peaks. Therefore, we conclude that the intrinsic B-polarisation from second-order effects is not likely to contaminate future searches of primordial gravitational waves.« less

Ordering dynamics of self-propelled particles in an inhomogeneous medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Rakesh; Mishra, Shradha; Puri, Sanjay

2018-02-01

Ordering dynamics of self-propelled particles in an inhomogeneous medium in two dimensions is studied. We write coarse-grained hydrodynamic equations of motion for density and polarisation fields in the presence of an external random disorder field, which is quenched in time. The strength of inhomogeneity is tuned from zero disorder (clean system) to large disorder. In the clean system, the polarisation field grows algebraically as LP ∼ t0.5 . The density field does not show clean power-law growth; however, it follows Lρ ∼ t0.8 approximately. In the inhomogeneous system, we find a disorder-dependent growth. For both the density and the polarisation, growth slows down with increasing strength of disorder. The polarisation shows a disorder-dependent power-law growth LP(t,Δ) ∼ t1/\\bar zP(Δ) for intermediate times. At late times, there is a crossover to logarithmic growth LP(t,Δ) ∼ (\\ln t)1/\\varphi , where φ is a disorder-independent exponent. Two-point correlation functions for the polarisation show dynamical scaling, but the density does not.

Transforming Supervision: Using Video Elicitation to Support Preservice Teacher-Directed Reflective Conversations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sewall, Marcia

2009-01-01

Since constraints on time, resources, and even energy often come into play in finding opportunities for meaningful discussions about pedagogy between the novice teacher (NT) and the supervisor, post-lesson conversations at the school site can often be brief, superficial, lacking reflective self-analysis, narrow in focus, interrupted, or even…

An empirical model to determine the hadronic resonance contributions \\overline{B}{} ^0 → \\overline{K}{} ^{*0} μ ^+ μ ^- to transitions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blake, T.; Egede, U.; Owen, P.; Petridis, K. A.; Pomery, G.

2018-06-01

A method for analysing the hadronic resonance contributions in \\overline{B}{} ^0 → \\overline{K}{} ^{*0} μ ^+ μ ^- decays is presented. This method uses an empirical model that relies on measurements of the branching fractions and polarisation amplitudes of final states involving J^{PC}=1^{-} resonances, relative to the short-distance component, across the full dimuon mass spectrum of \\overline{B}{} ^0 → \\overline{K}{} ^{*0} μ ^+ μ ^- transitions. The model is in good agreement with existing calculations of hadronic non-local effects. The effect of this contribution to the angular observables is presented and it is demonstrated how the narrow resonances in the q^2 spectrum provide a dramatic enhancement to CP-violating effects in the short-distance amplitude. Finally, a study of the hadronic resonance effects on lepton universality ratios, R_{K^{(*)}}, in the presence of new physics is presented.

Modulated method for efficient, narrow-bandwidth, laser Compton X-ray and gamma-ray sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barty, Christopher P. J.

A method of x-ray and gamma-ray generation via laser Compton scattering uses the interaction of a specially-formatted, highly modulated, long duration, laser pulse with a high-frequency train of high-brightness electron bunches to both create narrow bandwidth x-ray and gamma-ray sources and significantly increase the laser to Compton photon conversion efficiency.

Method for efficient, narrow-bandwidth, laser compton x-ray and gamma-ray sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barty, Christopher P. J.

A method of x-ray and gamma-ray generation via laser Compton scattering uses the interaction of a specially-formatted, highly modulated, long duration, laser pulse with a high-frequency train of high-brightness electron bunches to both create narrow bandwidth x-ray and gamma-ray sources and significantly increase the laser to Compton photon conversion efficiency.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: Broadband polarisation of radio AGN (O'Sullivan+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Sullivan, S. P.; Purcell, C. R.; Anderson, C. S.; Farnes, J. S.; Sun, X. H.; Gaensler, B. M.

2017-08-01

Linear polarisation data as a function of wavelength-squared for 100 extragalactic radio sources, selected to be highly polarised at 1.4GHz. The data presented here were obtained using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) over 1.1-3.1GHz (16cm) with 1MHz spectral resolution between 2014 April 19-28. The integrated emission from each source, imaged at 10 MHz intervals, is presented below. See Section 2 for details. (2 data files).

Modelling the circular polarisation of Earth-like exoplanets: constraints on detecting homochirality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hogenboom, Michael; Stam, Daphne; Rossi, Loic; Snik, Frans

2016-04-01

The circular polarisation of light is a property of electromagnetic radiation from which extensive information can be extracted. It is oft-neglected due to its small signal relative to linear polarisation and the need for advanced instrumentation in measuring it. Additionally, numerical modelling is complex as the full Stokes vector must always be computed. Circular polarisation is commonly induced through the multiple scattering of light by aerosols te{hansen} and multiple reflections of light by rough surfaces te{circplanets}. Most interestingly, distinctive spectral circular polarimetric behaviour is exhibited by light reflected by organisms due to the homochiral molecular structure of all known organisms te{chiralbailey}. Especially fascinating is the unique circular polarimetric behaviour of light reflected by photosynthesising organisms at the absorption wavelength of the chlorophyll pigment te{circpolchar}. This presents the previously unexplored possibility of circular polarimetry as a method for identifying and characterising the presence of organisms, a method which could be applied in the hunt for extraterrestrial life. To date, few telescopes exist that measure circular polarisation and none that have been deployed in space. Observations of the circular polarisation reflected by other planets in the solar system have been made with ground-based telescopes, with significant results te{circplanets}. However, none of these observations have been made at the phase angles at which exoplanets will be observed. Also, none have been made of the Earth, which is the logical starting point for the study of biologically induced circular polarisation signals. This introduces the need for numerical modelling to determine the extent to which circular polarisation is present in light reflected by exoplanets or the Earth. In this study, we model the multiple scattering and reflection of light using the doubling-adding method te{dehaan}. We will present circular polarisation signals for both spatially resolved and spatially unresolved planets, using various atmospheric and surface properties and across a range of phase angles. As a test, the calculated degree of circular polarisation resulting from the multiple scattering of light in an atmosphere with varying properties was compared with results presented by Kawata te{circatmos} and was found to be in agreement. Initial modelling of the atmospheric scattering of light by a planetary disk has shown a presence of degree of circular polarisation in the order of 10-4. This represents a static case with one cloudy hemisphere, one cloudless hemisphere and a Lambertian surface. Results containing varied patchy cloud patterns shall also be presented in a bid to reflect the random nature of planetary cloud cover. We will also present the calculated degree of circular polarisation of planets with various cloud coverage and a circularly polarising surface in order to discover the influence of organisms on the numerical results. {1} {hansen} J. E. {Hansen} and L. D. {Travis}. {Light scattering in planetary atmospheres}. {Space Science Reviews}, 16:527-610, October 1974. {circplanets} J. C. {Kemp} and R. D. {Wolstencroft}. {Circular Polarization: Jupiter and Other Planets}. {Nature}, 232:165-168, July 1971. {chiralbailey} J. {Bailey}. {Circular Polarization and the Origin of Biomolecular Homochirality}. In G. {Lemarchand} and K. {Meech}, editors, {Bioastronomy 99}, volume 213 of {Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series}, 2000. {circpolchar} L. {Nagdimunov}, L. {Kolokolova}, and D. {Mackowski}. {Characterization and remote sensing of biological particles using circular polarization}. {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer}, 131:59-65, December 2013. dehaan} J. F. {de Haan}, P. B. {Bosma}, and J. W. {Hovenier}. {The adding method for multiple scattering calculations of polarized light}. {Astronomy and Astrophysics}, 183:371-391, September 1987. {circatmos} Y. {Kawata}. {Circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres}. {Icarus}, 33:217-232, January 1978.

Enhanced tunable narrow-band THz emission from laser-modulated electron beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiang, D.; Stupakov, G.; /SLAC

2009-06-19

We propose and analyze a scheme to generate enhanced narrow-band terahertz (THz) radiation through down-conversion of the frequency of optical lasers using laser-modulated electron beams. In the scheme the electron beam is first energy modulated by two lasers with wave numbers k{sub 1} and k2, respectively. After passing through a dispersion section, the energy modulation is converted to density modulation. Due to the nonlinear conversion process, the beam will have density modulation at wave number k = nk{sub 1} + mk{sub 2}, where n and m are positive or negative integers. By properly choosing the parameters for the lasers andmore » dispersion section, one can generate density modulation at THz frequency in the beam using optical lasers. This density-modulated beam can be used to generate powerful narrow-band THz radiation. Since the THz radiation is in tight synchronization with the lasers, it should provide a high temporal resolution for the optical-pump THz-probe experiments. The central frequency of the THz radiation can be easily tuned by varying the wavelength of the two lasers and the energy chirp of the electron beam. The proposed scheme is in principle able to generate intense narrow-band THz radiation covering the whole THz range and offers a promising way towards the tunable intense narrow-band THz sources.« less

Propagation of polarised light in bent hi-bi spun fibres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Przhiyalkovsky, Ya V.; Morshnev, S. K.; Starostin, N. I.; Gubin, V. P.

2015-11-01

The evolution of polarisation states (PS's) of broadband light propagating through a bent optical fibre with a helical structure of its refractive index anisotropy (hi-bi spun fibre) has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It has been shown that there exists a coordinate system of PS's in which the differential Jones matrix can be replaced by a diagonal matrix, which allows the polarisation parameters of the output broadband light to be readily calculated with sufficient accuracy. We have derived a formula for evaluating the magneto-optical sensitivity of a bent spun fibre. An approach has been proposed for restoring the degree of polarisation of light in a bent hi-bi spun fibre and, as a consequence, the visibility (contrast) of the interferometer in a current sensor with a sensing element based on the fibre under consideration.

Late-summer sea ice segmentation with multi-polarisation SAR features in C and X band

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fors, Ane S.; Brekke, Camilla; Doulgeris, Anthony P.; Eltoft, Torbjørn; Renner, Angelika H. H.; Gerland, Sebastian

2016-02-01

In this study, we investigate the potential of sea ice segmentation by C- and X-band multi-polarisation synthetic aperture radar (SAR) features during late summer. Five high-resolution satellite SAR scenes were recorded in the Fram Strait covering iceberg-fast first-year and old sea ice during a week with air temperatures varying around 0 °C. Sea ice thickness, surface roughness and aerial photographs were collected during a helicopter flight at the site. Six polarimetric SAR features were extracted for each of the scenes. The ability of the individual SAR features to discriminate between sea ice types and their temporal consistency were examined. All SAR features were found to add value to sea ice type discrimination. Relative kurtosis, geometric brightness, cross-polarisation ratio and co-polarisation correlation angle were found to be temporally consistent in the investigated period, while co-polarisation ratio and co-polarisation correlation magnitude were found to be temporally inconsistent. An automatic feature-based segmentation algorithm was tested both for a full SAR feature set and for a reduced SAR feature set limited to temporally consistent features. In C band, the algorithm produced a good late-summer sea ice segmentation, separating the scenes into segments that could be associated with different sea ice types in the next step. The X-band performance was slightly poorer. Excluding temporally inconsistent SAR features improved the segmentation in one of the X-band scenes.

Variable polarisation and Doppler tomography of PSR J1023+0038 - Evidence for the magnetic propeller during flaring?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hakala, Pasi; Kajava, Jari J. E.

2018-03-01

Transitional millisecond pulsars are systems that alternate between an accreting low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) state and a non-accreting radio pulsar state. When at the LMXB state, their X-ray and optical light curves show rapid flares and dips, the origin of which is not well understood. We present results from our optical and NIR observing campaign of PSR J1023+0038, a transitional millisecond pulsar observed in an accretion state. Our wide-band optical photopolarimetry indicates that the system shows intrinsic linear polarisation, the degree of which is anticorrelated with optical emission, i.e. the polarisation could be diluted during the flares. However, the change in position angle during the flares suggests an additional emerging polarised component during the flares. We also find, based on our H α spectroscopy and Doppler tomography, that there is indication for change in the accretion disc structure/emission during the flares, possibly due to a change in accretion flow. This, together with changing polarisation during the flares, could mark the existence of magnetic propeller mass ejection process in the system. Furthermore, our analysis of flare profiles in both optical and NIR shows that NIR flares are at least as powerful as the optical ones and both can exhibit transition time-scales less than 3 s. The optical/NIR flares therefore seem to originate from a separate, polarised transient component, which might be due to Thomson scattering from propeller ejected matter.

Bilingual Education in the United States, the Pacific and Southeast Asia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lester, Mark

1974-01-01

In classifying bilingual education following William F. Mackey's typology, single or dual media or instruction may be used for gradual or abrupt conversion to a wider or narrower culture. Bilingual education in the United States is usually dual medium, either for maintenance or conversion to a wider culture, aiming to produce a bilingual…

Polarisation of the auroral red line in the Earth's upper atmosphere: a review (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamy, H.; Barthelemy, M.; Lilensten, J.; Bommier, V.; Simon Wedlund, C.

2013-12-01

Polarisation of light is a key observable to provide information about asymmetry or anisotropy within a radiative source. Polarimetry of auroral emission lines in the Earth's upper atmosphere has been overlooked for decades. However, the bright red auroral line (6300Å) produced by collisional impact with electrons precipitating along magnetic field lines is a good candidate to search for polarisation. This problem was investigated recently with observations obtained by Lilensten et al (2008), Barthélemy et al (2011) and Lilensten et al (2013) with a photopolarimeter. Analysis of the data indicates that the red auroral emission line is polarised at a level of a few percent. The results are compared to theoretical predictions of Bommier et al (2011) that were obtained for a collimated beam. The comparison suggests the existence of depolarization processes whose origin will be discussed. A new dedicated spectropolarimeter currently under development will also be presented. This instrument will cover the optical spectrum from approximately 400 to 700 nm providing simultaneously the polarisation of the red line and of other interesting auroral emission lines such as N2+ 1NG (4278Å), other N2 bands, etc... The importance of these polarisation measurements in the context of upper atmosphere modelling and geomagnetic activity will be discussed. Lilensten, J. et al, Polarization in aurorae: A new dimension for space environments studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 269, 2008 Barthélemy M. et al, Polarisation in the auroral red line during coordinated EISCAT Svalbard Radar/optical experiments, Annales Geophysicae, Volume 29, Issue 6, 2011, 1101-1112, 2011. Bommier V. et al, The Theoretical Impact Polarization of the O I 6300 Å Red Line of Earth Auroræ, Annales Geophysicae, Volume 29, Issue 1, 2011, 71-79, 2011 Lilensten, J. et al, The thermospheric auroral red line polarization: confirmation of detection and first quantitative analysis, Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, Volume 3, 12, 2013.

Fake facts and alternative truths in medical research.

PubMed

Hofmann, Bjørn

2018-01-27

Fake news and alternative facts have become commonplace in these so-called "post-factual times." What about medical research - are scientific facts fake as well? Many recent disclosures have fueled the claim that scientific facts are suspect and that science is in crisis. Scientists appear to engage in facting interests instead of revealing interesting facts. This can be observed in terms of what has been called polarised research, where some researchers continuously publish positive results while others publish negative results on the same issue - even when based on the same data. In order to identify and address this challenge, the objective of this study is to investigate how polarised research produce "polarised facts." Mammography screening for breast cancer is applied as an example. The main benefit with mammography screening is the reduced breast cancer mortality, while the main harm is overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment. Accordingly, the Overdiagnosis to Mortality Reduction Ratio (OMRR) is an estimate of the risk-benefit-ratio for mammography screening. As there are intense interests involved as well as strong opinions in debates on mammography screening, one could expect polarisation in published results on OMRR. A literature search identifies 8 studies publishing results for OMRR and reveals that OMRR varies 25-fold, from 0.4 to 10. Two experts in polarised research were asked to rank the attitudes of the corresponding authors to mammography screening of the identified publications. The results show a strong correlation between the OMRR and the authors' attitudes to screening (R = 0.9). Mammography screening for breast cancer appears as an exemplary field of strongly polarised research. This is but one example of how scientists' strong professional interests can polarise research. Instead of revealing interesting facts researchers may come to fact interests. In order to avoid this and sustain trust in science, researchers should disclose professional and not only financial interests when submitting and publishing research.

GEO Satellite Characterization through Polarimetry using Simultaneous Observations from nearby Optical Sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cegarra Polo, M.; Alenin, A.; Vaughn, I.; Lambert, A.

2016-09-01

Polarimetry has shown capacity for both geometry inference and material classification in recent years. By carefully selecting a polarimetric modality with higher contrast for the objects of interest, it becomes possible to discriminate those objects by leveraging the understanding of differing geometry, material characteristics, and its mapping into consequent polarisation measurements. Expansion of the measurement dimensionality increases the potential to discriminate unresolved objects, thereby widening the possible set of imaging tasks. The use of polarimetry as a technique to characterise non-resolved GEO satellites using telescopes of small aperture (less than 0.5 meters) is currently under study by the Space Research Group in UNSW Canberra. First experiments are currently being performed in order to evaluate the use of this technique to characterise GEO satellites. A comparison of both polarimetric and irradiance only acquisitions is being implemented. Two telescopes separated by 1000m are used for the experiments. One of them (USAFA funded Falcon Telescope Network) has the capability to be remote controlled and time tasks assigned, and the other can be operated on-site and is connected to a computer in a network which can control the former with known latency, both synchronised by the same GPS clock. A linear polariser is situated in a collimated beam section of the light path in one of the telescopes to capture polarised photometric measurements, while the other is acquiring the non-polarised photometric signature of the same GEO satellite under observation. The telescope detectors are to be radiometrically calibrated to one another in order to evaluate the photometric data at the same scale. We evaluate the polarised and non-polarised synchronous time photometric curves as a preliminary test to determine satellite signature and its variation over time. We report on the discrimination of unresolved satellites and the merit of including polarisation sensing within the task.

3D printed polarizing grids for IR-THz synchrotron radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryu, Meguya; Linklater, Denver; Hart, William; Balčytis, Armandas; Skliutas, Edvinas; Malinauskas, Mangirdas; Appadoo, Dominique; Tan, Yaw-Ren Eugene; Ivanova, Elena P.; Morikawa, Junko; Juodkazis, Saulius

2018-03-01

Grid polarisers 3D-printed out of commercial acrilic resin were tested for the polariser function and showed spectral regions where the dichroic ratio {D}R> 1 and < 1 implying importance of molecular and/or stress induced anisotropy. Metal-coated 3D-printed THz optical elements can find a range of applications in intensity and polarization control of IR-THz beams. The used 3D printing method allows for fabrication of an arbitrary high aspect ratio grid polarisers. Polarization analysis of synchrotron THz radiation was carried out with a standard stretched polyethylene polariser and revealed that the linearly polarized (horizontal) component contributes up to 22% ± 5% to the circular polarized synchrotron emission extracted by a gold-coated mirror with a horizontal slit inserted near the bending magnet edge. Comparison with theoretical predictions shows a qualitative match with dominance of the edge radiation.

Propagation of polarised light in bent hi-bi spun fibres

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Przhiyalkovsky, Ya V; Morshnev, S K; Starostin, N I

The evolution of polarisation states (PS's) of broadband light propagating through a bent optical fibre with a helical structure of its refractive index anisotropy (hi-bi spun fibre) has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It has been shown that there exists a coordinate system of PS's in which the differential Jones matrix can be replaced by a diagonal matrix, which allows the polarisation parameters of the output broadband light to be readily calculated with sufficient accuracy. We have derived a formula for evaluating the magneto-optical sensitivity of a bent spun fibre. An approach has been proposed for restoring the degree ofmore » polarisation of light in a bent hi-bi spun fibre and, as a consequence, the visibility (contrast) of the interferometer in a current sensor with a sensing element based on the fibre under consideration. (optical fibres)« less

Gap plasmon-based metasurfaces for total control of reflected light

PubMed Central

Pors, Anders; Albrektsen, Ole; Radko, Ilya P.; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.

2013-01-01

In the quest to miniaturise photonics, it is of paramount importance to control light at the nanoscale. We reveal the main physical mechanism responsible for operation of gap plasmon-based gradient metasurfaces, comprising a periodic arrangement of metal nanobricks, and suggest that two degrees of freedom in the nanobrick geometry allow one to independently control the reflection phases of orthogonal light polarisations. We demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, how orthogonal linear polarisations of light at wavelengths close to 800 nm can be manipulated independently, efficiently and in a broad wavelength range by realising polarisation beam splitters and polarisation-independent beam steering, showing at the same time the robustness of metasurface designs towards fabrication tolerances. The presented approach establishes a new class of compact optical components, viz., plasmonic metasurfaces with controlled gradient birefringence, with no dielectric counterparts. It can straightforwardly be adapted to realise new optical components with hitherto inaccessible functionalities. PMID:23831621

Frequency dependent polarisation switching in h-ErMnO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruff, Alexander; Li, Ziyu; Loidl, Alois; Schaab, Jakob; Fiebig, Manfred; Cano, Andres; Yan, Zewu; Bourret, Edith; Glaum, Julia; Meier, Dennis; Krohns, Stephan

2018-04-01

We report an electric-field poling study of the geometrically-driven improper ferroelectric h-ErMnO3. From a detailed dielectric analysis, we deduce the temperature and the frequency dependent range for which single-crystalline h-ErMnO3 exhibits purely intrinsic dielectric behaviour, i.e., free from the extrinsic so-called Maxwell-Wagner polarisations that arise, for example, from surface barrier layers. In this regime, ferroelectric hysteresis loops as a function of frequency, temperature, and applied electric fields are measured, revealing the theoretically predicted saturation polarisation on the order of 5-6 μC/cm2. Special emphasis is put on frequency dependent polarisation switching, which is explained in terms of domain-wall movement similar to proper ferroelectrics. Controlling the domain walls via electric fields brings us an important step closer to their utilization in domain-wall-based electronics.

Laser interferometer for space-based mapping of Earth's gravity field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dehne, Marina; Sheard, Benjamin; Gerberding, Oliver; Mahrdt, Christoph; Heinzel, Gerhard; Danzmann, Karsten

2010-05-01

Laser interferometry will play a key role in the next generation of GRACE-type satellite gravity missions. The measurement concepts for future missions include a heterodyne laser interferometer. Furthermore, it is favourable to use polarising components in the laser interferometer for beam splitting. In the first step the influence of these components on the interferometer sensitivity has been investigated. Additionally, a length stability on a nm-scale has been validated. The next step will include a performance test of an interferometric SST system in an active symmetric transponder setup including two lasers and two optical benches. The design and construction of a quasi-monolithic interferometer for comparing the interferometric performance of non-polarising and polarising optics will be discussed. The results of the interferometric readout of a heterodyne configuration together with polarising optics will be presented to fulfil the phase sensitivity requirement of 1nm/√Hz-- for a typical SSI scenario.

C-band polarimetric scatterometer for soil studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Alessio, Angelo C.; Mongelli, Antonio; Notarnicola, Claudia; Paparella, Giuseppina; Posa, Francesco; Sabatelli, Vincenzo

2003-03-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performances of a polarimetric scatterometer. This sensor can measure the module of the electromagnetic backscattering matrix elements. The knowledge of this matrix permits the computation of all the possible polarisation combinations of transmitted and received signals through a Polarisation Synthesis approach. Scatterometer data are useful for monitoring a large number of soil physical parameters. In particular, the sensitivity of a C-band radar to different growing conditions of vegetation depends on the wave polarisation. As consequences, the possibility of acquiringi both polarisation components presents a great advantage in the vegetarian studies. In addition, this type of ground sensor can permit a fast coverage of the areas of interest. A first test of the polarimetric scatterometer has been performed over an asphalt surface, which has a well-known electromagnetic response. Moreover, a calibration procedure has been tested using both passive (Trihedral Corner Reflector, TCR) and active (Active Radar Calibrator, ARC) radar calibrator.

Scanning nuclear resonance imaging of a hyperfine-coupled quantum Hall system.

PubMed

Hashimoto, Katsushi; Tomimatsu, Toru; Sato, Ken; Hirayama, Yoshiro

2018-06-07

Nuclear resonance (NR) is widely used to detect and characterise nuclear spin polarisation and conduction electron spin polarisation coupled by a hyperfine interaction. While the macroscopic aspects of such hyperfine-coupled systems have been addressed in most relevant studies, the essential role of local variation in both types of spin polarisation has been indicated in 2D semiconductor systems. In this study, we apply a recently developed local and highly sensitive NR based on a scanning probe to a hyperfine-coupled quantum Hall (QH) system in a 2D electron gas subject to a strong magnetic field. We succeed in imaging the NR intensity and Knight shift, uncovering the spatial distribution of both the nuclear and electron spin polarisation. The results reveal the microscopic origin of the nonequilibrium QH phenomena, and highlight the potential use of our technique in microscopic studies on various electron spin systems as well as their correlations with nuclear spins.

Polarised IR-microscope spectra of guanidinium hydrogensulphate single crystal.

PubMed

Drozd, M; Baran, J

2006-07-01

Polarised IR-microscope spectra of C(NH(2))(3)*HSO(4) small single crystal samples were measured at room temperature. The spectra are discussed on the basis of oriented gas model approximation and group theory. The stretching nuOH vibration of the hydrogen bond with the Ocdots, three dots, centeredO distance of 2.603A gives characteristic broad AB-type absorption in the IR spectra. The changes of intensity of the AB bands in function of polariser angle are described. Detailed assignments for bands derived from stretching and bending modes of sulphate anions and guanidinium cations were performed. The observed intensities of these bands in polarised infrared spectra were correlated with theoretical calculation of directional cosines of selected transition dipole moments for investigated crystal. The vibrational studies seem to be helpful in understanding of physical and chemical properties of described compound and also in design of new complexes with exactly defined behaviors.

Rabi cropped area forecasting of parts of Banaskatha District,Gujarat using MRS RISAT-1 SAR data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parekh, R. A.; Mehta, R. L.; Vyas, A.

2016-10-01

Radar sensors can be used for large-scale vegetation mapping and monitoring using backscatter coefficients in different polarisations and wavelength bands. Due to cloud and haze interference, optical images are not always available at all phonological stages important for crop discrimination. Moreover, in cloud prone areas, exclusively SAR approach would provide operational solution. This paper presents the results of classifying the cropped and non cropped areas using multi-temporal SAR images. Dual polarised C- band RISAT MRS (Medium Resolution ScanSAR mode) data were acquired on 9thDec. 2012, 28thJan. 2013 and 22nd Feb. 2013 at 18m spatial resolution. Intensity images of two polarisations (HH, HV) were extracted and converted into backscattering coefficient images. Cross polarisation ratio (CPR) images and Radar fractional vegetation density index (RFDI) were created from the temporal data and integrated with the multi-temporal images. Signatures of cropped and un-cropped areas were used for maximum likelihood supervised classification. Separability in cropped and umcropped classes using different polarisation combinations and classification accuracy analysis was carried out. FCC (False Color Composite) prepared using best three SAR polarisations in the data set was compared with LISS-III (Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System-III) image. The acreage under rabi crops was estimated. The methodology developed was for rabi cropped area, due to availability of SAR data of rabi season. Though, the approach is more relevant for acreage estimation of kharif crops when frequent cloud cover condition prevails during monsoon season and optical sensors fail to deliver good quality images.

Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey (LIPS). I. FORS2 spectropolarimetry in the Southern Hemisphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bagnulo, Stefano; Cox, Nick L. J.; Cikota, Aleksandar; Siebenmorgen, Ralf; Voshchinnikov, Nikolai V.; Patat, Ferdinando; Smith, Keith T.; Smoker, Jonathan V.; Taubenberger, Stefan; Kaper, Lex; Cami, Jan; LIPS Collaboration

2017-12-01

Polarimetric studies of light transmitted through interstellar clouds may give constraints on the properties of the interstellar dust grains. Traditionally, broadband linear polarisation (BBLP) measurements have been considered an important diagnostic tool for the study of the interstellar dust, while comparatively less attention has been paid to spectropolarimetric measurements. However, spectropolarimetry may offer stronger constraints than BBLP, for example by revealing narrowband features, and by allowing us to distinguish the contribution of dust from the contribution of interstellar gas. Therefore, we have decided to carry out a Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey (LIPS) using spectropolarimetric facilities in both hemispheres. Here we present the results obtained in the Southern Hemisphere with the FORS2 instrument of the ESO Very Large Telescope. Our spectra cover the wavelength range 380-950 nm at a spectral resolving power of about 880. We have produced a publicly available catalogue of 127 linear polarisation spectra of 101 targets. We also provide the Serkowski-curve parameters, as well as the wavelength gradient of the polarisation position angle for the interstellar polarisation along 76 different lines of sight. In agreement with previous literature, we found that the best-fit parameters of the Serkowski-curve are not independent of each other. However, the relationships that we obtained are not always consistent with what has been found in previous studies. Table 2 and reduced data are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/608/A146

Analysis of the Decay Tauon Going to Rho Particle Neutrino

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bougerolle, Stephen Edward

An analysis of the decay tau^ {+/-}torho^{+/- }nu_{tau} has been undertaken in the OPAL experiment at CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland. From the 1990 experimental run of the LEP particle accelerator, a sample of 3310 e^+ e^-totau^+tau ^- events was selected, with an estimated contamination of 1.9%. Requirements were applied to select a subsample of tau^{+/- }torho^{+/-}nu _tau decays, resulting in 650 decays being found. From studies with simulated data, the non -rho contamination in this sample was estimated to be approximately 22%, and the rho selection efficiency to be approximately 33%. The Branching fraction for the decay is measured to be B(tau^{+/-}to rho^{+/-}nu_{ tau}) = 0.234+/- 0.009(stat.) +/- _sp{0.009}{0.010} (syst.). The mean tau polarisation at the peak of the Z^0 resonance is measured to be P_tau= -0.17+/- 0.10(stat.) +/- 0.08(syst.). From the tau polarisation we extract a measurement of the electroweak mixing sin^2 theta_{W}=0.225 +/- 0.015. The tau polarisation asymmetry at the peak of the Z^0 resonance is also measured, A_sp{FB }{Pol}=-0.09+/- 0.13+/- 0.05. From the polarisation measurement, v_tau /a_tau=0.09+/- 0.06, and from the polarisation asymmetry v_{e }/a_{e}=0.06+/- 0.10. Combined with previous LEP measurements of the tau polarisation, the electroweak mixing is found to be sin^2 theta_{W}=0.2308+/- 0.0042. Combined with measurements from other experiments, one obtains sin ^2 theta_{W }=0.2303+/- 0.0013.

Radiation tolerant passive and active optical fiber products for use in space environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, Mark; Hankey, Judith; Gray, Rebecca

2017-11-01

This paper reports the radiation performance results of several new product types designed for high radiation environments. The products tested include radiation hardened highly birefringent (HiBi) passive products for polarised applications and radiation tolerant active erbium doped fiber products for amplifiers. Radiation hardened, short beatlength HiBi fiber products have been developed for high accuracy polarisation maintaining (PM) gyros and sensors at both 1310nm and 1550nm operation in the space environment. The fibers have been tested up to 5kGy (500krad) - levels which could be expected in extreme, extra-terrestrial space environments. Results show a consistently low Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA) of <7dB/km at 5kGy, giving a RIA value of 1.37×10-2 dB/km/krad at 1550nm for this product range. Radiation tolerant EDF AstroGain™ fibers are intended for use in multichannel amplifiers in optical intersatellite communications. The structure of the fibers have been designed to deliver an accelerated recovery of radiation damage through photo-annealing using only the residual energy already available in an amplifier using a 980nm pumping regime. These products have been tested up to 200Gy (20krad) - levels which can be expected in Earth orbit environments over a 20-30 mission lifetime. Results show up to 100% recovery under continuous use for dose rates of 0.11rad/hr. It has also been demonstrated through analysis of the optical spectral output that this effect reverses the gain tilt, or spectral narrowing, induced by radiation damage through the C and L band. These combined fiber characteristics allow performance stability of the amplifier over the lifetime of the space mission.

Measurement of τ polarisation in Z/γ ^{*}→ τ τ decays in proton-proton collisions at √{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; Abidi, S. H.; AbouZeid, O. S.; Abraham, N. L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abreu, R.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B. S.; Adachi, S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adelman, J.; Adersberger, M.; Adye, T.; Affolder, A. A.; Afik, Y.; Agatonovic-Jovin, T.; Agheorghiesei, C.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahmadov, F.; Aielli, G.; Akatsuka, S.; Akerstedt, H.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akilli, E.; Akimov, A. V.; Alberghi, G. L.; Albert, J.; Albicocco, P.; Alconada Verzini, M. J.; Alderweireldt, S. C.; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Ali, B.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Alkire, S. P.; Allbrooke, B. M. M.; Allen, B. W.; Allport, P. P.; Aloisio, A.; Alonso, A.; Alonso, F.; Alpigiani, C.; Alshehri, A. A.; Alstaty, M. I.; Alvarez Gonzalez, B.; Álvarez Piqueras, D.; Alviggi, M. G.; Amadio, B. T.; Amaral Coutinho, Y.; Amelung, C.; Amidei, D.; Amor Dos Santos, S. P.; Amoroso, S.; Amundsen, G.; Anastopoulos, C.; Ancu, L. S.; Andari, N.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anders, J. K.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Angelidakis, S.; Angelozzi, I.; Angerami, A.; Anisenkov, A. V.; Anjos, N.; Annovi, A.; Antel, C.; Antonelli, M.; Antonov, A.; Antrim, D. J.; Anulli, F.; Aoki, M.; Aperio Bella, L.; Arabidze, G.; Arai, Y.; Araque, J. P.; Araujo Ferraz, V.; Arce, A. T. H.; Ardell, R. E.; Arduh, F. A.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, S.; Arik, M.; Armbruster, A. J.; Armitage, L. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnold, H.; Arratia, M.; Arslan, O.; Artamonov, A.; Artoni, G.; Artz, S.; Asai, S.; Asbah, N.; Ashkenazi, A.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astalos, R.; Atkinson, M.; Atlay, N. B.; Augsten, K.; Avolio, G.; Axen, B.; Ayoub, M. K.; Azuelos, G.; Baas, A. E.; Baca, M. J.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Bagnaia, P.; Bahmani, M.; Bahrasemani, H.; Baines, J. T.; Bajic, M.; Baker, O. K.; Bakker, P. J.; Baldin, E. M.; Balek, P.; Balli, F.; Balunas, W. K.; Banas, E.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bannoura, A. A. E.; Barak, L.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Barillari, T.; Barisits, M.-S.; Barkeloo, J. T.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnes, S. L.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Barnovska-Blenessy, Z.; Baroncelli, A.; Barone, G.; Barr, A. J.; Barranco Navarro, L.; Barreiro, F.; Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, J.; Bartoldus, R.; Barton, A. E.; Bartos, P.; Basalaev, A.; Bassalat, A.; Bates, R. L.; Batista, S. J.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, M.; Bauce, M.; Bauer, F.; Bawa, H. S.; Beacham, J. B.; Beattie, M. D.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, H. P.; Beck, H. C.; Becker, K.; Becker, M.; Becot, C.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bedognetti, M.; Bee, C. P.; Beermann, T. A.; Begalli, M.; Begel, M.; Behr, J. K.; Bell, A. S.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellerive, A.; Bellomo, M.; Belotskiy, K.; Beltramello, O.; Belyaev, N. L.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bender, M.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Benhar Noccioli, E.; Benitez, J.; Benjamin, D. P.; Benoit, M.; Bensinger, J. R.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beresford, L.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Bergeaas Kuutmann, E.; Berger, N.; Beringer, J.; Berlendis, S.; Bernard, N. R.; Bernardi, G.; Bernius, C.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berry, T.; Berta, P.; Bertella, C.; Bertoli, G.; Bertram, I. A.; Bertsche, C.; Bertsche, D.; Besjes, G. J.; Bessidskaia Bylund, O.; Bessner, M.; Besson, N.; Bethani, A.; Bethke, S.; Betti, A.; Bevan, A. J.; Beyer, J.; Bianchi, R. M.; Biebel, O.; Biedermann, D.; Bielski, R.; Bierwagen, K.; Biesuz, N. V.; Biglietti, M.; Billoud, T. R. V.; Bilokon, H.; Bindi, M.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biondi, S.; Bisanz, T.; Bittrich, C.; Bjergaard, D. M.; Black, J. E.; Black, K. M.; Blair, R. E.; Blazek, T.; Bloch, I.; Blocker, C.; Blue, A.; Blumenschein, U.; Blunier, S.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bobrovnikov, V. S.; Bocchetta, S. S.; Bocci, A.; Bock, C.; Boehler, M.; Boerner, D.; Bogavac, D.; Bogdanchikov, A. G.; Bohm, C.; Boisvert, V.; Bokan, P.; Bold, T.; Boldyrev, A. S.; Bolz, A. E.; Bomben, M.; Bona, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Bortfeldt, J.; Bortoletto, D.; Bortolotto, V.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Bossio Sola, J. D.; Boudreau, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boumediene, D.; Bourdarios, C.; Boutle, S. K.; Boveia, A.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bozson, A. J.; Bracinik, J.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Braren, F.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Breaden Madden, W. D.; Brendlinger, K.; Brennan, A. J.; Brenner, L.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Briglin, D. L.; Bristow, T. M.; Britton, D.; Britzger, D.; Brochu, F. M.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, T.; Brooks, W. K.; Brosamer, J.; Brost, E.; Broughton, J. H.; Bruckman de Renstrom, P. A.; Bruncko, D.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Bruni, L. S.; Bruno, S.; Brunt, B. H.; Bruschi, M.; Bruscino, N.; Bryant, P.; Bryngemark, L.; Buanes, T.; Buat, Q.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Buehrer, F.; Bugge, M. K.; Bulekov, O.; Bullock, D.; Burch, T. J.; Burdin, S.; Burgard, C. D.; Burger, A. M.; Burghgrave, B.; Burka, K.; Burke, S.; Burmeister, I.; Burr, J. T. P.; Busato, E.; Büscher, D.; Büscher, V.; Bussey, P.; Butler, J. M.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Butti, P.; Buttinger, W.; Buzatu, A.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Cabrera Urbán, S.; Caforio, D.; Cai, H.; Cairo, V. M.; Cakir, O.; Calace, N.; Calafiura, P.; Calandri, A.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Callea, G.; Caloba, L. P.; Calvente Lopez, S.; Calvet, D.; Calvet, S.; Calvet, T. P.; Camacho Toro, R.; Camarda, S.; Camarri, P.; Cameron, D.; Caminal Armadans, R.; Camincher, C.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Camplani, A.; Campoverde, A.; Canale, V.; Cano Bret, M.; Cantero, J.; Cao, T.; Capeans Garrido, M. D. M.; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Carbone, R. M.; Cardarelli, R.; Cardillo, F.; Carli, I.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carlson, B. T.; Carminati, L.; Carney, R. M. D.; Caron, S.; Carquin, E.; Carrá, S.; Carrillo-Montoya, G. D.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Casha, A. F.; Casolino, M.; Casper, D. W.; Castelijn, R.; Castillo Gimenez, V.; Castro, N. F.; Catinaccio, A.; Catmore, J. R.; Cattai, A.; Caudron, J.; Cavaliere, V.; Cavallaro, E.; Cavalli, D.; Cavalli-Sforza, M.; Cavasinni, V.; Celebi, E.; Ceradini, F.; Cerda Alberich, L.; Cerqueira, A. S.; Cerri, A.; Cerrito, L.; Cerutti, F.; Cervelli, A.; Cetin, S. A.; Chafaq, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, S. K.; Chan, W. S.; Chan, Y. L.; Chang, P.; Chapman, J. D.; Charlton, D. G.; Chau, C. C.; Chavez Barajas, C. A.; Che, S.; Cheatham, S.; Chegwidden, A.; Chekanov, S.; Chekulaev, S. V.; Chelkov, G. A.; Chelstowska, M. A.; Chen, C.; Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H. C.; Cheng, H. J.; Cheplakov, A.; Cheremushkina, E.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Cheu, E.; Cheung, K.; Chevalier, L.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarelli, G.; Chiodini, G.; Chisholm, A. S.; Chitan, A.; Chiu, Y. H.; Chizhov, M. V.; Choi, K.; Chomont, A. R.; Chouridou, S.; Chow, Y. S.; Christodoulou, V.; Chu, M. C.; Chudoba, J.; Chuinard, A. J.; Chwastowski, J. J.; Chytka, L.; Ciftci, A. K.; Cinca, D.; Cindro, V.; Cioara, I. A.; Ciocio, A.; Cirotto, F.; Citron, Z. H.; Citterio, M.; Ciubancan, M.; Clark, A.; Clark, B. L.; Clark, M. R.; Clark, P. J.; Clarke, R. N.; Clement, C.; Coadou, Y.; Cobal, M.; Coccaro, A.; Cochran, J.; Colasurdo, L.; Cole, B.; Colijn, A. P.; Collot, J.; Colombo, T.; Conde Muiño, P.; Coniavitis, E.; Connell, S. H.; Connelly, I. A.; Constantinescu, S.; Conti, G.; Conventi, F.; Cooke, M.; Cooper-Sarkar, A. M.; Cormier, F.; Cormier, K. J. R.; Corradi, M.; Corriveau, F.; Cortes-Gonzalez, A.; Costa, G.; Costa, M. J.; Costanzo, D.; Cottin, G.; Cowan, G.; Cox, B. E.; Cranmer, K.; Crawley, S. J.; Creager, R. A.; Cree, G.; Crépé-Renaudin, S.; Crescioli, F.; Cribbs, W. A.; Cristinziani, M.; Croft, V.; Crosetti, G.; Cueto, A.; Cuhadar Donszelmann, T.; Cukierman, A. R.; Cummings, J.; Curatolo, M.; Cúth, J.; Czekierda, S.; Czodrowski, P.; D'amen, G.; D'Auria, S.; D'eramo, L.; D'Onofrio, M.; Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, M. J.; Da Via, C.; Dabrowski, W.; Dado, T.; Dai, T.; Dale, O.; Dallaire, F.; Dallapiccola, C.; Dam, M.; Dandoy, J. R.; Daneri, M. F.; Dang, N. P.; Daniells, A. C.; Dann, N. S.; Danninger, M.; Dano Hoffmann, M.; Dao, V.; Darbo, G.; Darmora, S.; Dassoulas, J.; Dattagupta, A.; Daubney, T.; Davey, W.; David, C.; Davidek, T.; Davis, D. R.; Davison, P.; Dawe, E.; Dawson, I.; De, K.; de Asmundis, R.; De Benedetti, A.; De Castro, S.; De Cecco, S.; De Groot, N.; de Jong, P.; De la Torre, H.; De Lorenzi, F.; De Maria, A.; De Pedis, D.; De Salvo, A.; De Sanctis, U.; De Santo, A.; De Vasconcelos Corga, K.; De Vivie De Regie, J. B.; Debbe, R.; Debenedetti, C.; Dedovich, D. V.; Dehghanian, N.; Deigaard, I.; Del Gaudio, M.; Del Peso, J.; Delgove, D.; Deliot, F.; Delitzsch, C. M.; Dell'Acqua, A.; Dell'Asta, L.; Dell'Orso, M.; Della Pietra, M.; della Volpe, D.; Delmastro, M.; Delporte, C.; Delsart, P. A.; DeMarco, D. A.; Demers, S.; Demichev, M.; Demilly, A.; Denisov, S. P.; Denysiuk, D.; Derendarz, D.; Derkaoui, J. E.; Derue, F.; Dervan, P.; Desch, K.; Deterre, C.; Dette, K.; Devesa, M. R.; Deviveiros, P. O.; Dewhurst, A.; Dhaliwal, S.; Di Bello, F. A.; Di Ciaccio, A.; Di Ciaccio, L.; Di Clemente, W. K.; Di Donato, C.; Di Girolamo, A.; Di Girolamo, B.; Di Micco, B.; Di Nardo, R.; Di Petrillo, K. F.; Di Simone, A.; Di Sipio, R.; Di Valentino, D.; Diaconu, C.; Diamond, M.; Dias, F. A.; Diaz, M. A.; Diehl, E. B.; Dietrich, J.; Díez Cornell, S.; Dimitrievska, A.; Dingfelder, J.; Dita, P.; Dita, S.; Dittus, F.; Djama, F.; Djobava, T.; Djuvsland, J. I.; do Vale, M. A. B.; Dobos, D.; Dobre, M.; Dodsworth, D.; Doglioni, C.; Dolejsi, J.; Dolezal, Z.; Donadelli, M.; Donati, S.; Dondero, P.; Donini, J.; Dopke, J.; Doria, A.; Dova, M. T.; Doyle, A. T.; Drechsler, E.; Dris, M.; Du, Y.; Duarte-Campderros, J.; Dubinin, F.; Dubreuil, A.; Duchovni, E.; Duckeck, G.; Ducourthial, A.; Ducu, O. A.; Duda, D.; Dudarev, A.; Dudder, A. Chr.; Duffield, E. M.; Duflot, L.; Dührssen, M.; Dulsen, C.; Dumancic, M.; Dumitriu, A. E.; Duncan, A. K.; Dunford, M.; Duperrin, A.; Duran Yildiz, H.; Düren, M.; Durglishvili, A.; Duschinger, D.; Dutta, B.; Duvnjak, D.; Dyndal, M.; Dziedzic, B. S.; Eckardt, C.; Ecker, K. M.; Edgar, R. C.; Eifert, T.; Eigen, G.; Einsweiler, K.; Ekelof, T.; El Kacimi, M.; El Kosseifi, R.; Ellajosyula, V.; Ellert, M.; Elles, S.; Ellinghaus, F.; Elliot, A. A.; Ellis, N.; Elmsheuser, J.; Elsing, M.; Emeliyanov, D.; Enari, Y.; Ennis, J. S.; Epland, M. B.; Erdmann, J.; Ereditato, A.; Ernst, M.; Errede, S.; Escalier, M.; Escobar, C.; Esposito, B.; Estrada Pastor, O.; Etienvre, A. I.; Etzion, E.; Evans, H.; Ezhilov, A.; Ezzi, M.; Fabbri, F.; Fabbri, L.; Fabiani, V.; Facini, G.; Fakhrutdinov, R. M.; Falciano, S.; Falla, R. J.; Faltova, J.; Fang, Y.; Fanti, M.; Farbin, A.; Farilla, A.; Farina, C.; Farina, E. M.; Farooque, T.; Farrell, S.; Farrington, S. M.; Farthouat, P.; Fassi, F.; Fassnacht, P.; Fassouliotis, D.; Faucci Giannelli, M.; Favareto, A.; Fawcett, W. J.; Fayard, L.; Fedin, O. L.; Fedorko, W.; Feigl, S.; Feligioni, L.; Feng, C.; Feng, E. J.; Fenton, M. J.; Fenyuk, A. B.; Feremenga, L.; Fernandez Martinez, P.; Ferrando, J.; Ferrari, A.; Ferrari, P.; Ferrari, R.; Ferreira de Lima, D. E.; Ferrer, A.; Ferrere, D.; Ferretti, C.; Fiedler, F.; Filipčič, A.; Filipuzzi, M.; Filthaut, F.; Fincke-Keeler, M.; Finelli, K. D.; Fiolhais, M. C. N.; Fiorini, L.; Fischer, A.; Fischer, C.; Fischer, J.; Fisher, W. 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S.; Neumann, M.; Newman, P. R.; Ng, T. Y.; Nguyen Manh, T.; Nickerson, R. B.; Nicolaidou, R.; Nielsen, J.; Nikiforou, N.; Nikolaenko, V.; Nikolic-Audit, I.; Nikolopoulos, K.; Nilsen, J. K.; Nilsson, P.; Ninomiya, Y.; Nisati, A.; Nishu, N.; Nisius, R.; Nitsche, I.; Nitta, T.; Nobe, T.; Noguchi, Y.; Nomachi, M.; Nomidis, I.; Nomura, M. A.; Nooney, T.; Nordberg, M.; Norjoharuddeen, N.; Novgorodova, O.; Nozaki, M.; Nozka, L.; Ntekas, K.; Nurse, E.; Nuti, F.; O'connor, K.; O'Neil, D. C.; O'Rourke, A. A.; O'Shea, V.; Oakham, F. G.; Oberlack, H.; Obermann, T.; Ocariz, J.; Ochi, A.; Ochoa, I.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Oda, S.; Odaka, S.; Oh, A.; Oh, S. H.; Ohm, C. C.; Ohman, H.; Oide, H.; Okawa, H.; Okumura, Y.; Okuyama, T.; Olariu, A.; Oleiro Seabra, L. F.; Olivares Pino, S. A.; Oliveira Damazio, D.; Olszewski, A.; Olszowska, J.; Onofre, A.; Onogi, K.; Onyisi, P. U. E.; Oppen, H.; Oreglia, M. J.; Oren, Y.; Orestano, D.; Orlando, N.; Orr, R. S.; Osculati, B.; Ospanov, R.; Otero y Garzon, G.; Otono, H.; Ouchrif, M.; Ould-Saada, F.; Ouraou, A.; Oussoren, K. P.; Ouyang, Q.; Owen, M.; Owen, R. E.; Ozcan, V. E.; Ozturk, N.; Pachal, K.; Pacheco Pages, A.; Pacheco Rodriguez, L.; Padilla Aranda, C.; Pagan Griso, S.; Paganini, M.; Paige, F.; Palacino, G.; Palazzo, S.; Palestini, S.; Palka, M.; Pallin, D.; Panagiotopoulou, E. St.; Panagoulias, I.; Pandini, C. E.; Panduro Vazquez, J. G.; Pani, P.; Panitkin, S.; Pantea, D.; Paolozzi, L.; Papadopoulou, Th. D.; Papageorgiou, K.; Paramonov, A.; Paredes Hernandez, D.; Parker, A. J.; Parker, M. A.; Parker, K. A.; Parodi, F.; Parsons, J. A.; Parzefall, U.; Pascuzzi, V. R.; Pasner, J. M.; Pasqualucci, E.; Passaggio, S.; Pastore, Fr.; Pataraia, S.; Pater, J. R.; Pauly, T.; Pearson, B.; Pedraza Lopez, S.; Pedro, R.; Peleganchuk, S. V.; Penc, O.; Peng, C.; Peng, H.; Penwell, J.; Peralva, B. S.; Perego, M. M.; Perepelitsa, D. V.; Peri, F.; Perini, L.; Pernegger, H.; Perrella, S.; Peschke, R.; Peshekhonov, V. D.; Peters, K.; Peters, R. F. Y.; Petersen, B. A.; Petersen, T. C.; Petit, E.; Petridis, A.; Petridou, C.; Petroff, P.; Petrolo, E.; Petrov, M.; Petrucci, F.; Pettersson, N. E.; Peyaud, A.; Pezoa, R.; Phillips, F. H.; Phillips, P. W.; Piacquadio, G.; Pianori, E.; Picazio, A.; Pickering, M. A.; Piegaia, R.; Pilcher, J. E.; Pilkington, A. D.; Pinamonti, M.; Pinfold, J. L.; Pirumov, H.; Pitt, M.; Plazak, L.; Pleier, M.-A.; Pleskot, V.; Plotnikova, E.; Pluth, D.; Podberezko, P.; Poettgen, R.; Poggi, R.; Poggioli, L.; Pogrebnyak, I.; Pohl, D.; Pokharel, I.; Polesello, G.; Poley, A.; Policicchio, A.; Polifka, R.; Polini, A.; Pollard, C. S.; Polychronakos, V.; Pommès, K.; Ponomarenko, D.; Pontecorvo, L.; Popeneciu, G. A.; Portillo Quintero, D. M.; Pospisil, S.; Potamianos, K.; Potrap, I. N.; Potter, C. J.; Potti, H.; Poulsen, T.; Poveda, J.; Pozo Astigarraga, M. E.; Pralavorio, P.; Pranko, A.; Prell, S.; Price, D.; Primavera, M.; Prince, S.; Proklova, N.; Prokofiev, K.; Prokoshin, F.; Protopopescu, S.; Proudfoot, J.; Przybycien, M.; Puri, A.; Puzo, P.; Qian, J.; Qin, G.; Qin, Y.; Quadt, A.; Queitsch-Maitland, M.; Quilty, D.; Raddum, S.; Radeka, V.; Radescu, V.; Radhakrishnan, S. K.; Radloff, P.; Rados, P.; Ragusa, F.; Rahal, G.; Raine, J. A.; Rajagopalan, S.; Rangel-Smith, C.; Rashid, T.; Raspopov, S.; Ratti, M. G.; Rauch, D. M.; Rauscher, F.; Rave, S.; Ravinovich, I.; Rawling, J. H.; Raymond, M.; Read, A. L.; Readioff, N. P.; Reale, M.; Rebuzzi, D. M.; Redelbach, A.; Redlinger, G.; Reece, R.; Reed, R. G.; Reeves, K.; Rehnisch, L.; Reichert, J.; Reiss, A.; Rembser, C.; Ren, H.; Rescigno, M.; Resconi, S.; Resseguie, E. D.; Rettie, S.; Reynolds, E.; Rezanova, O. L.; Reznicek, P.; Rezvani, R.; Richter, R.; Richter, S.; Richter-Was, E.; Ricken, O.; Ridel, M.; Rieck, P.; Riegel, C. J.; Rieger, J.; Rifki, O.; Rijssenbeek, M.; Rimoldi, A.; Rimoldi, M.; Rinaldi, L.; Ripellino, G.; Ristić, B.; Ritsch, E.; Riu, I.; Rizatdinova, F.; Rizvi, E.; Rizzi, C.; Roberts, R. T.; Robertson, S. H.; Robichaud-Veronneau, A.; Robinson, D.; Robinson, J. E. M.; Robson, A.; Rocco, E.; Roda, C.; Rodina, Y.; Rodriguez Bosca, S.; Rodriguez Perez, A.; Rodriguez Rodriguez, D.; Roe, S.; Rogan, C. S.; Røhne, O.; Roloff, J.; Romaniouk, A.; Romano, M.; Romano Saez, S. M.; Romero Adam, E.; Rompotis, N.; Ronzani, M.; Roos, L.; Rosati, S.; Rosbach, K.; Rose, P.; Rosien, N.-A.; Rossi, E.; Rossi, L. P.; Rosten, J. H. N.; Rosten, R.; Rotaru, M.; Rothberg, J.; Rousseau, D.; Rozanov, A.; Rozen, Y.; Ruan, X.; Rubbo, F.; Ruettinger, E. M.; Rühr, F.; Ruiz-Martinez, A.; Rurikova, Z.; Rusakovich, N. A.; Russell, H. L.; Rutherfoord, J. P.; Ruthmann, N.; Ryabov, Y. F.; Rybar, M.; Rybkin, G.; Ryu, S.; Ryzhov, A.; Rzehorz, G. F.; Saavedra, A. F.; Sabato, G.; Sacerdoti, S.; Sadrozinski, H. F.-W.; Sadykov, R.; Safai Tehrani, F.; Saha, P.; Sahinsoy, M.; Saimpert, M.; Saito, M.; Saito, T.; Sakamoto, H.; Sakurai, Y.; Salamanna, G.; Salazar Loyola, J. E.; Salek, D.; Sales De Bruin, P. H.; Salihagic, D.; Salnikov, A.; Salt, J.; Salvatore, D.; Salvatore, F.; Salvucci, A.; Salzburger, A.; Sammel, D.; Sampsonidis, D.; Sampsonidou, D.; Sánchez, J.; Sanchez Martinez, V.; Sanchez Pineda, A.; Sandaker, H.; Sandbach, R. L.; Sander, C. O.; Sandhoff, M.; Sandoval, C.; Sankey, D. P. C.; Sannino, M.; Sano, Y.; Sansoni, A.; Santoni, C.; Santos, H.; Santoyo Castillo, I.; Sapronov, A.; Saraiva, J. G.; Sarrazin, B.; Sasaki, O.; Sato, K.; Sauvan, E.; Savage, G.; Savard, P.; Savic, N.; Sawyer, C.; Sawyer, L.; Saxon, J.; Sbarra, C.; Sbrizzi, A.; Scanlon, T.; Scannicchio, D. A.; Schaarschmidt, J.; Schacht, P.; Schachtner, B. M.; Schaefer, D.; Schaefer, L.; Schaefer, R.; Schaeffer, J.; Schaepe, S.; Schaetzel, S.; Schäfer, U.; Schaffer, A. C.; Schaile, D.; Schamberger, R. D.; Schegelsky, V. A.; Scheirich, D.; Schernau, M.; Schiavi, C.; Schier, S.; Schildgen, L. K.; Schillo, C.; Schioppa, M.; Schlenker, S.; Schmidt-Sommerfeld, K. R.; Schmieden, K.; Schmitt, C.; Schmitt, S.; Schmitz, S.; Schnoor, U.; Schoeffel, L.; Schoening, A.; Schoenrock, B. D.; Schopf, E.; Schott, M.; Schouwenberg, J. F. P.; Schovancova, J.; Schramm, S.; Schuh, N.; Schulte, A.; Schultens, M. J.; Schultz-Coulon, H.-C.; Schulz, H.; Schumacher, M.; Schumm, B. A.; Schune, Ph.; Schwartzman, A.; Schwarz, T. A.; Schweiger, H.; Schwemling, Ph.; Schwienhorst, R.; Schwindling, J.; Sciandra, A.; Sciolla, G.; Scornajenghi, M.; Scuri, F.; Scutti, F.; Searcy, J.; Seema, P.; Seidel, S. C.; Seiden, A.; Seixas, J. M.; Sekhniaidze, G.; Sekhon, K.; Sekula, S. J.; Semprini-Cesari, N.; Senkin, S.; Serfon, C.; Serin, L.; Serkin, L.; Sessa, M.; Seuster, R.; Severini, H.; Sfiligoj, T.; Sforza, F.; Sfyrla, A.; Shabalina, E.; Shaikh, N. W.; Shan, L. Y.; Shang, R.; Shank, J. T.; Shapiro, M.; Shatalov, P. B.; Shaw, K.; Shaw, S. M.; Shcherbakova, A.; Shehu, C. Y.; Shen, Y.; Sherafati, N.; Sherwood, P.; Shi, L.; Shimizu, S.; Shimmin, C. O.; Shimojima, M.; Shipsey, I. P. J.; Shirabe, S.; Shiyakova, M.; Shlomi, J.; Shmeleva, A.; Shoaleh Saadi, D.; Shochet, M. J.; Shojaii, S.; Shope, D. R.; Shrestha, S.; Shulga, E.; Shupe, M. A.; Sicho, P.; Sickles, A. M.; Sidebo, P. E.; Sideras Haddad, E.; Sidiropoulou, O.; Sidoti, A.; Siegert, F.; Sijacki, Dj.; Silva, J.; Silverstein, S. B.; Simak, V.; Simic, L.; Simion, S.; Simioni, E.; Simmons, B.; Simon, M.; Sinervo, P.; Sinev, N. B.; Sioli, M.; Siragusa, G.; Siral, I.; Sivoklokov, S. Yu.; Sjölin, J.; Skinner, M. B.; Skubic, P.; Slater, M.; Slavicek, T.; Slawinska, M.; Sliwa, K.; Slovak, R.; Smakhtin, V.; Smart, B. H.; Smiesko, J.; Smirnov, N.; Smirnov, S. Yu.; Smirnov, Y.; Smirnova, L. N.; Smirnova, O.; Smith, J. W.; Smith, M. N. K.; Smith, R. W.; Smizanska, M.; Smolek, K.; Snesarev, A. A.; Snyder, I. M.; Snyder, S.; Sobie, R.; Socher, F.; Soffer, A.; Søgaard, A.; Soh, D. A.; Sokhrannyi, G.; Solans Sanchez, C. A.; Solar, M.; Soldatov, E. Yu.; Soldevila, U.; Solodkov, A. A.; Soloshenko, A.; Solovyanov, O. V.; Solovyev, V.; Sommer, P.; Son, H.; Sopczak, A.; Sosa, D.; Sotiropoulou, C. L.; Sottocornola, S.; Soualah, R.; Soukharev, A. M.; South, D.; Sowden, B. C.; Spagnolo, S.; Spalla, M.; Spangenberg, M.; Spanò, F.; Sperlich, D.; Spettel, F.; Spieker, T. M.; Spighi, R.; Spigo, G.; Spiller, L. A.; Spousta, M.; St. Denis, R. D.; Stabile, A.; Stamen, R.; Stamm, S.; Stanecka, E.; Stanek, R. W.; Stanescu, C.; Stanitzki, M. M.; Stapf, B. S.; Stapnes, S.; Starchenko, E. A.; Stark, G. H.; Stark, J.; Stark, S. H.; Staroba, P.; Starovoitov, P.; Stärz, S.; Staszewski, R.; Stegler, M.; Steinberg, P.; Stelzer, B.; Stelzer, H. J.; Stelzer-Chilton, O.; Stenzel, H.; Stevenson, T. J.; Stewart, G. A.; Stockton, M. C.; Stoebe, M.; Stoicea, G.; Stolte, P.; Stonjek, S.; Stradling, A. R.; Straessner, A.; Stramaglia, M. E.; Strandberg, J.; Strandberg, S.; Strauss, M.; Strizenec, P.; Ströhmer, R.; Strom, D. M.; Stroynowski, R.; Strubig, A.; Stucci, S. A.; Stugu, B.; Styles, N. A.; Su, D.; Su, J.; Suchek, S.; Sugaya, Y.; Suk, M.; Sulin, V. V.; Sultan, D. M. S.; Sultansoy, S.; Sumida, T.; Sun, S.; Sun, X.; Suruliz, K.; Suster, C. J. E.; Sutton, M. R.; Suzuki, S.; Svatos, M.; Swiatlowski, M.; Swift, S. P.; Sykora, I.; Sykora, T.; Ta, D.; Tackmann, K.; Taenzer, J.; Taffard, A.; Tafirout, R.; Tahirovic, E.; Taiblum, N.; Takai, H.; Takashima, R.; Takasugi, E. H.; Takeda, K.; Takeshita, T.; Takubo, Y.; Talby, M.; Talyshev, A. A.; Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, M.; Tanaka, R.; Tanaka, S.; Tanioka, R.; Tannenwald, B. B.; Tapia Araya, S.; Tapprogge, S.; Tarem, S.; Tartarelli, G. F.; Tas, P.; Tasevsky, M.; Tashiro, T.; Tassi, E.; Tavares Delgado, A.; Tayalati, Y.; Taylor, A. C.; Taylor, A. J.; Taylor, G. N.; Taylor, P. T. E.; Taylor, W.; Teixeira-Dias, P.; Temple, D.; Ten Kate, H.; Teng, P. K.; Teoh, J. J.; Tepel, F.; Terada, S.; Terashi, K.; Terron, J.; Terzo, S.; Testa, M.; Teuscher, R. J.; Thais, S. J.; Theveneaux-Pelzer, T.; Thiele, F.; Thomas, J. P.; Thomas-Wilsker, J.; Thompson, P. D.; Thompson, A. S.; Thomsen, L. A.; Thomson, E.; Tian, Y.; Tibbetts, M. J.; Ticse Torres, R. E.; Tikhomirov, V. O.; Tikhonov, Yu. A.; Timoshenko, S.; Tipton, P.; Tisserant, S.; Todome, K.; Todorova-Nova, S.; Todt, S.; Tojo, J.; Tokár, S.; Tokushuku, K.; Tolley, E.; Tomlinson, L.; Tomoto, M.; Tompkins, L.; Toms, K.; Tong, B.; Tornambe, P.; Torrence, E.; Torres, H.; Torró Pastor, E.; Toth, J.; Touchard, F.; Tovey, D. R.; Treado, C. J.; Trefzger, T.; Tresoldi, F.; Tricoli, A.; Trigger, I. M.; Trincaz-Duvoid, S.; Tripiana, M. F.; Trischuk, W.; Trocmé, B.; Trofymov, A.; Troncon, C.; Trottier-McDonald, M.; Trovatelli, M.; Truong, L.; Trzebinski, M.; Trzupek, A.; Tsang, K. W.; Tseng, J. C.-L.; Tsiareshka, P. V.; Tsipolitis, G.; Tsirintanis, N.; Tsiskaridze, S.; Tsiskaridze, V.; Tskhadadze, E. G.; Tsukerman, I. I.; Tsulaia, V.; Tsuno, S.; Tsybychev, D.; Tu, Y.; Tudorache, A.; Tudorache, V.; Tulbure, T. T.; Tuna, A. N.; Turchikhin, S.; Turgeman, D.; Turk Cakir, I.; Turra, R.; Tuts, P. M.; Ucchielli, G.; Ueda, I.; Ughetto, M.; Ukegawa, F.; Unal, G.; Undrus, A.; Unel, G.; Ungaro, F. C.; Unno, Y.; Uno, K.; Unverdorben, C.; Urban, J.; Urquijo, P.; Urrejola, P.; Usai, G.; Usui, J.; Vacavant, L.; Vacek, V.; Vachon, B.; Vadla, K. O. H.; Vaidya, A.; Valderanis, C.; Valdes Santurio, E.; Valente, M.; Valentinetti, S.; Valero, A.; Valéry, L.; Valkar, S.; Vallier, A.; Valls Ferrer, J. A.; Van Den Wollenberg, W.; van der Graaf, H.; van Gemmeren, P.; Van Nieuwkoop, J.; van Vulpen, I.; van Woerden, M. C.; Vanadia, M.; Vandelli, W.; Vaniachine, A.; Vankov, P.; Vardanyan, G.; Vari, R.; Varnes, E. W.; Varni, C.; Varol, T.; Varouchas, D.; Vartapetian, A.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasquez, J. G.; Vasquez, G. A.; Vazeille, F.; Vazquez Furelos, D.; Vazquez Schroeder, T.; Veatch, J.; Veeraraghavan, V.; Veloce, L. M.; Veloso, F.; Veneziano, S.; Ventura, A.; Venturi, M.; Venturi, N.; Venturini, A.; Vercesi, V.; Verducci, M.; Verkerke, W.; Vermeulen, A. T.; Vermeulen, J. C.; Vetterli, M. C.; Viaux Maira, N.; Viazlo, O.; Vichou, I.; Vickey, T.; Vickey Boeriu, O. E.; Viehhauser, G. H. A.; Viel, S.; Vigani, L.; Villa, M.; Villaplana Perez, M.; Vilucchi, E.; Vincter, M. G.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Vishwakarma, A.; Vittori, C.; Vivarelli, I.; Vlachos, S.; Vogel, M.; Vokac, P.; Volpi, G.; von der Schmitt, H.; von Toerne, E.; Vorobel, V.; Vorobev, K.; Vos, M.; Voss, R.; Vossebeld, J. H.; Vranjes, N.; Vranjes Milosavljevic, M.; Vrba, V.; Vreeswijk, M.; Vuillermet, R.; Vukotic, I.; Wagner, P.; Wagner, W.; Wagner-Kuhr, J.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrmund, S.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Walkowiak, W.; Wallangen, V.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Wang, R.-J.; Wang, R.; Wang, S. M.; Wang, T.; Wang, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, Z.; Wanotayaroj, C.; Warburton, A.; Ward, C. P.; Wardrope, D. R.; Washbrook, A.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, M. F.; Watts, G.; Watts, S.; Waugh, B. M.; Webb, A. F.; Webb, S.; Weber, M. S.; Weber, S. M.; Weber, S. W.; Weber, S. A.; Webster, J. S.; Weidberg, A. R.; Weinert, B.; Weingarten, J.; Weirich, M.; Weiser, C.; Weits, H.; Wells, P. S.; Wenaus, T.; Wengler, T.; Wenig, S.; Wermes, N.; Werner, M. D.; Werner, P.; Wessels, M.; Weston, T. D.; Whalen, K.; Whallon, N. L.; Wharton, A. M.; White, A. S.; White, A.; White, M. J.; White, R.; Whiteson, D.; Whitmore, B. W.; Wickens, F. J.; Wiedenmann, W.; Wielers, M.; Wiglesworth, C.; Wiik-Fuchs, L. A. M.; Wildauer, A.; Wilk, F.; Wilkens, H. G.; Williams, H. H.; Williams, S.; Willis, C.; Willocq, S.; Wilson, J. A.; Wingerter-Seez, I.; Winkels, E.; Winklmeier, F.; Winston, O. J.; Winter, B. T.; Wittgen, M.; Wobisch, M.; Wolf, T. M. H.; Wolff, R.; Wolter, M. W.; Wolters, H.; Wong, V. W. S.; Woods, N. L.; Worm, S. D.; Wosiek, B. K.; Wotschack, J.; Wozniak, K. W.; Wu, M.; Wu, S. L.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Wyatt, T. R.; Wynne, B. M.; Xella, S.; Xi, Z.; Xia, L.; Xu, D.; Xu, L.; Xu, T.; Xu, W.; Yabsley, B.; Yacoob, S.; Yamaguchi, D.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamanaka, T.; Yamane, F.; Yamatani, M.; Yamazaki, T.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, H.; Yang, H.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yao, W.-M.; Yap, Y. C.; Yasu, Y.; Yatsenko, E.; Yau Wong, K. H.; Ye, J.; Ye, S.; Yeletskikh, I.; Yigitbasi, E.; Yildirim, E.; Yorita, K.; Yoshihara, K.; Young, C.; Young, C. J. S.; Yu, J.; Yu, J.; Yuen, S. P. Y.; Yusuff, I.; Zabinski, B.; Zacharis, G.; Zaidan, R.; Zaitsev, A. M.; Zakharchuk, N.; Zalieckas, J.; Zaman, A.; Zambito, S.; Zanzi, D.; Zeitnitz, C.; Zemaityte, G.; Zemla, A.; Zeng, J. C.; Zeng, Q.; Zenin, O.; Ženiš, T.; Zerwas, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, N.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, C. G.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhukov, K.; Zibell, A.; Zieminska, D.; Zimine, N. I.; Zimmermann, C.; Zimmermann, S.; Zinonos, Z.; Zinser, M.; Ziolkowski, M.; Živković, L.; Zobernig, G.; Zoccoli, A.; Zou, R.; zur Nedden, M.; Zwalinski, L.

2018-02-01

This paper presents a measurement of the polarisation of τ leptons produced in Z/γ ^{*}→ τ τ decays which is performed with a dataset of proton—proton collisions at √{s}=8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb^{-1} recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012. The Z/γ ^{*}→ τ τ decays are reconstructed from a hadronically decaying τ lepton with a single charged particle in the final state, accompanied by a τ lepton that decays leptonically. The τ polarisation is inferred from the relative fraction of energy carried by charged and neutral hadrons in the hadronic τ decays. The polarisation is measured in a fiducial region that corresponds to the kinematic region accessible to this analysis. The τ polarisation extracted over the full phase space within the Z/γ ^{*} mass range of 66 < m_{Z/γ ^{*}} < 116 GeV is found to be P_{τ } =-0.14 ± 0.02 ( {stat}) ± 0.04 ( {syst}). It is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of P_{τ } =-0.1517 ± 0.0019, which is obtained from the ALPGEN event generator interfaced with the PYTHIA 6 parton shower modelling and the TAUOLA τ decay library.

Comprehensive study of observables in Compton scattering on the nucleon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grießhammer, Harald W.; McGovern, Judith A.; Phillips, Daniel R.

2018-03-01

We present an analysis of 13 observables in Compton scattering on the proton. Cross sections, asymmetries with polarised beam and/or targets, and polarisation-transfer observables are investigated for energies up to the Δ(1232) resonance to determine their sensitivity to the proton's dipole scalar and spin polarisabilities. The Chiral Effective Field Theory Compton amplitude we use is complete at N4LO, O(e2δ4), for photon energies ω˜ m_{π}, and so has an accuracy of a few per cent there. At photon energies in the resonance region, it is complete at NLO, O(e2δ0), and so its accuracy there is about 20%. We find that for energies from pion-production threshold to about 250 MeV, multiple asymmetries have significant sensitivity to presently ill-determined combinations of proton spin polarisabilities. We also argue that the broad outcomes of this analysis will be replicated in complementary theoretical approaches, e.g., dispersion relations. Finally, we show that below the pion-production threshold, 6 observables suffice to reconstruct the Compton amplitude, and above it 11 are required. Although not necessary for polarisability extractions, this opens the possibility to perform "complete" Compton-scattering experiments. An interactive Mathematica notebook, including results for the neutron, is available from judith.mcgovern@manchester.ac.uk.

Neutron-Proton Scattering Experiments at ANKE-COSY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kacharava, A.; Chiladze, D.; Chiladze, B.; Keshelashvili, I.; Lomidze, N.; Macharashvili, G.; McHedlishvili, D.; Nioradze, M.; Rathmann, F.; Ströher, H.; Wilkin, C.

2010-04-01

The nucleon-nucleon interaction (NN) is fundamental for the whole of nuclear physics and hence to the composition of matter as we know it. It has been demonstrated that stored, polarised beams and polarised internal targets are experimental tools of choice to probe spin effects in NN-scattering experiments. While the EDDA experiment has dramatically improved the proton-proton date base, information on spin observables in neutron-proton scattering is very incomplete above 800 MeV, resulting in large uncertainties in isoscalar n p phase shifts. Experiments at COSY, using a polarised deuteron beam or target, can lead to significant improvements in the situation through the study of quasi-free reactions on the neutron in the deuteron. Such a measurements has already been started at ANKE by using polarised deuterons on an unpolarised target to study the dp → ppn deuteron charge-exchange reaction and the full program with a polarised storage cell target just has been conducted. At low excitation energies of the final pp system, the spin observables are directly related to the spin- dependent parts of the neutron-proton charge-exchange amplitudes. Our measurement of the deuteron-proton spin correlations will allow us to determine the relative phases of these amplitudes in addition to their overall magnitudes.

Surface Temperature Dependence of Hydrogen Ortho-Para Conversion on Amorphous Solid Water.

PubMed

Ueta, Hirokazu; Watanabe, Naoki; Hama, Tetsuya; Kouchi, Akira

2016-06-24

The surface temperature dependence of the ortho-to-para conversion of H_{2} on amorphous solid water is first reported. A combination of photostimulated desorption and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization techniques allowed us to sensitively probe the conversion on the surface of amorphous solid water at temperatures of 9.2-16 K. Within a narrow temperature window of 8 K, the conversion time steeply varied from ∼4.1×10^{3} to ∼6.4×10^{2}  s. The observed temperature dependence is discussed in the context of previously suggested models and the energy dissipation process. The two-phonon process most likely dominates the conversion rate at low temperatures.

Topological computation based on direct magnetic logic communication.

PubMed

Zhang, Shilei; Baker, Alexander A; Komineas, Stavros; Hesjedal, Thorsten

2015-10-28

Non-uniform magnetic domains with non-trivial topology, such as vortices and skyrmions, are proposed as superior state variables for nonvolatile information storage. So far, the possibility of logic operations using topological objects has not been considered. Here, we demonstrate numerically that the topology of the system plays a significant role for its dynamics, using the example of vortex-antivortex pairs in a planar ferromagnetic film. Utilising the dynamical properties and geometrical confinement, direct logic communication between the topological memory carriers is realised. This way, no additional magnetic-to-electrical conversion is required. More importantly, the information carriers can spontaneously travel up to ~300 nm, for which no spin-polarised current is required. The derived logic scheme enables topological spintronics, which can be integrated into large-scale memory and logic networks capable of complex computations.

Developments and advances concerning the hyperpolarisation technique SABRE.

PubMed

Mewis, Ryan E

2015-10-01

To overcome the inherent sensitivity issue in NMR and MRI, hyperpolarisation techniques are used. Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is a hyperpolarisation technique that utilises parahydrogen, a molecule that possesses a nuclear singlet state, as the source of polarisation. A metal complex is required to break the singlet order of parahydrogen and, by doing so, facilitates polarisation transfer to analyte molecules ligated to the same complex through the J-coupled network that exists. The increased signal intensities that the analyte molecules possess as a result of this process have led to investigations whereby their potential as MRI contrast agents has been probed and to understand the fundamental processes underpinning the polarisation transfer mechanism. As well as discussing literature relevant to both of these areas, the chemical structure of the complex, the physical constraints of the polarisation transfer process and the successes of implementing SABRE at low and high magnetic fields are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation of Fibre Lifetime in Optical Ground Wire Transmission Lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grunvalds, R.; Ciekurs, A.; Porins, J.; Supe, A.

2017-06-01

In the research, measurements of polarisation mode dispersion of two OPGWs (optical ground wire transmission lines), in total four fibres, have been carried out, and the expected lifetime of the infrastructure has been assessed on the basis of these measurements. The cables under consideration were installed in 1995 and 2011, respectively. Measurements have shown that polarisation mode dispersion values for cable installed in 1995 are four times higher than that for cable installed in 2011, which could mainly be explained by technological differences in fibre production and lower fibre polarisation mode dispersion requirements in 1995 due to lack of high-speed (over 10 Gbit/s) optical transmission systems. The calculation methodology of non-refusal work and refusal probabilities, using the measured polarisation mode dispersion parameters, is proposed in the paper. Based on reliability calculations, the expected lifetime is then predicted, showing that all measured fibres most likely will be operational within minimum theoretical service life of 25 years accepted by the industry.

Electron Acceleration from the Interaction of VULCAN 100TW Laser with Au Foils and its Dependence on Laser Polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagel, S. R.; Bellei, C.; Kneip, S.; Mangles, S. P. D.; Palmer, C.; Willingale, L.; Dangor, A. E.; Najmudin, Z.; Clarke, R. J.; Heathcote, R.; Henig, A.; Schreiber, J.; Saevert, A.; Kaluza, M.

2008-11-01

Electrons as well as ions can be accelerated to high energies (MeV) by high intensity laser interactions with solid targets. An overview of an experiment on the Vulcan laser (pulse length cτ˜150μm, energy on target ˜60 J), will be presented. In this experiment electron acceleration from thick overdense plasmas is investigated by conducting thickness scans using Au foil targets ranging from 10 to 100 μm. The electron spectra, of the most energetic electrons produced in the interaction, are measured along the laser direction and extend up to 40MeV. Surprisingly the electron acceleration depends on target thickness. Simultaneously rear surface proton beam profiles show a dependence of target thickness. Both effects are attributed to electron recirculation. In addition the effects of polarisation was investigated. A decrease in number and effective temperature of energetic electrons is observed for circular polarisation as compared to linear polarisation.

Formation of periodic surface structures on dielectrics after irradiation with laser beams of spatially variant polarisation: a comparative study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Papadopoulos, Antonis; Skoulas, Evangelos; Tsibidis, George D.; Stratakis, Emmanuel

2018-02-01

A comparative study is performed to explore the periodic structure formation upon intense femtosecond-pulsed irradiation of dielectrics with radially and azimuthally polarised beams. Laser conditions have been selected appropriately to produce excited carriers with densities below the optical breakdown threshold in order to highlight the role of phase transitions in surface modification mechanisms. The frequency of the laser-induced structures is calculated based on a theoretical model that comprises estimation of electron density excitation, heat transfer, relaxation processes, and hydrodynamics-related mass transport. The influence of the laser wavelength in the periodicity of the structures is also unveiled. The decreased energy absorption for azimuthally polarised beams yields periodic structures with smaller frequencies which are more pronounced as the number of laser pulses applied to the irradiation spot increases. Similar results are obtained for laser pulses of larger photon energy and higher fluences. All induced periodic structures are oriented parallel to the laser beam polarisation.

Laser power conversion system analysis, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, W. S.; Morgan, L. L.; Forsyth, J. B.; Skratt, J. P.

1979-01-01

The orbit-to-ground laser power conversion system analysis investigated the feasibility and cost effectiveness of converting solar energy into laser energy in space, and transmitting the laser energy to earth for conversion to electrical energy. The analysis included space laser systems with electrical outputs on the ground ranging from 100 to 10,000 MW. The space laser power system was shown to be feasible and a viable alternate to the microwave solar power satellite. The narrow laser beam provides many options and alternatives not attainable with a microwave beam.

Efficient high-power narrow-linewidth all-fibred linearly polarized ytterbium laser source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bertrand, Anthony; Liégeois, Flavien; Hernandez, Yves; Giannone, Domenico

2012-06-01

We report on experimental results on a high power, all-fibred, linearly polarized, mode-locked laser at 1.03 μm. The laser generates pulses of 40 ps wide at a repetition rate of 52 MHz, exhibiting 12 kW peak power. Dispersion in optical fibres is controlled to obtain both high power and narrow spectral linewidth. The average output power reached is 25 W with a spectral linewidth of 380 pm and a near diffraction limit beam (M2 < 1.2). This laser is an ideal candidate for applications like IR spectroscopy, where high peak power and narrow linewidth are required for subsequent wavelength conversion.

Breaking the GaN material limits with nanoscale vertical polarisation super junction structures: A simulation analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Unni, Vineet; Sankara Narayanan, E. M.

2017-04-01

This is the first report on the numerical analysis of the performance of nanoscale vertical superjunction structures based on impurity doping and an innovative approach that utilizes the polarisation properties inherent in III-V nitride semiconductors. Such nanoscale vertical polarisation super junction structures can be realized by employing a combination of epitaxial growth along the non-polar crystallographic axes of Wurtzite GaN and nanolithography-based processing techniques. Detailed numerical simulations clearly highlight the limitations of a doping based approach and the advantages of the proposed solution for breaking the unipolar one-dimensional material limits of GaN by orders of magnitude.

Active polarisation control of a quantum cascade laser using tuneable birefringence in waveguides.

PubMed

Dhirhe, D; Slight, T J; Holmes, B M; Ironside, C N

2013-10-07

We discuss the design, modelling, fabrication and characterisation of an integrated tuneable birefringent waveguide for quantum cascade lasers. We have fabricated quantum cascade lasers operating at wavelengths around 4450 nm that include polarisation mode converters and a differential phase shift section. We employed below laser threshold electroluminescence to investigate the single pass operation of the integrated device. We use a theory based on the electro-optic properties of birefringence in quantum cascade laser waveguides combined with a Jones matrix based description to gain an understanding of the electroluminescence results. With the quantum cascade lasers operating above threshold we demonstrated polarisation control of the output.

FIBRE AND INTEGRATED OPTICS. OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION: Intrafibre rotation of the plane of polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zel'dovich, Boris Ya; Kundikova, N. D.

1995-02-01

Rotation of the plane of polarisation during propagation of sagittal rays in a rectilinear multimode fibre was observed experimentally. The angle of rotation was in good agreement with the results predicted on the basis of the Rytov—Vladimirskii—Berry theory.

Measurement of $$\\tau$$ polarisation in $$Z/\\gamma ^{*}\\rightarrow\\tau\\tau$$→decays in proton–proton collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}=8$$ with the ATLAS detector

DOE PAGES

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; ...

2018-02-24

This article presents a measurement of the polarisation of τ leptons produced in Z/ γ * → ττ decays which is performed with a dataset of proton—proton collisions atmore » $$\\sqrt{s}$$=8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb -1 recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012. The Z/γ* → ττ decays are reconstructed from a hadronically decaying τ lepton with a single charged particle in the final state, accompanied by a τ lepton that decays leptonically. The τ polarisation is inferred from the relative fraction of energy carried by charged and neutral hadrons in the hadronic τ decays. The polarisation is measured in a fiducial region that corresponds to the kinematic region accessible to this analysis. The τ polarisation extracted over the full phase space within the Z/γ* mass range of 66 < m Z/γ* < 116 GeV is found to be P τ = - 0.14 ± 0.02 (stat) ± 0.04 (syst). It is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of P τ = - 0.1517 ± 0.0019 , which is obtained from the ALPGEN event generator interfaced with the PYTHIA 6 parton shower modelling and the TAUOLA τ decay library.« less

Overview of the COMPASS results on the nucleon spin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franco, Celso; COMPASS Collaboration

2016-04-01

The COMPASS experiment [COMPASS, P. Abbon et al., The COMPASS experiment at CERN, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A577, 455 (2007)] at CERN is one of the leading experiments studying the nucleon spin. These studies are being carried on since 2002, by measuring hadrons produced in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of 160 GeV/c and 200 GeV/c polarised muons off different polarised targets (NH3 for polarised protons and 6LiD for polarised deuterons). One of the main goals is to determine how the total longitudinal spin projection of the nucleon, 1/2, is distributed among its constituents, quarks and gluons. We review here the recent results on the quark and gluon helicities obtained by COMPASS. The other major goal, whose fulfilment is needed for a complete understanding of the nucleon spin, is the determination of the transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs). Regarding this topic, the latest results on the Collins and Sivers asymmetries will be shown. The former is sensitive to the transverse spin structure of the nucleon, while the latter reflects the correlations between the quarks transverse momentum and the nucleon spin. This overview will conclude with a summary of the approved plans of COMPASS for the near future: the study of TMDs with a pioneering polarised Drell-Yan experiment and the measurement of generalised parton distributions (GPDs).

Measurement of $$\\tau$$ polarisation in $$Z/\\gamma ^{*}\\rightarrow\\tau\\tau$$→decays in proton–proton collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}=8$$ with the ATLAS detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.

This article presents a measurement of the polarisation of τ leptons produced in Z/ γ * → ττ decays which is performed with a dataset of proton—proton collisions atmore » $$\\sqrt{s}$$=8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb -1 recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012. The Z/γ* → ττ decays are reconstructed from a hadronically decaying τ lepton with a single charged particle in the final state, accompanied by a τ lepton that decays leptonically. The τ polarisation is inferred from the relative fraction of energy carried by charged and neutral hadrons in the hadronic τ decays. The polarisation is measured in a fiducial region that corresponds to the kinematic region accessible to this analysis. The τ polarisation extracted over the full phase space within the Z/γ* mass range of 66 < m Z/γ* < 116 GeV is found to be P τ = - 0.14 ± 0.02 (stat) ± 0.04 (syst). It is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of P τ = - 0.1517 ± 0.0019 , which is obtained from the ALPGEN event generator interfaced with the PYTHIA 6 parton shower modelling and the TAUOLA τ decay library.« less

Quantum-Well Thermophotovoltaic Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freudlich, Alex; Ignatiev, Alex

2009-01-01

Thermophotovoltaic cells containing multiple quantum wells have been invented as improved means of conversion of thermal to electrical energy. The semiconductor bandgaps of the quantum wells can be tailored to be narrower than those of prior thermophotovoltaic cells, thereby enabling the cells to convert energy from longer-wavelength photons that dominate the infrared-rich spectra of typical thermal sources with which these cells would be used. Moreover, in comparison with a conventional single-junction thermophotovoltaic cell, a cell containing multiple narrow-bandgap quantum wells according to the invention can convert energy from a wider range of wavelengths. Hence, the invention increases the achievable thermal-to-electrical energy-conversion efficiency. These thermophotovoltaic cells are expected to be especially useful for extracting electrical energy from combustion, waste-heat, and nuclear sources having temperatures in the approximate range from 1,000 to 1,500 C.

Heat-Electric Power Conversion Without Temperature Difference Using Only n-Type Ba8Au x Si46-x Clathrate with Au Compositional Gradient

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osakabe, Yuki; Tatsumi, Shota; Kotsubo, Yuichi; Iwanaga, Junpei; Yamasoto, Keita; Munetoh, Shinji; Furukimi, Osamu; Nakashima, Kunihiko

2018-02-01

Thermoelectric power generation is typically based on the Seebeck effect under a temperature gradient. However, the heat flux generated by the temperature difference results in low conversion efficiency. Recently, we developed a heat-electric power conversion mechanism using a material consisting of a wide-bandgap n-type semiconductor, a narrow-bandgap intrinsic semiconductor, and a wide-bandgap p-type semiconductor. In this paper, we propose a heat-electric power conversion mechanism in the absence of a temperature difference using only n-type Ba8Au x Si46-x clathrate. Single-crystal Ba8Au x Si46-x clathrate with a Au compositional gradient was synthesized by Czochralski method. Based on the results of wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Seebeck coefficient measurements, the presence of a Au compositional gradient in the sample was confirmed. It also observed that the electrical properties changed gradually from wide-bandgap n-type to narrow-bandgap n-type. When the sample was heated in the absence of a temperature difference, the voltage generated was approximately 0.28 mV at 500°C. These results suggest that only an n-type semiconductor with a controlled bandgap can generate electric power in the absence of a temperature difference.

Identification of metal s states in Sn-doped anatase by polarisation dependent hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Regoutz, A.; Oropeza, F. E.; Poll, C. G.; Payne, D. J.; Palgrave, R. G.; Panaccione, G.; Borgatti, F.; Agrestini, S.; Utsumi, Y.; Tsuei, K. D.; Liao, Y. F.; Watson, G. W.; Egdell, R. G.

2016-03-01

The contributions of Sn 5s and Ti 4s states to the valence band electronic structure of Sn-doped anatase have been identified by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The metal s state intensity is strongly enhanced relative to that of O 2p states at high photon energies due to matrix element effects when electrons are detected parallel to the direction of the polarisation vector of the synchrotron beam, but becomes negligible in the perpendicular direction. The experimental spectra in both polarisations are in good agreement with cross section and asymmetry parameter weighted partial densities of states derived from density functional theory calculations.

Algebraic expressions for the polarisation response of spin-VCSELs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adams, Mike; Li, Nianqiang; Cemlyn, Ben; Susanto, Hadi; Henning, Ian

2018-06-01

Closed-form expressions are derived for the relationship between the polarisation of the output and that of the pump for spin-polarised vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. These expressions are based on the spin-flip model (SFM) combined with the condition that the carrier recombination time is much greater than both the spin relaxation time and the photon lifetime. Allowance is also included for misalignment between the principal axes of birefringence and dichroism. These expressions yield results that are in excellent agreement both with previously published numerical calculations and with further tests for a wide range of parameters. Trends with key parameters of the SFM are easily deduced from these expressions.

Invariants for correcting field polarisation effect in MT-VLF resistivity mapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guérin, Roger; Tabbagh, Alain; Benderitter, Yves; Andrieux, Pierre

1994-12-01

MT-VLF resistivity mapping is well suited to perform hydrology and environment studies. However, the apparent anistropy generated by the polarisation of the primary field requires the use of two transmitters at a right angle to each other in order to prevent errors in interpretation. We propose a processing technique that uses approximate invariants derived from classical developments in tensor magnetotellurics. They consist of the calculation at each station of ?. Both synthetic and field cases show that they give identical results and correct perfectly for the apparent anisotropy generated by the polarisation of the transmitted field. They should be preferred to verticalization of the electric field which remains of interest when only transmitter data are available.

Pure chiral optical fibres.

PubMed

Poladian, L; Straton, M; Docherty, A; Argyros, A

2011-01-17

We investigate the properties of optical fibres made from chiral materials, in which a contrast in optical activity forms the waveguide, rather than a contrast in the refractive index; we refer to such structures as pure chiral fibres. We present a mathematical formulation for solving the modes of circularly symmetric examples of such fibres and examine the guidance and polarisation properties of pure chiral step-index, Bragg and photonic crystal fibre designs. Their behaviour is shown to differ for left- and right-hand circular polarisation, allowing circular polarisations to be isolated and/or guided by different mechanisms, as well as differing from equivalent non-chiral fibres. The strength of optical activity required in each case is quantified.

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Polarisation splitting of laser beams by large angles with minimal reflection losses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davydov, B. L.

2006-05-01

New crystal anisotropic prisms for splitting orthogonally polarised components of laser radiation by large angles with minimal reflection losses caused by the Brewster refraction and total internal reflection of polarised waves from the crystal—air interface are considered and the method for their calculation is described. It is shown that, by assembling glue-free combinations of two or three prisms, thermally stable beamsplitters can be fabricated, which are free from the beam astigmatism and the wave dispersion of the output angles of the beams. The parameters and properties of new beamsplitters are presented in a convenient form in figures and tables.

Results from the Solar Hidden Photon Search (SHIPS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schwarz, Matthias; Schneide, Magnus; Susol, Jaroslaw

We present the results of a search for transversely polarised hidden photons (HPs) with ∼ 3 eV energies emitted from the Sun. These hypothetical particles, known also as paraphotons or dark sector photons, are theoretically well motivated for example by string theory inspired extensions of the Standard Model. Solar HPs of sub-eV mass can convert into photons of the same energy (photon ↔ HP oscillations are similar to neutrino flavour oscillations). At SHIPS this would take place inside a long light-tight high-vacuum tube, which tracks the Sun. The generated photons would then be focused into a low-noise photomultiplier at the far end ofmore » the tube. Our analysis of 330 h of data (and 330 h of background characterisation) reveals no signal of photons from solar hidden photon conversion. We estimate the rate of newly generated photons due to this conversion to be smaller than 25 mHz/m{sup 2} at the 95% C.L . Using this and a recent model of solar HP emission, we set stringent constraints on χ, the coupling constant between HPs and photons, as a function of the HP mass.« less

Results from the Solar Hidden Photon Search (SHIPS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schwarz, Matthias; Knabbe, Ernst-Axel; Lindner, Axel

We present the results of a search for transversely polarised hidden photons (HPs) with ∼3 eV energies emitted from the Sun. These hypothetical particles, known also as paraphotons or dark sector photons, are theoretically well motivated for example by string theory inspired extensions of the Standard Model. Solar HPs of sub-eV mass can convert into photons of the same energy (photon ↔ HP oscillations are similar to neutrino flavour oscillations). At SHIPS this would take place inside a long light-tight high-vacuum tube, which tracks the Sun. The generated photons would then be focused into a low-noise photomultiplier at the farmore » end of the tube. Our analysis of 330 h of data (and 330 h of background characterisation) reveals no signal of photons from solar hidden photon conversion. We estimate the rate of newly generated photons due to this conversion to be smaller than 25 mHz/m{sup 2} at the 95% C.L. Using this and a recent model of solar HP emission, we set stringent constraints on χ, the coupling constant between HPs and photons, as a function of the HP mass.« less

Double polarisation experiments in meson photoproduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartmann, Jan

2016-11-01

One of the remaining challenges within the standard model is to gain a good understanding of QCD in the non-perturbative regime. A key step towards this aim is baryon spectroscopy, investigating the spectrum and the properties of baryon resonances. To gain access to resonances with small πN partial width, photoproduction experiments provide essential information. Partial wave analyses need to be performed to extract the contributing resonances. Here, a complete experiment is required to unambiguously determine the contributing amplitudes. This involves the measurement of carefully chosen single and double polarisation observables. In a joint endeavour by MAMI, ELSA, and Jefferson Laboratory, a new generation of experiments with polarised beams, polarised proton and neutron targets, and 4π particle detectors have been performed in recent years. Many results of unprecedented quality were recently published by all three experiments, and included by the various partial wave analysis groups in their analyses, leading to substantial improvements, e.g. a more precise determination of resonance parameters. An overview of recent results is given, with an emphasis on results from the CBELSA/TAPS experiment, and their impact on our understanding of the nucleon excitation spectrum is discussed.

Counterintuitive electron localisation from density-functional theory with polarisable solvent models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dale, Stephen G., E-mail: sdale@ucmerced.edu; Johnson, Erin R., E-mail: erin.johnson@dal.ca

2015-11-14

Exploration of the solvated electron phenomena using density-functional theory (DFT) generally results in prediction of a localised electron within an induced solvent cavity. However, it is well known that DFT favours highly delocalised charges, rendering the localisation of a solvated electron unexpected. We explore the origins of this counterintuitive behaviour using a model Kevan-structure system. When a polarisable-continuum solvent model is included, it forces electron localisation by introducing a strong energetic bias that favours integer charges. This results in the formation of a large energetic barrier for charge-hopping and can cause the self-consistent field to become trapped in local minimamore » thus converging to stable solutions that are higher in energy than the ground electronic state. Finally, since the bias towards integer charges is caused by the polarisable continuum, these findings will also apply to other classical polarisation corrections, as in combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. The implications for systems beyond the solvated electron, including cationic DNA bases, are discussed.« less

Correlations between polarisation states of W particles in the reaction e - e +→ W - W + at LEP2 energies 189-209 GeV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdallah, J.; Abreu, P.; Adam, W.; Adzic, P.; Albrecht, T.; Alemany-Fernandez, R.; Allmendinger, T.; Allport, P. P.; Amaldi, U.; Amapane, N.; Amato, S.; Anashkin, E.; Andreazza, A.; Andringa, S.; Anjos, N.; Antilogus, P.; Apel, W.-D.; Arnoud, Y.; Ask, S.; Asman, B.; Augustin, J. E.; Augustinus, A.; Baillon, P.; Ballestrero, A.; Bambade, P.; Barbier, R.; Bardin, D.; Barker, G. J.; Baroncelli, A.; Battaglia, M.; Baubillier, M.; Becks, K.-H.; Begalli, M.; Behrmann, A.; Ben-Haim, E.; Benekos, N.; Benvenuti, A.; Berat, C.; Berggren, M.; Bertrand, D.; Besancon, M.; Besson, N.; Bloch, D.; Blom, M.; Bluj, M.; Bonesini, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Booth, P. S. L.; Borisov, G.; Botner, O.; Bouquet, B.; Bowcock, T. J. V.; Boyko, I.; Bracko, M.; Brenner, R.; Brodet, E.; Bruckman, P.; Brunet, J. M.; Buschbeck, B.; Buschmann, P.; Calvi, M.; Camporesi, T.; Canale, V.; Carena, F.; Castro, N.; Cavallo, F.; Chapkin, M.; Charpentier, Ph.; Checchia, P.; Chierici, R.; Chliapnikov, P.; Chudoba, J.; Chung, S. U.; Cieslik, K.; Collins, P.; Contri, R.; Cosme, G.; Cossutti, F.; Costa, M. J.; Crennell, D.; Cuevas, J.; D'Hondt, J.; da Silva, T.; da Silva, W.; Della Ricca, G.; de Angelis, A.; de Boer, W.; de Clercq, C.; de Lotto, B.; de Maria, N.; de Min, A.; de Paula, L.; di Ciaccio, L.; di Simone, A.; Doroba, K.; Drees, J.; Eigen, G.; Ekelof, T.; Ellert, M.; Elsing, M.; Espirito Santo, M. C.; Fanourakis, G.; Fassouliotis, D.; Feindt, M.; Fernandez, J.; Ferrer, A.; Ferro, F.; Flagmeyer, U.; Foeth, H.; Fokitis, E.; Fulda-Quenzer, F.; Fuster, J.; Gandelman, M.; Garcia, C.; Gavillet, Ph.; Gazis, E.; Gokieli, R.; Golob, B.; Gomez-Ceballos, G.; Goncalves, P.; Graziani, E.; Grosdidier, G.; Grzelak, K.; Guy, J.; Haag, C.; Hallgren, A.; Hamacher, K.; Hamilton, K.; Haug, S.; Hauler, F.; Hedberg, V.; Hennecke, M.; Hoffman, J.; Holmgren, S.-O.; Holt, P. J.; Houlden, M. A.; Jackson, J. N.; Jarlskog, G.; Jarry, P.; Jeans, D.; Johansson, E. K.; Jonsson, P.; Joram, C.; Jungermann, L.; Kapusta, F.; Katsanevas, S.; Katsoufis, E.; Kernel, G.; Kersevan, B. P.; Kerzel, U.; King, B. T.; Kjaer, N. J.; Kluit, P.; Kokkinias, P.; Kourkoumelis, C.; Kouznetsov, O.; Krumstein, Z.; Kucharczyk, M.; Lamsa, J.; Leder, G.; Ledroit, F.; Leinonen, L.; Leitner, R.; Lemonne, J.; Lepeltier, V.; Lesiak, T.; Liebig, W.; Liko, D.; Lipniacka, A.; Lopes, J. H.; Lopez, J. M.; Loukas, D.; Lutz, P.; Lyons, L.; MacNaughton, J.; Malek, A.; Maltezos, S.; Mandl, F.; Marco, J.; Marco, R.; Marechal, B.; Margoni, M.; Marin, J.-C.; Mariotti, C.; Markou, A.; Martinez-Rivero, C.; Masik, J.; Mastroyiannopoulos, N.; Matorras, F.; Matteuzzi, C.; Mazzucato, F.; Mazzucato, M.; McNulty, R.; Meroni, C.; Migliore, E.; Mitaroff, W.; Mjoernmark, U.; Moa, T.; Moch, M.; Moenig, K.; Monge, R.; Montenegro, J.; Moraes, D.; Moreno, S.; Morettini, P.; Mueller, U.; Muenich, K.; Mulders, M.; Mundim, L.; Murray, W.; Muryn, B.; Myatt, G.; Myklebust, T.; Nassiakou, M.; Navarria, F.; Nawrocki, K.; Nemecek, S.; Nicolaidou, R.; Nikolenko, M.; Oblakowska-Mucha, A.; Obraztsov, V.; Olshevski, A.; Onofre, A.; Orava, R.; Osterberg, K.; Ouraou, A.; Oyanguren, A.; Paganoni, M.; Paiano, S.; Palacios, J. P.; Palka, H.; Papadopoulou, Th. D.; Pape, L.; Parkes, C.; Parodi, F.; Parzefall, U.; Passeri, A.; Passon, O.; Peralta, L.; Perepelitsa, V.; Perrotta, A.; Petrolini, A.; Piedra, J.; Pieri, L.; Pierre, F.; Pimenta, M.; Piotto, E.; Podobnik, T.; Poireau, V.; Pol, M. E.; Polok, G.; Pozdniakov, V.; Pukhaeva, N.; Pullia, A.; Radojicic, D.; Rebecchi, P.; Rehn, J.; Reid, D.; Reinhardt, R.; Renton, P.; Richard, F.; Ridky, J.; Rivero, M.; Rodriguez, D.; Romero, A.; Ronchese, P.; Roudeau, P.; Rovelli, T.; Ruhlmann-Kleider, V.; Ryabtchikov, D.; Sadovsky, A.; Salmi, L.; Salt, J.; Sander, C.; Savoy-Navarro, A.; Schwickerath, U.; Sekulin, R.; Siebel, M.; Sisakian, A.; Smadja, G.; Smirnova, O.; Sokolov, A.; Sopczak, A.; Sosnowski, R.; Spassov, T.; Stanitzki, M.; Stocchi, A.; Strauss, J.; Stugu, B.; Szczekowski, M.; Szeptycka, M.; Szumlak, T.; Tabarelli, T.; Tegenfeldt, F.; Timmermans, J.; Tkatchev, L.; Tobin, M.; Todorovova, S.; Tome, B.; Tonazzo, A.; Tortosa, P.; Travnicek, P.; Treille, D.; Tristram, G.; Trochimczuk, M.; Troncon, C.; Turluer, M.-L.; Tyapkin, I. A.; Tyapkin, P.; Tzamarias, S.; Uvarov, V.; Valenti, G.; van Dam, P.; van Eldik, J.; van Remortel, N.; van Vulpen, I.; Vegni, G.; Veloso, F.; Venus, W.; Verdier, P.; Verzi, V.; Vilanova, D.; Vitale, L.; Vrba, V.; Wahlen, H.; Washbrook, A. J.; Weiser, C.; Wicke, D.; Wickens, J.; Wilkinson, G.; Winter, M.; Witek, M.; Yushchenko, O.; Zalewska, A.; Zalewski, P.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zhuravlov, V.; Zimin, N. I.; Zintchenko, A.; Zupan, M.

2009-10-01

In a study of the reaction e - e +→ W - W + with the DELPHI detector, the probabilities of the two W particles occurring in the joint polarisation states transverse-transverse ( TT), longitudinal-transverse plus transverse-longitudinal ( LT) and longitudinal-longitudinal ( LL) have been determined using the final states WW{rightarrow}lν qbar{q} ( l= e, μ). The two-particle joint polarisation probabilities, i.e. the spin density matrix elements ρ TT , ρ LT , ρ LL , are measured as functions of the W - production angle, θ _{W-}, at an average reaction energy of 198.2 GeV. Averaged over all \\cosθ_{W-}, the following joint probabilities are obtained: bar{ρ}_{TT}=(67±8)%, bar{ρ}_{LT}=(30±8)%, bar{ρ}_{LL}=(3±7)%. These results are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions of 63.0%, 28.9% and 8.1%, respectively. The related polarisation cross-sections σ TT , σ LT and σ LL are also presented.

Transient enhancement and spectral narrowing of the photothermal effect of plasmonic nanoparticles under pulsed excitation.

PubMed

Lukianova-Hleb, Ekaterina Y; Volkov, Alexey N; Wu, Xiangwei; Lapotko, Dmitri O

2013-02-06

The transient 100-fold enhancement and spectral narrowing to 2 nm of the photothermal conversion by solid gold nanospheres under near-infrared excitation with a short laser pulse is reported. This non-stationary effect was observed for a wide range of optical fluences starting from 10 mJ cm(-2) for single nanospheres, their ensembles and aggregated clusters in water, in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Image irradiance distribution in the 3MI wide field of view polarimeter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gabrieli, Riccardo; Bartoli, Alessandro; Maiorano, Michele; Bruno, Umberto; Olivieri, Monica; Calamai, Luciano; Manolis, Ilias; Labate, Demetrio

2015-09-01

The Multi-Viewing, Multi-Channel, Multi-Polarisation Imager (3MI) is an imaging radiometer for the ESA/Eumetsat MeteOp-SG programme. Based on the heritage of the POLDER/PARASOL instrument, 3MI is designed to collect global observations of the top-of-atmosphere polarised bi-directional reflectance distribution function in 12 spectral bands, by observing the same target from multiple views using a pushbroom scanning concept. The demanding challenge of the 3MI optical design is represented by the polarisation and image irradiance fall-off (throughput uniformity) requirements. In a generic optical system, the image irradiance fall-off is a function of: target radiance distribution and polarisation, entrance pupil size and optical transmittance variations across the field of view (FOV), distortion and vignetting. In most applications these aspects can be considered as independent; however, when high image irradiance uniformity is required, they have to be considered as linked together. This is particularly true in case of a wide FOV polarimeter as 3MI is. In order to properly account for these aspects, an irradiance fall-off analytical model has been developed in the frame of 3MI Optics Pre-Development (OPD), whose aim is to mitigate any technological risks associated with the 3MI instrument development. It is shown how it is possible to control the image irradiance distribution acting on optical design parameters (e.g. distortion and entrance pupil size variation with FOV). Moreover, the impact of polarisation performances on irradiance fall-off is discussed.

Polarisation observations of VY Canis Majoris H2O 532-441 620.701 GHz maser emission with HIFI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harwit, M.; Houde, M.; Sonnentrucker, P.; Boogert, A. C. A.; Cernicharo, J.; De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; Henkel, C.; Higgins, R. D.; Jellema, W.; Kraus, A.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G. J.; Menten, K. M.; Risacher, C.; Teyssier, D.; Vaillancourt, J. E.; Alcolea, J.; Bujarrabal, V.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Marston, A. P.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.

2010-10-01

Context. Water vapour maser emission from evolved oxygen-rich stars remains poorly understood. Additional observations, including polarisation studies and simultaneous observation of different maser transitions may ultimately lead to greater insight. Aims: We have aimed to elucidate the nature and structure of the VY CMa water vapour masers in part by observationally testing a theoretical prediction of the relative strengths of the 620.701 GHz and the 22.235 GHz maser components of ortho H2O. Methods: In its high-resolution mode (HRS) the Herschel Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) offers a frequency resolution of 0.125 MHz, corresponding to a line-of-sight velocity of 0.06 km s-1, which we employed to obtain the strength and linear polarisation of maser spikes in the spectrum of VY CMa at 620.701 GHz. Simultaneous ground based observations of the 22.235 GHz maser with the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie 100-m telescope at Effelsberg, provided a ratio of 620.701 GHz to 22.235 GHz emission. Results: We report the first astronomical detection to date of H2O maser emission at 620.701 GHz. In VY CMa both the 620.701 and the 22.235 GHz polarisation are weak. At 620.701 GHz the maser peaks are superposed on what appears to be a broad emission component, jointly ejected from the star. We observed the 620.701 GHz emission at two epochs 21 days apart, both to measure the potential direction of linearly polarised maser components and to obtain a measure of the longevity of these components. Although we do not detect significant polarisation levels in the core of the line, they rise up to approximately 6% in its wings. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Appendix (page 5) is only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

An electrochemical study of the action of a poly(vinylpyridine) derivative as inhibitor for corrosion of iron in 1M H2SO4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abed, Y.; Arrar, Z.; Hammouti, B.; Aouniti, A.; Kertit, S.; Mansri, A.

1999-09-01

The influence of the addition of poly(4-vinylpyridine poly-3-oxide ethylene) (P4VPP3OE) on the corrosion of Armco iron in molar sulphuric acid has been investigated by potentiodynamic and polarisation resistance measurements. The polymer studied reduces the corrosion current densities. The inhibition efficiency (E%) of P4VPP3OE increases wiht its concentration and attains 99% at 3.33 10-5 M. E% obtained from cathodic Tafel plots and polarisation resistance methods were in good agreement. The inhibitor was adsorbed on the iron surface according to the Frumkin adsorption isotherm model. Polarisation measurements show also that the compound acts as a cathodic inhibitor. L'influence de l'addition du Poly(4-vinylpyridine poly-3-oxyde éthylène) nouvellement synthétisé au laboratoire sur la corrosion du fer Armco dans l'acide sulfurique molaire a été étudié par les méthodes potentiodynamique et la résistance de polarisation. La présence du polymère réduit la densité du courant cathodique et augmente la résistance de polarisation. Ce phénomène s'accentue avec la concentration du produit. Les pentes de Tafel obtenues à partir des courbes cathodiques sont parallèles indiquant qu'en absence et en présence de l'inhibiteur, la réduction du proton se fait selon le même mécanisme d'activation pure. L'efficacité d'inhibition augmente avec la concentration et atteint 99 % à 3.3 10-5 M. Les efficacités obtenues par les deux méthodes sont en bon accord. L'inhibiteur s'adsorbe sur la surface métallique selon l'isotherme de Frumkin. Les mesures de polarisation montrent ainsi que le composé agit essentiellement comme inhibiteur cathodique.

Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas

PubMed Central

Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald C.; Hamilton, Christopher E.; Santiago, Miguel A.; Kreuzer, Christian; Sefkow, Adam B.; Shah, Rahul C.; Fernández, Juan C.

2015-01-01

Table-top laser–plasma ion accelerators have many exciting applications, many of which require ion beams with simultaneous narrow energy spread and high conversion efficiency. However, achieving these requirements has been elusive. Here we report the experimental demonstration of laser-driven ion beams with narrow energy spread and energies up to 18 MeV per nucleon and ∼5% conversion efficiency (that is 4 J out of 80-J laser). Using computer simulations we identify a self-organizing scheme that reduces the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma through persisting self-generated plasma electric (∼1012 V m−1) and magnetic (∼104 T) fields. These results contribute to the development of next generation compact accelerators suitable for many applications such as isochoric heating for ion-fast ignition and producing warm dense matter for basic science. PMID:26657147

Selective Emitters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chubb, Donald L. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

This invention relates to a small particle selective emitter for converting thermal energy into narrow band radiation with high efficiency. The small particle selective emitter is used in combination with a photovoltaic array to provide a thermal to electrical energy conversion device. An energy conversion apparatus of this type is called a thermo-photovoltaic device. In the first embodiment, small diameter particles of a rare earth oxide are suspended in an inert gas enclosed between concentric cylinders. The rare earth oxides are used because they have the desired property of large emittance in a narrow wavelength band and small emittance outside the band. However, it should be emphasized that it is the smallness of the particles that enhances the radiation property. The small particle selective emitter is surrounded by a photovoltaic array. In an alternate embodiment, the small particle gas mixture is circulated through a thermal energy source. This thermal energy source can be a nuclear reactor, solar receiver, or combustor of a fossil fuel.

Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas

DOE PAGES

Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald C.; ...

2015-12-11

Here, table-top laser–plasma ion accelerators have many exciting applications, many of which require ion beams with simultaneous narrow energy spread and high conversion efficiency. However, achieving these requirements has been elusive. Here we report the experimental demonstration of laser-driven ion beams with narrow energy spread and energies up to 18 MeV per nucleon and ~5% conversion efficiency (that is 4 J out of 80-J laser). Using computer simulations we identify a self-organizing scheme that reduces the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma through persisting self-generated plasma electric (~10 12 V m –1) and magnetic (~10 4 T)more » fields. These results contribute to the development of next generation compact accelerators suitable for many applications such as isochoric heating for ion-fast ignition and producing warm dense matter for basic science.« less

Engineering the Frequency Spectrum of Bright Squeezed Vacuum via Group Velocity Dispersion in an SU(1,1) Interferometer.

PubMed

Lemieux, Samuel; Manceau, Mathieu; Sharapova, Polina R; Tikhonova, Olga V; Boyd, Robert W; Leuchs, Gerd; Chekhova, Maria V

2016-10-28

Bright squeezed vacuum, a promising tool for quantum information, can be generated by high-gain parametric down-conversion. However, its frequency and angular spectra are typically quite broad, which is undesirable for applications requiring single-mode radiation. We tailor the frequency spectrum of high-gain parametric down-conversion using an SU(1,1) interferometer consisting of two nonlinear crystals with a dispersive medium separating them. The dispersive medium allows us to select a narrow band of the frequency spectrum to be exponentially amplified by high-gain parametric amplification. The frequency spectrum is thereby narrowed from (56.5±0.1) to (1.22±0.02)  THz and, in doing so, the number of frequency modes is reduced from approximately 50 to 1.82±0.02. Moreover, this method provides control and flexibility over the spectrum of the generated light through the timing of the pump.

Study of Amorphous Ferrimagnet Fe0.66Er0.19B0.15 by Means of Monochromatic Circularly Polarised Source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalska, B.; Szymański, K.; Dobrzyński, L.; Satuła, D.; Wäppling, R.; Broddefalk, A.; Nordblad, P.

2002-06-01

Properties of amorphous alloy Fe0.66Er0.19B0.15 are reported. A reorientation of the Fe and Er magnetic moments during sample cooling through the compensation point in a large magnetic field is found by means of monochromatic circularly polarised radiation.

Silicon photonic filters with high rejection of both TE and TM modes for on-chip four wave mixing applications.

PubMed

Cantarella, Giuseppe; Klitis, Charalambos; Sorel, Marc; Strain, Michael J

2017-08-21

Wavelength selective filters represent one of the key elements for photonic integrated circuits (PIC) and many of their applications in linear and non-linear optics. In devices optimised for single polarisation operation, cross-polarisation scattering can significantly limit the achievable filter rejection. An on-chip filter consisting of elements to filter both TE and TM polarisations is demonstrated, based on a cascaded ring resonator geometry, which exhibits a high total optical rejection of over 60 dB. Monolithic integration of a cascaded ring filter with a four-wave mixing micro-ring device is also experimentally demonstrated with a FWM efficiency of -22dB and pump filter extinction of 62dB.

Verification of polarising optics for the LISA optical bench.

PubMed

Dehne, Marina; Tröbs, Michael; Heinzel, Gerhard; Danzmann, Karsten

2012-12-03

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a space-based interferometric gravitational wave detector. In the current baseline design for the optical bench, the use of polarising optics is foreseen to separate optical beams. Therefore it is important to investigate the influence of polarising components on the interferometer sensitivity and validate that the required picometre stability in the low-frequency band (1 mHz - 1 Hz) is achievable. This paper discusses the design of the experiment and the implemented stabilisation loops. A displacement readout fulfilling the requirement in the whole frequency band is presented. Alternatively, we demonstrate improvement of the noise performance by implementing various algorithms in data post-processing, which leads to an additional robustness for the LISA mission.

Single photon emitters in boron nitride: More than a supplementary material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koperski, M.; Nogajewski, K.; Potemski, M.

2018-03-01

We present comprehensive optical studies of recently discovered single photon sources in boron nitride, which appear in form of narrow lines emitting centres. Here, we aim to compactly characterise their basic optical properties, including the demonstration of several novel findings, in order to inspire discussion about their origin and utility. Initial inspection reveals the presence of narrow emission lines in boron nitride powder and exfoliated flakes of hexagonal boron nitride deposited on Si/SiO2 substrates. Generally rather stable, the boron nitride emitters constitute a good quality visible light source. However, as briefly discussed, certain specimens reveal a peculiar type of blinking effects, which are likely related to existence of meta-stable electronic states. More advanced characterisation of representative stable emitting centres uncovers a strong dependence of the emission intensity on the energy and polarisation of excitation. On this basis, we speculate that rather strict excitation selectivity is an important factor determining the character of the emission spectra, which allows the observation of single and well-isolated emitters. Finally, we investigate the properties of the emitting centres in varying external conditions. Quite surprisingly, it is found that the application of a magnetic field introduces no change in the emission spectra of boron nitride emitters. Further analysis of the impact of temperature on the emission spectra and the features seen in second-order correlation functions is used to provide an assessment of the potential functionality of boron nitride emitters as single photon sources capable of room temperature operation.

10 GHz Standing-Wave Coplanar Stripline on LiNbO3 Crystal for Radio to Optical-Wave Conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darwis, F.; Wijayanto, Y. N.; Setiawan, A.; Mahmudin, D.; Rahman, A. N.; Daud, P.

2018-04-01

Recently, X-band radar systems are used widely for surveillance and navigation applications. Especially in archipelago or maritime country, the surveillance/navigation radar systems are required to monitoring critical areas and managing marine traffic. Accurate detection and fast analysis should be improved furthermore to provide security and safety condition. Therefore, several radar systems should be installed in many places to coverage the critical areas within radar networks. The radar network can be connected using optical fibers since it has extremely low propagation loss with optical-wave to carry-out the radar-wave. One important component in the scenario is a radio to optical-wave conversion component. In this paper, we report a 10 GHz radio to optical-wave conversion component using standing-wave coplanar stripline (CPS) on LiNbO3 optical crystal as the substrate. The standing-wave CPS electrodes with narrow slot are arranged in an array structure. An optical waveguide is located close to the narrow slot. The CPS electrodes were analysed using electromagnetic analysis software for 10 GHz operational frequency. Responses for slot width and electrode length variation are reported. As results, return loss of -14.580 dB and -19.517 dB are obtained for single and array CPS electrodes respectively. Optimization of the designed radio to optical-wave conversion devices was also done.

High-Efficiency Solar Cells Using Photonic-Bandgap Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dowling, Jonathan; Lee, Hwang

2005-01-01

Solar photovoltaic cells would be designed to exploit photonic-bandgap (PBG) materials to enhance their energy-conversion efficiencies, according to a proposal. Whereas the energy-conversion efficiencies of currently available solar cells are typically less than 30 percent, it has been estimated that the energy-conversion efficiencies of the proposed cells could be about 50 percent or possibly even greater. The primary source of inefficiency of a currently available solar cell is the mismatch between the narrow wavelength band associated with the semiconductor energy gap (the bandgap) and the broad wavelength band of solar radiation. This mismatch results in loss of power from both (1) long-wavelength photons, defined here as photons that do not have enough energy to excite electron-hole pairs across the bandgap, and (2) short-wavelength photons, defined here as photons that excite electron- hole pairs with energies much above the bandgap. It follows that a large increase in efficiency could be obtained if a large portion of the incident solar energy could be funneled into a narrow wavelength band corresponding to the bandgap. In the proposed approach, such funneling would be effected by use of PBG materials as intermediaries between the Sun and photovoltaic cells.

The history of polarisation measurements: their role in studies of magnetic fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wielebinski, R.

2015-03-01

Radio astronomy gave us new methods to study magnetic fields. Synchrotron radiation, the main cause of comic radio waves, is highly linearly polarised with the `E' vector normal to the magnetic field. The Faraday Effect rotates the `E' vector in thermal regions by the magnetic field in the line of sight. Also the radio Zeeman Effect has been observed.

Constraints on interstellar dust models from extinction and spectro-polarimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siebenmorgen, R.; Voshchinnikov, N. V.; Bagnulo, S.; Cox, N. L. J.

2017-12-01

We present polarisation spectra of seven stars in the lines-of-sight towards the Sco OB1 association. Our spectra were obtained within the framework of the Large Interstellar Polarization Survey carried out with the FORS instrument of the ESO VLT. We have modelled the wavelength-dependence of extinction and linear polarisation with a dust model for the diffuse interstellar medium which consists of a mixture of particles with size ranging from the molecular domain of 0.5 nm up to 350 nm. We have included stochastically heated small dust grains with radii between 0.5 and 6 nm made of graphite and silicate, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs), and we have assumed that larger particles are prolate spheroids made of amorphous carbon and silicate. Overall, a dust model with eight free parameters best reproduces the observations, and is in agreement with cosmic abundance constraints. Reducing the number of free parameters leads to results that are inconsistent with the cosmic abundances of silicate and carbon. We found that aligned silicates are the dominant contributor to the observed polarisation, and that the polarisation spectra are best-fit by a lower limit of the equivolume sphere radius of aligned grains of 70-200 nm.

The shape of the transmembrane domain is a novel endocytosis signal for single-spanning membrane proteins.

PubMed

González Montoro, Ayelén; Bigliani, Gonzalo; Valdez Taubas, Javier

2017-11-15

Endocytosis is crucial for all cells as it allows them to incorporate material from the extracellular space and control the availability of transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane. In yeast, endocytosis followed by recycling to the plasma membrane results in a polarised distribution of membrane proteins by a kinetic mechanism. Here, we report that increasing the volume of residues that constitute the exoplasmic half of the transmembrane domain (TMD) in the yeast SNARE Sso1, a type II membrane protein, results in its polarised distribution at the plasma membrane. Expression of this chimera in strains affected in either endocytosis or recycling revealed that this polarisation is achieved by endocytic cycling. A bioinformatics search of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome identified several proteins with high-volume exoplasmic hemi-TMDs. Our experiments indicate that TMDs from these proteins can confer a polarised distribution to the Sso1 cytoplasmic domain, indicating that the shape of the TMD can act as a novel endocytosis and polarity signal in yeast . Additionally, a high-volume exoplasmic hemi-TMD can act as an endocytosis signal in a mammalian cell line. © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Improving the efficiency of optical coherence tomography by using the non-ideal behaviour of a polarising beam splitter.

PubMed

Lippok, Norman; Nielsen, Poul; Vanholsbeeck, Frédérique

2011-04-11

We present a new way of improving the efficiency of optical coherence tomography by using the polarisation crosstalk of a polarising beam splitter to direct most of the available source optical power to the sample. The use of a quarter wave plate in both the reference and the sample arms allows most of the sample power to be directed to the detector while adjusting the reference arm to ensure noise optimised operation. As a result, the sensitivity of such a system can be improved by 6 dB, or alternatively the acquisition time can be improved by a factor of 4 for shot noise limited performance,compared to a traditional OCT configuration using a 50/50 beam splitter. © 2011 Optical Society of America

Neutron Depolarization in Superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhuchenko, N. K.

1995-04-01

The dependences of neutron depolarization on applied magnetic field are deduced along the magnetization hysteresis loop in terms of the Bean model of the critical state. The depolarization in uniaxial superconductors with the reversible magnetization, including uniaxial magnetic superconductors, is also considered. A strong depolarization is expected if the neutrons travel along the vortex lines. On calcule la dépendance en champ magnétique de la dépolarisation des neutrons le long du cycle d'hystérésis en termes du modèle critique de Bean. On considère aussi la dépolarisation dans les supraconducteurs uniaxiaux en fonction de l'aimantation réversible, y compris pour les supraconducteurs magnétiques. On attend une forte dépolarisation si les neutrons se propagent le long des vortex.

High resolution time-to-space conversion of sub-picosecond pulses at 1.55µm by non-degenerate SFG in PPLN crystal.

PubMed

Shayovitz, Dror; Herrmann, Harald; Sohler, Wolfgang; Ricken, Raimund; Silberhorn, Christine; Marom, Dan M

2012-11-19

We demonstrate high resolution and increased efficiency background-free time-to-space conversion using spectrally resolved non-degenerate and collinear SFG in a bulk PPLN crystal. A serial-to-parallel resolution factor of 95 and a time window of 42 ps were achieved. A 60-fold increase in conversion efficiency slope compared with our previous work using a BBO crystal [D. Shayovitz and D. M. Marom, Opt. Lett. 36, 1957 (2011)] was recorded. Finally the measured 40 GHz narrow linewidth of the output SFG signal implies the possibility to extract phase information by employing coherent detection techniques.

bicoid mRNA localises to the Drosophila oocyte anterior by random Dynein-mediated transport and anchoring

PubMed Central

Trovisco, Vítor; Belaya, Katsiaryna; Nashchekin, Dmitry; Irion, Uwe; Sirinakis, George; Butler, Richard; Lee, Jack J; Gavis, Elizabeth R; St Johnston, Daniel

2016-01-01

bicoid mRNA localises to the Drosophila oocyte anterior from stage 9 of oogenesis onwards to provide a local source for Bicoid protein for embryonic patterning. Live imaging at stage 9 reveals that bicoid mRNA particles undergo rapid Dynein-dependent movements near the oocyte anterior, but with no directional bias. Furthermore, bicoid mRNA localises normally in shot2A2, which abolishes the polarised microtubule organisation. FRAP and photo-conversion experiments demonstrate that the RNA is stably anchored at the anterior, independently of microtubules. Thus, bicoid mRNA is localised by random active transport and anterior anchoring. Super-resolution imaging reveals that bicoid mRNA forms 110–120 nm particles with variable RNA content, but constant size. These particles appear to be well-defined structures that package the RNA for transport and anchoring. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17537.001 PMID:27791980

Shoreline Conditions and Bank Recession Along the U.S. Shorelines of the Saint Marys, Saint Clair, Detroit and Saint Lawrence Rivers,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-05-01

FACTORS: U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT These conversion factors include all the significant digits given in the conversion...where suspended (Wuebben et al. 1978a). ships pass through narrow channels. Also, the ra- This disruption of river bottom sediments can pid water level...graphs that showed sites in the middle of the pic - 29 of these reaches (5.2 miles) showed evidence ture. The average photographic scale was deter- of

Corrosion behaviour of Al-Fe-Ti-V medium entropy alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bodunrin, M. O.; Obadele, B. A.; Chown, L. H.; Olubambi, P. A.

2017-12-01

Alloys containing up to four multi-principal elements in equiatomic ratios are referred to as medium entropy alloys (MEA). These alloys have attracted the interest of many researchers due to the superior mechanical properties it offers over the traditional alloys. The design approach of MEA often results to simple solid solution with either body centered cubic; face centered cubic structures or both. As the consideration for introducing the alloys into several engineering application increases, there have been efforts to study the corrosion behaviour of these alloys. Previous reports have shown that some of these alloys are more susceptible to corrosion when compared with traditional alloys due to lack of protective passive film. In this research, we have developed AlFeTiV medium entropy alloys containing two elements (Ti and Al) that readily passivate when exposed to corrosive solutions. The alloys were produced in vacuum arc furnace purged with high purity argon. Open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarisation tests were used to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the as-cast AlFeTiV alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl and 1 M H2SO4. The corrosion performance of the alloy was compared with Ti-6Al-4V alloy tested under similar conditions. The results show that unlike in Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the open circuit potential of the AlFeTiV alloy move towards the negative values in both 3.5 wt% NaCl and 1 M H2SO4 solutions indicating that self-activation occurred rapidly on immersion. Anodic polarisation of the alloys showed that AlFeTiV alloy exhibited a narrow range of passivity in both solutions. In addition, the alloys exhibited lower Ecorr and higher Icorr when compared with traditional Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The traditional Ti-6Al-4V alloy showed superior corrosion resistant to the AlFeTiV alloy in both 3.5 wt.% NaCl and 1 M H2SO4 solutions.

Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells.

PubMed

Feurer, Thomas; Bissig, Benjamin; Weiss, Thomas P; Carron, Romain; Avancini, Enrico; Löckinger, Johannes; Buecheler, Stephan; Tiwari, Ayodhya N

2018-01-01

Multi-junction solar cells show the highest photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies, but the current technologies based on wafers and epitaxial growth of multiple layers are very costly. Therefore, there is a high interest in realizing multi-junction tandem devices based on cost-effective thin film technologies. While the efficiency of such devices has been limited so far because of the rather low efficiency of semitransparent wide bandgap top cells, the recent rise of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells has inspired the development of new thin film tandem solar devices. In order to realize monolithic, and therefore current-matched thin film tandem solar cells, a bottom cell with narrow bandgap (~1 eV) and high efficiency is necessary. In this work, we present Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 with a bandgap of 1.00 eV and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.1%. This is achieved by implementing a gallium grading towards the back contact into a CuInSe 2 base material. We show that this modification significantly improves the open circuit voltage but does not reduce the spectral response range of these devices. Therefore, efficient cells with narrow bandgap absorbers are obtained, yielding the high current density necessary for thin film multi-junction solar cells.

Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells

PubMed Central

Avancini, Enrico; Buecheler, Stephan; Tiwari, Ayodhya N.

2018-01-01

Abstract Multi-junction solar cells show the highest photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies, but the current technologies based on wafers and epitaxial growth of multiple layers are very costly. Therefore, there is a high interest in realizing multi-junction tandem devices based on cost-effective thin film technologies. While the efficiency of such devices has been limited so far because of the rather low efficiency of semitransparent wide bandgap top cells, the recent rise of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells has inspired the development of new thin film tandem solar devices. In order to realize monolithic, and therefore current-matched thin film tandem solar cells, a bottom cell with narrow bandgap (~1 eV) and high efficiency is necessary. In this work, we present Cu(In,Ga)Se2 with a bandgap of 1.00 eV and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.1%. This is achieved by implementing a gallium grading towards the back contact into a CuInSe2 base material. We show that this modification significantly improves the open circuit voltage but does not reduce the spectral response range of these devices. Therefore, efficient cells with narrow bandgap absorbers are obtained, yielding the high current density necessary for thin film multi-junction solar cells. PMID:29707066

Ethnography's Capacity to Contribute to the Cumulation of Theory: A Case Study of Differentiation-Polarisation Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hillyard, Sam

2010-01-01

The paper sets out to examine the role that ethnographic work can and should play in the development of sociological theory, focusing on the case study of differentiation-polarisation theory. It provides a detailed discussion of the work of Hargreaves (1967), Lacey (1970) and Ball (1981) and assesses the degree to which their work was ethnographic…

The Bonn Electron Stretcher Accelerator ELSA: Past and future

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hillert, W.

2006-05-01

In 1953, it was decided to build a 500MeV electron synchrotron in Bonn. It came into operation 1958, being the first alternating gradient synchrotron in Europe. After five years of performing photoproduction experiments at this accelerator, a larger 2.5GeV electron synchrotron was built and set into operation in 1967. Both synchrotrons were running for particle physics experiments, until from 1982 to 1987 a third accelerator, the electron stretcher ring ELSA, was constructed and set up in a separate ring tunnel below the physics institute. ELSA came into operation in 1987, using the pulsed 2.5GeV synchrotron as pre-accelerator. ELSA serves either as storage ring producing synchrotron radiation, or as post-accelerator and pulse stretcher. Applying a slow extraction close to a third integer resonance, external electron beams with energies up to 3.5GeV and high duty factors are delivered to hadron physics experiments. Various photo- and electroproduction experiments, utilising the experimental set-ups PHOENICS, ELAN, SAPHIR, GDH and Crystal Barrel have been carried out. During the late 90's, a pulsed GaAs source of polarised electrons was constructed and set up at the accelerator. ELSA was upgraded in order to accelerate polarised electrons, compensating for depolarising resonances by applying the methods of fast tune jumping and harmonic closed orbit correction. With the experimental investigation of the GDH sum rule, the first experiment requiring a polarised beam and a polarised target was successfully performed at the accelerator. In the near future, the stretcher ring will be further upgraded to increase polarisation and current of the external electron beams. In addition, the aspects of an increase of the maximum energy to 5GeV using superconducting resonators will be investigated.

Therapeutic potential of carbohydrates as regulators of macrophage activation.

PubMed

Lundahl, Mimmi L E; Scanlan, Eoin M; Lavelle, Ed C

2017-12-15

It is well established for a broad range of disease states, including cancer and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, that pathogenesis is bolstered by polarisation of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, known as M2. As these innate immune cells are relatively long-lived, their re-polarisation to pro-inflammatory, phagocytic and bactericidal "classically activated" M1 macrophages is an attractive therapeutic approach. On the other hand, there are scenarios where the resolving inflammation, wound healing and tissue remodelling properties of M2 macrophages are beneficial - for example the successful introduction of biomedical implants. Although there are numerous endogenous and exogenous factors that have an impact on the macrophage polarisation spectrum, this review will focus specifically on prominent macrophage-modulating carbohydrate motifs with a view towards highlighting structure-function relationships and therapeutic potential. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Integration and flight test of a biomimetic heading sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chahl, Javaan; Mizutani, Akiko

2013-04-01

We report on the first successful development and implementation of an automatic polarisation compass as the primary heading sensor for a UAV. Polarisation compassing is the primary navigation sense of many flying and walking insects, including bees, ants and crickets. Manually operated polarisation astrolabes were fitted in some passenger airliners prior to the implementation of the global positioning system, to compensate for the overal degradation of magnetic and gyrocompass sensors in polar regions. The device we developed demonstrated accurate determination of the direction of the Sun, with repeatability of better than 0.2 degrees. These figures are comparable to any solid state magnetic compass, including flux gate based devices. Flight trials were undertaken in which the output of the polarimeter was the only heading reference used by the aircraft as it flew through GPS waypoints.

Threshold π 0 Photoproduction on Transverse Polarised Protons at MAMI

DOE PAGES

Schumann, S.

2015-09-14

Polarisation-dependent differential cross sections σ T associated with the target asymmetry T have been measured for the reaction γ p -→ p π 0 with transverse target polarisation from π 0 threshold up to photon energies of 190 MeV. Additionally, the data were obtained using a frozen-spin butanol target with the Crystal Ball / TAPS detector set-up and the Glasgow photon tagging system at the Mainz Microtron MAMI. Our results for σ T have been used in combination with our previous measurements of the unpolarised cross section σ 0 and the beam asymmetry Σ for a model-independent determination of Smore » and P wave multipoles in the π 0 threshold region, which includes for the first time a direct determination of the imaginary part of the E 0+ multipole.« less

Investigations into Novel Multi-Band Antenna Designs

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

endeavouring to modify the designs to incorporate dual polarisation , building the antennas, as well as experimental work that will use the manufactured...based on the Koch, Minkowski and Hilbert curves. The merit in this approach is that non -Euclidean designs (i.e. fractals) are compared with Euclidean... polarisation . A number of possible changes to the current design need to be explored towards achieving the above objectives. Some of the suggested

An all-sky survey of circular polarisation at 200 MHz

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lenc, Emil; Murphy, Tara; Lynch, C. R.; Kaplan, D. L.; Zhang, S. N.

2018-05-01

We present results from the first all-sky radio survey in circular polarisation. The survey uses the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) to cover 30 900 sq. deg., over declinations south of +30° and north of -86° centred at 200 MHz (over a 169 - 231 MHz band). We achieve a spatial resolution of ˜3' and a typical sensitivity of 3.0 mJy PSF-1 over most of the survey region. We demonstrate a new leakage mitigation technique that reduces the leakage from total intensity into circular polarisation by an order of magnitude. In a blind survey of the imaged region, we detect 14 pulsars in circular polarisation above a 6σ threshold. We also detect six transient sources associated with artificial satellites. A targeted survey of 2 376 pulsars within the surveyed region yielded 33 detections above 4σ. Looking specifically at pulsars previously detected at 200 MHz in total intensity, this represents a 35% detection rate. We also conducted a targeted survey of 2 400 known flare stars, this resulted in two tentative detections above 4σ. A similar targeted search for 1 506 known exoplanets in the field yielded no detections above 4σ. The success of the survey suggests that similar surveys at longer wavelength bands and of deeper fields are warranted.

Exact and near backscattering measurements of the linear depolarisation ratio of various ice crystal habits generated in a laboratory cloud chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Helen R.; Connolly, Paul J.; Webb, Ann R.; Baran, Anthony J.

2016-07-01

Ice clouds were generated in the Manchester Ice Cloud Chamber (MICC), and the backscattering linear depolarisation ratio, δ, was measured for a variety of habits. To create an assortment of particle morphologies, the humidity in the chamber was varied throughout each experiment, resulting in a range of habits from the pristine to the complex. This technique was repeated at three temperatures: -7 °C, -15 °C and -30 °C, in order to produce both solid and hollow columns, plates, sectored plates and dendrites. A linearly polarised 532 nm continuous wave diode laser was directed through a section of the cloud using a non-polarising 50:50 beam splitter. Measurements of the scattered light were taken at 178°, 179° and 180°, using a Glan-Taylor prism to separate the co- and cross-polarised components. The intensities of these components were measured using two amplified photodetectors and the ratio of the cross- to co-polarised intensities was measured to find the linear depolarisation ratio. In general, it was found that Ray Tracing over-predicts the linear depolarisation ratio. However, by creating more accurate particle models which better represent the internal structure of ice particles, discrepancies between measured and modelled results (based on Ray Tracing) were reduced.

Arbitrary photonic wave plate operations on chip: Realizing Hadamard, Pauli-X, and rotation gates for polarisation qubits

PubMed Central

Heilmann, René; Gräfe, Markus; Nolte, Stefan; Szameit, Alexander

2014-01-01

Chip-based photonic quantum computing is an emerging technology that promises much speedup over conventional computers at small integration volumes. Particular interest is thereby given to polarisation-encoded photonic qubits, and many protocols have been developed for this encoding. However, arbitrary wave plate operation on chip are not available so far, preventing from the implementation of integrated universal quantum computing algorithms. In our work we close this gap and present Hadamard, Pauli-X, and rotation gates of high fidelity for photonic polarisation qubits on chip by employing a reorientation of the optical axis of birefringent waveguides. The optical axis of the birefringent waveguide is rotated due to the impact of an artificial stress field created by an additional modification close to the waveguide. By adjusting this length of the defect along the waveguide, the retardation between ordinary and extraordinary field components is precisely tunable including half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate operations. Our approach demonstrates the full range control of orientation and strength of the induced birefringence and thus allows arbitrary wave plate operations without affecting the degree of polarisation or introducing additional losses to the waveguides. The implemented gates are tested with classical and quantum light. PMID:24534893

Full-gap superconductivity in spin-polarised surface states of topological semimetal β-PdBi2.

PubMed

Iwaya, K; Kohsaka, Y; Okawa, K; Machida, T; Bahramy, M S; Hanaguri, T; Sasagawa, T

2017-10-17

A bulk superconductor possessing a topological surface state at the Fermi level is a promising system to realise long-sought topological superconductivity. Although several candidate materials have been proposed, experimental demonstrations concurrently exploring spin textures and superconductivity at the surface have remained elusive. Here we perform spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy on the centrosymmetric superconductor β-PdBi 2 that hosts a topological surface state. By combining first-principles electronic-structure calculations and quasiparticle interference experiments, we determine the spin textures at the surface, and show not only the topological surface state but also all other surface bands exhibit spin polarisations parallel to the surface. We find that the superconducting gap fully opens in all the spin-polarised surface states. This behaviour is consistent with a possible spin-triplet order parameter expected for such in-plane spin textures, but the observed superconducting gap amplitude is comparable to that of the bulk, suggesting that the spin-singlet component is predominant in β-PdBi 2 .Although several materials have been proposed as topological superconductors, spin textures and superconductivity at the surface remain elusive. Here, Iwaya et al. determine the spin textures at the surface of a superconductor β-PdBi 2 and find the superconducting gap opening in all spin-polarised surface states.

High-Accuracy Analysis of Compton Scattering in Chiral EFT: Proton and Neutron Polarisabilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griesshammer, Harald W.; Phillips, Daniel R.; McGovern, Judith A.

2013-10-01

Compton scattering from protons and neutrons provides important insight into the structure of the nucleon. A new extraction of the static electric and magnetic dipole polarisabilities αE 1 and βM 1 of the proton and neutron from all published elastic data below 300 MeV in Chiral Effective Field Theory shows that within the statistics-dominated errors, the proton and neutron polarisabilities are identical, i.e. no iso-spin breaking effects of the pion cloud are seen. Particular attention is paid to the precision and accuracy of each data set, and to an estimate of residual theoretical uncertainties. ChiEFT is ideal for that purpose since it provides a model-independent estimate of higher-order corrections and encodes the correct low-energy dynamics of QCD, including, for few-nucleon systems used to extract neutron polarisabilities, consistent nuclear currents, rescattering effects and wave functions. It therefore automatically respects the low-energy theorems for photon-nucleus scattering. The Δ (1232) as active degree of freedom is essential to realise the full power of the world's Compton data.Its parameters are constrained in the resonance region. A brief outlook is provided on what kind of future experiments can improve the database. Supported in part by UK STFC, DOE, NSF, and the Sino-German CRC 110.

The Ringo2 Optical Polarisation Catalogue of 13 High-Energy Blazars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barres de Almeida, Ulisses; Jermak, Helen; Mundell, Carole; Lindfors, Elina; Nilsson, Kari; Steele, Iain

2015-08-01

We present the findings of the Ringo2 3-year survey of 13 blazars (3 FSRQs and 10 BL Lacs) with regular coverage and reasonably fast cadence of one to three observations a week. Ringo2 was installed on the Liverpool Robotic Telescope (LT) on the Canary Island of La Palma between 2009 and 2012 and monitored thirteen high-energy-emitting blazars in the northern sky. The objects selected as well as the observational strategy were tuned to maximise the synergies with high-energy X- to gamma-ray observations. Therefore this sample stands out as a well-sampled, long-term view of high-energy AGN jets in polarised optical light. Over half of the sources exhibited an increase in optical flux during this period and almost a quarter were observed in outburst. We compare the optical data to gamma (Fermi/LAT) and X-ray data during these periods of outburst. In this talk we present the data obtained for all sources over the lifetime of Ringo2 with additional optical data from the KVA telescope and the SkyCamZ wide-field camera (on the LT), we explore the relationship between the change in polarisation angle as a function of time (dEVPA/dMJD), flux and polarisation degree along with cross correlation comparisons of optical and high-energy flux.

[INVITED] Coupling of polarisation of high frequency electric field and electronic heat conduction in laser created plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gamaly, Eugene G.; Rode, Andrei V.

2016-08-01

Powerful short laser pulse focused on a surface swiftly transforms the solid into the thermally and electrically inhomogeneous conductive plasma with the large temperature and dielectric permeability gradients across the focal spot. The laser-affected spot becomes thermally inhomogeneous with where temperature has maximum in the centre and gradually decreasing to the boundaries of the spot in accord to the spatial intensity distribution of the Gaussian pulse. Here we study the influence of laser polarisation on ionization and absorption of laser radiation in the focal spot. In this paper we would like to discuss new effect in thermally inhomogeneous plasma under the action of imposed high frequency electric field. We demonstrate that high-frequency (HF) electric field is coupled with the temperature gradient generating the additional contribution to the conventional electronic heat flow. The additional heat flow strongly depends on the polarisation of the external field. It appears that effect has maximum when the imposed electric field is collinear to the thermal gradient directed along the radius of a circular focal spot. Therefore, the linear polarised field converts the circular laser affected spot into an oval with the larger oval's axis parallel to the field direction. We compare the developed theory to the available experiments, discuss the results and future directions.

Vector-like quarks coupling discrimination at the LHC and future hadron colliders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barducci, D.; Panizzi, L.

2017-12-01

The existence of new coloured states with spin one-half, i.e. extra-quarks, is a striking prediction of various classes of new physics models. Should one of these states be discovered during the 13 TeV runs of the LHC or at future high energy hadron colliders, understanding its properties will be crucial in order to shed light on the underlying model structure. Depending on the extra-quarks quantum number under SU(2) L , their coupling to Standard Model quarks and bosons have either a dominant left- or right-handed chiral component. By exploiting the polarisation properties of the top quarks arising from the decay of pair-produced extra quarks, we show how it is possible to discriminate among the two hypothesis in the whole discovery range currently accessible at the LHC, thus effectively narrowing down the possible interpretations of a discovered state in terms of new physics scenarios. Moreover, we estimate the discovery and discrimination power of future prototype hadron colliders with centre of mass energies of 33 and 100 TeV.

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: Survey requirements and mission design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delabrouille, J.; de Bernardis, P.; Bouchet, F. R.; Achúcarro, A.; Ade, P. A. R.; Allison, R.; Arroja, F.; Artal, E.; Ashdown, M.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J.; Banerji, R.; Barbosa, D.; Bartlett, J.; Bartolo, N.; Basak, S.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Basu, K.; Battistelli, E. S.; Battye, R.; Baumann, D.; Benoít, A.; Bersanelli, M.; Bideaud, A.; Biesiada, M.; Bilicki, M.; Bonaldi, A.; Bonato, M.; Borrill, J.; Boulanger, F.; Brinckmann, T.; Brown, M. L.; Bucher, M.; Burigana, C.; Buzzelli, A.; Cabass, G.; Cai, Z.-Y.; Calvo, M.; Caputo, A.; Carvalho, C.-S.; Casas, F. J.; Castellano, G.; Catalano, A.; Challinor, A.; Charles, I.; Chluba, J.; Clements, D. L.; Clesse, S.; Colafrancesco, S.; Colantoni, I.; Contreras, D.; Coppolecchia, A.; Crook, M.; D'Alessandro, G.; D'Amico, G.; da Silva, A.; de Avillez, M.; de Gasperis, G.; De Petris, M.; de Zotti, G.; Danese, L.; Désert, F.-X.; Desjacques, V.; Di Valentino, E.; Dickinson, C.; Diego, J. M.; Doyle, S.; Durrer, R.; Dvorkin, C.; Eriksen, H. K.; Errard, J.; Feeney, S.; Fernández-Cobos, R.; Finelli, F.; Forastieri, F.; Franceschet, C.; Fuskeland, U.; Galli, S.; Génova-Santos, R. T.; Gerbino, M.; Giusarma, E.; Gomez, A.; González-Nuevo, J.; Grandis, S.; Greenslade, J.; Goupy, J.; Hagstotz, S.; Hanany, S.; Handley, W.; Henrot-Versillé, S.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Hervias-Caimapo, C.; Hills, M.; Hindmarsh, M.; Hivon, E.; Hoang, D. T.; Hooper, D. C.; Hu, B.; Keihänen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kiiveri, K.; Kisner, T.; Kitching, T.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lagache, G.; Lamagna, L.; Lapi, A.; Lasenby, A.; Lattanzi, M.; Le Brun, A. M. C.; Lesgourgues, J.; Liguori, M.; Lindholm, V.; Lizarraga, J.; Luzzi, G.; Macìas-P{érez, J. F.; Maffei, B.; Mandolesi, N.; Martin, S.; Martinez-Gonzalez, E.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Masi, S.; Massardi, M.; Matarrese, S.; Mazzotta, P.; McCarthy, D.; Melchiorri, A.; Melin, J.-B.; Mennella, A.; Mohr, J.; Molinari, D.; Monfardini, A.; Montier, L.; Natoli, P.; Negrello, M.; Notari, A.; Noviello, F.; Oppizzi, F.; O'Sullivan, C.; Pagano, L.; Paiella, A.; Pajer, E.; Paoletti, D.; Paradiso, S.; Partridge, R. B.; Patanchon, G.; Patil, S. P.; Perdereau, O.; Piacentini, F.; Piat, M.; Pisano, G.; Polastri, L.; Polenta, G.; Pollo, A.; Ponthieu, N.; Poulin, V.; Prêle, D.; Quartin, M.; Ravenni, A.; Remazeilles, M.; Renzi, A.; Ringeval, C.; Roest, D.; Roman, M.; Roukema, B. F.; Rubiño-Martin, J.-A.; Salvati, L.; Scott, D.; Serjeant, S.; Signorelli, G.; Starobinsky, A. A.; Sunyaev, R.; Tan, C. Y.; Tartari, A.; Tasinato, G.; Toffolatti, L.; Tomasi, M.; Torrado, J.; Tramonte, D.; Trappe, N.; Triqueneaux, S.; Tristram, M.; Trombetti, T.; Tucci, M.; Tucker, C.; Urrestilla, J.; Väliviita, J.; Van de Weygaert, R.; Van Tent, B.; Vennin, V.; Verde, L.; Vermeulen, G.; Vielva, P.; Vittorio, N.; Voisin, F.; Wallis, C.; Wandelt, B.; Wehus, I. K.; Weller, J.; Young, K.; Zannoni, M.

2018-04-01

Future observations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarisation have the potential to answer some of the most fundamental questions of modern physics and cosmology, including: what physical process gave birth to the Universe we see today? What are the dark matter and dark energy that seem to constitute 95% of the energy density of the Universe? Do we need extensions to the standard model of particle physics and fundamental interactions? Is the ΛCDM cosmological scenario correct, or are we missing an essential piece of the puzzle? In this paper, we list the requirements for a future CMB polarisation survey addressing these scientific objectives, and discuss the design drivers of the COREmfive space mission proposed to ESA in answer to the "M5" call for a medium-sized mission. The rationale and options, and the methodologies used to assess the mission's performance, are of interest to other future CMB mission design studies. COREmfive has 19 frequency channels, distributed over a broad frequency range, spanning the 60–600 GHz interval, to control astrophysical foreground emission. The angular resolution ranges from 2' to 18', and the aggregate CMB sensitivity is about 2 μKṡarcmin. The observations are made with a single integrated focal-plane instrument, consisting of an array of 2100 cryogenically-cooled, linearly-polarised detectors at the focus of a 1.2-m aperture cross-Dragone telescope. The mission is designed to minimise all sources of systematic effects, which must be controlled so that no more than 10‑4 of the intensity leaks into polarisation maps, and no more than about 1% of E-type polarisation leaks into B-type modes. COREmfive observes the sky from a large Lissajous orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point on an orbit that offers stable observing conditions and avoids contamination from sidelobe pick-up of stray radiation originating from the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The entire sky is observed repeatedly during four years of continuous scanning, with a combination of three rotations of the spacecraft over different timescales. With about 50% of the sky covered every few days, this scan strategy provides the mitigation of systematic effects and the internal redundancy that are needed to convincingly extract the primordial B-mode signal on large angular scales, and check with adequate sensitivity the consistency of the observations in several independent data subsets. COREmfive is designed as a "near-ultimate" CMB polarisation mission which, for optimal complementarity with ground-based observations, will perform the observations that are known to be essential to CMB polarisation science and cannot be obtained by any other means than a dedicated space mission. It will provide well-characterised, highly-redundant multi-frequency observations of polarisation at all the scales where foreground emission and cosmic variance dominate the final uncertainty for obtaining precision CMB science, as well as 2' angular resolution maps of high-frequency foreground emission in the 300–600 GHz frequency range, essential for complementarity with future ground-based observations with large telescopes that can observe the CMB with the same beamsize.

Polarization observables in few nucleon systems with CLAS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zachariou, Nicholas

The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS), housed in Hall-B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility provides us with the experimental tools to study strongly-interacting matter and its dynamics in the transition from hadronic to partonic degrees of freedom in nuclear interactions. In this paper we discuss the progress made in understanding the relevant degrees of freedom using polarisation observables of deuteron photodisintegration in the few-GeV photon-energy region. We also address progress made in studying the interaction between Hyperons and Nucleons via polarisation observables, utilising high-statistics experiments that provided us with the large data samples needed to study final-state interactions,more » as well as perform detailed studies on initial-state effects. The polarisation observables presented here provide us with unique experimental tools to study the underlying dynamics of both initial and final-state interactions, as well as the information needed to disentangle signal from background contributions.« less

Measurement and interpretation of fluorescence polarisations in phospholipid dispersions.

PubMed

Bashford, C L; Morgan, C G; Radda, G K

1976-03-05

An instrument that measures the temperature dependence of fluorescence polarisation and intensity directly and continuously is described. The behaviour of four fluorescent probes bound to a number of well characterised model systems was then examined. The motional properties of the probes were determined from the polarisation and intensity data and were found to be sensitive to the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transitions in phospholipid vesicles of dimyristoly and dipalmitoly phosphatidylcholine. Binary mixture of dilauroyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine show lateral phase separation and in this system the probes parition preferentially into the more 'fluid' phase. In systems that have been reported to contain 'short range order' or 'liquid clustering', such as dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and liquid paraffin, the motion of the probes was found to have anomalous Arrhenius behaviour consistent with the idea that homogeneous phases were not being sampled. The significance of these findings for the interpretation of the behaviour of fluorescent probes bound to natural membranes is discussed.

Polarization observables in few nucleon systems with CLAS

DOE PAGES

Zachariou, Nicholas

2017-12-01

The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS), housed in Hall-B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility provides us with the experimental tools to study strongly-interacting matter and its dynamics in the transition from hadronic to partonic degrees of freedom in nuclear interactions. In this paper we discuss the progress made in understanding the relevant degrees of freedom using polarisation observables of deuteron photodisintegration in the few-GeV photon-energy region. We also address progress made in studying the interaction between Hyperons and Nucleons via polarisation observables, utilising high-statistics experiments that provided us with the large data samples needed to study final-state interactions,more » as well as perform detailed studies on initial-state effects. The polarisation observables presented here provide us with unique experimental tools to study the underlying dynamics of both initial and final-state interactions, as well as the information needed to disentangle signal from background contributions.« less

Polarised Multiangular Reflectance Measurements Using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer

PubMed Central

Suomalainen, Juha; Hakala, Teemu; Peltoniemi, Jouni; Puttonen, Eetu

2009-01-01

The design, operation, and properties of the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer (FIGIFIGO) are presented. FIGIFIGO is a portable instrument for the measurement of surface Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) for samples with diameters of 10 – 50 cm. A set of polarising optics enable the measurement of linearly polarised BRF over the full solar spectrum (350 – 2,500 nm). FIGIFIGO is designed mainly for field operation using sunlight, but operation in a laboratory environment is also possible. The acquired BRF have an accuracy of 1 – 5% depending on wavelength, sample properties, and measurement conditions. The angles are registered at accuracies better than 2°. During 2004 – 2008, FIGIFIGO has been used in the measurement of over 150 samples, all around northern Europe. The samples concentrate mostly on boreal forest understorey, snow, urban surfaces, and reflectance calibration surfaces. PMID:22412342

Anatomical and physiological evidence for polarisation vision in the nocturnal bee Megalopta genalis.

PubMed

Greiner, Birgit; Cronin, Thomas W; Ribi, Willi A; Wcislo, William T; Warrant, Eric J

2007-06-01

The presence of a specialised dorsal rim area with an ability to detect the e-vector orientation of polarised light is shown for the first time in a nocturnal hymenopteran. The dorsal rim area of the halictid bee Megalopta genalis features a number of characteristic anatomical specialisations including an increased rhabdom diameter and a lack of primary screening pigments. Optically, these specialisations result in wide spatial receptive fields (Deltarho = 14 degrees ), a common adaptation found in the dorsal rim areas of insects used to filter out interfering effects (i.e. clouds) from the sky. In this specialised eye region all nine photoreceptors contribute their microvilli to the entire length of the ommatidia. These orthogonally directed microvilli are anatomically arranged in an almost linear, anterior-posterior orientation. Intracellular recordings within the dorsal rim area show very high polarisation sensitivity and a sensitivity peak within the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.

Tunable microwave generation based on frequency quadrupling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yu-Lei; Liang, Jun; Li, Xuan; Xiao, Nan; Yuan, Xiao-Gang

2018-07-01

To generate linearly chirped microwave signals with large frequency tunable range, a photonic approach is proposed. A dual-output dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator followed by a polarisation beam combiner and an optical filter are utilised to generate orthogonally polarised ± second-order optical sidebands. A polarisation modulator is employed to achieve phase modulation of the two wavelengths. The balanced detection is applied to suppress the distortion and background noise. The central frequency of the generated signal is four times that of the local oscillator frequency. Simulation results show that a linear pulse is produced with time-bandwidth as well as a compression ratio for the pulse of 11 and 9.3 respectively. Moreover, a peak-to-sidelobe ratio of 7.4 dB is generated. The system has both good reconfigurability and tunability, and its frequency can be continuously adjusted from about 10 GHz to as much as 50 GHz in principle.

Astronomy Meets Biology: EFOSC2 and the Chirality of Life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sterzik, M.; Bagnulo, S.; Azua, A.; Salinas, F.; Alfaro, J.; Vicuna, R.

2010-12-01

Homochirality, i.e., the exclusive use of L-amino acids and D-sugar in biological material, induces circular polarisation in the diffuse reflectance spectra of biotic material. Polarimetry may therefore become an interesting remote sensing technique in the future search for extraterrestrial life. We have explored this technique and performed a laboratory experiment making an exotic use of an astronomical instrument. During a period when EFOSC2 was detached from the Nasmyth focus to host a visitor instrument at the NTT, we have observed various samples of biotic and abiotic material and measured their linear and circular polarisation spectra. Among the various targets, we have included samples of the hypolithic cyanobacteria species Chroococcidiopsis isolated from the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert. To our knowledge, these are the first and highest precision measurements of circular polarisation using living material and obtained with an astronomical instrument.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boehm, Céline; Degrande, Céline; Mattelaer, Olivier

The study of anomalous electromagnetic emission in the sky is the basis of indirect searches for dark matter. It is also a powerful tool to constrain the radiative decay of active neutrinos. Until now, quantitative analyses have focused on the flux and energy spectrum of such an emission; polarisation has never been considered. Here we show that we could be missing out on an essential piece of information. The radiative decay of neutrinos, as well as the interactions of dark matter and neutrinos with Standard Model particles can generate a circular polarisation signal in X-rays or γ-rays. If observed, thismore » could reveal important information about their spatial distribution and particle-antiparticle ratio, and could even reveal the nature of the high-energy particle physics processes taking place in astrophysical sites. The question of the observability of these polarised signatures and their separation from background astrophysical sources is left for future work.« less

A new simple concept for ocean colour remote sensing using parallel polarisation radiance

PubMed Central

He, Xianqiang; Pan, Delu; Bai, Yan; Wang, Difeng; Hao, Zengzhou

2014-01-01

Ocean colour remote sensing has supported research on subjects ranging from marine ecosystems to climate change for almost 35 years. However, as the framework for ocean colour remote sensing is based on the radiation intensity at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA), the polarisation of the radiation, which contains additional information on atmospheric and water optical properties, has largely been neglected. In this study, we propose a new simple concept to ocean colour remote sensing that uses parallel polarisation radiance (PPR) instead of the traditional radiation intensity. We use vector radiative transfer simulation and polarimetric satellite sensing data to demonstrate that using PPR has two significant advantages in that it effectively diminishes the sun glint contamination and enhances the ocean colour signal at the TOA. This concept may open new doors for ocean colour remote sensing. We suggest that the next generation of ocean colour sensors should measure PPR to enhance observational capability. PMID:24434904

Ellipticity-dependent of multiple ionisation methyl iodide cluster using 532 nm nanosecond laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Bin; Zhao, Wuduo; Wang, Weiguo; Hua, Lei; Chen, Ping; Hou, Keyong; Huang, Yunguang; Li, Haiyang

2016-03-01

The dependence of multiply charged ions on laser ellipticity in methyl iodide clusters with 532 nm nanosecond laser was measured using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The intensities of multiply charged ions Iq+(q = 2-4) with circularly polarised laser pulse were clearly higher than those with linearly polarised laser pulse but the intensity of single charged ions I+ was inverse. And the dependences of ions on the optical polarisation state were investigated and a flower petal and square distribution for single charged ions (I+, C+) and multiply charged ions (I2+, I3+, I4+, C2+) were observed, respectively. A theoretical calculation was also proposed to simulate the distributions of ions and theoretical results fitted well with the experimental ones. It indicated that the high multiphoton ionisation probability in the initial stage would result in the disintegration of big clusters into small ones and suppress the production of multiply charged ions.

Laser printed nano-gratings: orientation and period peculiarities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stankevič, Valdemar; Račiukaitis, Gediminas; Bragheri, Francesca; Wang, Xuewen; Gamaly, Eugene G.; Osellame, Roberto; Juodkazis, Saulius

2017-01-01

Understanding of material behaviour at nanoscale under intense laser excitation is becoming critical for future application of nanotechnologies. Nanograting formation by linearly polarised ultra-short laser pulses has been studied systematically in fused silica for various pulse energies at 3D laser printing/writing conditions, typically used for the industrial fabrication of optical elements. The period of the nanogratings revealed a dependence on the orientation of the scanning direction. A tilt of the nanograting wave vector at a fixed laser polarisation was also observed. The mechanism responsible for this peculiar dependency of several features of the nanogratings on the writing direction is qualitatively explained by considering the heat transport flux in the presence of a linearly polarised electric field, rather than by temporal and spatial chirp of the laser beam. The confirmed vectorial nature of the light-matter interaction opens new control of material processing with nanoscale precision.

Measurement of top quark polarisation in t-channel single top quark production

DOE PAGES

Khachatryan, Vardan

2016-04-13

Our first measurement of the top quark spin asymmetry, sensitive to the top quark polarisation, in t-channel single top quark production is presented. It is based on a sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb -1. A high-purity sample of t-channel single top quark events with an isolated muon is selected. Signal and background components are estimated using a fit to data. Furthermore, a differential cross section measurement, corrected for detector effects, of an angular observable sensitive to the top quark polarisation is performed. The differential distribution ismore » used to extract a top quark spin asymmetry of 0.26 ± 0.03 (stat) ± 0.10 (syst), which is compatible with a p-value of 4.6% with the standard model prediction of 0.44.« less

High-power narrow-linewidth quasi-CW diode-pumped TEM00 1064 nm Nd:YAG ring laser.

PubMed

Liu, Yuan; Wang, Bao-shan; Xie, Shi-yong; Bo, Yong; Wang, Peng-yuan; Zuo, Jun-wei; Xu, Yi-ting; Xu, Jia-lin; Peng, Qin-jun; Cui, Da-fu; Xu, Zu-yan

2012-04-01

We demonstrated a high average power, narrow-linewidth, quasi-CW diode-pumped Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. A symmetrical three-mirror ring cavity with unidirectional operation elements and an etalon was employed to realize the narrow-linewidth laser output. Two highly efficient laser modules and a 90° quartz rotator for birefringence compensation were used for the high output power. The maximum average output power of 62.5 W with the beam quality factor M(2) of 1.15 was achieved under a pump power of 216 W at a repetition rate of 500 Hz, corresponding to the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 28.9%. The linewidth of the laser at the maximum output power was measured to be less than 0.2 GHz.

Adaptive Dialogue Systems for Assistive Living Environments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Papangelis, Alexandros

2013-01-01

Adaptive Dialogue Systems (ADS) are intelligent systems, able to interact with users via multiple modalities, such as speech, gestures, facial expressions and others. Such systems are able to make conversation with their users, usually on a specific, narrow topic. Assistive Living Environments are environments where the users are by definition not…

Thermodynamics of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions: Results from stoichiometric solubility at 25 and 76°C

USGS Publications Warehouse

Plummer, Niel; Busenberg, E.

1987-01-01

Neither equilibrium nor stoichiometric saturation is observed at 76°C during laboratory recrystallization of strontianite-aragonite solid solutions even after apparent 100 percent conversion to a narrow secondary composition and demonstration of a nearly constant composition system for periods of 300 hours.

A TPC as high performance gamma-ray telescope and polarimeter: polarisation measurement in a beam between 1.7 and 74MeV with HARPO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gros, P.; Amano, S.; Attié, D.; Baron, P.; Baudin, D.; Bernard, D.; Bruel, P.; Calvet, D.; Colas, P.; Daté, S.; Delbart, A.; Frotin, M.; Geerebaert, Y.; Giebels, B.; Götz, D.; Hashimoto, S.; Horan, D.; Kotaka, T.; Louzir, M.; Magniette, F.; Minamiyama, Y.; Miyamoto, S.; Ohkuma, H.; Poilleux, P.; Semeniouk, I.; Sizun, P.; Takemoto, A.; Yamaguchi, M.; Yonamine, R.; Wang, S.

2018-05-01

We presented in 2014 the very first data from a polarised gamma-ray beam between 1.7 and 74MeV. We now show the results of their analysis, and in particular the polarimetry measurements. With these results, we are establishing a new, high-performance way to do gamma-ray astronomy and, for the first time, polarimetry, in the e+e- pair regime.

Evaluation and Comparison of the Biopathology of Collagen and Inflammation in the Extracellular Matrix of Oral Epithelial Dysplasias and Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia Using Picrosirius Red Stain and Polarising Microscopy: A Preliminary Study

PubMed Central

Varghese, Soma Susan; Sarojini, Sreenivasan Bargavan; George, Giju Baby; Vinod, Sankar; Mathew, Philips; Babu, Anulekh; Sebastian, Joseph

2015-01-01

Background: The role of tumour inflammation and the dysplastic epithelial-stromal interactions on the nature of collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix of dysplastic epithelium is not fully understood. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the inflammation and pathological stromal collagen (loosely packed thin disorganized collagen) present in mild, moderate and severe epithelial dysplasias with that of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasias. The basement membrane intactness of epithelial dysplasias was also evaluated to determine if dysplastic epithelial mesenchymal interaction has any role in the integrity of stromal collagen in epithelial dysplasia. Methods: Oral epithelial dysplasias, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia and normal oral mucosal samples were used for the study. Packing, thickness and orientation of collagen fibres in mild, moderate and severe grades of oral epithelial dysplasias (n = 24), inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (n = 8) and normal oral mucosal samples (n = 8) were analysed based on the polarisation of collagen fibres in picrosirius red polarising stain under polarising microscope. Results: All the grades of epithelial dysplasias showed greenish yellow birefringence confirming the presence of loosely arranged pathological collagen in the presence of moderate inflammation. All the cases of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia showed red polarisation hue and moderate inflammation. A statistically significant difference was found in the packing and orientation of collagen when epithelial dysplasias and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia were compared (P < 0.01). When the intactness of basement membrane integrity was compared in all the groups of epithelial dysplasia, a statistically significant result was obtained (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of significant amount of loosely packed thin disoriented collagen even in mild epithelial dysplasia suggests that tumourigenic factors are released to connective tissue stroma much earlier than expected. Hence we suggest considering the integrity of extracellular matrix collagen, intactness of basement membrane and inflammation associated with dysplasia along with the anaplasia of epithelial cells in the microscopic assessment of dysplastic epithelium. PMID:26734590

Evaluation and Comparison of the Biopathology of Collagen and Inflammation in the Extracellular Matrix of Oral Epithelial Dysplasias and Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia Using Picrosirius Red Stain and Polarising Microscopy: A Preliminary Study.

PubMed

Varghese, Soma Susan; Sarojini, Sreenivasan Bargavan; George, Giju Baby; Vinod, Sankar; Mathew, Philips; Babu, Anulekh; Sebastian, Joseph

2015-12-01

The role of tumour inflammation and the dysplastic epithelial-stromal interactions on the nature of collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix of dysplastic epithelium is not fully understood. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the inflammation and pathological stromal collagen (loosely packed thin disorganized collagen) present in mild, moderate and severe epithelial dysplasias with that of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasias. The basement membrane intactness of epithelial dysplasias was also evaluated to determine if dysplastic epithelial mesenchymal interaction has any role in the integrity of stromal collagen in epithelial dysplasia. Oral epithelial dysplasias, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia and normal oral mucosal samples were used for the study. Packing, thickness and orientation of collagen fibres in mild, moderate and severe grades of oral epithelial dysplasias (n = 24), inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (n = 8) and normal oral mucosal samples (n = 8) were analysed based on the polarisation of collagen fibres in picrosirius red polarising stain under polarising microscope. All the grades of epithelial dysplasias showed greenish yellow birefringence confirming the presence of loosely arranged pathological collagen in the presence of moderate inflammation. All the cases of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia showed red polarisation hue and moderate inflammation. A statistically significant difference was found in the packing and orientation of collagen when epithelial dysplasias and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia were compared (P < 0.01). When the intactness of basement membrane integrity was compared in all the groups of epithelial dysplasia, a statistically significant result was obtained (P < 0.05). Presence of significant amount of loosely packed thin disoriented collagen even in mild epithelial dysplasia suggests that tumourigenic factors are released to connective tissue stroma much earlier than expected. Hence we suggest considering the integrity of extracellular matrix collagen, intactness of basement membrane and inflammation associated with dysplasia along with the anaplasia of epithelial cells in the microscopic assessment of dysplastic epithelium.

Optical Polarimetry Campaign on Markarian 421 during the 2012 Large Flaring Episodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barres de Almeida, Ulisses; Jermak, Helen; Lindfors, Elina; Mundell, Carole; Nilsson, Kari; Steele, Iain

2015-08-01

In 2012, Fermi/LAT gamma-ray and radio observations registered the largest flaring episodes ever recorded from the blazar Markarian 421. The unprecedented activity state of the source has remained high and much above the normal emission state seem from the source also for the year 2013, characterising a dramatic and long-lasting, albeit puzzling, change of behaviour in the emission of this object. This unique event has been followed by observations over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, showing extreme signatures in all bands, from radio to VHE gamma-rays. Polarisation monitoring of the source has nevertheless been somewhat more scarce, and direct observation of the peak activity in 2012 was prevented by the source's proximity to the Sun at that time. As part of our continuous monitoring programme of VHE-emitting blazars in optical polarimetry at the Liverpool Telescope, which used the RINGO2 fast polarimeter and lasted from 2010 to 2013, we have observed Mkn 421 with regular coverage and a sub-weekly cadence for over two years. This continued monitoring allowed us to continually follow the polarisation behaviour of the source for a long time and up to the days preceding the dramatic flare event in 2012. In the weeks before the extreme 2012 outbursts, Mrk 421 underwent an unprecedented increase in its degree of polarisation, which rose by a factor of 5, not witnessed in decades from this object. The source also showed a large rotation of its polarisation angle, by over 180 degrees, which has never been registered before for this objetc. In this talk we will present our entire dataset on Mkn 421, concentrating in discussing the unprecedented events in optical polarisation that preceded the high-energy outburst. The main question we put ourselves is if what we have seen could be regarded as a polarimetric precursor to the high activity that followed. And if yes, what connections can we establish between them, and what remains mysterious to us about it?

Spin-Resolved Circularly Polarised Resonant Photoemission: Cu as a Model System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brookes, N. B.

A brief introduction to the technique of spin resolved resonant photoemission using circularly polarised soft x-rays is given. The method is illustrated by considering the simple case of Cu2+. Starting from CuO we show how the same ideas can be applied to more complex and interesting cases, such as the model compound Sr2CuO2Cl2 and an optimally doped high temperature superconductor, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ.

Ultrafast polarisation spectroscopy of photoinduced charges in a conjugated polymer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bakulin, A A; Loosdrecht, P van; Pshenichnikov, M S

2009-07-31

Tunable optical parametric generators and amplifiers (OPA), proposed and developed by Akhmanov and his colleagues, have become the working horses in exploration of dynamical processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of using ultrafast polarisation-sensitive two-colour spectroscopy, performed with a set of two OPAs, to study charge photogeneration and transport in conjugated polymers and their donor-acceptor blends. (special issue devoted to the 80th birthday of S.A. Akhmanov)

Fully Controllable Pancharatnam-Berry Metasurface Array with High Conversion Efficiency and Broad Bandwidth

PubMed Central

Liu, Chuanbao; Bai, Yang; Zhao, Qian; Yang, Yihao; Chen, Hongsheng; Zhou, Ji; Qiao, Lijie

2016-01-01

Metasurfaces have powerful abilities to manipulate the properties of electromagnetic waves flexibly, especially the modulation of polarization state for both linearly polarized (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) waves. However, the transmission efficiency of cross-polarization conversion by a single-layer metasurface has a low theoretical upper limit of 25% and the bandwidth is usually narrow, which cannot be resolved by their simple additions. Here, we efficiently manipulate polarization coupling in multilayer metasurface to promote the transmission of cross-polarization by Fabry-Perot resonance, so that a high conversion coefficient of 80–90% of CP wave is achieved within a broad bandwidth in the metasurface with C-shaped scatters by theoretical calculation, numerical simulation and experiments. Further, fully controlling Pancharatnam-Berry phase enables to realize polarized beam splitter, which is demonstrated to produce abnormal transmission with high conversion efficiency and broad bandwidth. PMID:27703254

Mode conversion in cold low-density plasma with a sheared magnetic field

DOE PAGES

Dodin, I. Y.; Ruiz, D. E.; Kubo, S.

2017-12-19

Here, a theory is proposed that describes mutual conversion of two electromagnetic modes in cold low-density plasma, specifically, in the high-frequency limit where the ion response is negligible. In contrast to the classic (Landau–Zener-type) theory of mode conversion, the region of resonant coupling in low-density plasma is not necessarily narrow, so the coupling matrix cannot be approximated with its first-order Taylor expansion; also, the initial conditions are set up differently. For the case of strong magnetic shear, a simple method is identified for preparing a two-mode wave such that it transforms into a single-mode wave upon entering high-density plasma. Themore » theory can be used for reduced modeling of wave-power input in fusion plasmas. In particular, applications are envisioned in stellarator research, where the mutual conversion of two electromagnetic modes near the plasma edge is a known issue.« less

Mode conversion in cold low-density plasma with a sheared magnetic field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dodin, I. Y.; Ruiz, D. E.; Kubo, S.

Here, a theory is proposed that describes mutual conversion of two electromagnetic modes in cold low-density plasma, specifically, in the high-frequency limit where the ion response is negligible. In contrast to the classic (Landau–Zener-type) theory of mode conversion, the region of resonant coupling in low-density plasma is not necessarily narrow, so the coupling matrix cannot be approximated with its first-order Taylor expansion; also, the initial conditions are set up differently. For the case of strong magnetic shear, a simple method is identified for preparing a two-mode wave such that it transforms into a single-mode wave upon entering high-density plasma. Themore » theory can be used for reduced modeling of wave-power input in fusion plasmas. In particular, applications are envisioned in stellarator research, where the mutual conversion of two electromagnetic modes near the plasma edge is a known issue.« less

Measurements of wind vectors, eddy momentum transports, and energy conversions in Jupiter's atmosphere from Voyager 1 images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beebe, R. F.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Hunt, G. E.; Mitchell, J. L.; Muller, J.-P.

1980-01-01

Voyager 1 narrow-angle images were used to obtain displacements of features down to 100 to 200 km in size over intervals of 10 hours. A global map of velocity vectors and longitudinally averaged zonal wind vectors as functions of the latitude, is presented and discussed

Learning Tunes: Pop Music in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, David Cooper

2011-01-01

Popular music can be a rich and engaging teaching tool. Children often intuitively gain complex layers of experiential meaning more readily from music than other forms of plot-driven media where their narrow focus on literal interpretation and plot recitation can bring thoughtful conversation to a halt. However, integrating popular music in the…

The anhysteretic polarisation of ferroelectrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaeswurm, B.; Segouin, V.; Daniel, L.; Webber, K. G.

2018-02-01

Measurement and calculation of anhysteretic curves is a well-established method in the field of magnetic materials and is applied to ferroelectric materials here. The anhysteretic curve is linked to a stable equilibrium state in the domain structure, and ignores dissipative effects related to mechanisms such as domain wall pinning. In this study, an experimental method for characterising the anhysteretic behaviour of ferroelectrics is presented, which is subsequently used to determine the anhysteretic polarisation response of polycrystalline barium titanate and a doped lead zirconate titanate composition at room temperature. Various external parameters, such as electric field, stress, and temperature, can significantly affect ferroelectric behaviour. Ferroelectric hysteresis curves can assess the importance of such effects but cannot distinguish their contribution on the different intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms involved in ferroelectric behaviour. In this work, the influence of compressive stress on the anhysteretic polarisation is measured and discussed. The comparison of the polarization loop to the anhysteretic curve under compressive stress elucidates the effects on the stable equilibrium domain configuration and dynamic effects associated to dissipation.

Spin Physics Experiments at NICA-SPD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kouznetsov, O.; Savin, I.

2017-01-01

Nuclotron based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) is a flagship project of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research which is expected to be operational by 2021. Main tasks of ;NICA Facility; are study of hot and dense baryonic matter, investigation the polarisation phenomena and the nucleon spin structure. The material presented here based on the Letter of Intent (LoI) dedicated to nucleon spin structure studies at NICA. Measurements of asymmetries in the lepton pair (Drell-Yan) production in collisions of non-polarised, longitudinally and transversely polarised proton and deuteron beams to be performed using the specialized Spin Physics Detector (SPD). These measurements can provide an access to all leading twist collinear and Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution Functions (TMD PDFs) in nucleons. The measurements of asymmetries in production of J/ψ and direct photons, which supply complimentary information on the nucleon structure, will be performed simultaneously. The set of these measurements permits to tests the quark-parton model of nucleons at the QCD twist-2 level with minimal systematic errors.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akhmedzhanov, I M; Kibalov, D S; Smirnov, V K

We report a detailed numerical simulation of the reflection of visible light from a sub-wavelength grating with a rectangular profile on the silicon surface. Simulation is carried out by the effective refractive index method and rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The dependences of the reflectance on the grating depth, fill factor and angle of incidence for TE and TM polarisations are obtained and analysed. Good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods for grating periods of ∼100 nm is found. The possibility of reducing the polarised light reflectance to about 1% by adjusting the depth and the grating fill factormore » is demonstrated. The characteristics of the Brewster effect manifestation (pseudo-Brewster angle) in the system under study are considered. The possibility of the pseudo-Brewster angle existence and its absence for both polarisations of the incident light is shown as a function of the parameters of a rectangular nanostructure on the surface. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)« less

Seminar on "MAGNETISM"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lander, Gerard H.

1998-12-01

During the course of this seminar we had 4 presentations by people who had participated in the earlier poster session. The speakers and titles were: (1) U. Gasser (PSI, Switzerland): "Dimer splitting in RxY1-xNi2B2C". High resolution inelastic work done on polycrystalline samples at the IRIS spectrometer at ISIS and determining the exchange interactions in these superconducting materials. (2) B. Roessli (PSI, Switzerland): "Enhancement of magnetic fluctuations in UPd2Al3 below Tc". High resolution work done on single crystals at the cold source IN14 triple axis spectrometer at the ILL and also involving polarisation analysis. (3) P. Wisniewski (Wroclaw, Poland): "Magnetic structures in U3X4-type uranium pnictides - neutron diffraction studies". Elastic scattering experiments done at Saclay on single crystals with both polarised and unpolarised neutrons. (4) A. Schneidewind (TU Dresden): "Investigation of magnetic structures of NdCu2 by synchrotron x-ray scattering". Work done at the ID20 diffractometer at the ESRF and involving resonant and non-resonant scattering, as well as polarisation analysis…

Long spin lifetime and large barrier polarisation in single electron transport through a CoFe nanoparticle

PubMed Central

Temple, R. C.; McLaren, M.; Brydson, R. M. D.; Hickey, B. J.; Marrows, C. H.

2016-01-01

We have investigated single electron spin transport in individual single crystal bcc Co30Fe70 nanoparticles using scanning tunnelling microscopy with a standard tungsten tip. Particles were deposited using a gas-aggregation nanoparticle source and individually addressed as asymmetric double tunnel junctions with both a vacuum and a MgO tunnel barrier. Spectroscopy measurements on the particles show a Coulomb staircase that is correlated with the measured particle size. Field emission tunnelling effects are incorporated into standard single electron theory to model the data. This formalism allows spin-dependent parameters to be determined even though the tip is not spin-polarised. The barrier spin polarisation is very high, in excess of 84%. By variation of the resistance, several orders of magnitude of the system timescale are probed, enabling us to determine the spin relaxation time on the island. It is found to be close to 10 μs, a value much longer than previously reported. PMID:27329575

Realisation Of Polarisation Sensitive And Frequency Selective Surfaces On Microwave Reflectors By Laser Evaporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halm, R.; Kupper, Th.; Fischer, A.

1987-01-01

Gridded reflectors are used on communication satellites antennas to provide frequency reuse in dual linear polarisation mode of operation. The polarisation sensitive surface consists of metallic strips, forming a grid with width and spacings of the order of 0.1 mm. The use of frequency-selective surface (FSS) subreflectors allows the simultaneous generation of different microwave beams with the same main reflector. Such a reflector will require a structure of conductive arrays of either dipoles, rings, squares or square loops with typical dimensions of the order of 3-6 mm. Optimisation of the electrical design leads to critical dimensioning of these structures. By direct ablation of an aluminium surface coating by means of laser evaporation, high accuracies can be achieved. The major requirements were to minimize thermal damage of the substrate material and to produce dimensionally accurate grids. Experiments were carried out using a pulsed TEA-CO2 laser and a Q-switched Alexandrite laser. Details of the experimental set-up and conditions are described.

Toolbox for the design of LiNbO3-based passive and active integrated quantum circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharapova, P. R.; Luo, K. H.; Herrmann, H.; Reichelt, M.; Meier, T.; Silberhorn, C.

2017-12-01

We present and discuss perspectives of current developments on advanced quantum optical circuits monolithically integrated in the lithium niobate platform. A set of basic components comprising photon pair sources based on parametric down conversion (PDC), passive routing elements and active electro-optically controllable switches and polarisation converters are building blocks of a toolbox which is the basis for a broad range of diverse quantum circuits. We review the state-of-the-art of these components and provide models that properly describe their performance in quantum circuits. As an example for applications of these models we discuss design issues for a circuit providing on-chip two-photon interference. The circuit comprises a PDC section for photon pair generation followed by an actively controllable modified mach-Zehnder structure for observing Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. The performance of such a chip is simulated theoretically by taking even imperfections of the properties of the individual components into account.

Modeling of enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion in plasmonic and dielectric structures with realistic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loot, A.; Hizhnyakov, V.

2018-05-01

A numerical study of the enhancement of the spontaneous parametric down-conversion in plasmonic and dielectric structures is considered. The modeling is done using a nonlinear transfer-matrix method which is extended to include vacuum fluctuations and realistic waves (e.g. Gaussian beam). The results indicate that in the case of short-range surface plasmon polaritons, the main limiting factor of the enhancement is the short length of the coherent buildup. In the case of long-range surface plasmon polaritons or dielectric guided waves, the very narrow resonances are the main limiting factor instead.

Azadioxatriangulenium: exploring the effect of a 20 ns fluorescence lifetime in fluorescence anisotropy measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bogh, Sidsel A.; Bora, Ilkay; Rosenberg, Martin; Thyrhaug, Erling; Laursen, Bo W.; Just Sørensen, Thomas

2015-12-01

Azaoxatriangulenium (ADOTA) has been shown to be highly emissive despite a moderate molar absorption coefficient of the primary electronic transition. As a result, the fluorescence lifetime is ~20 ns, longer than all commonly used red fluorescent organic probes. The electronic transitions in ADOTA are highly polarised (r 0  =  0.38), which in combination with the long fluorescence lifetime extents the size-range of biomolecular weights that can be detected in fluorescence polarisation-based experiments. Here, the rotational dynamics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) are monitored with three different ADOTA derivatives, differing only in constitution of the reactive linker. A detailed study of the degree of labelling, the steady-state anisotropy, and the time-resolved anisotropy of the three different ADOTA-BSA conjugates are reported. The fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ fl) of the free dyes in PBS solution are determined to be ~55%, which is reduced to ~20% in the ADOTA-BSA conjugates. Despite the reduction in ϕ fl, a ~20 ns intensity averaged lifetime is maintained, allowing for the rotational dynamics of BSA to be monitored for up to 100 ns. Thus, ADOTA can be used in fluorescence polarisation assays to fill the gap between commonly used organic dyes and the long luminescence lifetime transition metal complexes. This allows for efficient steady-state fluorescence polarisation assays for detecting binding of analytes with molecular weights of up to 100 kDa.

Probing the Hofmeister series beyond water: Specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazzini, Virginia; Liu, Guangming; Craig, Vincent S. J.

2018-06-01

We present an experimental investigation of specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents, with the aim of elucidating the role of the solvent in perturbing the fundamental ion-specific trend. The focus is on the anions: CH3COO->F->Cl->Br->I->ClO4 ->SCN- in the solvents water, methanol, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propylene carbonate (PC). Two types of experiments are presented. The first experiment employs the technique of size exclusion chromatography to evaluate the elution times of electrolytes in the different solvents. We observe that the fundamental (Hofmeister) series is observed in water and methanol, whilst the series is reversed in DMSO and PC. No clear series is observed for formamide. The second experiment uses the quartz crystal microbalance technique to follow the ion-induced swelling and collapse of a polyelectrolyte brush. Here the fundamental series is observed in the protic solvents water, methanol, and formamide, and the series is once again reversed in DMSO and PC. These behaviours are not attributed to the protic/aprotic nature of the solvents, but rather to the polarisability of the solvents and are due to the competition between the interaction of ions with the solvent and the surface. A rule of thumb is proposed for ion specificity in non-aqueous solvents. In weakly polarisable solvents, the trends in specific-ion effects will follow those in water, whereas in strongly polarisable solvents the reverse trend will be observed. Solvents of intermediate polarisability will give weak specific-ion effects.

Probing the Hofmeister series beyond water: Specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents.

PubMed

Mazzini, Virginia; Liu, Guangming; Craig, Vincent S J

2018-06-14

We present an experimental investigation of specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents, with the aim of elucidating the role of the solvent in perturbing the fundamental ion-specific trend. The focus is on the anions: CH 3 COO - >F - >Cl - >Br - >I - >ClO 4 - >SCN - in the solvents water, methanol, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propylene carbonate (PC). Two types of experiments are presented. The first experiment employs the technique of size exclusion chromatography to evaluate the elution times of electrolytes in the different solvents. We observe that the fundamental (Hofmeister) series is observed in water and methanol, whilst the series is reversed in DMSO and PC. No clear series is observed for formamide. The second experiment uses the quartz crystal microbalance technique to follow the ion-induced swelling and collapse of a polyelectrolyte brush. Here the fundamental series is observed in the protic solvents water, methanol, and formamide, and the series is once again reversed in DMSO and PC. These behaviours are not attributed to the protic/aprotic nature of the solvents, but rather to the polarisability of the solvents and are due to the competition between the interaction of ions with the solvent and the surface. A rule of thumb is proposed for ion specificity in non-aqueous solvents. In weakly polarisable solvents, the trends in specific-ion effects will follow those in water, whereas in strongly polarisable solvents the reverse trend will be observed. Solvents of intermediate polarisability will give weak specific-ion effects.

Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion Development Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shukla, Kailash; Doyle, Edward; Becker, Frederick

1998-01-01

Completely integrated thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power sources in the range of 100 to 500 watts are being developed. The technical approach taken in this project focuses on optimizing the integrated performance of the primary subsystems in order to yield high energy conversion efficiency and cost effectiveness. An important aspect of the approach is the use of a narrow band fibrous emitter radiating to a bandgap matched photovoltaic array to minimize thermal and optical recuperation requirements, as well as the non-recoverable heat losses. For the prototype system, fibrous ytterbia emitters radiating in a narrow band centered at 980 nm are matched with high efficiency silicon photoconverters. The integrated system includes a dielectric stack filter for optical energy recovery and a ceramic recuperator for thermal energy recovery. The prototype TPV system uses a rapid mix distributed fuel delivery system with controlled feeding of the fuel and heated air into a flame at the surface of the emitter. This makes it possible to operate at air preheat temperatures well above the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel thereby substantially increasing the system efficiency. The system has been operated with air preheat temperatures up to 1367 K and has produced a uniform narrow band radiation over the surface of the emitter with this approach. The design of the system is described and test data for the system and some of the key components are presented. The results from a system model, which show the impact of various parameters on system performance, are also discussed.

Spin polarisation of tt¯γγ production at NLO+PS with GoSam interfaced to MadGraph5_aMC@NLO

DOE PAGES

van Deurzen, Hans; Frederix, Rikkert; Hirschi, Valentin; ...

2016-04-22

Here, we present an interface between the multipurpose Monte Carlo tool MadGraph5_aMC@NLO and the automated amplitude generator GoSam. As a first application of this novel framework, we compute the NLO corrections to pp→ tt¯H and pp→ tt¯γγ matched to a parton shower. In the phenomenological analyses of these processes, we focus our attention on observables which are sensitive to the polarisation of the top quarks.

Spin polarisation of tt¯γγ production at NLO+PS with GoSam interfaced to MadGraph5_aMC@NLO

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

van Deurzen, Hans; Frederix, Rikkert; Hirschi, Valentin

Here, we present an interface between the multipurpose Monte Carlo tool MadGraph5_aMC@NLO and the automated amplitude generator GoSam. As a first application of this novel framework, we compute the NLO corrections to pp→ tt¯H and pp→ tt¯γγ matched to a parton shower. In the phenomenological analyses of these processes, we focus our attention on observables which are sensitive to the polarisation of the top quarks.

Gain Measurement of a Cavity-Backed Spiral Antenna from 4 to 18 GHz Using the Three-Antenna Method

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-11-01

Research Laboratory (DDARLing). RESUME Ce rapport pr~sente les r~sultats de mesures de gain d’une antenne A cavit6 en spirale qui op~re dans la plage de... antennes . Comme l’antenne d tester 6tait polarisre circulairement, la mrthode fuit dtendue pour obtenir les gains d polarisation circulaire copolaire et...contrapolaire. Cette mrthode requiert l’emploi de deux autres antennes ou comets A polarisation linraire. Deux sessions de mesures de gains ont W

Polarized Helium to Image the Lung

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leduc, Michèle; Nacher, Pierre Jean

2005-05-01

The main findings of the european PHIL project (Polarised Helium to Image the Lung) are reported. State of the art optical pumping techniques for polarising 3He gas are described. MRI methodological improvements allow dynamical ventilation images with a good resolution, ultimately limited by gas diffusion. Diffusion imaging appears as a robust method of lung diagnosis. A discussion of the potential advantage of low field MRI is presented. Selected PHIL results for emphysema are given, with the perspectives that this joint work opens up for the future of respiratory medicine.

EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER. LASER PLASMA: Radiation emitted by a beam of particles crossing an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kol'tsov, A. V.; Serov, Alexander V.

1995-03-01

A theoretical investigation is made of the time dependence of the spatial distribution of particles injected perpendicular to the direction of propagation of a linearly polarised inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave and reflected by this wave. It is shown that such reflection modulates the particle density in a beam which is homogeneous at injection. Stimulated emission of radiation from a ribbon electron beam reflected by a wave is considered. The spectral—angular and polarisation characteristics of such radiation are investigated.

Monte Carlo study of the effective Sherman function for electron polarimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drągowski, M.; Włodarczyk, M.; Weber, G.; Ciborowski, J.; Enders, J.; Fritzsche, Y.; Poliszczuk, A.

2016-12-01

The PEBSI Monte Carlo simulation was upgraded towards usefulness for electron Mott polarimetry. The description of Mott scattering was improved and polarisation transfer in Møller scattering was included in the code. An improved agreement was achieved between the simulation and available experimental data for a 100 keV polarised electron beam scattering off gold foils of various thicknesses. The dependence of the effective Sherman function on scattering angle and target thickness, as well as the method of finding optimal conditions for Mott polarimetry measurements were analysed.

Comparison of the health-related quality of life in patients with narrow gastric tube and whole stomach reconstruction after oncologic esophagectomy: a prospective randomized study.

PubMed

Zhang, M; Wu, Q C; Li, Q; Jiang, Y J; Zhang, C; Chen, D

2013-01-01

To compare the health-related quality of life in patients with narrow gastric tube and whole stomach reconstructions after oncologic esophagectomy. In a prospective randomized single-center study from 2007 to 2008, 104 patients underwent esophagectomy for cancer. To assess health-related quality of life, the questionnaire (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 and the Oesophagus-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire 18) was administered at 3 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The perioperative complication rate was 26.9% in narrow gastric tube group and 48.1% in whole stomach group (P = 0.31). At the time of 3 weeks after surgery, the reflux and dyspnea scores were higher in whole stomach group than in narrow gastric tube group, which meant that the patients in whole stomach group suffered more severe problem. At the time of 6 months and 1 year after surgery, the reflux scores were lower in narrow gastric tube group than in whole stomach group, which revealed that there were less problems of reflux in the patients of narrow gastric tube group; meanwhile, the score of physical function scale in narrow gastric tube group was higher conversely, which suggested that the patients gain a better status in physical function. Nausea and vomiting is the only notable symptom that was worse in whole stomach group at the time of 2 years after surgery, which suggested that patients in whole stomach group suffered more severe nausea and vomiting. Narrow gastric tube reconstruction may be a good alternative choice for patients undergoing oncologic esophagectomy in view of better health-related quality of life after the surgery.

Observing a Burst with Sunglasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2003-11-01

Unique Five-Week VLT Study of the Polarisation of a Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow "Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)" are certainly amongst the most dramatic events known in astrophysics. These short flashes of energetic gamma-rays, first detected in the late 1960's by military satellites, last from less than one second to several minutes. GRBs have been found to be situated at extremely large ("cosmological") distances. The energy released in a few seconds during such an event is larger than that of the Sun during its entire lifetime of more than 10,000 million years. The GRBs are indeed the most powerful events since the Big Bang known in the Universe, cf. ESO PR 08/99 and ESO PR 20/00. During the past years circumstantial evidence has mounted that GRBs signal the collapse of extremely massive stars, the so-called hypernovae. This was finally demonstrated some months ago when astronomers, using the FORS instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT), documented in unprecedented detail the changes in the spectrum of the light source ("the optical afterglow") of the gamma-ray burst GRB 030329 (cf. ESO PR 16/03). A conclusive and direct link between cosmological gamma-ray bursts and explosions of very massive stars was provided on this occasion. Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 030329 was discovered on March 29, 2003 by NASA's High Energy Transient Explorer spacecraft. Follow-up observations with the UVES spectrograph at the 8.2-m VLT KUEYEN telescope at the Paranal Observatory (Chile) showed the burst to have a redshift of 0.1685 [1]. This corresponds to a distance of about 2,650 million light-years, making GRB 030329 the second-nearest long-duration GRB ever detected. The proximity of GRB 030329 resulted in very bright afterglow emission, permitting the most extensive follow-up observations of any afterglow to date. A team of astronomers [2] led by Jochen Greiner of the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (Germany) decided to make use of this unique opportunity to study the polarisation properties of the afterglow of GRB 030329 as it developed after the explosion. Hypernovae, the source of GRBs, are indeed so far away that they can only be seen as unresolved points of light. To probe their spatial structure, astronomers have thus to rely on a trick: polarimetry (see ESO PR 23/03). Polarimetry works as follows: light is composed of electromagnetic waves which oscillate in certain directions (planes). Reflection or scattering of light favours certain orientations of the electric and magnetic fields over others. This is why polarising sunglasses can filter out the glint of sunlight reflecting off a pond. The radiation in a gamma-ray burst is generated in an ordered magnetic field, as so-called synchrotron radiation [3]. If the hypernova is spherically symmetric, all orientations of the electromagnetic waves will be present equally and will average out, so there will be no net polarisation. If, however, the gas is not ejected symmetrically, but into a jet, a slight net polarisation will be imprinted on the light. This net polarisation will change with time since the opening angle of the jet widens with time, and we see a different fraction of the emission cone. Studying the polarisation properties of the afterglow of a gamma-ray burst thus allows to gain knowledge about the underlying spatial structures and the strength and orientation of the magnetic field in the region where the radiation is generated. " And doing this over a long period of time, as the afterglow fades and evolves, provides us with a unique diagnostic tool for gamma-ray burst studies ", says Jochen Greiner . Although previous single measurements of the polarisation of GRB's optical afterglow exist, no detailed study has ever been done of the evolution of polarisation with time. This is indeed a very demanding task, only possible with an extremely stable instrument on the largest telescope... and a sufficient bright optical afterglow. As soon as GRB 030329 was detected, the team of astronomers therefore turned to the powerful multi-mode FORS1 instrument on the VLT ANTU telescope. They obtained 31 polarimetric observations over a period of 38 days, enabling them to measure, for the first time , the changes of the polarisation of an optical gamma-ray burst afterglow with time. This unique set of observational data documents the physical changes in the remote object in unsurpassed detail. Their data show the presence of polarisation at the level of 0.3 to 2.5 % throughout the 38-day period with significant variability in strength and orientation on timescales down to hours. This particular behaviour has not been predicted by any of the major theories. Unfortunately, the very complex light curve of this GRB afterglow, in itself not understood, prevents a straightforward application of existing polarisation models. " It turns out that deriving the direction of the jet and the magnetic field structure is not as simple as we thought originally ", notes Olaf Reimer , another member of the team. " But the rapid changes of the polarisation properties, even during smooth phases of the afterglow light curve, provide a challenge to afterglow theory ". " Possibly ", adds Jochen Greiner , " the overall low level of polarisation indicates that the strength of the magnetic field in the parallel and perpendicular directions do not differ by more than 10%, thus suggesting a field strongly coupled with the moving material. This is different from the large-scale field which is left-over from the exploding star and which is thought to produce the high-level of polarisation in the gamma-rays. " More Information The research described in this Press Release will appear under the title " The evolution of the polarisation of the afterglow of GRB 030329 " by Jochen Greiner et al. in the November 13, 2003 issue of the science journal "Nature". A German translation of the information of this page can be found at Astronomie.de. Notes [1]: In astronomy, the "redshift" denotes the factor by which the lines in the spectrum of an object are shifted towards longer wavelengths. Since the redshift of a cosmological object increases with distance, the observed redshift of a remote galaxy also provides an estimate of its distance. [2]: Members of the team include Jochen Greiner, Arne Rau (Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany), Sylvio Klose, Bringfried Stecklum (Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Germany), Klaus Reinsch (Universitätssternwarte Göttingen, Germany), Hans Martin Schmid (Institut für Astronomie Zürich, Switzerland ), Re'em Sari (California Institute of Technology, USA), Dieter H. Hartmann (Clemson University, USA), Chryssa Kouveliotou (NSSTC, Huntsville, Alabama, USA), Eliana Palazzi (Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna, Italy), Christian Straubmeier (Physikalisches Institut Köln, Germany), Sergej Zharikov, Gaghik Tovmassian (Instituto de Astronomia Ensenada, Mexico), Otto Bärnbantner, Christop Ries (Wendelstein-Observatorium München, Germany), Emmanuel Jehin, Andreas Kaufer (European Southern Observatory, Chile), Arne Henden (USNO Flagstaff, USA), Anlaug A. Kaas (NOT, La Palma, Spain), Tommy Grav (University of Oslo, N), Jens Hjorth, Holger Pedersen (Astronomical Observatory Copenhagen, Denmark), Ralph A.M.J. Wijers (Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Hye-Sook Park (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Laboratory, USA), Grant Williams (MMT Observatory, Tucson, USA), Olaf Reimer (Theoretische Weltraum- und Astrophysik Universität Bochum, Germany) [3]: When electrons - which are electrically charged - move through a magnetic field, they spiral around an axis defined by the local magnetic field. Electrons of high energy spiral very rapidly, at speeds near the speed of light. Under such conditions, the electrons emit highly polarised electromagnetic radiation. The intensity of this radiation is related to the strength of the magnetic field and the number and energy distribution of the electrons caught in this field. Many cosmic radio sources have been found to emit synchrotron radiation - one of the best examples is the famous Crab Nebula, depicted in ESO PR Photo 40f/99.

Narrowband, tunable, 2 µm optical parametric master-oscillator power amplifier with large-aperture periodically poled Rb:KTP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coetzee, R. S.; Zheng, X.; Fregnani, L.; Laurell, F.; Pasiskevicius, V.

2018-06-01

A high-energy, ns, narrow-linewidth optical parametric oscillator and amplifier system based on large-aperture periodically poled Rb:KTP is presented. The 2 µm seed source is a singly resonant OPO locked with a transversely chirped volume Bragg grating, allowing a wavelength tuning of 21 nm and output linewidth of 0.56 nm. A maximum output energy of 52 mJ and conversion efficiency of 36% was obtained from the amplifier for a pump energy of 140 mJ. The high-energy and the robust and narrow dual-wavelength spectra obtained make this system an ideal pump source for difference frequency generation-based THz generation schemes.

A new tabanid trap applying a modified concept of the old flypaper: linearly polarising sticky black surfaces as an effective tool to catch polarotactic horseflies.

PubMed

Egri, Ádám; Blahó, Miklós; Száz, Dénes; Barta, András; Kriska, György; Antoni, Györgyi; Horváth, Gábor

2013-06-01

Trapping flies with sticky paper sheets is an ancient method. The classic flypaper has four typical characteristics: (i) its sticky paper is bright (chamois, light yellow or white), (ii) it is strip-shaped, (iii) it hangs vertically, and (iv) it is positioned high (several metres) above ground level. Such flypapers, however, do not trap horseflies (tabanids). There is a great need to kill horseflies with efficient traps because they are vectors of dangerous diseases, and due to their continuous annoyance livestock cannot graze, horses cannot be ridden, and meat and milk production from cattle is drastically reduced. Based on earlier findings on the positive polarotaxis (attraction to linearly polarised light) in tabanid flies and modifying the concept of the old flypaper, we constructed a new horsefly trap called "horseflypaper". In four field experiments we showed that the ideal horseflypaper (i) is shiny black, (ii) has an appropriately large (75×75 cm(2)) surface area, (iii) has sticky black vertical and horizontal surfaces in an L-shaped arrangement, and (iv) its horizontal surface should be at ground level for maximum effectiveness. Using imaging polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarisation characteristics of this new polarisation tabanid trap. The ideal optical and geometrical characteristics of this trap revealed in field experiments are also explained. The horizontal part of the trap captures water-seeking male and female tabanids, while the vertical part catches host-seeking female tabanids. Copyright © 2013 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Limits to solar power conversion efficiency with applications to quantum and thermal systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Byvik, C. E.; Buoncristiani, A. M.; Smith, B. T.

1983-01-01

An analytical framework is presented that permits examination of the limit to the efficiency of various solar power conversion devices. Thermodynamic limits to solar power efficiency are determined for both quantum and thermal systems, and the results are applied to a variety of devices currently considered for use in space systems. The power conversion efficiency for single-threshold energy quantum systems receiving unconcentrated air mass zero solar radiation is limited to 31 percent. This limit applies to photovoltaic cells directly converting solar radiation, or indirectly, as in the case of a thermophotovoltaic system. Photoelectrochemical cells rely on an additional chemical reaction at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, which introduces additional second-law demands and a reduction of the solar conversion efficiency. Photochemical systems exhibit even lower possible efficiencies because of their relatively narrow absorption bands. Solar-powered thermal engines in contact with an ambient reservoir at 300 K and operating at maximum power have a peak conversion efficiency of 64 percent, and this occurs for a thermal reservoir at a temperature of 2900 K. The power conversion efficiency of a solar-powered liquid metal magnetohydrodydnamic generator, a solar-powered steam turbine electric generator, and an alkali metal thermoelectric converter is discussed.

Method of inducing surface ensembles on a metal catalyst

DOEpatents

Miller, Steven S.

1989-01-01

A method of inducing surface ensembles on a transition metal catalyst used in the conversion of a reactant gas or gas mixture, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons (the Fischer-Tropsch reaction) is disclosed which comprises adding a Lewis base to the syngas (CO+H.sub.2) mixture before reaction takes place. The formation of surface ensembles in this manner restricts the number and types of reaction pathways which will be utilized, thus greatly narrowing the product distribution and maximizing the efficiency of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Similarly, amines may also be produced by the conversion of reactant gas or gases, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, or hydrocarbon constituents.

Method of inducing surface ensembles on a metal catalyst

DOEpatents

Miller, S.S.

1987-10-02

A method of inducing surface ensembles on a transition metal catalyst used in the conversion of a reactant gas or gas mixture, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons (the Fischer-Tropsch reaction) is disclosed which comprises adding a Lewis base to the syngas (CO + H/sub 2/) mixture before reaction takes place. The formation of surface ensembles in this manner restricts the number and types of reaction pathways which will be utilized, thus greatly narrowing the product distribution and maximizing the efficiency of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Similarly, amines may also be produced by the conversion of reactant gas or gases, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, or hydrocarbon constituents.

Catalytic conversion reactions in nanoporous systems with concentration-dependent selectivity: Statistical mechanical modeling

DOE PAGES

Garcia, Andres; Wang, Jing; Windus, Theresa L.; ...

2016-05-20

Statistical mechanical modeling is developed to describe a catalytic conversion reaction A → B c or B t with concentration-dependent selectivity of the products, B c or B t, where reaction occurs inside catalytic particles traversed by narrow linear nanopores. The associated restricted diffusive transport, which in the extreme case is described by single-file diffusion, naturally induces strong concentration gradients. Hence, by comparing kinetic Monte Carlo simulation results with analytic treatments, selectivity is shown to be impacted by strong spatial correlations induced by restricted diffusivity in the presence of reaction and also by a subtle clustering of reactants, A.

Structured catalyst bed and method for conversion of feed materials to chemical products and liquid fuels

DOEpatents

Wang, Yong , Liu; Wei, [Richland, WA

2012-01-24

The present invention is a structured monolith reactor and method that provides for controlled Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The invention controls mass transport limitations leading to higher CO conversion and lower methane selectivity. Over 95 wt % of the total product liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the monolithic catalyst are in the carbon range of C.sub.5-C.sub.18. The reactor controls readsorption of olefins leading to desired products with a preselected chain length distribution and enhanced overall reaction rate. And, liquid product analysis shows readsorption of olefins is reduced, achieving a narrower FT product distribution.

Investigation of a metallic photonic crystal high power microwave mode converter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Dong, E-mail: mr20001@sina.com; Qin, Fen; Xu, Sha

2015-02-15

It is demonstrated that an L band metallic photonic crystal TEM-TE{sub 11} mode converter is suitable for narrow band high power microwave application. The proposed mode converter is realized by partially filling metallic photonic crystals along azimuthal direction in a coaxial transmission line for phase-shifting. A three rows structure is designed and simulated by commercial software CST Microwave Studio. Simulation results show that its conversion efficiency is 99% at the center frequency 1.58 GHz. Over the frequency range of 1.56-1.625 GHz, the conversion efficiency exceeds 90 %, with a corresponding bandwidth of 4.1 %. This mode converter has a gigawattmore » level power handling capability which is suitable for narrow band high power microwave application. Using magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) as a high power microwave source, particle-in-cell simulation is carried out to test the performance of the mode converter. The expected TE{sub 11} mode microwave output is obtained and the MILO works well. Mode conversion performance of the converter is tested by far-field measurement method. And the experimental result confirms the validity of our design. Then, high power microwave experiment is carried out on a Marx-driven Blumlein water line pulsed power accelerator. Microwave frequency, radiated pattern and power are measured in the far-field region and the results agree well with simulation results. The experiment also reveals that no microwave breakdown or pulse shortening took place in the experimental setup.« less

Aligned silver nanowire-based transparent electrodes for engineering polarisation-selective optoelectronics.

PubMed

Park, Byoungchoo; Bae, In-Gon; Huh, Yoon Ho

2016-01-18

We herein report on a remarkably simple, fast, and economic way of fabricating homogeneous and well oriented silver nanowires (AgNWs) that exhibit strong in-plane electrical and optical anisotropies. Using a small quantity of AgNW suspension, the horizontal-dip (H-dip) coating method was applied, in which highly oriented AgNWs were deposited unidirectionally along the direction of coating over centimetre-scale lengths very rapidly. In applying the H-dip-coating method, we adjusted the shear strain rate of the capillary flow in the Landau-Levich meniscus of the AgNW suspension, which induced a high degree of uniaxial orientational ordering (0.37-0.43) of the AgNWs, comparable with the ordering seen in archetypal nematic liquid crystal (LC) materials. These AgNWs could be used to fabricate not only transparent electrodes, but also LC-alignment electrodes for LC devices and/or polarising electrodes for organic photovoltaic devices, having the potential to revolutionise the architectures of a number of polarisation-selective opto-electronic devices for use in printed/organic electronics.

Robust fusion-based processing for military polarimetric imaging systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hickman, Duncan L.; Smith, Moira I.; Kim, Kyung Su; Choi, Hyun-Jin

2017-05-01

Polarisation information within a scene can be exploited in military systems to give enhanced automatic target detection and recognition (ATD/R) performance. However, the performance gain achieved is highly dependent on factors such as the geometry, viewing conditions, and the surface finish of the target. Such performance sensitivities are highly undesirable in many tactical military systems where operational conditions can vary significantly and rapidly during a mission. Within this paper, a range of processing architectures and fusion methods is considered in terms of their practical viability and operational robustness for systems requiring ATD/R. It is shown that polarisation information can give useful performance gains but, to retained system robustness, the introduction of polarimetric processing should be done in such a way as to not compromise other discriminatory scene information in the spectral and spatial domains. The analysis concludes that polarimetric data can be effectively integrated with conventional intensity-based ATD/R by either adapting the ATD/R processing function based on the scene polarisation or else by detection-level fusion. Both of these approaches avoid the introduction of processing bottlenecks and limit the impact of processing on system latency.

Fundamental Limits on the Imaging and Polarisation Properties of Far-Infrared Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, Christopher N.; Withington, Stafford; Chuss, David T.; Wollack, Edward J.; Moseley, S. Harvey

2009-01-01

Far-infrared bolometric detectors are used extensively in ground-based and space-borne astronomy, and thus it is important to understand their optical behaviour precisely. We have studied the intensity and polarisation response of free-space bolometers, and shown that when the size of the absorber is reduced below a wavelength, the response changes from being that of a classical optical detector to that of a few-mode antenna. We have calculated the modal content of the reception patterns, and found that for any volumetric detector having a side length of less than a wavelength, three magnetic and three electric dipoles characterize the behaviour. The size of the absorber merely determines the relative strengths of the contributions. The same formalism can be applied to thin-film absorbers, where the induced current is forced to flow in a plane. In this case, one magnetic and two electric dipoles characterize the behaviour. The ability to model easily the intensity, polarisation, and straylight characteristics of electrically-small detectors will be of great value when designing high-performance polarimetric imaging arrays.

Kinetic theory of fermions in curved spacetime

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fidler, Christian; Pitrou, Cyril, E-mail: christian.fidler@uclouvain.be, E-mail: pitrou@iap.fr

We build a statistical description of fermions, taking into account the spin degree of freedom in addition to the momentum of particles, and we detail its use in the context of the kinetic theory of gases of fermions particles. We show that the one-particle distribution function needed to write a Liouville equation is a spinor valued operator. The degrees of freedom of this function are covariantly described by an intensity function and by a polarisation vector which are parallel transported by free streaming. Collisions are described on the microscopic level and lead to a Boltzmann equation for this operator. Wemore » apply our formalism to the case of weak interactions, which at low energies can be considered as a contact interaction between fermions, allowing us to discuss the structure of the collision term for a few typical weak-interaction mediated reactions. In particular we find for massive particles that a dipolar distribution of velocities in the interacting species is necessary to generate linear polarisation, as opposed to the case of photons for which linear polarisation is generated from the quadrupolar distribution of velocities.« less

Optical polarimetric observations of GRB prompt emissions by MASTER robots-telescopes net.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorbovskoy, Evgeny; Lipunov, Vladimir; Kornilov, Victor; Shatskij, Nikolaj; Kuvshi-Nov, Dmitry; Tyurina, Nataly; Belinski, Alexander; Krylov, Alexander; Balanutsa, Pavel; Chazov, Vadim; Kuznetsov, Artem; Zimnuhov, Dmitry; Balanutsa, Pavel; Kortunov, Petr; Sankovich, Anatoly; Tlatov, An-Drey; Parkhomenko, A.; Krushinsky, Vadim; Zalozhnyh, Ivan; Popov, A.; Kopytova, Taisia; Ivanov, Kirill; Yazev, Sergey; Yurkov, Vladimir

The main goal of the MASTER-Net project is to produce a unique fast sky survey with all sky observed over a single night down to a limiting magnitude of 19 -20mag. Such a survey will make it possible to address a number of fundamental problems: search for dark energy via the discovery and photometry of supernovas (including SNIa), search for exoplanets, microlensing effects, discovery of minor bodies in the Solar System and space-junk monitoring. All MASTER telescopes can be guided by alerts, and we plan to observe prompt optical emission from gamma-ray bursts synchronously in several filters and in several polarization planes. Observations on telescopes capable to observ polarisation of GRB prompt emission have been begun in the summer of 2009. Since summer of 2009 an observations of several GRB have been made. In particular for GRB0910 and GRB091127 optical polarisation has been measured. So, for GRB091127 which supervision have begun all through 91 sec polarisation at level of several tens percent has been registered. (GCN 10231, GCN 10052, GCN 10203)

Spin chirality and polarised neutron scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plakhty, V. P.; Maleyev, S. V.; Kulda, J.; Visser, E. D.; Wosnitza, J.; Moskvin, E. V.; Brückel, Th.; Kremer, R. K.

2001-03-01

Possibilities of polarised neutrons in studies of chiral criticality are discussed. The critical exponents β C of the average chirality below TN, as well as φ C=β C+γ C and, therefore, γ C of the chiral susceptibility above TN are determined for a XY triangular lattice antiferromagnet (TLA) CsMnBr3: β C=0.44(2) , γ C=0.84(7) . The critical behaviour of the chirality that orders at TN with a relative precision of 5×10 -4 proves that the phase transition belongs to a new chiral universality class. For the TLA CsNiCl 3 ( S=1) we found in the XY region ( B=3 T) φ C=1.24(7) in agreement with the Monte-Carlo value φ C=1.22(6) for the chiral universality class. In the easy-axis region at B=1 T, φ C=0.54(4) , and the Haldane excitations are observed in the polarisation-dependent inelastic cross section above TN. The helimagnet holmium exhibits a different chiral criticality with φ C=1.56(5) , essentially higher than for TLAs.

Cocrystals Strategy towards Materials for Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion and Imaging.

PubMed

Wang, Yu; Zhu, Weigang; Du, Wenna; Liu, Xinfeng; Zhang, Xiaotao; Dong, Huanli; Hu, Wenping

2018-04-03

A cocrystal strategy with a simple preparation process is developed to prepare novel materials for near-infrared photothermal (PT) conversion and imaging. DBTTF and TCNB are selected as electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) to self-assemble into new cocrystals through non-covalent interactions. The strong D-A interaction leads to a narrow band gap with NIR absorption and that both the ground state and lowest-lying excited state are charge transfer states. Under the NIR laser illumination, the temperature of the cocrystal sharply increases in a short time with high PT conversion efficiency (η=18.8 %), which is due to the active non-radiative pathways and inhibition of radiative transition process, as revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. This is the first PT conversion cocrystal, which not only provides insights for the development of novel PT materials, but also paves the way of designing functional materials with appealing applications. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Energy conversion in isothermal nonlinear irreversible processes - struggling for higher efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebeling, W.; Feistel, R.

2017-06-01

First we discuss some early work of Ulrike Feudel on structure formation in nonlinear reactions including ions and the efficiency of the conversion of chemical into electrical energy. Then we give some survey about isothermal energy conversion from chemical to higher forms of energy like mechanical, electrical and ecological energy. Isothermal means here that there are no temperature gradients within the model systems. We consider examples of energy conversion in several natural processes and in some devices like fuel cells. Further, as an example, we study analytically the dynamics and efficiency of a simple "active circuit" converting chemical into electrical energy and driving currents which is roughly modeling fuel cells. Finally we investigate an analogous ecological system of Lotka-Volterra type consisting of an "active species" consuming some passive "chemical food". We show analytically for both these models that the efficiency increases with the load, reaches values higher then 50 percent in a narrow regime of optimal load and goes beyond some maximal load abruptly to zero.

Polarization of photons in matter–antimatter annihilation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moskaliuk, S.S.

2015-03-10

In this work we demonstrate the possibility of generation of linear polarization of the electromagnetic field (EMF) due to the quantum effects in matter-antimatter annihilation process for anisotropic space of the I type according to Bianchi. We study the dynamics of this process to estimate the degree of polarisation of the EMF in the external gravitational field of the anisotropic Bianchi I model. It has been established that the quantum effects in matter-antimatter annihilation process in the external gravitational field of the anisotropic Bianchi I model provide contribution to the degree of polarisation of the EMF in quadrupole harmonics.

A visual understanding of optical rotation using corn syrup

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nixon, M.; Hughes, I. G.

2017-07-01

In this paper a visual demonstration of optical rotation is presented, with content appropriate for use in a lecture demonstration as well as quantitative techniques suitable for an undergraduate-laboratory experiment. Linearly polarised lasers of various wavelengths are propagated through a glass tube containing corn syrup. The rotation of the plane of polarisation of the light is visible with the naked eye, making the experiment dramatic and engaging and aiding understanding of the phenomenon of optical rotation. In addition, we present a simple approach to quantitatively analyse data using only equipment commonly found in undergraduate teaching laboratories.

A Mueller matrix model of Haidinger's brushes.

PubMed

Misson, Gary P

2003-09-01

Stokes vectors and Mueller matrices are used to model the polarisation properties (birefringence, dichroism and depolarisation) of any optical system, in particular the human eye. An explanation of the form and behaviour of the entoptic phenomenon of Haidinger's brushes is derived that complements and expands upon a previous study. The relationship between the appearance of Haidinger's brushes and intrinsic ocular retardation is quantified and the model allows prediction of the effect of any retarder of any orientation placed between a source of polarised light and the eye. The simple relationship of minimum contrast of Haidinger's brushes to the cosine of total retardation is derived.

Stark-shift of impurity fundamental state in a lens shaped quantum dot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aderras, L.; Bah, A.; Feddi, E.; Dujardin, F.; Duque, C. A.

2017-05-01

We calculate the Stark effect and the polarisability of shallow-donor impurity located in the centre of lens shaped quantum dot by a variational method and in the effective-mass approximation. Our theoretical model assumes an infinite confinement to describe the barriers at the dot boundaries and the electric field is considered to be applied in the z-direction. The systematic theoretical investigation contains results with the quantum dot size and the strength of the external field. Our calculations reveal that the interval wherein the polarisability varies depends strongly on the dot size.

Collins and Sivers asymmetries in muonproduction of pions and kaons off transversely polarised protons

DOE PAGES

Adolph, C.; Akhunzyanov, R.; Alexeev, M. G.; ...

2015-05-01

Measurements of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries for charged pions and charged and neutral kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of high energy muons off transversely polarised protons are presented. The results were obtained using all the available COMPASS proton data, which were taken in the years 2007 and 2010. The Collins asymmetries exhibit in the valence region a non-zero signal for pions and there are hints of non-zero signal also for kaons. The Sivers asymmetries are found to be positive for positive pions and kaons and compatible with zero otherwise.

Tearing Down the Gates: Confronting the Class Divide in American Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sacks, Peter

2009-01-01

When Americans talk about access to a college education, they tend to narrow the acceptable boundaries of the conversation. They ask why the cost of college has gotten so out of control compared to the costs of other goods and services, and they sometimes talk about the closely related subject of financial aid. But very rarely do Americans discuss…

Quantifying the chemical composition of soil organic carbon with solid-state 13C NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baldock, J. A.; Sanderman, J.

2011-12-01

The vulnerability of soil organic carbon (SOC) to biological decomposition and mineralisation to CO2 is defined at least partially by its chemical composition. Highly aromatic charcoal-like SOC components are more stable to biological decomposition than other forms of carbon including cellulose. Solid-state 13C NMR has gained wide acceptance as a method capable of defining SOC chemical composition and mathematical fitting processes have been developed to estimate biochemical composition. Obtaining accurate estimates depends on an ability to quantitatively detect all carbon present in a sample. Often little attention has been paid to defining the proportion of organic carbon present in a soil that is observable in solid-state 13C NMR analyses of soil samples. However, if such data is to be used to inform carbon cycling studies, it is critical that quantitative assessments of SOC observability be undertaken. For example, it is now well established that a significant discrimination exists against the detection of the low proton content polyaromatic structures typical of charcoal using cross polarisation 13C NMR analyses. Such discrimination does not exist where direct polarisation analyses are completed. In this study, the chemical composition of SOC as defined by cross polarisation and direct polarisation13C NMR analyses will be compared for Australian soils collected from under a diverse range of agricultural managements and climatic conditions. Results indicate that where significant charcoal C contents exist, it is highly under-represented in the acquired CP spectra. For some soils, a discrimination against alkyl carbon was also evident. The ability to derive correction factors to compensate for such discriminations will be assessed and presented.

Light rays and the tidal gravitational pendulum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farley, A. N. St J.

2018-05-01

Null geodesic deviation in classical general relativity is expressed in terms of a scalar function, defined as the invariant magnitude of the connecting vector between neighbouring light rays in a null geodesic congruence projected onto a two-dimensional screen space orthogonal to the rays, where λ is an affine parameter along the rays. We demonstrate that η satisfies a harmonic oscillator-like equation with a λ-dependent frequency, which comprises terms accounting for local matter affecting the congruence and tidal gravitational effects from distant matter or gravitational waves passing through the congruence, represented by the amplitude, of a complex Weyl driving term. Oscillating solutions for η imply the presence of conjugate or focal points along the rays. A polarisation angle, is introduced comprising the orientation of the connecting vector on the screen space and the phase, of the Weyl driving term. Interpreting β as the polarisation of a gravitational wave encountering the light rays, we consider linearly polarised waves in the first instance. A highly non-linear, second-order ordinary differential equation, (the tidal pendulum equation), is then derived, so-called due to its analogy with the equation describing a non-linear, variable-length pendulum oscillating under gravity. The variable pendulum length is represented by the connecting vector magnitude, whilst the acceleration due to gravity in the familiar pendulum formulation is effectively replaced by . A tidal torque interpretation is also developed, where the torque is expressed as a coupling between the moment of inertia of the pendulum and the tidal gravitational field. Precessional effects are briefly discussed. A solution to the tidal pendulum equation in terms of familiar gravitational lensing variables is presented. The potential emergence of chaos in general relativity is discussed in the context of circularly, elliptically or randomly polarised gravitational waves encountering the null congruence.

Dual-energy CT for the diagnosis of gout: an accuracy and diagnostic yield study.

PubMed

Bongartz, Tim; Glazebrook, Katrina N; Kavros, Steven J; Murthy, Naveen S; Merry, Stephen P; Franz, Walter B; Michet, Clement J; Veetil, Barath M Akkara; Davis, John M; Mason, Thomas G; Warrington, Kenneth J; Ytterberg, Steven R; Matteson, Eric L; Crowson, Cynthia S; Leng, Shuai; McCollough, Cynthia H

2015-06-01

To assess the accuracy of dual-energy CT (DECT) for diagnosing gout, and to explore whether it can have any impact on clinical decision making beyond the established diagnostic approach using polarising microscopy of synovial fluid (diagnostic yield). Diagnostic single-centre study of 40 patients with active gout, and 41 individuals with other types of joint disease. Sensitivity and specificity of DECT for diagnosing gout was calculated against a combined reference standard (polarising and electron microscopy of synovial fluid). To explore the diagnostic yield of DECT scanning, a third cohort was assembled consisting of patients with inflammatory arthritis and risk factors for gout who had negative synovial fluid polarising microscopy results. Among these patients, the proportion of subjects with DECT findings indicating a diagnosis of gout was assessed. The sensitivity and specificity of DECT for diagnosing gout was 0.90 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.97) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.93), respectively. All false negative patients were observed among patients with acute, recent-onset gout. All false positive patients had advanced knee osteoarthritis. DECT in the diagnostic yield cohort revealed evidence of uric acid deposition in 14 out of 30 patients (46.7%). DECT provides good diagnostic accuracy for detection of monosodium urate (MSU) deposits in patients with gout. However, sensitivity is lower in patients with recent-onset disease. DECT has a significant impact on clinical decision making when gout is suspected, but polarising microscopy of synovial fluid fails to demonstrate the presence of MSU crystals. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Spectroscopic and polarimetric study of radio-quiet weak emission line quasars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Parveen; Chand, Hum; Gopal-Krishna; Srianand, Raghunathan; Stalin, Chelliah Subramonian; Petitjean, Patrick

2018-04-01

A small subset of optically selected radio-quiet QSOs with weak or no emission lines may turn out to be the elusive radio-quiet BL Lac objects, or simply be radio-quiet QSOs with an infant/shielded broad line region (BLR). High polarisation (p > 3-4%), a hallmark of BL Lacs, can be used to test whether some optically selected ‘radio-quiet weak emission line QSOs’ (RQWLQs) show a fractional polarisation high enough to qualify as radio-quiet analogues of BL Lac objects. To check this possibility, we have made optical spectral and polarisation measurements of a sample of 19 RQWLQs. Out of these, only 9 sources show a non-significant proper motion (hence very likely extragalactic) and only two of them are found to have p > 1%. For these two RQWLQs, namely J142505.59+035336.2 and J154515.77+003235.2, we found the highest polarization to be 1.59±0.53%, which is again too low to classify them as (radio-quiet) BL Lacs, although one may recall that even genuine BL Lacs sometimes appear weakly polarised. We also present a statistical comparison of the optical spectral index, for a sample of 45 RQWLQs with redshift-luminosity matched control samples of 900 QSOs and an equivalent sample of 120 blazars, assembled from the literature. The spectral index distribution of RQWLQs is found to differ, at a high significance level, from that of blazars. This, too, is consistent with the common view that the mechanism of the central engine in RQWLQs, as a population, is close to that operating in normal QSOs and the primary difference between them is related to the BLR.

Causal Set Phenomenology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Philpott, Lydia

2010-09-01

Central to the development of any new theory is the investigation of the observable consequences of the theory. In the search for quantum gravity, research in phenomenology has been dominated by models violating Lorentz invariance (LI) -- despite there being, at present, no evidence that LI is violated. Causal set theory is a LI candidate theory of QG that seeks not to quantise gravity as such, but rather to develop a new understanding of the universe from which both GR and QM could arise separately. The key hypothesis is that spacetime is a discrete partial order: a set of events where the partial ordering is the physical causal ordering between the events. This thesis investigates Lorentz invariant QG phenomenology motivated by the causal set approach. Massive particles propagating in a discrete spacetime will experience diffusion in both position and momentum in proper time. This thesis considers this idea in more depth, providing a rigorous derivation of the diffusion equation in terms of observable cosmic time. The diffusion behaviour does not depend on any particular underlying particle model. Simulations of three different models are conducted, revealing behaviour that matches the diffusion equation despite limitations on the size of causal set simulated. The effect of spacetime discreteness on the behaviour of massless particles is also investigated. Diffusion equations in both affine time and cosmic time are derived, and it is found that massless particles undergo diffusion and drift in energy. Constraints are placed on the magnitudes of the drift and diffusion parameters by considering the blackbody nature of the CMB. Spacetime discreteness also has a potentially observable effect on photon polarisation. For linearly polarised photons, underlying discreteness is found to cause a rotation in polarisation angle and a suppression in overall polarisation.

The MetOp second generation 3MI instrument

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manolis, Ilias; Grabarnik, Semen; Caron, Jérôme; Bézy, Jean-Loup; Loiselet, Marc; Betto, Maurizio; Barré, Hubert; Mason, Graeme; Meynart, Roland

2013-10-01

The MetOp-SG programme is a joint Programme of EUMETSAT and ESA. ESA develops the prototype MetOp-SG satellites (including associated instruments) and procures, on behalf of EUMETSAT, the recurrent satellites (and associated instruments). Two parallel, competitive phase A/B1 studies for MetOp Second Generation (MetOp-SG) have been concluded in May 2013. The implementation phases (B2/C/D/E) are planned to start the first quarter of 2014. ESA is responsible for instrument design of six missions, namely Microwave Sounding Mission (MWS), Scatterometer mission (SCA), Radio Occultation mission (RO), Microwave Imaging mission (MWI), Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) and Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarisation imaging mission (3MI). The paper will present the main performances of the 3MI instrument and will highlight the performance improvements with respect to its heritage derived by the POLDER instrument, such as number of spectral channels and spectral range coverage, swath and ground spatial resolution. The engineering of some key performance requirements (multi-viewing, polarisation sensitivity, straylight etc.) will also be discussed. The results of the feasibility studies will be presented together with the programmatics for the instrument development. Several pre-development activities have been initiated to retire highest risks and to demonstrate the ultimate performances of the 3MI optics. The scope, objectives and current status of those activities will be presented. Key technologies involved in the 3MI instrument design and implementation are considered to be: the optical design featuring aspheric optics, the implementation of broadband Anti Reflection coatings featuring low polarisation and low de-phasing properties, the development and qualification of polarisers with acceptable performances as well as spectral filters with good uniformities over a large clear aperture.

Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey. II. UV/optical study of cloud-to-cloud variations of dust in the diffuse ISM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siebenmorgen, R.; Voshchinnikov, N. V.; Bagnulo, S.; Cox, N. L. J.; Cami, J.; Peest, C.

2018-03-01

It is well known that the dust properties of the diffuse interstellar medium exhibit variations towards different sight-lines on a large scale. We have investigated the variability of the dust characteristics on a small scale, and from cloud-to-cloud. We use low-resolution spectro-polarimetric data obtained in the context of the Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey (LIPS) towards 59 sight-lines in the Southern Hemisphere, and we fit these data using a dust model composed of silicate and carbon particles with sizes from the molecular to the sub-micrometre domain. Large (≥6 nm) silicates of prolate shape account for the observed polarisation. For 32 sight-lines we complement our data set with UVES archive high-resolution spectra, which enable us to establish the presence of single-cloud or multiple-clouds towards individual sight-lines. We find that the majority of these 35 sight-lines intersect two or more clouds, while eight of them are dominated by a single absorbing cloud. We confirm several correlations between extinction and parameters of the Serkowski law with dust parameters, but we also find previously undetected correlations between these parameters that are valid only in single-cloud sight-lines. We find that interstellar polarisation from multiple-clouds is smaller than from single-cloud sight-lines, showing that the presence of a second or more clouds depolarises the incoming radiation. We find large variations of the dust characteristics from cloud-to-cloud. However, when we average a sufficiently large number of clouds in single-cloud or multiple-cloud sight-lines, we always retrieve similar mean dust parameters. The typical dust abundances of the single-cloud cases are [C]/[H] = 92 ppm and [Si]/[H] = 20 ppm.

Calibration and Stokes Imaging with Full Embedded Element Primary Beam Model for the Murchison Widefield Array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sokolowski, M.; Colegate, T.; Sutinjo, A. T.; Ung, D.; Wayth, R.; Hurley-Walker, N.; Lenc, E.; Pindor, B.; Morgan, J.; Kaplan, D. L.; Bell, M. E.; Callingham, J. R.; Dwarakanath, K. S.; For, Bi-Qing; Gaensler, B. M.; Hancock, P. J.; Hindson, L.; Johnston-Hollitt, M.; Kapińska, A. D.; McKinley, B.; Offringa, A. R.; Procopio, P.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Wu, C.; Zheng, Q.

2017-11-01

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), located in Western Australia, is one of the low-frequency precursors of the international Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. In addition to pursuing its own ambitious science programme, it is also a testbed for wide range of future SKA activities ranging from hardware, software to data analysis. The key science programmes for the MWA and SKA require very high dynamic ranges, which challenges calibration and imaging systems. Correct calibration of the instrument and accurate measurements of source flux densities and polarisations require precise characterisation of the telescope's primary beam. Recent results from the MWA GaLactic Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey show that the previously implemented Average Embedded Element (AEE) model still leaves residual polarisations errors of up to 10-20% in Stokes Q. We present a new simulation-based Full Embedded Element (FEE) model which is the most rigorous realisation yet of the MWA's primary beam model. It enables efficient calculation of the MWA beam response in arbitrary directions without necessity of spatial interpolation. In the new model, every dipole in the MWA tile (4 × 4 bow-tie dipoles) is simulated separately, taking into account all mutual coupling, ground screen, and soil effects, and therefore accounts for the different properties of the individual dipoles within a tile. We have applied the FEE beam model to GLEAM observations at 200-231 MHz and used false Stokes parameter leakage as a metric to compare the models. We have determined that the FEE model reduced the magnitude and declination-dependent behaviour of false polarisation in Stokes Q and V while retaining low levels of false polarisation in Stokes U.

Microscopic study of dental hard tissues in primary teeth with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II: Correlation of 3D imaging using X-ray microtomography and polarising microscopy.

PubMed

Davis, Graham R; Fearne, Janice M; Sabel, Nina; Norén, Jörgen G

2015-07-01

The aim of this study was to examine the histological appearance of dental hard tissues in primary teeth from children with DI using conventional polarised light microscopy and correlate that with 3D imaging using X-ray microtomograpy (XMT) to gain a further understanding of the dentine structure of teeth diagnosed with dentinogenesis imperfecta. Undecalcified sections of primary teeth from patients diagnosed with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II were examined using polarised light microscopy. XMT was employed for 3D-imaging and analysis of the dentine. The polarised light microscopy and XMT revealed tubular structures in the dentine seen as vacuoles coinciding with the path of normal dentinal tubules but not continuous tubules. The size of the tubules was close to that of capillaries. The largest tubular structures had a direction corresponding to where the pulp tissue would have been located during primary dentine formation. The dysfunctional mineralisation of the dentine and obliteration of the pulp evidently leaves blood vessels in the dentine which have in the main been tied off and, in the undecalcified sections, appear as vacuoles. Although from radiographs, the pulp in teeth affected by Dentinogenesis Imperfect type II appears to be completely obliterated, a network of interconnected vessels may remain. The presence of large dentinal tubules and blood vessels, or the remnants of blood vessels, could provide a pathway for bacteria from the oral cavity. This might account for why some of these teeth develop periapical abscesses in spite of apparently having no pulp. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Virtual ellipsometry on layered micro-facet surfaces.

PubMed

Wang, Chi; Wilkie, Alexander; Harcuba, Petr; Novosad, Lukas

2017-09-18

Microfacet-based BRDF models are a common tool to describe light scattering from glossy surfaces. Apart from their wide-ranging applications in optics, such models also play a significant role in computer graphics for photorealistic rendering purposes. In this paper, we mainly investigate the computer graphics aspect of this technology, and present a polarisation-aware brute force simulation of light interaction with both single and multiple layered micro-facet surfaces. Such surface models are commonly used in computer graphics, but the resulting BRDF is ultimately often only approximated. Recently, there has been work to try to make these approximations more accurate, and to better understand the behaviour of existing analytical models. However, these brute force verification attempts still emitted the polarisation state of light and, as we found out, this renders them prone to mis-estimating the shape of the resulting BRDF lobe for some particular material types, such as smooth layered dielectric surfaces. For these materials, non-polarising computations can mis-estimate some areas of the resulting BRDF shape by up to 23%. But we also identified some other material types, such as dielectric layers over rough conductors, for which the difference turned out to be almost negligible. The main contribution of our work is to clearly demonstrate that the effect of polarisation is important for accurate simulation of certain material types, and that there are also other common materials for which it can apparently be ignored. As this required a BRDF simulator that we could rely on, a secondary contribution is that we went to considerable lengths to validate our software. We compare it against a state-of-art model from graphics, a library from optics, and also against ellipsometric measurements of real surface samples.

Integrating a dual-silicon photoelectrochemical cell into a redox flow battery for unassisted photocharging.

PubMed

Liao, Shichao; Zong, Xu; Seger, Brian; Pedersen, Thomas; Yao, Tingting; Ding, Chunmei; Shi, Jingying; Chen, Jian; Li, Can

2016-05-04

Solar rechargeable flow cells (SRFCs) provide an attractive approach for in situ capture and storage of intermittent solar energy via photoelectrochemical regeneration of discharged redox species for electricity generation. However, overall SFRC performance is restricted by inefficient photoelectrochemical reactions. Here we report an efficient SRFC based on a dual-silicon photoelectrochemical cell and a quinone/bromine redox flow battery for in situ solar energy conversion and storage. Using narrow bandgap silicon for efficient photon collection and fast redox couples for rapid interface charge injection, our device shows an optimal solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of ∼5.9% and an overall photon-chemical-electricity energy conversion efficiency of ∼3.2%, which, to our knowledge, outperforms previously reported SRFCs. The proposed SRFC can be self-photocharged to 0.8 V and delivers a discharge capacity of 730 mAh l(-1). Our work may guide future designs for highly efficient solar rechargeable devices.

The Nature of the Language Faculty and Its Implications for Evolution of Language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, and Chomsky)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackendoff, Ray; Pinker, Steven

2005-01-01

In a continuation of the conversation with Fitch, Chomsky, and Hauser on the evolution of language, we examine their defense of the claim that the uniquely human, language-specific part of the language faculty (the ''narrow language faculty'') consists only of recursion, and that this part cannot be considered an adaptation to communication. We…

Oxygen--a limiting factor for brain recovery.

PubMed

Hadanny, Amir; Efrati, Shai

2015-09-01

Effective brain metabolism is highly dependent on a narrow therapeutic window of oxygen. In major insults to the brain (e.g., intracerebral hemorrhage), a slight decrease in oxygen supply, as occurs in a hypobaric environment at high altitude, has devastating effects on the injured brain tissue. Conversely, increasing brain oxygenation, by the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, can improve brain metabolism and its dependent regenerative processes.

Generation of tunable high-repetition rate middle infrared transform-limited picosecond pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yakovlev, Vladislav V.; Ballmann, Charles W.; Petrov, Georgi I.

2018-03-01

Tunable middle infrared generation is now affordable through optical parametric generation and amplification in a number of infrared nonlinear crystals. However, maintaining narrow bandwidth, while achieving high conversion efficiency, remains a challenge. In this report, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a relatively simple setup, which utilizes a single-wavelength diode laser as a seed laser for an optical parametric amplifier.

Selective CO2 conversion to formate in water using a CZTS photocathode modified with a ruthenium complex polymer.

PubMed

Arai, Takeo; Tajima, Shin; Sato, Shunsuke; Uemura, Keiko; Morikawa, Takeshi; Kajino, Tsutomu

2011-12-21

Highly selective photoelectrochemical CO(2) reduction (>80% selectivity) in water was successfully achieved by combining Cu(2)ZnSnS(4) (CZTS) with a metal-complex electrocatalyst. CZTS, a sulfide semiconductor that possesses a narrow band gap and consists of earth-abundant elements, is demonstrated to be a candidate photoabsorber for a CO(2) reduction hybrid photocatalyst.

OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION: Multistage optoelectronic two-dimensional image switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedorov, V. B.

1994-06-01

The implementation principles and the feasibility of construction of high-throughput multistage optoelectronic switches, capable of transmitting data in the form of two-dimensional images along interconnected pairs of optical channels, are considered. Different ways of realising compact switches are proposed. They are based on the use of polarisation-sensitive elements, arrays of modulators of the plane of polarisation of light, arrays of objectives, and free-space optics. Optical systems of such switches can theoretically ensure that the resolution and optical losses in two-dimensional image transmission are limited only by diffraction. Estimates are obtained of the main maximum-performance parameters of the proposed optoelectronic image switches.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: GMVA 86GHz images of OJ 287 (Hodgson+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hodgson, J. A.; Krichbaum, T. P.; Marscher, A. P.; Jorstad, S. G.; Rani, B.; Marti-Vidal, I.; Sanchez, S.; Bremer, M.; Lindqvist, M.; Uunila, M.; Kallunki, J.; Vicente, P.; Angelakis, E.; Karamanavis, V.; Myserlis, I.; Nestoras, I.; Sievers, A.; Gurwell, M.; Zensus, J. A.

2017-01-01

The GMVA combines the eight 3mm receiver equipped stations of the VLBA and up to six European observatories, including Elsberg, Onsala, Metsahovi, Pico Veleta, Plateau de Bure, and since 2012, Yebes. Data were recorded at 512 Mbit/s, with eight 8MHz channels, in dual polarisation. Onsala and Yebes observed in left circular polarisation (LCP) only. For these stations, LCP was assumed to be equal to RCP and hence Stokes I. Scans of approximately 7 minutes every 15 minutes were recorded with pointing and calibration performed on European stations in the gaps between scans. (2 data files).

Quasi-regenerative mode locking in a compact all-polarisation-maintaining-fibre laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nyushkov, B. N.; Ivanenko, A. V.; Kobtsev, S. M.; Pivtsov, V. S.; Farnosov, S. A.; Pokasov, P. V.; Korel, I. I.

2017-12-01

A novel technique of mode locking in erbium-doped all-polarisation-maintaining-fibre laser has been developed and preliminary investigated. The proposed quasi-regenerative technique combines the advantages of conventional active mode locking (when an intracavity modulator is driven by an independent RF oscillator) and regenerative mode locking (when a modulator is driven by an intermode beat signal from the laser itself). This scheme is based on intracavity intensity modulation driven by an RF oscillator being phase-locked to the actual intermode frequency of the laser. It features also possibilities of operation at multiple frequencies and harmonic mode-locking operation.

McStas-model of the delft SESANS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knudsen, E.; Udby, L.; Willendrup, P. K.; Lefmann, K.; Bouwman, W. G.

2011-06-01

We present simulation results taking first virtual data from a model of the Spin-Echo Small Angle Scattering (SESANS) instrument situated in Delft, in the framework of the McStas Monte Carlo software package. The main focus has been on making a model of the Delft SESANS instrument, and we can now present the first virtual data from it, using a refracting prism-like sample model. In consequence, polarisation instrumentation is now included natively in the McStas kernel, including options for magnetic fields and a number of utility components. This development has brought us to a point where realistic models of polarisation-enabled instrumentation can be built.

Investigation of optical properties of multilayer dielectric structures using prism-coupling technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sokolov, V I; Glebov, V N; Malyutin, A M

2015-09-30

A method based on resonant excitation of waveguide modes with a prism coupler is proposed for measuring the thickness and refractive index of thin-film layers in multilayer dielectric structures. The peculiarities of reflection of TE- and TM-polarised light beams from a structure comprising eleven alternating layers of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and magnesium barium fluoride (MgBaF{sub 4}), whose thicknesses are much less than the wavelength of light, are investigated. Using the mathematical model developed, we have calculated the coefficients of reflection of collimated TE and TM light beams from a multilayer structure and determined the optical constants and thicknesses of themore » structure layers. The refractive indices of the layers, obtained for TE and TM polarisation of incident light, are in good agreement. The thicknesses of ZnS and MgBaF{sub 4} layers, found for different polarisations, coincide with an accuracy of ±1%. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that the prism-coupling technique allows one to determine the optical properties of thin-film structures when the number of layers in the structure exceeds ten layers. (integrated optics)« less

Random-phase metasurfaces at optical wavelengths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pors, Anders; Ding, Fei; Chen, Yiting; Radko, Ilya P.; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.

2016-06-01

Random-phase metasurfaces, in which the constituents scatter light with random phases, have the property that an incident plane wave will diffusely scatter, hereby leading to a complex far-field response that is most suitably described by statistical means. In this work, we present and exemplify the statistical description of the far-field response, particularly highlighting how the response for polarised and unpolarised light might be alike or different depending on the correlation of scattering phases for two orthogonal polarisations. By utilizing gap plasmon-based metasurfaces, consisting of an optically thick gold film overlaid by a subwavelength thin glass spacer and an array of gold nanobricks, we design and realize random-phase metasurfaces at a wavelength of 800 nm. Optical characterisation of the fabricated samples convincingly demonstrates the diffuse scattering of reflected light, with statistics obeying the theoretical predictions. We foresee the use of random-phase metasurfaces for camouflage applications and as high-quality reference structures in dark-field microscopy, while the control of the statistics for polarised and unpolarised light might find usage in security applications. Finally, by incorporating a certain correlation between scattering by neighbouring metasurface constituents new types of functionalities can be realised, such as a Lambertian reflector.

Interference of Photons from a Weak Laser and a Quantum Dot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ritchie, David; Bennett, Anthony; Patel, Raj; Nicoll, Christine; Shields, Andrew

2010-03-01

We demonstrate two-photon interference from two unsynchronized sources operating via different physical processes [1]. One source is spontaneous emission from the X^- state of an electrically-driven InAs/GaAs single quantum dot with μeV linewidth, the other stimulated emission from a laser with a neV linewidth. We mix the emission from these sources on a balanced non-polarising beam splitter and measure correlations in the photons that exit using Si-avalanche photodiodes and a time-correlated counting card. By periodically switching the polarisation state of the weak laser we simultaneously measure the correlation for parallel and orthogonally polarised sources, corresponding to maximum and minimum degrees of interference. When the two sources have the same intensity, a reduction in the correlation function at time zero for the case of parallel photon sources clearly indicates this interference effect. To quantify the degree of interference, we develop a theory that predicts the correlation function. Data and experiment are then compared for a range of intensity ratios. Based on this analysis we infer a wave-function overlap of 91%, which is remarkable given the fundamental differences between the two sources. [1] Bennett A. J et al Nature Physics, 5, 715--717 (2009).

Pre-conditioned backward Monte Carlo solutions to radiative transport in planetary atmospheres. Fundamentals: Sampling of propagation directions in polarising media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

García Muñoz, A.; Mills, F. P.

2015-01-01

Context. The interpretation of polarised radiation emerging from a planetary atmosphere must rely on solutions to the vector radiative transport equation (VRTE). Monte Carlo integration of the VRTE is a valuable approach for its flexible treatment of complex viewing and/or illumination geometries, and it can intuitively incorporate elaborate physics. Aims: We present a novel pre-conditioned backward Monte Carlo (PBMC) algorithm for solving the VRTE and apply it to planetary atmospheres irradiated from above. As classical BMC methods, our PBMC algorithm builds the solution by simulating the photon trajectories from the detector towards the radiation source, i.e. in the reverse order of the actual photon displacements. Methods: We show that the neglect of polarisation in the sampling of photon propagation directions in classical BMC algorithms leads to unstable and biased solutions for conservative, optically-thick, strongly polarising media such as Rayleigh atmospheres. The numerical difficulty is avoided by pre-conditioning the scattering matrix with information from the scattering matrices of prior (in the BMC integration order) photon collisions. Pre-conditioning introduces a sense of history in the photon polarisation states through the simulated trajectories. Results: The PBMC algorithm is robust, and its accuracy is extensively demonstrated via comparisons with examples drawn from the literature for scattering in diverse media. Since the convergence rate for MC integration is independent of the integral's dimension, the scheme is a valuable option for estimating the disk-integrated signal of stellar radiation reflected from planets. Such a tool is relevant in the prospective investigation of exoplanetary phase curves. We lay out two frameworks for disk integration and, as an application, explore the impact of atmospheric stratification on planetary phase curves for large star-planet-observer phase angles. By construction, backward integration provides a better control than forward integration over the planet region contributing to the solution, and this presents a clear advantage when estimating the disk-integrated signal at moderate and large phase angles. A one-slab, plane-parallel version of the PBMC algorithm is available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/573/A72

Macrophage polarisation: an immunohistochemical approach for identifying M1 and M2 macrophages.

PubMed

Barros, Mário Henrique M; Hauck, Franziska; Dreyer, Johannes H; Kempkes, Bettina; Niedobitek, Gerald

2013-01-01

Macrophage polarization is increasingly recognised as an important pathogenetic factor in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages promote T helper (Th) 1 responses and show tumoricidal activity. M2 macrophages contribute to tissue repair and promote Th2 responses. CD68 and CD163 are used to identify macrophages in tissue sections. However, characterisation of polarised macrophages in situ has remained difficult. Macrophage polarisation is regulated by transcription factors, pSTAT1 and RBP-J for M1, and CMAF for M2. We reasoned that double-labelling immunohistochemistry for the detection of macrophage markers together with transcription factors may be suitable to characterise macrophage polarisation in situ. To test this hypothesis, we have studied conditions associated with Th1- and Th2-predominant immune responses: infectious mononucleosis and Crohn's disease for Th1 and allergic nasal polyps, oxyuriasis, wound healing and foreign body granulomas for predominant Th2 response. In all situations, CD163+ cells usually outnumbered CD68+ cells. Moreover, CD163+ cells, usually considered as M2 macrophages, co-expressing pSTAT1 and RBP-J were found in all conditions examined. The numbers of putative M1 macrophages were higher in Th1- than in Th2-associated diseases, while more M2 macrophages were seen in Th2- than in Th1 related disorders. In most Th1-related diseases, the balance of M1 over M2 cells was shifted towards M1 cells, while the reverse was observed for Th2-related conditions. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two distinct clusters: cluster I included Th1 diseases together with cases with high numbers of CD163+pSTAT1+, CD68+pSTAT1+, CD163+RBP-J+ and CD68+RBP-J+ macrophages; cluster II comprised Th2 conditions together with cases displaying high numbers of CD163+CMAF+ and CD68+CMAF+ macrophages. These results suggest that the detection of pSTAT1, RBP-J, and CMAF in the context of CD68 or CD163 expression is a suitable tool for the characterisation of macrophage polarisation in situ. Furthermore, CD163 cannot be considered a reliable M2 marker when used on its own.

An investigation of the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) using GASP for non-imaging and imaging detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kyne, Gillian; Lara, David; Hallinan, Gregg; Redfern, Michael; Shearer, Andrew

2016-02-01

Polarised light from astronomical targets can yield a wealth of information about their source radiation mechanisms, and about the geometry of the scattered light regions. Optical observations, of both the linear and circular polarisation components, have been impeded due to non-optimised instrumentation. The need for suitable observing conditions and the availability of luminous targets are also limiting factors. The science motivation of any instrument adds constraints to its operation such as high signal-to-noise (SNR) and detector readout speeds. These factors in particular lead to a wide range of sources that have yet to be observed. The Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) has been specifically designed to make observations of these sources. GASP uses division of amplitude polarimeter (DOAP) (Compain and Drevillon Appl. Opt. 37, 5938-5944, 1998) to measure the four components of the Stokes vector (I, Q, U and V) simultaneously, which eliminates the constraints placed upon the need for moving parts during observation, and offers a real-time complete measurement of polarisation. Results from the GASP calibration are presented in this work for both a 1D detector system, and a pixel-by-pixel analysis on a 2D detector system. Following Compain et al. (Appl. Opt. 38, 3490-3502 1999) we use the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) to measure the polarimetric limitations of the instrument for each of the two systems. Consequently, the ECM is able to compensate for systematic errors introduced by the calibration optics, and it also accounts for all optical elements of the polarimeter in the output. Initial laboratory results of the ECM are presented, using APD detectors, where errors of 0.2 % and 0.1° were measured for the degree of linear polarisation (DOLP) and polarisation angle (PA) respectively. Channel-to-channel image registration is an important aspect of 2-D polarimetry. We present our calibration results of the measured Mueller matrix of each sample, used by the ECM, when 2 Andor iXon Ultra 897 detectors were loaned to the project. A set of Zenith flat-field images were recorded during an observing campaign at the Palomar 200 inch telescope in November 2012. From these we show the polarimetric errors from the spatial polarimetry indicating both the stability and absolute accuracy of GASP.

Exceeding the solar cell Shockley-Queisser limit via thermal up-conversion of low-energy photons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Chen, Gang

2014-03-01

Maximum efficiency of ideal single-junction photovoltaic (PV) cells is limited to 33% (for 1 sun illumination) by intrinsic losses such as band edge thermalization, radiative recombination, and inability to absorb below-bandgap photons. This intrinsic thermodynamic limit, named after Shockley and Queisser (S-Q), can be exceeded by utilizing low-energy photons either via their electronic up-conversion or via the thermophotovoltaic (TPV) conversion process. However, electronic up-conversion systems have extremely low efficiencies, and practical temperature considerations limit the operation of TPV converters to the narrow-gap PV cells. Here we develop a conceptual design of a hybrid TPV platform, which exploits thermal up-conversion of low-energy photons and is compatible with conventional silicon PV cells by using spectral and directional selectivity of the up-converter. The hybrid platform offers sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency exceeding that imposed by the S-Q limit on the corresponding PV cells across a broad range of bandgap energies, under low optical concentration (1-300 suns), operating temperatures in the range 900-1700 K, and in simple flat panel designs. We demonstrate maximum conversion efficiency of 73% under illumination by non-concentrated sunlight. A detailed analysis of non-ideal hybrid platforms that allows for up to 15% of absorption/re-emission losses yields limiting efficiency value of 45% for Si PV cells.

Realisation of magnetically and atomically abrupt half-metal/semiconductor interface: Co2FeSi0.5Al0.5/Ge(111)

PubMed Central

Nedelkoski, Zlatko; Kuerbanjiang, Balati; Glover, Stephanie E.; Sanchez, Ana M.; Kepaptsoglou, Demie; Ghasemi, Arsham; Burrows, Christopher W.; Yamada, Shinya; Hamaya, Kohei; Ramasse, Quentin M.; Hasnip, Philip J.; Hase, Thomas; Bell, Gavin R.; Hirohata, Atsufumi; Lazarov, Vlado K.

2016-01-01

Halfmetal-semiconductor interfaces are crucial for hybrid spintronic devices. Atomically sharp interfaces with high spin polarisation are required for efficient spin injection. In this work we show that thin film of half-metallic full Heusler alloy Co2FeSi0.5Al0.5 with uniform thickness and B2 ordering can form structurally abrupt interface with Ge(111). Atomic resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveals that there is a small outdiffusion of Ge into specific atomic planes of the Co2FeSi0.5Al0.5 film, limited to a very narrow 1 nm interface region. First-principles calculations show that this selective outdiffusion along the Fe-Si/Al atomic planes does not change the magnetic moment of the film up to the very interface. Polarized neutron reflectivity, x-ray reflectivity and aberration-corrected electron microscopy confirm that this interface is both magnetically and structurally abrupt. Finally, using first-principles calculations we show that this experimentally realised interface structure, terminated by Co-Ge bonds, preserves the high spin polarization at the Co2FeSi0.5Al0.5/Ge interface, hence can be used as a model to study spin injection from half-metals into semiconductors. PMID:27869132

Online SEOP polarization of Large Area Neutron Spin Filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Babcock, Earl; Salhi, Zahir; Ioffe, Alexander

2015-04-01

The Juelich Center for neutron Science has a program to use SEOP polarized 3He Neutron Spin Filters (3He NSF) on many neutron scattering instruments. The main applications are for polarization analysis of the scattered beam. As such, the devices must operate in close proximity to the neutron sample and sample environment which can include complicated cryostats, humidity and pressure cells, and high field magnets. Thus we have developed novel magnetic cavities to house the 3He NSF cells which allow for simultaneous optical pumping on the instruments. Further we continually develop and redevelop the laser sources which must be relatively narrow band and have long term (i.e. months) stability and robust operation. The first fully operational polarizer has been used continuously for over 2, 60-day reactor cycles at the FRM2. This device uses a 12.5 cm I.D. 3He cell, and has a 3He storage lifetime, including the cells lifetime, in excess of 200 hours with the cell about 60 cm from the sample position inside a 1.2 T electromagnet, and has achieved over 75% 3He polarisation when fully optimized. This talk will describe the magnetic cavities, and laser sources as well as provide a description of the completed 3He polarizer devices.

Luminescent Spectral Conversion to Improve the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

PubMed

Hosseini, Zahra; Taghavinia, Nima; Wei-Guang Diau, Eric

2017-12-06

Relative to the broadband solar spectrum, a narrow range of spectral absorption of photovoltaic (PV) devices is considered an important determinant that the efficiency of light harvesting of these devices is less than unity. Having the narrowest spectral response to solar radiation among all PV devices, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) suffer severely from this loss. Luminescent spectral conversion provides a mechanism to manipulate and to adapt the incident solar spectrum by converting, through photoluminescence, the energies of solar photons into those that are more effectively captured by a PV device. This mechanism is particularly helpful for DSSCs because there is much flexibility in both the choice of the light-harvesting materials and the architecture of the DSSC. Here we review and discuss recent advances in the field of luminescent spectral conversion for DSSCs. The focus is on the architectural design of DSSCs, and the complications, advantages and new functionalities offered by each of their configurations are discussed. The loss mechanisms are examined and important parameters governing the spectral conversion mechanism of a DSSC are introduced. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Built-in potential shift and Schottky-barrier narrowing in organic solar cells with UV-sensitive electron transport layers.

PubMed

Li, Cheng; Credgington, Dan; Ko, Doo-Hyun; Rong, Zhuxia; Wang, Jianpu; Greenham, Neil C

2014-06-28

The performance of organic solar cells incorporating solution-processed titanium suboxide (TiOx) as electron-collecting layers can be improved by UV illumination. We study the mechanism of this improvement using electrical measurements and electroabsorption spectroscopy. We propose a model in which UV illumination modifies the effective work function of the oxide layer through a significant increase in its free electron density. This leads to a dramatic improvement in device power conversion efficiency through several mechanisms - increasing the built-in potential by 0.3 V, increasing the conductivity of the TiOx layer and narrowing the interfacial Schottky barrier between the suboxide and the underlying transparent electrode. This work highlights the importance of considering Fermi-level equilibration when designing multi-layer transparent electrodes.

Narrow-linewidth, quasi-continuous-wave ASE source based on a multiple-pass Nd:YAG zigzag slab amplifier configuration.

PubMed

Chen, Xiaoming; Lu, Yanhua; Hu, Hao; Tong, Lixin; Zhang, Lei; Yu, Yi; Wang, Juntao; Ren, Huaijin; Xu, Liu

2018-03-05

We present investigations into a narrow-linewidth, quasi-continuous-wave pulsed all-solid-state amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source by use of a novel multiple-pass zigzag slab amplifier. The SE fluorescence emitted from a Nd:YAG slab active medium acts as the seed and is amplified back and forth 8 times through the same slab. Thanks to the angular multiplexing nature of the zigzag slab, high-intensity 1064-nm ASE output can be produced without unwanted self-lasing in this configuration. Experimentally, the output energy, optical conversion efficiency, pulse dynamics, spectral property, and beam quality of the ASE source are studied when the Nd:YAG slab end-pumped by two high-brightness laser diode arrays. The maximum single pulse energy of 347 mJ is generated with an optical efficiency of ~5.9% and a beam quality of 3.5/17 in the thickness/width direction of the slab. As expected, smooth pulses without relaxing spikes and continuous spectra are achieved. Moreover, the spectral width of the ASE source narrows versus the pump energy, getting a 3-dB linewidth of as narrow as 20 pm (i.e. 5.3 GHz). Via the sum frequency generation, high-intensity, smooth-pulse, and narrow-linewidth ASE sources are preferred for solving the major problem of saturation of the mesospheric sodium atoms and can create a much brighter sodium guide star to meet the needs of adaptive imaging applications in astronomy.

Photonic generation of FCC-compliant UWB pulses based on modified Gaussian quadruplet and incoherent wavelength-to-time conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mu, Hongqian; Wang, Muguang; Tang, Yu; Zhang, Jing; Jian, Shuisheng

2018-03-01

A novel scheme for the generation of FCC-compliant UWB pulse is proposed based on modified Gaussian quadruplet and incoherent wavelength-to-time conversion. The modified Gaussian quadruplet is synthesized based on linear sum of a broad Gaussian pulse and two narrow Gaussian pulses with the same pulse-width and amplitude peak. Within specific parameter range, FCC-compliant UWB with spectral power efficiency of higher than 39.9% can be achieved. In order to realize the designed waveform, a UWB generator based on spectral shaping and incoherent wavelength-to-time mapping is proposed. The spectral shaper is composed of a Gaussian filter and a programmable filter. Single-mode fiber functions as both dispersion device and transmission medium. Balanced photodetection is employed to combine linearly the broad Gaussian pulse and two narrow Gaussian pulses, and at same time to suppress pulse pedestals that result in low-frequency components. The proposed UWB generator can be reconfigured for UWB doublet by operating the programmable filter as a single-band Gaussian filter. The feasibility of proposed UWB generator is demonstrated experimentally. Measured UWB pulses match well with simulation results. FCC-compliant quadruplet with 10-dB bandwidth of 6.88-GHz, fractional bandwidth of 106.8% and power efficiency of 51% is achieved.

Multi-pulse operation of a dissipative soliton fibre laser based on nonlinear polarisation rotation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, H L; Wang, X L; Zhou, P

We report an experimental observation of multiple dissipative soliton (DS) operation states in an all-normal-dispersion passively mode-locked Yb-doped fibre laser, including DS bound and oscillating states. In the bound state, multiple DSs up to 11 can coexist in the cavity. In the oscillating state, the DSs' movements are not purely random and three typical states are generalised and illustrated. A single-pulse mode-locked state is established at a high pump power by carefully adjusting the polarisation controllers. The broad spectrum indicates that it may be noise-like pulses, which can serve as a pump to generate a supercontinuum. (control of laser radiationmore » parameters)« less

Investigation of ginkgo biloba leave extracts as corrosion and Oil field microorganism inhibitors

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae), originating from China, now distributes all over the world. Wide application of Ginkgo biloba extracts is determined by the main active substances, flavonoids and terpenoids, which indicates its extracts suitable to be used as an effective corrosion inhibitor. The extracts of Ginkgo biloba leave have been investigated on the corrosion inhibition of Q235A steel with weight loss and potentiodynamic polarisation techniques. The inhibition efficiency of the extracts varies with extract concentration. The extracts inhibit corrosion mainly by adsorption mechanism. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies show that extracts are mixed type inhibitors. The antibacterial activity of the extracts against oil field microorganism (SRB, IB and TGB) was also investigated. PMID:23651921

High efficiency Raman memory by suppressing radiation trapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, S. E.; Munns, J. H. D.; Kaczmarek, K. T.; Qiu, C.; Brecht, B.; Feizpour, A.; Ledingham, P. M.; Walmsley, I. A.; Nunn, J.; Saunders, D. J.

2017-06-01

Raman interactions in alkali vapours are used in applications such as atomic clocks, optical signal processing, generation of squeezed light and Raman quantum memories for temporal multiplexing. To achieve a strong interaction the alkali ensemble needs both a large optical depth and a high level of spin-polarisation. We implement a technique known as quenching using a molecular buffer gas which allows near-perfect spin-polarisation of over 99.5 % in caesium vapour at high optical depths of up to ˜ 2× {10}5; a factor of 4 higher than can be achieved without quenching. We use this system to explore efficient light storage with high gain in a GHz bandwidth Raman memory.

Competition between SFG and two SHGs in broadband type-I QPM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Weirui; Chen, Yuping; Gong, Mingjun; Chen, Xianfeng

2013-03-01

In this paper, we have studied the characteristics of second-order nonlinear interactions with band-overlapped type-I quasi-phase-matching (QPM) second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG), and predicted a blue-shift with a band-narrowing of their bands and a sunken response in the SFG curve, which are due to the phase-matching-dependent competition between band-overlapped SHG and SFG processes. This prediction is then verified by the experiment in an 18-mm-long bulk MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (MgO:PPLN) and may provide the candidate solution to output controlling for flexible broadcast wavelength conversion, channel-selective wavelength conversion and all-optical logic gates by cascaded QPM second-order nonlinear processes.

Kinetics of nickel electrodeposition from low electrolyte concentration and at a narrow interelectrode gap

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widayatno, Tri

2015-12-01

Electrodeposition of nickel onto copper in a system of low Ni2+ concentration and at a narrow interelectrode gap has been carried out. This electrochemical system was required for maskless pattern transfer through electroplating (Enface technique). Kinetics of Electrochemical reaction of Nickel is relatively slow, where such electrochemical system has never been used in this technology. Study on the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction of nickel in such system is essential due to the fact that the quality of an electrodeposited nickel is affected by kinetics. Analytical and graphical methods were utilised to determine kinetic parameters. The kinetic model was approximated by Butler-Volmer and j-η equation. Kinetic parameters such as exchange current density (j0) and charge transfer coefficient (α) were also graphically determined using the plot of η vs. log|j| known as Tafel plot. The polarisation data for an unstirred 0.19 M nickel sulfamate solution at 0.5 mV/s scan rate and RDE system was used. The results indicate that both methods are fairly accurate. For the analytical, the Tafel slope, the exchange current density, and charge transfer coefficient were found to be 149 mV/dec, 1.60 × 10-4 mA/cm2, and 0.39 respectively, whilst for the graphical method were 159 mV/dec, 3.16 × 10-4 mA/cm2, and 0.37. The kinetics parameters in this current study were also compared to those in literature. Significant differences were observed which might be due to the effect of composition and concentration of the electrolytes, operating temperature, and pH leading to the different reaction mechanism. However, the results obtained in this work are in the range of acceptable values. These kinetic parameters will then be used in further study of nickel deposition by modelling and simulation

Solid oxide fuel cell short stack performance testing - Part A: Experimental analysis and μ-combined heat and power unit comparison

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mastropasqua, L.; Campanari, S.; Brouwer, J.

2017-12-01

The need to experimentally understand the detailed performance of SOFC stacks under operating conditions typical of commercial SOFC systems has prompted this two-part study. The steady state performance of a 6-cell short stack of yttria (Y2O3) stabilised zirconia (YSZ) with Ni/YSZ anodes and composite Sr-doped lanthanum manganite (LaMnO3, LSM)/YSZ cathodes is experimentally evaluated. In Part A, the stack characterisation is carried out by means of sensitivity analyses on the fuel utilisation factor and the steam-to-carbon ratio. Electrical and environmental performances are assessed and the results are compared with a commercial full-scale micro-CHP system, which comprises the same cells. The results show that the measured temperature dynamics of the short stack in a test stand environment are on the order of many minutes; therefore, one cannot neglect temperature dynamics for a precise measurement of the steady state polarisation behaviour. The overall polarisation performance is comparable to that of the full stack employed in the micro-CHP system, confirming the good representation that short-stack analyses can give of the entire SOFC module. The environmental performance is measured verifying the negligible values of NO emissions (<10 ppb) across the whole polarisation curve.

Probing the W tb vertex structure in t-channel single-top-quark production and decay in pp collisions at √{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; AbouZeid, O. S.; Abraham, N. L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abreu, R.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B. S.; Adachi, S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, D. L.; Adelman, J.; Adomeit, S.; Adye, T.; Affolder, A. A.; Agatonovic-Jovin, T.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahmadov, F.; Aielli, G.; Akerstedt, H.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akimov, A. V.; Alberghi, G. L.; Albert, J.; Albrand, S.; Verzini, M. J. Alconada; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Ali, B.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Alkire, S. P.; Allbrooke, B. M. M.; Allen, B. W.; Allport, P. P.; Aloisio, A.; Alonso, A.; Alonso, F.; Alpigiani, C.; Alshehri, A. A.; Alstaty, M.; Gonzalez, B. Alvarez; Piqueras, D. Álvarez; Alviggi, M. G.; Amadio, B. T.; Coutinho, Y. Amaral; Amelung, C.; Amidei, D.; Santos, S. P. Amor Dos; Amorim, A.; Amoroso, S.; Amundsen, G.; Anastopoulos, C.; Ancu, L. S.; Andari, N.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anders, J. K.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Angelidakis, S.; Angelozzi, I.; Angerami, A.; Anghinolfi, F.; Anisenkov, A. V.; Anjos, N.; Annovi, A.; Antel, C.; Antonelli, M.; Antonov, A.; Antrim, D. J.; Anulli, F.; Aoki, M.; Bella, L. Aperio; Arabidze, G.; Arai, Y.; Araque, J. P.; Ferraz, V. Araujo; Arce, A. T. H.; Arduh, F. A.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, S.; Arik, M.; Armbruster, A. J.; Armitage, L. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnold, H.; Arratia, M.; Arslan, O.; Artamonov, A.; Artoni, G.; Artz, S.; Asai, S.; Asbah, N.; Ashkenazi, A.; Åsman, B.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astalos, R.; Atkinson, M.; Atlay, N. B.; Augsten, K.; Avolio, G.; Axen, B.; Ayoub, M. K.; Azuelos, G.; Baak, M. A.; Baas, A. E.; Baca, M. J.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Backhaus, M.; Bagiacchi, P.; Bagnaia, P.; Bai, Y.; Baines, J. T.; Bajic, M.; Baker, O. K.; Baldin, E. M.; Balek, P.; Balestri, T.; Balli, F.; Balunas, W. K.; Banas, E.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bannoura, A. A. E.; Barak, L.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Barillari, T.; Barisits, M.-S.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnes, S. L.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Barnovska-Blenessy, Z.; Baroncelli, A.; Barone, G.; Barr, A. J.; Navarro, L. Barranco; Barreiro, F.; da Costa, J. Barreiro Guimarães; Bartoldus, R.; Barton, A. E.; Bartos, P.; Basalaev, A.; Bassalat, A.; Bates, R. L.; Batista, S. J.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, M.; Bauce, M.; Bauer, F.; Bawa, H. S.; Beacham, J. B.; Beattie, M. D.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, H. P.; Becker, K.; Becker, M.; Beckingham, M.; Becot, C.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bedognetti, M.; Bee, C. P.; Beemster, L. J.; Beermann, T. A.; Begel, M.; Behr, J. K.; Bell, A. S.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellerive, A.; Bellomo, M.; Belotskiy, K.; Beltramello, O.; Belyaev, N. L.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bender, M.; Bendtz, K.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Noccioli, E. Benhar; Benitez, J.; Benjamin, D. P.; Bensinger, J. R.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beresford, L.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Kuutmann, E. Bergeaas; Berger, N.; Beringer, J.; Berlendis, S.; Bernard, N. R.; Bernius, C.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berry, T.; Berta, P.; Bertella, C.; Bertoli, G.; Bertolucci, F.; Bertram, I. A.; Bertsche, C.; Bertsche, D.; Besjes, G. J.; Bylund, O. Bessidskaia; Bessner, M.; Besson, N.; Betancourt, C.; Bethani, A.; Bethke, S.; Bevan, A. J.; Bianchi, R. M.; Bianco, M.; Biebel, O.; Biedermann, D.; Bielski, R.; Biesuz, N. V.; Biglietti, M.; De Mendizabal, J. Bilbao; Billoud, T. R. V.; Bilokon, H.; Bindi, M.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biondi, S.; Bisanz, T.; Bjergaard, D. M.; Black, C. W.; Black, J. E.; Black, K. M.; Blackburn, D.; Blair, R. E.; Blazek, T.; Bloch, I.; Blocker, C.; Blue, A.; Blum, W.; Blumenschein, U.; Blunier, S.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bobrovnikov, V. S.; Bocchetta, S. S.; Bocci, A.; Bock, C.; Boehler, M.; Boerner, D.; Bogaerts, J. A.; Bogavac, D.; Bogdanchikov, A. G.; Bohm, C.; Boisvert, V.; Bokan, P.; Bold, T.; Boldyrev, A. S.; Bomben, M.; Bona, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Bortfeldt, J.; Bortoletto, D.; Bortolotto, V.; Bos, K.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Sola, J. D. Bossio; Boudreau, J.; Bouffard, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boumediene, D.; Bourdarios, C.; Boutle, S. K.; Boveia, A.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bracinik, J.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Madden, W. D. Breaden; Brendlinger, K.; Brennan, A. J.; Brenner, L.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Bristow, T. M.; Britton, D.; Britzger, D.; Brochu, F. M.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, T.; Brooks, W. K.; Brosamer, J.; Brost, E.; Broughton, J. H.; de Renstrom, P. A. Bruckman; Bruncko, D.; Bruneliere, R.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Bruni, L. S.; Brunt, BH; Bruschi, M.; Bruscino, N.; Bryant, P.; Bryngemark, L.; Buanes, T.; Buat, Q.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Buehrer, F.; Bugge, M. K.; Bulekov, O.; Bullock, D.; Burckhart, H.; Burdin, S.; Burgard, C. D.; Burger, A. M.; Burghgrave, B.; Burka, K.; Burke, S.; Burmeister, I.; Burr, J. T. P.; Busato, E.; Büscher, D.; Büscher, V.; Bussey, P.; Butler, J. M.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Butti, P.; Buttinger, W.; Buzatu, A.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Urbán, S. Cabrera; Caforio, D.; Cairo, V. M.; Cakir, O.; Calace, N.; Calafiura, P.; Calandri, A.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Callea, G.; Caloba, L. P.; Lopez, S. Calvente; Calvet, D.; Calvet, S.; Calvet, T. P.; Toro, R. Camacho; Camarda, S.; Camarri, P.; Cameron, D.; Armadans, R. Caminal; Camincher, C.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Camplani, A.; Campoverde, A.; Canale, V.; Canepa, A.; Bret, M. Cano; Cantero, J.; Cao, T.; Garrido, M. D. M. Capeans; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Carbone, R. M.; Cardarelli, R.; Cardillo, F.; Carli, I.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carlson, B. T.; Carminati, L.; Carney, R. M. D.; Caron, S.; Carquin, E.; Carrillo-Montoya, G. D.; Carter, J. R.; Carvalho, J.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Casolino, M.; Casper, D. W.; Castaneda-Miranda, E.; Castelijn, R.; Castelli, A.; Gimenez, V. Castillo; Castro, N. F.; Catinaccio, A.; Catmore, J. R.; Cattai, A.; Caudron, J.; Cavaliere, V.; Cavallaro, E.; Cavalli, D.; Cavalli-Sforza, M.; Cavasinni, V.; Ceradini, F.; Alberich, L. Cerda; Cerqueira, A. S.; Cerri, A.; Cerrito, L.; Cerutti, F.; Cervelli, A.; Cetin, S. A.; Chafaq, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, S. K.; Chan, Y. L.; Chang, P.; Chapman, J. D.; Charlton, D. G.; Chatterjee, A.; Chau, C. C.; Barajas, C. A. Chavez; Che, S.; Cheatham, S.; Chegwidden, A.; Chekanov, S.; Chekulaev, S. V.; Chelkov, G. A.; Chelstowska, M. A.; Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, S.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H. C.; Cheng, H. J.; Cheng, Y.; Cheplakov, A.; Cheremushkina, E.; El Moursli, R. Cherkaoui; Chernyatin, V.; Cheu, E.; Chevalier, L.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarelli, G.; Chiodini, G.; Chisholm, A. S.; Chitan, A.; Chiu, Y. H.; Chizhov, M. V.; Choi, K.; Chomont, A. 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Villaplana; Vilucchi, E.; Vincter, M. G.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Vishwakarma, A.; Vittori, C.; Vivarelli, I.; Vlachos, S.; Vlasak, M.; Vogel, M.; Vokac, P.; Volpi, G.; Volpi, M.; von der Schmitt, H.; von Toerne, E.; Vorobel, V.; Vorobev, K.; Vos, M.; Voss, R.; Vossebeld, J. H.; Vranjes, N.; Milosavljevic, M. Vranjes; Vrba, V.; Vreeswijk, M.; Vuillermet, R.; Vukotic, I.; Wagner, P.; Wagner, W.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrmund, S.; Wakabayashi, J.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Walkowiak, W.; Wallangen, V.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, K.; Wang, Q.; Wang, R.; Wang, S. M.; Wang, T.; Wang, W.; Wanotayaroj, C.; Warburton, A.; Ward, C. P.; Wardrope, D. R.; Washbrook, A.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, M. F.; Watts, G.; Watts, S.; Waugh, B. M.; Webb, S.; Weber, M. S.; Weber, S. W.; Weber, S. A.; Webster, J. S.; Weidberg, A. R.; Weinert, B.; Weingarten, J.; Weiser, C.; Weits, H.; Wells, P. S.; Wenaus, T.; Wengler, T.; Wenig, S.; Wermes, N.; Werner, M. D.; Werner, P.; Wessels, M.; Wetter, J.; Whalen, K.; Whallon, N. L.; Wharton, A. M.; White, A.; White, M. J.; White, R.; Whiteson, D.; Wickens, F. J.; Wiedenmann, W.; Wielers, M.; Wiglesworth, C.; Wiik-Fuchs, L. A. M.; Wildauer, A.; Wilk, F.; Wilkens, H. G.; Williams, H. H.; Williams, S.; Willis, C.; Willocq, S.; Wilson, J. A.; Wingerter-Seez, I.; Winklmeier, F.; Winston, O. J.; Winter, B. T.; Wittgen, M.; Wobisch, M.; Wolf, T. M. H.; Wolff, R.; Wolter, M. W.; Wolters, H.; Worm, S. D.; Wosiek, B. K.; Wotschack, J.; Woudstra, M. J.; Wozniak, K. W.; Wu, M.; Wu, M.; Wu, S. L.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Wyatt, T. R.; Wynne, B. M.; Xella, S.; Xi, Z.; Xu, D.; Xu, L.; Yabsley, B.; Yacoob, S.; Yamaguchi, D.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamanaka, T.; Yamauchi, K.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, H.; Yang, H.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yao, W.-M.; Yap, Y. C.; Yasu, Y.; Yatsenko, E.; Wong, K. H. Yau; Ye, J.; Ye, S.; Yeletskikh, I.; Yildirim, E.; Yorita, K.; Yoshida, R.; Yoshihara, K.; Young, C.; Young, C. J. S.; Youssef, S.; Yu, D. R.; Yu, J.; Yu, J. M.; Yu, J.; Yuan, L.; Yuen, S. P. Y.; Yusuff, I.; Zabinski, B.; Zacharis, G.; Zaidan, R.; Zaitsev, A. M.; Zakharchuk, N.; Zalieckas, J.; Zaman, A.; Zambito, S.; Zanzi, D.; Zeitnitz, C.; Zeman, M.; Zemla, A.; Zeng, J. C.; Zeng, Q.; Zenin, O.; Ženiš, T.; Zerwas, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zhong, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, N.; Zhu, C. G.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhukov, K.; Zibell, A.; Zieminska, D.; Zimine, N. I.; Zimmermann, C.; Zimmermann, S.; Zinonos, Z.; Zinser, M.; Ziolkowski, M.; Živković, L.; Zobernig, G.; Zoccoli, A.; zur Nedden, M.; Zwalinski, L.

2017-04-01

To probe the W tb vertex structure, top-quark and W -boson polarisation observables are measured from t-channel single-top-quark events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb-1, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two jets, with one of them identified as likely to contain a b-hadron. Stringent selection requirements are applied to discriminate t-channel single-top-quark events from background. The polarisation observables are extracted from asymmetries in angular distributions measured with respect to spin quantisation axes appropriately chosen for the top quark and the W boson. The asymmetry measurements are performed at parton level by correcting the observed angular distributions for detector effects and hadronisation after subtracting the background contributions. The measured top-quark and W -boson polarisation values are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. Limits on the imaginary part of the anomalous coupling g R are also set from model-independent measurements. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Probing the W tb vertex structure in t-channel single-top-quark production and decay in pp collisions at $$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.

To probe the W tb vertex structure, top-quark and W -boson polarisation observables are measured from t-channel single-top-quark events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb –1, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two jets, with one of them identified as likely to contain a b-hadron. Stringent selection requirements are applied to discriminate t-channel single-top-quark events from background. The polarisation observables are extracted from asymmetries in angular distributions measured withmore » respect to spin quantisation axes appropriately chosen for the top quark and the W boson. The asymmetry measurements are performed at parton level by correcting the observed angular distributions for detector effects and hadronisation after subtracting the background contributions. Here, the measured top-quark and W -boson polarisation values are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. Limits on the imaginary part of the anomalous coupling g R are also set from model-independent measurements.« less

Tailoring the electrode-electrolyte interface of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) by laser micro-patterning to improve their electrochemical performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cebollero, J. A.; Lahoz, R.; Laguna-Bercero, M. A.; Larrea, A.

2017-08-01

Cathode activation polarisation is one of the main contributions to the losses of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. To reduce this loss we use a pulsed laser to modify the surface of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes to make a corrugated micro-patterning in the mesoscale. The beam of the laser source, 5 ns pulse width and emitting at λ = 532 nm (green region), is computer-controlled to engrave the selected micro-pattern on the electrolyte surface. Several laser scanning procedures and geometries have been tested. Finally, we engrave a square array with 28 μm of lattice parameter and 7 μm in depth on YSZ plates. With these plates we prepare LSM-YSZ/YSZ/LSM-YSZ symmetrical cells (LSM: La1-xSrxMnO3) and determine their activation polarisation by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). To get good electrode-electrolyte contact after sintering it is necessary to use pressure-assisted sintering with low loads (about 5 kPa), which do not modify the electrode microstructure. The decrease in polarisation with respect to an unprocessed cell is about 30%. EIS analysis confirms that the reason for this decrease is an improvement in the activation processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface.

Probing the W tb vertex structure in t-channel single-top-quark production and decay in pp collisions at $$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE PAGES

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; ...

2017-04-20

To probe the W tb vertex structure, top-quark and W -boson polarisation observables are measured from t-channel single-top-quark events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb –1, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two jets, with one of them identified as likely to contain a b-hadron. Stringent selection requirements are applied to discriminate t-channel single-top-quark events from background. The polarisation observables are extracted from asymmetries in angular distributions measured withmore » respect to spin quantisation axes appropriately chosen for the top quark and the W boson. The asymmetry measurements are performed at parton level by correcting the observed angular distributions for detector effects and hadronisation after subtracting the background contributions. Here, the measured top-quark and W -boson polarisation values are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. Limits on the imaginary part of the anomalous coupling g R are also set from model-independent measurements.« less

Quantification of the degradation of Ni-YSZ anodes upon redox cycling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Bowen; Ruiz-Trejo, Enrique; Bertei, Antonio; Brandon, Nigel P.

2018-01-01

Ni-YSZ anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells are vulnerable to microstructural damage during redox cycling leading to a decrease in the electrochemical performance. This study quantifies the microstructural changes as a function of redox cycles at 800 °C and associates it to the deterioration of the mechanical properties and polarisation resistance. A physically-based model is used to estimate the triple-phase boundary (TPB) length from impedance spectra, and satisfactorily matches the TPB length quantified by FIB-SEM tomography: within 20 redox cycles, the TPB density decreases from 4.63 μm-2 to 1.06 μm-2. Although the polarisation resistance increases by an order of magnitude after 20 cycles, after each re-reduction the electrode polarisation improves consistently due to the transient generation of Ni nanoparticles around the TPBs. Nonetheless, the long-term degradation overshadows this transient improvement due to the nickel agglomeration. In addition, FIB-SEM tomography reveals fractures along YSZ grain boundaries, Ni-YSZ detachment and increased porosity in the composite that lead to irreversible mechanical damage: the elastic modulus diminishes from 36.4 GPa to 20.2 GPa and the hardness from 0.40 GPa to 0.15 GPa. These results suggest that microstructural, mechanical and electrochemical properties are strongly interdependent in determining the degradation caused by redox cycling.

A Spin-Canted Antiferromagnetic Ground State in CeRu2Al10

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dean, Philip; Muro, Yuji; Takabatake, Toshiro; Hatton, Peter D.

2018-01-01

Resonant polarised soft x-ray scattering at the cerium M-edge has been used to refine the magnetic structure of CeRu2Al10. A strong resonant feature at the cerium MIV-edge was observed at the disallowed (0,1,0) Bragg position, consistent with previous neutron diffraction refinement of the moment pointing along the c-axis. The magnetic peak was found to have a temperature dependence expected for the paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition, disappearing above around 30 K. The polarisation dependence of the scattered x-rays conclusively shows that the low-temperature antiferromagnetic structure is non-collinear in nature. Fitting the polarisation dependence of the obtained Stokes parameters was undertaken with models for canting along either the a-axis or the b-axis. The experimental data agrees better with the model involving canting towards the a-axis. However, this is inconsistent with the Cmcm space group, suggestive of a symmetry lowering to either Pmnm or Cm2m. The resulting model is then achieved with a 9.6° ± 1.1 canting of the moments towards the a-axis. No resonance features were observed at the ruthenium L-edges. This suggests that the ruthenium atoms play no part in the antiferromagnetic ordering.

Auger Up-Conversion of Low-Intensity Infrared Light in Engineered Quantum Dots

DOE PAGES

Makarov, Nikolay S.; Lin, Qianglu; Pietryga, Jeffrey M.; ...

2016-11-29

One source of efficiency losses in photovoltaic cells is their transparency toward solar photons with energies below the band gap of the absorbing layer. This loss can be reduced using a process of up-conversion whereby two or more sub-band-gap photons generate a single above-gap exciton. Traditional approaches to up-conversion, such as nonlinear two-photon absorption (2PA) or triplet fusion, suffer from low efficiency at solar light intensities, a narrow absorption bandwidth, nonoptimal absorption energies, and difficulties for implementing in practical devices. We show that these deficiencies can be alleviated using the effect of Auger up-conversion in thick-shell PbSe/CdSe quantum dots. Thismore » process relies on Auger recombination whereby two low-energy, core-based excitons are converted into a single higher-energy, shell-based exciton. When compared to their monocomponent counterparts, the tailored PbSe/CdSe heterostructures feature enhanced absorption cross-sections, a higher efficiency of the “productive” Auger pathway involving re-excitation of a hole, and longer lifetimes of both core- and shell-localized excitons. These features lead to effective up-conversion cross-sections that are more than 6 orders of magnitude higher than for standard nonlinear 2PA, which allows for efficient up-conversion of continuous wave infrared light at intensities as low as a few watts per square centimeter.« less

Conversion of calibration curves for accurate estimation of molecular weight averages and distributions of polyether polyols by conventional size exclusion chromatography.

PubMed

Xu, Xiuqing; Yang, Xiuhan; Martin, Steven J; Mes, Edwin; Chen, Junlan; Meunier, David M

2018-08-17

Accurate measurement of molecular weight averages (M¯ n, M¯ w, M¯ z ) and molecular weight distributions (MWD) of polyether polyols by conventional SEC (size exclusion chromatography) is not as straightforward as it would appear. Conventional calibration with polystyrene (PS) standards can only provide PS apparent molecular weights which do not provide accurate estimates of polyol molecular weights. Using polyethylene oxide/polyethylene glycol (PEO/PEG) for molecular weight calibration could improve the accuracy, but the retention behavior of PEO/PEG is not stable in THF-based (tetrahydrofuran) SEC systems. In this work, two approaches for calibration curve conversion with narrow PS and polyol molecular weight standards were developed. Equations to convert PS-apparent molecular weight to polyol-apparent molecular weight were developed using both a rigorous mathematical analysis and graphical plot regression method. The conversion equations obtained by the two approaches were in good agreement. Factors influencing the conversion equation were investigated. It was concluded that the separation conditions such as column batch and operating temperature did not have significant impact on the conversion coefficients and a universal conversion equation could be obtained. With this conversion equation, more accurate estimates of molecular weight averages and MWDs for polyether polyols can be achieved from conventional PS-THF SEC calibration. Moreover, no additional experimentation is required to convert historical PS equivalent data to reasonably accurate molecular weight results. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Analysis of the Wtb vertex from the measurement of triple-differential angular decay rates of single top quarks produced in the t-channel at √{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; Abidi, S. H.; AbouZeid, O. S.; Abraham, N. L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abreu, R.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B. S.; Adachi, S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adelman, J.; Adersberger, M.; Adye, T.; Affolder, A. A.; Agatonovic-Jovin, T.; Agheorghiesei, C.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahmadov, F.; Aielli, G.; Akatsuka, S.; Akerstedt, H.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akilli, E.; Akimov, A. V.; Alberghi, G. L.; Albert, J.; Albicocco, P.; Alconada Verzini, M. J.; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Ali, B.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Alkire, S. P.; Allbrooke, B. M. M.; Allen, B. W.; Allport, P. P.; Aloisio, A.; Alonso, A.; Alonso, F.; Alpigiani, C.; Alshehri, A. A.; Alstaty, M. I.; Alvarez Gonzalez, B.; Álvarez Piqueras, D.; Alviggi, M. G.; Amadio, B. T.; Amaral Coutinho, Y.; Amelung, C.; Amidei, D.; Amor Dos Santos, S. P.; Amorim, A.; Amoroso, S.; Amundsen, G.; Anastopoulos, C.; Ancu, L. S.; Andari, N.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anders, J. K.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Angelidakis, S.; Angelozzi, I.; Angerami, A.; Anisenkov, A. V.; Anjos, N.; Annovi, A.; Antel, C.; Antonelli, M.; Antonov, A.; Antrim, D. J.; Anulli, F.; Aoki, M.; Aperio Bella, L.; Arabidze, G.; Arai, Y.; Araque, J. P.; Araujo Ferraz, V.; Arce, A. T. H.; Ardell, R. E.; Arduh, F. A.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, S.; Arik, M.; Armbruster, A. J.; Armitage, L. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnold, H.; Arratia, M.; Arslan, O.; Artamonov, A.; Artoni, G.; Artz, S.; Asai, S.; Asbah, N.; Ashkenazi, A.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astalos, R.; Atkinson, M.; Atlay, N. B.; Augsten, K.; Avolio, G.; Axen, B.; Ayoub, M. K.; Azuelos, G.; Baas, A. E.; Baca, M. J.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Backhaus, M.; Bagnaia, P.; Bahrasemani, H.; Baines, J. T.; Bajic, M.; Baker, O. K.; Baldin, E. M.; Balek, P.; Balli, F.; Balunas, W. K.; Banas, E.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bannoura, A. A. E.; Barak, L.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Barillari, T.; Barisits, M.-S.; Barkeloo, J. T.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnes, S. L.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Barnovska-Blenessy, Z.; Baroncelli, A.; Barone, G.; Barr, A. J.; Barranco Navarro, L.; Barreiro, F.; Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, J.; Bartoldus, R.; Barton, A. E.; Bartos, P.; Basalaev, A.; Bassalat, A.; Bates, R. L.; Batista, S. J.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, M.; Bauce, M.; Bauer, F.; Bawa, H. S.; Beacham, J. B.; Beattie, M. D.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, H. P.; Becker, K.; Becker, M.; Beckingham, M.; Becot, C.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bedognetti, M.; Bee, C. P.; Beermann, T. A.; Begalli, M.; Begel, M.; Behr, J. K.; Bell, A. S.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellerive, A.; Bellomo, M.; Belotskiy, K.; Beltramello, O.; Belyaev, N. L.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bender, M.; Bendtz, K.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Benhar Noccioli, E.; Benitez, J.; Benjamin, D. P.; Benoit, M.; Bensinger, J. R.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beresford, L.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Bergeaas Kuutmann, E.; Berger, N.; Beringer, J.; Berlendis, S.; Bernard, N. R.; Bernardi, G.; Bernius, C.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berry, T.; Berta, P.; Bertella, C.; Bertoli, G.; Bertolucci, F.; Bertram, I. A.; Bertsche, C.; Bertsche, D.; Besjes, G. J.; Bessidskaia Bylund, O.; Bessner, M.; Besson, N.; Betancourt, C.; Bethani, A.; Bethke, S.; Bevan, A. J.; Beyer, J.; Bianchi, R. M.; Biebel, O.; Biedermann, D.; Bielski, R.; Biesuz, N. V.; Biglietti, M.; Bilbao De Mendizabal, J.; Billoud, T. R. V.; Bilokon, H.; Bindi, M.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biondi, S.; Bisanz, T.; Bittrich, C.; Bjergaard, D. M.; Black, C. W.; Black, J. E.; Black, K. M.; Blair, R. E.; Blazek, T.; Bloch, I.; Blocker, C.; Blue, A.; Blum, W.; Blumenschein, U.; Blunier, S.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bobrovnikov, V. S.; Bocchetta, S. S.; Bocci, A.; Bock, C.; Boehler, M.; Boerner, D.; Bogavac, D.; Bogdanchikov, A. G.; Bohm, C.; Boisvert, V.; Bokan, P.; Bold, T.; Boldyrev, A. S.; Bolz, A. E.; Bomben, M.; Bona, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Bortfeldt, J.; Bortoletto, D.; Bortolotto, V.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Bossio Sola, J. D.; Boudreau, J.; Bouffard, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boumediene, D.; Bourdarios, C.; Boutle, S. K.; Boveia, A.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bracinik, J.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Breaden Madden, W. D.; Brendlinger, K.; Brennan, A. J.; Brenner, L.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Briglin, D. L.; Bristow, T. M.; Britton, D.; Britzger, D.; Brochu, F. M.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, T.; Brooks, W. K.; Brosamer, J.; Brost, E.; Broughton, J. H.; Bruckman de Renstrom, P. A.; Bruncko, D.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Bruni, L. S.; Brunt, BH; Bruschi, M.; Bruscino, N.; Bryant, P.; Bryngemark, L.; Buanes, T.; Buat, Q.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Buehrer, F.; Bugge, M. K.; Bulekov, O.; Bullock, D.; Burch, T. J.; Burckhart, H.; Burdin, S.; Burgard, C. D.; Burger, A. M.; Burghgrave, B.; Burka, K.; Burke, S.; Burmeister, I.; Burr, J. T. P.; Busato, E.; Büscher, D.; Büscher, V.; Bussey, P.; Butler, J. M.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Butti, P.; Buttinger, W.; Buzatu, A.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Cabrera Urbán, S.; Caforio, D.; Cairo, V. M.; Cakir, O.; Calace, N.; Calafiura, P.; Calandri, A.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Callea, G.; Caloba, L. P.; Calvente Lopez, S.; Calvet, D.; Calvet, S.; Calvet, T. P.; Camacho Toro, R.; Camarda, S.; Camarri, P.; Cameron, D.; Caminal Armadans, R.; Camincher, C.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Camplani, A.; Campoverde, A.; Canale, V.; Cano Bret, M.; Cantero, J.; Cao, T.; Capeans Garrido, M. D. M.; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Carbone, R. M.; Cardarelli, R.; Cardillo, F.; Carli, I.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carlson, B. T.; Carminati, L.; Carney, R. M. D.; Caron, S.; Carquin, E.; Carrá, S.; Carrillo-Montoya, G. D.; Carvalho, J.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Casolino, M.; Casper, D. W.; Castelijn, R.; Castillo Gimenez, V.; Castro, N. F.; Catinaccio, A.; Catmore, J. R.; Cattai, A.; Caudron, J.; Cavaliere, V.; Cavallaro, E.; Cavalli, D.; Cavalli-Sforza, M.; Cavasinni, V.; Celebi, E.; Ceradini, F.; Cerda Alberich, L.; Cerqueira, A. S.; Cerri, A.; Cerrito, L.; Cerutti, F.; Cervelli, A.; Cetin, S. A.; Chafaq, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, S. K.; Chan, W. S.; Chan, Y. L.; Chang, P.; Chapman, J. D.; Charlton, D. G.; Chau, C. C.; Chavez Barajas, C. A.; Che, S.; Cheatham, S.; Chegwidden, A.; Chekanov, S.; Chekulaev, S. V.; Chelkov, G. A.; Chelstowska, M. A.; Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, S.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H. C.; Cheng, H. J.; Cheplakov, A.; Cheremushkina, E.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Chernyatin, V.; Cheu, E.; Cheung, K.; Chevalier, L.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarelli, G.; Chiodini, G.; Chisholm, A. S.; Chitan, A.; Chiu, Y. H.; Chizhov, M. V.; Choi, K.; Chomont, A. R.; Chouridou, S.; Christodoulou, V.; Chromek-Burckhart, D.; Chu, M. C.; Chudoba, J.; Chuinard, A. J.; Chwastowski, J. J.; Chytka, L.; Ciftci, A. K.; Cinca, D.; Cindro, V.; Cioara, I. A.; Ciocca, C.; Ciocio, A.; Cirotto, F.; Citron, Z. H.; Citterio, M.; Ciubancan, M.; Clark, A.; Clark, B. L.; Clark, M. R.; Clark, P. J.; Clarke, R. N.; Clement, C.; Coadou, Y.; Cobal, M.; Coccaro, A.; Cochran, J.; Colasurdo, L.; Cole, B.; Colijn, A. P.; Collot, J.; Colombo, T.; Conde Muiño, P.; Coniavitis, E.; Connell, S. H.; Connelly, I. A.; Constantinescu, S.; Conti, G.; Conventi, F.; Cooke, M.; Cooper-Sarkar, A. M.; Cormier, F.; Cormier, K. J. R.; Corradi, M.; Corriveau, F.; Cortes-Gonzalez, A.; Cortiana, G.; Costa, G.; Costa, M. J.; Costanzo, D.; Cottin, G.; Cowan, G.; Cox, B. E.; Cranmer, K.; Crawley, S. J.; Creager, R. A.; Cree, G.; Crépé-Renaudin, S.; Crescioli, F.; Cribbs, W. A.; Cristinziani, M.; Croft, V.; Crosetti, G.; Cueto, A.; Cuhadar Donszelmann, T.; Cukierman, A. R.; Cummings, J.; Curatolo, M.; Cúth, J.; Czirr, H.; Czodrowski, P.; D'amen, G.; D'Auria, S.; D'eramo, L.; D'Onofrio, M.; Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, M. J.; Da Via, C.; Dabrowski, W.; Dado, T.; Dai, T.; Dale, O.; Dallaire, F.; Dallapiccola, C.; Dam, M.; Dandoy, J. R.; Daneri, M. F.; Dang, N. P.; Daniells, A. C.; Dann, N. S.; Danninger, M.; Dano Hoffmann, M.; Dao, V.; Darbo, G.; Darmora, S.; Dassoulas, J.; Dattagupta, A.; Daubney, T.; Davey, W.; David, C.; Davidek, T.; Davies, M.; Davis, D. R.; Davison, P.; Dawe, E.; Dawson, I.; De, K.; de Asmundis, R.; De Benedetti, A.; De Castro, S.; De Cecco, S.; De Groot, N.; de Jong, P.; De la Torre, H.; De Lorenzi, F.; De Maria, A.; De Pedis, D.; De Salvo, A.; De Sanctis, U.; De Santo, A.; De Vasconcelos Corga, K.; De Vivie De Regie, J. B.; Dearnaley, W. J.; Debbe, R.; Debenedetti, C.; Dedovich, D. V.; Dehghanian, N.; Deigaard, I.; Del Gaudio, M.; Del Peso, J.; Del Prete, T.; Delgove, D.; Deliot, F.; Delitzsch, C. M.; Dell'Acqua, A.; Dell'Asta, L.; Dell'Orso, M.; Della Pietra, M.; della Volpe, D.; Delmastro, M.; Delporte, C.; Delsart, P. A.; DeMarco, D. A.; Demers, S.; Demichev, M.; Demilly, A.; Denisov, S. P.; Denysiuk, D.; Derendarz, D.; Derkaoui, J. E.; Derue, F.; Dervan, P.; Desch, K.; Deterre, C.; Dette, K.; Devesa, M. R.; Deviveiros, P. O.; Dewhurst, A.; Dhaliwal, S.; Di Bello, F. A.; Di Ciaccio, A.; Di Ciaccio, L.; Di Clemente, W. 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2017-12-01

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks in the t-channel is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. An analysis of a triple-differential decay rate in t-channel production is used to simultaneously determine five generalised helicity fractions and phases, as well as the polarisation of the produced top quark. The complex parameters are then constrained. This analysis is based on 20.2 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fraction of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be f 1 = 0.30 ± 0.05. The phase between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b-quarks is measured to be δ - = 0.002 π + 0.017 π + 0.016 π , giving no indication of CP violation. The fractions of longitudinal or transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained. Based on these measurements, limits are placed at 95% CL on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters Re [ g R/V L ∈ [-0.12, 0.17] and Im [ g R/VL ∈ [-0.07, 0.06]. Constraints are also placed on the ratios | V R/ V L| and | g L/ V L|. In addition, the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0.72 (95% CL). None of the above measurements make assumptions about the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Analysis of the Wtb vertex from the measurement of triple-differential angular decay rates of single top quarks produced in the t-channel at s=8$$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE PAGES

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; ...

2017-12-04

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks in the t-channel is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. We use an analysis of a triple-differential decay rate in t-channel production to simultaneously determine five generalised helicity fractions and phases, as well as the polarisation of the produced top quark. The complex parameters are then constrained. This analysis is based on 20.2 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fractionmore » of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be f 1 = 0.30 ± 0.05. The phase between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b-quarks is measured to be δ -= 0.002π + 0.017π + 0.016π , giving no indication of CP violation. The fractions of longitudinal or transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained. Based on these measurements, limits are placed at 95% CL on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters Re [g R/V L ϵ [-0.12, 0.17] and Im [g R/V L ϵ [-0.07, 0.06]. Constraints are also placed on the ratios |V R/V L| and |g L/V L|. Additionally, the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0.72 (95% CL). None of the above measurements make assumptions about the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model.« less

Analysis of the Wtb vertex from the measurement of triple-differential angular decay rates of single top quarks produced in the t-channel at $$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE PAGES

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; ...

2017-12-04

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks in the t-channel is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. We use an analysis of a triple-differential decay rate in t-channel production to simultaneously determine five generalised helicity fractions and phases, as well as the polarisation of the produced top quark. The complex parameters are then constrained. This analysis is based on 20.2 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fractionmore » of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be f 1 = 0.30 ± 0.05. The phase between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b-quarks is measured to be δ -= 0.002π + 0.017π + 0.016π , giving no indication of CP violation. The fractions of longitudinal or transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained. Based on these measurements, limits are placed at 95% CL on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters Re [g R/V L ϵ [-0.12, 0.17] and Im [g R/V L ϵ [-0.07, 0.06]. Constraints are also placed on the ratios |V R/V L| and |g L/V L|. Additionally, the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0.72 (95% CL). None of the above measurements make assumptions about the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model.« less

Analysis of the Wtb vertex from the measurement of triple-differential angular decay rates of single top quarks produced in the t-channel at s=8$$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks in the t-channel is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. We use an analysis of a triple-differential decay rate in t-channel production to simultaneously determine five generalised helicity fractions and phases, as well as the polarisation of the produced top quark. The complex parameters are then constrained. This analysis is based on 20.2 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fractionmore » of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be f 1 = 0.30 ± 0.05. The phase between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b-quarks is measured to be δ -= 0.002π + 0.017π + 0.016π , giving no indication of CP violation. The fractions of longitudinal or transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained. Based on these measurements, limits are placed at 95% CL on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters Re [g R/V L ϵ [-0.12, 0.17] and Im [g R/V L ϵ [-0.07, 0.06]. Constraints are also placed on the ratios |V R/V L| and |g L/V L|. Additionally, the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0.72 (95% CL). None of the above measurements make assumptions about the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model.« less

First Measurement of the E Double-polarization Observable for the γη to Κ +Σ - with CLAS & a New Forward Tagger Hodoscope for CLAS12

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fleming, Jamie

Establishing the excitation spectrum of the nucleon would be a key advance to further our understanding of nucleon structure and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Recent theoretical advances allow predictions of the excitation spectrum of the nucleon and other nucleon properties directly from QCD in the nonperturbative regime, via numerical methods (such as Lattice QCD), complementing existing constituent quark models. There is an ongoing world programme in meson photoproduction from the nucleon, which has already led to a number of nucleon resonances being discovered and established. This advance has largely been made possible by the first accurate measurement of polarisation observables. Availablemore » data has been obtained for proton targets, whereas for a complete picture of meson photoproduction, data from the neutron must also be obtained. This is important, as nucleon resonances can have very different photo-couplings to the proton and neutron. This thesis presents the rst measurement of the E double-polarisation observable for the exclusive γη -> Κ +Σ - reaction using a polarised hydrogendeuterium target from the g14 run period at CLAS. Circularly polarised photons of energies between 1:1 and 2:3 GeV were used, with results shown in 200 MeV bins in E and bins of 0:4 in cosθ C.M./ Κ+ . Further to this, CLAS has undergone a detector upgrade in order to facilitate electrons of up to 12 GeV from Jefferson Lab's upgraded accelerator. Essential to this, is a new system for tagging quasi-real photons by detecting electrons scattered at very small angles. My work includes signi cant contributions to the design, realisation and construction of a hodoscope for this forward photon tagging apparatus. Presented in this thesis is a comprehensive overview of my work in developing and constructing the scintillating hodoscope for the CLAS12 Forward Tagger.« less

Analysis of the Wtb vertex from the measurement of triple-differential angular decay rates of single top quarks produced in the t-channel at $$ \\sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks in the t-channel is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. We use an analysis of a triple-differential decay rate in t-channel production to simultaneously determine five generalised helicity fractions and phases, as well as the polarisation of the produced top quark. The complex parameters are then constrained. This analysis is based on 20.2 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fractionmore » of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be f 1 = 0.30 ± 0.05. The phase between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b-quarks is measured to be δ -= 0.002π + 0.017π + 0.016π , giving no indication of CP violation. The fractions of longitudinal or transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained. Based on these measurements, limits are placed at 95% CL on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters Re [g R/V L ϵ [-0.12, 0.17] and Im [g R/V L ϵ [-0.07, 0.06]. Constraints are also placed on the ratios |V R/V L| and |g L/V L|. Additionally, the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0.72 (95% CL). None of the above measurements make assumptions about the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makarov, Nikolay S.; Lin, Qianglu; Pietryga, Jeffrey M.

One source of efficiency losses in photovoltaic cells is their transparency toward solar photons with energies below the band gap of the absorbing layer. This loss can be reduced using a process of up-conversion whereby two or more sub-band-gap photons generate a single above-gap exciton. Traditional approaches to up-conversion, such as nonlinear two-photon absorption (2PA) or triplet fusion, suffer from low efficiency at solar light intensities, a narrow absorption bandwidth, nonoptimal absorption energies, and difficulties for implementing in practical devices. We show that these deficiencies can be alleviated using the effect of Auger up-conversion in thick-shell PbSe/CdSe quantum dots. Thismore » process relies on Auger recombination whereby two low-energy, core-based excitons are converted into a single higher-energy, shell-based exciton. When compared to their monocomponent counterparts, the tailored PbSe/CdSe heterostructures feature enhanced absorption cross-sections, a higher efficiency of the “productive” Auger pathway involving re-excitation of a hole, and longer lifetimes of both core- and shell-localized excitons. These features lead to effective up-conversion cross-sections that are more than 6 orders of magnitude higher than for standard nonlinear 2PA, which allows for efficient up-conversion of continuous wave infrared light at intensities as low as a few watts per square centimeter.« less

Stabilisation de l'etat de polarisation d'un laser par la conception et fabrication d'un miroir polarisant fait de couches minces nanostructurees

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doucet, Alexandre

Ce manuscrit presente la conception et la fabrication d'un miroir polarisant fabrique avec la methode de deposition par incidence oblique communement appelee en anglais GLAD (GLancing Angle Deposition). Cette methode de deposition par GLAD permet de changer la nanostructure des revetements avec l'inclinaison et la rotation du substrat par rapport au flux de materiau evapore. Ceci nous permet d'ajuster l'indice de refraction et d'obtenir des revetements birefringents avec un materiau intrinsequement isotrope. Puisque l'indice de refraction peut etre change, les miroirs sont fabriques avec un seul materiau contrairement aux methodes usuelles qui necessite deux materiaux. Les proprietes optiques des echantillons sont mesurees avec l'aide de l'ellipsometrie. Des images avec un microscope electronique a balayage par transmission permettent de verifier Ia structure des revetements deposes. Les miroirs sont utilises comme coupleurs de sortie du resonateur d'un laser avec un milieu actif d'(Yb3+0.1 Y 0.9)3Al5O12, ou plus simplement Yb: YAG, pompe optiquement avec une diode laser. Ces cristaux presentent des proprietes optiques interessantes pour leur utilisation comme milieu actif, mais avec une structure cristalline cubique, ils donnent lieu a des faisceaux polarises aleatoirement. Les miroirs que nous fabriquons permettent d'obtenir une emission polarisee lineairement sans avoir a ajouter d'autres elements au resonateur. Les tests sont faits en regime continu et pulse avec un absorbant saturable de Cr : Y AG. Deux materiaux sont etudies, soit le WO3 et le TiO2, et ils nous permettent d'obtenir une emission polarisee lineairement dans le mode TEM 00 avec un rapport d'extinction de 1000 (30 dB), mais seuls les miroirs de TiO2 permettent une emission pulsee periodique avec une densite de puissance crete pres de 700+/-80 MW/cm2. En etudiant le rapport d'extinction en fonction du temps de pompage, nous remarquons que l'etat de polarisation est beaucoup plus stable que celui obtenu avec un miroir isotrope. Des mesures du spectre d'emission avec un spectrometre de haute resolution permettent de constater le caractere multimode longitudinal en regime continu et une emission monomode longitudinale en regime pulse. None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None

Characterisation of slope directional resonance by analysing ambient noise instantaneous polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Del Gaudio, Vincenzo; Wasowski, Janusz

2014-05-01

Several studies have shown that the dynamic response of landslide prone slopes to seismic shaking can play an important role in failure triggering during earthquakes. It was also demonstrated that slope seismic response is often characterised by directional resonance phenomena. Directivity can be revealed by the analysis of ambient noise recordings according to a technique known as HVNR method based on the analysis of azimuthal variation of spectral ratios between the spectral amplitude of horizontal H and vertical V component of noise recording. Directional resonance is then revealed by the presence of a preferential polarisation of H/V ratio peaks, whose frequencies correspond to resonance frequencies and whose amplitudes depend on the impedance contrast between surface material and bedrock. H/V ratio amplitudes can potentially provide information also on amplification factors. However, the relation is not straightforward depending on the nature of the waves contributing to the ambient noise. Thus, it is desirable to distinguish different kinds of noise wave packets, possibly isolating the contribution of Rayleigh waves, which appear to better reflect site response properties. To identify Rayleigh wave packets in noise recording a new approach was tested, based on a technique of analysis of instantaneous polarisation. The results are promising for the investigation of site response directional properties, particularly in the case of complex site conditions, where resonance can be characterised by multiple anisotropic peaks. In our preliminary tests of noise recordings carried out at a site located on a slope affected by landslides, only a small fraction of data samples (in the order of 1 %) were identified as Rayleigh type waves: this was likely due the fact that the noise recording was dominated by an overlapping of signals with different kinds of polarisation. Thus, it was possible to recognise Rayleigh polarisation only when the energy of this kind of wave was prevalent. However, from a relatively short noise recording (in the order of 30-45 minutes) one can obtain a high number (in the order of thousands) of estimates of H/V amplitude and azimuth, providing a robust statistics to recognise ground vibration properties reflecting site response. The tests on sites where directional resonance properties had been verified through the analysis of seismic event recordings, showed that more coherent observations can be obtained for H/V ratios and directivity estimates by selecting Rayleigh type data samples, rather than analysing the entire data set or SH-type wave packets.This offers the possibility of reducing the uncertainties in data interpretation related to the influence of the nature of the noise wavefield.

Integrating a dual-silicon photoelectrochemical cell into a redox flow battery for unassisted photocharging

PubMed Central

Liao, Shichao; Zong, Xu; Seger, Brian; Pedersen, Thomas; Yao, Tingting; Ding, Chunmei; Shi, Jingying; Chen, Jian; Li, Can

2016-01-01

Solar rechargeable flow cells (SRFCs) provide an attractive approach for in situ capture and storage of intermittent solar energy via photoelectrochemical regeneration of discharged redox species for electricity generation. However, overall SFRC performance is restricted by inefficient photoelectrochemical reactions. Here we report an efficient SRFC based on a dual-silicon photoelectrochemical cell and a quinone/bromine redox flow battery for in situ solar energy conversion and storage. Using narrow bandgap silicon for efficient photon collection and fast redox couples for rapid interface charge injection, our device shows an optimal solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of ∼5.9% and an overall photon–chemical–electricity energy conversion efficiency of ∼3.2%, which, to our knowledge, outperforms previously reported SRFCs. The proposed SRFC can be self-photocharged to 0.8 V and delivers a discharge capacity of 730 mAh l−1. Our work may guide future designs for highly efficient solar rechargeable devices. PMID:27142885

A Library of Selenourea Precursors to PbSe Nanocrystals with Size Distributions near the Homogeneous Limit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campos, Michael P.; Hendricks, Mark P.; Beecher, Alexander N.

Here, we report a tunable library of N,N,N'-trisubstituted selenourea precursors and their reaction with lead oleate at 60–150 °C to form carboxylate-terminated PbSe nanocrystals in quantitative yields. Single exponential conversion kinetics can be tailored over 4 orders of magnitude by adjusting the selenourea structure. The wide range of conversion reactivity allows the extent of nucleation ([nanocrystal] = 4.6–56.7 μM) and the size following complete precursor conversion (d = 1.7–6.6 nm) to be controlled. Narrow size distributions (σ = 0.5–2%) are obtained whose spectral line widths are dominated (73–83%) by the intrinsic single particle spectral broadening, as observed using spectral holemore » burning measurements. Here, the intrinsic broadening decreases with increasing size (fwhm = 320–65 meV, d = 1.6–4.4 nm) that derives from exciton fine structure and exciton–phonon coupling rather than broadening caused by the size distribution.« less

A Library of Selenourea Precursors to PbSe Nanocrystals with Size Distributions near the Homogeneous Limit

DOE PAGES

Campos, Michael P.; Hendricks, Mark P.; Beecher, Alexander N.; ...

2017-01-19

Here, we report a tunable library of N,N,N'-trisubstituted selenourea precursors and their reaction with lead oleate at 60–150 °C to form carboxylate-terminated PbSe nanocrystals in quantitative yields. Single exponential conversion kinetics can be tailored over 4 orders of magnitude by adjusting the selenourea structure. The wide range of conversion reactivity allows the extent of nucleation ([nanocrystal] = 4.6–56.7 μM) and the size following complete precursor conversion (d = 1.7–6.6 nm) to be controlled. Narrow size distributions (σ = 0.5–2%) are obtained whose spectral line widths are dominated (73–83%) by the intrinsic single particle spectral broadening, as observed using spectral holemore » burning measurements. Here, the intrinsic broadening decreases with increasing size (fwhm = 320–65 meV, d = 1.6–4.4 nm) that derives from exciton fine structure and exciton–phonon coupling rather than broadening caused by the size distribution.« less

Output Beam Polarisation of X-ray Lasers with Transient Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janulewicz, K. A.; Kim, C. M.; Matouš, B.; Stiel, H.; Nishikino, M.; Hasegawa, N.; Kawachi, T.

It is commonly accepted that X-ray lasers, as the devices based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), did not show any specific polarization in the output beam. The theoretical analysis within the uniform (single-mode) approximation suggested that the output radiation should show some defined polarization feature, but randomly changing from shot-to-shot. This hypothesis has been verified by experiment using traditional double-pulse scheme of transient inversion. Membrane beam-splitter was used as a polarization selector. It was found that the output radiation has a significant component of p-polarisation in each shot. To explain the effect and place it in the line with available, but scarce data, propagation and kinetic effects in the non-uniform plasma have been analysed.

Optical properties of amyloid stained by Congo red: history and mechanisms.

PubMed

Howie, Alexander J; Brewer, Douglas B

2009-04-01

Amyloid stained by Congo red has striking optical properties that generally have been poorly described and inadequately explained, although they can be understood from principles of physical optics. Molecules of Congo red are orientated on amyloid fibrils, and so the dye becomes dichroic and birefringent. The birefringence varies with wavelength in accordance with a fundamental property of all light-transmitting materials called anomalous dispersion of the refractive index around an absorption peak. The combination of this and absorption of light, with modification by any additional birefringence in the optical system, explains the various colours that can be seen in Congo red-stained amyloid between crossed polariser and analyser, and also when the polariser and analyser are progressively uncrossed. These are called anomalous colours.

Design of a Microstrip Fed Circularly Polarised Printed Antenna for an AEHF Phased Array : Improving Impedance Bandwidth of Printed Radiating Antennas Using the Proximity Coupling Technique

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

element can be applied to achieve this goal. Résumé Ce document décrit l’étude d’une antenne imprimée à polarisation circulaire réalisée sur un...matériau LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic). Cette antenne est utilisée comme élément rayonnant d’un réseau à déphasage ayant une architecture de...l’analyse d’une antenne élémentaire pouvant être utilisée dans réseau à déphasage ayant une architecture de type “tuile” fonctionnant en bande EHF. La

Planar cell polarity: one or two pathways?

PubMed Central

Lawrence, Peter A; Struhl, Gary; Casal, José

2009-01-01

In multicellular organisms, cells are polarised in the plane of the epithelial sheet, demonstrated in some cell types by oriented hairs or cilia. Many of the genes involved have been identified in Drosophila and are conserved in vertebrates. Here we dissect the logic of planar cell polarity (PCP). We review studies of genetic mosaics in adult flies. Marked cells of different genotypes are confronted, the aim being to understand how polarising information is generated and how it passes from one cell to another. We argue that the prevailing opinion that planar polarity depends on a single genetic pathway is wrong and conclude there are (at least) two independently acting processes. This conclusion has major consequences for the PCP field. PMID:17563758

A lattice calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to (g - 2)µ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Della Morte, M.; Francis, A.; Gérardin, A.; Gülpers, V.; Herdoíza, G.; von Hippel, G.; Horch, H.; Jäger, B.; Meyer, H. B.; Nyffeler, A.; Wittig, H.

2018-03-01

We present results of calculations of the hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. Specifically, we focus on controlling the infrared regime of the vacuum polarisation function. Our results are corrected for finite-size effects by combining the Gounaris-Sakurai parameterisation of the timelike pion form factor with the Lüscher formalism. The impact of quark-disconnected diagrams and the precision of the scale determination is discussed and included in our final result in two-flavour QCD, which carries an overall uncertainty of 6%. We present preliminary results computed on ensembles with Nf = 2 + 1 dynamical flavours and discuss how the long-distance contribution can be accurately constrained by a dedicated spectrum calculation in the iso-vector channel.

Frequency-agile THz-wave generation and detection system using nonlinear frequency conversion at room temperature.

PubMed

Guo, Ruixiang; Ikar'i, Tomofumi; Zhang, Jun; Minamide, Hiroaki; Ito, Hiromasa

2010-08-02

A surface-emitting THz parametric oscillator is set up to generate a narrow-linewidth, nanosecond pulsed THz-wave radiation. The THz-wave radiation is coherently detected using the frequency up-conversion in MgO: LiNbO(3) crystal. Fast frequency tuning and automatic achromatic THz-wave detection are achieved through a special optical design, including a variable-angle mirror and 1:1 telescope devices in the pump and THz-wave beams. We demonstrate a frequency-agile THz-wave parametric generation and THz-wave coherent detection system. This system can be used as a frequency-domain THz-wave spectrometer operated at room-temperature, and there are a high possible to develop into a real-time two-dimensional THz spectral imaging system.

One-pot exfoliation, functionalization, and size manipulation of graphene sheets: efficient system for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Bani, Farhad; Bodaghi, Ali; Dadkhah, Abbas; Movahedi, Soodabeh; Bodaghabadi, Narges; Sadeghizadeh, Majid; Adeli, Mohsen

2018-05-01

In this work, we reported a facile method to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersion through direct exfoliation of graphite by modified hyperbranched polyglycerol. Size of graphene sheets was manipulated by simultaneous exfoliation and sonication of graphite, and functionalized graphene sheets with narrow size distribution were obtained. The polyglycerol-functionalized graphene sheets exhibited highly efficient cellular uptake and photothermal conversion, enabling it to serve as a photothermal agent for cancer therapy.

Electrochemical photovoltaic cell having ternary alloy film

DOEpatents

Russak, Michael A.

1984-01-01

A thin film compound semiconductor electrode comprising CdSe.sub.1-x Te.sub.x (0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1) is deposited on a transparent conductive substrate. An electrolyte contacts the film to form a photoactive site. The semiconductor material has a narrow energy bandgap permitting high efficiency for light conversion. The film may be fabricated by: (1) co-evaporation of two II-VI group compounds with a common cation, or (2) evaporation of three elements, concurrenty.

Imaging RF Phased Array Receivers using Optically-Coherent Up-conversion for High Beam-Bandwidth Processing

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

It does so by using an optical lens to perform an inverse spatial Fourier Transform on the up-converted RF signals, thereby rendering a real-time... simultaneous beams or other engineered beam patterns. There are two general approaches to array-based beam forming: digital and analog. In digital beam...of significantly limiting the number of beams that can be formed simultaneously and narrowing the operational bandwidth. An alternate approach that

Progress on Raman laser for sodium resonance fluorescence lidar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Steven X.; Yu, Anthony W.; Krainak, Michael A.; Bai, Yingxin; Konoplev, Oleg; Fahey, Molly E.; Numata, Kenji

2018-02-01

We are developing a Q-switched narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for a space based sodium lidar application. A novel Raman laser injection seeding scheme is proposed and is experimentally verified. A Q-switched, diode pumped, c-cut Nd:YVO4 laser has been designed to emit a fundamental wavelength at 1066.6 nm. This fundamental wavelength is used as the pump in an intra-cavity Raman conversion in a Gd0.2Y0.8VO4 composite material. By tuning the temperature of the crystal, we tuned the Raman shifting to the desired sodium absorption line. A diode end pumped, T-shaped laser cavity has been built for experimental investigation. The fundamental pump laser cavity is a twisted mode cavity to eliminate the spatial hole burning for effective injection seeding. The Raman laser cavity is a linear standing wave cavity because Raman gain medium does not suffer spatial hole burning as traditional laser gain medium. The linewidth and temporal profile of the Raman laser is experimentally investigated with narrow and broadband fundamental pump emission. We have, for the first time, demonstrated an injection seeded, high peak power, narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for potential use in a sodium resonance fluorescence lidar.

Compound Eye Adaptations for Diurnal and Nocturnal Lifestyle in the Intertidal Ant, Polyrhachis sokolova

PubMed Central

Narendra, Ajay; Alkaladi, Ali; Raderschall, Chloé A.; Robson, Simon K. A.; Ribi, Willi A.

2013-01-01

The Australian intertidal ant, Polyrhachis sokolova lives in mudflat habitats and nests at the base of mangroves. They are solitary foraging ants that rely on visual cues. The ants are active during low tides at both day and night and thus experience a wide range of light intensities. We here ask the extent to which the compound eyes of P. sokolova reflect the fact that they operate during both day and night. The ants have typical apposition compound eyes with 596 ommatidia per eye and an interommatidial angle of 6.0°. We find the ants have developed large lenses (33 µm in diameter) and wide rhabdoms (5 µm in diameter) to make their eyes highly sensitive to low light conditions. To be active at bright light conditions, the ants have developed an extreme pupillary mechanism during which the primary pigment cells constrict the crystalline cone to form a narrow tract of 0.5 µm wide and 16 µm long. This pupillary mechanism protects the photoreceptors from bright light, making the eyes less sensitive during the day. The dorsal rim area of their compound eye has specialised photoreceptors that could aid in detecting the orientation of the pattern of polarised skylight, which would assist the animals to determine compass directions required while navigating between nest and food sources. PMID:24155883

InGaP Heterojunction Barrier Solar Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Welser, Roger E. (Inventor)

2014-01-01

A new solar cell structure called a heterojunction barrier solar cell is described. As with previously reported quantum-well and quantum-dot solar cell structures, a layer of narrow band-gap material, such as GaAs or indium-rich InGaP, is inserted into the depletion region of a wide band-gap PN junction. Rather than being thin, however, the layer of narrow band-gap material is about 400-430 nm wide and forms a single, ultrawide well in the depletion region. Thin (e.g., 20-50 nm), wide band-gap InGaP barrier layers in the depletion region reduce the diode dark current. Engineering the electric field and barrier profile of the absorber layer, barrier layer, and p-type layer of the PN junction maximizes photogenerated carrier escape. This new twist on nanostructured solar cell design allows the separate optimization of current and voltage to maximize conversion efficiency.

Narrow Band Gap Lead Sulfide Hole Transport Layers for Quantum Dot Photovoltaics.

PubMed

Zhang, Nanlin; Neo, Darren C J; Tazawa, Yujiro; Li, Xiuting; Assender, Hazel E; Compton, Richard G; Watt, Andrew A R

2016-08-24

The band structure of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) bilayer heterojunction solar cells is optimized using a combination of ligand modification and QD band gap control. Solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of up to 9.33 ± 0.50% are demonstrated by aligning the absorber and hole transport layers (HTL). Key to achieving high efficiencies is optimizing the relative position of both the valence band and Fermi energy at the CQD bilayer interface. By comparing different band gap CQDs with different ligands, we find that a smaller band gap CQD HTL in combination with a more p-type-inducing CQD ligand is found to enhance hole extraction and hence device performance. We postulate that the efficiency improvements observed are largely due to the synergistic effects of narrower band gap QDs, causing an upshift of valence band position due to 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) ligands and a lowering of the Fermi level due to oxidation.

Spectrally narrowed laserlike emission in a novel organic salt, DEST: cooperative emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Shida; Mishra, Alpana; Ahyi, Ayayi; Bhowmik, Achintya; Dharmadhikari, Aditya; Thakur, Mrinal

2001-03-01

We have synthesized a novel organic salt, 4'-diethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium p-toluenesulfonate (DEST). Frequency-doubled pulses (55 ps) from a Nd:YAG laser at 10 Hz repetition rate were used to pump DEST solution in methanol and a 20% conversion efficiency in laserlike emission was observed without external mirrors. The low energy PL quantum efficiency of DEST is very low. The peak of the emission spectrum was at 617 nm and the threshold pump energy for spectral-narrowing was less than 1 μJ. Beyond the threshold, the FWHM of the spectrum was found to have reduced from 70 nm to 14 nm The characteristics are similar to that of another organic salt, SPCD^1, which has been recently reported. Cooperative emission appears to play a dominant role in this emission process. 1. A. K. Bhowmik, A. Dharmadhikari, and M. Thakur, OSA Technical Digest, 467, CLEO (1999).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hou, Huilong; Hamilton, Reginald F., E-mail: rfhamilton@psu.edu; Horn, Mark W.

NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) thin films were fabricated using biased target ion beam deposition (BTIBD), which is a new technique for fabricating submicrometer-thick SMA thin films, and the capacity to exhibit shape memory behavior was investigated. The thermally induced shape memory effect (SME) was studied using the wafer curvature method to report the stress-temperature response. The films exhibited the SME in a temperature range above room temperature and a narrow thermal hysteresis with respect to previous reports. To confirm the underlying phase transformation, in situ x-ray diffraction was carried out in the corresponding phase transformation temperature range. The B2more » to R-phase martensitic transformation occurs, and the R-phase transformation is stable with respect to the expected conversion to the B19′ martensite phase. The narrow hysteresis and stable R-phase are rationalized in terms of the unique properties of the BTIBD technique.« less

Narrow-Band Organic Photodiodes for High-Resolution Imaging.

PubMed

Han, Moon Gyu; Park, Kyung-Bae; Bulliard, Xavier; Lee, Gae Hwang; Yun, Sungyoung; Leem, Dong-Seok; Heo, Chul-Joon; Yagi, Tadao; Sakurai, Rie; Ro, Takkyun; Lim, Seon-Jeong; Sul, Sangchul; Na, Kyoungwon; Ahn, Jungchak; Jin, Yong Wan; Lee, Sangyoon

2016-10-05

There are growing opportunities and demands for image sensors that produce higher-resolution images, even in low-light conditions. Increasing the light input areas through 3D architecture within the same pixel size can be an effective solution to address this issue. Organic photodiodes (OPDs) that possess wavelength selectivity can allow for advancements in this regard. Here, we report on novel push-pull D-π-A dyes specially designed for Gaussian-shaped, narrow-band absorption and the high photoelectric conversion. These p-type organic dyes work both as a color filter and as a source of photocurrents with linear and fast light responses, high sensitivity, and excellent stability, when combined with C60 to form bulk heterojunctions (BHJs). The effectiveness of the OPD composed of the active color filter was demonstrated by obtaining a full-color image using a camera that contained an organic/Si hybrid complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) color image sensor.

Properties of scattering forms and their relation to associahedra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de la Cruz, Leonardo; Kniss, Alexander; Weinzierl, Stefan

2018-03-01

We show that the half-integrands in the CHY representation of tree amplitudes give rise to the definition of differential forms — the scattering forms — on the moduli space of a Riemann sphere with n marked points. These differential forms have some remarkable properties. We show that all singularities are on the divisor {\\overline{M}}_{0,n}\\backslash {M}_{0,n} . Each singularity is logarithmic and the residue factorises into two differential forms of lower points. In order for this to work, we provide a threefold generalisation of the CHY polarisation factor (also known as reduced Pfaffian) towards off-shell momenta, unphysical polarisations and away from the solutions of the scattering equations. We discuss explicitly the cases of bi-adjoint scalar amplitudes, Yang-Mills amplitudes and gravity amplitudes.

Polarised Organisation of the Cytoskeleton: Regulation by Cell Polarity Proteins.

PubMed

Raman, Renuka; Savio, Clyde; Sonawane, Mahendra

2018-06-24

Polarity is one of the fundamental properties displayed by living organisms. In metazoans, cell polarity governs developmental processes and plays an essential role during maintenance of forms of tissues as well as their functions. The mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of cell polarity have been investigated extensively in the last two decades. This has resulted in identification of "core cell polarity modules" that control anterior-posterior, front-rear and apical-basal polarity across various cell types. Here, we review how these polarity modules interact closely with the cytoskeleton during establishment and maintenance of cytoskeletal polarity. We further suggest that reciprocal interactions between cell polarity modules and the cytoskeleton consolidate the initial weaker polarity, arising from an external cue, into a committed polarised system. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

One-electron pseudo-potential investigation of NO(X2Π)-Arn clusters (n = 1,2,3,4)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hammami, H.; Ben Mohamed, F. E.; Mohamed, D.; Ben El Hadj Rhouma, M.; Al Mogren, M. M.; Hochlaf, M.

2017-10-01

In this work, we investigate the minimal energy and low-lying isomers of the ground state of NOArn clusters using a hybrid pseudo-potential model, where a single electron quantum description is combined with the classical argon-argon pair potential and an expansion in terms of the Legendre polynomials. In such model, we use two centres of polarisation for NO+, where we considered for each nuclear configuration an analytic dipole polarisation for N+ and O+. The reliability of our model is checked by comparison of the NO(X2Π)-Ar potential energy surface with that deduced using the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI+Q) approach. The results of this formalism agree quite well with the MRCI ones over a wide range of nuclear arrangements.

Visualisation of collagen fibrils in joint cartilage using STIM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reinert, T.; Reibetanz, U.; Vogt, J.; Butz, T.; Werner, A.; Gründer, W.

2001-07-01

The scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) method was used to investigate the collagen network structure of the articular cartilage from a pig's knee in comparison with high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (microscopic NMR-tomography) and polarised light microscopy (PLM). Single collagen fibrils down to 200 nm in diameter were visualised. It was proved that the cartilage collagen network consists partly of zones of oriented fibrils as suggested by NMR measurements. Radially oriented fibrils were found in the zone near the calcified zone (hypertrophic zone) of both tibia and femur, and in the tibial radial zone. Tangentially oriented fibrils were found in the femoral and tibial superficial zone and in a second zone of the femoral cartilage. Polarisation light microscopy reveals broader zones of orientation than it was found with STIM.

Assessing frequency-dependent site polarisabilities in linear response polarisable embedding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nørby, Morten S.; Vahtras, Olav; Norman, Patrick; Kongsted, Jacob

2017-01-01

In this paper, we discuss the impact of using a frequency-dependent embedding potential in quantum chemical embedding calculations of response properties. We show that the introduction of a frequency-dependent embedding potential leads to further model complications upon solving the central equations defining specific molecular properties. On the other hand, we also show from a numerical point of view that the consequences of using such a frequency-dependent embedding potential is almost negligible. Thus, for the kind of systems and processes studied in this paper the general recommendation is to use frequency-independent embedding potentials since this leads to less complicated model issues. However, larger effects are expected if the absorption bands of the environment are closer to that of the region treated using quantum mechanics.

Monitoring of the ADP/ATP Ratio by Induced Circularly Polarised Europium Luminescence.

PubMed

Shuvaev, Sergey; Fox, Mark A; Parker, David

2018-06-18

A series of three europium complexes bearing picolyl amine moieties was found to possess differing binding affinities towards Zn 2+ and three nucleotides: AMP, ADP, and ATP. A large increase in the total emission intensity was observed upon binding Zn 2+ , followed by signal amplification upon the addition of nucleotides. The resulting adducts possessed strong induced circularly polarised emission, with ADP and ATP signals of opposite sign. Model DFT geometries of the adducts suggest the Δ diastereoisomer is preferred for ATP and the Λ isomer for ADP/AMP. This change in sign allows the ADP/ATP (or AMP/ATP) ratio to be assessed by monitoring changes in the emission dissymmetry factor, g em . © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Generation of terahertz radiation upon filtration of a supercontinuum produced during the propagation of a femtosecond laser pulse in a GaAs crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vardanyan, Aleksandr O.; Oganesyan, David L.

2008-11-01

The results of a theoretical study of the formation of a supercontinuum produced due to the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with an isotropic nonlinear medium are presented. The system of nonlinear Maxwell's equations was numerically integrated in time by the finite-difference method. The interaction of mutually orthogonal linearly-polarised 1.98-μm, 30-fs, 30-nJ pulses propagating along the normal to the 110 plane in a 1-mm-long GaAs crystal was considered. In the nonlinear part of the polarisation medium, the inertialless second-order nonlinear susceptibility was taken into account. The formation process of a terahertz pulse obtained due to the supercontinuum filtration was studied.

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Influence of the layer thickness and concentration of dye molecules on the emission amplification in cholesteric liquid crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alaverdyan, R. B.; Gevorgyan, A. A.; Chilingaryan, A. D.; Chilingaryan, Yu S.

2008-05-01

The propagation of light through a planar layer of a cholesteric liquid crystal doped with dye molecules is considered. The features of the emission spectra of the crystal are studied both in the absence and presence of dielectric boundaries. The increase in the emission intensity is investigated for different layer thicknesses and different concentrations of dye molecules. It is shown that an anomalously strong increase in the emission intensity with the diffraction intrinsic polarisation takes place in the case of a comparatively small crystal thickness and a relatively low concentration of dye molecules. The obtained results can be used for the development of miniature lasers with the circular polarisation of the fundamental radiation mode.

Stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and dendrogeomorphic analyses of rapid floodplain formation along the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dean, D.J.; Scott, M.L.; Shafroth, P.B.; Schmidt, J.C.

2011-01-01

The channel of the lower Rio Grande in the Big Bend region rapidly narrows during years of low mean and peak flow. We conducted stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and dendrogeomorphic analyses within two long floodplain trenches to precisely reconstruct the timing and processes of recent floodplain formation. We show that the channel of the Rio Grande narrowed through the oblique and vertical accretion of inset floodplains following channel-widening floods in 1978 and 1990-1991. Vertical accretion occurred at high rates, ranging from 16 to 35 cm/yr. Dendrogeomorphic analyses show that the onset of channel narrowing occurred during low-flow years when channel bars obliquely and vertically accreted fine sediment. This initial stage of accretion occurred by both bedload and suspended-load deposition within the active channel. Vegetation became established on top of these fine-grained deposits during years of low peak flow and stabilized these developing surfaces. Subsequent deposition by moderate floods (between 1.5 and 7 yr recurrence intervals) caused additional accretion at rapid rates. Suspended-sediment deposition was dominant in the upper deposits, resulting in the formation of natural levees at the channel margins and the deposition of horizontally bedded, fining-upward deposits in the floodplain trough. Overall, channel narrowing and floodplain formation occurred through an evolution from active-channel to floodplain depositional processes. High-resolution dendrogeomorphic analyses provide the ability to specifically correlate the flow record to the onset of narrowing, the establishment of riparian vegetation, the formation of natural levees, and ultimately, the conversion of portions of the active channel to floodplains. ?? 2011 Geological Society of America.

Magnetic field structure around cores with very low luminosity objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soam, A.; Maheswar, G.; Lee, Chang Won; Dib, Sami; Bhatt, H. C.; Tamura, Motohide; Kim, Gwanjeong

2015-01-01

Aims: We carried out optical polarimetry of five dense cores, (IRAM 04191, L1521F, L328, L673-7, and L1014) which are found to harbour very low luminosity objects (VeLLOs; Lint ≲ 0.1 L⊙). This study was conducted mainly to understand the role played by the magnetic field in the formation of very low and substellar mass range objects. Methods: Light from the stars, while passing through the dust grains that are aligned with their short axis parallel to an external magnetic field, becomes linearly polarised. The polarisation position angles measured for the stars can provide the plane-of-the sky magnetic field orientation. Because the light in the optical wavelength range is most efficiently polarised by the dust grains typically found at the outer layers of the molecular clouds, optical polarimetry mostly traces the magnetic field orientation of the core envelope. Results: The polarisation observations of stars projected on IRAM 04191, L328, L673-7, and L1014 were obtained in the R-band and those of L1521F were obtained in the V-band. The angular offsets between the envelope magnetic field direction (inferred from optical polarisation measurements) and the outflow position angles from the VeLLOs in IRAM 04191, L1521F, L328, L673-7, and L1014 are found to be 84°, 53°, 24°, 08°, and 15°, respectively. The mean value of the offsets for all the five clouds is ~ 37°. If we exclude IRAM 04191, the mean value reduces to become ~ 25°. In IRAM 04191, the offset between the projected envelope and the inner magnetic field (inferred from the submillimetre data obtained using SCUBA-POL) is found to be ~ 68°. The inner magnetic field, however, is found to be nearly aligned with the projected position angles of the minor axis, the rotation axis of the cloud, and the outflow from the IRAM 04191-IRS. We discuss a possible explanation for the nearly perpendicular orientation between the envelope and core scale magnetic fields in IRAM 04191. The angular offset between the envelope magnetic field direction and the minor axis of IRAM 04191, L1521F, L673-7, and L1014 are 82°, 60°, 47°, and 55°, respectively. The mean value of the offsets between the envelope magnetic field and the minor axis position angles for the four cores is found to be ~ 60°. Conclusions: The results obtained from our study on the limited sample of five cores with VeLLOs show that the outflows in three of them tend to nearly align with the envelope magnetic field. Table 4 is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Oxide glass used as inorganic template for fluorescent fluoride nanoparticles synthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mortier, Michel; Patriarche, Gilles

2006-09-01

We report an original way to synthesise single-crystal PbF 2 nanoparticles by selective chemical attack of a bulk nanocomposite oxyfluoride glass-ceramic. Free of impurities and homogeneously doped with Er 3+ ions, the particles are of narrow size dispersion around 15 nm and weakly aggregated. The nanocrystallites emit a very intense green and blue up conversion fluorescence after infrared excitation. The doping level and the size of the particles is finely driven through the precursor glass-ceramic synthesis and composition.

Emotions in teaching environmental science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quigley, Cassie

2016-09-01

This op-ed article examines the emotional impact of teaching environmental science and considers how certain emotions can broaden viewpoints and other emotions narrow them. Specifically, it investigates how the topic of climate change became an emotional debate in a science classroom because of religious beliefs. Through reflective practice and examination of positionality, the author explored how certain teaching practices of pre-service science teachers created a productive space and other practices closed down the conversations. This article is framed with theories that explore both divergent and shared viewpoints.

An Investigative Study of Air Force Acquisition Management Work with the Intent of Identifying Its Nature and Required Tools

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-01

other languages are better suited for more precise and narrow communications 50 .7 ’ 7 . HIGH VARIETY Art & Music (AMBIGUOUS) Body Language...change one’s understanding). Face-to-face conversation is the *richest" medium as it provides "immediate feedback* plus ’multiple cues’ such as body ...language and voice tone (Daft and Lengel, 1986:560). Some of the more ’hidden messages managers send* (like body language and office arrangement) can

Electronic coarse graining enhances the predictive power of molecular simulation allowing challenges in water physics to be addressed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cipcigan, Flaviu S., E-mail: flaviu.cipcigan@ed.ac.uk; National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW; Sokhan, Vlad P.

One key factor that limits the predictive power of molecular dynamics simulations is the accuracy and transferability of the input force field. Force fields are challenged by heterogeneous environments, where electronic responses give rise to biologically important forces such as many-body polarisation and dispersion. The importance of polarisation in the condensed phase was recognised early on, as described by Cochran in 1959 [Philosophical Magazine 4 (1959) 1082–1086] [32]. Currently in molecular simulation, dispersion forces are treated at the two-body level and in the dipole limit, although the importance of three-body terms in the condensed phase was demonstrated by Barker inmore » the 1980s [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (1986) 230–233] [72]. One approach for treating both polarisation and dispersion on an equal basis is to coarse grain the electrons surrounding a molecular moiety to a single quantum harmonic oscillator (cf. Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird 1954 [The Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (1954)] [37]). The approach, when solved in strong coupling beyond the dipole limit, gives a description of long-range forces that includes two- and many-body terms to all orders. In the last decade, the tools necessary to implement the strong coupling limit have been developed, culminating in a transferable model of water with excellent predictive power across the phase diagram. Transferability arises since the environment automatically identifies the important long range interactions, rather than the modeler through a limited set of expressions. Here, we discuss the role of electronic coarse-graining in predictive multiscale materials modelling and describe the first implementation of the method in a general purpose molecular dynamics software: QDO-MD. - Highlights: • Electronic coarse graining unites many-body dispersion and polarisation beyond the dipole limit. • It consists of replacing the electrons of a molecule using a quantum harmonic oscillator, called a Quantum Drude Oscillator. • We present the first general implementation of Quantum Drude Oscillators in the molecular dynamics package QDO-MD. • We highlight the successful construction of a new, transferable molecular model of water: QDO-water. - Graphical abstract:.« less

Characterisation of FAP-1 expression and CD95 mediated apoptosis in the A818-6 pancreatic adenocarcinoma differentiation system.

PubMed

Winterhoff, Boris J N; Arlt, Alexander; Duttmann, Angelika; Ungefroren, Hendrik; Schäfer, Heiner; Kalthoff, Holger; Kruse, Marie-Luise

2012-03-01

The present study investigated the expression and localisation of FAP-1 (Fas associated phosphatase-1) and CD95 in a 3D differentiation model in comparison to 2D monolayers of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line A818-6. Under non-adherent growth conditions, A818-6 cells differentiate into 3D highly organised polarised epithelial hollow spheres, resembling duct-like structures. A818-6 cells showed a differentiation-dependent FAP-1 localisation. Cells grown as 2D monolayers revealed FAP-1 staining in a juxtanuclear cisternal position, as well as localisation in the nucleus. After differentiation into hollow spheres, FAP-1 was relocated towards the actin cytoskeleton beneath the outer plasma membrane of polarised cells and no further nuclear localisation was observed. CD95 surface staining was found only in a subset of A818-6 monolayer cells, while differentiated hollow spheres appeared to express CD95 in all cells of a given sphere. We rarely observed co-localisation of CD95 and FAP-1 in A818-6 monolayer cells, but strong co-localisation beneath the outer plasma membrane in polarised cells. Analysis of surface expression by flow cytometry revealed that only a subset (36%) of monolayer cells showed CD95 surface expression, and after induction of hollow spheres, CD95 presentation at the outer plasma membrane was reduced to 13% of hollow spheres. Induction of apoptosis by stimulation with agonistic anti-CD95 antibodies, resulted in increased caspase activity in both, monolayer cells and hollow spheres. Knock down of FAP-1 mRNA in A818-6 monolayer cells did not alter resposiveness to CD95 agonistic antibodies. These data suggested that CD95 signal transduction was not affected by FAP-1 expression in A818-6 monolayer cells. In differentiated 3D hollow spheres, we found a polarisation-induced co-localisation of CD95 and FAP-1. A tight control of receptor surface representation and signalling induced apoptosis ensures controlled removal of individual cells instead of a "snowball effect" of apoptotic events. Copyright © 2011 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermally switchable meta-material absorber involving vanadium dioxide semiconductor-metal transition for thermo photovoltaic conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bendelala, Fathi; Cheknane, Ali; Hilal, Hikmat S.

2018-01-01

A new switchable absorber design using meta-materials for thermo photovoltaic applications is proposed here. Conventional absorbents are normally non-adjustable with narrow band-widths and polarization-dependence. The present study describes an alternative infrared absorber structure with tunable characteristics. The absorber is based on VO2 which exhibits transition from semiconductor to metallic conductor by thermal effect. With this design, the results show that wide-band absorption can be achieved. The absorption bandwidth can be improved from 15.94 to 36.75 THz. With 40.42% relative shift in the peak frequency, a maximum absorption efficiency of 99% can be achieved. This structure design is polarization-independent of normal incident radiations, and may accommodate radiations from wide oblique angles. These new features make the new thermally adjustable absorber potentially useful in thermo-photovoltaic conversion devices.

Ultrasound assisted lipase catalyzed synthesis of poly-6-hydroxyhexanoate.

PubMed

Gumel, A M; Annuar, M S M; Chisti, Y; Heidelberg, T

2012-05-01

Ultrasonic irradiation greatly improved the Candida antarctica lipase B mediated ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone to poly-6-hydroxyhexanoate in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraflouroborate. Compared to the conventional nonsonicated reaction, sonication improved the monomer conversion by 63% and afforded a polymer product of a narrower molecular weight distribution and a higher degree of crystallinity. Under sonication, the polydispersity index of the product was ~1.44 compared to a value of ~2.55 for the product of the conventional reaction. With sonication, nearly 75% of the monomer was converted to product, but the conversion was only ~16% for the reaction carried out conventionally. Compared to conventional operation, sonication enhanced the rate of polymer propagation by >2-fold and the turnover number of the lipase by >3-fold. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Systematic Conversion of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes into n-type Thermoelectric Materials by Molecular Dopants

PubMed Central

Nonoguchi, Yoshiyuki; Ohashi, Kenji; Kanazawa, Rui; Ashiba, Koji; Hata, Kenji; Nakagawa, Tetsuya; Adachi, Chihaya; Tanase, Tomoaki; Kawai, Tsuyoshi

2013-01-01

Thermoelectrics is a challenging issue for modern and future energy conversion and recovery technology. Carbon nanotubes are promising active thermoelectic materials owing to their narrow bandgap energy and high charge carrier mobility, and they can be integrated into flexible thermoelectrics that can recover any waste heat. We here report air-stable n-type single walled carbon nanotubes with a variety of weak electron donors in the range of HOMO level between ca. −4.4 eV and ca. −5.6 eV, in which partial uphill electron injection from the dopant to the conduction band of single walled carbon nanotubes is dominant. We display flexible films of the doped single walled carbon nanotubes possessing significantly large thermoelectric effect, which is applicable to flexible ambient thermoelectric modules. PMID:24276090

POLIX: A Thomson X-ray polarimeter for a small satellite mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paul, Biswajit; Gopala Krishna, M. R.; Puthiya Veetil, Rishin

2016-07-01

POLIX is a Thomson X-ray polarimeter for a small satellite mission of ISRO. The instrument consists of a collimator, a scatterer and a set proportional counters to detect the scattered X-rays. We will describe the design, specifications, sensitivity, and development status of this instrument and some of the important scientific goals. This instrument will provide unprecedented opportunity to measure X-ray polarisation in the medium energy range in a large number of sources of different classes with a minimum detectable linear polarisation degree of 2-3%. The prime objects for observation with this instrument are the X-ray bright accretion powered neutron stars, accreting black holes in different spectral states, rotation powered pulsars, magnetars, and active galactic nuclei. This instrument will be a bridge between the soft X-ray polarimeters and the Compton polarimeters.

Creating a hyperpolarised pseudo singlet state through polarisation transfer from parahydrogen under SABRE.

PubMed

Olaru, Alexandra M; Roy, Soumya S; Lloyd, Lyrelle S; Coombes, Steven; Green, Gary G R; Duckett, Simon B

2016-06-14

The creation of magnetic states that have long lifetimes has been the subject of intense investigation, in part because of their potential to survive the time taken to travel from the point of injection in a patient to the point where a clinically diagnostic MRI trace is collected. We show here that it is possible to harness the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process to create such states in a hyperpolarised form that improves their detectability in seconds without the need for any chemical change by reference to the model substrate 2-aminothiazole. We achieve this by transferring Zeeman derived polarisation that is 1500 times larger than that normally available at 400 MHz with greater than 90% efficiency into the new state, which in this case has a 27 second lifetime.

Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia

PubMed Central

Liu, Huan; Leak, Rehana K; Hu, Xiaoming

2016-01-01

As the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia have long been hypothesised to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate neurotoxicity. However, this traditional view has undergone recent revision as evidence has accumulated that microglia exert beneficial and detrimental effects depending on activation status, polarisation phenotype and cellular context. A variety of neurotransmitter receptors are expressed on microglia and help mediate the bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia. Here we review data supporting the importance of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia, with a special emphasis on glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine, cannabinoid and acetylcholine receptors. We summarise evidence favouring a significant role for neurotransmitter receptors in modulating microglial activation, phagocytic clearance and phenotypic polarisation. Elucidating the effects of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia and dissecting the underlying mechanisms may help accelerate the discovery of novel drugs that tap the therapeutic potential of microglia. PMID:28959464

Proton polarisability contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen at fourth order in chiral perturbation theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Birse, M. C.; McGovern, J. A.

2012-09-01

We calculate the amplitude T1 for forward doubly virtual Compton scattering in heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory, to fourth order in the chiral expansion and with the leading contribution of the γ N Δ form factor. This provides a model-independent expression for the amplitude in the low-momentum region, which is the dominant one for its contribution to the Lamb shift. It allows us to significantly reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the proton polarisability contributions to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen. We also stress the importance of consistency between the definitions of the Born and structure parts of the amplitude. Our result leaves no room for any effect large enough to explain the discrepancy between proton charge radii as determined from muonic and normal hydrogen.

Mueller-matrix mapping of optically anisotropic fluorophores of biological tissues in the diagnosis of cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ushenko, Yu A.; Sidor, M. I.; Bodnar, G. B.; Koval', G. D.

2014-08-01

We report the results of studying the polarisation manifestations of laser autofluorescence of optically anisotropic structures in biological tissues. A Mueller-matrix model is proposed to describe their complex anisotropy (linear and circular birefringence, linear and circular dichroism). The relationship is established between the mechanisms of optical anisotropy and polarisation manifestations of laser autofluorescence of histological sections of rectal tissue biopsy in different spectral regions. The ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the 1st-to-4th orders, which describe the distribution of the azimuth-invariant elements of Mueller matrices of rectal tissue autofluorescence, are found. Effectiveness of laser autofluorescence polarimetry is determined and the histological sections of biopsy of benign (polyp) and malignant (adenocarcinoma) tumours of the rectal wall are differentiated for the first time.

The EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation (EPS-SG) micro-wave and sub-millimetre wave imaging missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Accadia, Christophe; Schlüssel, Peter; Phillips, Pepe L.; Wilson, J. Julian W.

2013-10-01

The EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) will be followed by a second generation system, EPS-SG, in the 2020-2040 timeframe and contribute to the Joint Polar System being jointly set up with NOAA. Among the various missions which are part of EPS-SG, there are the Microwave Imager (MWI) and the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI). The MWI frequencies are from 18 GHz up to 183 GHz. All MWI channels up to 89 GHz measure both V and H polarisations. The primary objective of the MWI mission is to support Numerical Weather Prediction at regional and global scales. The MWI will not only provide continuity of measurements for some heritage microwave imager channels (e.g. SSM/I, AMSR-E) but will also include additional channels such as the 50-55 / 118 GHz bands. The combined use of these channels will provide more information on cloud and precipitation over sea and land. The ICI will provide measurements over the sub-millimetre spectral range contributing to an innovative characterisation of clouds over the whole globe. The ICI has channels at 183 GHz, 325 GHz and 448 GHz with single V polarisation and two channels at 243 GHz and 664 GHz with both V and H polarisation. The ICI's primary objectives are to support climate monitoring and validation of ice cloud models and the parameterisation of ice clouds in weather and climate models through the provision of ice cloud products.

Technical notes: A detailed study for the provision of measurement uncertainty and traceability for goniospectrometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peltoniemi, Jouni I.; Hakala, Teemu; Suomalainen, Juha; Honkavaara, Eija; Markelin, Lauri; Gritsevich, Maria; Eskelinen, Juho; Jaanson, Priit; Ikonen, Erkki

2014-10-01

The measurement uncertainty and traceability of the Finnish Geodetic Institutess field gonio-spectro-polarimeter FIGIFIGO have been assessed. First, the reference standard (Spectralon sample) was measured at the National Standard Laboratory of MIKES-Aalto. This standard was transferred to FGIs field reference standard (larger Spectralon sample), and from that to the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), reference standards (1 m2 plates). The reflectance measurement uncertainty of FIGIFIGO has been estimated to be 0.01 in ideal laboratory conditions, but about 0.02-0.05 in typical field conditions, larger at larger solar or observation zenith angles. Target specific uncertainties can increase total uncertainty even to 0.1-0.2. The angular reading uncertainty is between 1° and 3°, depending on user selection, and the polarisation uncertainty is around 0.01. For UAV, the transferred reflectance uncertainty is about 0.05-0.1, depending on, how ideal the measurement conditions are. The design concept of FIGIFIGO has been proved to have a number of advantages, such as a well-adopted user-friendly interface, a high level of automation and excellent suitability for the field measurements. It is a perfect instrument for collection of reference data on a given target in natural (and well-recorded) conditions. In addition to the strong points of FIGIFIGO, the current study reveals several issues that need further attention, such as the field of view, illumination quality, polarisation calibration, Spectralon reflectance and polarisation properties in the 1000-2400 nm range.

Angle-selective all-dielectric Huygens’ metasurfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arslan, D.; Chong, K. E.; Miroshnichenko, A. E.; Choi, D.-Y.; Neshev, D. N.; Pertsch, T.; Kivshar, Y. S.; Staude, I.

2017-11-01

We experimentally and numerically study the angularly resolved transmission properties of dielectric metasurfaces consisting of silicon nanodisks which support electric and magnetic dipolar Mie-type resonances in the near-infrared spectral range. First, we concentrate on Huygens’ metasurfaces which are characterised by a spectral overlap of the fundamental electric and magnetic dipole resonances of the silicon nanodisks at normal incidence. Huygens’ metasurfaces exhibit a high transmitted intensity over the spectral width of the resonances due to impedance matching, while the transmitted phase shows a variation of 2π as the wavelength is swept across the width of the resonances. We observe that the transmittance of the Huygens’ metasurfaces depends on the incidence angle and is sensitive to polarisation for non-normal incidence. As the incidence angle is increased starting from normal incidence, the two dipole resonances are shifted out of the spectral overlap and the resonant features appear as pronounced transmittance minima. Next, we consider a metasurface with an increased nanodisk radius as compared to the Huygens’ metasurface, which supports spectrally separate electric and magnetic dipole resonances at normal incidence. We show that for TM polarisation, we can shift the resonances of this metasurface into spectral overlap and regain the high resonant transmittance characteristic of Huygens’ metasurfaces at a particular incidence angle. Furthermore, both metasurfaces are demonstrated to reject all TM polarised light incident under angles other than the design overlap angle at their respective operation frequency. Our experimental observations are in good qualitative agreement with numerical calculations.

Transverse kink oscillations in the presence of twist

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Terradas, J.; Goossens, M.

2012-12-01

Context. Magnetic twist is thought to play an important role in coronal loops. The effects of magnetic twist on stable magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves is poorly understood because they are seldom studied for relevant cases. Aims: The goal of this work is to study the fingerprints of magnetic twist on stable transverse kink oscillations. Methods: We numerically calculated the eigenmodes of propagating and standing MHD waves for a model of a loop with magnetic twist. The azimuthal component of the magnetic field was assumed to be small in comparison to the longitudinal component. We did not consider resonantly damped modes or kink instabilities in our analysis. Results: For a nonconstant twist the frequencies of the MHD wave modes are split, which has important consequences for standing waves. This is different from the degenerated situation for equilibrium models with constant twist, which are characterised by an azimuthal component of the magnetic field that linearly increases with the radial coordinate. Conclusions: In the presence of twist standing kink solutions are characterised by a change in polarisation of the transverse displacement along the tube. For weak twist, and in the thin tube approximation, the frequency of standing modes is unaltered and the tube oscillates at the kink speed of the corresponding straight tube. The change in polarisation is linearly proportional to the degree of twist. This has implications with regard to observations of kink modes, since the detection of this variation in polarisation can be used as an indirect method to estimate the twist in oscillating loops.

The evolution of environmental tolerance and range size: a comparison of geographically restricted and widespread Mimulus.

PubMed

Sheth, Seema N; Angert, Amy L

2014-10-01

The geographic ranges of closely related species can vary dramatically, yet we do not fully grasp the mechanisms underlying such variation. The niche breadth hypothesis posits that species that have evolved broad environmental tolerances can achieve larger geographic ranges than species with narrow environmental tolerances. In turn, plasticity and genetic variation in ecologically important traits and adaptation to environmentally variable areas can facilitate the evolution of broad environmental tolerance. We used five pairs of western North American monkeyflowers to experimentally test these ideas by quantifying performance across eight temperature regimes. In four species pairs, species with broader thermal tolerances had larger geographic ranges, supporting the niche breadth hypothesis. As predicted, species with broader thermal tolerances also had more within-population genetic variation in thermal reaction norms and experienced greater thermal variation across their geographic ranges than species with narrow thermal tolerances. Species with narrow thermal tolerance may be particularly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions due to lack of plasticity and insufficient genetic variation to respond to novel selection pressures. Conversely, species experiencing high variation in temperature across their ranges may be buffered against extinction due to climatic changes because they have evolved tolerance to a broad range of temperatures. © 2014 The Author(s). Evolution © 2014 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams up to 18 MeV/nucleon via self-generated plasma fields in relativistic laser plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palaniyappan, Sasi; Huang, Chengkun; Gautier, Donald; Hamilton, Christopher; Santiago, Miguel; Kreuzer, Christian; Shah, Rahul; Fernandez, Juan; Los Alamos National Laboratory Team; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Team

2015-11-01

Table-top laser-plasma ion accelerators seldom achieve narrow energy spreads, and never without serious compromises in efficiency, particle yield, etc. Using massive computer simulations, we identify a self-organizing scheme that exploits persisting self-generated plasma electric (~ TV/m) and magnetic (~ 104 Tesla) fields to reduce the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma - separating the ion acceleration from the energy spread reduction. Consistent with the scheme, we experimentally demonstrate aluminum and carbon ion beams with narrow spectral peaks at energies up to 310 MeV (11.5 MeV/nucleon) and 220 MeV (18.3 MeV/nucleon), respectively, with high conversion efficiency (~ 5%, i.e., 4J out of 80J laser). This is achieved with 0.12 PW high-contrast Gaussian laser pulses irradiating planar foils with optimal thicknesses of up to 250 nm that scale with laser intensity. When increasing the focused laser intensity fourfold (by reducing the focusing optic f/number twofold), the spectral-peak energy increases twofold. These results pave the way for next generation compact accelerators suitable for applications. For example, 400 MeV (33.3 MeV/nucleon) carbon-ion beam with narrow energy spread required for ion fast ignition could be generated using PW-class lasers.

Electronic structure and lattice dynamics of few-layer InSe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Webster, Lucas; Yan, Jia-An

Studies of Group-III monochalcogenides (MX, M = Ga and In, X = S, Se, and Te) have revealed their great potentials in many optoelectronic applications, including solar energy conversion, fabrication of memory devices and solid-state batteries. Among these semiconductors, indium selenide (InSe) has attracted particular attention due to its narrower direct bandgap, which makes it suitable for photovoltaic conversion. In this work, using first-principles calculations, we present a detailed study of the energetics, atomic structures, electronic structures, and lattice dynamics of InSe layers down to two-dimensional limit, namely, monolayer InSe and bilayer InSe with various stacking geometry. Calculations using various exchange-correlation functionals and pseudopotentials are tested and compared with experimental data. The dependence of the Raman spectra on the stacking geometry and the laser polarization will also be discussed. This work is supported by the SET Grant of the Fisher College of Science and Mathematics (FCSM) at the Towson University.

Role of antenna modes and field enhancement in second harmonic generation from dipole nanoantennas.

PubMed

de Ceglia, Domenico; Vincenti, Maria Antonietta; De Angelis, Costantino; Locatelli, Andrea; Haus, Joseph W; Scalora, Michael

2015-01-26

We study optical second harmonic generation from metallic dipole antennas with narrow gaps. Enhancement of the fundamental-frequency field in the gap region plays a marginal role on conversion efficiency. In the symmetric configuration, i.e., with the gap located at the center of the antenna axis, reducing gap size induces a significant red-shift of the maximum conversion efficiency peak. Either enhancement or inhibition of second-harmonic emission may be observed as gap size is decreased, depending on the antenna mode excited at the harmonic frequency. The second-harmonic signal is extremely sensitive to the asymmetry introduced by gap's displacements with respect to the antenna center. In this situation, second-harmonic light can couple to all the available antenna modes. We perform a multipolar analysis that allows engineering the far-field SH emission and find that the interaction with quasi-odd-symmetry modes generates radiation patterns with a strong dipolar component.

Giant narrowband twin-beam generation along the pump-energy propagation direction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pérez, Angela M.; Spasibko, Kirill Yu; Sharapova, Polina R.; Tikhonova, Olga V.; Leuchs, Gerd; Chekhova, Maria V.

2015-07-01

Walk-off effects, originating from the difference between the group and phase velocities, limit the efficiency of nonlinear optical interactions. While transverse walk-off can be eliminated by proper medium engineering, longitudinal walk-off is harder to avoid. In particular, ultrafast twin-beam generation via pulsed parametric down-conversion and four-wave mixing is only possible in short crystals or fibres. Here we show that in high-gain parametric down-conversion, one can overcome the destructive role of both effects and even turn them into useful tools for shaping the emission. In our experiment, one of the twin beams is emitted along the pump Poynting vector or its group velocity matches that of the pump. The result is markedly enhanced generation of both twin beams, with the simultaneous narrowing of angular and frequency spectrum. The effect will enable efficient generation of ultrafast twin photons and beams in cavities, waveguides and whispering-gallery mode resonators.

Generic tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation.

PubMed

Taube, D; Jones, G; O'Beirne, J; Wennberg, L; Connor, A; Rasmussen, A; Backman, L

2014-05-01

The availability of a wide range of immunosuppressive therapies has revolutionized the management of patients who have undergone solid organ transplantation (SOT). However, the cost of immunosuppressive drugs remains high. This situation has led to the development of generic equivalents, which are similar in quality, safety, and efficacy to their approved innovator drugs. There are data available for three generic brands, tacrolimus (Intas), tacrolimus (PharOS), and tacrolimus (Sandoz). Bioequivalence has been demonstrated for generic tacrolimus (Sandoz) within a narrow therapeutic range to its innovator tacrolimus drug (Prograf) in both healthy volunteers and kidney transplant patients. Clinical experience with this generic tacrolimus formulation has also been established in both de novo and conversion patients who have undergone kidney and liver transplantation, as well as in conversion of other SOT patients, including lung and heart recipients. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The rise and fall of a human recombination hot spot.

PubMed

Jeffreys, Alec J; Neumann, Rita

2009-05-01

Human meiotic crossovers mainly cluster into narrow hot spots that profoundly influence patterns of haplotype diversity and that may also affect genome instability and sequence evolution. Hot spots also seem to be ephemeral, but processes of hot-spot activation and their subsequent evolutionary dynamics remain unknown. We now analyze the life cycle of a recombination hot spot. Sperm typing revealed a polymorphic hot spot that was activated in cis by a single base change, providing evidence for a primary sequence determinant necessary, though not sufficient, to activate recombination. This activating mutation occurred roughly 70,000 y ago and has persisted to the present, most likely fortuitously through genetic drift despite its systematic elimination by biased gene conversion. Nonetheless, this self-destructive conversion will eventually lead to hot-spot extinction. These findings define a subclass of highly transient hot spots and highlight the importance of understanding hot-spot turnover and how it influences haplotype diversity.

Rare earth-doped lead borate glasses and transparent glass-ceramics: structure-property relationship.

PubMed

Pisarski, W A; Pisarska, J; Mączka, M; Lisiecki, R; Grobelny, Ł; Goryczka, T; Dominiak-Dzik, G; Ryba-Romanowski, W

2011-08-15

Correlation between structure and optical properties of rare earth ions in lead borate glasses and glass-ceramics was evidenced by X-ray-diffraction, Raman, FT-IR and luminescence spectroscopy. The rare earths were limited to Eu(3+) and Er(3+) ions. The observed BO(3)↔BO(4) conversion strongly depends on the relative PbO/B(2)O(3) ratios in glass composition, giving important contribution to the luminescence intensities associated to (5)D(0)-(7)F(2) and (5)D(0)-(7)F(1) transitions of Eu(3+). The near-infrared luminescence and up-conversion spectra for Er(3+) ions in lead borate glasses before and after heat treatment were measured. The more intense and narrowing luminescence lines suggest partial incorporation of Er(3+) ions into the orthorhombic PbF(2) crystalline phase, which was identified using X-ray diffraction analysis. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LASER METHODS IN BIOLOGY: Optical anisotropy of fibrous biological tissues: analysis of the influence of structural properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimnyakov, D. A.; Sinichkin, Yu P.; Ushakova, O. V.

2007-08-01

The results of theoretical analysis of the optical anisotropy of multiply scattering fibrillar biological tissues based on the model of an effective anisotropic medium are compared with the experimental in vivo birefringence data for the rat derma obtained earlier in spectral polarisation measurements of rat skin samples in the visible region. The disordered system of parallel dielectric cylinders embedded into an isotropic dielectric medium was considered as a model medium. Simulations were performed taking into account the influence of a partial mutual disordering of the bundles of collagen and elastin fibres in derma on birefringence in samples. The theoretical optical anisotropy averaged over the spectral interval 550-650 nm for the model medium with parameters corresponding to the structural parameters of derma is in good agreement with the results of spectral polarisation measurements of skin samples in the corresponding wavelength range.

LASER BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: Combined application of optical methods to increase the information content of optical coherent tomography in diagnostics of neoplastic processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuranov, R. V.; Sapozhnikova, V. V.; Shakhova, N. M.; Gelikonov, V. M.; Zagainova, E. V.; Petrova, S. A.

2002-11-01

A combined application of optical methods [optical coherent tomography (OCT), cross-polarisation optical coherent tomography, and fluorescence spectroscopy] is proposed for obtaining information on morphological and biochemical changes occurring in tissues in norm and pathology. It is shown that neoplastic and scar changes in esophagus can be distinguished using a combination of polarisation and standard OCT due to the difference between the depolarising properties of the tissues caused by the structural properties of collagenic fibres in stroma. It is shown that OCT combined with fluorescence spectroscopy with the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid is promising for determining the boundaries of carcinoma of the uterine cervix and vulva. It is found that the tumour boundary detected by optical methods coincides with the morphological boundary and extends beyond colposcopically determined boundary by about 2 mm.

Higher order contribution to the propagation characteristics of low frequency transverse waves in a dusty plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Misra, A. P.; Chowdhury, A. Roy; Paul, S. N.

2004-09-01

Characteristic features of low frequency transverse wave propagating in a magnetised dusty plasma have been analysed considering the effect of dust-charge fluctu- ation. The distinctive behaviours of both the left circularly polarised and right circularly polarised waves have been exhibited through the analysis of linear and non-linear disper- sion relations. The phase velocity, group velocity, and group travel time for the waves have been obtained and their propagation characteristics have been shown graphically with the variations of wave frequency, dust density and amplitude of the wave. The change in non-linear wave number shift and Faraday rotation angle have also been exhibited with respect to the plasma parameters. It is observed that the effects of dust particles are significant only when the higher order contributions are considered. This may be referred to as the `dust regime' in plasma.

Characterisation of a hybrid, fuel-cell-based propulsion system for small unmanned aircraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verstraete, D.; Lehmkuehler, K.; Gong, A.; Harvey, J. R.; Brian, G.; Palmer, J. L.

2014-03-01

Advanced hybrid powerplants combining a fuel cell and battery can enable significantly higher endurance for small, electrically powered unmanned aircraft systems, compared with batteries alone. However, detailed investigations of the static and dynamic performance of such systems are required to address integration challenges. This article describes a series of tests used to characterise the Horizon Energy Systems' AeroStack hybrid, fuel-cell-based powertrain. The results demonstrate that a significant difference can exist between the dynamic performance of the fuel-cell system and its static polarisation curve, confirming the need for detailed measurements. The results also confirm that the AeroStack's lithium-polymer battery plays a crucial role in its response to dynamic load changes and protects the fuel cell from membrane dehydration and fuel starvation. At low static loads, the AeroStack fuel cell recharges the battery with currents up to 1 A, which leads to further differences with the polarisation curve.

Systematics of the electric dipole response in stable tin isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bassauer, Sergej; von Neumann-Cosel, Peter; Tamii, Atsushi

2018-05-01

The electric dipole is an important property of heavy nuclei. Precise information on the electric dipole response provides information on the electric dipole polarisability which in turn allows to extract important constraints on neutron-skin thickness in heavy nuclei and parameters of the symmetry energy. The tin isotope chain is particularly suited for a systematic study of the dependence of the electric dipole response on neutron excess as it provides a wide mass range of accessible isotopes with little change of the underlying structure. Recently an inelastic proton scattering experiment under forward angles including 0º on 112,116,124Sn was performed at the Research Centre for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Japan with a focus on the low-energy dipole strength and the polarisability. First results are presented here. Using data from an earlier proton scattering experiment on 120Sn the gamma strength function and level density are determined for this nucleus.

Isotensor Axial Polarizability and Lattice QCD Input for Nuclear Double- β Decay Phenomenology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shanahan, Phiala E.; Tiburzi, Brian C.; Wagman, Michael L.

The potential importance of short-distance nuclear effects in double-more » $$\\beta$$ decay is assessed using a lattice QCD calculation of the $$nn\\rightarrow pp$$ transition and effective field theory methods. At the unphysical quark masses used in the numerical computation, these effects, encoded in the isotensor axial polarisability, are found to be of similar magnitude to the nuclear modification of the single axial current, which phenomenologically is the quenching of the axial charge used in nuclear many-body calculations. This finding suggests that nuclear models for neutrinoful and neutrinoless double-$$\\beta$$ decays should incorporate this previously neglected contribution if they are to provide reliable guidance for next-generation neutrinoless double-$$\\beta$$ decay searches. The prospects of constraining the isotensor axial polarisabilities of nuclei using lattice QCD input into nuclear many-body calculations are discussed.« less

Polarised skylight and the landmark panorama provide night-active bull ants with compass information during route following.

PubMed

Reid, Samuel F; Narendra, Ajay; Hemmi, Jan M; Zeil, Jochen

2011-02-01

Navigating animals are known to use a number of celestial and terrestrial compass cues that allow them to determine and control their direction of travel. Which of the cues dominate appears to depend on their salience. Here we show that night-active bull ants attend to both the pattern of polarised skylight and the landmark panorama in their familiar habitat. When the two directional cues are in conflict, ants choose a compromise direction. However, landmark guidance appears to be the primary mechanism of navigation used by forager ants, with those cues in the direction of heading having the greatest influence on navigation. Different colonies respond to the removal of these cues to different degrees, depending on the directional information provided by the local landmark panorama. Interestingly, other parts of the surrounding panorama also influence foraging speed and accuracy, suggesting that they too play a role in navigation.

All-optical switching in granular ferromagnets caused by magnetic circular dichroism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellis, Matthew O. A.; Fullerton, Eric E.; Chantrell, Roy W.

2016-07-01

Magnetic recording using circularly polarised femto-second laser pulses is an emerging technology that would allow write speeds much faster than existing field driven methods. However, the mechanism that drives the magnetisation switching in ferromagnets is unclear. Recent theories suggest that the interaction of the light with the magnetised media induces an opto-magnetic field within the media, known as the inverse Faraday effect. Here we show that an alternative mechanism, driven by thermal excitation over the anisotropy energy barrier and a difference in the energy absorption depending on polarisation, can create a net magnetisation over a series of laser pulses in an ensemble of single domain grains. Only a small difference in the absorption is required to reach magnetisation levels observed experimentally and the model does not preclude the role of the inverse Faraday effect but removes the necessity that the opto-magnetic field is 10 s of Tesla in strength.

Denoising time-domain induced polarisation data using wavelet techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deo, Ravin N.; Cull, James P.

2016-05-01

Time-domain induced polarisation (TDIP) methods are routinely used for near-surface evaluations in quasi-urban environments harbouring networks of buried civil infrastructure. A conventional technique for improving signal to noise ratio in such environments is by using analogue or digital low-pass filtering followed by stacking and rectification. However, this induces large distortions in the processed data. In this study, we have conducted the first application of wavelet based denoising techniques for processing raw TDIP data. Our investigation included laboratory and field measurements to better understand the advantages and limitations of this technique. It was found that distortions arising from conventional filtering can be significantly avoided with the use of wavelet based denoising techniques. With recent advances in full-waveform acquisition and analysis, incorporation of wavelet denoising techniques can further enhance surveying capabilities. In this work, we present the rationale for utilising wavelet denoising methods and discuss some important implications, which can positively influence TDIP methods.

High precision single qubit tuning via thermo-magnetic field control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Broadway, David A.; Lillie, Scott E.; Dontschuk, Nikolai; Stacey, Alastair; Hall, Liam T.; Tetienne, Jean-Philippe; Hollenberg, Lloyd C. L.

2018-03-01

Precise control of the resonant frequency of a spin qubit is of fundamental importance to quantum sensing protocols. We demonstrate a control technique on a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond where the applied magnetic field is modified by fine-tuning a permanent magnet's magnetisation via temperature control. Through this control mechanism, nanoscale cross-relaxation spectroscopy of both electron and nuclear spins in the vicinity of the NV centre is performed. We then show that through maintaining the magnet at a constant temperature, an order of magnitude improvement in the stability of the NV qubit frequency can be achieved. This improved stability is tested in the polarisation of a small ensemble of nearby 13C spins via resonant cross-relaxation, and the lifetime of this polarisation explored. The effectiveness and relative simplicity of this technique may find use in the realisation of portable spectroscopy and/or hyperpolarisation systems.

The energy spectrum and geometrical structure of Galactic turbulent magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Xiaohui; Gaensler, Bryan; Mcclure-Griffiths, Naomi; Purcell, Cormac; Hill, Alex; Burkhart, Blakesley; Lazarian, Alex

2012-10-01

The energy spectrum and geometrical structure of the turbulent magnetic field can offer a solid test of different theoretical models on the generation and evolution of Galactic magnetic fields. They are also pivotal to understanding the propagation of cosmic-ray particles. However, the energy spectrum has been difficult to determine and the geometrical structure has never been obtained so far, due to lack of proper methods and observations. We aim to infer these quantities by applying our newly developed techniques to polarisation images. These images are required to be observed with high angular resolution and broadband multi-channel polarimetry, which is possible only recently using the ATCA. As a pilot study, we plan to map the 2X2 degree high-latitude field centred at l=255.5 degree and b=-38 degree at 1.1-3.1 GHz in total intensity and polarisation.

The energy spectrum and geometrical structure of Galactic turbulent magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Xiaohui; Gaensler, Bryan; Mcclure-Griffiths, Naomi; Purcell, Cormac; Hill, Alex; Burkhart, Blakesley; Lazarian, Alex

2012-04-01

The energy spectrum and geometrical structure of the turbulent magnetic field can offer a solid test of different theoretical models on the generation and evolution of Galactic magnetic fields. They are also pivotal to understanding the propagation of cosmic-ray particles. However, the energy spectrum has been difficult to determine and the geometrical structure has never been obtained so far, due to lack of proper methods and observations. We aim to infer these quantities by applying our newly developed techniques to polarisation images. These images are required to be observed with high angular resolution and broadband multi-channel polarimetry, which is possible only recently using the ATCA. As a pilot study, we plan to map the 2X2 degree high-latitude field centred at l=255.5 degree and b=-38 degree at 1.1-3.1 GHz in total intensity and polarisation.

On the Correlation Between Biomass and the P-Band Polarisation Phase Difference, and Its Potential for Biomass and Tree Number Density Estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soja, Maciej J.; Blomberg, Erik; Ulander, Lars M. H.

2015-04-01

In this paper, a significant correlation between the HH/VV phase difference (polarisation phase difference, PPD) and the above-ground biomass (AGB) is observed for incidence angles above 30° in airborne P-band SAR data acquired over two boreal test sites in Sweden. A geometric model is used to explain the dependence of the AGB on tree height, stem radius, and tree number density, whereas a cylinder-over-ground model is used to explain the dependence of the PPD on the same three forest parameters. The models show that forest anisotropy need to be accounted for at P-band in order to obtain a linear relationship between the PPD and the AGB. An approach to the estimation of tree number density is proposed, based on a comparison between the modelled and observed PPDs.

Combined application of optical methods to increase the information content of optical coherent tomography in diagnostics of neoplastic processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuranov, R V; Sapozhnikova, V V; Shakhova, N M

2002-11-30

A combined application of optical methods [optical coherent tomography (OCT), cross-polarisation optical coherent tomography, and fluorescence spectroscopy] is proposed for obtaining information on morphological and biochemical changes occurring in tissues in norm and pathology. It is shown that neoplastic and scar changes in esophagus can be distinguished using a combination of polarisation and standard OCT due to the difference between the depolarising properties of the tissues caused by the structural properties of collagenic fibres in stroma. It is shown that OCT combined with fluorescence spectroscopy with the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid is promising for determining the boundaries of carcinoma ofmore » the uterine cervix and vulva. It is found that the tumour boundary detected by optical methods coincides with the morphological boundary and extends beyond colposcopically determined boundary by about 2 mm. (laser biology and medicine)« less

Characteristics of Polarisation in the Ramsauer-Townsend Minima in Strongly Coupled Semiclassic Plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Myoung-Jae; Jung, Young-Dae

2017-10-01

The influence of quantum shielding on the Ramsauer-Townsend phenomena for the total electron-atom polarisation collision cross-section is investigated in partially ionised strongly coupled semiclassic plasmas. The result shows that the quantum shielding effect changes the position of the Ramsauer energy in partially ionised strongly coupled plasmas. It is also found that the quantum shielding effect enhances the total electron-atom collision cross-section when the collision energy is greater than the Ramsauer energy; however, it suppresses the collision cross-section when the collision energy is smaller than the Ramsauer energy. In addition, it is shown that the plasma screening effect significantly changes the position of the Ramsauer energy and the influence of plasma screening on the magnitude of the collision cross-section is more significant near the Ramsauer energy domain. The variations of the Ramsauer energy and the collision cross-section due to the quantum shielding effect are also discussed.

Optically isolated signal coupler with linear response

DOEpatents

Kronberg, James W.

1994-01-01

An optocoupler for isolating electrical signals that translates an electrical input signal linearly to an electrical output signal. The optocoupler comprises a light emitter, a light receiver, and a light transmitting medium. The light emitter, preferably a blue, silicon carbide LED, is of the type that provides linear, electro-optical conversion of electrical signals within a narrow wavelength range. Correspondingly, the light receiver, which converts light signals to electrical signals and is preferably a cadmium sulfide photoconductor, is linearly responsive to light signals within substantially the same wavelength range as the blue LED.

Gasification of land-based biomass. Final report July 78-December 82

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chynoweth, D.P.; Jerger, D.E.; Conrad, J.R.

1983-06-01

The objective of this research was to develop efficient processes for conversion of land-based biomass to methane and other resources. One task was to determine the relative suitability of selected species or feedstocks for biological and thermal gasification processes. The second task was to narrow options for design and operation of the experimental test unit (ETU) on water hyacinth and sludge at Walt Disney World (WDW) and to provide a scientific base for understanding rate- and yield-limiting reactions for biogasification of these feedstocks, (separately and as blends).

Kinetics of formation of nanoparticles from first group metal carboxylates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solov'ev, M. E.; Irzhak, T. F.; Irzhak, V. I.

2015-09-01

A kinetic model of the formation of metal nanoparticles via reduction of their carboxylates under conditions of clustering is proposed. It is found that the kinetics of the process is characterized by an induction period in carboxylate consumption and by almost linear growth of the average size of nanoparticles with conversion. It is shown that the maximum rate of nanoparticle formation grows along with the rate of ternary associate formation, the induction period becomes longer, and the particle size decreases. At the same time, it is characterized by a narrow size distribution.

The plant secretory pathway seen through the lens of the cell wall.

PubMed

van de Meene, A M L; Doblin, M S; Bacic, Antony

2017-01-01

Secretion in plant cells is often studied by looking at well-characterised, evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins associated with particular endomembrane compartments. Studies using live cell microscopy and fluorescent proteins have illuminated the highly dynamic nature of trafficking, and electron microscopy studies have resolved the ultrastructure of many compartments. Biochemical and molecular analyses have further informed about the function of particular proteins and endomembrane compartments. In plants, there are over 40 cell types, each with highly specialised functions, and hence potential variations in cell biological processes and cell wall structure. As the primary function of secretion in plant cells is for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and apoplastic transport complexes, it follows that utilising our knowledge of cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs) and their polysaccharide products will inform us about secretion. Indeed, this knowledge has led to novel insights into the secretory pathway, including previously unseen post-TGN secretory compartments. Conversely, our knowledge of trafficking routes of secretion will inform us about polarised and localised deposition of cell walls and their constituent polysaccharides/glycoproteins. In this review, we look at what is known about cell wall biosynthesis and the secretory pathway and how the different approaches can be used in a complementary manner to study secretion and provide novel insights into these processes.

Moisture induced polymorphic transition of mannitol and its morphological transformation.

PubMed

Yoshinari, Tomohiro; Forbes, Robert T; York, Peter; Kawashima, Yoshiaki

2002-10-24

The effects of moisture on the polymorphic transition of crystalline mannitol were investigated. Mannitol has three polymorphic forms, and was classified as alpha, beta, and delta form, respectively, by Walter-Lévy (C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris Ser. C (1968) 267, 1779). The water uptake of delta form crystalline was greater than that of the beta form when each crystalline form was stored at 97%RH (25 degrees C). The different powder X-ray diffraction patterns obtained before and after humidification confirmed that a moisture induced polymorphic transition from the delta to beta form had occurred. Morphological changes were also observed with an increase in the specific surface area of the delta sample from 0.4 to 2.3 m(2)/g being found on exposure to humidity. Thus it was suggested that the observed higher hygroscopicity of the newly formed beta form arose from the gradual increase in the surface area with the polymorphic transition from the delta to beta form. When considering the mechanism of this polymorphic transition, the results from molecular modelling, cross-polarisation/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) solid-state NMR spectra and scanning electron-micrographs suggest that water molecules act as a molecular loosener to facilitate conversion from delta to the beta form as a result of multi-nucleation. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.

Temporal measurement on and using pulses from laser-like emission obtained from styrylpyridinium cyanine dye

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dharmadhikari, Aditya; Bhowmik, Achintya; Ahyi, Ayayi; Thakur, Mrinal

2000-03-01

We have recently reported observation of spectral narrowing and high-conversion laser-like emission in a solution of styrylpyridinium cynanine dye (SPCD) at a low threshold energy, pumped with the second-harmonic of a picosecond Nd:YAG laser. Fundamental and second-harmonic pulses from a Nd:YAG laser of 80 ps duration at 10 Hz repetition rate were used to pump 0.1 mol/l concentration of SPCD in methanol in two separate pumping arrangements. A highly directional emission was observed in both the pumping arrangements without incorporating any mirrors. The pulse duration of spectrally narrowed emission in both cases was measured by background-free SHG intensity autocorrelation technique. A BBO crystal was used for the autocorrelation measurement. The measured duration of the pulses was 40 ps. These pulses having a spectral linewidth of 10 nm (FWHM) were used as a probe to measure the gain in SPCD solution in a pump-probe set up. The results will be discussed.

New spectral imaging techniques for blood oximetry in the retina

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alabboud, Ied; Muyo, Gonzalo; Gorman, Alistair; Mordant, David; McNaught, Andrew; Petres, Clement; Petillot, Yvan R.; Harvey, Andrew R.

2007-07-01

Hyperspectral imaging of the retina presents a unique opportunity for direct and quantitative mapping of retinal biochemistry - particularly of the vasculature where blood oximetry is enabled by the strong variation of absorption spectra with oxygenation. This is particularly pertinent both to research and to clinical investigation and diagnosis of retinal diseases such as diabetes, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. The optimal exploitation of hyperspectral imaging however, presents a set of challenging problems, including; the poorly characterised and controlled optical environment of structures within the retina to be imaged; the erratic motion of the eye ball; and the compounding effects of the optical sensitivity of the retina and the low numerical aperture of the eye. We have developed two spectral imaging techniques to address these issues. We describe first a system in which a liquid crystal tuneable filter is integrated into the illumination system of a conventional fundus camera to enable time-sequential, random access recording of narrow-band spectral images. Image processing techniques are described to eradicate the artefacts that may be introduced by time-sequential imaging. In addition we describe a unique snapshot spectral imaging technique dubbed IRIS that employs polarising interferometry and Wollaston prism beam splitters to simultaneously replicate and spectrally filter images of the retina into multiple spectral bands onto a single detector array. Results of early clinical trials acquired with these two techniques together with a physical model which enables oximetry map are reported.

Gaps, tears and seismic anisotropy around the subducting slabs of the Antilles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schlaphorst, David; Kendall, J.-Michael; Baptie, Brian; Latchman, Joan L.; Tait, Steve

2017-02-01

Seismic anisotropy in and beneath the subducting slabs of the Antilles is investigated using observations of shear-wave splitting. We use a combination of teleseismic and local events recorded at three-component broadband seismic stations on every major island in the area to map anisotropy in the crust, the mantle wedge and the slab/sub-slab mantle. To date this is the most comprehensive study of anisotropy in this region, involving 52 stations from 8 seismic networks. Local event delay times (0.21 ± 0.12 s) do not increase with depth, indicating a crustal origin in anisotropy and an isotropic mantle wedge. Teleseismic delay times are much larger (1.34 ± 0.47 s), with fast shear-wave polarisations that are predominantly parallel to trend of the arc. These observations can be interpreted three ways: (1) the presence of pre-existing anisotropy in the subducting slab; (2) anisotropy due to sub-slab mantle flow around the eastern margin of the nearly stationary Caribbean plate; (3) some combination of both mechanisms. However, there are two notable variations in the trench-parallel pattern of anisotropy - trench-perpendicular alignment is observed in narrow regions east of Puerto Rico and south of Martinique. These observations support previously proposed ideas of eastward sublithospheric mantle flow through gaps in the slab. Furthermore, the pattern of anisotropy south of Martinique, near Saint Lucia is consistent with a previously proposed location for the boundary between the North and South American plates.

Longitudinal spatial coherence gated high-resolution tomography and quantitative phase microscopy of biological cells and tissues with uniform illumination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mehta, Dalip Singh; Ahmad, Azeem; Dubey, Vishesh; Singh, Veena; Butola, Ankit; Mohanty, Tonmoy; Nandi, Sreyankar

2018-02-01

We report longitudinal spatial coherence (LSC) gated high-resolution tomography and quantitative phase microscopy of biological cells and tissues with uniform illumination using laser as a light source. To accomplish this a pseudo thermal light source was synthesized by passing laser beams through an optical system, which is basically a speckle reduction system with combined effect of spatial, temporal, angular and polarisation diversity. The longitudinal spatial coherence length of such light was significantly reduced by synthesizing a pseudo thermal source with the combined effect of spatial, angular and temporal diversity. This results in a low spatially coherent (i.e., broad angular frequency spectrum) light source with narrow temporal frequency spectrum. Light from such a pseudo thermal light source was passed through an interference microscope with varying magnification, such as, 10X and 50X. The interference microscope was used for full-field OCT imaging of multilayer objects and topography of industrial objects. Experimental results of optical sectioning of multilayer biological objects with high axial-resolution less than 10μm was achieved which is comparable to broadband white light source. The synthesized light source with reduced speckles having uniform illumination on the sample, which can be very useful for fluorescence microscopy as well as quantitative phase microscopy with less phase noise. The present system does not require any dispersion compensation optical system for biological samples as a highly monochromatic light source is used.

Observation of the de Vries behavior in SmA* phase of a liquid crystal using polarised Raman scattering and infrared spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kocot, A.; Vij, J. K.; Perova, T. S.; Merkel, K.; Swaminathan, V.; Sreenilayam, S. P.; Yadav, N.; Panov, V. P.; Stevenson, P. J.; Panov, A.; Rodriguez-Lojo, D.

2017-09-01

Two approaches exist in the literature for describing the orientational distribution function (ODF) of the molecular directors in SmA* phase of liquid crystals, though several models are recently proposed in the literature for explaining the de Vries behaviour. These ODFs correspond to either the conventional unimodal arrangements of molecular directors arising from the mean field theory that leads to the broad or sugar-loaf like distribution or to the "diffuse-cone-shaped" type distribution proposed by de Vries. The hypothesis by de Vries provides for a realistic explanation as to how at a molecular level, a first-order SmA* to SmC* transition can occur where the uniform molecular director azimuthal distributions condense to values lying within a narrow range of angles; finally these condense to a single value while at the same time ensuring a little or no concomitant shrinkage in the layer spacing. The azimuthal distribution of the in-layer directors is probed using IR and polarized Raman spectroscopic techniques. The latter allows us to obtain the ODF and the various order parameters for the uniaxial and the biaxial phases. Based on the results of these measurements, we conclude that the "cone-shaped" (or volcano-shaped) de Vries type of distribution can most preferably describe SmA* where "a first-order phase transition from SmA* to SmC*" and a low layer shrinkage can both be easily explained.

Remineralization Potential of Three Tooth Pastes on Enamel Caries.

PubMed

Singhal, Rajnish K; Rai, Balwant

2017-08-15

Different formulations of dentifrices exist in the market. Usually, single toothpaste is used by all family members including children. There is a big concern of fluoride ingestion with the toothpaste containing high fluoride content in children. Recently, new toothpaste (including toothpaste) with remineralization potential without fluoride content has been formulated. There is an urgent need to compare remineralization potential of this new formulation with the exiting dentifrices. Therefore, the present study has been undertaken to assess and compare the remineralization potential of three dentifrices with different compositions on artificially induced carious lesions in vitro by using scanning electron microscopy and polarised light microscopy. The present in vitro study was conducted on 21 healthy extracted primary central incisor teeth surfaces, which were divided into three groups and were treated by three different dentifrices. Artificial demineralization was followed by remineralization using dentifrice slurry as per the group distribution. All the samples were studied for remineralization by using scanning electron microscopy and polarised light microscopy. Data were analysed using SPSS version 11 software. A significant difference was found between the remineralization potential of incudent toothpaste and other toothpaste groups based on the analysis of polarised light microscopy and stereomicroscope. The remineralizing ability of incudent toothpaste for artificial enamel lesions was found to be significantly higher than that of Colgate® and Crest toothpaste. The limitations of this study include, being a short term study, low sample size and in vitro experiment. incudent toothpaste has exhibited a higher remineralizing potential as compared to fluoride based toothpaste in our study.

A simple hand‐held magnet array for efficient and reproducible SABRE hyperpolarisation using manual sample shaking

PubMed Central

Richardson, Peter M.; Jackson, Scott; Parrott, Andrew J.; Nordon, Alison; Duckett, Simon B.

2018-01-01

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a hyperpolarisation technique that catalytically transfers nuclear polarisation from parahydrogen, the singlet nuclear isomer of H2, to a substrate in solution. The SABRE exchange reaction is carried out in a polarisation transfer field (PTF) of tens of gauss before transfer to a stronger magnetic field for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection. In the simplest implementation, polarisation transfer is achieved by shaking the sample in the stray field of a superconducting NMR magnet. Although convenient, this method suffers from limited reproducibility and cannot be used with NMR spectrometers that do not have appreciable stray fields, such as benchtop instruments. Here, we use a simple hand‐held permanent magnet array to provide the necessary PTF during sample shaking. We find that the use of this array provides a 25% increase in SABRE enhancement over the stray field approach, while also providing improved reproducibility. Arrays with a range of PTFs were tested, and the PTF‐dependent SABRE enhancements were found to be in excellent agreement with comparable experiments carried out using an automated flow system where an electromagnet is used to generate the PTF. We anticipate that this approach will improve the efficiency and reproducibility of SABRE experiments carried out using manual shaking and will be particularly useful for benchtop NMR, where a suitable stray field is not readily accessible. The ability to construct arrays with a range of PTFs will also enable the rapid optimisation of SABRE enhancement as function of PTF for new substrate and catalyst systems. PMID:29193324

In vivo lipid saturation study of C. elegans using quantitative broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Littleton, Bradley; Kavanagh, Thomas; Nie, Yu; Abbate, Vincenzo; Hylands, Peter; Sturzenbaum, Stephen; Richards, David

2016-03-01

In vivo lipid saturation maps of microscopic nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) have been produced using our novel Spectral Interferometric Polarisation Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (SIP-CARS) imaging technique. This technique employs simple passive polarisation optics and a balanced homodyne detection scheme to exploit symmetries in the CARS polarisation response resulting in the complete cancellation of the non-resonant background (NRB) and real component of the CARS signal (with no prior or post assumptions as regards to their form). The remaining imaginary component of the CARS response is linear with analyte concentration and directly relatable to the spontaneous Raman spectrum [1]. Furthermore, the resonant CARS signal is interferometrically amplified by the non-resonant response, a necessity for rapid imaging at biologically relevant powers [2]. This technique permits acquisition of a broad NRB-free spectrum, in excess of 1800cm-1, in a single exposure at each pixel. This allows simultaneous determination of lipid droplet saturation, from the fingerprint region, and lipid order, from the C-H stretch region from which maps can be readily constructed. Additionally exploiting the dispersive nature of our signal collection two-photon autofluorescence can be isolated and images subsequently produced. We have successfully applied this technique to identify differences in lipid saturation distributions in selective C. elegans mutants and demonstrated that the technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect the effects of lipid metabolism altering drugs on wild type C. elegans. [1] Littleton et al, Phys Rev Lett, 111, 103902 (2013) [2] Parekh et al, Biophys J, 99, 2695-2704 (2010)

Electromagnetic exposure compliance estimation using narrowband directional measurements.

PubMed

Stratakis, D; Miaoudakis, A; Xenos, T; Zacharopoulos, V

2008-01-01

The increased number of everyday applications that rely on wireless communication has drawn an attention to several concerns on the adverse health effects that prolonged or even short time exposure might have on humans. International organisations and countries have adopted guides and legislation for the public safety. They include reference levels (RLs) regarding field strength electromagnetic quantities. To check for RLs compliance in an environment with multiple transmitters of various types, analytical simulation models may be implemented provided that all the necessary information are available. Since this is not generally the case in the most practical situations, on-site measurements have to be performed. The necessary equipment for measurements of this type usually includes broadband field metres suitable to measure the field strength over the whole bandwidth of the field sensor used. These types of measurements have several drawbacks; to begin with, given that RLs are frequency depended, compliance evaluation can be misleading since no information is available regarding the measured spectrum distribution. Furthermore, in a multi-transmitter environment there is no way of distinguishing the contribution of a specific source to the overall field measured. Of course, this problem can be resolved using narrowband directional receiver antennas, yet there is always the need for a priori knowledge of the polarisation of the incident electromagnetic wave. In this work, the use of measurement schemes of this type is addressed. A method independent to the polarisation of the incident wave is proposed and a way to evaluate a single source contribution to the total field in a multi-transmitter environment and the polarisation of the measured incident wave is presented.

Magnetic fields in the torus of AGN and Mid-IR polarimetry of Cygnus A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopez-Rodriguez, E.; Packham, C.; Young, S.; Elitzur, M.; Levenson, N. A.; Mason, R. E.; Ramos Almeida, C.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Jones, T. J.; Perlman, E.

2012-12-01

An optically and geometrically thick torus obscures the central engine of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) from some lines of sight. From a magnetohydrodynamical framework, the torus can be considered to be a particular region of clouds surrounding the central engine where the clouds are dusty and optically thick. In this framework, the magnetic field plays an important role in the creation, morphology and evolution of the torus. If the dust grains within the clouds are assumed to be aligned by paramagnetic alignment, then the ratio of the intrinsic polarisation and visual extinction, P(%)/Av, is a function of the magnetic field strength. To estimate the visual extinction through the torus and constrain the polarisation mechanisms in the nucleus of AGN, we developed a polarisation model to fit both the total and polarised flux in a 1.2" (˜ 263 pc) aperture of the type 2 AGN, IC5063. We consider the physical conditions and environment of the gas and dust for the torus of IC5063. Then, through paramagnetic alignment, we estimate a magnetic field strength in the range of 12 - 128 mG in the NIR emitting regions of the torus of IC5063. Alternatively, we estimate the magnetic field strength in the plane of the sky using the Chandrasekhar-Fermi method. The minimum magnetic field strength in the plane of the sky is estimated to be 13 and 41 mG depending of the conditions within the torus of IC5063. These techniques afford the chance to make a survey of AGN, to investigate the effects of magnetic field strength on the torus, accretion, and interaction to the host galaxy. We present Si2 [8.7 um] and Si5 [11.6 um] imaging polarimetry of Cygnus A using CanariCam on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC). Preliminary polarimetric results show a highly polarized nucleus with 11±3% and 12±3% in a 0.5" (˜500pc) aperture in Si2 and Si5, respectively. The PA of polarization remains constant, 32±8 deg, in both filters. In order to disentangle the origin of the polarized component in the nucleus of Cygnus A, further modeling using several polarizing mechanisms e.g. synchrotron, dichroic absorption/emission and/or scattering will be performed.

A polarimetric investigation of Jupiter: Disk-resolved imaging polarimetry and spectropolarimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLean, W.; Stam, D. M.; Bagnulo, S.; Borisov, G.; Devogèle, M.; Cellino, A.; Rivet, J. P.; Bendjoya, P.; Vernet, D.; Paolini, G.; Pollacco, D.

2017-05-01

Context. Polarimetry is a powerful remote sensing tool to characterise solar system planets and, potentially, to detect and characterise exoplanets. The linear polarisation of a planet as a function of wavelength and phase angle is sensitive to the cloud and haze particle properties in planetary atmospheres, as well as to their altitudes and optical thicknesses. Aims: We present for the first time polarimetric signals of Jupiter mapped over the entire disk, showing features such as contrasts between the belts and zones, the polar regions, and the Great Red Spot. We investigate the use of these maps for atmospheric characterisation and discuss the potential application of polarimetry to the study of the atmospheres of exoplanets. Methods: We have obtained polarimetric images of Jupiter, in the B, V, and R filters, over a phase angle range of α = 4°-10.5°. In addition, we have obtained two spectropolarimetric datasets, over the wavelength range 500-850 nm. An atmospheric model was sought for all of the datasets, which was consistent with the observed behaviour over the wavelength and phase angle range. Results: The polarimetric maps show clear latitudinal structure, with increasing polarisation towards the polar regions, in all filters. The spectropolarimetric datasets show a decrease in polarisation as a function of wavelength along with changes in the polarisation in methane absorption bands. A model fit was achieved by varying the cloud height and haze optical thickness; this can roughly produce the variation across latitude for the V and R filters, but not for the B filter data. The same model particles are also able to produce a close fit to the spectropolarimetric data. The atmosphere of Jupiter is known to be complex in structure, and data taken at intermediate phase angles (unreachable for Earth-based telescopes) seems essential for a complete characterisation of the atmospheric constituents. Because exoplanets orbit other stars, they are observable at intermediate phase angles and thus promise to be better targets for Earth-based polarimetry. Based on data obtained with ToPol at the one-metre "Omicron" (West) telescope of the C2PU (Centre Pédagogique Planète et Univers) facility (Calern plateau, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, France), and FoReRo2, at the two-metre RCC telescope of the Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgaria.

Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro

PubMed Central

Chhor, Vibol; Le Charpentier, Tifenn; Lebon, Sophie; Oré, Marie-Virgine; Celador, Idoia Lara; Josserand, Julien; Degos, Vincent; Jacotot, Etienne; Hagberg, Henrik; Sävman, Karin; Mallard, Carina; Gressens, Pierre; Fleiss, Bobbi

2013-01-01

Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation, including cytotoxicity, repair, regeneration, and immunosuppression due to their ability to acquire diverse activation states, or phenotypes. Modulation of microglial phenotype is an appealing neurotherapeutic strategy but a comprehensive study of classical and more novel microglial phenotypic markers in vitro is lacking. The aim of this study was to outline the temporal expression of a battery of phenotype markers from polarised microglia to generate an in vitro tool for screening the immunomodulatory potential of novel compounds. We characterised expression of thirty-one macrophage/microglial phenotype markers in primary microglia over time (4, 12, 36, and 72 h), using RT-qPCR or multiplex protein assay. Firstly, we selected Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the strongest M1–M2 polarising stimuli, from six stimuli tested. At each time point, markers useful to identify that microglia were M1 included iNOS, Cox-2 and IL-6 and a loss of M2a markers. Markers useful for quantifying M2b-immunomodulatory microglia included, increased IL-1RA and SOCS3 and for M2a-repair and regeneration, included increased arginase-1, and a loss of the M1 and M2b markers were discriminatory. Additional markers were regulated at fewer time points, but are still likely important to monitor when assessing the immunomodulatory potential of novel therapies. Further, to facilitate identification of how novel immunomodulatory treatments alter the functional affects of microglia, we characterised how the soluble products from polarised microglia affected the type and rate of neuronal death; M1/2b induced increasing and M2a-induced decreasing neuronal loss. We also assessed any effects of prior activation state, to provide a way to identify how a novel compound may alter phenotype depending on the stage of injury/insult progression. We identified generally that a prior M1/2b reduced the ability of microglia to switch to M2a. Altogether, we have characterised a profile of phenotype markers and a mechanism of assessing functional outcome that we can use as a reference guide for first-line screening of novel immunomodulatory therapies in vitro in the search for viable neuroprotectants. PMID:23454862

A Broadband Infrared Laser Source (2.5-17 μm) for Plasma Diagnostics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ionin, A. A.; Kinyaevskii, I. O.; Klimachev, Yu. M.; Kozlov, A. Yu.; Kotkov, A. A.

2017-12-01

This paper presents the results of studies aimed at the creation of a hybrid laser system which is composed of a gas lasers and a nonlinear crystal and appreciably broadens and enriches the radiation spectrum of these lasers. A highly efficient conversion (37%) is attained when generating the second harmonic in a ZnGeP2 crystal owing to an increase in the peak power of CO laser radiation in the mode locking regime. The two-cascade conversion (generation of both sum and difference frequencies) of radiation of a broadband CO laser in the single sample of such nonlinear crystals as ZnGeP2 and AgGaSe2 is demonstrated. In this case, the radiation spectrum is broadened by nearly a factor of two, and the number of detected spectral lines grows by a factor of four. The use of a comparatively simple laser system of gas-discharge CO and CO2 lasers to conversion in AgGaSe2 results in laser radiation tunable over a set of narrow spectral lines within a range from 2.5 to 16.6 μm (more than two and a half octaves).

Dual polarisation C-band weather radar imagery of the 6 August 2012 Te Maari Eruption, Mount Tongariro, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crouch, John F.; Pardo, Natalia; Miller, Craig A.

2014-10-01

The 6 August 2012 eruption of Mt. Tongariro from Upper Te Maari Crater in the central North Island of New Zealand was the first volcanic eruption observed by an operational weather radar in New Zealand, and is believed to be one of only a small number of eruptions observed by a dual-polarisation radar worldwide. The eruption was also observed by a GeoNet webcam, and detailed ash deposit studies have permitted analysis of the plume characteristics. A combination of radar and webcam imagery show 5 pulses within the first 13 min of the eruption, and also the subsequent ash transport downwind. Comparison with ash samples show the radar was likely detecting ash particles down to about 0.5 mm diameter. The maximum plume height estimated by the radar is 7.8 ± 1.0 km above mean sea level (amsl), although it is possible this may be a slight under estimation if very small ash particles not detected by the radar rose higher and comprised the very top of the plume. The correlation coefficient and differential reflectivity fields that are additionally measured by the dual polarisation radar provide extra information about the structure and composition of the eruption column and ash cloud. The correlation coefficient easily discriminates between the eruption column and the ash plume, and provides some information about the diversity of ash particle size within both the ash plume and the subsequent detached ash cloud drifting downwind. The differential reflectivity shows that the larger ash particles are falling with a horizontal orientation, and indicates that ice nucleation and aggregation of fine ash particles was probably occurring at high altitudes within 20-25 min of the eruption.

Electronic coarse graining enhances the predictive power of molecular simulation allowing challenges in water physics to be addressed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cipcigan, Flaviu S.; Sokhan, Vlad P.; Crain, Jason; Martyna, Glenn J.

2016-12-01

One key factor that limits the predictive power of molecular dynamics simulations is the accuracy and transferability of the input force field. Force fields are challenged by heterogeneous environments, where electronic responses give rise to biologically important forces such as many-body polarisation and dispersion. The importance of polarisation in the condensed phase was recognised early on, as described by Cochran in 1959 [Philosophical Magazine 4 (1959) 1082-1086] [32]. Currently in molecular simulation, dispersion forces are treated at the two-body level and in the dipole limit, although the importance of three-body terms in the condensed phase was demonstrated by Barker in the 1980s [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (1986) 230-233] [72]. One approach for treating both polarisation and dispersion on an equal basis is to coarse grain the electrons surrounding a molecular moiety to a single quantum harmonic oscillator (cf. Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird 1954 [The Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (1954)] [37]). The approach, when solved in strong coupling beyond the dipole limit, gives a description of long-range forces that includes two- and many-body terms to all orders. In the last decade, the tools necessary to implement the strong coupling limit have been developed, culminating in a transferable model of water with excellent predictive power across the phase diagram. Transferability arises since the environment automatically identifies the important long range interactions, rather than the modeller through a limited set of expressions. Here, we discuss the role of electronic coarse-graining in predictive multiscale materials modelling and describe the first implementation of the method in a general purpose molecular dynamics software: QDO_MD.

Training Intensity Distribution Over a Four-Year Cycle in Olympic Champion Rowers: Different Roads Lead to Rio.

PubMed

Plews, Daniel J; Laursen, Paul B

2017-09-27

The purpose of this study was to compare the training intensity distribution (TID) of the undefeated world champion male rowing New Zealand (kiwi) pair over a four-year Olympic cycle, across training phases, training years, and between individuals. Training data, including heart rate and boat speed, were recorded in the athletes rowing in the same boat between March 2013 and August 2016, ending with the Rio Olympics final. Progressive exercise tests assessed first (LT 1 ) and second (LT 2 ) lactate thresholds and associated heart rates, to determine the percentage of training performed below, between and above these demarcation points. Training an average of only 12-15 h/wk throughout the Olympic cycle, the mean percent distribution of time (±SD) at each training intensity was 80.4 ± 5.5% LT 2 for Rower A and 67.3 ± 9.0% LT 2 for Rower B. Across the years 2014-2016, Rower A performed most likely more training

A simple hand-held magnet array for efficient and reproducible SABRE hyperpolarisation using manual sample shaking.

PubMed

Richardson, Peter M; Jackson, Scott; Parrott, Andrew J; Nordon, Alison; Duckett, Simon B; Halse, Meghan E

2018-07-01

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a hyperpolarisation technique that catalytically transfers nuclear polarisation from parahydrogen, the singlet nuclear isomer of H 2 , to a substrate in solution. The SABRE exchange reaction is carried out in a polarisation transfer field (PTF) of tens of gauss before transfer to a stronger magnetic field for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection. In the simplest implementation, polarisation transfer is achieved by shaking the sample in the stray field of a superconducting NMR magnet. Although convenient, this method suffers from limited reproducibility and cannot be used with NMR spectrometers that do not have appreciable stray fields, such as benchtop instruments. Here, we use a simple hand-held permanent magnet array to provide the necessary PTF during sample shaking. We find that the use of this array provides a 25% increase in SABRE enhancement over the stray field approach, while also providing improved reproducibility. Arrays with a range of PTFs were tested, and the PTF-dependent SABRE enhancements were found to be in excellent agreement with comparable experiments carried out using an automated flow system where an electromagnet is used to generate the PTF. We anticipate that this approach will improve the efficiency and reproducibility of SABRE experiments carried out using manual shaking and will be particularly useful for benchtop NMR, where a suitable stray field is not readily accessible. The ability to construct arrays with a range of PTFs will also enable the rapid optimisation of SABRE enhancement as function of PTF for new substrate and catalyst systems. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

When is a cell not a cell? A theory relating coenocytic structure to the unusual electrophysiology of Ventricaria ventricosa (Valonia ventricosa).

PubMed

Shepherd, V A; Beilby, M J; Bisson, M A

2004-06-01

Ventricaria ventricosa and its relatives have intrigued cell biologists and electrophysiologists for over a hundred years. Historically, electrophysiologists have regarded V. ventricosa as a large single plant cell with unusual characteristics including a small and positive vacuole-to-outside membrane potential difference. However, V. ventricosa has a coenocytic construction, with an alveolate cytoplasm interpenetrated by a complex vacuole containing sulphated polysaccharides. We present a theory relating the coenocytic structure to the unusual electrophysiology of V. ventricosa. The alveolate cytoplasm of V. ventricosa consists of a collective of uninucleate cytoplasmic domains interconnected by fine cytoplasmic strands containing microtubules. The cytoplasm is capable of disassociating into single cytoplasmic domains or aggregations of domains that can regenerate new coenocytes. The cytoplasmic domains are enclosed by outer (apical) and inner (basolateral) faces of a communal membrane with polarised K(+)-transporting functions, stabilised by microtubules and resembling a tissue such as a polarised epithelium. There is evidence for membrane trafficking through endocytosis and exocytosis and so "plasmalemma" and "tonoplast" do not have fixed identities. Intra- and extracellular polysaccharide mucilage has effects on electrophysiology through reducing the activity of water and through ion exchange. The vacuole-to-outside potential difference, at which the cell membrane conductance is maximal, reverses its sign from positive under hypertonic conditions to negative under hypotonic conditions. The marked mirror symmetry of the characteristics of current as a function of voltage and conductance as a function of voltage is interpreted as a feature of the communal membrane with polarised K(+) transport. The complex inhomogeneous structure of the cytoplasm places in doubt previous measurements of cytoplasm-to-outside potential difference.

Age-dependent shift in macrophage polarisation causes inflammation-mediated degeneration of enteric nervous system.

PubMed

Becker, Laren; Nguyen, Linh; Gill, Jaspreet; Kulkarni, Subhash; Pasricha, Pankaj Jay; Habtezion, Aida

2018-05-01

The enteric nervous system (ENS) undergoes neuronal loss and degenerative changes with age. The cause of this neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Muscularis macrophages residing in close proximity to enteric ganglia maintain neuromuscular function via direct crosstalk with enteric neurons and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GI motility disorders like gastroparesis and postoperative ileus. The aim of this study was to assess whether ageing causes alterations in macrophage phenotype that contributes to age-related degeneration of the ENS. Longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus from small intestine of young, mid-aged and old mice were dissected and prepared for whole mount immunostaining, flow cytometry, Luminex immunoassays, western blot analysis, enteric neural stem cell (ENSC) isolation or conditioned media. Bone marrow derived macrophages were prepared and polarised to classic (M1) or alternative (M2) activation states. Markers for macrophage phenotype were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Ageing causes a shift in macrophage polarisation from anti-inflammatory 'M2' to proinflammatory 'M1' that is associated with a rise in cytokines and immune cells in the ENS. This phenotypic shift is associated with a neural response to inflammatory signals, increase in apoptosis and loss of enteric neurons and ENSCs, and delayed intestinal transit. An age-dependent decrease in expression of the transcription factor FoxO3, a known longevity gene, contributes to the loss of anti-inflammatory behaviour in macrophages of old mice, and FoxO3-deficient mice demonstrate signs of premature ageing of the ENS. A shift by macrophages towards a proinflammatory phenotype with ageing causes inflammation-mediated degeneration of the ENS. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Investigating pitting in X65 carbon steel using potentiostatic polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammed, Sikiru; Hua, Yong; Barker, R.; Neville, A.

2017-11-01

Although pitting corrosion in passive materials is generally well understood, the growth of surface pits in actively-corroding materials has received much less attention to date and remains poorly understood. One of the key challenges which exists is repeatedly and reliably generating surface pits in a practical time-frame in the absence of deformation and/or residual stress so that studies on pit propagation and healing can be performed. Another pertinent issue is how to evaluate pitting while addressing general corrosion in low carbon steel. In this work, potentiostatic polarisation was employed to induce corrosion pits (free from deformation or residual stress) on actively corroding X65 carbon steel. The influence of applied potential (50 mV, 100 mV and 150 mV vs open circuit potential) was investigated over 24 h in a CO2-saturated, 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 30 °C and pH 3.8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilised to examine pits, while surface profilometry was conducted to measure pit depth as a function of applied potential over the range considered. Analyses of light pitting (up to 120 μm) revealed that pit depth increased linearly with increase in applied potential. This paper relates total pit volume (measured using white light interferometry) to dissipated charge or total mass loss (using the current response for potentiostatic polarisation in conjunction with Faraday's law). By controlling the potential of the surface (anodic) the extent of pitting and general corrosion could be controlled. This allowed pits to be evaluated for their ability to continue to propagate after the potentiostatic technique was employed. Linear growth from a depth of 70 μm at pH 3.8, 80 °C was demonstrated. The technique offers promise for the study of inhibition of pitting.

Development and Performance Analysis of a Photonics-Assisted RF Converter for 5G Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borges, Ramon Maia; Muniz, André Luiz Marques; Sodré Junior, Arismar Cerqueira

2017-03-01

This article presents a simple, ultra-wideband and tunable radiofrequency (RF) converter for 5G cellular networks. The proposed optoelectronic device performs broadband photonics-assisted upconversion and downconversion using a single optical modulator. Experimental results demonstrate RF conversion from DC to millimeter waves, including 28 and 38 GHz that are potential frequency bands for 5G applications. Narrow linewidth and low phase noise characteristics are observed in all generated RF carriers. An experimental digital performance analysis using different modulation schemes illustrates the applicability of the proposed photonics-based device in reconfigurable optical wireless communications.

Chiral Sugar and Amino Acid Formation in Simulated Cometary Matter Inches Closer to Explaining the Emergence of Homochiral Life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meinert, C.; Jones, N. C.; Hoffmann, S. V.; Nahon, L.; d'Hendecourt, L.; Meierhenrich, U. J.

2017-07-01

Simulated cometary ice experiments have indicated that circularly polarised light could be the initial source of life's handedness. We detected chiral sugars, amino acids and their molecular precursors within these interstellar achiral ice analogues.

Special Relativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dixon, W. G.

1982-11-01

Preface; 1. The physics of space and time; 2. Affine spaces in mathematics and physics; 3. Foundations of dynamics; 4. Relativistic simple fluids; 5. Electrodynamics of polarisable fluids; Appendix: Vector and dyadic notation in three dimensions; Publications referred to in the text; Summary and index of symbols and conventions; Subject index.

Invisibility Cloaking Based on Geometrical Optics for Visible Light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ichikawa, H.; Oura, M.; Taoda, T.

2013-06-01

Optical cloaking has been one of unattainable dreams and just a subject in fiction until recently. Several different approaches to cloaking have been proposed and demonstrated: stealth technology, active camouflage and transformation optics. The last one would be the most formal approach modifying electromagnetic field around an object to be cloaked with metamaterials. While cloaking based on transformation optics, though valid only at single frequency, is experimentally demonstrated in microwave region, its operation in visible spectrum is still distant from realisation mainly owing to difficulty in fabricating metamaterial structure whose elements are much smaller than wavelength of light. Here we show that achromatic optical cloaking in visible spectrum is possible with the mere principle based on geometrical optics. In combining a pair of polarising beam splitters and right-angled prisms, rays of light to be obstructed by an object can make a detour to an observer, while unobstructed rays go straight through two polarising beam splitters. What is observed eventually through the device is simply background image as if nothing exists in between.

Are we living near the center of a local void?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cusin, Giulia; Pitrou, Cyril; Uzan, Jean-Philippe, E-mail: giulia.cusin@unige.ch, E-mail: pitrou@iap.fr, E-mail: uzan@iap.fr

The properties of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarisation anisotropies measured by a static, off-centered observer located in a local spherically symmetric void, are described. In particular in this paper we compute, together with the standard 2-point angular correlation functions, the off-diagonal correlators, which are no more vanishing by symmetry. While the energy shift induced by the off-centered position of the observer can be suppressed by a proper choice of the observer velocity, a lensing-like effect on the CMB emission point remains. This latter effect is genuinely geometrical (e.g. non-degenerate with a boost) and reflects in the structuremore » of the off-diagonal correlators. At lowest order in this effect, the temperature and polarisation correlation matrices have non-vanishing diagonal elements, as usual, and all the off-diagonal terms are excited. This particular signature of a local void model allows one, in principle, to disentangle geometrical effects from local kinematical ones in CMB observations.« less

Magneto-orbital helices: a novel coupling mechanism between magnetism and ferroelectricity in multiferroic CaMn7O12

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radaelli, Paolo G.; Perks, Natasha; Johnson, Roger D.; Martin, Christine; Chapon, Laurent

2013-03-01

The trigonal quadruple perovskite CaMn7O12 displays one of the largest magnetically induced ferroelectric polarisations measured to date (2870 μC m-2). Ferroelectricity appears below 90 K, together with an incommensurate helical magnetic modulation, and cannot be explained within the framework developed for cycloidal magnets. We report an unprecedented magneto-orbital texture in multiferroic CaMn7O12, which is directly connected to ferroelectricity. X-ray and neutron diffraction characterisation of the structural and magnetic modulations in these ``magneto-orbital helices'', and analysis of magnetic exchange shows that orbital order is crucial in stabilising a chiral magnetic structure. Additionally, the presence of a global structural rotation enables the magnetic helicity to couple with the lattice, giving rise to electric polarisation. These novel principles open up the possibility of discovering new multiferroics with even larger polarization and higher transition temperatures. Work at Oxford was funded by EPSRC grant EP/J003557/1.

Spectral line shapes of collision-induced light scattering (CILS) and collision-induced absorption (CIA) using isotropic intermolecular potential for H2-Ar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Kader, M. S. A.; Godet, J.-L.; El-Sadek, A. A.; Maroulis, G.

2017-10-01

Quantum mechanical line shapes of collision-induced light scattering at room temperature (295 K) and collision-induced absorption at T = 195 K are computed for gaseous mixtures of molecular hydrogen and argon using theoretical values for pair-polarisability trace and anisotropy and induced dipole moments as input. Comparison with other theoretical spectra of isotropic and anisotropic light scattering and measured spectra of absorption shows satisfactory agreement, for which the uncertainty in measurement of its spectral moments is seen to be large. Ab initio models of the trace and anisotropy polarisability which reproduce the recent spectra of scattering are given. Empirical model of the dipole moment which reproduce the experimental spectra and the first three spectral moments more closely than the fundamental theory are also given. Good agreement between computed and/or experimental line shapes of both absorption and scattering is obtained when the potential model which is constructed from the transport and thermo-physical properties is used.

Electrochemical characterisation of air electrodes based on La 0.6Sr 0.4CoO 3 and carbon nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thiele, Doreen; Züttel, Andreas

The efficiency of fuel cells suffers from the high activation polarisation at the cathode, where the oxygen reduction reaction takes place. In order to improve the performance, air electrodes composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the perovskite La 0.6Sr 0.4CoO 3 are produced by two different methods and investigated. In the first method CNTs are directly grown on the perovskite and in the second method CNTs and perovskite are combined by ultrasonic mixing. Their catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction in alkaline solution is evaluated by polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Best performance shows the electrode composed of 25 wt% CNTs, 55 wt% La 0.6Sr 0.4CoO 3 and 20 wt% PTFE as binder, produced by ultrasonic mixing. The Nyquist plot of this electrode displays two potential-dependent semi-circles, accounting for processes on the catalyst surface and for processes depending on the morphology of the electrode.

Adaxial cell migration in the zebrafish embryo is an active cell autonomous property that requires the Prdm1a transcription factor.

PubMed

Ono, Yosuke; Yu, Weimiao; Jackson, Harriet E; Parkin, Caroline A; Ingham, Philip W

2015-01-01

Adaxial cells, the progenitors of slow-twitch muscle fibres in zebrafish, exhibit a stereotypic migratory behaviour during somitogenesis. Although this process is known to be disrupted in various mutants, its precise nature has remained unclear. Here, using in vivo imaging and chimera analysis, we show that adaxial cell migration is a cell autonomous process, during which cells become polarised and extend filopodia at their leading edge. Loss of function of the Prdm1a transcription factor disrupts the polarisation and migration of adaxial cells, reflecting a role that is independent of its repression of sox6 expression. Expression of the M- and N-cadherins, previously implicated in driving adaxial cell migration, is largely unaffected by loss of Prdm1a function, suggesting that differential cadherin expression is not sufficient for adaxial cell migration. Copyright © 2015 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Explaining opinion polarisation with opinion copulas.

PubMed

Askitas, Nikolaos

2017-01-01

An empirically founded and widely established driving force in opinion dynamics is homophily i.e. the tendency of "birds of a feather" to "flock together". The closer our opinions are the more likely it is that we will interact and converge. Models using these assumptions are called bounded confidence models (BCM) as they assume a tolerance threshold after which interaction is unlikely. They are known to produce one or more clusters, depending on the size of the bound, with more than one cluster being possible only in the deterministic case. Introducing noise, as is likely to happen in a stochastic world, causes BCM to produce consensus which leaves us with the open problem of explaining the emergence and sustainance of opinion clusters and polarisation. We investigate the role of heterogeneous priors in opinion formation, introduce the concept of opinion copulas, argue that it is well supported by findings in Social Psychology and use it to show that the stochastic BCM does indeed produce opinion clustering without the need for extra assumptions.

Explaining opinion polarisation with opinion copulas

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

An empirically founded and widely established driving force in opinion dynamics is homophily i.e. the tendency of “birds of a feather” to “flock together”. The closer our opinions are the more likely it is that we will interact and converge. Models using these assumptions are called bounded confidence models (BCM) as they assume a tolerance threshold after which interaction is unlikely. They are known to produce one or more clusters, depending on the size of the bound, with more than one cluster being possible only in the deterministic case. Introducing noise, as is likely to happen in a stochastic world, causes BCM to produce consensus which leaves us with the open problem of explaining the emergence and sustainance of opinion clusters and polarisation. We investigate the role of heterogeneous priors in opinion formation, introduce the concept of opinion copulas, argue that it is well supported by findings in Social Psychology and use it to show that the stochastic BCM does indeed produce opinion clustering without the need for extra assumptions. PMID:28829802

Real time diffuse reflectance polarisation spectroscopy imaging to evaluate skin microcirculation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Doherty, Jim; Henricson, Joakim; Nilsson, Gert E.; Anderson, Chris; Leahy, Martin J.

2007-07-01

This article describes the theoretical development and design of a real-time microcirculation imaging system, an extension from a previously technology developed by our group. The technology utilises polarisation spectroscopy, a technique used in order to selectively gate photons returning from various compartments of human skin tissue, namely from the superficial layers of the epidermis, and the deeper backscattered light from the dermal matrix. A consumer-end digital camcorder captures colour data with three individual CCDs, and a custom designed light source consisting of a 24 LED ring light provides broadband illumination over the 400 nm - 700 nm wavelength region. Theory developed leads to an image processing algorithm, the output of which scales linearly with increasing red blood cell (RBC) concentration. Processed images are displayed online in real-time at a rate of 25 frames s -1, at a frame size of 256 x 256 pixels, and is limited only by computer RAM memory and processing speed. General demonstrations of the technique in vivo display several advantages over similar technology.

Dependence of the bit error rate on the signal power and length of a single-channel coherent single-span communication line (100 Gbit s{sup -1}) with polarisation division multiplexing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gurkin, N V; Konyshev, V A; Novikov, A G

2015-01-31

We have studied experimentally and using numerical simulations and a phenomenological analytical model the dependences of the bit error rate (BER) on the signal power and length of a coherent single-span communication line with transponders employing polarisation division multiplexing and four-level phase modulation (100 Gbit s{sup -1} DP-QPSK format). In comparing the data of the experiment, numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we have found two optimal powers: the power at which the BER is minimal and the power at which the fade margin in the line is maximal. We have derived and analysed the dependences of the BER on themore » optical signal power at the fibre line input and the dependence of the admissible input signal power range for implementation of the communication lines with a length from 30 – 50 km up to a maximum length of 250 km. (optical transmission of information)« less

Corrosion anisotropy of titanium deformed by the hydrostatic extrusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chojnacka, A.; Kawalko, J.; Koscielny, H.; Guspiel, J.; Drewienkiewicz, A.; Bieda, M.; Pachla, W.; Kulczyk, M.; Sztwiertnia, K.; Beltowska-Lehman, E.

2017-12-01

The corrosion behaviour of titanium rods deformed by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) in artificial saliva (Carter-Brugirard's solution of pH 7.6) was investigated using open-circuit potentials (OCPs), (DC) potentiodynamic polarisation curves and (AC) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Various electrochemical parameters (corrosion potential Ecorr, corrosion current (icorr), polarisation resistance Rp, charge transfer resistance Rct and oxide film resistance Rf) were analysed. Significant coherence was observed between results achieved from these procedures, i.e., all applied techniques showed the same trend for corrosion resistance. The obtained electrochemical data were then related to the microstructure parameters (crystallographic texture, grain size, grain boundary distribution and density) determined using the EBSD/SEM technique. It was found that the corrosion behaviour of titanium processed by the HE method was superior compared to the unprocessed Ti, and this was clearly dependent on the extrusion direction. The highest corrosion resistance was revealed for the HE-deformed Ti rod of the surface oriented longitudinal (parallel) to the extrusion direction.

Quantum dynamics simulations in an ultraslow bath using hierarchy of stochastic Schrödinger equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ke, Yaling; Zhao, Yi

2018-04-01

The hierarchy of stochastic Schrödinger equation, previously developed under the unpolarised initial bath states, is extended in this paper for open quantum dynamics under polarised initial bath conditions. The method is proved to be a powerful tool in investigating quantum dynamics exposed to an ultraslow Ohmic bath, as in this case the hierarchical truncation level and the random sampling number can be kept at a relatively small extent. By systematically increasing the system-bath coupling strength, the symmetric Ohmic spin-boson dynamics is investigated at finite temperature, with a very small cut-off frequency. It is confirmed that the slow bath makes the system dynamics extremely sensitive to the initial bath conditions. The localisation tendency is stronger in the polarised initial bath conditions. Besides, the oscillatory coherent dynamics persists even when the system-bath coupling is very strong, in correspondence with what is found recently in the deep sub-Ohmic bath, where also the low-frequency modes dominate.

Ultrathin Terahertz Quarter-wave plate based on Split Ring Resonator and Wire Grating hybrid Metasurface.

PubMed

Nouman, Muhammad Tayyab; Hwang, Ji Hyun; Jang, Jae-Hyung

2016-12-13

Planar metasurface based quarter-wave plates offer various advantages over conventional waveplates in terms of compactness, flexibility and simple fabrication; however they offer very narrow bandwidth of operation. Here, we demonstrate a planar terahertz (THz) metasurface capable of linear to circular polarization conversion and vice versa in a wide frequency range. The proposed metasurface is based on horizontally connected split ring resonators and is realized on an ultrathin (0.05λ) zeonor substrate. The fabricated quarter waveplate realizes linear to circular polarization conversion in two broad frequency bands comprising 0.64-0.82 THz and 0.96-1.3 THz with an insertion loss ranging from -3.9 to -10 dB. By virtue of ultrathin sub wavelength thickness, the proposed waveplate design is well suited for application in near field THz optical systems. Additionally, the proposed metasurface design offers novel transmission phase characteristics that present further opportunities to realize dynamic polarization control of incident waves.

Ultrathin Terahertz Quarter-wave plate based on Split Ring Resonator and Wire Grating hybrid Metasurface

PubMed Central

Nouman, Muhammad Tayyab; Hwang, Ji Hyun; Jang, Jae-Hyung

2016-01-01

Planar metasurface based quarter-wave plates offer various advantages over conventional waveplates in terms of compactness, flexibility and simple fabrication; however they offer very narrow bandwidth of operation. Here, we demonstrate a planar terahertz (THz) metasurface capable of linear to circular polarization conversion and vice versa in a wide frequency range. The proposed metasurface is based on horizontally connected split ring resonators and is realized on an ultrathin (0.05λ) zeonor substrate. The fabricated quarter waveplate realizes linear to circular polarization conversion in two broad frequency bands comprising 0.64–0.82 THz and 0.96–1.3 THz with an insertion loss ranging from −3.9 to −10 dB. By virtue of ultrathin sub wavelength thickness, the proposed waveplate design is well suited for application in near field THz optical systems. Additionally, the proposed metasurface design offers novel transmission phase characteristics that present further opportunities to realize dynamic polarization control of incident waves. PMID:27958358

Second-harmonic generation at angular incidence in a negative-positive index photonic band-gap structure.

PubMed

D'Aguanno, Giuseppe; Mattiucci, Nadia; Scalora, Michael; Bloemer, Mark J

2006-08-01

In the spectral region where the refractive index of the negative index material is approximately zero, at oblique incidence, the linear transmission of a finite structure composed of alternating layers of negative and positive index materials manifests the formation of a new type of band gap with exceptionally narrow band-edge resonances. In particular, for TM-polarized (transverse magnetic) incident waves, field values that can be achieved at the band edge may be much higher compared to field values achievable in standard photonic band-gap structures. We exploit the unique properties of these band-edge resonances for applications to nonlinear frequency conversion, second-harmonic generation, in particular. The simultaneous availability of high field localization and phase matching conditions may be exploited to achieve second-harmonic conversion efficiencies far better than those achievable in conventional photonic band-gap structures. Moreover, we study the role played by absorption within the negative index material, and find that the process remains efficient even for relatively high values of the absorption coefficient.

Realization of a compact polarization splitter-rotator on silicon.

PubMed

Dai, Daoxin; Wu, Hao

2016-05-15

A novel compact polarization splitter-rotator (PSR) is proposed and realized with silicon-on-insulator nanowires. The present PSR consists of an adiabatic taper, an asymmetric directional coupler (ADC), and a multimode interference (MMI) mode filter. The adiabatic taper enables an efficient mode conversion from the launched TM₀ mode to the TE₁ mode in a wide waveguide, which is then coupled to the TE₀ mode of a narrow waveguide through the ADC. Meanwhile, the launched TE₀ mode does not have mode conversion and outputs from the through port directly. The MMI mode filter is cascaded at the through port to filter out the residual power of the TE₁ mode so that the extinction ratio of the PSR is improved greatly. The total length of the PSR is ∼70  μm and the fabricated PSR has an extinction ratio of ∼20  dB over a broadband ranging from 1547 to 1597 nm.

Efficient Solar Energy Conversion Using CaCu3Ti4O12 Photoanode for Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kushwaha, H. S.; Madhar, Niyaz A.; Ilahi, B.; Thomas, P.; Halder, Aditi; Vaish, Rahul

2016-01-01

A highly efficient third generation catalyst, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) shows excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic ability. As only 4% part of the solar spectrum covers UV light, thus it is highly desirable to develop visible light active photocatalyst materials like CCTO for effective solar energy conversion. A direct band transition with a narrow band gap (1.5 eV) was observed. Under light irradiation, high photocurrent density was found to be 0.96 mA/cm2, indicating the visible light induced photocatalytic ability of CCTO. Visible light mediated photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency of CaCu3Ti4O12 pellets (CCTO) was investigated for three classes of pharmaceutical waste: erythrosin (dye), ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) and estriol (steroid). It is found that the degradation process follows first order kinetic reaction in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis and high kinetic rate constant was observed in photoelectrocatalysis. This was quite high in comparison to previously reported methods.

Efficient Solar Energy Conversion Using CaCu3Ti4O12 Photoanode for Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis.

PubMed

Kushwaha, H S; Madhar, Niyaz A; Ilahi, B; Thomas, P; Halder, Aditi; Vaish, Rahul

2016-01-04

A highly efficient third generation catalyst, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) shows excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic ability. As only 4% part of the solar spectrum covers UV light, thus it is highly desirable to develop visible light active photocatalyst materials like CCTO for effective solar energy conversion. A direct band transition with a narrow band gap (1.5 eV) was observed. Under light irradiation, high photocurrent density was found to be 0.96 mA/cm(2), indicating the visible light induced photocatalytic ability of CCTO. Visible light mediated photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency of CaCu3Ti4O12 pellets (CCTO) was investigated for three classes of pharmaceutical waste: erythrosin (dye), ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) and estriol (steroid). It is found that the degradation process follows first order kinetic reaction in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis and high kinetic rate constant was observed in photoelectrocatalysis. This was quite high in comparison to previously reported methods.

Mathematical programming models for the economic design and assessment of wind energy conversion systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reinert, K. A.

The use of linear decision rules (LDR) and chance constrained programming (CCP) to optimize the performance of wind energy conversion clusters coupled to storage systems is described. Storage is modelled by LDR and output by CCP. The linear allocation rule and linear release rule prescribe the size and optimize a storage facility with a bypass. Chance constraints are introduced to explicitly treat reliability in terms of an appropriate value from an inverse cumulative distribution function. Details of deterministic programming structure and a sample problem involving a 500 kW and a 1.5 MW WECS are provided, considering an installed cost of $1/kW. Four demand patterns and three levels of reliability are analyzed for optimizing the generator choice and the storage configuration for base load and peak operating conditions. Deficiencies in ability to predict reliability and to account for serial correlations are noted in the model, which is concluded useful for narrowing WECS design options.

Efficient Solar Energy Conversion Using CaCu3Ti4O12 Photoanode for Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis

PubMed Central

Kushwaha, H. S.; Madhar, Niyaz A; Ilahi, B.; Thomas, P.; Halder, Aditi; Vaish, Rahul

2016-01-01

A highly efficient third generation catalyst, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) shows excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic ability. As only 4% part of the solar spectrum covers UV light, thus it is highly desirable to develop visible light active photocatalyst materials like CCTO for effective solar energy conversion. A direct band transition with a narrow band gap (1.5 eV) was observed. Under light irradiation, high photocurrent density was found to be 0.96 mA/cm2, indicating the visible light induced photocatalytic ability of CCTO. Visible light mediated photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency of CaCu3Ti4O12 pellets (CCTO) was investigated for three classes of pharmaceutical waste: erythrosin (dye), ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) and estriol (steroid). It is found that the degradation process follows first order kinetic reaction in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis and high kinetic rate constant was observed in photoelectrocatalysis. This was quite high in comparison to previously reported methods. PMID:26725655

Testing a new form to document 'Goals-of-Care' discussions regarding plans for end-of-life care for patients in an Australian emergency department.

PubMed

Mills, Amber C; Levinson, Michele; Dunlop, William A; Cheong, Edward; Cowan, Timothy; Hanning, Jennifer; O'Callaghan, Erin; Walker, Katherine J

2018-04-16

There is limited literature to inform the content and format of Goals-of-Care forms, for use by doctors when they are undertaking these important conversations. This was a prospective, qualitative and quantitative study evaluating the utility of a new 'Goals-of-Care' form to doctors in a private, tertiary ED, used from December 2016 to February 2017 at Cabrini, Melbourne. A Goals-of-Care form was designed, incorporating medical aims of therapy and patient values and preferences. Doctors wishing to complete a Not-for-CPR form were also supplied with the trial Goals-of-Care form. Form use, content and patient progress were followed. Doctors completing a form were invited to interview. Forms were used in 3% of attendances, 120 forms were taken for use and 108 were analysed. The median patient age was 91, 81% were Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT) positive and patients had a 48% 6-month mortality. A total of 34 doctors completed the forms, 16 were interviewed (two ED trainees, 11 senior ED doctors and three others). Theme saturation was only achieved for the senior doctors interviewed. Having a Goals-of-Care form was valued by 88% of doctors. The frequency of section use was: Aims-of-Care 91%; Quality-of-Life 75% (the term was polarising); Functional Impairments 35%; and Outcomes of Value 29%. Opinions regarding the ideal content and format varied. Some doctors liked free-text space and others tick-boxes. The median duration of the conversation and documentation was 10 min (interquartile range 6-20 min). Having a Goals-of-Care form in emergency medicine is supported; the ideal contents of the form was not determined. © 2018 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine and Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine.

Natural Models for Autonomous Control of Spatial Navigation, Sensing, and Guidance

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-26

mantis shrimp, inspired largely by our efforts, can be found at: The Oatmeal - http://theoatmeal.com/ comics /mantis_shrimp. Courtesy of these guys...Ecology and Environmental Education (20-21 January, Tainan, Taiwan). 14 M How, NJ Marshall 2012 Polarisation vision, an unexplored channel for

Re-Engineering the Stomatopod Eye, Nature’s Most Comprehensive Visual Sensor

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-22

degree of polarisation difference. Stomatopods (Right) also react to similar looming stonuli by retreating or showing eye movements . However, the...N Roberts, NJ Marshall 2013 "Varying degrees of polarization vision in octopus : interaction between degree and angle of polarization in contrast

Conversion of the luminescence of laser dyes in opal matrices to stimulated emission

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alimov, O K; Basiev, T T; Orlovskii, Yu V

The luminescence and laser characteristics of a synthetic opal matrix filled with organic dyes are studied upon excitation by nanosecond laser pulses. The appearance of stimulated emission in a partially ordered scattering medium is investigated. It is shown that if the luminescence spectrum of a dye (oxazine-17) is located far outside the photonic bandgap of the opal matrix, stimulated emission along a preferential direction in the (111) plane is observed when pumping exceeds a threshold even without an external optical cavity. The stimulated emission spectrum is considerably narrower than the luminescence spectrum and consists of several narrow lines located withinmore » the dye luminescence band. If the luminescence spectrum of a dye (rhodamine 6G) overlaps with the photonic bandgap of the opal matrix, a different picture is observed. The loss of radiation in the matrix leads to the red shift of the luminescence spectrum, while the stimulated emission as in the case of oxazine-17 lies is observed within the luminescence band. (active media, lasers, and amplifiers)« less

Clinical recommendation for treatment planning of sinus augmentation procedures by using presurgical CAT scan images: a preliminary report.

PubMed

Kutkut, Ahmad M; Andreana, Sebastiano; Kim, Hyeong-Ll; Monaco, Edward

2011-12-01

To propose a clinical recommendation based on anatomy of maxillary sinus before sinus augmentation procedure using presurgical computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan images. CAT scan images were randomly selected from previous completed implant cases. Proposed area for the lateral window osteotomy was outlined on the panorex image of the CAT scan. Sagittal section on the CAT scan that was in the center of the outlined window was selected for sinus measurement analysis. On CAT scan, 2 lines were drawn to measure the dimensions of sinus. One line measured the horizontal width and the other line measured the vertical height. Based on the measurement data, a classification of the maxillary sinus anatomy was proposed. Narrow sinus cavity indicates favorable type anatomy in terms of bone regeneration healing and wide sinus cavity as less favorable anatomy for patient treatment planning. A narrow sinus and greater exposure to the blood supply should require shorter healing times after grafting. Conversely, wider sinus cavities and less exposure to the blood supply would require a longer healing time before implant placement.

An Unusual Strong Visible-Light Absorption Band in Red Anatase TiO2 Photocatalyst Induced by Atomic Hydrogen-Occupied Oxygen Vacancies.

PubMed

Yang, Yongqiang; Yin, Li-Chang; Gong, Yue; Niu, Ping; Wang, Jian-Qiang; Gu, Lin; Chen, Xingqiu; Liu, Gang; Wang, Lianzhou; Cheng, Hui-Ming

2018-02-01

Increasing visible light absorption of classic wide-bandgap photocatalysts like TiO 2 has long been pursued in order to promote solar energy conversion. Modulating the composition and/or stoichiometry of these photocatalysts is essential to narrow their bandgap for a strong visible-light absorption band. However, the bands obtained so far normally suffer from a low absorbance and/or narrow range. Herein, in contrast to the common tail-like absorption band in hydrogen-free oxygen-deficient TiO 2 , an unusual strong absorption band spanning the full spectrum of visible light is achieved in anatase TiO 2 by intentionally introducing atomic hydrogen-mediated oxygen vacancies. Combining experimental characterizations with theoretical calculations reveals the excitation of a new subvalence band associated with atomic hydrogen filled oxygen vacancies as the origin of such band, which subsequently leads to active photo-electrochemical water oxidation under visible light. These findings could provide a powerful way of tailoring wide-bandgap semiconductors to fully capture solar light. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Understanding Zeeman EIT Noise Correlation Spectra in Buffered Rb Vapor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Leary, Shannon; Zheng, Aojie; Crescimanno, Michael

2014-05-01

Noise correlation spectroscopy on systems manifesting Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) holds promise as a simple, robust method for performing high-resolution spectroscopy used in applications such as EIT-based atomic magnetometry and clocks. During laser light's propagation through a resonant medium, interaction with the medium converts laser phase noise into intensity noise. While this noise conversion can diminish the precision of EIT applications, noise correlation techniques transform the noise into a useful spectroscopic tool that can improve the application's precision. Using a single diode laser with large phase noise, we examine laser intensity noise and noise correlations from Zeeman EIT in a buffered Rb vapor. Of particular interest is a narrow noise correlation feature, resonant with EIT, that has been shown in earlier work to be power-broadening resistant at low powers. We report here on our recent experimental work and complementary theoretical modeling on EIT noise spectra, including a study of power broadening of the narrow noise correlation feature. Understanding the nature of the noise correlation spectrum is essential for optimizing EIT-noise applications.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Peng; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012; Bai, Xue, E-mail: baix@jlu.edu.cn, E-mail: yuzhang@jlu.edu.cn

High quantum yield, narrow full width at half-maximum and tunable emission color of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) make this kind of material good prospects for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the relatively poor stability under high temperature and air condition limits the device performance. To overcome this issue, the liquid-type packaging structure in combination with blue LED chip was employed to fabricate the fluorescent perovskite quantum dot-based LEDs. A variety of monochromatic LEDs with green, yellow, reddish-orange, and red emission were fabricated by utilizing the inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots as the color-conversion layer, which exhibited the narrow fullmore » width at half-maximum (<35 nm), the relatively high luminous efficiency (reaching 75.5 lm/W), and the relatively high external quantum efficiency (14.6%), making it the best-performing perovskite LEDs so far. Compared to the solid state LED device, the liquid-type LED devices exhibited excellent color stability against the various working currents. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential prospects of all-inorganic perovskite QDs for the liquid-type warm white LEDs.« less

A pantropical analysis of the impacts of forest degradation and conversion on local temperature.

PubMed

Senior, Rebecca A; Hill, Jane K; González Del Pliego, Pamela; Goode, Laurel K; Edwards, David P

2017-10-01

Temperature is a core component of a species' fundamental niche. At the fine scale over which most organisms experience climate (mm to ha), temperature depends upon the amount of radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which is principally governed by vegetation. Tropical regions have undergone widespread and extreme changes to vegetation, particularly through the degradation and conversion of rainforests. As most terrestrial biodiversity is in the tropics, and many of these species possess narrow thermal limits, it is important to identify local thermal impacts of rainforest degradation and conversion. We collected pantropical, site-level (<1 ha) temperature data from the literature to quantify impacts of land-use change on local temperatures, and to examine whether this relationship differed aboveground relative to belowground and between wet and dry seasons. We found that local temperature in our sample sites was higher than primary forest in all human-impacted land-use types (N = 113,894 daytime temperature measurements from 25 studies). Warming was pronounced following conversion of forest to agricultural land (minimum +1.6°C, maximum +13.6°C), but minimal and nonsignificant when compared to forest degradation (e.g., by selective logging; minimum +1°C, maximum +1.1°C). The effect was buffered belowground (minimum buffering 0°C, maximum buffering 11.4°C), whereas seasonality had minimal impact (maximum buffering 1.9°C). We conclude that forest-dependent species that persist following conversion of rainforest have experienced substantial local warming. Deforestation pushes these species closer to their thermal limits, making it more likely that compounding effects of future perturbations, such as severe droughts and global warming, will exceed species' tolerances. By contrast, degraded forests and belowground habitats may provide important refugia for thermally restricted species in landscapes dominated by agricultural land.

Revised procedure for the measurement of particulate matter in Naval JP5 aviation turbine fuel (F44; AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McVea, G.G.; Power, A.J.

1995-04-01

USA Military Specification MIL-D-22612 provides a procedure for measurement of particulate levels in Naval aviation gas turbine engine JP5 fuel (F44; RAN AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD). Evaluation of this procedure within the specification has revealed significant shortcomings in the application of the theoretical principles upon which the method is based. CFD measurements have been compared to gravimetric results from ASTM D2276, which provides accurate determination of concentrations of particulate matter in JP5. Inaccuracies evident in the CFD readings have been found to relate to the high sensitivity of the CFD to variations in fuel particulate extinction coefficientsmore » (ECs) (relating to fuel sediment colour) and to an error in the application of light transmittance theory in the recommended method. This report demonstrates that accurate CFD determination of JP5 particulate concentrations depends on spectrophotometric measurement of a narrow range of ECs of particulate matter. A range of fuel sediments derived from Australian naval ship and shore fuel storages was studied. It was observed that the CFD plot, which is in light transmittance mode, in theory provides a curved line graph against the gravimetric test results, whereas MIL-D-22612 describes a straight line graph. It was concluded that this must be an approximation. However, conversion of light transmittance data derived from the CFD into the reciprocal logarithm to give light absorbance data was shown to give a straight line graph which corresponded well with the gravimetric results. This relationship depended on construction of the graph on the basis of a narrow range of known particulate ECs. The conversion to absorbance gave improved correlation for JP5 particulate measurements with gravimetric procedures, using the CFD.« less

Statistical thermodynamic foundation for photovoltaic and photothermal conversion. IV. Solar cells with larger-than-unity quantum efficiency revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badescu, Viorel; Landsberg, Peter T.; De Vos, Alexis; Desoete, Bart

2001-02-01

A detailed balance solar energy conversion model offering a single treatment of both photovoltaic and photothermal conversion is expounded. It includes a heat rejection mechanism. The effect of multiple impact ionizations on the solar cell efficiency is reconsidered by including the constraints dictated by the first law of thermodynamics (which already exist in the model) and it improves of course the solar cell efficiency. However the upper bound efficiencies previously derived are too optimistic as they do not take into consideration the necessary increase in solar cell temperature. The cell efficiency operating under unconcentrated radiation is a few percent lower than in the ideal case (i.e., with perfect cooling). Wider band gap materials are recommended for those applications where the cell cooling is not effective. The best operation of naturally ventilated cells is under unconcentrated or slightly concentrated solar radiation. Increasing the (forced) ventilation rate allows an increase of the optimum concentration ratio. Additional effects such as the radiation reflectance and radiative pair recombination efficiency are also considered. A sort of threshold minimum band gap depending on the last effect is emphasized: materials with band gaps narrower than this threshold are characterized by very low cell efficiency.

Are Students Customers? TQM and Marketing Perspectives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eagle, Lynne; Brennan, Ross

2007-01-01

Purpose: This paper seeks to evaluate the arguments for and against the proposition that students in higher education are "customers" and should be treated as such. Design/methodology/approach: A critical review of the relevant literature from the domains of total quality management and marketing. Findings: The debate is polarised, with advocates…

Discourses of Inclusion in Initial Teacher Education: Unravelling a New Zealand "Number Eight Wire" Knot

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Neill, John; Bourke, Roseanna; Kearney, Alison

2009-01-01

Institutional politics and diversity of ideological positions create challenges for teaching staff with polarised beliefs about inclusive education. This paper provides a methodological justification for a longitudinal study of the experience of developing an integrated "inclusive education" curriculum in one initial teacher education…

Angels or demons?

PubMed

2008-06-01

A fringe meeting at this year's RCN congress, 'Angels and demons… dignity at the heart of nursing', debated the issue of the media portrayal of nurses. Nurses are often depicted at polarised ends of the continuum and the event generated ideas and discussion about how nurses can influence the media portrayal of the profession.

Reassessing the Value of University Lectures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

French, Sarah; Kennedy, Gregor

2017-01-01

This paper discusses the role of the lecture in contemporary higher education. Moving beyond the polarised perspectives that characterise recent debates on the subject, it considers both the potential problems and possible pedagogical, practical and social benefits of the lecture as a mode of teaching and learning. Through an examination of…

Technological Utopia, Dystopia and Ambivalence: Teaching with Social Media at a South African University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rambe, Patient; Nel, Liezel

2015-01-01

The discourse of social media adoption in higher education has often been funnelled through utopian and dystopian perspectives, which are polarised but determinist theorisations of human engagement with educational technologies. Consequently, these determinist approaches have obscured a broadened grasp of the situated, socially constructed nature…

Efficient simulations of the aqueous bio-interface of graphitic nanostructures with a polarisable model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hughes, Zak E.; Tomásio, Susana M.; Walsh, Tiffany R.

2014-04-01

To fully harness the enormous potential offered by interfaces between graphitic nanostructures and biomolecules, detailed connections between adsorbed conformations and adsorption behaviour are needed. To elucidate these links, a key approach, in partnership with experimental techniques, is molecular simulation. For this, a force-field (FF) that can appropriately capture the relevant physics and chemistry of these complex bio-interfaces, while allowing extensive conformational sampling, and also supporting inter-operability with known biological FFs, is a pivotal requirement. Here, we present and apply such a force-field, GRAPPA, designed to work with the CHARMM FF. GRAPPA is an efficiently implemented polarisable force-field, informed by extensive plane-wave DFT calculations using the revPBE-vdW-DF functional. GRAPPA adequately recovers the spatial and orientational structuring of the aqueous interface of graphene and carbon nanotubes, compared with more sophisticated approaches. We apply GRAPPA to determine the free energy of adsorption for a range of amino acids, identifying Trp, Tyr and Arg to have the strongest binding affinity and Asp to be a weak binder. The GRAPPA FF can be readily incorporated into mainstream simulation packages, and will enable large-scale polarisable biointerfacial simulations at graphitic interfaces, that will aid the development of biomolecule-mediated, solution-based graphene processing and self-assembly strategies.To fully harness the enormous potential offered by interfaces between graphitic nanostructures and biomolecules, detailed connections between adsorbed conformations and adsorption behaviour are needed. To elucidate these links, a key approach, in partnership with experimental techniques, is molecular simulation. For this, a force-field (FF) that can appropriately capture the relevant physics and chemistry of these complex bio-interfaces, while allowing extensive conformational sampling, and also supporting inter-operability with known biological FFs, is a pivotal requirement. Here, we present and apply such a force-field, GRAPPA, designed to work with the CHARMM FF. GRAPPA is an efficiently implemented polarisable force-field, informed by extensive plane-wave DFT calculations using the revPBE-vdW-DF functional. GRAPPA adequately recovers the spatial and orientational structuring of the aqueous interface of graphene and carbon nanotubes, compared with more sophisticated approaches. We apply GRAPPA to determine the free energy of adsorption for a range of amino acids, identifying Trp, Tyr and Arg to have the strongest binding affinity and Asp to be a weak binder. The GRAPPA FF can be readily incorporated into mainstream simulation packages, and will enable large-scale polarisable biointerfacial simulations at graphitic interfaces, that will aid the development of biomolecule-mediated, solution-based graphene processing and self-assembly strategies. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Details of the testing of four different DFT functionals; the adsorption energies and separation distances for the full set of analogue molecules; details of the adsorption energies of the phenyl species on the graphene surface at different adsorption sites; snapshots of the set-ups of the three different water-graphene simulations; plane-wave DFT minimum energy configurations of the full set of analogue molecules; details of the development and parametrisation of the GRAPPA FF; details of the parameters and setup used for the AMEOBAPRO simulations; the probability distribution of the O-H bond vectors of water molecules at the graphene interface; details of the simulation times for the (14 × 0) CNT systems using the different FFs; details of tests performed to determine the contribution of polarisability to binding energies; the RMSD between the reference values and plane-wave DFT values of different groups of molecules; 2D density maps of water on the graphene interface; density and hydrogen bond profiles for the simulations of water inside CNTs; 2D density maps of water inside the CNTs; plots of the collective variable against time for the meta-dynamics simulations; probability distributions of the angle between the plane of the aromatic rings and the graphene surface; the probability distribution of distance of the methyl carbon from the graphene surface for Ala. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00468j

Design and implementation of novel nonlinear processes in bulk and waveguide periodic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kajal, Meenu

The telecommunication networks are facing increasing demand to implement all-optical network infrastructure for enabling the wide deployment of new triple play high-speed services (e.g. IPTV, Video On Demand, Voice over IP). One of the challenges with such video broadcasting applications is that these are much more distributed and multi-point in nature unlike the traditional point-to-point communication networks. Currently deployed high-speed electronic components in the optical networks are incapable of handling the unprecedented bandwidth demand for real-time multimedia based broadcasting. The solution essentially lies in increasing the transparency of networks i.e. by replacing high speed signal processing electronics with all-optical signal processors capable of performing signal manipulations such as wavelength switching, time and wavelength division multiplexing, optical pulse compression etc. all in optical domain. This thesis aims at providing an all-optical solution for broadband wavelength conversion and tunable broadcasting, a crucial optical network component, based on quasi-phase-matched wave mixing in nonlinear materials. The quasi phase matching (QPM) technique allows phase matching in long crystal lengths by employing domain-inverted gratings to periodically reverse the sign of nonlinearity, known as periodic poling. This results into new frequency components with high conversion efficiency and has been successfully implemented towards various processes such as second harmonic generation (SHG), sum- and difference- frequency generation (SFG and DFG). Conventionally, the optical networks has an operation window of ˜35 nm centered at 1.55 mum, known as C-band. The wavelength conversion of a signal channel in C-band to an output channel also in the C-band has been demonstrated in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides via the process of difference frequency mixing, cascaded SHG/DFG and cascaded SFG/DFG. While a DFG process utilized a pump wavelength in 775nm regime, it suffered from low efficiency due to mode mismatch between the pump and the signal wavelengths; whereas the technique based on cSHG/DFG or cSFG/DFG eliminated the mode mismatch problem with pump(s) lying in the 1.55 mum wavelength regime. In this thesis, for the first time a flattened bandwidth of cSFG/DFG have been experimentally realized by slight detuning of the pump wavelengths from their phase matching condition. Moreover, employing two closely spaced pumps in a cSFG/DFG process in a PPLN waveguide, a signal has been broadcast to three idlers in C-band. Although a uniform period PPLN grating increases efficiency by the use of highest nonlinearity tensor coefficient via QPM, it suffers from the limitation of a narrow bandwidth of frequency doubling. The narrow bandwidth restricts the choice of pump wavelengths in a cascaded conversion process and consequently the converted signal wavelength is also fixed for a given signal wavelength. Enhancing the frequency doubling bandwidth is necessary for mainly two reasons: firstly, to achieve the tunability of wavelength conversion of a signal to any channel in the communication band; and secondly, to broadcast a signal to several channels simultaneously by employing multiple pump lasers within its broad bandwidth. The first engineered PPLN device proposed and demonstrated in this thesis for broadband wavelength conversion has an aperiodic domain in the center of an otherwise periodic grating. This phase-shifted or aperiodic (a-) PPLN has a dual-peak SH response with an increase in bandwidth compared to a uniform PPLN. It has also been shown that using temperature tuning, the phase matching conditions of the aPPLN can be varied and its SH bandwidth can be further enhanced. The triple-idler broadcasting is shown and for the first time, the idlers are tuned across 40 channels in C-band with flexible location and mutual spacing in the WDM grid assisted with pump detuning and temperature tuning. Although the temperature-tuning scheme solves the problem of narrow SH bandwidth and tunability of conversion, the slow speed of temperature change makes it inadequate for ultra-fast WDM applications. Therefore, a temperature-independent broadband device has been demonstrated for the first time in this dissertation, using a step-chirped grating (SCG), which has an inherent 30-nm SH bandwidth overlapping the C-band. This device obviates the need of temperature tuning and leads to tunable wavelength conversion and flexible broadcasting. Employing a single tuned pump wavelength in the SC-PPLN, conversion of a signal in C-band to tunable dual idlers via cSHG/DFG process is demonstrated for the first time. Also by taking advantage of the broad SH-SF bandwidth, for the first time, agile broadcasting of a signal to seven idlers spanning across C-band with variable position in the grid is realized based on cSHG/DFG and cSFG/DFG processes. By tuning the two pump wavelengths over less than 6 nm, broadcasting is achieved across ˜70 WDM channels within the 50 GHz spacing WDM grid. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Metallocene Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of 1-Silene to Polycarbosilanes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Yuelong; Ge, Min; Zhang, Weigang; Lv, Xiaoxu; Yu, Shouquan

2015-11-01

Metallocene of zirconium were used as a catalyst for an insertion polymerization of 1-methylsilene directly into pre-ceramic precursor polyzirconocenecarbosilane (PZCS) during dechlorination of dichlorodimethylesilane by sodium, which exhibits high catalytic effectiveness with the maximum conversion ratio of polycarbosilane up to 91%. The average molecular weights of polymers synthesized are less than 1400, all with very narrow polymolecularities. The mechanism of catalytic polymerization was assumed to be similar to a coordination insertion polymerization of 1-olefins by metallocenes. The obtained PZCS show high ceramic yields with formation of composite ceramics of ZrC-SiC, which are novel polymeric precursors of ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) fiber and composite.

Metallocene Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of 1-Silene to Polycarbosilanes.

PubMed

Tian, Yuelong; Ge, Min; Zhang, Weigang; Lv, Xiaoxu; Yu, Shouquan

2015-11-06

Metallocene of zirconium were used as a catalyst for an insertion polymerization of 1-methylsilene directly into pre-ceramic precursor polyzirconocenecarbosilane (PZCS) during dechlorination of dichlorodimethylesilane by sodium, which exhibits high catalytic effectiveness with the maximum conversion ratio of polycarbosilane up to 91%. The average molecular weights of polymers synthesized are less than 1400, all with very narrow polymolecularities. The mechanism of catalytic polymerization was assumed to be similar to a coordination insertion polymerization of 1-olefins by metallocenes. The obtained PZCS show high ceramic yields with formation of composite ceramics of ZrC-SiC, which are novel polymeric precursors of ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) fiber and composite.

High-power single-pass pumped diamond Raman oscillator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinzig, Matthias; Walbaum, Till; Williams, Robert J.; Kitzler, Ondrej; Mildren, Richard P.; Schreiber, Thomas; Eberhardt, Ramona; Tünnermann, Andreas

2018-02-01

We present our recent advances on power scaling of a high-power single-pass pumped CVD-diamond Raman oscillator at 1.2 μm. The single pass scheme reduced feedback to the high gain fiber amplifier, which pumps the oscillator. The Yb-doped multi-stage fiber amplifier itself enables up to 1 kW output power at a narrow linewidth of 0.16 nm. We operate this laser in quasi-cw mode at 10% duty cycle and on-time (pulse) duration of 10 ms. With a maximum conversion efficiency of 39%, a maximum steady-state output power of 380 W and diffraction limited beam quality was achieved.

Qubit transfer between photons at telecom and visible wavelengths in a slow-light atomic medium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gogyan, A.

We propose a method that enables efficient conversion of the quantum information frequency between different regions of a spectrum of light based on recently demonstrated strong parametric coupling between two narrow-band single-photon pulses propagating in a slow-light atomic medium [N. Sisakyan and Yu. Malakyan, Phys. Rev. A, 75, 063831 (2007)]. We show that an input qubit at telecom wavelength is transformed into another at a visible domain in a lossless and shape-conserving manner while keeping the initial quantum coherence and entanglement. These transformations can be realized with a quantum efficiency close to its maximum value.

Atom-Resonant Heralded Single Photons by Interaction-Free Measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolfgramm, Florian; de Icaza Astiz, Yannick A.; Beduini, Federica A.; Cerè, Alessandro; Mitchell, Morgan W.

2011-02-01

We demonstrate the generation of rubidium-resonant heralded single photons for quantum memories. Photon pairs are created by cavity-enhanced down-conversion and narrowed in bandwidth to 7 MHz with a novel atom-based filter operating by “interaction-free measurement” principles. At least 94% of the heralded photons are atom-resonant as demonstrated by a direct absorption measurement with rubidium vapor. A heralded autocorrelation measurement shows gc(2)(0)=0.040±0.012, i.e., suppression of multiphoton contributions by a factor of 25 relative to a coherent state. The generated heralded photons can readily be used in quantum memories and quantum networks.

Well-Defined Macromolecules Using Horseradish Peroxidase as a RAFT Initiase.

PubMed

Danielson, Alex P; Bailey-Van Kuren, Dylan; Lucius, Melissa E; Makaroff, Katherine; Williams, Cameron; Page, Richard C; Berberich, Jason A; Konkolewicz, Dominik

2016-02-01

Enzymatic catalysis and control over macromolecular architectures from reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) are combined to give a new method of making polymers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is used to catalytically generate radicals using hydrogen peroxide and acetylacetone as a mediator. RAFT is used to control the polymer structure. HRP catalyzed RAFT polymerization gives acrylate and acrylamide polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. The polymerization is rapid, typically exceeding 90% monomer conversion in 30 min. Complex macromolecular architectures including a block copolymer and a protein-polymer conjugate are synthesized using HRP to catalytically initiate RAFT polymerization. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Digital Natives Revisited: Developing Digital Wisdom in the Modern University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harris, David

2012-01-01

The seminal work of Prensky on "digital natives" and "digital wisdom" is used to launch a broader discussion on the relations between electronic communication, higher education, and popular and elite culture. Prensky's critics commonly contrast his polarisations and generational divisions with a more complex picture of types of engagement with…

Beyond "NEET" and "Tidy" Pathways: Considering the "Missing Middle" of Youth Transition Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Steven

2011-01-01

Jones' (2002) discussion of polarised transitions and the "fast and slow lanes to adulthood" espoused by Bynner "et al." (2002) are good examples of how dualistic language often permeates youth transitions discourses. This often results in transitions research concentrating on a dichotomy of experience during the youth phase.…

We Need to Talk about Well-Being

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cigman, Ruth

2012-01-01

In this paper, I explore the enhancement agenda, which aims to enhance well-being nationwide and particularly among young people. Although it is said by its proponents to embody the ideas of Aristotle, I argue that its true theoretical underpinning is the polarised thinking of positive psychology. The sharp distinction between positive and…

Charge transfer polarisation wave in high Tc oxides and superconductive pairing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chakraverty, B. K.

1991-01-01

A general formalism of quantized charge transfer polarization waves was developed. The nature of possible superconductive pairing between oxygen holes is discussed. Unlike optical phonons, these polarization fields will give rise to dielectric bipolarons or bipolaron bubbles. In the weak coupling limit, a new class of superconductivity is to be expected.

Nd : glass rod laser with an output energy of 500 J

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaykin, A. A.; Kuzmin, A. A.; Shaikin, I. A.; Burdonov, K. F.; Khazanov, E. A.

2016-04-01

The energy of two orthogonally polarised pulses injected into an available multistage amplifier based on neodymium phosphate glass rods was increased from 300 to 500 J (in both pulses). The second output pulse with an energy of 200 J will be used to pump an additional parametric amplifier of a petawatt laser.

Transforming Cultural Conflict in the Foreign Language Classroom: The Case of Arabic at Defense Language Institute

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrett, Tyler; Trosky, Abram; Tawadrous, Adel

2018-01-01

This paper considers the impact of global and national political polarisation on perspectives of instructors and learners in Arabic classrooms at Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) in the United States with particular interest in understanding cultural conflicts that occur between instructors and learners. Instructors and…

How polarity shapes the destiny of T cells.

PubMed

Russell, Sarah

2008-01-15

The differentiation, activation and expansion of T cells are dictated by their integrated response to a complex array of extracellular signals. Recent studies provide insight into how these signals are integrated and demonstrate a key role for cell shape in many aspects of T-cell signalling. T cells polarise during migration, antigen presentation and cell division to give rise to daughter cells that can have different cell fates. In each case, the polarity of the T cell facilitates this activity. This raises the possibility that adoption of a polarised state acts as a positive feedback mechanism to enhance responses to specific signals. Similarly, in asymmetric division of other cell types, the distribution of different molecules into each daughter can have profound consequences for proliferation, death and differentiation. The mechanisms of polarity regulation are far better understood in cells such as epithelial cells, neurons and neuronal precursors, and the fertilised zygote. With the emerging parallels between polarity in these cells and T cells, we should now be able to elucidate how polarity affects signalling and cell fate determination in T cells.

Niacin and olive oil promote skewing to the M2 phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice with metabolic syndrome.

PubMed

Montserrat-de la Paz, Sergio; Naranjo, Maria C; Lopez, Sergio; Abia, Rocio; Muriana, Francisco J G; Bermudez, Beatriz

2016-05-18

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with obesity, dyslipemia, type 2 diabetes and chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of high-fat low-cholesterol diets (HFLCDs) rich in SFAs (HFLCD-SFAs), MUFAs (HFLCD-MUFAs) or MUFAs plus omega-3 long-chain PUFAs (HFLCD-PUFAs) on polarisation and inflammatory potential in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from niacin (NA)-treated Lep(ob/ob)LDLR(-/-) mice. Animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs had increased weight and serum triglycerides, and their BMDMs accumulated triglycerides over the animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs. Furthermore, BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs were polarised towards the M1 phenotype with functional competence to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs were skewed to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These findings open opportunities for developing novel nutritional strategies with olive oil as the most important dietary source of MUFAs (notably oleic acid) to prevent development and progression of metabolic complications in the NA-treated MetS.

Uranium(III)-carbon multiple bonding supported by arene δ-bonding in mixed-valence hexauranium nanometre-scale rings.

PubMed

Wooles, Ashley J; Mills, David P; Tuna, Floriana; McInnes, Eric J L; Law, Gareth T W; Fuller, Adam J; Kremer, Felipe; Ridgway, Mark; Lewis, William; Gagliardi, Laura; Vlaisavljevich, Bess; Liddle, Stephen T

2018-05-29

Despite the fact that non-aqueous uranium chemistry is over 60 years old, most polarised-covalent uranium-element multiple bonds involve formal uranium oxidation states IV, V, and VI. The paucity of uranium(III) congeners is because, in common with metal-ligand multiple bonding generally, such linkages involve strongly donating, charge-loaded ligands that bind best to electron-poor metals and inherently promote disproportionation of uranium(III). Here, we report the synthesis of hexauranium-methanediide nanometre-scale rings. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest overall the presence of formal uranium(III) and (IV) ions, though electron delocalisation in this Kramers system cannot be definitively ruled out, and the resulting polarised-covalent U = C bonds are supported by iodide and δ-bonded arene bridges. The arenes provide reservoirs that accommodate charge, thus avoiding inter-electronic repulsion that would destabilise these low oxidation state metal-ligand multiple bonds. Using arenes as electronic buffers could constitute a general synthetic strategy by which to stabilise otherwise inherently unstable metal-ligand linkages.

Topological dynamics of optical singularities in speckle-fields induced by photorefractive scattering in a LiNbO{sub 3} : Fe crystal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vasil'ev, Vasilii I; Soskin, M S

2013-02-28

A natural singular dynamics of elliptically polarised speckle-fields induced by the 'optical damage' effect in a photorefractive crystal of lithium niobate by a passing beam of a helium - neon laser is studied by the developed methods of singular optics. For the polarisation singularities (C points), a new class of chain reactions, namely, singular chain reactions are discovered and studied. It is shown that they obey the topological charge and sum Poincare index conservation laws. In addition, they exist for all the time of crystal irradiation. They consist of a series of interlocking chains, where singularity pairs arising in amore » chain annihilate with singularities from neighbouring independently created chains. Less often singular 'loop' reactions are observed where arising pairs of singularities annihilate after reversible transformations in within the boundaries of a single speckle. The type of a singular reaction is determined by a topology and dynamics of the speckles, in which the reactions are developing. (laser optics 2012)« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ent, Rolf

With two options studied at Brookhaven National Lab and Jefferson Laboratory the U.S., an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) of energy √s=20-100 GeV was under design. Furthermore, the recent 2015 US Nuclear Science Long-Range Planning effort included a future EIC as a recommendation for future construction. The EIC will be unique in colliding polarised electrons off polarised protons and light nuclei, providing the spin degrees of freedom essential to pursue its physics program driven by spin structure, multi-dimensional tomographic images of protons and nuclei, and discovery of the role of collective effects of gluons in nuclei. The foreseen luminosity of the EIC,more » coupled with its energy variability and reach, will allow unprecedented three-dimensional imaging of the gluon and sea quark distributions, via both TMDs and GPDs, and to explore correlations amongst them. Its hermetic detection capability of correlated fragments promises to similar allow for precise tomographic images of the quark-gluon landscape in nuclei, transcending from light few-body nuclei to the heaviest nuclei, and could uncover how the TMD and GPD landscape changes when gluons display an anticipated collective behavior at the higher energies.« less

Chiral discrimination in NMR spectroscopy: computation of the relevant molecular pseudoscalars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buckingham, A. David; Lazzeretti, Paolo; Pelloni, Stefano

2015-07-01

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is normally blind to chirality but it has been predicted that precessing nuclear spins in a strong magnetic field induce a rotating electric polarisation that is of opposite sign for enantiomers. The polarisation is determined by two pseudoscalars, ? and ?. The former arises from the distortion of the electronic structure by the nuclear magnetic moment in the presence of the strong magnetic field and is equivalent to the linear effect of an electric field on the nuclear shielding tensor. ? determines the temperature-dependent partial orientation of the permanent electric dipole moment of the molecule by the antisymmetric part of the nuclear shielding tensor. Computations of these two contributions are reported for the nuclei in the chiral molecules N-methyloxaziridine, 2-methyloxirane, 1,3-dimethylallene, 1-fluoroethanol, 2-fluoroazirine, 1,2-M-dioxin, 1,2-M-dithiin, 1,2-M-diselenin and 1,2-M-ditellurin. For strongly dipolar molecules, ? is typically two to three orders of magnitude greater than ?, raising hopes for the detection of chirality in NMR spectroscopy. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Nicholas Handy, F.R.S.

Generation and analysis of correlated pairs of photons on board a nanosatellite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandrasekara, R.; Tang, Z.; Tan, Y. C.; Cheng, C.; Sha, L.; Hiang, G. C.; Oi, D.; Ling, A.

2016-10-01

Progress in quantum computers and their threat to conventional public key infrastructure is driving new forms of encryption. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using entangled photons is a promising approach. A global QKD network can be achieved using satellites equipped with optical links. Despite numerous proposals, actual experimental work demonstrating relevant entanglement technology in space is limited due to the prohibitive cost of traditional satellite development. To make progress, we have designed a photon pair source that can operate on modular spacecraft called CubeSats. We report the in-orbit operation of the photon pair source on board an orbiting CubeSat and demonstrate pair generation and polarisation correlation under space conditions. The in-orbit polarisation correlations are compatible with ground-based tests, validating our design. This successful demonstration is a major experimental milestone towards a space-based quantum network. Our approach provides a cost-effective method for proving the space-worthiness of critical components used in entangled photon technology. We expect that it will also accelerate efforts to probe the overlap between quantum and relativistic models of physics.

A morphological study of the sulfurisation of digenite to covellite using reflected polarised light microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rask Møller Frøkiær, Heidi; Warner, Terence E.

2017-08-01

A series of copper rods were reacted with sulfur vapour in evacuated glass ampoules at ∼445 °C. Product materials were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction and reflected polarised light microscopy. Copper sulfurised rapidly to digenite, γ-Cu2-xS, under these conditions, whereas the subsequent sulfurisation to covellite, CuS, was notably slower, yielding texturally distinguishable inner (secondary) and outer (primary) CuS regions. A two-stage partial sulfurisation of γ-Cu1.8S resulted in the external growth of two successive layers of primary CuS, which demonstrates decisively that covellite - besides being a p-type metal - is ionically conducting at 445 °C, although considerably less so than digenite. We infer that the growth of platy covellite crystals and their radial alignment in the primary CuS layer are a consequence of copper ion mobility being restricted to the basal plane of the covellite structure. Sulfurising a coil of copper wire at ∼445 °C is an effective method for synthesising covellite.

SAR target recognition using behaviour library of different shapes in different incidence angles and polarisations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fallahpour, Mojtaba Behzad; Dehghani, Hamid; Jabbar Rashidi, Ali; Sheikhi, Abbas

2018-05-01

Target recognition is one of the most important issues in the interpretation of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Modelling, analysis, and recognition of the effects of influential parameters in the SAR can provide a better understanding of the SAR imaging systems, and therefore facilitates the interpretation of the produced images. Influential parameters in SAR images can be divided into five general categories of radar, radar platform, channel, imaging region, and processing section, each of which has different physical, structural, hardware, and software sub-parameters with clear roles in the finally formed images. In this paper, for the first time, a behaviour library that includes the effects of polarisation, incidence angle, and shape of targets, as radar and imaging region sub-parameters, in the SAR images are extracted. This library shows that the created pattern for each of cylindrical, conical, and cubic shapes is unique, and due to their unique properties these types of shapes can be recognised in the SAR images. This capability is applied to data acquired with the Canadian RADARSAT1 satellite.

On the design and assessment of a 2.45 GHz radio telecommand system for remote patient monitoring.

PubMed

Crumley, G C; Evans, N E; Burns, J B; Trouton, T G

1998-12-01

This paper discusses the design and operational assessment of a minimum-power, 2.45 GHz portable pulse receiver and associated base transmitter comprising the interrogation link in a duplex, cross-band RF transponder designed for short-range, remote patient monitoring. A tangential receiver sensitivity of - 53 dBm was achieved using a 50 ohms microstrip stub-matched zero-bias diode detector and a CMOS baseband amplifier consuming 20 microA from + 3 V. The base transmitter generated an on-off keyed peak output of 0.5 W into 50 ohms. Both linear and right-hand circularly-polarised antennas were employed in system evaluations carried out within an operational Coronary Care Unit ward. For transmitting antenna heights of between 0.3 and 2.2 m above floor level. transponder interrogations were 95% reliable within the 82 m2 area of the ward, falling to an average of 46% in the surrounding rooms and corridors. Separating the polarisation modes, using the circular antenna set gave the higher overall reliability.

Characterisation of detergent-insoluble membranes in pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum (L.)

PubMed Central

Moscatelli, Alessandra; Gagliardi, Assunta; Maneta-Peyret, Lilly; Bini, Luca; Stroppa, Nadia; Onelli, Elisabetta; Landi, Claudia; Scali, Monica; Idilli, Aurora Irene; Moreau, Patrick

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Pollen tubes are the vehicle for sperm cell delivery to the embryo sac during fertilisation of Angiosperms. They provide an intriguing model for unravelling mechanisms of growing to extremes. The asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins in the pollen tube plasma membrane modulates ion fluxes and actin dynamics and is maintained by a delicate equilibrium between exocytosis and endocytosis. The structural constraints regulating polarised secretion and asymmetric protein distribution on the plasma membrane are mostly unknown. To address this problem, we investigated whether ordered membrane microdomains, namely membrane rafts, might contribute to sperm cell delivery. Detergent insoluble membranes, rich in sterols and sphingolipids, were isolated from tobacco pollen tubes. MALDI TOF/MS analysis revealed that actin, prohibitins and proteins involved in methylation reactions and in phosphoinositide pattern regulation are specifically present in pollen tube detergent insoluble membranes. Tubulins, voltage-dependent anion channels and proteins involved in membrane trafficking and signalling were also present. This paper reports the first evidence of membrane rafts in Angiosperm pollen tubes, opening new perspectives on the coordination of signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics and polarised secretion. PMID:25701665

The strange and charm quark contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon from lattice QCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koponen, Jonna; Chakraborty, Bipasha; Davies, Christine T. H.; Donald, Gordon; Dowdall, Rachel; Gonçalves de Oliveira, Pedro; Lepage, G. Peter; Teubner, Thomas

2016-04-01

We describe a new technique (published in [1]) to determine the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon coming from the hadronic vacuum polarisation using lattice QCD. Our method uses Padé approximants to reconstruct the Adler function from its derivatives at q2 = 0. These are obtained simply and accurately from time-moments of the vector current-current correlator at zero spatial momentum. We test the method using strange quark correlators calculated on MILC Collaboration's nf = 2 + 1 + 1 HISQ ensembles at multiple values of the lattice spacing, multiple volumes and multiple light sea quark masses (including physical pion mass configurations). We find the (connected) contribution to the anomalous moment from the strange quark vacuum polarisation to be aμs = 53.41 (59) ×10-10, and the contribution from charm quarks to be aμc = 14.42 (39) ×10-10 - 1% accuracy is achieved for the strange quark contribution. The extension of our method to the light quark contribution and to that from the quark-line disconnected diagram is straightforward.

Target discrimination strategies in optics detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sjöqvist, Lars; Allard, Lars; Henriksson, Markus; Jonsson, Per; Pettersson, Magnus

2013-10-01

Detection and localisation of optical assemblies used for weapon guidance or sniper rifle scopes has attracted interest for security and military applications. Typically a laser system is used to interrogate a scene of interest and the retro-reflected radiation is detected. Different system approaches for area coverage can be realised ranging from flood illumination to step-and-stare or continuous scanning schemes. Independently of the chosen approach target discrimination is a crucial issue, particularly if a complex scene such as in an urban environment and autonomous operation is considered. In this work target discrimination strategies in optics detection are discussed. Typical parameters affecting the reflected laser radiation from the target are the wavelength, polarisation properties, temporal effects and the range resolution. Knowledge about the target characteristics is important to predict the target discrimination capability. Two different systems were used to investigate polarisation properties and range resolution information from targets including e.g. road signs, optical reflexes, rifle sights and optical references. The experimental results and implications on target discrimination will be discussed. If autonomous operation is required target discrimination becomes critical in order to reduce the number of false alarms.

Design and Performance of the Antenna-Coupled Lumped-Element Kinetic Inductance Detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barry, P. S.; Doyle, S.; Hornsby, A. L.; Kofman, A.; Mayer, E.; Nadolski, A.; Tang, Q. Y.; Vieira, J.; Shirokoff, E.

2018-05-01

Focal plane arrays consisting of low-noise, polarisation-sensitive detectors have made possible the pioneering advances in the study of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). To make further progress, the next generation of CMB experiments (e.g. CMB-S4) will require a substantial increase in the number of detectors compared to current instruments. Arrays of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) provide a possible path to realising such large-format arrays owing to their intrinsic multiplexing advantage and relative cryogenic simplicity. In this paper, we report on the design of a variant of the traditional KID design: the antenna-coupled lumped-element KID. A polarisation-sensitive twin-slot antenna placed behind an optimised hemispherical lens couples power onto a thin-film superconducting microstrip line. The power is then guided into the inductive section of an aluminium KID, where it is absorbed and modifies both the resonant frequency and quality factor of the KID. We present the various aspects of the design and preliminary results from the first set of seven-element prototype arrays and compare to the expected modelled performance.

Confinement effects on lyotropic nematic liquid crystal phases of graphene oxide dispersions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Zangana, Shakhawan; Iliut, Maria; Turner, Michael; Vijayaraghavan, Aravind; Dierking, Ingo

2017-12-01

Graphene oxide (GO) forms well ordered liquid crystal (LC) phases in polar solvents. Here, we map the lyotropic phase diagram of GO as a function of the lateral dimensions of the GO flakes, their concentration, geometrical confinement configuration and solvent polarity. GO flakes were prepared in water and transferred into other polar solvents. Polarising optical microscopy (POM) was used to determine the phase evolution through the isotropic-biphasic-nematic transitions of the GO LC. We report that the confinement volume and geometry relative to the particle size is critical for the observation of the lyotropic phase, specifically, this determines the low-end concentration limit for the detection of the GO LC. Additionally, a solvent with higher polarisability stabilises the LC phases at lower concentrations and smaller flake sizes. GO LCs have been proposed for a range of applications from display technologies to conductive fibres, and the behaviour of LC phase formation under confinement imposes a limit on miniaturisation of the dimensions of such GO LC systems which could significantly impact on their potential applications.

The non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway shapes the mouse caudal neural plate.

PubMed

López-Escobar, Beatriz; Caro-Vega, José Manuel; Vijayraghavan, Deepthi S; Plageman, Timothy F; Sanchez-Alcazar, José A; Moreno, Roberto Carlos; Savery, Dawn; Márquez-Rivas, Javier; Davidson, Lance A; Ybot-González, Patricia

2018-05-08

The last stage of neural tube (NT) formation involves closure of the caudal neural plate (NP), an embryonic structure formed by neuromesodermal progenitors and newly differentiated cells that becomes incorporated into the NT. Here, we show in mouse that, as cell specification progresses, neuromesodermal progenitors and their progeny undergo significant changes in shape prior to their incorporation into the NT. The caudo-rostral progression towards differentiation is coupled to a gradual reliance on a unique combination of complex mechanisms that drive tissue folding, involving pulses of apical actomyosin contraction and planar polarised cell rearrangements, all of which are regulated by the Wnt-PCP pathway. Indeed, when this pathway is disrupted, either chemically or genetically, the polarisation and morphology of cells within the entire caudal NP is disturbed, producing delays in NT closure. The most severe disruptions of this pathway prevent caudal NT closure and result in spina bifida. In addition, a decrease in Vangl2 gene dosage also appears to promote more rapid progression towards a neural fate, but not the specification of more neural cells. © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

A new technique based on current measurement for nanoscale ferroelectricity assessment: Nano-positive up negative down

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Simon; Baboux, Nicolas; Albertini, David; Gautier, Brice

2017-02-01

In this paper, we propose a new procedure which aims at measuring the polarisation switching current at the nanoscale on ferroelectric thin films with the atomic force microscope tip used as a top electrode. Our technique is an adaptation of the so-called positive up negative down method commonly operated on large electrodes. The main obstacle that must be overcome to implement such measurement is the enhancement of the signal to noise ratio, in a context where the stray capacitance of the sample/tip/lever/lever holder system generates a dielectric displacement current several orders of magnitude higher than the current to be measured. This problem is solved by the subtraction of the displacement current through a reference capacitance. For the first time, we show an example of nanoscale positive up negative down measurement of the polarisation charge on a PbZrTiO3 thin film and compare the measured value with paraelectric samples. From the comparison with macroscopic measurement, we deduce the effective area of contact between the tip and the sample.

Gadolinium-based compounds induce NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production and peritoneal inflammation.

PubMed

Schmidt-Lauber, Christian; Bossaller, Lukas; Abujudeh, Hani H; Vladimer, Gregory I; Christ, Anette; Fitzgerald, Katherine A; Latz, Eicke; Gravallese, Ellen M; Marshak-Rothstein, Ann; Kay, Jonathan

2015-11-01

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a progressive fibrosing disorder that may develop in patients with chronic kidney disease after administration of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs). In the setting of impaired renal clearance of GBCAs, Gd deposits in various tissues and fibrosis subsequently develops. However, the precise mechanism by which fibrosis occurs in NSF is incompletely understood. Because other profibrotic agents, such as silica or asbestos, activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and initiate interleukin (IL)-1β release with the subsequent development of fibrosis, we evaluated the effects of GBCAs on inflammasome activation. Bone marrow derived macrophages from C57BL/6, Nlrp3(-/-) and Asc(-/-) mice were incubated with three Gd-containing compounds and IL-1β activation and secretion was detected by ELISA and western blot analysis. Inflammasome activation and regulation was investigated in IL-4- and interferon (IFN)γ-polarised macrophages by ELISA, quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR and NanoString nCounter analysis. Furthermore, C57BL/6 and Nlrp3(-/-)mice were intraperitoneally injected with GBCA and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the peritoneum was analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Free Gd and GBCAs activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce IL-1β secretion in vitro. Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid also induces the recruitment of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes to the peritoneum in vivo. Gd activated IL-4-polarised macrophages more effectively than IFNγ-polarised macrophages, which preferentially expressed genes known to downregulate inflammasome activity. These data suggest that Gd released from GBCAs triggers a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammatory response that leads to fibrosis in an appropriate clinical setting. The preferential activation of IL-4-differentiated macrophages is consistent with the predominantly fibrotic presentation of NSF. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Differential Contribution to T Helper 17 and T Cytotoxic 17 Cell Development

PubMed Central

Hayes, Mark D.; Ovcinnikovs, Vitalijs; Smith, Andrew G.; Kimber, Ian; Dearman, Rebecca J.

2014-01-01

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been shown to be required for optimal Thelper (Th) 17 cell activation. Th17 cells provide immunity against extracellular pathogens and are implicated in autoimmune diseases. Herein, the role of the AhR in cytokine production by Th17, and by the analogous population of T cytotoxic (Tc)17 cells, has been examined. Lymph node Tc (CD8+) and Th (CD4+) cells were isolated by negative selection from naive AhR+/− and AhR−/− mice and polarised to Tc1/Th1 or Tc17/Th17 phenotypes with appropriate cytokines. Cell differentiation was assessed as a function of mRNA and protein (ELISA and flow cytometry) expression for interferon (IFN)-γ and for key Th17 cytokines. In AhR+/− mice, Th17 cells displayed an exclusive IL-17 profile, which was markedly inhibited by a selective AhR antagonist to levels observed in AhR knockout mice. Addition of the natural AhR agonist 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) markedly enhanced Th17 cell activity in the heterozygotes. In contrast, Tc17 cells polarised into 3 distinct subsets: producing either IL-17 or IFN-γ alone, or both cytokines. Blocking AhR was also detrimental to Tc17 development, with reduced responses recorded in AhR−/− mice and antagonist-mediated reduction of IL-17 expression in the heterozygotes. However, Tc17 cells were largely refractory to exogenous FICZ, presumably because Tc17 cells express baseline AhR mRNA, but unlike Th17 cells, there is no marked up-regulation during polarisation. Thus, Th17 cell development is more dependent upon AhR activation than is Tc17 cell development, suggesting that endogenous AhR ligands play a much greater role in driving Th17 cell responses. PMID:25203682

Filtration rate dependence of hyaluronan reflection by joint-to-lymph barrier: evidence for concentration polarisation

PubMed Central

Sabaratnam, S; Mason, RM; Levick, JR

2004-01-01

Hyaluronan (HA), a component of synovial fluid, buffers fluid loss from joints. To explain this, a quantitative theory for HA concentration polarisation at a partially sieving synovial lining was developed. The theory predicts a fall in HA reflected fraction R with increased filtration rate. To test this, knees of anaesthetised rabbits were infused with HA and fluorescein–dextran (FD) at constant trans-synovial filtration rates of 6–89 μl min−1. Samples of femoral lymph, mixed intra-articular fluid and subsynovial fluid after ≥ 3 h were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. R was calculated as (1 – downstream/upstream concentration), using [FD] to adjust for joint lymph dilution in femoral lymph. Intra-articular HA concentration after ≥ 3 h, 0.47 ± 0.02 mg ml−1 (mean ±s.e.m., n = 31), exceeded the infusate concentration, 0.20 mg ml−1, while subsynovial and lymph [HA] were reduced relative to [FD]. The changes in [HA] demonstrated synovial molecular sieving of HA. R from cavity to lymph (Rlymph) fell monotonically from 0.93 at 6 μl min−1 to 0.14 at 89 μl min−1 (P < 0.0001, regression analysis, n = 33). R values calculated from the intra-articular HA accumulation (Rasp) or the low subsynovial concentrations (Rsyn) were similar negative functions of filtration rate. R for lymphatic capillary endothelium (Rendo), calculated from lymph/subsynovial concentration ratios, was effectively zero (−0.03 ± 0.18, n = 21), confirming that synovium, not initial lymphatic endothelium, is the reflection site. Logarithmic linearisation of the results evaluated the synovial HA reflection coefficient as 0.91. In conclusion, the existence of concentration polarisation during joint fluid drainage was supported by the demonstration of a negative relation between filtration rate and Rlymph, Rasp and Rsyn. PMID:15073278

Compton scattering from the proton in an effective field theory with explicit Delta degrees of freedom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McGovern, J. A.; Phillips, D. R.; Grießhammer, H. W.

2013-01-01

We analyse the proton Compton-scattering differential cross section for photon energies up to 325 MeV using Chiral Effective Field Theory (χEFT) and extract new values for the electric and magnetic polarisabilities of the proton. Our approach builds in the key physics in two different regimes: photon energies ω ≲ m π ("low energy"), and the higher energies where the Δ(1232) resonance plays a key role. The Compton amplitude is complete at N4LO, {O}( {e^2 δ ^4 } ), in the low-energy region, and at NLO, {O}( {e^2 δ ^0 } ), in the resonance region. Throughout, the Delta-pole graphs are dressed with π N loops and γN Δ vertex corrections. A statistically consistent database of proton Compton experiments is used to constrain the free parameters in our amplitude: the M1 γN Δ transition strength b 1 (which is fixed in the resonance region) and the polarisabilities α E1 and β M1 (which are fixed from data below 170 MeV). In order to obtain a reasonable fit, we find it necessary to add the spin polarisability γ M1 M1 as a free parameter, even though it is, strictly speaking, predicted in χEFT at the order to which we work. We show that the fit is consistent with the Baldin sum rule, and then use that sum rule to constrain α E1 + β M1. In this way we obtain α E1 = [10.65 ± 0.35(stat) ± 0.2(Baldin) ± 0.3(theory)] × 10-4 fm3 and β M1 = [3.15 ∓ 0.35(state) ± 0.2(Baldin) ∓ 0.3()theory] × 10-4 fm3, with χ2 = 113.2 for 135 degrees of freedom. A detailed rationale for the theoretical uncertainties assigned to this result is provided.

Geometry can provide long-range mechanical guidance for embryogenesis

PubMed Central

Dicko, Mahamar; Saramito, Pierre

2017-01-01

Downstream of gene expression, effectors such as the actomyosin contractile machinery drive embryo morphogenesis. During Drosophila embryonic axis extension, actomyosin has a specific planar-polarised organisation, which is responsible for oriented cell intercalation. In addition to these cell rearrangements, cell shape changes also contribute to tissue deformation. While cell-autonomous dynamics are well described, understanding the tissue-scale behaviour challenges us to solve the corresponding mechanical problem at the scale of the whole embryo, since mechanical resistance of all neighbouring epithelia will feedback on individual cells. Here we propose a novel numerical approach to compute the whole-embryo dynamics of the actomyosin-rich apical epithelial surface. We input in the model specific patterns of actomyosin contractility, such as the planar-polarisation of actomyosin in defined ventro-lateral regions of the embryo. Tissue strain rates and displacements are then predicted over the whole embryo surface according to the global balance of stresses and the material behaviour of the epithelium. Epithelia are modelled using a rheological law that relates the rate of deformation to the local stresses and actomyosin anisotropic contractility. Predicted flow patterns are consistent with the cell flows observed when imaging Drosophila axis extension in toto, using light sheet microscopy. The agreement between model and experimental data indicates that the anisotropic contractility of planar-polarised actomyosin in the ventro-lateral germband tissue can directly cause the tissue-scale deformations of the whole embryo. The three-dimensional mechanical balance is dependent on the geometry of the embryo, whose curved surface is taken into account in the simulations. Importantly, we find that to reproduce experimental flows, the model requires the presence of the cephalic furrow, a fold located anteriorly of the extending tissues. The presence of this geometric feature, through the global mechanical balance, guides the flow and orients extension towards the posterior end. PMID:28346461

Exploring the inner parsecs of active galactic nuclei using near-infrared high resolution polarimetric simulations with MontAGN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grosset, L.; Rouan, D.; Gratadour, D.; Pelat, D.; Orkisz, J.; Marin, F.; Goosmann, R.

2018-04-01

Aims: In this paper we aim to constrain the properties of dust structures in the central first parsecs of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Our goal is to study the required optical depth and composition of different dusty and ionised structures. Methods: We developed a radiative transfer code called Monte Carlo for Active Galactic Nuclei (MontAGN), which is optimised for polarimetric observations in the infrared. With both this code and STOKES, designed to be relevant from the hard X-ray band to near-infrared wavelengths, we investigate the polarisation emerging from a characteristic model of the AGN environment. For this purpose, we compare predictions of our models with previous infrared observations of NGC 1068, and try to reproduce several key polarisation patterns revealed by polarisation mapping. Results: We constrain the required dust structures and their densities. More precisely, we find that the electron density inside the ionisation cone is about 2.0 × 109 m-3. With structures constituted of spherical grains of constant density, we also highlight that the torus should be thicker than 20 in term of K-band optical depth to block direct light from the centre. It should also have a stratification in density: a less dense outer rim with an optical depth at 2.2 μm typically between 0.8 and 4 for observing the double scattering effect previously proposed. Conclusions: We bring constraints on the dust structures in the inner parsecs of an AGN model supposed to describe NGC 1068. When compared to observations, this leads to an optical depth of at least 20 in the Ks band for the torus of NGC 1068, corresponding to τV ≈ 170, which is within the range of current estimation based on observations. In the future, we will improve our study by including non-uniform dust structures and aligned elongated grains to constrain other possible interpretations of the observations.

Developing SABRE as an analytical tool in NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lloyd, Lyrelle Stacey

Work presented in this thesis centres around the application of the new hyperpolarisation technique, SABRE, within nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, focusing on optimisation of the technique to characterise small organic molecules. While pyridine was employed as a model substrate, studies on a range of molecules are investigated including substituted pyridines, quinolines, thiazoles and indoles are detailed. Initial investigations explored how the properties of the SABRE catalyst effect the extent of polarisation transfer exhibited. The most important of these properties proved to be the rate constants for loss of pyridine and hydrides as these define the contact time of pyridine with the parahydrogen derived hydride ligands in the metal template. The effect of changing the temperature, solvent or concentration of substrate or catalyst are rationalised. For instance, the catalyst ICy(a) exhibits relatively slow ligand exchange rates and increasing the temperature during hyperpolarisation increases the observed signal enhancements. These studies have revealed a second polarisation transfer template can be used with SABRE in which two substrate molecules are bound. This allows the possibility of investigation of larger substrates which might otherwise be too sterically encumbered to bind. Another significant advance relates to the first demonstration that SABRE can be used in conjunction with an automated system designed with Bruker allowing the acquisition of scan averaged, phase cycled and traditional 2D spectra. The system also allowed investigations into the effect of the polarisation transfer field and application of that knowledge to collect single-scan 13C data for characterisation. The successful acquisition of 1H NOESY, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C 2D and ultrafast 1H-1H COSY NMR sequences is detailed for a 10 mM concentration sample, with 1H data collected for a 1 mM sample. A range of studies which aim to demonstrate the applicability of SABRE to the characterisation of small molecules and pharmaceuticals have been conducted.

Analysis of the Wbt Vertex from the Measurement of Triple Differential Angular Decay Rates of Single Top Quarks Produced in the T-Channel at □S =8 TeV with ATLAS Detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Jun

The electroweak production and subsequent decay of single top quarks is determined by the properties of the Wtb vertex, which can be described by the complex parameters of an effective Lagrangian. An analysis of angular distributions of the decay products of single top quarks produced in the t-channel constrains these parameters simultaneously. The thesis presents an analysis using 20.2 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fraction ƒ1 of decays containing transversely polarised W bosons is measured to be ƒ1 = 0:296 +0:048 -0:051 (stat. + syst.). The phase delta_ between amplitudes for transversely and longitudinally polarised W bosons recoiling against left-handed b quarks, is measured to be delta_ = 0:002pi+0:016pi -0:017pi (stat. + syst.), giving no indication of CP violation. The fraction of longitudinal to transverse W bosons accompanied by right-handed b-quarks are also constrained at 95% C.L. to ƒ+1 < 0:118 and ƒ+ 0 < 0:085. Based on these measurements limits are placed at 95% C.L. on the ratio of the complex coupling parameters gR and VL such that Re [gR =VL] epsilon [-0:122; 0:168] and Im [gR=VL] epsilon [-0:066; 0:059]. Constraints are also placed on the magnitudes of the ratios | VL/VL|, and |g L/VL|. Finally the polarisation of single top quarks in the t-channel is constrained to be P > 0:718 (95% C.L.). None of the above measurements make assumptions on the value of any of the other parameters or couplings and all of them are in agreement with the Standard Model.

Stripes disrupt odour attractiveness to biting horseflies: battle between ammonia, CO₂, and colour pattern for dominance in the sensory systems of host-seeking tabanids.

PubMed

Blahó, Miklós; Egri, Adám; Száz, Dénes; Kriska, György; Akesson, Susanne; Horváth, Gábor

2013-07-02

As with mosquitoes, female tabanid flies search for mammalian hosts by visual and olfactory cues, because they require a blood meal before being able to produce and lay eggs. Polarotactic tabanid flies find striped or spotted patterns with intensity and/or polarisation modulation visually less attractive than homogeneous white, brown or black targets. Thus, this reduced optical attractiveness to tabanids can be one of the functions of striped or spotty coat patterns in ungulates. Ungulates emit CO2 via their breath, while ammonia originates from their decaying urine. As host-seeking female tabanids are strongly attracted to CO2 and ammonia, the question arises whether the poor visual attractiveness of stripes and spots to tabanids is or is not overcome by olfactory attractiveness. To answer this question we performed two field experiments in which the attractiveness to tabanid flies of homogeneous white, black and black-and-white striped three-dimensional targets (spheres and cylinders) and horse models provided with CO2 and ammonia was studied. Since tabanids are positively polarotactic, i.e. attracted to strongly and linearly polarised light, we measured the reflection-polarisation patterns of the test surfaces and demonstrated that these patterns were practically the same as those of real horses and zebras. We show here that striped targets are significantly less attractive to host-seeking female tabanids than homogeneous white or black targets, even when they emit tabanid-luring CO2 and ammonia. Although CO2 and ammonia increased the number of attracted tabanids, these chemicals did not overcome the weak visual attractiveness of stripes to host-seeking female tabanids. This result demonstrates the visual protection of striped coat patterns against attacks from blood-sucking dipterans, such as horseflies, known to transmit lethal diseases to ungulates. © 2013.

SAPO-34/AlMCM-41, as a novel hierarchical nanocomposite: preparation, characterization and investigation of synthesis factors using response surface methodology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roohollahi, Hossein; Halladj, Rouein; Askari, Sima; Yaripour, Fereydoon

2018-06-01

SAPO-34/AlMCM-41, as a new hierarchical nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal and dry-gel conversion. In an experimental and statistical study, effect of five input parameters including synthesis period, drying temperature, NaOH/Si, water/dried-gel and SAPO% were investigated on range-order degree of mesochannels and the relative crystallinity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded to characterize the ordered AlMCM-41 and crystalline SAPO-34 structures. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission SEM (FESEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-Map) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the textural properties, morphology and surface elemental composition. Two reduced polynomials were fitted to the responses with good precision. Further, based on analysis of variances, SAPO% and time duration of dry-gel conversion were observed as the most effective parameters on the composite structure. The hierarchical porosity, narrow pore size distribution, high external surface area and large specific pore volume were of interesting characteristics for this novel nanocomposite.

Flexible thin-film black gold membranes with ultrabroadband plasmonic nanofocusing for efficient solar vapour generation.

PubMed

Bae, Kyuyoung; Kang, Gumin; Cho, Suehyun K; Park, Wounjhang; Kim, Kyoungsik; Padilla, Willie J

2015-12-14

Solar steam generation has been achieved by surface plasmon heating with metallic nanoshells or nanoparticles, which have inherently narrow absorption bandwidth. For efficient light-to-heat conversion from a wider solar spectrum, we employ adiabatic plasmonic nanofocusing to attain both polarization-independent ultrabroadband light absorption and high plasmon dissipation loss. Here we demonstrate large area, flexible thin-film black gold membranes, which have multiscale structures of varying metallic nanoscale gaps (0-200 nm) as well as microscale funnel structures. The adiabatic nanofocusing of self-aggregated metallic nanowire bundle arrays produces average absorption of 91% at 400-2,500 nm and the microscale funnel structures lead to average reflection of 7% at 2.5-17 μm. This membrane allows heat localization within the few micrometre-thick layer and continuous water provision through micropores. We efficiently generate water vapour with solar thermal conversion efficiency up to 57% at 20 kW m(-2). This new structure has a variety of applications in solar energy harvesting, thermoplasmonics and related technologies.

Enhanced 40 and 80 Gb/s wavelength conversion using a rectangular shaped optical filter for both red and blue spectral slicing.

PubMed

Raz, O; Herrera, J; Dorren, H J S

2009-02-02

By using a tunable filter with tunability of both bandwidth and wavelength and a very sharp filter roll-off, considerable improvement of all optical Wavelength Conversion, based on Cross Gain and Phase Modulation effects in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier and spectral slicing, is shown. At 40 Gb/s slicing of blue spectral components is shown to result in a small penalty of 0.7 dB, with a minimal eye broadening, and at 80 Gb/s the low demonstrated 0.5 dB penalty is a dramatic improvement over previously reported wavelength converters using the same principal. Additionally, we give for the first time quantitative results for the case of red spectral slicing at 40 Gb/s which we found to have only 0.5 dB penalty and a narrower time response, as anticipated by previously published theoretical papers. Numerical simulations for the dependence of the eye opening on the filter characteristics highlight the importance of the combination of a sharp filter roll-off and a broad passband.

Flexible thin-film black gold membranes with ultrabroadband plasmonic nanofocusing for efficient solar vapour generation

PubMed Central

Bae, Kyuyoung; Kang, Gumin; Cho, Suehyun K.; Park, Wounjhang; Kim, Kyoungsik; Padilla, Willie J.

2015-01-01

Solar steam generation has been achieved by surface plasmon heating with metallic nanoshells or nanoparticles, which have inherently narrow absorption bandwidth. For efficient light-to-heat conversion from a wider solar spectrum, we employ adiabatic plasmonic nanofocusing to attain both polarization-independent ultrabroadband light absorption and high plasmon dissipation loss. Here we demonstrate large area, flexible thin-film black gold membranes, which have multiscale structures of varying metallic nanoscale gaps (0–200 nm) as well as microscale funnel structures. The adiabatic nanofocusing of self-aggregated metallic nanowire bundle arrays produces average absorption of 91% at 400–2,500 nm and the microscale funnel structures lead to average reflection of 7% at 2.5–17 μm. This membrane allows heat localization within the few micrometre-thick layer and continuous water provision through micropores. We efficiently generate water vapour with solar thermal conversion efficiency up to 57% at 20 kW m−2. This new structure has a variety of applications in solar energy harvesting, thermoplasmonics and related technologies. PMID:26657535

A semiconductor nanowire Josephson junction microwave laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cassidy, Maja; Uilhoorn, Willemijn; Kroll, James; de Jong, Damaz; van Woerkom, David; Nygard, Jesper; Krogstrup, Peter; Kouwenhoven, Leo

We present measurements of microwave lasing from a single Al/InAs/Al nanowire Josephson junction strongly coupled to a high quality factor superconducting cavity. Application of a DC bias voltage to the Josephson junction results in photon emission into the cavity when the bias voltage is equal to a multiple of the cavity frequency. At large voltage biases, the strong non-linearity of the circuit allows for efficient down conversion of high frequency microwave photons down to multiple photons at the fundamental frequency of the cavity. In this regime, the emission linewidth narrows significantly below the bare cavity linewidth to < 10 kHz and real time analysis of the emission statistics shows above threshold lasing with a power conversion efficiency > 50%. The junction-cavity coupling and laser emission can be tuned rapidly via an external gate, making it suitable to be integrated into a scalable qubit architecture as a versatile source of coherent microwave radiation. This work has been supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO/OCW), Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), European Research Council (ERC), and Microsoft Corporation Station Q.

Real-time terahertz wave imaging by nonlinear optical frequency up-conversion in a 4-dimethylamino-N'-methyl-4'-stilbazolium tosylate crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Shuzhen; Qi, Feng; Notake, Takashi; Nawata, Kouji; Matsukawa, Takeshi; Takida, Yuma; Minamide, Hiroaki

2014-03-01

Real-time terahertz (THz) wave imaging has wide applications in areas such as security, industry, biology, medicine, pharmacy, and arts. In this letter, we report on real-time room-temperature THz imaging by nonlinear optical frequency up-conversion in organic 4-dimethylamino-N'-methyl-4'-stilbazolium tosylate crystal. The active projection-imaging system consisted of (1) THz wave generation, (2) THz-near-infrared hybrid optics, (3) THz wave up-conversion, and (4) an InGaAs camera working at 60 frames per second. The pumping laser system consisted of two optical parametric oscillators pumped by a nano-second frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. THz-wave images of handmade samples at 19.3 THz were taken, and videos of a sample moving and a ruler stuck with a black polyethylene film moving were supplied online to show real-time ability. Thanks to the high speed and high responsivity of this technology, real-time THz imaging with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than a commercially available THz micro-bolometer camera was proven to be feasible. By changing the phase-matching condition, i.e., by changing the wavelength of the pumping laser, we suggest THz imaging with a narrow THz frequency band of interest in a wide range from approximately 2 to 30 THz is possible.

Efficiency enhancement of hybridized solar cells through co-sensitization and fast charge extraction by up-converted polyethylene glycol modified carbon quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Wanlu; Duan, Jialong; Duan, Yanyan; Zhao, Yuanyuan; Tang, Qunwei

2017-11-01

Photovoltaics are promising solutions to energy crisis and environmental pollution problems. The dye-sensitized solar cells with mesoscopic structures have attracted growing interests because of zero emissions, easy fabrication, scalable materials and techniques, etc. However, the state-of-the-art dye-sensitized solar cells have narrow spectral absorption for photoelectric conversion and high electron-hole recombination rate under sunlight illumination. Therefore, it is a persistent object to make wide-spectral absorption and fast charge extraction solar cells for energy harvest in both solar and dark-light conditions. To address this issue, we present here experimental realization of a category of solar cells converting visible and near-infrared light into electricity by co-sensitizing photoanode with N719 dye and polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified carbon quantum dots (PEG-m-CQDs), arising from up-conversion and hole-transporting behaviors of PEG-m-CQDs as well as photofluorescence of green-emitting long persistence phosphors. The optimized solar cell yields maximized photoelectric conversion efficiencies of 9.89% and 25.81% under simulated sunlight (air mass 1.5, 100 mW cm-2) illumination and dark conditions, respectively. This work is far from optimization, but the physical proof-of-concept hybridized solar cell may markedly increase electricity generation time and total power output of photovoltaic platforms.

Characterization of an LED based photoreactor to degrade 4-chlorophenol in an aqueous medium using coumarin (C-343) sensitized TiO2.

PubMed

Ghosh, Jyoti P; Langford, Cooper H; Achari, Gopal

2008-10-16

A detailed performance evaluation of a simple high intensity LED based photoreactor exploiting a narrow wavelength range of the LED to match the spectrum of a dye in a photocatalysis system is reported. A dye sensitized (coumarin-343, lambda max = 446 nm) TiO 2 photocatalyst was used for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in an aqueous medium using the 436 nm LED based photoreactor. The LED reactor performed competitively with a conventional multilamp reactor and sunlight in the degradation of 4-CP. Light intensities entering the reaction vessel were measured by conventional ferrioxalate actinometry. The results can be fitted by approximate first order kinetic behavior in this system. Hydroxyl radicals were detected by spin trapping EPR, and effects of OH radical quenchers on kinetics suggest that the reaction is initiated by these radicals or their equivalents. LEDs operating at competitive intensities offer a number of advantages to the photochemist or the environmental engineer via long life, efficient current to light conversion, narrow bandwidth, forward directed output, and direct current power for remote operation. Matching light source spectrum to chromophore is a key.

Gap-state engineering of visible-light-active ferroelectrics for photovoltaic applications.

PubMed

Matsuo, Hiroki; Noguchi, Yuji; Miyayama, Masaru

2017-08-08

Photoferroelectrics offer unique opportunities to explore light energy conversion based on their polarization-driven carrier separation and above-bandgap voltages. The problem associated with the wide bandgap of ferroelectric oxides, i.e., the vanishingly small photoresponse under visible light, has been overcome partly by bandgap tuning, but the narrowing of the bandgap is, in principle, accompanied by a substantial loss of ferroelectric polarization. In this article, we report an approach, 'gap-state' engineering, to produce photoferroelectrics, in which defect states within the bandgap act as a scaffold for photogeneration. Our first-principles calculations and single-domain thin-film experiments of BiFeO 3 demonstrate that gap states half-filled with electrons can enhance not only photocurrents but also photovoltages over a broad photon-energy range that is different from intermediate bands in present semiconductor-based solar cells. Our approach opens a promising route to the material design of visible-light-active ferroelectrics without sacrificing spontaneous polarization.Overcoming the optical transparency of wide bandgap of ferroelectric oxides by narrowing its bandgap tends to result in a loss of polarization. By utilizing defect states within the bandgap, Matsuo et al. report visible-light-active ferroelectrics without sacrificing polarization.

High-Performance Polymer Solar Cell with Single Active Material of Fully Conjugated Block Copolymer Composed of Wide-Band gap Donor and Narrow-Band gap Acceptor Blocks.

PubMed

Lee, Ji Hyung; Park, Chang Geun; Kim, Aesun; Kim, Hyung Jong; Kim, Youngseo; Park, Sungnam; Cho, Min Ju; Choi, Dong Hoon

2018-06-06

We synthesized a novel fully conjugated block copolymer, P3, in which a wide-band gap donor block (P1) was connected to a narrow-band gap acceptor block (P2). As P3 contains P1 block with a wide bandgap and P2 block with a narrow bandgap, it exhibits a very wide complementary absorption. Transient photoluminescence measurement using P3 dilute solution demonstrated intramolecular charge transfer between the P1 block and the P2 block, which was not observed in a P1/P2 blend solution. A P3 thin film showed complete PL quenching because the photoinduced inter-/intramolecular charge transfer states were effectively formed. This phenomenon can play an important role in the photovoltaic properties of P3-based polymer solar cells. A single active material polymer solar cell (SAMPSC) fabricated from P3 alone exhibited a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.87% with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.93 V and a short-circuit current of 8.26 mA/cm 2 , demonstrating a much better performance than a binary P1-/P2-based polymer solar cell (PCE = 1.14%). This result facilitates the possible improvement of the photovoltaic performance of SAMPSCs by inducing favorable nanophase segregation between p- and n blocks. In addition, owing to the high morphological stability of the block copolymer, excellent shelf-life was observed in a P3-based SAMPSC compared with a P1/P2-based PSC.