Sample records for net community production
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Assessing net community production in a glaciated Alaskan fjord
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reisdorph, S. C.; Mathis, J. T.
2015-09-01
The impact of deglaciation in Glacier Bay has been observed to seasonally influence the biogeochemistry of this marine system. The influence from surrounding glaciers, particularly tidewater glaciers, has the potential to affect the efficiency and structure of the marine food web within Glacier Bay. To assess the magnitude and the spatial and temporal variability in net community production in a glaciated fjord, we measured dissolved inorganic carbon, inorganic macronutrients, dissolved oxygen, and particulate organic carbon between July 2011 and July 2012 in Glacier Bay, Alaska. High net community production rates were observed across the bay (~ 54 to ~ 81 mmol C m-2 d-1) between the summer and fall of 2011. However, between the fall and winter, as well as between the winter and spring of 2012, air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and organic matter respiration made net community production rates negative across most of the bay as inorganic carbon and macronutrient concentrations returned to pre-bloom levels. The highest organic carbon production occurred within the west arm between the summer and fall of 2011 with ~ 4.5 × 105 kg C d-1. Bay-wide, there was carbon production of ~ 9.2 × 105 g C d-1 between the summer and fall. Respiration and air-sea gas exchange were the dominant drivers of carbon chemistry between the fall and winter of 2012. The substantial spatial and temporal variability in our net community production estimates may reflect glacial influences within the bay, as meltwater is depleted in macronutrients relative to marine waters entering from the Gulf of Alaska in the middle and lower parts of the bay. Further glacial retreat will likely lead to additional modifications in the carbon biogeochemistry of Glacier Bay, with unknown consequences for the local marine food web, which includes many species of marine mammals.
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UV sensitivity of planktonic net community production in ocean surface waters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Regaudie-de-Gioux, Aurore; Agustí, Susana; Duarte, Carlos M.
2014-05-01
The net plankton community metabolism of oceanic surface waters is particularly important as it more directly affects the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters and thus the air-sea fluxes of CO2. Plankton communities in surface waters are exposed to high irradiance that includes significant ultraviolet blue (UVB, 280-315 nm) radiation. UVB radiation affects both photosynthetic and respiration rates, increase plankton mortality rates, and other metabolic and chemical processes. Here we test the sensitivity of net community production (NCP) to UVB of planktonic communities in surface waters across contrasting regions of the ocean. We observed here that UVB radiation affects net plankton community production at the ocean surface, imposing a shift in NCP by, on average, 50% relative to the values measured when excluding partly UVB. Our results show that under full solar radiation, the metabolic balance shows the prevalence of net heterotrophic community production. The demonstration of an important effect of UVB radiation on NCP in surface waters presented here is of particular relevance in relation to the increased UVB radiation derived from the erosion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Our results encourage design future research to further our understanding of UVB effects on the metabolic balance of plankton communities.
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Effects of elevated turbidity and nutrients on the net production of a tropical seagrass community
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Caldwell, J.W.
1985-01-01
Dredging effects on seagrass communities in the Florida Keys were examined by (1) comparing impacts on net production resulting from dredging and natural weather events, (2) determining changes in community photosynthetic efficiency, (3) evaluating shading and nutrient effects on net production, and (4) developing a systems dynamics model. Net community production was estimated during numerous meteorological and dredging events using the Odum-Hoskins oxygen technique in flow-through field microcosms. In other experiments, shading and nutrients (phosphorus, nitrate, and ammonia) were manipulated to simulate dredge plume conditions. The greatest depression in net community production resulted from severe thunderstorms and dredging events, respectively.more » In field microcosm experiments, significant interaction occurred between shading and nutrient concentration. The model of seagrass production was most sensitive to changes in nutrient-seagrass relationships, seagrass production estimates, and seagrass-light interactions. Recovery of seagrass biomass following numerous dredging events (3.5 years) was longer than that from the estimated total annual thunderstorms encountered (1 year) but shorter than recovery from hurricane events (4.1 years).« less
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Net community production in the bottom of first-year sea ice over the Arctic spring bloom
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Campbell, K.; Mundy, C. J.; Gosselin, M.; Landy, J. C.; Delaforge, A.; Rysgaard, S.
2017-09-01
The balance of photosynthesis and respiration by organisms like algae and bacteria determines whether sea ice is net heterotrophic or autotrophic. In turn this clarifies the influence of microbes on atmosphere-ice-ocean gas fluxes and their contribution to the trophic system. In this study we define two phases of the spring bloom based on bottom ice net community production and algal growth. Phase I was characterized by limited algal accumulation and low productivity, which at times resulted in net heterotrophy. Greater productivity in Phase II drove rapid algal accumulation that consistently produced net autotrophic conditions. The different phases were associated with seasonal shifts in light availability and species dominance. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of community respiration on spring productivity, as respiration rates can maintain a heterotrophic state independent of algal growth. This challenges previous assumptions of a fully autotrophic sea ice community during the ice-covered spring.
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Net community production from autonomous oxygen observations in the Sargasso Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Feen, M.; Estapa, M. L.
2016-02-01
Optical sensors on autonomous floats provide high-resolution profiles of oxygen concentration over time. Improved spatiotemporal resolution in our measurements of oxygen will allow for better estimates of net community production and a greater understanding of the biological pump. Two autonomous profiling floats (NAVIS BGCi, Sea-Bird) equipped with SBE-63 optodes to measure dissolved oxygen were deployed in the Sargasso Sea on a series of five Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) cruises from July 2013 to April 2014. In situ calibration of the oxygen sensors to Winkler titration bottle samples at BATS did not show systematic drift in the oxygen sensors over time. Calibrations were applied to determine oxygen concentrations in profiles collected in the Sargasso Sea at 1.5 to 2.5 day intervals over a year. Oxygen concentrations were used to quantify sub-mixed layer net community production. Changes in production rates from this study were compared with upper water column biology and particle flux measurements obtained independently from optical sensors on the profiling floats, allowing us to examine processes controlling carbon export into the deep ocean.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Comeau, Steeve; Edmunds, Peter J.; Lantz, Coulson A.; Carpenter, Robert C.
2017-07-01
The threat represented by ocean acidification (OA) for coral reefs has received considerable attention because of the sensitivity of calcifiers to changing seawater carbonate chemistry. However, most studies have focused on the organismic response of calcification to OA, and only a few have addressed community-level effects, or investigated parameters other than calcification, such as photosynthesis. Light (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) is a driver of biological processes on coral reefs, and the possibility that these processes might be perturbed by OA has important implications for community function. Here we investigate how CO2 enrichment affects the relationships between PAR and community net O2 production (Pnet), and between PAR and community net calcification (Gnet), using experiments on three coral communities constructed to match (i) the back reef of Mo'orea, French Polynesia, (ii) the fore reef of Mo'orea, and (iii) the back reef of O'ahu, Hawaii. The results were used to test the hypothesis that OA affects the relationship between Pnet and Gnet. For the three communities tested, pCO2 did not affect the Pnet-PAR relationship, but it affected the intercept of the hyperbolic tangent curve fitting the Gnet-PAR relationship for both reef communities in Mo'orea (but not in O'ahu). For the three communities, the slopes of the linear relationships between Pnet and Gnet were not affected by OA, although the intercepts were depressed by the inhibitory effect of high pCO2 on Gnet. Our result indicates that OA can modify the balance between net calcification and net photosynthesis of reef communities by depressing community calcification, but without affecting community photosynthesis.
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Hitchcock, Gary L.; Kirkpatrick, Gary; Minnett, Peter; Palubok, Valeriy
2013-01-01
Oxygen-based productivity and respiration rates were determined in West Florida coastal waters to evaluate the proportion of community respiration demands met by autotrophic production within a harmful algal bloom dominated by Karenia brevis. The field program was adaptive in that sampling during the 2006 bloom occurred where surveys by the Florida Wildlife Research Institute indicated locations with high cell abundances. Net community production (NCP) rates from light-dark bottle incubations during the bloom ranged from 10 to 42 µmole O2 L−1 day−1 with highest rates in bloom waters where abundances exceeded 105 cells L−1. Community dark respiration (R) rates in dark bottles ranged from <10 to 70 µmole O2 L−1 day−1 over 24 h. Gross primary production derived from the sum of NCP and R varied from ca. 20 to 120 µmole O2 L−1 day−1. The proportion of GPP attributed to NCP varied with the magnitude of R during day and night periods. Most surface communities exhibited net autotrophic production (NCP > R) over 24 h, although heterotrophy (NCP < R) characterized the densest sample where K. brevis cell densities exceed 106 cells L−1. PMID:24179460
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Hitchcock, Gary L; Kirkpatrick, Gary; Minnett, Peter; Palubok, Valeriy
2010-05-01
Oxygen-based productivity and respiration rates were determined in West Florida coastal waters to evaluate the proportion of community respiration demands met by autotrophic production within a harmful algal bloom dominated by Karenia brevis . The field program was adaptive in that sampling during the 2006 bloom occurred where surveys by the Florida Wildlife Research Institute indicated locations with high cell abundances. Net community production (NCP) rates from light-dark bottle incubations during the bloom ranged from 10 to 42 µmole O 2 L -1 day -1 with highest rates in bloom waters where abundances exceeded 10 5 cells L -1 . Community dark respiration ( R ) rates in dark bottles ranged from <10 to 70 µmole O 2 L -1 day -1 over 24 h. Gross primary production derived from the sum of NCP and R varied from ca. 20 to 120 µmole O 2 L -1 day -1 . The proportion of GPP attributed to NCP varied with the magnitude of R during day and night periods. Most surface communities exhibited net autotrophic production (NCP > R ) over 24 h, although heterotrophy (NCP < R ) characterized the densest sample where K. brevis cell densities exceed 10 6 cells L -1 .
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Net production of oxygen in the subtropical ocean.
Riser, Stephen C; Johnson, Kenneth S
2008-01-17
The question of whether the plankton communities in low-nutrient regions of the ocean, comprising 80% of the global ocean surface area, are net producers or consumers of oxygen and fixed carbon is a key uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Direct measurements in bottle experiments indicate net oxygen consumption in the sunlit zone, whereas geochemical evidence suggests that the upper ocean is a net source of oxygen. One possible resolution to this conflict is that primary production in the gyres is episodic and thus difficult to observe: in this model, oligotrophic regions would be net consumers of oxygen during most of the year, but strong, brief events with high primary production rates might produce enough fixed carbon and dissolved oxygen to yield net production as an average over the annual cycle. Here we examine the balance of oxygen production over three years at sites in the North and South Pacific subtropical gyres using the new technique of oxygen sensors deployed on profiling floats. We find that mixing events during early winter homogenize the upper water column and cause low oxygen concentrations. Oxygen then increases below the mixed layer at a nearly constant rate that is similar to independent measures of net community production. This continuous oxygen increase is consistent with an ecosystem that is a net producer of fixed carbon (net autotrophic) throughout the year, with episodic events not required to sustain positive oxygen production.
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Predicting plankton net community production in the Atlantic Ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Serret, Pablo; Robinson, Carol; Fernández, Emilio; Teira, Eva; Tilstone, Gavin; Pérez, Valesca
2009-07-01
We present, test and implement two contrasting models to predict euphotic zone net community production (NCP), which are based on 14C primary production (PO 14CP) to NCP relationships over two latitudinal (ca. 30°S-45°N) transects traversing highly productive and oligotrophic provinces of the Atlantic Ocean (NADR, CNRY, BENG, NAST-E, ETRA and SATL, Longhurst et al., 1995 [An estimation of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. Journal of Plankton Research 17, 1245-1271]). The two models include similar ranges of PO 14CP and community structure, but differ in the relative influence of allochthonous organic matter in the oligotrophic provinces. Both models were used to predict NCP from PO 14CP measurements obtained during 11 local and three seasonal studies in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and from satellite-derived estimates of PO 14CP. Comparison of these NCP predictions with concurrent in situ measurements and geochemical estimates of NCP showed that geographic and annual patterns of NCP can only be predicted when the relative trophic importance of local vs. distant processes is similar in both modeled and predicted ecosystems. The system-dependent ability of our models to predict NCP seasonality suggests that trophic-level dynamics are stronger than differences in hydrodynamic regime, taxonomic composition and phytoplankton growth. The regional differences in the predictive power of both models confirm the existence of biogeographic differences in the scale of trophic dynamics, which impede the use of a single generalized equation to estimate global marine plankton NCP. This paper shows the potential of a systematic empirical approach to predict plankton NCP from local and satellite-derived P estimates.
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Annual net community production and the biological carbon flux in the ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Emerson, Steven
2014-01-01
The flux of biologically produced organic matter from the surface ocean (the biological pump), over an annual cycle, is equal to the annual net community production (ANCP). Experimental determinations of ANCP at ocean time series sites using a variety of different metabolite mass balances have made it possible to evaluate the accuracy of sediment trap fluxes and satellite-determined ocean carbon export. ANCP values at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT), the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS), Ocean Station Papa (OSP) are 3 ± 1 mol C m-2 yr-1—much less variable than presently suggested by satellite remote sensing measurements and global circulation models. ANCP determined from mass balances at these locations are 3-4 times particulate organic carbon fluxes measured in sediment traps. When the roles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux, zooplankton migration, and depth-dependent respiration are considered these differences are reconciled at HOT and OSP but not at BATS, where measured particulate fluxes are about 3 times lower than expected. Even in the cases where sediment trap fluxes are accurate, it is not possible to "scale up" these measurements to determine ANCP without independent determinations of geographically variable DOC flux and zooplankton migration. Estimates of ANCP from satellite remote sensing using net primary production determined by the carbon-based productivity model suggests less geographic variability than its predecessor (the vertically generalized productivity model) and brings predictions at HOT and OSP closer to measurements; however, satellite-predicted ANCP at BATS is still 3 times too low.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hahm, Doshik; Rhee, Tae Siek; Kim, Hae-Cheol; Park, Jisoo; Kim, Young-Nam; Shin, Hyoung Chul; Lee, SangHoon
2014-05-01
We observed ΔO2/Ar in the surface waters of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, during the austral summers in 2011 and 2012 to investigate the variability of net community production (NCP). Corresponding to the typical peak phytoplankton bloom period, the ΔO2/Ar of the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) reached 30% in early January 2011 and had a strong positive correlation with the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). In contrast, ΔO2/Ar decreased to -10% in the sea ice zone (SIZ), which was likely associated with either net O2 consumption in the unlit area or the entrainment of deep water containing low dissolved oxygen. Near the terminal stage of the phytoplankton bloom in late February 2012, we observed the same contrasting ΔO2/Ar features between the ASP and SIZ. However, the ΔO2/Ar in the ASP was not >10%, which corresponded with the overall reduction in Chl-a, solar radiation, and SST compared with the corresponding values in 2011. The average net community production in the ASP was 119 ± 79 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 in January 2011, and 23 ± 14 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 in February 2012. The strong correlations of NCP with SST and mixed layer depth (MLD) indicate that the ASP phytoplankton bloom is likely initiated by a combination of increased light availability and SST in early summer. Low SST and variable fluorescence to maximum florescence ratio (Fv/Fm) in February indicate that decreased solar radiation and Fe availability are likely responsible for the phytoplankton bloom demise.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ducklow, H. W.; Stukel, M. R.; Bowman, J. S.; Kim, H.; Cassar, N.; Eveleth, R.; Li, Z.; Doney, S. C.; Sailley, S. F.; Jickells, T. D.; Baker, A. R.; Chance, R.
2016-12-01
In this presentation, we will compare different estimates of net community production (NCP) and export production (EP), including both traditional (changes in nutrient inventories and biological incubations) and newer measurements (Oxygen-Argon ratio, Thorium-234 disequilibrium, Iodide accumulation). Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (PAL-LTER) has been conducting observations of core biogeochemical (nutrient and carbon inventories, sediment trap flux) and ecological (standing stocks, production and grazing rates) processes along the WAP since 1993. Datasets include both temporally-intensive (semiweekly, Oct-April) observations in two nearshore locations at Palmer Station, and regionally-extensive observations over a 200 x 700 km grid of stations extending across the shelf into deep ocean water (>3000 m) each January. These observations provide a long term temporal and spatial context for more recent and focused measurements of net NCP and EP from the euphotic zone. For example, long-term net drawdown of nitrate averaged 415 mmol N m-2 season-1 (33 gC m-2 Season-1) at Palmer Station and 557 mmol N m-2 Season-1 (45 gC m-2 Season-1) over the regional grid. In comparison, discrete bottle-based O2/Ar estimates of NCP averaged 44 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 (0.37 gC m-2 d-1) regionally in January 2008-11. Th234 export was 684 dpm-2 d-1 (0.15 gC m-2 d-1) in January 2012, sourced from 15NO3 uptake-based new production of 4.1 mmol N m-2 d-1 (0.37 gC m-2 d-1). Intercomparison of these estimates is not straightforward. Measurements are based on several elemental currencies (C, N, O2, Th). We do not fully understand the processes each method claims to address. Is NCP the same as new production? Different processes and their measurements proceed over timescales of hours (new and net PP) to weeks (O2/Ar, 234Th) to months (inventory drawdowns). As implied above, assignment of time duration of net drawdown processes is uncertain for changes in water column inventories. Models provide
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MirandaNet: A Learning Community--A Community of Learners.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Cuthell, John
2002-01-01
Explains MirandaNet, a learning community of teachers and academics as agents of change who use information and communications technology to change their teaching and learning practice and to develop innovative models for continuing professional development. Discusses distributed cognition in an online community. (LRW)
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, B.; Emerson, S. R.; Bushinsky, S. M.
2016-02-01
Export of organic carbon from the surface ocean to depth (the biological pump) helps maintain the pCO2 of the atmosphere and the O2 content of the oxygen minimum zones of the ocean. In the upper ocean, at steady state over a seasonal cycle the net organic carbon export is equal to the Annual Net Community Production (ANCP). The geographic distribution of this quantity determined by satellite-predicted Net Primary Production (NPP) and the recycling efficiency in the euphotic zone is more heterogeneous than the limited experimental estimates of ANCP. We evaluate the relationship between these two estimates of ANCP in the subtropical Western North Pacific Ocean ( 165o E and 20o N) using oxygen measurements on Argo Floats. In January of 2015 we deployed four floats with Anderaa oxygen sensors attached to a 60 cm stick on top of the float end cap, which can be readily calibrated against atmospheric pO2. We present data from these floats and air-sea oxygen flux calculations. The degree of oxygen supersaturation in summer is 1-2 percent, and in winter it fluctuates between being over and undersaturated. Evaluating the role of bubbles in winter is critical to an accurate determination of the annual flux. While there is not a full year of data at the time of writing this abstract, there will be when the Ocean Science meeting is held. So far, after nine months of measurements, there is a net flux of oxygen to the atmosphere, indicating that photosynthesis exceeds respiration. In February we will present a full annual cycle of air-sea oxygen flux and an estimate of ANCP in this very rarely studied region of the ocean.
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John J. Stransky; Jimmy C. Huntley; Wanda J. Risner
1986-01-01
During the 10-year regeneration cycle-from sawtimber stand through clearcutting, site preparation, pine planting, and to the established pine plantations-average net community production in the herb-shrub stratum increased ten-fold, from 369 to 3,462 kg/ha at the peak of each site treatment, and nearly dropped to its initial low level after 10 years.
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Dias, J D; Simões, N R; Bonecker, C C
2012-02-01
Fish farming in net cages causes changes in environmental conditions. We evaluated the resilience of zooplankton concerning this activity in Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River, PR-SP). Samples were taken near the net cages installed at distances upstream and downstream, before and after net cage installation. The resilience was estimated by the decrease in the groups' abundance after installing the net cages. The zooplankton community was represented by 106 species. The most abundant species were Synchaeta pectinata, S. oblonga, Conochilus coenobasis, Polyarthra dolichoptera and C. unicornis (Rotifera), Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Moina minuta, Bosmina hagmanni and C. silvestrii (Cladocera) and Notodiaptomus amazonicus (Copepoda). The resilience of microcrustaceans was affected in the growing points as this activity left the production environment for longer, delaying the natural ability of community responses. Microcrustaceans groups, mainly calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, had a different return rate. The net cage installation acted as a stress factor on the zooplankton community. Management strategies that cause fewer risks to the organisms and maximize energy flow may help in maintaining system stability.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prokopenko, M. G.
2016-02-01
Presence of the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the upper thermocline of the ETSP results in steep vertical gradients in the major nutrient stoichiometry, specifically the silicate to nitrate ratio. Thus, biological export production within the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) and low-silicate waters of the northern ETSP, the region of high CO2 outgassing, is likely to be particularly sensitive to the variability in the hydrographic conditions that determine the depth of origin for the waters upwelled into the euphotic zone. During two cruises, in spring 2010 (mild El Nino), and in spring 2011 (moderately strong La Nina), we quantified Net Community Production rates (NCP, as Net biological O2 production), based on O2/Ar supersaturation ratios measured along 10S between the coast of Peru and 100W. Biases in the estimates of the net biological O2 production within the mixed layer arising from non-equilibrium O2 fluxes from the Oxygen Minimum Zone below, were quantified with a regional box model of coupled oxygen-nitrate mass balances. Potential export efficiencies along the 10S transect were derived from the comparison between satellite-based Net Primary Production and our field-based NCP estimates. Somewhat predictably, regional NCP rates and potential export efficiency, as well as the degree of the biological nitrate uptake were higher under the La Nina than under the El Nino conditions, likely due to deeper origin of the upwelled waters characterized by the higher silicate to nitrate ratios. A less intuitive implication is that while reducing the CO2 outgassing by the increased biological carbon uptake locally, the La Nina-enhanced export production within the ETSP may transiently diminish basin-scale capacity for the oceanic biological CO2 uptake by enhancing the fixed nitrogen losses, This may occur via expanding the vertical extent of the regional OMZ, as was observed at several stations along the cruise tracks in 2011, which in turn may drive an increase
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Ducklow, Hugh W; Stukel, Michael R; Eveleth, Rachel; Doney, Scott C; Jickells, Tim; Schofield, Oscar; Baker, Alex R; Brindle, John; Chance, Rosie; Cassar, Nicolas
2018-06-28
New production (New P, the rate of net primary production (NPP) supported by exogenously supplied limiting nutrients) and net community production (NCP, gross primary production not consumed by community respiration) are closely related but mechanistically distinct processes. They set the carbon balance in the upper ocean and define an upper limit for export from the system. The relationships, relative magnitudes and variability of New P (from 15 NO 3 - uptake), O 2 : argon-based NCP and sinking particle export (based on the 238 U : 234 Th disequilibrium) are increasingly well documented but still not clearly understood. This is especially true in remote regions such as polar marginal ice zones. Here we present a 3-year dataset of simultaneous measurements made at approximately 50 stations along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) continental shelf in midsummer (January) 2012-2014. Net seasonal-scale changes in water column inventories (0-150 m) of nitrate and iodide were also estimated at the same stations. The average daily rates based on inventory changes exceeded the shorter-term rate measurements. A major uncertainty in the relative magnitude of the inventory estimates is specifying the start of the growing season following sea-ice retreat. New P and NCP(O 2 ) did not differ significantly. New P and NCP(O 2 ) were significantly greater than sinking particle export from thorium-234. We suggest this is a persistent and systematic imbalance and that other processes such as vertical mixing and advection of suspended particles are important export pathways.This article is part of the theme issue 'The marine system of the west Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change'. © 2018 The Author(s).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Takeshita, Y.; McGillis, W. R.; Martz, T. R.; Price, N.; Smith, J.; Donham, E. M.
2016-02-01
Coral reefs are a highly dynamic system, where large variability in environmental conditions (e.g. pH) occurs on timescales of minutes to hours. Yet, techniques that are capable of monitoring reef calcification rates without artificial confinement on the same frequency are scarce. Here, we present a 2 week time series of sub-hourly, in situ benthic net community production (Pnet) and net community calcification (Gnet) rates from a reef terrace at Palmyra Atoll using the Benthic Ecosystem and Acidification Monitoring System (BEAMS). The net metabolism rates reported here are measured under natural conditions, without any alterations to the environment (e.g. light, flow, pH). The BEAMS measures the chemical gradient and the current velocity profile in the benthic boundary layer using autonomous sensors to calculate the chemical flux from the benthos. The O2 and total alkalinity (TA) fluxes were used to calculate Pnet and Gnet, respectively; TA gradients were calculated from pH and O2 measurements. Gnet can be constrained to better than 3 mmol CaCO3 m-2 hr-1 using this approach, based on three simultaneous BEAMS deployments. A clear diel cycle of Gnet was observed, where the peak day time Gnet and average nighttime Gnet were 14 and 1 mmol CaCO3 m-2 hr-1, respectively. Integrated daily Gnet ranged from 76 to 219 mmol CaCO3 m-2 d-1, with an average of 107 ± 14 mmol CaCO3 m-2 d-1. Light had the strongest control over Gnet, with current velocity having a smaller yet noticeable effect. During the deployment, pH varied by 0.16 (ranged between 7.92 and 8.08), and a significant positive relationship was observed between pH and Gnet. However, pH was also positively correlated with current velocity and Pnet, making it difficult to determine if natural variability in pH was significantly affecting Gnet on the timescale of days to weeks.
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Net loss of CaCO3 from coral reef communities due to human induced seawater acidification
Andersson, A.J.; Kuffner, I.B.; MacKenzie, F.T.; Jokiel, P.L.; Rodgers, K.S.; Tan, A.
2009-01-01
Acidification of seawater owing to oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 originating from human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and land-use changes has raised serious concerns regarding its adverse effects on corals and calcifying communities. Here we demonstrate a net loss of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) material as a result of decreased calcification and increased carbonate dissolution from replicated subtropical coral reef communities (n=3) incubated in continuous-flow mesocosms subject to future seawater conditions. The calcifying community was dominated by the coral Montipora capitata. Daily average community calcification or Net Ecosystem Calcification (NEC=CaCO3 production – dissolution) was positive at 3.3 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 under ambient seawater pCO2 conditions as opposed to negative at −0.04 mmol CaCO3 m−2h−1 under seawater conditions of double the ambient pCO2. These experimental results provide support for the conclusion that some net calcifying communities could become subject to net dissolution in response to anthropogenic ocean acidification within this century. Nevertheless, individual corals remained healthy, actively calcified (albeit slower than at present rates), and deposited significant amounts of CaCO3 under the prevailing experimental seawater conditions of elevated pCO2.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Johnson, Kenneth S.; Plant, Joshua N.; Dunne, John P.; Talley, Lynne D.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.
2017-08-01
Annual nitrate cycles have been measured throughout the pelagic waters of the Southern Ocean, including regions with seasonal ice cover and southern hemisphere subtropical zones. Vertically resolved nitrate measurements were made using in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer (ISUS) and submersible ultraviolet nitrate analyzer (SUNA) optical nitrate sensors deployed on profiling floats. Thirty-one floats returned 40 complete annual cycles. The mean nitrate profile from the month with the highest winter nitrate minus the mean profile from the month with the lowest nitrate yields the annual nitrate drawdown. This quantity was integrated to 200 m depth and converted to carbon using the Redfield ratio to estimate annual net community production (ANCP) throughout the Southern Ocean south of 30°S. A well-defined, zonal mean distribution is found with highest values (3-4 mol C m-2 yr-1) from 40 to 50°S. Lowest values are found in the subtropics and in the seasonal ice zone. The area weighted mean was 2.9 mol C m-2 yr-1 for all regions south of 40°S. Cumulative ANCP south of 50°S is 1.3 Pg C yr-1. This represents about 13% of global ANCP in about 14% of the global ocean area.
Plain Language SummaryThis manuscript reports on 40 annual cycles of nitrate observed by chemical sensors on SOCCOM profiling floats. The annual drawdown in nitrate concentration by phytoplankton is used to assess the spatial variability of annual <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Southern Ocean. This ANCP is a key component of the global carbon cycle and it exerts an important control on atmospheric carbon dioxide. We show that the results are consistent with our prior understanding of Southern Ocean ANCP, which has required decades of observations to accumulate. The profiling floats now enable annual resolution of this key process. The results also highlight spatial variability in ANCP in the Southern Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..697B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..697B"><span>Environmental controls on daytime <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification on a Red Sea reef flat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bernstein, W. N.; Hughen, K. A.; Langdon, C.; McCorkle, D. C.; Lentz, S. J.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Coral growth and carbonate accumulation form the foundation of the coral reef ecosystem. Changes in environmental conditions due to coastal development, climate change, and ocean acidification may pose a threat to <span class="hlt">net</span> carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span> in the near future. Controlled laboratory studies demonstrate that calcification by corals and coralline algae is sensitive to changes in aragonite saturation state (Ωa), as well as temperature, light, and nutrition. Studies also show that the dissolution rate of carbonate substrates is impacted by changes in carbonate chemistry. The sensitivity of coral reefs to these parameters must be confirmed and quantified in the natural environment in order to predict how coral reefs will respond to local and global changes, particularly ocean acidification. We estimated the daytime hourly <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolic rates, both <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification (NCC) and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NCP), at Sheltered Reef, an offshore platform reef in the central Red Sea. Average NCC was 8 ± 3 mmol m-2 h-1 in December 2010 and 11 ± 1 mmol m-2 h-1 in May 2011, and NCP was 21 ± 7 mmol m-2 h-1 in December 2010 and 44 ± 4 mmol m-2 h-1 in May 2011. We also monitored a suite of physical and chemical properties to help relate the rates at Sheltered Reef to published rates from other sites. While previous research shows that short-term field studies investigating the NCC-Ωa relationship have differing results due to confounding factors, it is important to continue estimating NCC in different places, seasons, and years, in order to monitor changes in NCC versus Ω in space and time, and to ultimately resolve a broader understanding of this relationship.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23D0617C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23D0617C"><span>Decreases in <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> along a repeated-fires induced forest/grassland gradient</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, C. H.; Huang, Y. H.; Chung-Yu, L.; Menyailo, O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Fire is one of the most important disturbances in ecosystems. Fire rapidly releases stored carbon into atmosphere and also plays critical roles on soil properties, light and moisture regimes, and plant structures and <span class="hlt">communities</span>. With the interventions of climate change and human activities, fire regimes become more severe and frequent. In many parts of world, forest fire regimes can be further altered by grass invasion because the invasive grasses create a positive feedback cycle through their rapid recovery after fires and their high flammability during dry periods and allow forests to be burned repeatedly in a relatively short time. For such invasive grass-fire cycle, a great change of native vegetation <span class="hlt">community</span> can occur. In this study, we examined a C4 invasive grass () fire-induced forest/grassland gradient to quantify the changes of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) from an unburned forest to repeated fire grassland. Our results demonstrated negative effects of repeated fires on NPP and NEP. Within 4 years of the onset of repeated fires on the unburned forest, NPP declined by 14%, mainly due to the reduction in aboveground NPP but offset by increase of belowground NPP. Subsequent fires cumulatively caused reductions in both aboveground and belowground NPP. A total of 40% reduction in the long-term repeated fire induced grassland was found. Soil respiration rate were not significantly different along the forest/grassland gradient. Thus, a great reduction in NEP were shown in grassland, which shifted from 4.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in unburnt forest to -2.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Such great losses are critical within the context of forest carbon cycling and long-term sustainability. Forest management practices that can effectively reduce the likelihood of repeated fires and consequent likelihood of establishment of the grass fire cycle are essential for protecting the forest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040171603&hterms=Biodiversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DBiodiversity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040171603&hterms=Biodiversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DBiodiversity"><span>Global Patterns in Human Consumption of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Imhoff, Marc L.; Bounoua, Lahouari; Ricketts, Taylor; Loucks, Colby; Harriss, Robert; Lawrence William T.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The human population and its consumption profoundly affect the Earth's ecosystems. A particularly compelling measure of humanity's cumulative impact is the fraction of the planet's <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> that we appropriate for our <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>-the <span class="hlt">net</span> amount of solar energy converted to plant organic matter through photosynthesis-can be measured in units of elemental carbon and represents the primary food energy source for the world's ecosystems. Human appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, apart from leaving less for other species to use, alters the composition of the atmosphere, levels of biodiversity, flows within food webs and the provision of important primary <span class="hlt">production</span> required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial ba!mce sheet of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> supply and demand for the world. We show that human appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> varies spatially from almost zero to many times the local primary <span class="hlt">production</span>. These analyses reveal the uneven footprint of human consumption and related environmental impacts, indicate the degree to which human populations depend on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> "imports" and suggest policy options for slowing future growth of human appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33120','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33120"><span>Scaling <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">production</span> over a heterogeneous region in the Western United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>D.P. Turner; W.D. Ritts; B.E. Law; W.B. Cohen; Z. Yan; T. Hudiburg; J.L. Campbell; M. Duane</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Bottom-up scaling of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">production</span> (NBP) was used to generate a carbon budget for a large heterogeneous region (the state of Oregon, 2.5x105 km2 ) in the Western United States. Landsat resolution (30 m) remote sensing provided the basis for mapping land cover and disturbance history...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..739S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..739S"><span>Incorporating benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> changes into hydrochemical-based projections of coral reef calcium carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span> under ocean acidification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shaw, Emily C.; Hamylton, Sarah M.; Phinn, Stuart R.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The existence of coral reefs is dependent on the <span class="hlt">production</span> and maintenance of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) framework that is produced through calcification. The <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of CaCO3 will likely decline in the future, from both declining <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates (decreasing calcification and increasing dissolution) and shifts in benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> composition from calcifying organisms to non-calcifying organisms. Here, we present a framework for hydrochemical studies that allows both declining <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates and changes in benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> composition to be incorporated into projections of coral reef CaCO3 <span class="hlt">production</span>. The framework involves upscaling <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates for each benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> type using mapped proportional cover of the benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span>. This upscaling process was applied to the reef flats at One Tree and Lady Elliot reefs (Great Barrier Reef) and Shiraho Reef (Okinawa), and compared to existing data. Future CaCO3 budgets were projected for Lady Elliot Reef, predicting a decline of 53 % from the present value by end-century (800 ppm CO2) without any changes to benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> composition. A further 5.7 % decline in <span class="hlt">net</span> CaCO3 <span class="hlt">production</span> is expected for each 10 % decline in calcifier cover, and <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution is predicted by end-century if calcifier cover drops below 18 % of the present extent. These results show the combined negative effect of both declining <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates and changing benthic <span class="hlt">community</span> composition on reefs and the importance of considering both processes for determining future reef CaCO3 <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869647','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869647"><span>Safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> providers in some US <span class="hlt">communities</span> have increasingly embraced coordinated care models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cunningham, Peter; Felland, Laurie; Stark, Lucy</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> organizations, which provide health services to uninsured and low-income people, increasingly are looking for ways to coordinate services among providers to improve access to and quality of care and to reduce costs. In this analysis, a part of the <span class="hlt">Community</span> Tracking Study, we examined trends in safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> coordination activities from 2000 to 2010 within twelve <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the United States and found a notable increase in such activities. Six of the twelve <span class="hlt">communities</span> had made formal efforts to link uninsured people to medical homes and coordinate care with specialists in 2010, compared to only two <span class="hlt">communities</span> in 2000. We also identified key attributes of safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> coordinated care systems, such as reliance on a medical home for meeting patients' primary care needs, and lingering challenges to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> integration, such as competition among hospitals and <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers for Medicaid patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5066920','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5066920"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Income of Pharmacy Faculty Compared to <span class="hlt">Community</span> and Hospital Pharmacists</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gatwood, Justin; Spivey, Christina A.; Dickey, Susan E.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Objective. To compare the <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative income of <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and full-time pharmacy faculty members (residency-trained or with a PhD after obtaining a PharmD) in pharmacy practice, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, and social and administrative sciences. Methods. Markov modeling was conducted to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> projected cumulative earnings of career paths by estimating the costs of education, including the costs of obtaining degrees and student loans. Results. The economic model spanned 49 years, from ages 18 to 67 years. Earning a PharmD and pursuing an academic career resulted in projected <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative lifetime earnings ranging from approximately $4.7 million to $6.3 million. A pharmacy practice faculty position following public pharmacy school and one year of residency resulted in higher <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative income than <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacy. Faculty members with postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) training also had higher <span class="hlt">net</span> income than other faculty and hospital pharmacy career paths, given similar years of prepharmacy education and type of pharmacy school attended. Faculty members with either a PharmD or PhD in the pharmacology discipline may <span class="hlt">net</span> as much as $5.9 million and outpace all other PhD graduates by at least $75 000 in lifetime earnings. Projected career earnings of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) trained faculty and PharmD/PhD faculty members were lower than those of <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists. Findings were more variable when comparing pharmacy faculty members and hospital pharmacists. Conclusion. With the exception of PGY1 trained academic pharmacists, faculty projected <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative incomes generally lagged behind <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists, likely because of delayed entry into the job market as a result of advanced training/education. However, nonsalary benefits such as greater flexibility and autonomy may enhance the desirability of academic pharmacy as a career path. PMID:27756925</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27756925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27756925"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Income of Pharmacy Faculty Compared to <span class="hlt">Community</span> and Hospital Pharmacists.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chisholm-Burns, Marie A; Gatwood, Justin; Spivey, Christina A; Dickey, Susan E</p> <p>2016-09-25</p> <p>Objective. To compare the <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative income of <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and full-time pharmacy faculty members (residency-trained or with a PhD after obtaining a PharmD) in pharmacy practice, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, and social and administrative sciences. Methods. Markov modeling was conducted to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> projected cumulative earnings of career paths by estimating the costs of education, including the costs of obtaining degrees and student loans. Results. The economic model spanned 49 years, from ages 18 to 67 years. Earning a PharmD and pursuing an academic career resulted in projected <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative lifetime earnings ranging from approximately $4.7 million to $6.3 million. A pharmacy practice faculty position following public pharmacy school and one year of residency resulted in higher <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative income than <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacy. Faculty members with postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) training also had higher <span class="hlt">net</span> income than other faculty and hospital pharmacy career paths, given similar years of prepharmacy education and type of pharmacy school attended. Faculty members with either a PharmD or PhD in the pharmacology discipline may <span class="hlt">net</span> as much as $5.9 million and outpace all other PhD graduates by at least $75 000 in lifetime earnings. Projected career earnings of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) trained faculty and PharmD/PhD faculty members were lower than those of <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists. Findings were more variable when comparing pharmacy faculty members and hospital pharmacists. Conclusion. With the exception of PGY1 trained academic pharmacists, faculty projected <span class="hlt">net</span> cumulative incomes generally lagged behind <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacists, likely because of delayed entry into the job market as a result of advanced training/education. However, nonsalary benefits such as greater flexibility and autonomy may enhance the desirability of academic pharmacy as a career path.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH13A..03K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH13A..03K"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem calcification and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in two Hawaii back-reef systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kiili, S.; Colbert, S.; Hart, K.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Back-reef systems have complex carbon cycling, driven by dominant benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> that change with environmental conditions and display characteristic patterns of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem calcification (G). The G/NP ratio provides a fundamental <span class="hlt">community</span>-level assessment to compare systems spatially and to evaluate temporal changes in carbon cycling. Carbon dynamics were examined at leeward Hōnaunau and windward Waíōpae, Hawaíi Island. Both locations discharge brackish groundwater, including geothermal water at Waíōpae. The change in total CO2 (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TA) between morning and afternoon was measured to calculate the G/NP ratio along a salinity gradient. At both sites, aragonite saturation (ΩAr) was lower than open ocean conditions, and increased with salinity. Between the morning and afternoon, ΩAr increased by at least 1 as photosynthesis consumed CO2. At Waíōpae, water was corrosive to aragonite due to the input of acidic groundwater, but not at Honaunau, demonstrating the importance of local watershed characteristics on ΩAr. Across the salinity gradient, TA and TCO2 decreased between morning and afternoon. At Hōnaunau, G/NP increased from 0.11 to 0.31 with salinity, consistent with an offshore increase in coral cover. But at Waíōpae, G/NP decreased from 0.49 to 0.0 with salinity, despite an increase in coral cover with salinity. Low G may be caused by benthic processes, including coral bleaching or high rates of carbonate dissolution in interstitial waters between tide pools. Broader environmental conditions than just salinity, including pH of fresh groundwater inputs, shape the carbon cycling in the back-reef system. Examining the G/NP ratio of a back-reef system allows for a simple method to establish <span class="hlt">community</span> level activity, and possibly indicate changes in a dynamic system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364388','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364388"><span>Under the radar: <span class="hlt">community</span> safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> for AIDS-affected households in sub-Saharan Africa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Foster, G</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> are mechanisms to mitigate the effects of poverty on vulnerable households during times of stress. In sub-Saharan Africa, extended families, together with <span class="hlt">communities</span>, are the most effective responses enabling access to support for households facing crises. This paper reviews literature on informal social security systems in sub-Saharan Africa, analyses changes taking place in their functioning as a result of HIV/AIDS and describes <span class="hlt">community</span> safety <span class="hlt">net</span> components including economic associations, cooperatives, loan providers, philanthropic groups and HIV/AIDS initiatives. <span class="hlt">Community</span> safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> target households in greatest need, respond rapidly to crises, are cost efficient, based on local needs and available resources, involve the specialized knowledge of <span class="hlt">community</span> members and provide financial and psycho-social support. Their main limitations are lack of material resources and reliance on unpaid labour of women. Changes have taken place in safety <span class="hlt">net</span> mechanisms because of HIV/AIDS, suggesting the resilience of <span class="hlt">communities</span> rather than their impending collapse. Studies are lacking that assess the value of informal <span class="hlt">community</span>-level transfers, describe how safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> assist the poor or analyse modifications in response to HIV/AIDS. The role of <span class="hlt">community</span> safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> remains largely invisible under the radar of governments, non-governmental organizations and international bodies. External support can strengthen this system of informal social security that provides poor HIV/AIDS-affected households with significant support.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613786T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613786T"><span>Investigating the spring bloom initiation and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean using high-resolution in situ glider data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>thomalla, sandy; Racault, Marie-Fanny; Swart, Sebastiaan; Monteiro, Pedro</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Phytoplankton bloom phenology has important consequences for marine ecosystems, fisheries and carbon export to the ocean interior. As such, it is important to examine the drivers of phytoplankton bloom initiation and their sensitivity to inter-annual climate variability and change. In this study we use ~6 months of in-situ high-resolution glider data to investigate the spring bloom initiation in the subantarctic zone (SAZ) of the Southern Ocean by implementing three different methods; a rate of change method, a threshold method and a cumulative sum method. The bloom initiation dates are critically compared to one another and the drivers of discrepancies assessed to inform on the sensitivities of different methods to processes driving the seasonal evolution of phytoplankton biomass in the subantarctic. The bloom initiation dates combined with in situ glider data of chlorophyll, light, and mixed layer depth allow us to resolve both Sverdrup's Critical Depth and Behrenfeld's Disturbance Recovery models through the water column and thus determine the seasonal evolution of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and respiration rates and the potential for carbon export. The outputs of the two different models are compared to one another in the context of their sensitivities to water column processes thereby refining their ability to address specific system scale questions. The novelty of this study is that gliders provide an unprecedented dataset to assess the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass throughout the water column at high resolution, thus enhancing our understanding of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and export processes at submeso-space and sub-seasonal time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037133','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037133"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Loss of CaCO3 from a subtropical calcifying <span class="hlt">community</span> due to seawater acidification: Mesocosm-scale experimental evidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Andersson, A.J.; Kuffner, I.B.; MacKenzie, F.T.; Jokiel, P.L.; Rodgers, K.S.; Tan, A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Acidification of seawater owing to oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO 2 originating from human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and land-use changes has raised serious concerns regarding its adverse effects on corals and calcifying <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Here we demonstrate a <span class="hlt">net</span> loss of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) material as a result of decreased calcification and increased carbonate dissolution from replicated subtropical coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> (N=3) incubated in continuous-flow mesocosms subject to future seawater conditions. The calcifying <span class="hlt">community</span> was dominated by the coral Montipora capitata. Daily average <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification or <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Calcification (NECC=CaCO3 <span class="hlt">production</span> - dissolution) was positive at 3.3 mmol CaCO3 m-2 h-1 under ambient seawater pCO2 conditions as opposed to negative at -0.04 mmol CaCO3 m-2 h-1 under seawater conditions of double the ambient pCO2. These experimental results provide support for the conclusion that some <span class="hlt">net</span> calcifying <span class="hlt">communities</span> could become subject to <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution in response to anthropogenic ocean acidification within this century. Nevertheless, individual corals remained healthy, actively calcified (albeit slower than at present rates), and deposited significant amounts of CaCO3 under the prevailing experimental seawater conditions of elevated pCO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712803"><span>The Relationship of Financial Pressures and <span class="hlt">Community</span> Characteristics to Closure of Private Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> Clinics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Suhui; Dor, Avi; Pines, Jesse M; Zocchi, Mark S; Hsia, Renee Y</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>In order to better understand what threatens vulnerable populations' access to primary care, it is important to understand the factors associated with closing safety <span class="hlt">net</span> clinics. This article examines how a clinic's financial position, <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and <span class="hlt">community</span> characteristics are associated with its risk of closure. We examine patterns of closures among private-run primary care clinics (PCCs) in California between 2006 and 2012. We use a discrete-time proportional hazard model to assess relative hazard ratios of covariates, and a random-effect hazard model to adjust for unobserved heterogeneity among PCCs. We find that lower <span class="hlt">net</span> income from patient care, smaller amount of government grants, and lower <span class="hlt">productivity</span> were associated with significantly higher risk of PCC closure. We also find that federally qualified health centers and nonfederally qualified health centers generally faced the same risk factors of closure. These results underscore the critical role of financial incentives in the long-term viability of safety <span class="hlt">net</span> clinics. © The Author(s) 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..250F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..250F"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and calcification from 7 years of NOAA Station Papa Mooring measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fassbender, Andrea J.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Cronin, Meghan F.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Seven years of near-continuous observations from the Ocean Station Papa (OSP) surface mooring were used to evaluate drivers of marine carbon cycling in the eastern subarctic Pacific. Processes contributing to mixed layer carbon inventory changes throughout each deployment year were quantitatively assessed using a time-dependent mass balance approach in which total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon were used as tracers. By using two mixed layer carbon tracers, it was possible to isolate the influences of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) and calcification. Our results indicate that the annual NCP at OSP is 2 ± 1 mol C m-2 yr-1 and the annual calcification is 0.3 ± 0.3 mol C m-2 yr-1. Piecing together evidence for potentially significant dissolved organic carbon cycling in this region, we estimate a particulate inorganic carbon to particulate organic carbon ratio between 0.15 and 0.25. This is at least double the global average, adding to the growing evidence that calcifying organisms play an important role in carbon export at this location. These results, coupled with significant seasonality in the NCP, suggest that carbon cycling near OSP may be more complex than previously thought and highlight the importance of continuous observations for robust assessments of biogeochemical cycling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6578E..1GA','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6578E..1GA"><span>Maritime domain awareness <span class="hlt">community</span> of interest <span class="hlt">net</span> centric information sharing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andress, Mark; Freeman, Brian; Rhiddlehover, Trey; Shea, John</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>This paper highlights the approach taken by the Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) <span class="hlt">Community</span> of Interest (COI) in establishing an approach to data sharing that seeks to overcome many of the obstacles to sharing both within the federal government and with international and private sector partners. The approach uses the DOD <span class="hlt">Net</span> Centric Data Strategy employed through <span class="hlt">Net</span> Centric Enterprise Services (NCES) Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) foundation provided by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), but is unique in that the <span class="hlt">community</span> is made up of more than just Defense agencies. For the first pilot project, the MDA COI demonstrated how four agencies from DOD, the Intelligence <span class="hlt">Community</span>, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Department of Transportation (DOT) could share Automatic Identification System (AIS) data in a common format using shared enterprise service components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.139...89E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.139...89E"><span>Ice melt influence on summertime <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> along the Western Antarctic Peninsula</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eveleth, R.; Cassar, N.; Sherrell, R. M.; Ducklow, H.; Meredith, M. P.; Venables, H. J.; Lin, Y.; Li, Z.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a highly <span class="hlt">productive</span> marine environment that is undergoing rapid change, with consequences for <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and total ecosystem carbon cycling. We present continuous underway O2/Ar estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCPO2Ar) in austral summer 2012, 2013 and 2014 at sub-kilometer horizontal resolution within the Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research (Pal-LTER) grid region of the WAP. Substantial spatial variability is observed with NCPO2Ar ranging from 0 to 790 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 and considerable interannual variability with mean values in the grid region of 54.4±48.5, 44.6±40.5, and 85.6±75.9 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 in 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. Based on a strong correlation (r2=0.83) between residence time integrated NCPO2Ar and NCPDIC derived from seasonal DIC drawdown, we find the observed NCPO2Ar spatial and interannual variability to be consistent with the December-January NCPDIC magnitude. Seeking to explain the mechanistic drivers of NCP in the WAP, we observe a linear relationship between NCPO2Ar and meteoric water content derived from δ18O and salinity. This correlation may be due to Fe supply from glacial melt and/or strengthening of stratification and relief of light limitation. Elevated surface Fe availability, as indicated by Fv/Fm and measurements of surface water dissolved Fe and Mn (a rough proxy for recent potential Fe availability), and shallower, more stable mixed layers are present where meteoric water and/or sea ice melt is high near the coast. Light limitation is evident in the WAP when mixed layer depths are greater than 40 m. Additionally we document hotspots of NCP associated with submarine canyons along the WAP. While it is difficult to predict how the physical-biological system might evolve under changing climatic conditions, it is evident that NCP, and potentially carbon flux out of the mixed layer, along the WAP will be sensitive to shifts in meltwater input and timing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1325305-climate-change-impacts-net-primary-production-npp-export-production-ep-regulated-increasing-stratification-phytoplankton-community-structure-cmip5-models','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1325305-climate-change-impacts-net-primary-production-npp-export-production-ep-regulated-increasing-stratification-phytoplankton-community-structure-cmip5-models"><span>Climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and export <span class="hlt">production</span> (EP) regulated by increasing stratification and phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure in the CMIP5 models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fu, Weiwei; Randerson, James T.; Moore, J. Keith</p> <p></p> <p>We examine climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and export <span class="hlt">production</span> (sinking particulate flux; EP) with simulations from nine Earth system models (ESMs) performed in the framework of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Global NPP and EP are reduced by the end of the century for the intense warming scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. Relative to the 1990s, NPP in the 2090s is reduced by 2–16% and EP by 7–18%. The models with the largest increases in stratification (and largest relative declines in NPP and EP) also show the largest positivemore » biases in stratification for the contemporary period, suggesting overestimation of climate change impacts on NPP and EP. All of the CMIP5 models show an increase in stratification in response to surface–ocean warming and freshening, which is accompanied by decreases in surface nutrients, NPP and EP. There is considerable variability across the models in the magnitudes of NPP, EP, surface nutrient concentrations and their perturbations by climate change. The negative response of NPP and EP to increasing stratification reflects primarily a bottom-up control, as upward nutrient flux declines at the global scale. Models with dynamic phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure show larger declines in EP than in NPP. This pattern is driven by phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> composition shifts, with reductions in <span class="hlt">productivity</span> by large phytoplankton as smaller phytoplankton (which export less efficiently) are favored under the increasing nutrient stress. Thus, the projections of the NPP response to climate change are critically dependent on the simulated phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure, the efficiency of the biological pump and the resulting levels of regenerated <span class="hlt">production</span>, which vary widely across the models. In conclusion, <span class="hlt">community</span> structure is represented simply in the CMIP5 models, and should be expanded to better capture the spatial patterns and climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1325305-climate-change-impacts-net-primary-production-npp-export-production-ep-regulated-increasing-stratification-phytoplankton-community-structure-cmip5-models','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1325305-climate-change-impacts-net-primary-production-npp-export-production-ep-regulated-increasing-stratification-phytoplankton-community-structure-cmip5-models"><span>Climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and export <span class="hlt">production</span> (EP) regulated by increasing stratification and phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure in the CMIP5 models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Fu, Weiwei; Randerson, James T.; Moore, J. Keith</p> <p>2016-09-16</p> <p>We examine climate change impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and export <span class="hlt">production</span> (sinking particulate flux; EP) with simulations from nine Earth system models (ESMs) performed in the framework of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Global NPP and EP are reduced by the end of the century for the intense warming scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. Relative to the 1990s, NPP in the 2090s is reduced by 2–16% and EP by 7–18%. The models with the largest increases in stratification (and largest relative declines in NPP and EP) also show the largest positivemore » biases in stratification for the contemporary period, suggesting overestimation of climate change impacts on NPP and EP. All of the CMIP5 models show an increase in stratification in response to surface–ocean warming and freshening, which is accompanied by decreases in surface nutrients, NPP and EP. There is considerable variability across the models in the magnitudes of NPP, EP, surface nutrient concentrations and their perturbations by climate change. The negative response of NPP and EP to increasing stratification reflects primarily a bottom-up control, as upward nutrient flux declines at the global scale. Models with dynamic phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure show larger declines in EP than in NPP. This pattern is driven by phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> composition shifts, with reductions in <span class="hlt">productivity</span> by large phytoplankton as smaller phytoplankton (which export less efficiently) are favored under the increasing nutrient stress. Thus, the projections of the NPP response to climate change are critically dependent on the simulated phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure, the efficiency of the biological pump and the resulting levels of regenerated <span class="hlt">production</span>, which vary widely across the models. In conclusion, <span class="hlt">community</span> structure is represented simply in the CMIP5 models, and should be expanded to better capture the spatial patterns and climate</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060027786&hterms=aggregate+supply&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Daggregate%2Bsupply','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060027786&hterms=aggregate+supply&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Daggregate%2Bsupply"><span>Human Appropriation of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> - Can Earth Keep Up?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Imhoff, Marc L.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The amount of Earth's vegetation or <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> required to support human activities is powerful measure of aggregate human impacts on the biosphere. Biophysical models applied to consumption statistics were used to estimate the annual amount of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in the form of elemental carbon required for food, fibre, and fuel-wood by the global population. The calculations were then compared to satellite-based estimates of Earth's average <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> to produce a geographically explicit balance sheet of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> "supply" and "demand". Humans consume 20% of Earth's <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (11.5 petagrams carbon) annually and this percentage varies regionally from 6% (South America) to over 70% (Europe and Asia), and locally from near 0% (central Australia) to over 30,000% (New York City, USA). The uneven footprint of human consumption and related environmental impacts, indicate the degree to which human populations are vulnerable to climate change and suggest policy options for slowing future growth of NPP demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024418','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024418"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span>: A comprehensive measure of <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon accumulation by ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Randerson, J.T.; Chapin, F. S.; Harden, J.W.; Neff, J.C.; Harmon, M.E.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The conceptual framework used by ecologists and biogeochemists must allow for accurate and clearly defined comparisons of carbon fluxes made with disparate techniques across a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales. Consistent with usage over the past four decades, we define "<span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span>" (NEP) as the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon accumulation by ecosystems. Past use of this term has been ambiguous, because it has been used conceptually as a measure of carbon accumulation by ecosystems, but it has often been calculated considering only the balance between gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. This calculation ignores other carbon fluxes from ecosystems (e.g., leaching of dissolved carbon and losses associated with disturbance). To avoid conceptual ambiguities, we argue that NEP be defined, as in the past, as the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon accumulation by ecosystems and that it explicitly incorporate all the carbon fluxes from an ecosystem, including autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration, losses associated with disturbance, dissolved and particulate carbon losses, volatile organic compound emissions, and lateral transfers among ecosystems. <span class="hlt">Net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NBP), which has been proposed to account for carbon loss during episodic disturbance, is equivalent to NEP at regional or global scales. The multi-scale conceptual framework we describe provides continuity between flux measurements made at the scale of soil profiles and chambers, forest inventories, eddy covariance towers, aircraft, and inversions of remote atmospheric flask samples, allowing a direct comparison of NEP estimates made at all temporal and spatial scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008217','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008217"><span>Innovation in the safety <span class="hlt">net</span>: integrating <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers through accountable care.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lewis, Valerie A; Colla, Carrie H; Schoenherr, Karen E; Shortell, Stephen M; Fisher, Elliott S</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Safety <span class="hlt">net</span> primary care providers, including as <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers, have long been isolated from mainstream health care providers. Current delivery system reforms such as Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) may either reinforce the isolation of these providers or may spur new integration of safety <span class="hlt">net</span> providers. This study examines the extent of <span class="hlt">community</span> health center involvement in ACOs, as well as how and why ACOs are partnering with these safety <span class="hlt">net</span> primary care providers. Mixed methods study pairing the cross-sectional National Survey of ACOs (conducted 2012 to 2013), followed by in-depth, qualitative interviews with a subset of ACOs that include <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers (conducted 2013). One hundred and seventy-three ACOs completed the National Survey of ACOs. Executives from 18 ACOs that include health centers participated in in-depth interviews, along with leadership at eight <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers participating in ACOs. Key survey measures include ACO organizational characteristics, care management and quality improvement capabilities. Qualitative interviews used a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, then coded for thematic content using NVivo software. Overall, 28% of ACOs include a <span class="hlt">community</span> health center (CHC). ACOs with CHCs are similar to those without CHCs in organizational structure, care management and quality improvement capabilities. Qualitative results showed two major themes. First, ACOs with CHCs typically represent new relationships or formal partnerships between CHCs and other local health care providers. Second, CHCs are considered valued partners brought into ACOs to expand primary care capacity and expertise. A substantial number of ACOs include CHCs. These results suggest that rather than reinforcing segmentation of safety <span class="hlt">net</span> providers from the broader delivery system, the ACO model may lead to the integration of safety <span class="hlt">net</span> primary care providers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED443644.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED443644.pdf"><span>Skills.<span class="hlt">net</span>: <span class="hlt">Community</span> Internet Access and Training in Victoria, Australia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bates, Adrian</p> <p></p> <p>Skills.<span class="hlt">net</span> is a 3-year program providing free or affordable Internet access and training to local Victorian (Australia) <span class="hlt">communities</span>. It is especially aimed at those who would normally miss out on such access, such as the unemployed, women, people with disabilities, people from non-English speaking backgrounds, Aboriginals, and <span class="hlt">communities</span> in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4238953','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4238953"><span>Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span>: A Bayesian Model for Inference of Metabolic Divergence among Microbial <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chipman, Hugh; Gu, Hong; Bielawski, Joseph P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Metagenomics yields enormous numbers of microbial sequences that can be assigned a metabolic function. Using such data to infer <span class="hlt">community</span>-level metabolic divergence is hindered by the lack of a suitable statistical framework. Here, we describe a novel hierarchical Bayesian model, called Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span> (Bayesian inference of metabolic networks), for inferring differential prevalence of metabolic subnetworks among microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>. To infer the structure of <span class="hlt">community</span>-level metabolic interactions, Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span> applies a mixed-membership modelling framework to enzyme abundance information. The basic idea is that the mixture components of the model (metabolic reactions, subnetworks, and networks) are shared across all groups (microbiome samples), but the mixture proportions vary from group to group. Through this framework, the model can capture nested structures within the data. Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span> is unique in modeling each metagenome sample as a mixture of complex metabolic systems (metabosystems). The metabosystems are composed of mixtures of tightly connected metabolic subnetworks. Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span> differs from other unsupervised methods by allowing researchers to discriminate groups of samples through the metabolic patterns it discovers in the data, and by providing a framework for interpreting them. We describe a collapsed Gibbs sampler for inference of the mixture weights under Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span>, and we use simulation to validate the inference algorithm. Application of Biome<span class="hlt">Net</span> to human gut metagenomes revealed a metabosystem with greater prevalence among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Based on the discriminatory subnetworks for this metabosystem, we inferred that the <span class="hlt">community</span> is likely to be closely associated with the human gut epithelium, resistant to dietary interventions, and interfere with human uptake of an antioxidant connected to IBD. Because this metabosystem has a greater capacity to exploit host-associated glycans, we speculate that IBD-associated <span class="hlt">communities</span> might arise</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/9916','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/9916"><span>Aboveground and belowground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Hal O. Liechty; Mark H. Eisenbies</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The relationship among <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), hydroperiod, and fertility in forested wetlands is poorly understood (Burke and others 1999), particularly with respect to belowground NPP (Megonigal and others 1997). Although some researchers have studied aboveground and belowground primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in depressional, forested wetland systems, e.g., Day and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454936-relative-contributions-mercury-bioavailability-microbial-growth-rate-net-methylmercury-production-anaerobic-mixed-cultures','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454936-relative-contributions-mercury-bioavailability-microbial-growth-rate-net-methylmercury-production-anaerobic-mixed-cultures"><span>Relative contributions of mercury bioavailability and microbial growth rate on <span class="hlt">net</span> methylmercury <span class="hlt">production</span> by anaerobic mixed cultures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kucharzyk, Katarzyna H.; Deshusses, Marc A.; Porter, Kaitlyn A.; ...</p> <p>2015-07-17</p> <p>Monomethylmercury (MeHg) is produced in many aquatic environments by anaerobic microorganisms that take up and methylate inorganic forms of Hg(II). <span class="hlt">Net</span> methylation of Hg(II) appears to be correlated with factors that affect the activity of the anaerobic microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> and factors that increase the bioavailability of Hg(II) to these organisms. However, the relative importance of one versus the other is difficult to elucidate even though this information can greatly assist remediation efforts and risk assessments. Here in this study, we investigated the effects of Hg speciation (dissolved Hg and nanoparticulate HgS) and microbial activity on the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of MeHgmore » using two mixed microbial cultures that were enriched from marine sediments under sulfate reducing conditions. The cultures were amended with dissolved Hg (added as a dissolved nitrate salt) and nanoparticulate HgS, and grown under different carbon substrate concentrations. The results indicated that <span class="hlt">net</span> mercury methylation was the highest for cultures incubated in the greatest carbon substrate concentration (60 mM) compared to incubations with less carbon (0.6 and 6 mM), regardless of the form of mercury amended. <span class="hlt">Net</span> MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span> in cultures exposed to HgS nanoparticles was significantly slower than in cultures exposed to dissolved Hg; however, the difference diminished with slower growing cultures with low carbon addition (0.6 mM). The <span class="hlt">net</span> Hg methylation rate was found to correlate with sulfate reduction rate in cultures exposed to dissolved Hg, while methylation rate was roughly constant for cultures exposed to nanoparticulate HgS. These results indicated a potential threshold of microbial <span class="hlt">productivity</span>: below this point <span class="hlt">net</span> MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span> was limited by microbial activity, regardless of Hg bioavailability. Lastly, above this threshold of <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, Hg speciation became a contributing factor towards <span class="hlt">net</span> MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1073742.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1073742.pdf"><span>Shadow <span class="hlt">net</span>Workspace: An Open Source Intranet for Learning <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Laffey, James M.; Musser, Dale</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Shadow <span class="hlt">net</span>Workspace (SNS) is a web application system that allows a school or any type of <span class="hlt">community</span> to establish an intranet with network workspaces for all members and groups. The goal of SNS has been to make it easy for schools and other educational organizations to provide network services in support of implementing a learning <span class="hlt">community</span>. SNS is…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27288196','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27288196"><span>Temperature effects on <span class="hlt">net</span> greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">production</span> and bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> in arctic thaw ponds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Negandhi, Karita; Laurion, Isabelle; Lovejoy, Connie</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>One consequence of High Arctic permafrost thawing is the formation of small ponds, which release greenhouse gases (GHG) from stored carbon through microbial activity. Under a climate with higher summer air temperatures and longer ice-free seasons, sediments of shallow ponds are likely to become warmer, which could influence enzyme kinetics or select for less cryophilic microbes. There is little data on the direct temperature effects on GHG <span class="hlt">production</span> and consumption or on microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>' composition in Arctic ponds. We investigated GHG <span class="hlt">production</span> over 16 days at 4°C and 9°C in sediments collected from four thaw ponds. Consistent with an enzymatic response, <span class="hlt">production</span> rates of CO2 and CH4 were significantly greater at higher temperatures, with Q10 varying from 1.2 to 2.5. The bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition from one pond was followed through the incubation by targeting the V6-V8 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA. Several rare taxa detected from rRNA accounted for significant <span class="hlt">community</span> compositional changes. At the higher temperature, the relative <span class="hlt">community</span> contribution from Bacteroidetes decreased by 15% with compensating increases in Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria. The increase in experimental GHG <span class="hlt">production</span> accompanied by changes in <span class="hlt">community</span> indicates an additional factor to consider in sediment environments when evaluating future climate scenarios. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930056974&hterms=nitrogen+production&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dnitrogen%2Bproduction','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930056974&hterms=nitrogen+production&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dnitrogen%2Bproduction"><span>Global climate change and terrestrial <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Melillo, Jerry M.; Mcguire, A. D.; Kicklighter, David W.; Moore, Berrien, III; Vorosmarty, Charles J.; Schloss, Annette L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>A process-based model was used to estimate global patterns of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and soil nitrogen cycling for contemporary climate conditions and current atmospheric CO2 concentration. Over half of the global annual <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> was estimated to occur in the tropics, with most of the <span class="hlt">production</span> attributable to tropical evergreen forest. The effects of CO2 doubling and associated climate changes were also explored. The responses in tropical and dry temperate ecosystems were dominated by CO2, but those in northern and moist temperate ecosystems reflected the effects of temperature on nitrogen availability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004DSRI...51.1563L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004DSRI...51.1563L"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and metabolic balance at the oligotrophic ocean site, station ALOHA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>le B. Williams, Peter J.; Morris, Paul J.; Karl, David M.</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>To test the hypothesis that in oligotrophic areas of the ocean respiration exceeds <span class="hlt">production</span>, a 12-month study was undertaken of in vitro-determined <span class="hlt">net</span> oxygen <span class="hlt">production</span> and consumption in the top 150 m of the water column at the extreme oligotrophic site, Station ALOHA, in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Throughout the year the water column was observed to be in metabolic deficit, the calculated cumulative shortfall being 9±1.7 mol O2 m-2 a-1 (approximately 100 g C m-2 a-1), an amount equivalent to 40% of measured <span class="hlt">production</span> (annual estimated rates of <span class="hlt">production</span> and consumption were, respectively, 22 and 31 mol O2 m-2 a-1). We consider three possible explanations for the observed deficit: the in vitro oxygen rate measurements, in themselves, are fundamentally flawed and should be discounted, the observations are correct and the observed deficit is a true account of the balance of oxygen (and organic carbon) at Station ALOHA, or the observations are correct as they stand, but need not be interpreted as organic carbon imbalance for that ecosystem. We find no error unique to the oxygen rate measurements themselves. We find also no evidence that the associated organic carbon deficit can be sustained over the long-term by internal organic reserves or by external subsidy. Accordingly we accept the geochemical findings that calculated in situ oxygen flux requires the euphotic zone of the water column at this site to be slightly (circa 2 mol C m-2 a-1) autotrophic, in contrast to the simple analysis of our observations which gives a <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic water column. We discuss a number of processes that may give rise to the observed discrepancy. In part it may derive from the difficulty of reproducing the variations in the light field experienced by an algal cell due to vertical advection. It may also derive from the intermittency of <span class="hlt">production</span>. This latter effect would manifest itself in the following manner. Because of its universal distribution in the food web</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC44C1263G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC44C1263G"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> in the East Coastal waters of the United States from Oxygen to Argon Ratios</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, Y.; Cai, W. J.; Collins, A. L.; Jonsson, B.; Salisbury, J.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The increase in anthropogenic nutrient input may enhance phytoplankton biomass and their photosynthesis may cause oxygen supersaturation in euphotic zone; while organic matter input from land to sea and decomposition during transportation may lead to oxygen undersaturation. <span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) reflects the <span class="hlt">net</span> outcome between photosynthesis and respiration. Our current understating of NCP mainly relies on bottle incubation and satellite data analysis, which may cause bias in the large area of coastal water. To improve our understanding in the east coast of the United States (25°N to 45 °N) from an integrated perspective, we conducted continuous onboard determination of oxygen (O2) to argon (Ar) ratios in order to separate biological activity from physical mixing effects during June to July 2015 as part of the NOAA East Coast Ocean Acidification (ECOA) investigation. Biological driven O2 supersaturation was derived from difference of O2/Ar in water away from the equilibrium status using equilibrator inlet mass spectrometer. Temperature changed 5°C to 30°C from north to south, and salinity ranged from 20 in the shore region (e.g. inside of Chesapeake Bay) to 36 in offshore water. Photosynthesis (positive NCP) was the dominant process in the Gulf of Maine and in lower Chesapeake Bay due to the re-occurring phytoplankton blooms. In response to large amount of terrestrial organic matter input and quick remineralization at temperature of 20-25°C, respiration (negative NCP) were often observed in the Block Island sound, Delaware Bay mouth and Chesapeake Bay mouth. In the warm subtropics gyre, NCP was slightly negative that may be related to nutrient deficiency and low organic matter input.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=computers+AND+communication&pg=4&id=ED513509','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=computers+AND+communication&pg=4&id=ED513509"><span>Local Area Network: <span class="hlt">Community</span> Involvement, Social Capital, and Glocalization at <span class="hlt">Net</span>U</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Trevett-Smith, Matthew D.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Ethnographic and interview data from a long-term study of "<span class="hlt">Net</span>U," a wired <span class="hlt">community</span> and college, are used to investigate the effects of computer-mediated communication on social relationships. During the course of this research "LAN" residents of <span class="hlt">Net</span>U are compared with a similar group of non-LAN residents who lived in the same neighborhood, but…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176336','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176336"><span>In silico substrate dependence increases <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> but threatens biodiversity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daly, Aisling J; Baetens, Jan M; De Baets, Bernard</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The critical role that biodiversity plays in ecosystem functioning has motivated many studies of the mechanisms that sustain biodiversity, a notable example being cyclic competition. We extend existing models of <span class="hlt">communities</span> with cyclic competition by incorporating variable <span class="hlt">community</span> evenness and resource dependence in demographic processes, two features that have generally been neglected. In this way, we align previous approaches more closely with real-world microbial ecosystems. We demonstrate the existence of a trade-off between increasing biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> and maintaining biodiversity. This supports experimental observations of a <span class="hlt">net</span> negative biodiversity effect on biomass <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, due to competition effects suffered by highly <span class="hlt">productive</span> species in diverse <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Our results also support the important role assigned by microbial ecologists to evenness in maintaining ecosystem stability, thus far largely overlooked in in silico approaches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..305C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOL....36..305C"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span>-phytoplankton <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the Western Boundary Currents and their environmental correlations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Yunyan; Sun, Xiaoxia; Zhun, Mingliang</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study investigated <span class="hlt">net</span>-phytoplankton biomass, species composition, the phytoplankton abundance horizontal distribution, and the correlations between <span class="hlt">net</span>-phytoplankton <span class="hlt">communities</span> and mesoscale structure that were derived from the <span class="hlt">net</span> samples taken from the Western Boundary Currents during summer, 2014. A total of 199 phytoplankton species belonging to 61 genera in four phyla were identified. The dominant species included Climacodium frauenfeldianum, Thalassiothrix longissima, Rhizosolenia styliformis var. styliformis, Pyrocystis noctiluca, Ceratium trichoceros, and Trichodesmium thiebautii. Four phytoplankton <span class="hlt">communities</span> were divided by cluster analysis and the clusters were mainly associated with the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC), the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the Subtropical Counter Current (STCC), and the Luzon Current (LC), respectively. The lowest phytoplankton cell abundance and the highest Trichodesmium filament abundance were recorded in the STCC region. The principal component analysis showed that T. thiebautii preferred warm and nutrient poor water. There was also an increase in phytoplankton abundance and biomass near 5°N in the NECC region, where they benefit from upwellings and eddies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3501471','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3501471"><span>Are Long-Lasting Insecticidal <span class="hlt">Nets</span> Effective for Preventing Childhood Deaths among Non-<span class="hlt">Net</span> Users? A <span class="hlt">Community</span>-Based Cohort Study in Western Kenya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Komazawa, Osuke; Kaneko, Satoshi; K’Opiyo, James; Kiche, Ibrahim; Wanyua, Sheru; Shimada, Masaaki; Karama, Mohamed</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background Increasing the distribution and use of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) in Sub-Saharan Africa has made controlling malaria with ITNs more practical. We evaluated <span class="hlt">community</span> effects induced by ITNs, specifically long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs), under ordinary conditions in an endemic malaria area of Western Kenya. Methods Using the database from Mbita Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), children younger than 5 years old were assessed over four survey periods. We analyzed the effect of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> usage, LLIN density and population density of young people around a child on all-cause child mortality (ACCM) rates using Cox PH models. Results During the study, 14,554 children were followed and 250 deaths were recorded. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for LLIN usage compared with no <span class="hlt">net</span> usage were not significant among the models: 1.08 (95%CI 0.76–1.52), 1.19 (95%CI 0.69–2.08) and 0.92 (95%CI 0.42–2.02) for LLIN users, untreated <span class="hlt">net</span> users, and any <span class="hlt">net</span> users, respectively. A significant increasing linear trend in risk across LLIN density quartiles (HR = 1.25; 95%CI 1.03–1.51) and a decreasing linear trend in risk across young population density quartiles among non-<span class="hlt">net</span> user children (HR = 0.77; 95%CI 0.63–0.94) were observed. Conclusions Although our data showed that current LLIN coverage level (about 35%) could induce a <span class="hlt">community</span> effect to protect children sleeping without bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> even in a malaria-endemic area, it appears that a better system is needed to monitor the current malaria situation globally in order to optimize malaria control programs with limited resources. PMID:23185378</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4205222','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4205222"><span>Development of a Mapped Diabetes <span class="hlt">Community</span> Program Guide for a Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> Population</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zallman, Leah; Ibekwe, Lynn; Thompson, Jennifer W.; Ross-Degnan, Dennis; Oken, Emily</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Purpose Enhancing linkages between patients and <span class="hlt">community</span> programs is increasingly recognized as a method for improving physical activity, nutrition and weight management. Although interactive mapped <span class="hlt">community</span> program guides may be beneficial, there remains a dearth of articles that describe the processes and practicalities of creating such guides. This article describes the development of an interactive, web-based mapped <span class="hlt">community</span> program guide at a safety <span class="hlt">net</span> institution and the lessons learned from that process. Conclusions This project demonstrated the feasibility of creating two maps – a program guide and a population health map. It also revealed some key challenges and lessons for future work in this area, particularly within safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> institutions. Our work underscores the need for developing partnerships outside of the health care system and the importance of employing <span class="hlt">community</span>-based participatory methods. In addition to facilitating improvements in individual wellness, mapping <span class="hlt">community</span> programs also has the potential to improve population health management by healthcare delivery systems such as hospitals, health centers, or public health systems, including city and state departments of health. PMID:24752180</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28752533','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28752533"><span>An improved null model for assessing the <span class="hlt">net</span> effects of multiple stressors on <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thompson, Patrick L; MacLennan, Megan M; Vinebrooke, Rolf D</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Ecological stressors (i.e., environmental factors outside their normal range of variation) can mediate each other through their interactions, leading to unexpected combined effects on <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Determining whether the <span class="hlt">net</span> effect of stressors is ecologically surprising requires comparing their cumulative impact to a null model that represents the linear combination of their individual effects (i.e., an additive expectation). However, we show that standard additive and multiplicative null models that base their predictions on the effects of single stressors on <span class="hlt">community</span> properties (e.g., species richness or biomass) do not provide this linear expectation, leading to incorrect interpretations of antagonistic and synergistic responses by <span class="hlt">communities</span>. We present an alternative, the compositional null model, which instead bases its predictions on the effects of stressors on individual species, and then aggregates them to the <span class="hlt">community</span> level. Simulations demonstrate the improved ability of the compositional null model to accurately provide a linear expectation of the <span class="hlt">net</span> effect of stressors. We simulate the response of <span class="hlt">communities</span> to paired stressors that affect species in a purely additive fashion and compare the relative abilities of the compositional null model and two standard <span class="hlt">community</span> property null models (additive and multiplicative) to predict these linear changes in species richness and <span class="hlt">community</span> biomass across different combinations (both positive, negative, or opposite) and intensities of stressors. The compositional model predicts the linear effects of multiple stressors under almost all scenarios, allowing for proper classification of <span class="hlt">net</span> effects, whereas the standard null models do not. Our findings suggest that current estimates of the prevalence of ecological surprises on <span class="hlt">communities</span> based on <span class="hlt">community</span> property null models are unreliable, and should be improved by integrating the responses of individual species to the <span class="hlt">community</span> level as does our</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B13B0493C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B13B0493C"><span>Neural network-based estimates of Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> from in-situ and satellite observation: A methodological study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, C.; Johnson, N. C.; Cassar, N.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Although the Southern Ocean (SO) <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP), which is the difference between gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and the <span class="hlt">community</span> respiration rate, plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, limited in situ measurements prohibit a thorough understanding of the climatology and variability NCP in this region. In order to achieve a more comprehensive characterization of temporal and spatial variability of Southern Ocean NCP, we use a neural network approach based on the self-organizing map (SOM) to reconstruct weekly gridded (1o x 1o) SO NCP maps for the period of 1998-2009. This approach combines in situ measurements of NCP from over 40 research cruises with satellite-derived NCP predictor data, which includes chlorophyll (Chl), particulate organic carbon (POC), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), sea surface height (SSH), and sea surface temperature (SST), as well as the mixed layer depth (MLD) from a high-resolution ocean general circulation model forced with satellite observed wind. The resulting NCP reconstructions reveal a number of salient features, including low NCP in the subtropics except near land masses, elevated NCP along the subtropical front (STF) around 40oS and especially off the Atlantic coast of the South America between the Río de la Plata and the Falkland Island, and moderate NCP values near Kerguelen Islands and along the Antarctic coast. Peak SO NCP occurs during November - January, as expected, and the climatological NCP field during the growing season closely resembles the climatological POC field. This neural network approach, which reveals complex nonlinear relationships and readily handles missing predictor data, provides a comprehensive view of SO NCP and an opportunity to investigate variability over a period of more than ten years. Convergence of various approaches;</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=290968','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=290968"><span>Drivers of variation in aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and plant <span class="hlt">community</span> composition differe across a broad precipitation gradient</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>It has long been a goal of ecology to determine what factors drive variation in aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP). Total annual precipitation has been shown to be a strong predictor of ANPP across broad spatial scales, but a poor predictor at local scales. Here we aim to determine the amount...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS21C1157P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS21C1157P"><span>Estimation of austral summer <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Amundsen Sea: Self-organizing map analysis approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, K.; Hahm, D.; Lee, D. G.; Rhee, T. S.; Kim, H. C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, has been known for one of the most susceptible region to the current climate change such as sea ice melting and sea surface temperature change. In the Southern Ocean, a predominant amount of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> is occurring in the continental shelf region. Phytoplankton blooms take place during the austral summer due to the limited sunlit and sea ice cover. Thus, quantifying the variation of summer season <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) in the Amundsen Sea is essential to analyze the influence of climate change to the variation of biogeochemical cycle in the Southern Ocean. During the past three years of 2011, 2012 and 2014 in austral summer, we have conducted underway observations of ΔO2/Ar and derived NCP of the Amundsen Sea. Despite the importance of NCP for understanding biological carbon cycle of the ocean, the observations are rather limited to see the spatio-temporal variation in the Amundsen Sea. Therefore, we applied self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to expand our observed data sets and estimate the NCP during the summer season. SOM analysis, a type of artificial neural network, has been proved to be a useful method for extracting and classifying features in geoscience. In oceanography, SOM has applied for the analysis of various properties of the seawater such as sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, pCO2, and NCP. Especially it is useful to expand a spatial coverage of direct measurements or to estimate properties whose satellite observations are technically or spatially limited. In this study, we estimate summer season NCP and find a variables set which optimally delineates the NCP variation in the Amundsen Sea as well. Moreover, we attempt to analyze the interannual variation of the Amundsen Sea NCP by taking climatological factors into account for the SOM analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16255472','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16255472"><span>The dental safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in Connecticut.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beazoglou, Tryfon; Heffley, Dennis; Lepowsky, Steven; Douglass, Joanna; Lopez, Monica; Bailit, Howard</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>Many poor, medically disabled and geographically isolated populations have difficulty accessing private-sector dental care and are considered underserved. To address this problem, public- and voluntary-sector organizations have established clinics and provide care to the underserved. Collectively, these clinics are known as "the dental safety <span class="hlt">net</span>." The authors describe the dental safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in Connecticut and examine the capacity and efficiency of this system to provide care to the noninstitutionalized underserved population of the state. The authors describe Connecticut's dental safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in terms of dentists, allied health staff members, operatories, patient visits and patients treated per dentist per year. The authors compare the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> dentists with that of private practitioners. They also estimate the capacity of the safety <span class="hlt">net</span> to treat people enrolled in Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program. The safety <span class="hlt">net</span> is made up of dental clinics in <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers, hospitals, the dental school and public schools. One hundred eleven dentists, 38 hygienists and 95 dental assistants staff the clinics. Safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> dentists have fewer patient visits and patients than do private practitioners. The Connecticut safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> system has the capacity to treat about 28.2 percent of publicly insured patients. The dental safety <span class="hlt">net</span> is an important <span class="hlt">community</span> resource, and greater use of allied dental personnel could substantially improve the capacity of the system to care for the poor and other underserved populations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426698','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426698"><span>Shifting grassland plant <span class="hlt">community</span> structure drives positive interactive effects of warming and diversity on aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cowles, Jane M; Wragg, Peter D; Wright, Alexandra J; Powers, Jennifer S; Tilman, David</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Ecosystems worldwide are increasingly impacted by multiple drivers of environmental change, including climate warming and loss of biodiversity. We show, using a long-term factorial experiment, that plant diversity loss alters the effects of warming on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Aboveground primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was increased by both high plant diversity and warming, and, in concert, warming (≈1.5 °C average above and belowground warming over the growing season) and diversity caused a greater than additive increase in aboveground <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. The aboveground warming effects increased over time, particularly at higher levels of diversity, perhaps because of warming-induced increases in legume and C4 bunch grass abundances, and facilitative feedbacks of these species on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Moreover, higher plant diversity was associated with the amelioration of warming-induced environmental conditions. This led to cooler temperatures, decreased vapor pressure deficit, and increased surface soil moisture in higher diversity <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Root biomass (0-30 cm) was likewise consistently greater at higher plant diversity and was greater with warming in monocultures and at intermediate diversity, but at high diversity warming had no detectable effect. This may be because warming increased the abundance of legumes, which have lower root : shoot ratios than the other types of plants. In addition, legumes increase soil nitrogen (N) supply, which could make N less limiting to other species and potentially decrease their investment in roots. The negative warming × diversity interaction on root mass led to an overall negative interactive effect of these two global change factors on the sum of above and belowground biomass, and thus likely on total plant carbon stores. In total, plant diversity increased the effect of warming on aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and moderated the effect on root mass. These divergent effects suggest that warming and changes in plant diversity are likely to have both</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336883&keyword=ecosystems&subject=ecosystems%20research&showcriteria=2&datebeginpublishedpresented=07/20/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=07/20/2017&sortby=pubdateyear&','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336883&keyword=ecosystems&subject=ecosystems%20research&showcriteria=2&datebeginpublishedpresented=07/20/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=07/20/2017&sortby=pubdateyear&"><span>Application of Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> Metropolitan <span class="hlt">Product</span> to Measure ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been increasingly incorporating the concept of sustainability in its research programs. One facet of this research is the quantitative assessment of the sustainability of urban systems in light of several multidisciplinary sustainability metrics. In this work, we explore the estimation of economic measure of sustainability for Chicago Metropolitan Area (CMA) based on Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> Metropolitan <span class="hlt">Product</span> (GNMP), by adapting the economic models of sustainability at the macroeconomic level to regional sustainability. GNMP aims at amending the limitations of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Domestic <span class="hlt">Product</span> (NDP), a classical indicator of economic wellbeing, which fails to account for the degradation of environmental and natural resources caused by economic activities. We collect data for computing GNMP from publicly available secondary sources on variables such as gross metropolitan <span class="hlt">product</span>, <span class="hlt">net</span> income, emissions, solid waste, etc. In estimating GNMP for CMA, we have accounted for the damage costs associated with pollution emissions based on marginal damage values obtained from the literature using benefit transfers method. In addition, we attempt at accounting for the marginal value of depletion of natural resources in the CMA in terms of water depletion and changes in urban ecosystems such as green spaces. We account for the marginal damage cost associated with solid waste generation. It is expected the preliminary results of this exploration se</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=153783&keyword=biomass+AND+forest&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=153783&keyword=biomass+AND+forest&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTY IN <span class="hlt">NET</span> PRIMARY <span class="hlt">PRODUCTION</span> MEASUREMENTS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP, e.g., g m-2 yr-1), a key ecosystem attribute, is estimated from a combination of other variables, e.g. standing crop biomass at several points in time, each of which is subject to errors in their measurement. These errors propagate as the variables a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3857991','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3857991"><span>Convergence of potential <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> among contrasting C3 grasslands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Peichl, Matthias; Sonnentag, Oliver; Wohlfahrt, Georg; Flanagan, Lawrence B.; Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Kiely, Gerard; Galvagno, Marta; Gianelle, Damiano; Marcolla, Barbara; Pio, Casimiro; Migliavacca, Mirco; Jones, Michael B.; Saunders, Matthew</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Metabolic theory and body size dependent constraints on biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> and decomposition suggest that differences in the intrinsic potential <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEPPOT) should be small among contrasting C3 grasslands and therefore unable to explain the wide range in the annual apparent <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEPAPP) reported by previous studies. We estimated NEPPOT for nine C3 grasslands under contrasting climate and management regimes using multi-year eddy covariance data. NEPPOT converged within a narrow range suggesting little difference in the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon dioxide uptake capacity across C3 grasslands. Our results indicate a unique feature of C3 grasslands compared to other terrestrial ecosystems and suggest a state of stability in NEPPOT due to tightly coupled <span class="hlt">production</span> and respiration processes. Consequently, the annual NEPAPP of C3 grasslands is primarily a function of seasonal and short-term environmental and management constraints, and therefore especially susceptible to changes in future climate patterns and associated adaptation of management practices. PMID:23346985</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=bread&pg=6&id=EJ379174','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=bread&pg=6&id=EJ379174"><span>Bread<span class="hlt">Net</span>: An On-Line <span class="hlt">Community</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Walker, Susan</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Describes Bread<span class="hlt">Net</span>, a computer network linking Middlebury College English teachers, their associates, and students. Network extends to rural English teachers and their K-8 students. Bread<span class="hlt">Net</span> used for student pen pal program, teacher teleconferencing, information access. Also describes Bread<span class="hlt">Net</span>'s problems and future possibilities. (TES)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRG..121.1372S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRG..121.1372S"><span>Uncertainty analysis of terrestrial <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in China during 1901-2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shao, Junjiong; Zhou, Xuhui; Luo, Yiqi; Zhang, Guodong; Yan, Wei; Li, Jiaxuan; Li, Bo; Dan, Li; Fisher, Joshua B.; Gao, Zhiqiang; He, Yong; Huntzinger, Deborah; Jain, Atul K.; Mao, Jiafu; Meng, Jihua; Michalak, Anna M.; Parazoo, Nicholas C.; Peng, Changhui; Poulter, Benjamin; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Shi, Xiaoying; Sun, Rui; Tao, Fulu; Tian, Hanqin; Wei, Yaxing; Zeng, Ning; Zhu, Qiuan; Zhu, Wenquan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Despite the importance of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NBP), estimates of NPP and NBP for China are highly uncertain. To investigate the main sources of uncertainty, we synthesized model estimates of NPP and NBP for China from published literature and the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). The literature-based results showed that total NPP and NBP in China were 3.35 ± 1.25 and 0.14 ± 0.094 Pg C yr-1, respectively. Classification and regression tree analysis based on literature data showed that model type was the primary source of the uncertainty, explaining 36% and 64% of the variance in NPP and NBP, respectively. Spatiotemporal scales, land cover conditions, inclusion of the N cycle, and effects of N addition also contributed to the overall uncertainty. Results based on the MsTMIP data suggested that model structures were overwhelmingly important (>90%) for the overall uncertainty compared to simulations with different combinations of time-varying global change factors. The interannual pattern of NPP was similar among diverse studies and increased by 0.012 Pg C yr-1 during 1981-2000. In addition, high uncertainty in China's NPP occurred in areas with high <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, whereas NBP showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that to significantly reduce uncertainty in estimated NPP and NBP, model structures should be substantially tested on the basis of empirical results. To this end, coordinated distributed experiments with multiple global change factors might be a practical approach that can validate specific structures of different models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..795S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35..795S"><span>Ocean acidification accelerates <span class="hlt">net</span> calcium carbonate loss in a coral rubble <span class="hlt">community</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stubler, Amber D.; Peterson, Bradley J.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Coral rubble <span class="hlt">communities</span> are an important yet often overlooked component of a healthy reef ecosystem. The organisms inhabiting reef rubble are primarily bioeroders that contribute to the breakdown and dissolution of carbonate material. While the effects of ocean acidification on calcifying <span class="hlt">communities</span> have been well studied, there are few studies investigating the response of bioeroding <span class="hlt">communities</span> to future changes in pH and calcium carbonate saturation state. Using a flow-through pH-stat system, coral rubble pieces with a naturally occurring suite of organisms, along with bleached control rubble pieces, were subjected to three different levels of acidification over an 8-week period. Rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> carbonate loss in bleached control rubble doubled in the acidification treatments (0.02 vs. 0.04% CaCO3 d-1 in ambient vs. moderate and high acidification), and living rubble <span class="hlt">communities</span> experienced significantly increased rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> carbonate loss from ambient to high acidification conditions (0.06 vs. 0.10% CaCO3 d-1, respectively). Although more experimentation is necessary to understand the long-term response and succession of coral rubble <span class="hlt">communities</span> under projected conditions, these results suggest that rates of carbonate loss will increase in coral rubble as pH and calcium carbonate saturation states are reduced. This study demonstrates a need to thoroughly investigate the contribution of coral rubble to the overall carbonate budget, reef resilience, recovery, and function under future conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..859P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..859P"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> at Ocean Station Papa observed with nitrate and oxygen sensors on profiling floats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Plant, Joshua N.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Sakamoto, Carole M.; Jannasch, Hans W.; Coletti, Luke J.; Riser, Stephen C.; Swift, Dana D.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Six profiling floats equipped with nitrate and oxygen sensors were deployed at Ocean Station P in the Gulf of Alaska. The resulting six calendar years and 10 float years of nitrate and oxygen data were used to determine an average annual cycle for <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) in the top 35 m of the water column. NCP became positive in February as soon as the mixing activity in the surface layer began to weaken, but nearly 3 months before the traditionally defined mixed layer began to shoal from its winter time maximum. NCP displayed two maxima, one toward the end of May and another in August with a summertime minimum in June corresponding to the historical peak in mesozooplankton biomass. The average annual NCP was determined to be 1.5 ± 0.6 mol C m-2 yr-1 using nitrate and 1.5 ± 0.7 mol C m-2 yr-1 using oxygen. The results from oxygen data proved to be quite sensitive to the gas exchange model used as well as the accuracy of the oxygen measurement. Gas exchange models optimized for carbon dioxide flux generally ignore transport due to gas exchange through the injection of bubbles, and these models yield NCP values that are two to three time higher than the nitrate-based estimates. If nitrate and oxygen NCP rates are assumed to be related by the Redfield model, we show that the oxygen gas exchange model can be optimized by tuning the exchange terms to reproduce the nitrate NCP annual cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4240446','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4240446"><span>Initial <span class="hlt">Net</span> CO2 Uptake Responses and Root Growth for a CAM <span class="hlt">Community</span> Placed in a Closed Environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>NOBEL, PARK S.; BOBICH, EDWARD G.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>To help understand carbon balance between shoots and developing roots, 41 bare‐root crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants native to the Sonoran Desert were studied in a glass‐panelled sealable room at day/night air temperatures of 25/15 °C. <span class="hlt">Net</span> CO2 uptake by the <span class="hlt">community</span> of Agave schottii, Carnegia gigantea, Cylindropuntia versicolor, Ferocactus wislizenii and Opuntia engelmannii occurred 3 weeks after watering. At 4 weeks, the <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 uptake rate measured for south‐east‐facing younger parts of the shoots averaged 1·94 µmol m–2 s–1 at night, considerably higher than the community‐level nocturnal <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 uptake averaged over the total shoot surface, primarily reflecting the influences of surface orientation on radiation interception (predicted <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 uptake is twice as high for south‐east‐facing surfaces compared with all compass directions). Estimated growth plus maintenance respiration of the roots averaged 0·10 µmol m–2 s–1 over the 13‐week period, when the <span class="hlt">community</span> had a <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon gain from the atmosphere of 4 mol C while the structural C incorporated into the roots was 23 mol. Thus, these five CAM species diverted all <span class="hlt">net</span> C uptake over the 13‐week period plus some existing shoot C to newly developing roots. Only after sufficient roots develop to support shoot water and nutrient requirements will the plant <span class="hlt">community</span> have <span class="hlt">net</span> above‐ground biomass gains. PMID:12466099</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMS...183...23H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMS...183...23H"><span>Concurrent estimates of carbon export reveal physical biases in ΔO2/Ar-based <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> estimates in the Southern California Bight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haskell, William Z.; Fleming, John C.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) represents the amount of biologically-produced organic carbon that is available to be exported out of the surface ocean and is typically estimated using measurements of the O2/Ar ratio in the surface mixed layer under the assumption of negligible vertical transport. However, physical processes can significantly bias NCP estimates based on this in-situ tracer. It is actively debated whether discrepancies between O2/Ar-based NCP and carbon export estimates are due to differences in the location of biological <span class="hlt">production</span> and export, or the result of physical biases. In this study, we calculate export <span class="hlt">production</span> across the euphotic depth during two months of upwelling in Southern California in 2014, based on an estimate of the consumption rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the dissolved: total organic carbon consumption ratio below the euphotic depth. This estimate equals the concurrent O2/Ar-based NCP estimates over the same period that are corrected for physical biases, but is significantly different than NCP estimated without a correction for vertical transport. This comparison demonstrates that concurrent physical transport estimates would significantly improve O2/Ar-based estimates of NCP, particularly in settings with vertical advection. Potential approaches to mitigate this bias are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2245041','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2245041"><span>Changing <span class="hlt">Community</span> Health Behaviors with a Health Promotion Computer Network: Preliminary Findings from Stanford Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Robinson, Thomas N.; Walters, Paul A.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Computer-based health education has been employed in many settings. However, data on resultant behavior change are lacking. A randomized, controlled, prospective study was performed to test the efficacy of Stanford Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span> in changing <span class="hlt">community</span> health behaviors. Graduate and undergraduate students (N=1003) were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. The treatment group received access to Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span>, a health promotion computer network emphasizing specific self-care and preventive strategies. Over a four month intervention period, 26% of the treatment group used Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span> an average of 6.4 times each (range 1 to 97). Users rated Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span> favorably. The mean number of ambulatory medical visits decreesed 22.5% more in the treatment group than in the control group (P<.05), while hospitalizations did not differ significantly between groups. In addition, perceived self-efficacy for preventing the acquisition of a STD and herpes increased 577% (P<.05) and 261% (P<.01) more, respectively, in the treatment group than in the control group. These findings suggest that access to Stanford Health-<span class="hlt">Net</span> can result in significant health behavior change. The advantages of the network approach make it a potential model for other <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29539634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29539634"><span>Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Albright, Rebecca; Takeshita, Yuichiro; Koweek, David A; Ninokawa, Aaron; Wolfe, Kennedy; Rivlin, Tanya; Nebuchina, Yana; Young, Jordan; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2018-03-22</p> <p>Coral reefs feed millions of people worldwide, provide coastal protection and generate billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue. The underlying architecture of a reef is a biogenic carbonate structure that accretes over many years of active biomineralization by calcifying organisms, including corals and algae. Ocean acidification poses a chronic threat to coral reefs by reducing the saturation state of the aragonite mineral of which coral skeletons are primarily composed, and lowering the concentration of carbonate ions required to maintain the carbonate reef. Reduced calcification, coupled with increased bioerosion and dissolution, may drive reefs into a state of <span class="hlt">net</span> loss this century. Our ability to predict changes in ecosystem function and associated services ultimately hinges on our understanding of <span class="hlt">community</span>- and ecosystem-scale responses. Past research has primarily focused on the responses of individual species rather than evaluating more complex, <span class="hlt">community</span>-level responses. Here we use an in situ carbon dioxide enrichment experiment to quantify the <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification response of a coral reef flat to acidification. We present an estimate of <span class="hlt">community</span>-scale calcification sensitivity to ocean acidification that is, to our knowledge, the first to be based on a controlled experiment in the natural environment. This estimate provides evidence that near-future reductions in the aragonite saturation state will compromise the ecosystem function of coral reefs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..516A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..516A"><span>Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Albright, Rebecca; Takeshita, Yuichiro; Koweek, David A.; Ninokawa, Aaron; Wolfe, Kennedy; Rivlin, Tanya; Nebuchina, Yana; Young, Jordan; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Coral reefs feed millions of people worldwide, provide coastal protection and generate billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue. The underlying architecture of a reef is a biogenic carbonate structure that accretes over many years of active biomineralization by calcifying organisms, including corals and algae. Ocean acidification poses a chronic threat to coral reefs by reducing the saturation state of the aragonite mineral of which coral skeletons are primarily composed, and lowering the concentration of carbonate ions required to maintain the carbonate reef. Reduced calcification, coupled with increased bioerosion and dissolution, may drive reefs into a state of <span class="hlt">net</span> loss this century. Our ability to predict changes in ecosystem function and associated services ultimately hinges on our understanding of <span class="hlt">community</span>- and ecosystem-scale responses. Past research has primarily focused on the responses of individual species rather than evaluating more complex, <span class="hlt">community</span>-level responses. Here we use an in situ carbon dioxide enrichment experiment to quantify the <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification response of a coral reef flat to acidification. We present an estimate of <span class="hlt">community</span>-scale calcification sensitivity to ocean acidification that is, to our knowledge, the first to be based on a controlled experiment in the natural environment. This estimate provides evidence that near-future reductions in the aragonite saturation state will compromise the ecosystem function of coral reefs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42807','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42807"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon sequestration on urban and <span class="hlt">community</span> forests of northern New England, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Daolan Zheng; Mark J. Ducey; Linda S. Heath</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Urban and <span class="hlt">community</span> forests play an important role in the overall carbon budget of the USA. Accurately quantifying carbon sequestration by these forests can provide insight for strategic planning to mitigate greenhouse gas effects on climate change. This study provides a new methodology to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> forest carbon sequestration (FCS) in urban and <span class="hlt">community</span> lands of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1394602-uncertainty-analysis-terrestrial-net-primary-productivity-net-biome-productivity-china-during','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1394602-uncertainty-analysis-terrestrial-net-primary-productivity-net-biome-productivity-china-during"><span>Uncertainty analysis of terrestrial <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in China during 1901-2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Shao, Junjiong; Zhou, Xuhui; Luo, Yiqi; ...</p> <p>2016-04-28</p> <p>Here, despite the importance of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NBP), estimates of NPP and NBP for China are highly uncertain. To investigate the main sources of uncertainty, we synthesized model estimates of NPP and NBP for China from published literature and the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). The literature-based results showed that total NPP and NBP in China were 3.35 ± 1.25 and 0.14 ± 0.094 Pg C yr –1, respectively. Classification and regression tree analysis based on literature data showed that model type was the primary source of the uncertainty, explaining 36%more » and 64% of the variance in NPP and NBP, respectively. Spatiotemporal scales, land cover conditions, inclusion of the N cycle, and effects of N addition also contributed to the overall uncertainty. Results based on the MsTMIP data suggested that model structures were overwhelmingly important (>90%) for the overall uncertainty compared to simulations with different combinations of time-varying global change factors. The interannual pattern of NPP was similar among diverse studies and increased by 0.012 Pg C yr –1 during 1981–2000. In addition, high uncertainty in China's NPP occurred in areas with high <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, whereas NBP showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that to significantly reduce uncertainty in estimated NPP and NBP, model structures should be substantially tested on the basis of empirical results. To this end, coordinated distributed experiments with multiple global change factors might be a practical approach that can validate specific structures of different models.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1394602','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1394602"><span>Uncertainty analysis of terrestrial <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in China during 1901-2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shao, Junjiong; Zhou, Xuhui; Luo, Yiqi</p> <p></p> <p>Here, despite the importance of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> biome <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NBP), estimates of NPP and NBP for China are highly uncertain. To investigate the main sources of uncertainty, we synthesized model estimates of NPP and NBP for China from published literature and the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). The literature-based results showed that total NPP and NBP in China were 3.35 ± 1.25 and 0.14 ± 0.094 Pg C yr –1, respectively. Classification and regression tree analysis based on literature data showed that model type was the primary source of the uncertainty, explaining 36%more » and 64% of the variance in NPP and NBP, respectively. Spatiotemporal scales, land cover conditions, inclusion of the N cycle, and effects of N addition also contributed to the overall uncertainty. Results based on the MsTMIP data suggested that model structures were overwhelmingly important (>90%) for the overall uncertainty compared to simulations with different combinations of time-varying global change factors. The interannual pattern of NPP was similar among diverse studies and increased by 0.012 Pg C yr –1 during 1981–2000. In addition, high uncertainty in China's NPP occurred in areas with high <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, whereas NBP showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that to significantly reduce uncertainty in estimated NPP and NBP, model structures should be substantially tested on the basis of empirical results. To this end, coordinated distributed experiments with multiple global change factors might be a practical approach that can validate specific structures of different models.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title19-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title19-vol2-sec151-47.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title19-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title19-vol2-sec151-47.pdf"><span>19 CFR 151.47 - Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>. 151.47 Section 151.47 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF... Petroleum and Petroleum <span class="hlt">Products</span> § 151.47 Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title19-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title19-vol2-sec151-47.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title19-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title19-vol2-sec151-47.pdf"><span>19 CFR 151.47 - Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>. 151.47 Section 151.47 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF... Petroleum and Petroleum <span class="hlt">Products</span> § 151.47 Optional entry of <span class="hlt">net</span> quantity of petroleum or petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4383941','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4383941"><span>Helminth.<span class="hlt">net</span>: expansions to Nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> and an introduction to Trematode.<span class="hlt">net</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martin, John; Rosa, Bruce A.; Ozersky, Philip; Hallsworth-Pepin, Kymberlie; Zhang, Xu; Bhonagiri-Palsikar, Veena; Tyagi, Rahul; Wang, Qi; Choi, Young-Jun; Gao, Xin; McNulty, Samantha N.; Brindley, Paul J.; Mitreva, Makedonka</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Helminth.<span class="hlt">net</span> (http://www.helminth.<span class="hlt">net</span>) is the new moniker for a collection of databases: Nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> and Trematode.<span class="hlt">net</span>. Within this collection we provide services and resources for parasitic roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (trematodes), collectively known as helminths. For over a decade we have provided resources for studying nematodes via our veteran site Nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> (http://nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span>). In this article, (i) we provide an update on the expansions of Nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> that hosts omics data from 84 species and provides advanced search tools to the broad scientific <span class="hlt">community</span> so that data can be mined in a useful and user-friendly manner and (ii) we introduce Trematode.<span class="hlt">net</span>, a site dedicated to the dissemination of data from flukes, flatworm parasites of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. Trematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> is an independent component of Helminth.<span class="hlt">net</span> and currently hosts data from 16 species, with information ranging from genomic, functional genomic data, enzymatic pathway utilization to microbiome changes associated with helminth infections. The databases’ interface, with a sophisticated query engine as a backbone, is intended to allow users to search for multi-factorial combinations of species’ omics properties. This report describes updates to Nematode.<span class="hlt">net</span> since its last description in NAR, 2012, and also introduces and presents its new sibling site, Trematode.<span class="hlt">net</span>. PMID:25392426</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14B..07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14B..07H"><span>Long-term carbon exclusion alters soil microbial function but not <span class="hlt">community</span> structure across forests of contrasting <span class="hlt">productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hart, S. C.; Dove, N. C.; Stark, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>While it is well-documented that distinct heterotrophic microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> emerge under different conditions of carbon (C) availability, the response of soil microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> and their function to long-term conditions of C exclusion in situ has yet to be investigated. We evaluated the role of C in controlling soil microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> and function by experimentally excluding plant C inputs for nine years at four forest sites along a <span class="hlt">productivity</span> gradient in Oregon, USA. Carbon exclusion treatments were implemented by root trenching to a depth of 30 cm using 25-cm diameter steel pipe, and minimizing aboveground inputs as plant litter by covering the pipe with a 1-mm mesh screen. After nine years, we measured rates of gross and <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrogen (N) transformations and microbial respiration in situ in the upper 15-cm of mineral soil in both C excluded plots and undisturbed control soils. We measured the soil total C and N concentration and potential extracellular enzyme activities. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to determine potential changes in the microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. Nine years of C exclusion reduced soil total C by about 20%, except at the highest <span class="hlt">productivity</span> site where no statistically significant change was observed. Although PLFA <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and microbial C were unchanged, microbial respiration was reduced by 15-45% at all sites. Similarly, specific extracellular enzyme activities for all enzymes increased at these sites with C exclusion, suggesting that the microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> were substrate-limited. Although gross N mineralization decreased under C exclusion, decreases in gross N immobilization were greater, resulting in increased <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization rates in all but the lowest <span class="hlt">productivity</span> site. Furthermore, C exclusion only increased <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrification in the highest <span class="hlt">productivity</span> site. Although these field-based results are largely consistent with previous laboratory studies indicating a strong coupling between C</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3540413','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3540413"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> is associated with a faster decline in GFR in African Americans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Scialla, Julia J.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Astor, Brad C.; Miller, Edgar R.; Beddhu, Srinivasan; Woodward, Mark; Parekh, Rulan S.; Anderson, Cheryl A. M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Increased acid excretion may promote renal injury. To evaluate this in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, we studied the association between the <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> and progression of kidney disease in 632 patients in the AASK trial. Protein and potassium intakes were estimated from 24-hour urea nitrogen and potassium excretion, and used to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span>, averaged over 2 years, approximating routine intake. The link between <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> and the I125iothalamate glomerular filtration rate (iGFR) and time to end stage renal disease or doubling of serum creatinine was analyzed using mixed models and Cox proportional hazards regressions. The trend in higher <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> was significantly associated with a faster decline in iGFR over a median of 3.2 years. After adjustment for age, body mass index, baseline iGFR, urine protein to creatinine ratio and randomized treatment group, the trend in higher <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> remained significantly associated with a faster decline in iGFR at a rate 1.01 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year faster in the highest to the lowest quartile. However, in time to event analyses over a median of 7.7 years, the adjusted hazard ratio (1.10) for composite renal events per 25 mEq/day higher <span class="hlt">net</span> endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> was not significant. Hence, our findings implicate endogenous acid <span class="hlt">production</span> as a potential modifiable risk factor for progressive kidney disease. PMID:22475819</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5572403','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5572403"><span>Optimum Temperatures for <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> of Three Tropical Seagrass Species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Collier, Catherine J.; Ow, Yan X.; Langlois, Lucas; Uthicke, Sven; Johansson, Charlotte L.; O'Brien, Katherine R.; Hrebien, Victoria; Adams, Matthew P.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rising sea water temperature will play a significant role in responses of the world's seagrass meadows to climate change. In this study, we investigated seasonal and latitudinal variation (spanning more than 1,500 km) in seagrass <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and the optimum temperatures at which maximum photosynthesis and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (for the leaf and the whole plant) occurs, for three seagrass species (Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, and Zostera muelleri). To obtain whole plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, photosynthesis, and respiration rates of leaves and the root/rhizome complex were measured using oxygen-sensitive optodes in closed incubation chambers at temperatures ranging from 15 to 43°C. The temperature-dependence of photosynthesis and respiration was fitted to empirical models to obtain maximum metabolic rates and thermal optima. The thermal optimum (Topt) for gross photosynthesis of Z. muelleri, which is more commonly distributed in sub-tropical to temperate regions, was 31°C. The Topt for photosynthesis of the tropical species, H. uninervis and C. serrulata, was considerably higher (35°C on average). This suggests that seagrass species are adapted to water temperature within their distributional range; however, when comparing among latitudes and seasons, thermal optima within a species showed limited acclimation to ambient water temperature (Topt varied by 1°C in C. serrulata and 2°C in H. uninervis, and the variation did not follow changes in ambient water temperature). The Topt for gross photosynthesis were higher than Topt calculated from plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, which includes above- and below-ground respiration for Z. muelleri (24°C) and H. uninervis (33°C), but remained unchanged at 35°C in C. serrulata. Both estimated plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and Topt are sensitive to the proportion of below-ground biomass, highlighting the need for consideration of below- to above-ground biomass ratios when applying thermal optima to other meadows. The thermal optimum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSR...109....1F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSR...109....1F"><span>Mesozooplankton <span class="hlt">production</span>, grazing and respiration in the Bay of Bengal: Implications for <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernandes, Veronica; Ramaiah, N.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Mesozooplankton samples were collected from the mixed layer along a central (along 88°E) and a western transect in the Bay of Bengal during four seasons covered between 2001 and 2006 in order to investigate spatio-temporal variability in their biomass. At these stations, grazing and respiration rates were measured from live zooplankton hauled in from the surface during December 2005. Akin to the mesozooplankton "paradox" in the central and eastern Arabian Sea, biomass in the mixed layer was more or less invariant in the central and western Bay of Bengal, even as the chl a showed marginal temporal variation. By empirical equation, the mesozooplankton <span class="hlt">production</span> rate calculated to be 70-246 mg C m- 2 d- 1 is on par with the Arabian Sea. Contrary to the conventional belief, mesozooplankton grazing impact was up to 83% on primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (PP). Low PP coupled with very high zooplankton <span class="hlt">production</span> (70% of PP) along with abundant bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> (50% of the PP; Ramaiah et al., 2009) is likely to render the Bay of Bengal <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic, especially during the spring intermonsoon. Greater estimates of fecal pellet-carbon egestion by mesozooplankton compared to the average particulate organic carbon flux in sediment traps, implies that much of the matter is recycled by heterotrophic <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the mixed layer facilitating nutrient regeneration for phytoplankton growth. We also calculated that over a third of the primary <span class="hlt">production</span> is channelized for basin-wide zooplankton respiration that accounts for 52 Mt C annually. In the current scenario of global warming, if low (primary) <span class="hlt">productive</span> warm pools like the Bay of Bengal continue to be <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic, negative implications like enhanced emission of CO2 to the atmosphere, increased particulate flux to the deeper waters and greater utilization of dissolved oxygen resulting in expansion of the existing oxygen minimum zone are imminent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38486','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38486"><span>Impacts of tropospheric ozone and climate change on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon exchange of China’s forest ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Wei Ren; Hanqin Tian; Bo Tao; Art Chappelka; Ge Sun; et al</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Aim We investigated how ozone pollution and climate change/variability have interactively affected <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon exchange (NCE) across Chinaâs forest ecosystem in the past half century. Location Continental China. Methods Using the dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) in conjunction with 10-km-resolution gridded historical data sets (...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6695593-net-primary-production-phenology-southern-appalachian-watershed','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6695593-net-primary-production-phenology-southern-appalachian-watershed"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and phenology on a southern Appalachian watershed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Day, F.P. Jr.; Monk, C.D.</p> <p>1977-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) is an important function of plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> which has not often been examined seasonally in a forested ecosystem. The major objective of the study was to measure above-ground NPP seasonally and relate it to phenological activity on a hardwood forest watershed at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. NPP was estimated as the increase in biomass, estimated from regression equations on diameter. Diameter increases were measured by vernier tree bands. Phenological observations were made on bud break, leaf emergence, flowering, mature fruit, leaf senescence, and leaf fall. The species studied intensively were Acer rubrum, Quercus prinus, Caryamore » glabra, Cornus florida, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Liriodendron was found to be the most <span class="hlt">productive</span> species per individual, but Quercus prinus was the most <span class="hlt">productive</span> per unit ground area. The total watershed estimate of aboveground NPP was 8,754 kg ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/ and included 47.9% leaves, 33.2% wood, 7.8% bark, 4.8% reproductive tissues, 4.2% loss to consumers, and 2.1% twigs. Increases in leaf biomass were most rapid in the spring, but woody tissue <span class="hlt">production</span> peaked in June and continued through August. Since leaf <span class="hlt">production</span> peaked in the spring, the plants' photosynthetic machinery was activated early in the growing season to support woody tissue <span class="hlt">production</span>, which followed the period of rapid leaf growth, and reproductive activity. Flowering ocurred during the leaf expansion period except for Acer rubrum, which flowered before leaf emergence. Fruit maturation occurred during late summer to early fall, when there were no additional biomass increases. Acer rubrum was an exception as its fruit matured during the period of leaf expansion.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16686146','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16686146"><span>Efficacy of mosquito <span class="hlt">netting</span> for sustainable small holders' cabbage <span class="hlt">production</span> in Africa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martin, T; Assogba-Komlan, F; Houndete, T; Hougard, J M; Chandre, F</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p>The efficacy of a mosquito <span class="hlt">netting</span> to protect cabbages, Brassica oleracea L., against pests was investigated in field trials in Benin, West Africa. A polyester <span class="hlt">net</span> covered the plants at night by using a wood armature. The <span class="hlt">net</span> was removed during the day to prevent overheating and excessive shade, both problems of insect-proof screens used under tropical conditions. The number of all lepidopteran larvae with <span class="hlt">netting</span> protection and foliar insecticide sprays was significantly lower than the unprotected control. The number of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was significantly lower with <span class="hlt">netting</span> protection compared with foliar insecticide sprays and control. <span class="hlt">Netting</span> treated with deltamethrin gave total protection of young plants against the aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach). At harvest, the number of marketable cabbages protected with untreated <span class="hlt">netting</span> was significantly higher compared with the <span class="hlt">production</span> with foliar insecticide sprays. The protection of cabbages with <span class="hlt">netting</span> can be an economically viable method. Considering the price of cabbages on local markets (US dollars 1/unit), the <span class="hlt">net</span> returns per 100 m2 were US dollars 247 by using <span class="hlt">netting</span>, US dollars 149 by using insecticides, and US dollars 117 for controls. The <span class="hlt">net</span> returns for using <span class="hlt">netting</span> are based on replacing the <span class="hlt">netting</span> each crop cycle. But <span class="hlt">netting</span> can be reused several times, depending upon conditions, increasing the profit margin. The <span class="hlt">netting</span> protection may be an alternative to the growing unsustainable practices of vegetable cropping in peri-urban areas of tropical countries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684135','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684135"><span>The use and misuse of mass distributed free insecticide-treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> in a semi-urban <span class="hlt">community</span> in Rivers State, Nigeria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ordinioha, Best</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Insecticide-treated bed <span class="hlt">net</span> (ITN) is currently distributed free of charge to vulnerable groups in Nigeria, for malaria control. Consistent use of the <span class="hlt">nets</span> is required for maximum effectiveness; but studies indicate that the <span class="hlt">nets</span> are often jettisoned in periods of low mosquito activity and high night time temperature. The objective of this study has been to assess the use of mass distributed <span class="hlt">nets</span> in a semi-urban <span class="hlt">community</span> in Rivers State, south-south Nigeria, during the late dry season, when mosquito activity is at the lowest in the <span class="hlt">community</span>. The study was carried out in Ishiodu - Emohua, using a cross-sectional study design. The data was collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, administered to female head of households in the <span class="hlt">community</span>, with under-five children. A total of 170 respondents were studied; they had an average age of 34.3 ± 7.6 years, most were married (86.5%), and had secondary school education (68.2%). All the households owned at least one ITN, and an average of 1.7 <span class="hlt">nets</span>, with 75.3% of the households owning two or more ITNs. Almost all the <span class="hlt">nets</span> (99.4%) were obtained free of charge. Of the 170 households that received the <span class="hlt">nets</span>, 71.8% had hanged the <span class="hlt">nets</span> as at the time of the survey; 83.6% of these hanged the <span class="hlt">nets</span> over a bed, while 10.7% used the <span class="hlt">nets</span> as window curtain. Of the 102 ITNs that were properly deployed, only 27.5% were occupied the night before the survey, by an average of 2.5 persons, mainly under-five children (37.7%). The distribution of free ITNs has resulted in universal household ownership, but the use of the <span class="hlt">nets</span> is still very poor. Proper health education is required to encourage the consistent use of the <span class="hlt">nets</span>, even in hot night, with low mosquito activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3219473','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3219473"><span>Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span>: Addressing Low Accrual Via a Knowledge-Based, <span class="hlt">Community</span> of Practice Platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Massett, Holly A.; Parreco, Linda K.; Padberg, Rose Mary; Richmond, Ellen S.; Rienzo, Marie E.; Leonard, Colleen E. Ryan; Quesenbery, Whitney; Killiam, H. William; Johnson, Lenora E.; Dilts, David M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: Present the design and initial evaluation of a unique, Web-enabled platform for the development of a <span class="hlt">community</span> of practice around issues of oncology clinical trial accrual. Methods: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) conducted research with oncology professionals to identify unmet clinical trial accrual needs in the field. In response, a comprehensive platform for accrual resources, Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span>, was created by using an agile development process, storyboarding, and user testing. Literature and resource searches identified relevant content to populate the site. Descriptive statistics were tracked for resource and site usage. Use cases were defined to support implementation. Results: Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span> has five levels: (1) clinical trial macrostages (prestudy, active study, and poststudy); (2) substages (developing a protocol, selecting a trial, preparing to open, enrolling patients, managing the trial, retaining participants, and lessons learned); (3) strategies for each substage; (4) multiple activities for each strategy; and (5) multiple resources for each activity. Since its launch, Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span> has had more than 45,000 page views, with the Tools & Resources, Conversations, and Training sections being the most viewed. Total resources have increased 69%, to 496 items. Analysis of articles in the site reveals that 22% are from two journals and 46% of the journals supplied a single article. To date, there are 29 conversations with 43 posts. Four use cases are discussed. Conclusion: Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span> represents a unique, centralized comprehensive-solution platform to systematically capture accrual knowledge for all stages of a clinical trial. It is designed to foster a <span class="hlt">community</span> of practice by encouraging users to share additional strategies, resources, and ideas. PMID:22379429</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030001758','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030001758"><span>Shuttle <span class="hlt">Net</span>, Tuna <span class="hlt">Net</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Rockwell International, NASA's prime contractor for the Space Shuttle, asked West Coast <span class="hlt">Netting</span> (WCN) to develop a safety <span class="hlt">net</span> for personnel working on the Shuttle Orbiter. This could not be an ordinary <span class="hlt">net</span>, it had to be relatively small, yet have extraordinary tensile strength. It also had to be fire resistant and resistant to ultraviolet (UV) light. After six months, WCN found the requisite fiber, a polyester-like material called NOMEX. The company was forced to invent a more sophisticated twisting process since conventional methods did not approach specified breaking strength. The resulting <span class="hlt">product</span>, the Hyperester <span class="hlt">net</span>, sinks faster and fishes deeper, making it attractive to fishing fleets. A patented treatment for UV protection and greater abrasion resistance make Hyperester <span class="hlt">nets</span> last longer, and the no-shrink feature is an economic bonus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13374','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13374"><span>Modeling landscape <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (LandNEP) under alternative management regimes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Eugenie S. Euskirchen; Jiquan Chen; Harbin Li; Eric J. Gustafson; Thomas R. Crow</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Forests have been considered as a major carbon sink within the global carbon budget. However, a fragmented forest landscape varies significantly in its composition and age structure, and the amount of carbon sequestered at this level remains generally unknown to the scientific <span class="hlt">community</span>. More precisely, the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70068733','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70068733"><span>Residence time control on hot moments of <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrate <span class="hlt">production</span> and uptake in the hyporheic zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Briggs, Martin A.; Lautz, Laura K.; Hare, Danielle K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>moments of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and uptake, enhancing NO3- <span class="hlt">production</span> as residence times approach the anaerobic threshold, and changing zones of <span class="hlt">net</span> NO3- <span class="hlt">production</span> to uptake as residence times increase past the <span class="hlt">net</span> sink threshold. The anaerobic and <span class="hlt">net</span> sink thresholds for beaver-influenced streambed morphology occur at much shorter residence times (1.3 h and 2.3 h, respectively) compared to other documented hyporheic systems, and the <span class="hlt">net</span> sink threshold compares favorably to the lower boundary of the anaerobic threshold determined for this system with the new oxygen Damkohler number. The consistency of the residence time threshold values of NO3- cycling in this study, despite environmental variability and disparate morphology, indicates that NO3- hot moment dynamics are primarily driven by changes in physical hydrology and associated residence times.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28878790','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28878790"><span>Optimum Temperatures for <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> of Three Tropical Seagrass Species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Collier, Catherine J; Ow, Yan X; Langlois, Lucas; Uthicke, Sven; Johansson, Charlotte L; O'Brien, Katherine R; Hrebien, Victoria; Adams, Matthew P</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rising sea water temperature will play a significant role in responses of the world's seagrass meadows to climate change. In this study, we investigated seasonal and latitudinal variation (spanning more than 1,500 km) in seagrass <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and the optimum temperatures at which maximum photosynthesis and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (for the leaf and the whole plant) occurs, for three seagrass species ( Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis , and Zostera muelleri ). To obtain whole plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, photosynthesis, and respiration rates of leaves and the root/rhizome complex were measured using oxygen-sensitive optodes in closed incubation chambers at temperatures ranging from 15 to 43°C. The temperature-dependence of photosynthesis and respiration was fitted to empirical models to obtain maximum metabolic rates and thermal optima. The thermal optimum ( T opt ) for gross photosynthesis of Z. muelleri , which is more commonly distributed in sub-tropical to temperate regions, was 31°C. The T opt for photosynthesis of the tropical species, H. uninervis and C. serrulata , was considerably higher (35°C on average). This suggests that seagrass species are adapted to water temperature within their distributional range; however, when comparing among latitudes and seasons, thermal optima within a species showed limited acclimation to ambient water temperature ( T opt varied by 1°C in C. serrulata and 2°C in H. uninervis , and the variation did not follow changes in ambient water temperature). The T opt for gross photosynthesis were higher than T opt calculated from plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, which includes above- and below-ground respiration for Z. muelleri (24°C) and H. uninervis ( 33°C), but remained unchanged at 35°C in C. serrulata . Both estimated plant <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and T opt are sensitive to the proportion of below-ground biomass, highlighting the need for consideration of below- to above-ground biomass ratios when applying thermal optima to other meadows. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4734741','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4734741"><span>Soil <span class="hlt">Communities</span> Promote Temporal Stability and Species Asynchrony in Experimental Grassland <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pellkofer, Sarah; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A.; Schmid, Bernhard; Wagg, Cameron</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background Over the past two decades many studies have demonstrated that plant species diversity promotes primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and stability in grassland ecosystems. Additionally, soil <span class="hlt">community</span> characteristics have also been shown to influence the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and composition of plant <span class="hlt">communities</span>, yet little is known about whether soil <span class="hlt">communities</span> also play a role in stabilizing the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of an ecosystem. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we use microcosms to assess the effects of the presence of soil <span class="hlt">communities</span> on plant <span class="hlt">community</span> dynamics and stability over a one-year time span. Microcosms were filled with sterilized soil and inoculated with either unaltered field soil or field soil sterilized to eliminate the naturally occurring soil biota. Eliminating the naturally occurring soil biota not only resulted in lower plant <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and reduced plant species diversity, and evenness, but also destabilized the <span class="hlt">net</span> aboveground <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> over time, which was largely driven by changes in abundance of the dominant grass Lolium perenne. In contrast, the grass and legumes contributed more to <span class="hlt">net</span> aboveground <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> in microcosms where soil biota had been inoculated. Additionally, the forbs exhibited compensatory dynamics with grasses and legumes, thus lowering temporal variation in <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in microcosms that received the unaltered soil inocula. Overall, asynchrony among plant species was higher in microcosms where an unaltered soil <span class="hlt">community</span> had been inoculated, which lead to higher temporal stability in <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that soil <span class="hlt">communities</span> increase plant species asynchrony and stabilize plant <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> by equalizing the performance among competing plant species through potential antagonistic and facilitative effects on individual plant species. PMID:26829481</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...91a2023R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...91a2023R"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> Movement in Applying Mosquito <span class="hlt">Net</span> on House Ventilations: An Initial Support for Green Architecture to Decrease Dengue Disease in Bandung Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rinawan, F. R.; Dewi, I. P. P.; Haifa, G. Z.; Suharno, K. D.; Oktavinus, K.; Lyn, P. S.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Green architecture still has risk to dengue disease when trees cover house roofs’ gutter. This study was aimed to continue a geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) study on roofs factor association with dengue disease by initiating <span class="hlt">community</span> movement in applyingmosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> on house ventilations to cut the disease transmission and mosquito breeding sites inside house. Our methods was an operational research in which improvement of interventions, policies and regulations towards dengue disease prevention is our intended endpoint. Several steps were conducted such as: (1) research problems formulation from GIS-RS analysis from previous phase research in Bandung city, (2) informal and formal approach to <span class="hlt">community</span> leaders and primary healthcare centre (Puskesmas), (3) Video education and focus group discussion (FGD), (4) initial application of mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> on house in <span class="hlt">communities</span>; and (5) advocacy to Mayor of Bandung city (was on progress).Our study resulted several supports: one of sub-city leaders (Camat) in the city, village leaders (Lurah), and sub-village leaders (Ketua RW) of 5 villages (kelurahan), one kelurahan which mainly comprised formal settlements needed more efforts, which was experts on dengue disease from university to directly explain the mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> application to its <span class="hlt">community</span>. Informal leaders in all kelurahan’s <span class="hlt">community</span> suggested only mothers movement was not enough, thus, youths in <span class="hlt">community</span> was mentioned to help the <span class="hlt">community</span> movement on the mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24539','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24539"><span>Site-level evaluation of satellite-based global terrestrial gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> monitoring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David P. Turner; William D. Ritts; Warren B. Cohen; Thomas K. Maeirsperger; Stith T. Gower; Al A. Kirschbaum; Steve W. Runnings; Maosheng Zhaos; Steven C. Wofsy; Allison L. Dunn; Beverly E. Law; John L. Campbell; Walter C. Oechel; Hyo Jung Kwon; Tilden P. Meyers; Eric E. Small; Shirley A. Kurc; John A. Gamon</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Operational monitoring of global terrestrial gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (GPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) is now underway using imagery from the satellite-borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Evaluation of MODIS GPP and NPP <span class="hlt">products</span> will require site-level studies across a range of biomes, with close attention to numerous scaling...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5168647-net-primary-production-phenology-southern-appalachian-watershed','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5168647-net-primary-production-phenology-southern-appalachian-watershed"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and phenology on a southern Appalachian watershed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Day, F.P. Jr.; Monk, C.D.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) is an important function of plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> which has not often been examined seasonally in a forested ecosystem. The major objective of the study was to measure above-ground NPP seasonally and relate it to phenological activity on a hardwood forest watershed at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. NPP was estimated as the increase in biomass, estimated from regression equations on diameter. Diameter increases were measured by venier tree bands. Phenological observations were made on bud break, leaf emergence, flowering, mature fruit, leaf senescence, and leaf fall. The species studied intensively were Acer rubrum, Quercus prinus, Caryamore » glabra, Cornus florida, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Liriodendron was found to be the most <span class="hlt">productive</span> species per individual, but Quercus prinus was the most <span class="hlt">productive</span> per unit ground area. The total watershed estimate of aboveground NPP was 8,754 kg ha/sup -1/yr/sup -1/ and included 47.9 percent leaves, 33.2 percent wood, 7.8 percent bark, 4.8 percent reproductive tissues, 4.2 percent loss to consumers, and 2.1 percent twigs. Increases in leaf biomass were most rapid in the spring, but woody tissue <span class="hlt">production</span> peaked in June and continued through August. Since leaf <span class="hlt">production</span> peaked in the spring, the plants' photosynthetic machinery was activated early in the growing season to support woody tissue <span class="hlt">production</span>, which followed the period of rapid leaf growth, and reproductive activity. Flowering occurred during the leaf expansion period except for Acer rubrum, which flowered before leaf emergence. Fruit maturation occurred during late summer to early fall, when there were no additional biomass increases. Acer rubrum was an exception as its fruit matured during the period of leaf expansion.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRG..116.4010D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRG..116.4010D"><span>Modeling the effects of hydrology on gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at Mer Bleue bog</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dimitrov, Dimitre D.; Grant, Robert F.; Lafleur, Peter M.; Humphreys, Elyn R.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The ecosys model was applied to investigate the effects of water table and subsurface hydrology changes on carbon dioxide exchange at the ombrotrophic Mer Bleue peatland, Ontario, Canada. It was hypothesized that (1) water table drawdown would not affect vascular canopy water potential, hence vascular <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, because roots would penetrate deeper to compensate for near-surface dryness, (2) moss canopy water potential and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> would be severely reduced because rhizoids occupy the uppermost peat that is subject to desiccation with water table decline, and (3) given that in a previous study of Mer Bleue, ecosystem respiration showed little sensitivity to water table drawdown, gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> would mainly determine the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> through these vegetation-subsurface hydrology linkages. Model output was compared with literature reports and hourly eddy-covariance measurements during 2000-2004. Our findings suggest that late-summer water table drawdown in 2001 had only a minor impact on vascular canopy water potential but greatly impacted hummock moss water potential, where midday values declined to -250 MPa on average in the model. As a result, simulated moss <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was reduced by half, which largely explained a reduction of 2-3 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in midday simulated and measurement-derived gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and an equivalent reduction in simulated and measured <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. The water content of the near-surface peat (top 5-10 cm) was found to be the most important driver of interannual variability of annual <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> through its effects on hummock moss <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and on ecosystem respiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26714167','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26714167"><span>Warming and Elevated CO2 Interact to Drive Rapid Shifts in Marine <span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sorte, Cascade J B; Bracken, Matthew E S</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Predicting the outcome of future climate change requires an understanding of how alterations in multiple environmental factors manifest in natural <span class="hlt">communities</span> and affect ecosystem functioning. We conducted an in situ, fully factorial field manipulation of CO2 and temperature on a rocky shoreline in southeastern Alaska, USA. Warming strongly impacted functioning of tide pool systems within one month, with the rate of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) more than doubling in warmed pools under ambient CO2 levels relative to initial NCP values. However, in pools with added CO2, NCP was unaffected by warming. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> responses paralleled changes in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of a red alga, the most abundant primary producer species in the system, highlighting the direct link between physiology and ecosystem functioning. These observed changes in algal physiology and <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in response to our manipulations indicate the potential for natural systems to shift rapidly in response to changing climatic conditions and for multiple environmental factors to act antagonistically.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4694712','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4694712"><span>Warming and Elevated CO2 Interact to Drive Rapid Shifts in Marine <span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Bracken, Matthew E. S.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Predicting the outcome of future climate change requires an understanding of how alterations in multiple environmental factors manifest in natural <span class="hlt">communities</span> and affect ecosystem functioning. We conducted an in situ, fully factorial field manipulation of CO2 and temperature on a rocky shoreline in southeastern Alaska, USA. Warming strongly impacted functioning of tide pool systems within one month, with the rate of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) more than doubling in warmed pools under ambient CO2 levels relative to initial NCP values. However, in pools with added CO2, NCP was unaffected by warming. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> responses paralleled changes in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of a red alga, the most abundant primary producer species in the system, highlighting the direct link between physiology and ecosystem functioning. These observed changes in algal physiology and <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in response to our manipulations indicate the potential for natural systems to shift rapidly in response to changing climatic conditions and for multiple environmental factors to act antagonistically. PMID:26714167</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190357','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190357"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-CF-OPeNDAP: Standards for ocean data interoperability and object lessons for <span class="hlt">community</span> data standards processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hankin, Steven C.; Blower, Jon D.; Carval, Thierry; Casey, Kenneth S.; Donlon, Craig; Lauret, Olivier; Loubrieu, Thomas; Srinivasan, Ashwanth; Trinanes, Joaquin; Godøy, Øystein; Mendelssohn, Roy; Signell, Richard P.; de La Beaujardiere, Jeff; Cornillon, Peter; Blanc, Frederique; Rew, Russ; Harlan, Jack; Hall, Julie; Harrison, D.E.; Stammer, Detlef</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>It is generally recognized that meeting society's emerging environmental science and management needs will require the marine data <span class="hlt">community</span> to provide simpler, more effective and more interoperable access to its data. There is broad agreement, as well, that data standards are the bedrock upon which interoperability will be built. The path that would bring the marine data <span class="hlt">community</span> to agree upon and utilize such standards, however, is often elusive. In this paper we examine the trio of standards 1) <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF files; 2) the Climate and Forecast (CF) metadata convention; and 3) the OPeNDAP data access protocol. These standards taken together have brought our <span class="hlt">community</span> a high level of interoperability for "gridded" data such as model outputs, satellite <span class="hlt">products</span> and climatological analyses, and they are gaining rapid acceptance for ocean observations. We will provide an overview of the scope of the contribution that has been made. We then step back from the information technology considerations to examine the <span class="hlt">community</span> or "social" process by which the successes were achieved. We contrast the path by which the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has advanced the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) - <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF/CF/OPeNDAP exemplifying a "bottom up" standards process whereas GTS is "top down". Both of these standards are tales of success at achieving specific purposes, yet each is hampered by technical limitations. These limitations sometimes lead to controversy over whether alternative technological directions should be pursued. Finally we draw general conclusions regarding the factors that affect the success of a standards development effort - the likelihood that an IT standard will meet its design goals and will achieve <span class="hlt">community</span>-wide acceptance. We believe that a higher level of thoughtful awareness by the scientists, program managers and technology experts of the vital role of standards and the merits of alternative standards processes can help us as a <span class="hlt">community</span> to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030020949','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030020949"><span>Estimating <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Using Satellite and Ancillary Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Choudhury, Bhaskar J.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (C) or the annual rate of carbon accumulation per unit ground area by terrestrial plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> is the difference of gross photosynthesis (A(sub g)) and respiration (R) per unit ground area. Available field observations show that R is a large and variable fraction of A(sub g), although it is generally recognized that there are considerable difficulties in determining these fluxes, and thus pose challenge in assessing the accuracy. Further uncertainties arise in extrapolating field measurements (which are acquired over a hectare or so area) to regional scale. Here, an approach is presented for determining these fluxes using satellite and ancillary data to be representative of regional scale and allow assessment of interannual variation. A, has been expressed as the <span class="hlt">product</span> of radiation use efficiency for gross photosynthesis by an unstressed canopy and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, which is then adjusted for stresses due to soil water shortage and temperature away from optimum. R has been calculated as the sum of growth and maintenance components (respectively, R(sub g) and R(sub m)).The R(sub m) has been determined from nitrogen content of plant tissue per unit ground area, while R(sub g) has been obtained as a fraction of the difference of A(sub g) and R(sub m). Results for five consecutive years (1986-1990) are presented for the Amazon-Tocontins, Mississippi, and Ob River basins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334452-net-energy-ratio-production-steam-pretreated-biomass-based-pellets','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334452-net-energy-ratio-production-steam-pretreated-biomass-based-pellets"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> energy ratio for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of steam pretreated biomass-based pellets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Shahrukh, Hassan; Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire; Kumar, Amit; ...</p> <p>2015-06-21</p> <p>In this study, a process model was developed to determine the <span class="hlt">net</span> energy ratio (NER) for both regular and steam-pretreated pellet <span class="hlt">production</span> from ligno-cellulosic biomass. NER is a ratio of the <span class="hlt">net</span> energy output to the total <span class="hlt">net</span> energy input from non-renewable energy source into the system. Scenarios were developed to measure the effect of temperature and level of steam pretreatment on the NER of both <span class="hlt">production</span> processes. The NER for the base case at 6 kg h –1 is 1.29 and 5.0 for steam-pretreated and regular pellet <span class="hlt">production</span> respectively. However, at the large scale NER would improve. The majormore » factor for NER is energy for steam and drying unit. The sensitivity analysis for the model shows that the optimum temperature for steam pretreatment is 200 °C with 50% pretreatment (Steam pretreating 50% feed stock, while the rest is undergoing regular pelletization). Uncertainty result for steam pretreated and regular pellet is 1.35 ± 0.09 and 4.52 ± 0.34 respectively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024092','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024092"><span>The utility of estimating <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> over Alaska using baseline AVHRR data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Markon, C.J.; Peterson, Kim M.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) is a fundamental ecological variable that provides information about the health and status of vegetation <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI, derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is increasingly being used to model or predict NPP, especially over large remote areas. In this article, seven seasonally based metrics calculated from a seven-year baseline NDVI dataset were used to model NPP over Alaska, USA. For each growing season, they included maximum, mean and summed NDVI, total days, <span class="hlt">product</span> of total days and maximum NDVI, an integral estimate of NDVI and a summed <span class="hlt">product</span> of NDVI and solar radiation. Field (plot) derived NPP estimates were assigned to 18 land cover classes from an Alaskan statewide land cover database. Linear relationships between NPP and each NDVI metric were analysed at four scales: plot, 1-km, 10-km and 20-km pixels. Results show moderate to poor relationship between any of the metrics and NPP estimates for all data sets and scales. Use of NDVI for estimating NPP may be possible, but caution is required due to data seasonality, the scaling process used and land surface heterogeneity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313511','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313511"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span>-randomized trial of lambdacyhalothrin-treated hammock <span class="hlt">nets</span> for malaria control in Yanomami <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the Amazon region of Venezuela.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Magris, M; Rubio-Palis, Y; Alexander, N; Ruiz, B; Galván, N; Frias, D; Blanco, M; Lines, J</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>We conducted a <span class="hlt">community</span>-randomized controlled trial in an area of moderate malaria transmission in the Amazon region, southern Venezuela, home of the Yanomami indigenous ethnic group. The aim was to compare the malaria incidence rate in villages with lambdacyhalothrin-treated hammock <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITHN) or with placebo-treated hammock <span class="hlt">nets</span> (PTHN). In both arms of the study, intensive surveillance for early case detection was maintained and prompt malaria treatment was administered. Baseline data were collected before the intervention and a population of around 924 Yanomami was followed for 2 years. Despite the recent introduction of <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the Yanomami villages and the adverse natural conditions in the area, the <span class="hlt">nets</span> were accepted enthusiastically by the study population, used conscientiously and looked after carefully. The malaria incidence rate per thousand person-years at risk was 114.6 in the IHTN group and 186.8 in the PTHN group. The adjusted rate ratios indicated that ITHN prevent 56% [IRR: 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 52-59%] of new malaria cases. ITHN reduced the prevalence of parasitaemia by 83% [relative risks (RR): 0.17, 95% CI: 47-100%], according to a cross-sectional survey carried out during the high transmission season. The prevalence of splenomegaly and anaemia was too low to detect any possible reduction as a result of ITHN. The main conclusion of the present study is that ITHN can reduce malaria incidence in the area and it is the most feasible method for malaria control in a forested area where indigenous villages are scattered over a large territory. This is the first <span class="hlt">community</span>-level epidemiological trial to show that ITHN are highly effective against malaria transmitted by Anopheles darlingi.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28382683','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28382683"><span>Increased light-use efficiency sustains <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of shaded coffee plants in agroforestry system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Charbonnier, Fabien; Roupsard, Olivier; le Maire, Guerric; Guillemot, Joannès; Casanoves, Fernando; Lacointe, André; Vaast, Philippe; Allinne, Clémentine; Audebert, Louise; Cambou, Aurélie; Clément-Vidal, Anne; Defrenet, Elsa; Duursma, Remko A; Jarri, Laura; Jourdan, Christophe; Khac, Emmanuelle; Leandro, Patricia; Medlyn, Belinda E; Saint-André, Laurent; Thaler, Philippe; Van Den Meersche, Karel; Barquero Aguilar, Alejandra; Lehner, Peter; Dreyer, Erwin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>In agroforestry systems, shade trees strongly affect the physiology of the undergrown crop. However, a major paradigm is that the reduction in absorbed photosynthetically active radiation is, to a certain extent, compensated by an increase in light-use efficiency, thereby reducing the difference in <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> between shaded and non-shaded plants. Due to the large spatial heterogeneity in agroforestry systems and the lack of appropriate tools, the combined effects of such variables have seldom been analysed, even though they may help understand physiological processes underlying yield dynamics. In this study, we monitored <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, during two years, on scales ranging from individual coffee plants to the entire plot. Absorbed radiation was mapped with a 3D model (MAESPA). Light-use efficiency and <span class="hlt">net</span> assimilation rate were derived for each coffee plant individually. We found that although irradiance was reduced by 60% below crowns of shade trees, coffee light-use efficiency increased by 50%, leaving <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> fairly stable across all shade levels. Variability of aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of coffee plants was caused primarily by the age of the plants and by intraspecific competition among them (drivers usually overlooked in the agroforestry literature) rather than by the presence of shade trees. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..699L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GBioC..31..699L"><span>Modest <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophy in the oligotrophic ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Letscher, Robert T.; Moore, J. Keith</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The metabolic state of the oligotrophic subtropical ocean has long been debated. <span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) represents the balance of autotrophic carbon fixation with heterotrophic respiration. Many in vitro NCP estimates based on oxygen incubation methods and the corresponding scaling relationships used to predict the ecosystem metabolic balance have suggested the ocean gyres to be <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic; however, all in situ NCP methods find <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophy. Reconciling <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophy requires significant allochthonous inputs of organic carbon to the oligotrophic gyres to sustain a preponderance of respiration over in situ <span class="hlt">production</span>. Here we use the first global ecosystem-ocean circulation model that contains representation of the three allochthonous carbon sources to the open ocean, to show that the five oligotrophic gyres exhibit modest <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophy throughout the seasonal cycle. Annually integrated rates of NCP vary in the range 1.5-2.2 mol O2 m-2 yr-1 across the five gyre systems; however, seasonal NCP rates are as low as 1 ± 0.5 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 for the North Atlantic. Volumetric NCP rates are heterotrophic below the 10% light level; however, they become <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophic when integrated over the euphotic zone. Observational uncertainties when measuring these modest autotrophic NCP rates as well as the metabolic diversity encountered across space and time complicate the scaling up of in vitro measurements to the ecosystem scale and may partially explain the previous reports of <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophy. The oligotrophic ocean is autotrophic at present; however, it could shift toward seasonal heterotrophy in the future as rising temperatures stimulate respiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42622','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42622"><span>Decadal trends in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon balance for a regional socioecological system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David P. Turner; William D. Ritts; Zhiqiang Yang; Robert E. Kennedy; Warren B. Cohen; Maureen V. Duane; Peter E. Thornton; Beverly E. Law</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes, notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1993 established a regional...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1377449-global-surface-net-radiation-km-from-modis-terra','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1377449-global-surface-net-radiation-km-from-modis-terra"><span>Global Surface <span class="hlt">Net</span>-Radiation at 5 km from MODIS Terra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Verma, Manish; Fisher, Joshua; Mallick, Kaniska; ...</p> <p>2016-09-06</p> <p>Reliable and fine resolution estimates of surface <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation are required for estimating latent and sensible heat fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. However, currently, fine resolution estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation are not available and consequently it is challenging to develop multi-year estimates of evapotranspiration at scales that can capture land surface heterogeneity and are relevant for policy and decision-making. We developed and evaluated a global <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> at 5 km and 8-day resolution by combining mutually consistent atmosphere and land data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Terra. Comparison with <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation measurements from 154 globally distributedmore » sites (414 site-years) from the FLUXNET and Surface Radiation budget network (SURFRAD) showed that the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> agreed well with measurements across seasons and climate types in the extratropics (Wilmott's index ranged from 0.74 for boreal to 0.63 for Mediterranean sites). Mean absolute deviation between the MODIS and measured <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation ranged from 38.0 ± 1.8 W.m -2 in boreal to 72.0 ± 4.1 W.m -2 in the tropical climates. The mean bias was small and constituted only 11%, 0.7%, 8.4%, 4.2%, 13.3%, and 5.4% of the mean absolute error in daytime <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation in boreal, Mediterranean, temperate-continental, temperate, semi-arid, and tropical climate, respectively. To assess the accuracy of the broader spatiotemporal patterns, we upscaled error-quantified MODIS <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation and compared it with the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation estimates from the coarse spatial (1° x 1°) but high temporal resolution gridded <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). Our estimates agreed closely with the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation estimates from the CERES. Difference between the two was less than 10W.m -2 in 94% of the total land area. MODIS <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> will be a valuable resource for the science <span class="hlt">community</span> studying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1377449','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1377449"><span>Global Surface <span class="hlt">Net</span>-Radiation at 5 km from MODIS Terra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Verma, Manish; Fisher, Joshua; Mallick, Kaniska</p> <p></p> <p>Reliable and fine resolution estimates of surface <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation are required for estimating latent and sensible heat fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. However, currently, fine resolution estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation are not available and consequently it is challenging to develop multi-year estimates of evapotranspiration at scales that can capture land surface heterogeneity and are relevant for policy and decision-making. We developed and evaluated a global <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> at 5 km and 8-day resolution by combining mutually consistent atmosphere and land data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Terra. Comparison with <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation measurements from 154 globally distributedmore » sites (414 site-years) from the FLUXNET and Surface Radiation budget network (SURFRAD) showed that the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> agreed well with measurements across seasons and climate types in the extratropics (Wilmott's index ranged from 0.74 for boreal to 0.63 for Mediterranean sites). Mean absolute deviation between the MODIS and measured <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation ranged from 38.0 ± 1.8 W.m -2 in boreal to 72.0 ± 4.1 W.m -2 in the tropical climates. The mean bias was small and constituted only 11%, 0.7%, 8.4%, 4.2%, 13.3%, and 5.4% of the mean absolute error in daytime <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation in boreal, Mediterranean, temperate-continental, temperate, semi-arid, and tropical climate, respectively. To assess the accuracy of the broader spatiotemporal patterns, we upscaled error-quantified MODIS <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation and compared it with the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation estimates from the coarse spatial (1° x 1°) but high temporal resolution gridded <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). Our estimates agreed closely with the <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation estimates from the CERES. Difference between the two was less than 10W.m -2 in 94% of the total land area. MODIS <span class="hlt">net</span>-radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> will be a valuable resource for the science <span class="hlt">community</span> studying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=226184','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=226184"><span>An electronic consumer health library: <span class="hlt">Net</span>Wellness.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Guard, R; Haag, D; Kaya, B; Marine, S; Morris, T; Schick, L; Shoemaker, S</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span>Wellness is a <span class="hlt">community</span>-based, consumer-defined grant program supporting the delivery of electronic health information to rural residents of southern Ohio and urban and suburban <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the Greater Cincinnati tri-state region. <span class="hlt">Net</span>Wellness is a collaboratively developed and publicly and privately funded demonstration project. Information is delivered via ISDN, standard dial, dedicated network connections, and the Internet. TriState Online (Greater Cincinnati's Free-<span class="hlt">Net</span>) and other southern Ohio Free-<span class="hlt">Nets</span> are key access points in the larger project <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The other access points are more than forty workstations distributed at public sites throughout the project's primary geographical area. Design strengths and limitations, training initiatives, technical issues, and the project's impact on medical librarianship are examined in this paper. Also discussed are ways of determining <span class="hlt">community</span> needs and interest, building political alliances, finding and developing funding sources, and overcoming technical obstacles. <span class="hlt">Net</span>Wellness's Internet address is: http:@www.netwellness.org. PMID:8913548</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22379429','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22379429"><span>Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span>: Addressing Low Accrual Via a Knowledge-Based, <span class="hlt">Community</span> of Practice Platform.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Massett, Holly A; Parreco, Linda K; Padberg, Rose Mary; Richmond, Ellen S; Rienzo, Marie E; Leonard, Colleen E Ryan; Quesenbery, Whitney; Killiam, H William; Johnson, Lenora E; Dilts, David M</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Present the design and initial evaluation of a unique, Web-enabled platform for the development of a <span class="hlt">community</span> of practice around issues of oncology clinical trial accrual. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) conducted research with oncology professionals to identify unmet clinical trial accrual needs in the field. In response, a comprehensive platform for accrual resources, Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span>, was created by using an agile development process, storyboarding, and user testing. Literature and resource searches identified relevant content to populate the site. Descriptive statistics were tracked for resource and site usage. Use cases were defined to support implementation. ACCRUALNET HAS FIVE LEVELS: (1) clinical trial macrostages (prestudy, active study, and poststudy); (2) substages (developing a protocol, selecting a trial, preparing to open, enrolling patients, managing the trial, retaining participants, and lessons learned); (3) strategies for each substage; (4) multiple activities for each strategy; and (5) multiple resources for each activity. Since its launch, Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span> has had more than 45,000 page views, with the Tools & Resources, Conversations, and Training sections being the most viewed. Total resources have increased 69%, to 496 items. Analysis of articles in the site reveals that 22% are from two journals and 46% of the journals supplied a single article. To date, there are 29 conversations with 43 posts. Four use cases are discussed. Accrual<span class="hlt">Net</span> represents a unique, centralized comprehensive-solution platform to systematically capture accrual knowledge for all stages of a clinical trial. It is designed to foster a <span class="hlt">community</span> of practice by encouraging users to share additional strategies, resources, and ideas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28767','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28767"><span>Estimating aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in forest-dominated ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Brian D. Kloeppel; Mark E. Harmon; Timothy J. Fahey</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The measurement of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) in forest ecosystems presents a variety of challenges because of the large and complex dimensions of trees and the difficulties of quantifying several components of NPP. As summarized by Clark et al. (2001a), these methodological challenges can be overcome, and more reliable spatial and temporal comparisons can be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034085','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034085"><span>Effectiveness of bowl trapping and <span class="hlt">netting</span> for inventory of a bee <span class="hlt">community</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Grundel, R.; Frohnapple, K.J.; Jean, R.P.; Pavlovic, N.B.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Concern over the status of bees has increased the need to inventory bee <span class="hlt">communities</span> and, consequently, has increased the need to understand effectiveness of different bee sampling methods. We sampled bees using bowl traps and <span class="hlt">netting</span> at 25 northwest Indiana sites ranging from open grasslands to forests. Assemblages of bees captured in bowl traps and by <span class="hlt">netting</span> were very similar, but this similarity was driven by similar relative abundances of commonly captured species. Less common species were often not shared between collection methods (bowls, <span class="hlt">netting</span>) and only about half of the species were shared between methods. About one-quarter of species were more often captured by one of the two collection methods. Rapid accumulation of species was aided by sampling at temporal and habitat extremes. In particular, collecting samples early and late in the adult flight season and in open and forest habitats was effective in capturing the most species with the fewest samples. The number of samples estimated necessary to achieve a complete inventory using bowls and <span class="hlt">netting</span> together was high. For example, ≈72% of species estimated capturable in bowls were captured among the 3,159 bees collected in bowls in this study, but ≈30,000–35,000 additional bees would need to be collected to achieve a 100% complete inventory. For bowl trapping, increasing the number of sampling dates or sampling sites was more effective than adding more bowls per sampling date in completing the inventory with the fewest specimens collected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=268571','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=268571"><span>Forecasting annual aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in the intermountain west</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>For many land manager’s annual aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, or plant growth, is a key factor affecting business success, profitability and each land manager's ability to successfully meet land management objectives. The strategy often utilized for forecasting plant growth is to assume every y...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BGD....1210271V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BGD....1210271V"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> in a Little Ice Age moraine: the role of plant functional traits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Varolo, E.; Zanotelli, D.; Tagliavini, M.; Zerbe, S.; Montagnani, L.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Current glacier retreat allows vast mountain ranges available for vegetation establishment and growth. Little is known about the effective carbon (C) budget of these new ecosystems and how the presence of different vegetation <span class="hlt">communities</span>, characterized by their specific physiology and life forms influences C fluxes. In this study, using a comparative analysis of the C fluxes of two contrasting vegetation types, we intend to evaluate if the different physiologies of the main species have an effect on Ecosystem Respiration (Reco), Gross Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> (GPP), annual cumulated <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), and long-term carbon accumulation in soil. The NEE of two plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> present on a Little Ice Age moraine in the Matsch glacier forefield (Alps, Italy) was measured over two growing seasons. They are a typical C3 grassland, dominated by Festuca halleri All. and a <span class="hlt">community</span> dominated by CAM rosettes Sempervivum montanum L. on rocky soils. Using transparent and opaque chambers, we extrapolated the ecophysiological responses to the main environmental drivers and performed the partition of NEE into Reco and GPP. Soil samples were collected from the same site to measure long-term C accumulation in the ecosystem. The two <span class="hlt">communities</span> showed contrasting GPP but similar Reco patterns and as a result significantly different in NEE. The grassland acted mainly as a carbon sink with a total cumulated value of -46.4 ± 35.5 g C m-2 NEE while the plots dominated by the CAM rosettes acted as a source with 31.9 ± 22.4 g C m-2. In spite of the NEE being different in the two plant <span class="hlt">communities</span>, soil analysis did not reveal significant differences in carbon accumulation. Grasslands showed 1.76 ± 0.12 kg C m-2, while CAM rosettes showed 2.06 ± 0.23 kg C m-2. This study demonstrates that carbon dynamics of two vegetation <span class="hlt">communities</span> can be distinct even though the growing environment is similar. The physiological traits of the dominant species determine large differences in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5223870','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5223870"><span>Evaluation of mist-<span class="hlt">net</span> sampling as an index to <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in Kirtland's Warblers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bart, J.; Kepler, C.; Sykes, P.; Bocetti, Carol I.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Many applied and theoretical investigations require information on how <span class="hlt">productivity</span> varies in time and space (Temple and Wiens 1989. DeSante 1995). Examples include studies of habitat quality, population trends, life-history tactics, and metapopulation dynamics. From a demographic perspective, <span class="hlt">productivity</span> is the number of young counted at a given time of year, produced per adult (e.g. Caswell 1989). Various measures have been used to estimate <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. One of the most attractive is mist <span class="hlt">netting</span> during the summer after young have left the nest, but ideally before they have left the study area. Several programs use this approach, including the Constant Effort Sites Scheme of the British Trust for Ornithology (Baillie et al. 1986, Bibby et al. 1992) and the Monitoring Avian <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> and Survivorship (MAPS) program (DeSante et al. 1993) in North America.Hatching-year (HY) and after-hatching-year (AHY) birds are widely believed to have different susceptibilities to <span class="hlt">netting</span> (DeSante et al. 1995, Peach et al. 1996), so the ratio of HY's to AHY's obtained from <span class="hlt">netting</span> is not used as an estimate of <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Instead, investigators hope that the relative susceptibility to capture is about the same among the samples being compared so that the age ratios in mistnet samples provide a reliable index to <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (DeSante 1995, DeSante et al. 1995).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1410865B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1410865B"><span>Social Capacity Assessment for <span class="hlt">communities</span> and organisations in the CapHaz-<span class="hlt">Net</span> context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Begg, C.; Kuhlicke, C.; Steinführer, A.; Luther, J.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Instead of focusing on physical conditions of a hazard, CapHaz-<span class="hlt">Net</span> regards the occurrence of a disaster as a result of people, <span class="hlt">communities</span> and organisations lacking capacities to anticipate, cope with and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. Therefore, the CapHaz-<span class="hlt">Net</span> project has pooled together knowledge surrounding six topics relating to the social side of natural hazards. These theoretical topics, which include social capacity building, risk governance, social vulnerability, risk perception, risk communication and risk education have been reviewed in terms of how they relate to and how we can improve actions relating to natural hazards. One of the results of this work has been the development of capacities typology that relates to the abilities and resources available to organisations and <span class="hlt">communities</span> in regards to a future hazard event. It is from this typology we have developed two social capacity audits; one for <span class="hlt">communities</span> and one for organisations. These assessments aim to identify appropriate measures and strategies regarding how to enhance, develop and build different kinds of capacities. The final outcome of the project is to develop recommendations. By using these assessments participants will be able to identify strong capacities and can refer to the recommendations for tips on how to improve capacities identified as weak. Most importantly, the assessment process is designed to be a self-assessment, completed by members of the <span class="hlt">community</span>/organisation with the help of a facilitator. That way deficits and outcomes are defined by those who are most likely to be affected by a future hazard event and most likely to be implementing improvements towards resilience.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37129','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37129"><span>Estimation of livestock appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in Texas Drylands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Robert Washington-Allen; Jody Fitzgerald; Stephanie Grounds; Faisar Jihadi; John Kretzschmar; Kathryn Ramirez; John Mitchell</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The ecological state of US Drylands is unknown. This research is developing procedures to determine the impact of the ecological footprint of grazing livestock on the <span class="hlt">productive</span> capacity of US Drylands. A pilot geodatabase was developed for the state of Texas that includes 2002 data for county boundaries, <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) derived from the Moderate...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1258030','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1258030"><span>GLASS daytime all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span>: Algorithm development and preliminary validation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Bo; Liang, Shunlin; Ma, Han</p> <p></p> <p>Mapping surface all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation (R n) is critically needed for various applications. Several existing R n <span class="hlt">products</span> from numerical models and satellite observations have coarse spatial resolutions and their accuracies may not meet the requirements of land applications. In this study, we develop the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) daytime R n <span class="hlt">product</span> at a 5 km spatial resolution. Its algorithm for converting shortwave radiation to all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation using the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) model is determined after comparison with three other algorithms. The validation of the GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> based on high-quality in situ measurementsmore » in the United States shows a coefficient of determination value of 0.879, an average root mean square error value of 31.61 Wm -2, and an average bias of 17.59 Wm -2. Furthermore, we also compare our <span class="hlt">product</span>/algorithm with another satellite <span class="hlt">product</span> (CERES-SYN) and two reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> (MERRA and JRA55), and find that the accuracy of the much higher spatial resolution GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> is satisfactory. The GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> from 2000 to the present is operational and freely available to the public.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1258030-glass-daytime-all-wave-net-radiation-product-algorithm-development-preliminary-validation','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1258030-glass-daytime-all-wave-net-radiation-product-algorithm-development-preliminary-validation"><span>GLASS daytime all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span>: Algorithm development and preliminary validation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Jiang, Bo; Liang, Shunlin; Ma, Han; ...</p> <p>2016-03-09</p> <p>Mapping surface all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation (R n) is critically needed for various applications. Several existing R n <span class="hlt">products</span> from numerical models and satellite observations have coarse spatial resolutions and their accuracies may not meet the requirements of land applications. In this study, we develop the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) daytime R n <span class="hlt">product</span> at a 5 km spatial resolution. Its algorithm for converting shortwave radiation to all-wave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation using the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) model is determined after comparison with three other algorithms. The validation of the GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> based on high-quality in situ measurementsmore » in the United States shows a coefficient of determination value of 0.879, an average root mean square error value of 31.61 Wm -2, and an average bias of 17.59 Wm -2. Furthermore, we also compare our <span class="hlt">product</span>/algorithm with another satellite <span class="hlt">product</span> (CERES-SYN) and two reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> (MERRA and JRA55), and find that the accuracy of the much higher spatial resolution GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> is satisfactory. The GLASS R n <span class="hlt">product</span> from 2000 to the present is operational and freely available to the public.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27376931','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27376931"><span>Waterscape determinants of <span class="hlt">net</span> mercury methylation in a tropical wetland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lázaro, Wilkinson L; Díez, Sergi; da Silva, Carolina J; Ignácio, Áurea R A; Guimarães, Jean R D</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The periphyton associated with freshwater macrophyte roots is the main site of Hg methylation in different wetland environments in the world. The aim of this study was to test the use of connectivity metrics of water bodies, in the context of patches, in a tropical waterscape wetland (Guapore River, Amazonia, Brazil) as a predictor of potential <span class="hlt">net</span> methylmercury (MeHg) <span class="hlt">production</span> by periphyton <span class="hlt">communities</span>. We sampled 15 lakes with different patterns of lateral connectivity with the main river channel, performing <span class="hlt">net</span> mercury methylation potential tests in incubations with local water and Eichhornia crassipes root-periphyton samples, using (203)HgCl2 as a tracer. Physico-chemical variables, landscape data (morphological characteristics, land use, and lateral connection type of water bodies) using GIS resources and field data were analyzed with Generalized Additive Models (GAM). The <span class="hlt">net</span> Me(203)Hg <span class="hlt">production</span> (as % of total added (203)Hg) was expressive (6.2-25.6%) showing that periphyton is an important matrix in MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span>. The model that best explained the variation in the <span class="hlt">net</span> Me(203)Hg <span class="hlt">production</span> (76%) was built by the variables: connection type, total phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in water (AICc=48.324, p=0.001). Connection type factor was the best factor to model fit (r(2)=0.32; p=0.008) and temporarily connected lakes had higher rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> mercury methylation. Both DOC and total phosphorus showed positive significant covariation with the <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation rates (r(2)=0.26; p=0.008 and r(2)=0.21; p=0.012 respectively). Our study suggests a strong relationship between rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span> in this tropical area and the type of water body and its hydrological connectivity within the waterscape. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=245349','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=245349"><span>MODIS EVI as a proxy for <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> across precipitation regimes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Above ground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP) is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis in an ecosystem, and is indicative of its biomass <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Prior studies have reported a relationship between ANPP and annual precipitation which converged across biomes in dry years. This deserves further s...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29459407','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29459407"><span>Crosstalk<span class="hlt">Net</span>: A Visualization Tool for Differential Co-expression Networks and <span class="hlt">Communities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manem, Venkata; Adam, George Alexandru; Gruosso, Tina; Gigoux, Mathieu; Bertos, Nicholas; Park, Morag; Haibe-Kains, Benjamin</p> <p>2018-04-15</p> <p>Variations in physiological conditions can rewire molecular interactions between biological compartments, which can yield novel insights into gain or loss of interactions specific to perturbations of interest. Networks are a promising tool to elucidate intercellular interactions, yet exploration of these large-scale networks remains a challenge due to their high dimensionality. To retrieve and mine interactions, we developed Crosstalk<span class="hlt">Net</span>, a user friendly, web-based network visualization tool that provides a statistical framework to infer condition-specific interactions coupled with a <span class="hlt">community</span> detection algorithm for bipartite graphs to identify significantly dense subnetworks. As a case study, we used Crosstalk<span class="hlt">Net</span> to mine a set of 54 and 22 gene-expression profiles from breast tumor and normal samples, respectively, with epithelial and stromal compartments extracted via laser microdissection. We show how Crosstalk<span class="hlt">Net</span> can be used to explore large-scale co-expression networks and to obtain insights into the biological processes that govern cross-talk between different tumor compartments. Significance: This web application enables researchers to mine complex networks and to decipher novel biological processes in tumor epithelial-stroma cross-talk as well as in other studies of intercompartmental interactions. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2140-3. ©2018 AACR . ©2018 American Association for Cancer Research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1326487-periphyton-biofilms-influence-net-methylmercury-production-industrially-contaminated-system','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1326487-periphyton-biofilms-influence-net-methylmercury-production-industrially-contaminated-system"><span>Periphyton biofilms influence <span class="hlt">net</span> methylmercury <span class="hlt">production</span> in an industrially contaminated system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Olsen, Todd Andrew; Brandt, Craig C.; Brooks, Scott C.</p> <p>2016-09-12</p> <p>Mercury (Hg) methylation and methylmercury (MMHg) demethylation activity of periphyton biofilms from East Fork Poplar Creek, Tennessee, USA (EFPC) were measured during 2014-2015 using stable Hg isotopic rate assays. 201Hg II and MM 202Hg were added to intact periphyton samples and the formation of MM 201Hg and loss of MM 202Hg were monitored over time and used to calculate first-order rate constants for methylation and demethylation, respectively. The influence of location, temperature/season, light exposure and biofilm structure on methylation and demethylation were examined. Between-site differences in <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation for samples collected from an upstream versus downstream location were driven bymore » differences in the demethylation rate constant (k d). In contrast, the within-site seasonal difference in <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation was driven by changes in the methylation rate constant (k m). Samples incubated in the dark had lower <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation due to km values that were 60% less than those incubated in the light. Disrupting the biofilm structure decreased km by 50% and resulted in <span class="hlt">net</span> demethylating conditions. Overall, the measured rates resulted in a <span class="hlt">net</span> excess of MMHg generated which could account for 27-85% of the MMHg flux in EFPC and suggests intact, actively photosynthesizing periphyton biofilms harbor zones of MMHg <span class="hlt">production</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ864433.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ864433.pdf"><span>Building Capacity through Sustainable Engagement: Lessons for the Learning <span class="hlt">Community</span> from the "Granite<span class="hlt">Net</span>" Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Arden, Catherine; McLachlan, Kathryn; Cooper, Trevor</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This paper reports an exploration into critical success factors for the sustainability of the partnership between the University of Southern Queensland and the Stanthorpe <span class="hlt">community</span> during the Granite<span class="hlt">Net</span> Phoenix Project--the first phase of a three-phase participatory action research project conducted during 2007-2008. The concepts of learning…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18518956','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18518956"><span>Markets, voucher subsidies and free <span class="hlt">nets</span> combine to achieve high bed <span class="hlt">net</span> coverage in rural Tanzania.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khatib, Rashid A; Killeen, Gerry F; Abdulla, Salim M K; Kahigwa, Elizeus; McElroy, Peter D; Gerrets, Rene P M; Mshinda, Hassan; Mwita, Alex; Kachur, S Patrick</p> <p>2008-06-02</p> <p>Tanzania has a well-developed network of commercial ITN retailers. In 2004, the government introduced a voucher subsidy for pregnant women and, in mid 2005, helped distribute free <span class="hlt">nets</span> to under-fives in small number of districts, including Rufiji on the southern coast, during a child health campaign. Contributions of these multiple insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">net</span> delivery strategies existing at the same time and place to coverage in a poor rural <span class="hlt">community</span> were assessed. Cross-sectional household survey in 6,331 members of randomly selected 1,752 households of 31 rural villages of Demographic Surveillance System in Rufiji district, Southern Tanzania was conducted in 2006. A questionnaire was administered to every consenting respondent about <span class="hlt">net</span> use, treatment status and delivery mechanism. <span class="hlt">Net</span> use was 62.7% overall, 87.2% amongst infants (0 to 1 year), 81.8% amongst young children (>1 to 5 years), 54.5% amongst older children (6 to 15 years) and 59.6% amongst adults (>15 years). 30.2% of all <span class="hlt">nets</span> had been treated six months prior to interview. The biggest source of <span class="hlt">nets</span> used by infants was purchase from the private sector with a voucher subsidy (41.8%). Half of <span class="hlt">nets</span> used by young children (50.0%) and over a third of those used by older children (37.2%) were obtained free of charge through the vaccination campaign. The largest source of <span class="hlt">nets</span> amongst the population overall was commercial purchase (45.1% use) and was the primary means for protecting adults (60.2% use). All delivery mechanisms, especially sale of <span class="hlt">nets</span> at full market price, under-served the poorest but no difference in equity was observed between voucher-subsidized and freely distributed <span class="hlt">nets</span>. All three delivery strategies enabled a poor rural <span class="hlt">community</span> to achieve <span class="hlt">net</span> coverage high enough to yield both personal and <span class="hlt">community</span> level protection for the entire population. Each of them reached their relevant target group and free <span class="hlt">nets</span> only temporarily suppressed the <span class="hlt">net</span> market, illustrating that in this setting that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2945A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2945A"><span>Assessment of Export Efficiency Equations in the Southern Ocean Applied to Satellite-Based <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arteaga, Lionel; Haëntjens, Nils; Boss, Emmanuel; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Carbon export efficiency (e-ratio) is defined as the fraction of organic carbon fixed through <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) that is exported out of the surface <span class="hlt">productive</span> layer of the ocean. Recent observations for the Southern Ocean suggest a negative e-ratio versus NPP relationship, and a reduced dependency of export efficiency on temperature, different than in the global domain. In this study, we complement information from a passive satellite sensor with novel space-based lidar observations of ocean particulate backscattering to infer NPP over the entire annual cycle, and estimate Southern Ocean export rates from five different empirical models of export efficiency. Inferred Southern Ocean NPP falls within the range of previous studies, with a mean estimate of 15.8 (± 3.9) Pg C yr-1 for the region south of 30°S during the 2005-2016 period. We find that an export efficiency model that accounts for silica(Si)-ballasting, which is constrained by observations with a negative e-ratio versus NPP relationship, shows the best agreement with in situ-based estimates of annual <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (annual export of 2.7 ± 0.6 Pg C yr-1 south of 30°S). By contrast, models based on the analysis of global observations with a positive e-ratio versus NPP relationship predict annually integrated export rates that are ˜ 33% higher than the Si-dependent model. Our results suggest that accounting for Si-induced ballasting is important for the estimation of carbon export in the Southern Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112142&hterms=Ross+1988&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DRoss%2B1988','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112142&hterms=Ross+1988&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DRoss%2B1988"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in the cryptoendolithic microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> of the Ross Desert, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Friedmann, E. I.; Kappen, L.; Meyer, M. A.; Nienow, J. A.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Annual gross <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the lichen-dominated cryptoendolithic <span class="hlt">community</span> was calculated from a computer analysis of photosynthetic response based on laboratory measurements of CO2 exchange and three years (1985-1988) of field nanoclimate data. Photosynthetic optimum increased from -3 to 2 degrees C between irradiance levels of 100 and 1500 micromoles photons m-2 s-1, while the upper compensation point rose from 1 to 17 degrees C. The mean yearly total time available for metabolic activity (temperature above -10 degrees C and moisture present) was 771.3 h for horizontal rock, 421.5 h for northeast-oriented sloped rock, and 1042.2 h for a small depression in horizontal rock (the characteristic site of occasional lichen apothecia). The calculated mean gross <span class="hlt">productivity</span> value for a horizontal rock was 1215 mg C m-2 y-1, and <span class="hlt">net</span> photosynthetic gain was 606 mg C m-2 y-1. <span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (annual accretion of cellular biomass) estimated from long-term events amounted to only about 3 mg C m-2 y-1. The difference between these two values may represent the long-term metabolic costs of the frequent dehydration-rehydration and freezing-thawing cycles or of overwintering, and may account for the leaching of organic substances to the rock. The yearly gross <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the cryptoendolithic microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> of the entire Ross Desert area was estimated at approximately 120,000-180,000 kg C. Of this, 600-900 kg C is in microbial biomass, and much of the rest is soluble compounds that leach into the rocks and possibly percolate to the valleys, providing a source of organic matter for lakes, rivers, and soils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968415','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968415"><span>County <span class="hlt">community</span> health associations of <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wasfy, Jason H; Stewart, Charles; Bhambhani, Vijeta</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In the U.S. presidential election of 2016, substantial shift in voting patterns occurred relative to previous elections. Although this shift has been associated with both education and race, the extent to which this shift was related to public health status is unclear. To determine the extent to which county <span class="hlt">community</span> health was associated with changes in voting between the presidential elections of 2016 and 2012. Ecological study with principal component analysis (PCA) using principal axis method to extract the components, then generalized linear regression. General <span class="hlt">community</span>. All counties in the United States. Physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, percent food insecure, teen birth rate, primary care physician visit rate, age-adjusted mortality rate, violent crime rate, average health care costs, percent diabetic, and percent overweight or obese. The percentage of Donald Trump votes in 2016 minus percentage of Mitt Romney votes in 2012 ("<span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift"). Complete public health data was available for 3,009 counties which were included in the analysis. The mean <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift was 5.4% (+/- 5.8%). Of these 3,009 counties, 2,641 (87.8%) had positive <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (shifted towards Trump) and 368 counties (12.2%) had negative <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (shifted away from Trump). The first principal component ("unhealthy score") accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. The unhealthy score included all health variables except primary care physician rate, violent crime rate, and health care costs. The mean unhealthy score for counties was 0.39 (SD 0.16). Higher normalized unhealthy score was associated with positive <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (22.1% shift per unit unhealthy, p < 0.0001). This association was stronger in states that switched Electoral College votes from 2012 to 2016 than in other states (5.9% per unit unhealthy, p <0.0001). Substantial association exists between a shift toward voting for Donald Trump in 2016 relative to Mitt Romney in 2012 and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2897365','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2897365"><span>The VirSR Two-Component Signal Transduction System Regulates <span class="hlt">Net</span>B Toxin <span class="hlt">Production</span> in Clostridium perfringens▿</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cheung, Jackie K.; Keyburn, Anthony L.; Carter, Glen P.; Lanckriet, Anouk L.; Van Immerseel, Filip; Moore, Robert J.; Rood, Julian I.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Clostridium perfringens causes several diseases in domestic livestock, including necrotic enteritis in chickens, which is of concern to the poultry industry due to its health implications and associated economic cost. The novel pore-forming toxin <span class="hlt">Net</span>B is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we have examined the regulation of <span class="hlt">Net</span>B toxin <span class="hlt">production</span>. In C. perfringens, the quorum sensing-dependent VirSR two-component signal transduction system regulates genes encoding several toxins and extracellular enzymes. Analysis of the sequence upstream of the <span class="hlt">net</span>B gene revealed the presence of potential DNA binding sites, or VirR boxes, that are recognized by the VirR response regulator. In vitro binding experiments showed that purified VirR was able to recognize and bind to these <span class="hlt">net</span>B-associated VirR boxes. Furthermore, using a reporter gene assay, the <span class="hlt">net</span>B VirR boxes were shown to be functional. Mutation of the virR gene in two avian C. perfringens strains was shown to significantly reduce the <span class="hlt">production</span> of the <span class="hlt">Net</span>B toxin; culture supernatants derived from these strains were no longer cytotoxic to Leghorn male hepatoma cells. Complementation with the virRS operon restored the toxin phenotypes to wild type. The results also showed that the VirSR two-component system regulates the expression of <span class="hlt">net</span>B at the level of transcription. We postulate that in the gastrointestinal tract of infected birds, <span class="hlt">Net</span>B <span class="hlt">production</span> is upregulated when the population of C. perfringens cells reaches a threshold level that leads to activation of the VirSR system. PMID:20457789</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817697S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817697S"><span>The SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> data <span class="hlt">products</span>: regional temperature and salinity historical data collections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simoncelli, Simona; Coatanoan, Christine; Bäck, Orjan; Sagen, Helge; Scoy, Serge; Myroshnychenko, Volodymyr; Schaap, Dick; Schlitzer, Reiner; Iona, Sissy; Fichaut, Michele</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Temperature and Salinity (TS) historical data collections covering the time period 1900-2013 were created for each European marginal sea (Arctic Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea) within the framework of SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span>2 (SDN) EU-Project and they are now available as ODV collections through the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> web catalog at http://sextant.ifremer.fr/en/web/seadatanet/. Two versions have been published and they represent a snapshot of the SDN database content at two different times: V1.1 (January 2014) and V2 (March 2015). A Quality Control Strategy (QCS) has been developped and continuously refined in order to improve the quality of the SDN database content and to create the best <span class="hlt">product</span> deriving from SDN data. The QCS was originally implemented in collaboration with MyOcean2 and MyOcean Follow On projects in order to develop a true synergy at regional level to serve operational oceanography and climate change <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The QCS involved the Regional Coordinators, responsible of the scientific assessment, the National Oceanographic Data Centers (NODC) and the data providers that, on the base of the data quality assessment outcome, checked and eventually corrected anomalies in the original data. The QCS consists of four main phases: 1) data harvesting from the central CDI; 2) file and parameter aggregation; 3) quality check analysis at regional level; 4) analysis and correction of data anomalies. The approach is iterative to facilitate the upgrade of SDN database content and it allows also the versioning of data <span class="hlt">products</span> with the release of new regional data collections at the end of each QCS loop. SDN data collections and the QCS will be presented and the results summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19026','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19026"><span>Effects of climate change and shifts in forest composition on forest <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jyh-Min Chiang; Louts [Louis] R. Iverson; Anantha Prasad; Kim J. Brown</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Forests are dynamic in both structure and species composition, and these dynamics are strongly influenced by climate. However, the <span class="hlt">net</span> effects of future tree species composition on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) are not well understood. The objective of this work was to model the potential range shifts of tree species (DISTRIB Model) and predict their impacts on NPP (...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617484','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617484"><span>Periphyton Biofilms Influence <span class="hlt">Net</span> Methylmercury <span class="hlt">Production</span> in an Industrially Contaminated System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Olsen, Todd A; Brandt, Craig C; Brooks, Scott C</p> <p>2016-10-18</p> <p>Mercury (Hg) methylation and methylmercury (MMHg) demethylation activity of periphyton biofilms from the industrially contaminated East Fork Poplar Creek, Tennessee (EFPC) were measured during 2014-2016 using stable Hg isotopic rate assays. 201 Hg II and MM 202 Hg were added to intact periphyton samples in ambient streamwater and the formation of MM 201 Hg and loss of MM 202 Hg were monitored over time and used to calculate first-order rate potentials for methylation and demethylation. The influences of location, temperature/season, light exposure and biofilm structure on methylation and demethylation potentials were examined. Between-site differences in <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation for samples collected from an upstream versus downstream location were driven by differences in the demethylation rate potential (k d ). In contrast, the within-site temperature-dependent difference in <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation was driven by changes in the methylation rate potential (k m ). Samples incubated in the dark had lower <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation due to lower k m values than those incubated in the light. Disrupting the biofilm structure decreased k m and resulted in lower <span class="hlt">net</span> methylation. Overall, the measured rates resulted in a <span class="hlt">net</span> excess of MMHg generated which could account for 3.71-7.88 mg d -1 MMHg flux in EFPC and suggests intact, actively photosynthesizing periphyton biofilms harbor zones of MMHg <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH13A..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSAH13A..01S"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Calcification by a Coral Reef <span class="hlt">Community</span> under Natural Acidification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shamberger, K.; Lentz, S. J.; Cohen, A. L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Calcification (NEC) is a measure of the balance between calcium carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span> (calcification) and loss (dissolution) within a coral reef system. Establishing baseline NEC estimates for a broad range of coral reef systems today provides much needed information to constrain spatial and temporal variability within and amongst different systems, investigate the sensitivity of ecosystem scale calcification to environmental forcing, and improve projections of coral reef futures under ocean acidification throughout this century. Previous NEC studies have been limited to coral reefs with unidirectional (Lagrangian and flow respirometry studies) or negligible (slack water Eulerian studies) water flow across the reef for at least part of the day, usually on the order of hours. Here, we present NEC rates in a naturally low pH, semi-enclosed coral reef lagoon with high coral cover and diversity and tidally driven flow within the Palau Rock Islands. NEC was determined from data collected over the full diel cycle for four consecutive days, during two successive years and different seasons, using total alkalinity (TA), salinity, and volume budgets. Two different methods used to calculate NEC are in good agreement and show that the coral <span class="hlt">community</span> is <span class="hlt">net</span> calcifying despite high rates of bioerosion and pH (mean pH = 7.88 ± 0.02) and aragonite saturation state (Ωar = 2.66 ± 0.11) levels close to those projected for the end of this century. Critically, NEC rates in year 1 (17.0 - 23.7 mmol m-2 d-1) were half those of year 2 (42.0 - 48.1 mmol m-2 d-1), though the carbonate chemistry of the source water did not change between years. This suggests that single occupations and short term measurements do not adequately capture the full range of NEC variability within a system and that factors other than ocean acidification play an important role in modulating NEC rates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120933','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120933"><span><span class="hlt">NET</span>-Works: Linking families, <span class="hlt">communities</span> and primary care to prevent obesity in preschool-age children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sherwood, Nancy E; French, Simone A; Veblen-Mortenson, Sara; Crain, A Lauren; Berge, Jerica; Kunin-Batson, Alicia; Mitchell, Nathan; Senso, Meghan</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Obesity prevention in children offers a unique window of opportunity to establish healthful eating and physical activity behaviors to maintain a healthful body weight and avoid the adverse proximal and distal long-term health consequences of obesity. Given that obesity is the result of a complex interaction between biological, behavioral, family-based, and <span class="hlt">community</span> environmental factors, intervention at multiple levels and across multiple settings is critical for both short- and long-term effectiveness. The Minnesota <span class="hlt">NET</span>-Works (Now Everybody Together for Amazing and Healthful Kids) study is one of four obesity prevention and/or treatment trials that are part of the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment (COPTR) Consortium. The goal of the <span class="hlt">NET</span>-Works study is to evaluate an intervention that integrates home, <span class="hlt">community</span>, primary care and neighborhood strategies to promote healthful eating, activity patterns, and body weight among low income, racially/ethnically diverse preschool-age children. Critical to the success of this intervention is the creation of linkages among the settings to support parents in making home environment and parenting behavior changes to foster healthful child growth. Five hundred racially/ethnically diverse, two-four year old children and their parent or primary caregiver will be randomized to the multi-component intervention or to a usual care comparison group for a three-year period. This paper describes the study design, measurement and intervention protocols, and statistical analysis plan for the <span class="hlt">NET</span>-Works trial. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421196','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421196"><span>Challenges of standardized continuous quality improvement programs in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies: the case of Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span>-Rx.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boyle, Todd A; MacKinnon, Neil J; Mahaffey, Thomas; Duggan, Kellie; Dow, Natalie</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Research on continuous quality improvement (CQI) in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies lags in comparison to service, manufacturing, and various health care sectors. As a result, very little is known about the challenges <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies face when implementing CQI programs in general, let alone the challenges of implementing a standardized and technologically sophisticated one. This research identifies the initial challenges of implementing a standardized CQI program in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies and how such challenges were addressed by pharmacy staff. Through qualitative interviews, a multisite study of the Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span>-Rx CQI program involving <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies in Nova Scotia, Canada, was performed to identify such challenges. Interviews were conducted with the CQI facilitator (ie, staff pharmacist or technician) in 55 <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies that adopted the Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span>-Rx program. Of these 55 pharmacies, 25 were part of large national corporate chains, 22 were part of banner chains, and 8 were independent pharmacies. A total of 10 different corporate chains and banners were represented among the 55 pharmacies. Thematic content analysis using well-established coding procedures was used to explore the interview data and elicit the key challenges faced. Six major challenges were identified, specifically finding time to report, having all pharmacy staff involved in quality-related event (QRE) reporting, reporting apprehensiveness, changing staff relationships, meeting to discuss QREs, and accepting the online technology. Challenges were addressed in a number of ways including developing a manual-online hybrid reporting system, managers paying staff to meet after hours, and pharmacy managers showing visible commitment to QRE reporting and learning. This research identifies key challenges to implementing CQI programs in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies and also provides a starting point for future research relating to how the challenges of QRE reporting and learning in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies change</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286578','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286578"><span>Seasonal distribution of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> by functional groups in Chihuahuan Desert, and the role of seasonal precipitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>In hot deserts, precipitation is the principal driver for <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>. This study tested two hypotheses regarding aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP) and the effects of precipitation on ANPP in the Chihuahuan Desert, with emphasis on differences among seasons and among functional g...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1510937B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1510937B"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-U - Uncertainty conventions for <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF datasets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bigagli, Lorenzo; Nativi, Stefano; Domenico, Ben</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>To facilitate the automated processing of uncertain data (e.g. uncertainty propagation in modeling applications), we have proposed a set of conventions for expressing uncertainty information within the <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF data model and format: the <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF Uncertainty Conventions (<span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-U). From a theoretical perspective, it can be said that no dataset is a perfect representation of the reality it purports to represent. Inevitably, errors arise from the observation process, including the sensor system and subsequent processing, differences in scales of phenomena and the spatial support of the observation mechanism, lack of knowledge about the detailed conversion between the measured quantity and the target variable. This means that, in principle, all data should be treated as uncertain. The most natural representation of an uncertain quantity is in terms of random variables, with a probabilistic approach. However, it must be acknowledged that almost all existing data resources are not treated in this way. Most datasets come simply as a series of values, often without any uncertainty information. If uncertainty information is present, then it is typically within the metadata, as a data quality element. This is typically a global (dataset wide) representation of uncertainty, often derived through some form of validation process. Typically, it is a statistical measure of spread, for example the standard deviation of the residuals. The introduction of a mechanism by which such descriptions of uncertainty can be integrated into existing geospatial applications is considered a practical step towards a more accurate modeling of our uncertain understanding of any natural process. Given the generality and flexibility of the <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF data model, conventions on naming, syntax, and semantics have been adopted by several <span class="hlt">communities</span> of practice, as a means of improving data interoperability. Some of the existing conventions include provisions on uncertain elements and concepts, but, to our</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5624580','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5624580"><span>County <span class="hlt">community</span> health associations of <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift in the 2016 U.S. presidential election</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Stewart, Charles; Bhambhani, Vijeta</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Importance In the U.S. presidential election of 2016, substantial shift in voting patterns occurred relative to previous elections. Although this shift has been associated with both education and race, the extent to which this shift was related to public health status is unclear. Objective To determine the extent to which county <span class="hlt">community</span> health was associated with changes in voting between the presidential elections of 2016 and 2012. Design Ecological study with principal component analysis (PCA) using principal axis method to extract the components, then generalized linear regression. Setting General <span class="hlt">community</span>. Participants All counties in the United States. Exposures Physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, percent food insecure, teen birth rate, primary care physician visit rate, age-adjusted mortality rate, violent crime rate, average health care costs, percent diabetic, and percent overweight or obese. Main outcome The percentage of Donald Trump votes in 2016 minus percentage of Mitt Romney votes in 2012 (“<span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift”). Results Complete public health data was available for 3,009 counties which were included in the analysis. The mean <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift was 5.4% (+/- 5.8%). Of these 3,009 counties, 2,641 (87.8%) had positive <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (shifted towards Trump) and 368 counties (12.2%) had negative <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (shifted away from Trump). The first principal component (“unhealthy score”) accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. The unhealthy score included all health variables except primary care physician rate, violent crime rate, and health care costs. The mean unhealthy score for counties was 0.39 (SD 0.16). Higher normalized unhealthy score was associated with positive <span class="hlt">net</span> voting shift (22.1% shift per unit unhealthy, p < 0.0001). This association was stronger in states that switched Electoral College votes from 2012 to 2016 than in other states (5.9% per unit unhealthy, p <0.0001). Conclusions and relevance</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27556674','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27556674"><span>Closing the Health Care Gap in <span class="hlt">Communities</span>: A Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> System Approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gabow, Patricia A</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The goal of U.S. health care should be good health for every American. This daunting goal will require closing the health care gap in <span class="hlt">communities</span> with a particular focus on the most vulnerable populations and the safety <span class="hlt">net</span> institutions that disproportionately serve these <span class="hlt">communities</span>. This Commentary describes Denver Health's (DH's) two-pronged approach to achieving this goal: (1) creating an integrated system that focuses on the needs of vulnerable populations, and (2) creating an approach for financial viability, quality of care, and employee engagement. The implementation and outcomes of this approach at DH are described to provide a replicable model. An integrated delivery system serving vulnerable populations should go beyond the traditional components found in most integrated health systems and include components such as mental health services, school-based clinics, and correctional health care, which address the unique and important needs of, and points of access for, vulnerable populations. In addition, the demands that a safety <span class="hlt">net</span> system experiences from an open-door policy on access and revenue require a disciplined approach to cost, quality of care, and employee engagement. For this, DH chose Lean, which focuses on reducing waste to respect the patients and employees within its health system, as well as all citizens. DH's Lean effort produced almost $195 million of financial benefit, impressive clinical outcomes, and high employee engagement. If this two-pronged approach were widely adopted, health systems across the United States would improve their chances of giving better care at costs they can afford for every person in society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18535','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18535"><span>Spatial characteristics of <span class="hlt">net</span> methylmercury <span class="hlt">production</span> hot spots in peatlands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Carl P.J. Mitchell; Brian A. Branfireun; Randall K. Kolka</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Many wetlands are sources of methylmercury (MeHg) to surface waters, yet little information exists about the distribution of MeHg within wetlands. Total mercury (THg) and MeHg in peat pore waters were studied in four peatlands in spring, summer, and fall 2005. Marked spatial variability in the distribution of MeHg, and %MeHg as a proxy for <span class="hlt">net</span> MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span>, was...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30.1756S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30.1756S"><span>The CAFE model: A <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> model for global ocean phytoplankton</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Silsbe, Greg M.; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Halsey, Kimberly H.; Milligan, Allen J.; Westberry, Toby K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Carbon, Absorption, and Fluorescence Euphotic-resolving (CAFE) <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> model is an adaptable framework for advancing global ocean <span class="hlt">productivity</span> assessments by exploiting state-of-the-art satellite ocean color analyses and addressing key physiological and ecological attributes of phytoplankton. Here we present the first implementation of the CAFE model that incorporates inherent optical properties derived from ocean color measurements into a mechanistic and accurate model of phytoplankton growth rates (μ) and <span class="hlt">net</span> phytoplankton <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP). The CAFE model calculates NPP as the <span class="hlt">product</span> of energy absorption (QPAR), and the efficiency (ϕμ) by which absorbed energy is converted into carbon biomass (CPhyto), while μ is calculated as NPP normalized to CPhyto. The CAFE model performance is evaluated alongside 21 other NPP models against a spatially robust and globally representative set of direct NPP measurements. This analysis demonstrates that the CAFE model explains the greatest amount of variance and has the lowest model bias relative to other NPP models analyzed with this data set. Global oceanic NPP from the CAFE model (52 Pg C m-2 yr-1) and mean division rates (0.34 day-1) are derived from climatological satellite data (2002-2014). This manuscript discusses and validates individual CAFE model parameters (e.g., QPAR and ϕμ), provides detailed sensitivity analyses, and compares the CAFE model results and parameterization to other widely cited models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf"><span>27 CFR 4.37 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 4.37 Section 4.37 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF WINE Labeling Requirements for Wine § 4.37 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Statement of <span class="hlt">net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf"><span>27 CFR 4.37 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 4.37 Section 4.37 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF WINE Labeling Requirements for Wine § 4.37 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Statement of <span class="hlt">net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf"><span>27 CFR 4.37 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 4.37 Section 4.37 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF WINE Labeling Requirements for Wine § 4.37 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Statement of <span class="hlt">net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf"><span>27 CFR 4.37 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 4.37 Section 4.37 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF WINE Labeling Requirements for Wine § 4.37 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Statement of <span class="hlt">net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec4-37.pdf"><span>27 CFR 4.37 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 4.37 Section 4.37 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF WINE Labeling Requirements for Wine § 4.37 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Statement of <span class="hlt">net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910003779','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910003779"><span>Ada<span class="hlt">NET</span> research project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Digman, R. Michael</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The components necessary for the success of the commercialization of an Ada Technology Transition Network are reported in detail. The organizational plan presents the planned structure for services development and technical transition of Ada<span class="hlt">NET</span> services to potential user <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The Business Plan is the operational plan for the Ada<span class="hlt">NET</span> service as a commercial venture. The Technical Plan is the plan from which the Ada<span class="hlt">NET</span> can be designed including detailed requirements analysis. Also contained is an analysis of user fees and charges, and a proposed user fee schedule.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48808','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48808"><span>On the spatial heterogeneity of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in complex landscapes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Ryan E. Emanuel; Diego A. Riveros-Iregui; Brian L. McGlynn; Howard E. Epstein</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Micrometeorological flux towers provide spatially integrated estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) of carbon over areas ranging from several hectares to several square kilometers, but they do so at the expense of spatially explicit information within the footprint of the tower. This finer-scale information is crucial for understanding how physical and biological...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24501178','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24501178"><span>Impacts of climate change drivers on C4 grassland <span class="hlt">productivity</span>: scaling driver effects through the plant <span class="hlt">community</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Polley, H Wayne; Derner, Justin D; Jackson, Robert B; Wilsey, Brian J; Fay, Philip A</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Climate change drivers affect plant <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> via three pathways: (i) direct effects of drivers on plants; (ii) the response of species abundances to drivers (<span class="hlt">community</span> response); and (iii) the feedback effect of <span class="hlt">community</span> change on <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (<span class="hlt">community</span> effect). The contribution of each pathway to driver-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships depends on functional traits of dominant species. We used data from three experiments in Texas, USA, to assess the role of <span class="hlt">community</span> dynamics in the aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (ANPP) response of C4 grasslands to two climate drivers applied singly: atmospheric CO2 enrichment and augmented summer precipitation. The ANPP-driver response differed among experiments because <span class="hlt">community</span> responses and effects differed. ANPP increased by 80-120g m(-2) per 100 μl l(-1) rise in CO2 in separate experiments with pasture and tallgrass prairie assemblages. Augmenting ambient precipitation by 128mm during one summer month each year increased ANPP more in native than in exotic <span class="hlt">communities</span> in a third experiment. The <span class="hlt">community</span> effect accounted for 21-38% of the ANPP CO2 response in the prairie experiment but little of the response in the pasture experiment. The <span class="hlt">community</span> response to CO2 was linked to species traits associated with greater soil water from reduced transpiration (e.g. greater height). <span class="hlt">Community</span> effects on the ANPP CO2 response and the greater ANPP response of native than exotic <span class="hlt">communities</span> to augmented precipitation depended on species differences in transpiration efficiency. These results indicate that feedbacks from <span class="hlt">community</span> change influenced ANPP-driver responses. However, the species traits that regulated <span class="hlt">community</span> effects on ANPP differed from the traits that determined how <span class="hlt">communities</span> responded to drivers. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..05J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..05J"><span>The annual cycle of nitrate and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> in surface waters of the Southern Ocean observed with SOCCOM profiling floats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, K. S.; Plant, J. N.; Sakamoto, C.; Coletti, L. J.; Sarmiento, J. L.; Riser, S.; Talley, L. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Sixty profiling floats with ISUS and SUNA nitrate sensors have been deployed in the Southern Ocean (south of 30 degrees S) as part of the SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling) program and earlier efforts. These floats have produced detailed records of the annual cycle of nitrate concentration throughout the region from the surface to depths near 2000 m. In surface waters, there are clear cycles in nitrate concentration that result from uptake of nitrate during austral spring and summer. These changes in nitrate concentration were used to compute the annual <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> over this region. NCP was computed using a simplified version of the approach detailed by Plant et al. (2016, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30, 859-879, DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005349). At the time the abstract was written 41 complete annual cycles were available from floats deployed before the austral summer of 2015/2016. After filtering the data to remove floats that crossed distinct frontal boundaries, floats with other anomalies, and floats in sub-tropical waters, 23 cycles were available. A preliminary assessment of the data yields an NCP of 2.8 +/- 0.95 (1 SD) mol C/m2/y after integrating to 100 m depth and converting nitrate uptake to carbon using the Redfield ratio. This preliminary assessment ignores vertical transport across the nitracline and is, therefore, a minimum estimate. The number of cycles available for analysis will increase rapidly, as 32 of the floats were deployed in the austral summer of 2015/2016 and have not yet been analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492745','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492745"><span>KINET: a social marketing programme of treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> treatment for malaria control in Tanzania, with evaluation of child health and long-term survival.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schellenberg, J R; Abdulla, S; Minja, H; Nathan, R; Mukasa, O; Marchant, T; Mponda, H; Kikumbih, N; Lyimo, E; Manchester, T; Tanner, M; Lengeler, C</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>We present a large-scale social marketing programme of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> in 2 rural districts in southwestern Tanzania (population 350,000) and describe how the long-term child health and survival impact will be assessed. Formative and market research were conducted in order to understand <span class="hlt">community</span> perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and practice with respect to the <span class="hlt">products</span> to be socially marketed. We identified Zuia Mbu (Kiswahili for 'prevent mosquitoes') as a suitable brand name for both treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> and single-dose insecticide treatment sachets. A mix of public and private sales outlets is used for distribution. In the first stage of a stepped introduction 31 <span class="hlt">net</span> agents were appointed and trained in 18 villages: 15 were shop owners, 14 were village leaders, 1 was a parish priest and 1 a health worker. For <span class="hlt">net</span> treatment 37 young people were appointed in the same villages and trained as agents. Further institutions in both districts such as hospitals, development projects and employers were also involved in distribution. Promotion for both <span class="hlt">products</span> was intense and used a variety of channels. A total of 22,410 <span class="hlt">nets</span> and 8072 treatments were sold during the first year: 18 months after launching, 46% of 312 families with children aged under 5 years reported that their children were sleeping under treated <span class="hlt">nets</span>. A strong evaluation component in over 50,000 people allows assessment of the long-term effects of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> on child health and survival, anaemia in pregnancy, and the costs of the intervention. This evaluation is based on cross-sectional surveys, and case-control and cohort studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29411510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29411510"><span>The pH dependency of N-converting enzymatic processes, pathways and microbes: effect on <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blum, Jan-Michael; Su, Qingxian; Ma, Yunjie; Valverde-Pérez, Borja; Domingo-Félez, Carlos; Jensen, Marlene Mark; Smets, Barth F</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is emitted during microbiological nitrogen (N) conversion processes, when N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> exceeds N 2 O consumption. The magnitude of N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> vs. consumption varies with pH and controlling <span class="hlt">net</span> N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> might be feasible by choice of system pH. This article reviews how pH affects enzymes, pathways and microorganisms that are involved in N-conversions in water engineering applications. At a molecular level, pH affects activity of cofactors and structural elements of relevant enzymes by protonation or deprotonation of amino acid residues or solvent ligands, thus causing steric changes in catalytic sites or proton/electron transfer routes that alter the enzymes' overall activity. Augmenting molecular information with, e.g., nitritation or denitrification rates yields explanations of changes in <span class="hlt">net</span> N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> with pH. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria are of highest relevance for N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span>, while heterotrophic denitrifiers are relevant for N 2 O consumption at pH > 7.5. <span class="hlt">Net</span> N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> in N-cycling water engineering systems is predicted to display a 'bell-shaped' curve in the range of pH 6.0-9.0 with a maximum at pH 7.0-7.5. <span class="hlt">Net</span> N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> at acidic pH is dominated by N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span>, whereas N 2 O consumption can outweigh <span class="hlt">production</span> at alkaline pH. Thus, pH 8.0 may be a favourable pH set-point for water treatment applications regarding <span class="hlt">net</span> N 2 O <span class="hlt">production</span>. © 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33099','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33099"><span>Disturbance and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> across three climatically distinct forest landscapes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>John L. Campbell; O.J. Sun; B.E. Law</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Biometric techniques were used to measure <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) across three climatically distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. NEP was highly negative immediately following stand-replacing disturbance in all forests and recovered to positive values by 10, 20, and 30 years of age for the mild mesic Coast Range, mesic West Cascades, and semi-arid East...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/NABB/v007n01/p0002-p0014.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/NABB/v007n01/p0002-p0014.pdf"><span>Capturing birds with mist <span class="hlt">nets</span>: A review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Keyes, B.E.; Grue, C.E.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Herein we have tried to provide a comprehensive review of mist-<span class="hlt">netting</span> techniques suitable for both novice and experienced netters. General mist-<span class="hlt">netting</span> procedures and modifications developed by netters for particular bird species and habitats are included. Factors which influence capture success, including site selection, <span class="hlt">net</span> specifications and placement, weather, and time of day, are discussed. Guidelines are presented for the care of <span class="hlt">netted</span> birds and the use of mist-<span class="hlt">net</span> data in the study of bird <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The advantages of the use of mist <span class="hlt">nets</span> over other methods of capturing birds are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360896','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360896"><span>The Resilience of the Health Care Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span>, 1996–2001</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Felland, Laurie E; Lesser, Cara S; Staiti, Andrea Benoit; Katz, Aaron; Lichiello, Patricia</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Objective To determine how the capacity and viability of local health care safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> changed over the last six years and to draw lessons from these changes. Data Source The first three rounds (May 1996 to March 2001) of <span class="hlt">Community</span> Tracking Study site visits to 12 <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Study Design Researchers visited the study <span class="hlt">communities</span> every two years to interview leaders of local health care systems about changes in the organization, delivery, and financing of health care and the impact of these changes on people. For this analysis, we collected data on safety <span class="hlt">net</span> capacity and viability through interviews with public and not-for-profit hospitals, <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers, health departments, government officials, consumer advocates, academics, and others. We asked about the effects of market and policy changes on the safety <span class="hlt">net</span> and how the safety <span class="hlt">net</span> responded, as well as the impact of these changes on care for the low-income uninsured. Principal Findings The safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in three-quarters of the <span class="hlt">communities</span> was stable or improved by the end of the study period, leading to improved access to primary and preventive care for the low-income uninsured. Policy responses to pressures such as the Balanced Budget Act and Medicaid managed care, along with effective safety <span class="hlt">net</span> strategies and supportive conditions, helped reinforce the safety <span class="hlt">net</span>. However, the safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in three sites deteriorated and access to specialty services remained inadequate across the 12 sites. Conclusions Despite pessimistic predictions and some notable exceptions, the health care safety <span class="hlt">net</span> grew stronger over the past six years. Given considerable <span class="hlt">community</span> variation, however, this analysis indicates that policymakers can apply a number of lessons from strong and improving safety <span class="hlt">nets</span> to strengthen those that are weaker, particularly as the current economy poses new challenges. PMID:12650377</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55915','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55915"><span>Decadal-Scale Reduction in Forest <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Production</span> Following Insect Defoliation Contrasts with Short-Term Impacts of Prescribed Fires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kenneth L. Clark; Heidi J. Renninger; Nicholas Skowronski; Michael Gallagher; Karina V.R. Schäfer</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Understanding processes underlying forest carbon dynamics is essential for accurately predicting the outcomes of non-stand-replacing disturbance in intermediate-age forests. We quantified <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP), aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP), and the dynamics of major carbon (C) pools before and during the decade following invasive insect...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718748"><span>Gross nitrous oxide <span class="hlt">production</span> drives <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrous oxide fluxes across a salt marsh landscape.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Wendy H; Silver, Whendee L</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Sea level rise will change inundation regimes in salt marshes, altering redox dynamics that control nitrification - a potential source of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2 O) - and denitrification, a major nitrogen (N) loss pathway in coastal ecosystems and both a source and sink of N2 O. Measurements of <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O fluxes alone yield little insight into the different effects of redox conditions on N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> and consumption. We used in situ measurements of gross N2 O fluxes across a salt marsh elevation gradient to determine how soil N2 O emissions in coastal ecosystems may respond to future sea level rise. Soil redox declined as marsh elevation decreased, with lower soil nitrate and higher ferrous iron in the low marsh compared to the mid and high marshes (P < 0.001 for both). In addition, soil oxygen concentrations were lower in the low and mid-marshes relative to the high marsh (P < 0.001). <span class="hlt">Net</span> N2 O fluxes differed significantly among marsh zones (P = 0.009), averaging 9.8 ± 5.4 μg N m(-2) h(-1) , -2.2 ± 0.9 μg N m(-2) h(-1) , and 0.67 ± 0.57 μg N m(-2) h(-1) in the low, mid, and high marshes, respectively. Both <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O release and uptake were observed in the low and high marshes, but the mid-marsh was consistently a <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O sink. Gross N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> was highest in the low marsh and lowest in the mid-marsh (P = 0.02), whereas gross N2 O consumption did not differ among marsh zones. Thus, variability in gross N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> rates drove the differences in <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O flux among marsh zones. Our results suggest that future studies should focus on elucidating controls on the processes producing, rather than consuming, N2 O in salt marshes to improve our predictions of changes in <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O fluxes caused by future sea level rise. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/inmarsat.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/inmarsat.htm"><span>INMARSAT-C Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Tsunamis 406 EPIRB's National Weather Service Marine Forecasts INMARSAT-<em>C</em> Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span> Marine Forecast Offices greater danger near shore or any shallow waters? NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE <span class="hlt">PRODUCTS</span> VIA INMARSAT-<em>C</em> Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span> Inmarsat-<em>C</em> Safety<span class="hlt">NET</span> is an internationally adopted, automated satellite system for promulgating</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31731','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31731"><span>Tradeoffs in overstory and understory aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in southwestern ponderosa pine stands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kyla E. Sabo; Stephen C. Hart; Carolyn Hull Sieg; John Duff Bailey</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies in ponderosa pine forests have quantified the relationship between overstory stand characteristics and understory <span class="hlt">production</span> using tree measurements such as basal area. We built on these past studies by evaluating the tradeoff between overstory and understory aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (ANPP) in southwestern ponderosa pine forests at the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28797252','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28797252"><span>Evaluation of <span class="hlt">community</span>-based continuous distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> in Toamasina II District, Madagascar.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Beyl, Celine Zegers; Kilian, Albert; Brown, Andrea; Sy-Ar, Mohamad; Selby, Richmond Ato; Randriamanantenasoa, Felicien; Ranaivosoa, Jocelyn; Zigirumugabe, Sixte; Gerberg, Lilia; Fotheringham, Megan; Lynch, Matthew; Koenker, Hannah</p> <p>2017-08-10</p> <p>Continuous distribution of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) is thought to be an effective mechanism to maintain ITN ownership and access between or in the absence of mass campaigns, but evidence is limited. A <span class="hlt">community</span>-based ITN distribution pilot was implemented and evaluated in Toamasina II District, Madagascar, to assess this new channel for continuous ITN distribution. Beginning 9 months after the December 2012 mass campaign, a <span class="hlt">community</span>-based distribution pilot ran for an additional 9 months, from September 2013 to June 2014. Households requested ITN coupons from <span class="hlt">community</span> agents in their village. After verification by the agents, households exchanged the coupon for an ITN at a distribution point. The evaluation was a two-stage cluster survey with a sample size of 1125 households. Counterfactual ITN ownership and access were calculated by excluding ITNs received through the <span class="hlt">community</span> pilot. At the end of the pilot, household ownership of any ITN was 96.5%, population access to ITN was 81.5 and 61.5% of households owned at least 1 ITN for every 2 people. Without the ITNs provided through the <span class="hlt">community</span> channel, household ownership of any ITN was estimated at 74.6%, population access to an ITN at 55.5%, and households that owned at least 1 ITN for 2 people at only 34.7%, 18 months after the 2012 campaign. Ownership of <span class="hlt">community</span>-distributed ITNs was higher among the poorest wealth quintiles. Over 80% of respondents felt the <span class="hlt">community</span> scheme was fair and simple to use. Household ITN ownership and population ITN access exceeded RBM targets after the 9-month <span class="hlt">community</span> distribution pilot. The pilot successfully provided coupons and ITNs to households requesting them, particularly for the least poor wealth quintiles, and the scheme was well-perceived by <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Further research is needed to determine whether <span class="hlt">community</span>-based distribution can sustain ITN ownership and access over the long term, how continuous availability of ITNs affects household <span class="hlt">net</span> replacement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12696848','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12696848"><span>Small town health care safety <span class="hlt">nets</span>: report on a pilot study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taylor, Pat; Blewett, Lynn; Brasure, Michelle; Call, Kathleen Thiede; Larson, Eric; Gale, John; Hagopian, Amy; Hart, L Gary; Hartley, David; House, Peter; James, Mary Katherine; Ricketts, Thomas</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Very little is known about the health care safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in small towns, especially in towns where there is no publicly subsidized safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> health care. This pilot study of the primary care safety <span class="hlt">net</span> in 7 such <span class="hlt">communities</span> was conducted to start building knowledge about the rural safety <span class="hlt">net</span>. Interviews were conducted and secondary data collected to assess the <span class="hlt">community</span> need for safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> care, the health care safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> role of public officials, and the availability of safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> care at private primary care practices and its financial impact on these practices. An estimated 20% to 40% of the people in these <span class="hlt">communities</span> were inadequately insured and needed access to affordable health care, and private primary care practices in most towns played an important role in making primary care available to them. Most of the physician practices were owned or subsidized by a hospital or regional network, though not explicitly to provide charity care. It is likely this ownership or support enabled the practices to sustain a higher level of charity care than would have been possible otherwise. In the majority of <span class="hlt">communities</span> studied, the leading public officials played no role in ensuring access to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> care. State and national government policy makers should consider subsidy programs for private primary care practices that attempt to meet the needs of the inadequately insured in the many rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> where no publicly subsidized primary safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> care is available. Subsidies should be directed to physicians in primary care shortage areas who provide safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> care; this will improve safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> access and, at the same time, improve physician retention by bolstering physician incomes. Options include enhanced Medicare physician bonuses and grants or tax credits to support income-related sliding fee scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=243963','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=243963"><span>Global Potential <span class="hlt">Net</span> Prmary <span class="hlt">Production</span> Predicted from Vegetation Class, Precipitation, and Temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> (NPP), the difference between CO2 fixed by photosynthesis and CO2 lost to autotrophic respiration, is one of the most important components of the carbon cycle. Our goal was to develop a simple regression model to estimate global NPP using climate and land cover data. Approxima...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31581','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31581"><span>Monitoring <span class="hlt">productivity</span> with multiple mist-<span class="hlt">net</span> stations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>C. John Ralph; Kimberly Hollinger; Sherri L. Miller</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated data from 22 mist-<span class="hlt">net</span> capture stations operated over 5 to 13 years in northern California and southern Oregon, to help develop sampling designs for monitoring using mist <span class="hlt">nets</span>. In summer, 2.6% of individuals were recaptured at other stations within 1 km of the original banding station, and in fall, 1.4% were recaptured nearby. We recommend...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf"><span>27 CFR 7.27 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 7.27 Section 7.27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF MALT BEVERAGES Labeling Requirements for Malt Beverages § 7.27 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf"><span>27 CFR 7.27 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 7.27 Section 7.27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF MALT BEVERAGES Labeling Requirements for Malt Beverages § 7.27 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf"><span>27 CFR 7.27 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 7.27 Section 7.27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF MALT BEVERAGES Labeling Requirements for Malt Beverages § 7.27 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf"><span>27 CFR 7.27 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 7.27 Section 7.27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF MALT BEVERAGES Labeling Requirements for Malt Beverages § 7.27 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec7-27.pdf"><span>27 CFR 7.27 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 7.27 Section 7.27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF MALT BEVERAGES Labeling Requirements for Malt Beverages § 7.27 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents shall...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec19-644.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec19-644.pdf"><span>27 CFR 19.644 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 19.644 Section 19.644 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS DISTILLED SPIRITS PLANTS Liquor Bottle and Label Requirements Bottle Label Requirements § 19.644 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. The <span class="hlt">net</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMGC23D0951P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMGC23D0951P"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> and Gross Photosynthetic <span class="hlt">Production</span> Rates in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific, as Determined from O2/AR Ratios and Triple Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Dissolved O2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prokopenko, M. G.; Yeung, L. Y.; Berelson, W.; Fleming, J.; Rollins, N.; Young, E. D.; Haskell, W. Z.; Hammond, D. E.; Capone, D. G.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>This study assesses the rates of ocean carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> and its fate with respect to recycling or export in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). ETSP has been previously identified as a region where N2 fixation and denitrification may be spatially coupled; this is also a region of localized CO2 outgassing. Using an Equilibrated Inlet Mass Spectrometer (EIMS) system, we obtained continuous measurements of the biological O2 supersaturation in the mixed layer along the ship track encompassing a region bounded by 10-20° S and 80-100° W in January - March, 2010. Vertical profiles were also taken at selected stations and analyzed for dissolved O2/Ar ratios on EIMS and triple oxygen isotope composition (17O excess) on a multi-collector IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer) at UCLA. Gas exchange rates were estimated using two approaches: the Rn-222 deficit method and the wind parameterization method, which utilized wind speeds extracted from ASCAT satellite database. Oxygen <span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> (O-NCP) rates calculated based on biological O2 supersaturation ranged from slightly negative to ~ 0.3 - 15 mmol/m2d, with higher rates along the northern part of the transect. Oxygen Gross <span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> (O-GPP) rates calculated from 17O excess were between 50 ± 20 and 200 ± 40 mmol/m2d, with higher rates observed along the northern cruise transect as well. Notably, the NCP/GPP ratios along the northern transect were higher by the factor of 2 to 3 than their southern counterparts. The O2/Ar-based NCP rates were comparable to POC flux measured with floating traps deployed at the southern stations, but exceeded by a factor of 5-10 the trap POC fluxes obtained at the northern stations. A one-dimensional box model has been constructed to quantify the magnitude of oxygen primary <span class="hlt">production</span> below the mixed layer. The results of this work will be integrated with measurements of 15-N2 uptake that are in progress, to constrain the potential contribution of N2 fixation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1173S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1173S"><span>Fire intensity impacts on post-fire temperate coniferous forest <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sparks, Aaron M.; Kolden, Crystal A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Boschetti, Luigi; Johnson, Daniel M.; Cochrane, Mark A.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Fire is a dynamic ecological process in forests and impacts the carbon (C) cycle through direct combustion emissions, tree mortality, and by impairing the ability of surviving trees to sequester carbon. While studies on young trees have demonstrated that fire intensity is a determinant of post-fire <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, wildland fires on landscape to regional scales have largely been assumed to either cause tree mortality, or conversely, cause no physiological impact, ignoring the impacted but surviving trees. Our objective was to understand how fire intensity affects post-fire <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in conifer-dominated forested ecosystems on the spatial scale of large wildland fires. We examined the relationships between fire radiative power (FRP), its temporal integral (fire radiative energy - FRE), and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) using 16 years of data from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for 15 large fires in western United States coniferous forests. The greatest NPP post-fire loss occurred 1 year post-fire and ranged from -67 to -312 g C m-2 yr-1 (-13 to -54 %) across all fires. Forests dominated by fire-resistant species (species that typically survive low-intensity fires) experienced the lowest relative NPP reductions compared to forests with less resistant species. Post-fire NPP in forests that were dominated by fire-susceptible species were not as sensitive to FRP or FRE, indicating that NPP in these forests may be reduced to similar levels regardless of fire intensity. Conversely, post-fire NPP in forests dominated by fire-resistant and mixed species decreased with increasing FRP or FRE. In some cases, this dose-response relationship persisted for more than a decade post-fire, highlighting a legacy effect of fire intensity on post-fire C dynamics in these forests.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850030820&hterms=fixed+asset&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dfixed%2Basset','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850030820&hterms=fixed+asset&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dfixed%2Basset"><span>Remote sensing of biomass and annual <span class="hlt">net</span> aerial primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of a salt marsh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hardisky, M. A.; Klemas, V.; Daiber, F. C.; Roman, C. T.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> aerial primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> is the rate of storage of organic matter in above-ground plant issues exceeding the respiratory use by the plants during the period of measurement. It is pointed out that this plant tissue represents the fixed carbon available for transfer to and consumption by the heterotrophic organisms in a salt marsh or the estuary. One method of estimating annual <span class="hlt">net</span> aerial primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NAPP) required multiple harvesting of the marsh vegetation. A rapid nondestructive remote sensing technique for estimating biomass and NAPP would, therefore, be a significant asset. The present investigation was designed to employ simple regression models, equating spectral radiance indices with Spartina alterniflora biomass to nondestructively estimate salt marsh biomass. The results of the study showed that the considered approach can be successfully used to estimate salt marsh biomass.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909436','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909436"><span>Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore impact on <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization in subalpine grasslands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Risch, Anita C; Schotz, Martin; Vandegehuchte, Martijn L; Van Der Putten, Wim H; Duyts, Henk; Raschein, Ursina; Gwiazdowicz, Dariusz J; Busse, Matt D; Page-dumroese, Deborah S; Zimmermann, Stephan</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Aboveground herbivores have strong effects on grassland nitrogen (N) cycling. They can accelerate or slow down soil <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization depending on ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and grazing intensity. Yet, most studies only consider either ungulates or invertebrate herbivores, but not the combined effect of several functionally different vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore species or guilds. We assessed how a diverse herbivore <span class="hlt">community</span> affects <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization in subalpine grasslands. By using size-selective fences, we progressively excluded large, medium, and small mammals, as well as invertebrates from two vegetation types, and assessed how the exclosure types (ET) affected <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization. The two vegetation types differed in long-term management (centuries), forage quality, and grazing history and intensity. To gain a more mechanistic understanding of how herbivores affect <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization, we linked mineralization to soil abiotic (temperature; moisture; NO3-, NH4+, and total inorganic N concentrations/pools; C, N, P concentrations; pH; bulk density), soil biotic (microbial biomass; abundance of collembolans, mites, and nematodes) and plant (shoot and root biomass; consumption; plant C, N, and fiber content; plant N pool) properties. <span class="hlt">Net</span> N mineralization differed between ET, but not between vegetation types. Thus, short-term changes in herbivore <span class="hlt">community</span> composition and, therefore, in grazing intensity had a stronger effect on <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization than long-term management and grazing history. We found highest N mineralization values when only invertebrates were present, suggesting that mammals had a negative effect on <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization. Of the variables included in our analyses, only mite abundance and aboveground plant biomass explained variation in <span class="hlt">net</span> N mineralization among ET. Abundances of both mites and leaf-sucking invertebrates were positively correlated with aboveground plant biomass, and biomass increased with progressive exclusion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1408086','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1408086"><span>Chapter 21: Estimating <span class="hlt">Net</span> Savings - Common Practices. The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kurnik, Charles W; Violette, Daniel M.; Rathbun, Pamela</p> <p></p> <p>This chapter focuses on the methods used to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> energy savings in evaluation, measurement, and verification (EM and V) studies for energy efficiency (EE) programs. The chapter provides a definition of <span class="hlt">net</span> savings, which remains an unsettled topic both within the EE evaluation <span class="hlt">community</span> and across the broader public policy evaluation <span class="hlt">community</span>, particularly in the context of attribution of savings to a program. The chapter differs from the measure-specific Uniform Methods Project (UMP) chapters in both its approach and work <span class="hlt">product</span>. Unlike other UMP resources that provide recommended protocols for determining gross energy savings, this chapter describes and comparesmore » the current industry practices for determining <span class="hlt">net</span> energy savings but does not prescribe methods.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727117','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727117"><span>Comorbid depression and substance abuse among safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clients in Los Angeles: a <span class="hlt">community</span> participatory study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chang, Evelyn T; Wells, Kenneth B; Gilmore, James; Tang, Lingqi; Morgan, Anna U; Sanders, Starr; Chung, Bowen</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Depression and substance abuse are common among low-income adults from racial-ethnic minority groups who receive services in safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> settings, although little is known about how clients differ by service setting. This study examined characteristics and service use among depressed, low-income persons from minority groups in underresourced <span class="hlt">communities</span> who did and did not have a substance abuse history. The study used cross-sectional baseline client data (N=957) from <span class="hlt">Community</span> Partners in Care, an initiative to improve depression services in Los Angeles County. Clients with probable depression (eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire) from substance abuse programs were compared with depressed clients with and without a history of substance abuse from primary care, mental health, and social and <span class="hlt">community</span> programs. Sociodemographic, health status, and services utilization variables were examined. Of the 957 depressed clients, 217 (23%) were from substance abuse programs; 269 (28%) clients from other sectors had a substance abuse history, and 471 (49%) did not. Most clients from substance abuse programs or with a substance abuse history were unemployed and impoverished, lacked health insurance, and had high rates of arrests and homelessness. They were also more likely than clients without a substance abuse history to have depression or anxiety disorders, psychosis, and mania and to use emergency rooms. Clients with depression and a substance abuse history had significant psychosocial stressors and high rates of service use, which suggests that communitywide approaches may be needed to address both depression and substance abuse in this safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3564902','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3564902"><span>Mathematical evaluation of <span class="hlt">community</span> level impact of combining bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> and indoor residual spraying upon malaria transmission in areas where the main vectors are Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Indoor residual insecticide spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) are commonly used together even though evidence that such combinations confer greater protection against malaria than either method alone is inconsistent. Methods A deterministic model of mosquito life cycle processes was adapted to allow parameterization with results from experimental hut trials of various combinations of untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> or LLINs (Olyset®, Perma<span class="hlt">Net</span> 2.0®, Icon Life® <span class="hlt">nets</span>) with IRS (pirimiphos methyl, lambda cyhalothrin, DDT), in a setting where vector populations are dominated by Anopheles arabiensis, so that <span class="hlt">community</span> level impact upon malaria transmission at high coverage could be predicted. Results Intact untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> alone provide equivalent personal protection to all three LLINs. Relative to IRS plus untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, <span class="hlt">community</span> level protection is slightly higher when Olyset® or Perma<span class="hlt">Net</span> 2.0® <span class="hlt">nets</span> are added onto IRS with pirimiphos methyl or lambda cyhalothrin but not DDT, and when Icon Life® <span class="hlt">nets</span> supplement any of the IRS insecticides. Adding IRS onto any <span class="hlt">net</span> modestly enhances communal protection when pirimiphos methyl is sprayed, while spraying lambda cyhalothrin enhances protection for untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> but not LLINs. Addition of DDT reduces communal protection when added to LLINs. Conclusions Where transmission is mediated primarily by An. arabiensis, adding IRS to high LLIN coverage provides only modest incremental benefit (e.g. when an organophosphate like pirimiphos methyl is used), but can be redundant (e.g. when a pyrethroid like lambda cyhalothin is used) or even regressive (e.g. when DDT is used for the IRS). Relative to IRS plus untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, supplementing IRS with LLINs will only modestly improve <span class="hlt">community</span> protection. Beyond the physical protection that intact <span class="hlt">nets</span> provide, additional protection against transmission by An. arabiensis conferred by insecticides will be remarkably small, regardless of whether they are delivered</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324456','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324456"><span>Mathematical evaluation of <span class="hlt">community</span> level impact of combining bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> and indoor residual spraying upon malaria transmission in areas where the main vectors are Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Okumu, Fredros O; Kiware, Samson S; Moore, Sarah J; Killeen, Gerry F</p> <p>2013-01-16</p> <p>Indoor residual insecticide spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) are commonly used together even though evidence that such combinations confer greater protection against malaria than either method alone is inconsistent. A deterministic model of mosquito life cycle processes was adapted to allow parameterization with results from experimental hut trials of various combinations of untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> or LLINs (Olyset, Perma<span class="hlt">Net</span> 2.0, Icon Life <span class="hlt">nets</span>) with IRS (pirimiphos methyl, lambda cyhalothrin, DDT), in a setting where vector populations are dominated by Anopheles arabiensis, so that <span class="hlt">community</span> level impact upon malaria transmission at high coverage could be predicted. Intact untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> alone provide equivalent personal protection to all three LLINs. Relative to IRS plus untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, <span class="hlt">community</span> level protection is slightly higher when Olyset or Perma<span class="hlt">Net</span> 2.0 <span class="hlt">nets</span> are added onto IRS with pirimiphos methyl or lambda cyhalothrin but not DDT, and when Icon Life <span class="hlt">nets</span> supplement any of the IRS insecticides. Adding IRS onto any <span class="hlt">net</span> modestly enhances communal protection when pirimiphos methyl is sprayed, while spraying lambda cyhalothrin enhances protection for untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span> but not LLINs. Addition of DDT reduces communal protection when added to LLINs. Where transmission is mediated primarily by An. arabiensis, adding IRS to high LLIN coverage provides only modest incremental benefit (e.g. when an organophosphate like pirimiphos methyl is used), but can be redundant (e.g. when a pyrethroid like lambda cyhalothin is used) or even regressive (e.g. when DDT is used for the IRS). Relative to IRS plus untreated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, supplementing IRS with LLINs will only modestly improve <span class="hlt">community</span> protection. Beyond the physical protection that intact <span class="hlt">nets</span> provide, additional protection against transmission by An. arabiensis conferred by insecticides will be remarkably small, regardless of whether they are delivered as LLINs or IRS. The insecticidal action of LLINs</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612312S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612312S"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> carbon flux in organic and conventional olive <span class="hlt">production</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saeid Mohamad, Ramez; Verrastro, Vincenzo; Bitar, Lina Al; Roma, Rocco; Moretti, Michele; Chami, Ziad Al</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Agricultural systems are considered as one of the most relevant sources of atmospheric carbon. However, agriculture has the potentiality to mitigate carbon dioxide mainly through soil carbon sequestration. Some agricultural practices, particularly fertilization and soil management, can play a dual role in the agricultural systems regarding the carbon cycle contributing to the emissions and to the sequestration process in the soil. Good soil and input managements affect positively Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) changes and consequently the carbon cycle. The present study aimed at comparing the carbon footprint of organic and conventional olive systems and to link it to the efficiency of both systems on carbon sequestration by calculating the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon flux. Data were collected at farm level through a specific and detailed questionnaire based on one hectare as a functional unit and a system boundary limited to olive <span class="hlt">production</span>. Using LCA databases particularly ecoinvent one, IPCC GWP 100a impact assessment method was used to calculate carbon emissions from agricultural practices of both systems. Soil organic carbon has been measured, at 0-30 cm depth, based on soil analyses done at the IAMB laboratory and based on reference value of SOC, the annual change of SOC has been calculated. Substracting sequestrated carbon in the soil from the emitted on resulted in <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon flux calculation. Results showed higher environmental impact of the organic system on Global Warming Potential (1.07 t CO2 eq. yr-1) comparing to 0.76 t CO2 eq. yr-1 in the conventional system due to the higher GHG emissions caused by manure fertilizers compared to the use of synthetic foliar fertilizers in the conventional system. However, manure was the main reason behind the higher SOC content and sequestration in the organic system. As a resultant, the organic system showed higher <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon flux (-1.7 t C ha-1 yr-1 than -0.52 t C ha-1 yr-1 in the conventional system reflecting higher efficiency as a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930225','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930225"><span>Financial impact of <span class="hlt">community</span>-based dental education.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bailit, Howard L</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>The financial impact of <span class="hlt">community</span>-based dental education on dental school and <span class="hlt">community</span> clinic budgets is a major issue. The evidence suggests that <span class="hlt">community</span> experiences for dental students of fifty or more days, if effectively managed, can increase school <span class="hlt">net</span> revenues due to the following factors: 1) the <span class="hlt">community</span> rotations increase student <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, approximating the loss of dental school clinical income; 2) the reallocation of unused clinical resources at the dental school reduces student clinic deficits; 3) schools and federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) that share surplus student patient revenues generate additional <span class="hlt">net</span> income; and 4) enrollment of more students without additional new facilities and faculty increases total school tuition revenues. For FQHC dental clinics, student rotations increase the number of patients treated and may generate surplus revenues. <span class="hlt">Community</span>-based dental education also provides schools and clinics important non-financial advantages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3616105','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3616105"><span>Ecological and Evolutionary Effects of Stickleback on <span class="hlt">Community</span> Structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Des Roches, Simone; Shurin, Jonathan B.; Schluter, Dolph; Harmon, Luke J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Species’ ecology and evolution can have strong effects on <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Both may change concurrently when species colonize a new ecosystem. We know little, however, about the combined effects of ecological and evolutionary change on <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. We simultaneously examined the effects of top-predator ecology and evolution on freshwater <span class="hlt">community</span> parameters using recently evolved generalist and specialist ecotypes of three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used a mesocosm experiment to directly examine the effects of ecological (fish presence and density) and evolutionary (phenotypic diversity and specialization) factors on <span class="hlt">community</span> structure at lower trophic levels. We evaluated zooplankton biomass and composition, periphyton and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration, and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> among treatments containing different densities and diversities of stickleback. Our results showed that both ecological and evolutionary differences in the top-predator affect different aspects of <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and composition. <span class="hlt">Community</span> structure, specifically the abundance of organisms at each trophic level, was affected by stickleback presence and density, whereas composition of zooplankton was influenced by stickleback diversity and specialization. Primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> was affected by ecological but not evolutionary factors. Our results stress the importance of concurrently evaluating both changes in density and phenotypic diversity on the structure and composition of <span class="hlt">communities</span>. PMID:23573203</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4585881','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4585881"><span>Latitudinal variation of leaf stomatal traits from species to <span class="hlt">community</span> level in forests: linkage with ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Ruili; Yu, Guirui; He, Nianpeng; Wang, Qiufeng; Zhao, Ning; Xu, Zhiwei; Ge, Jianping</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>To explore the latitudinal variation of stomatal traits from species to <span class="hlt">community</span> level and their linkage with <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), we investigated leaf stomatal density (SDL) and stomatal length (SLL) across 760 species from nine forest ecosystems in eastern China, and calculated the <span class="hlt">community</span>-level SD (SDC) and SL (SLC) through species-specific leaf area index (LAI). Our results showed that latitudinal variation in species-level SDL and SLL was minimal, but <span class="hlt">community</span>-level SDC and SLC decreased clearly with increasing latitude. The relationship between SD and SL was negative across species and different plant functional types (PFTs), but positive at the <span class="hlt">community</span> level. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">community</span>-level SDC correlated positively with forest NPP, and explained 51% of the variation in NPP. These findings indicate that the trade-off by regulating SDL and SLL may be an important strategy for plant individuals to adapt to environmental changes, and temperature acts as the main factor influencing <span class="hlt">community</span>-level stomatal traits through alteration of species composition. Importantly, our findings provide new insight into the relationship between plant traits and ecosystem function. PMID:26403303</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRC..110.7S17M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRC..110.7S17M"><span>Microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, respiration, and structure of the microbial food web of an ecosystem in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maixandeau, Anne; LefèVre, Dominique; Karayanni, Hera; Christaki, Urania; van Wambeke, France; Thyssen, Melilotus; Denis, Michel; FernáNdez, Camila I.; Uitz, Julia; Leblanc, Karine; QuéGuiner, Bernard</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>Gross <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (GCP), dark <span class="hlt">community</span> respiration (DCR), and the biomass of the different size classes of organisms in the microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> were measured in the northeastern Atlantic basin as part of the Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) project. The field experiment was conducted during three seasons (winter, spring, and late summer-fall) in 2001. Samples were collected from four different mesoscale structures within the upper 100 m. GCP rates increased from winter (101 ± 24 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) to spring (153 ± 27 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) and then decreased from spring to late summer (44 ± 18 mmol O2 m-2 d-1). DCR rates increased from winter (-47 ± 18 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) to spring (-97 ± 7 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) and then decreased from spring to late summer (50 ± 7 mmol O2 m-2 d-1). The onset of stratification depended on latitude as well as on the presence of mesoscale structures (eddies), and this largely contributed to the variability of GCP. The trophic status of the POMME area was defined as <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophic, with a mean annual <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate of +38 ± 18 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, exhibiting a seasonal variation from +2 ± 20 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 to +57 ± 20 mmol O2 m-2 d-1. This study highlights that small organisms (picoautotrophs, nanoautotrophs, and bacteria) are the main organisms contributing to biological fluxes throughout the year and that episodic blooms of microphytoplankton are related to mesoscale structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300943"><span>Traditional <span class="hlt">nets</span> interfere with the uptake of long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the Peruvian Amazon: the relevance of <span class="hlt">net</span> preference for achieving high coverage and use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grietens, Koen Peeters; Muela Ribera, Joan; Soto, Veronica; Tenorio, Alex; Hoibak, Sarah; Aguirre, Angel Rosas; Toomer, Elizabeth; Rodriguez, Hugo; Llanos Cuentas, Alejandro; D'Alessandro, Umberto; Gamboa, Dionicia; Erhart, Annette</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>While coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLIN) has steadily increased, a growing number of studies report gaps between <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership and use. We conducted a mixed-methods social science study assessing the importance of <span class="hlt">net</span> preference and use after Olyset® LLINs were distributed through a mass campaign in rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> surrounding Iquitos, the capital city of the Amazonian region of Peru. The study was conducted in the catchment area of the Paujil and Cahuide Health Centres (San Juan district) between July 2007 and November 2008. During a first qualitative phase, participant observation and in-depth interviews collected information on key determinants for <span class="hlt">net</span> preference and use. In a second quantitative phase, a survey among recently confirmed malaria patients evaluated the acceptability and use of both LLINs and traditional <span class="hlt">nets</span>, and a case control study assessed the association between <span class="hlt">net</span> preference/use and housing structure (open vs. closed houses). A total of 10 <span class="hlt">communities</span> were selected for the anthropological fieldwork and 228 households participated in the quantitative studies. In the study area, bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> are considered part of the housing structure and are therefore required to fulfil specific architectural and social functions, such as providing privacy and shelter, which the newly distributed Olyset® LLINs ultimately did not. The LLINs' failure to meet these criteria could mainly be attributed to their large mesh size, transparency and perceived ineffectiveness to protect against mosquitoes and other insects, resulting in 63.3% of households not using any of the distributed LLINs. Notably, LLIN usage was significantly lower in houses with no interior or exterior walls (35.2%) than in those with walls (73.8%) (OR = 5.2, 95CI [2.2; 12.3], p<0.001). <span class="hlt">Net</span> preference can interfere with optimal LLIN use. In order to improve the number of effective days of LLIN protection per dollar spent, appropriate quantitative and qualitative methods</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3534704','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3534704"><span>Traditional <span class="hlt">Nets</span> Interfere with the Uptake of Long-Lasting Insecticidal <span class="hlt">Nets</span> in the Peruvian Amazon: The Relevance of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Preference for Achieving High Coverage and Use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Grietens, Koen Peeters; Muela Ribera, Joan; Soto, Veronica; Tenorio, Alex; Hoibak, Sarah; Aguirre, Angel Rosas; Toomer, Elizabeth; Rodriguez, Hugo; Llanos Cuentas, Alejandro; D'Alessandro, Umberto; Gamboa, Dionicia; Erhart, Annette</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background While coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLIN) has steadily increased, a growing number of studies report gaps between <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership and use. We conducted a mixed-methods social science study assessing the importance of <span class="hlt">net</span> preference and use after Olyset® LLINs were distributed through a mass campaign in rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> surrounding Iquitos, the capital city of the Amazonian region of Peru. Methods The study was conducted in the catchment area of the Paujil and Cahuide Health Centres (San Juan district) between July 2007 and November 2008. During a first qualitative phase, participant observation and in-depth interviews collected information on key determinants for <span class="hlt">net</span> preference and use. In a second quantitative phase, a survey among recently confirmed malaria patients evaluated the acceptability and use of both LLINs and traditional <span class="hlt">nets</span>, and a case control study assessed the association between <span class="hlt">net</span> preference/use and housing structure (open vs. closed houses). Results A total of 10 <span class="hlt">communities</span> were selected for the anthropological fieldwork and 228 households participated in the quantitative studies. In the study area, bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> are considered part of the housing structure and are therefore required to fulfil specific architectural and social functions, such as providing privacy and shelter, which the newly distributed Olyset® LLINs ultimately did not. The LLINs' failure to meet these criteria could mainly be attributed to their large mesh size, transparency and perceived ineffectiveness to protect against mosquitoes and other insects, resulting in 63.3% of households not using any of the distributed LLINs. Notably, LLIN usage was significantly lower in houses with no interior or exterior walls (35.2%) than in those with walls (73.8%) (OR = 5.2, 95CI [2.2; 12.3], p<0.001). Conclusion <span class="hlt">Net</span> preference can interfere with optimal LLIN use. In order to improve the number of effective days of LLIN protection per dollar spent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70020579','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70020579"><span>Changes in <span class="hlt">production</span> and respiration during a spring phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Implications for <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem metabolism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Caffrey, J.M.; Cloern, J.E.; Grenz, C.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>We present results of an intensive sampling program designed to measure weekly changes in ecosystem respiration (oxygen consumption in the water column and sediments) around the 1996 spring bloom in South San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Measurements were made at a shallow site (2 m, where mean photic depth was 60% of the water column height) and a deep site (15 m, mean photic depth was only 20% of the water column). We also estimated phytoplankton primary <span class="hlt">production</span> weekly at both sites to develop estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> oxygen flux as the sum of pelagic <span class="hlt">production</span> (PP), pelagic respiration (PR) and benthic respiration (BR). Over the 14 wk period from February 5 to May 14, PP ranged from 2 to 210, PR from 9 to 289, and BR from 0.1 to 48 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, illustrating large variability of estuarine oxygen fluxes at the weekly time scale. Pelagic <span class="hlt">production</span> exceeded total respiration at the shallow site, but not at the deep site, demonstrating that the shallow domains are <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophic but the deep domains are <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic, even during the period of the spring bloom. If we take into account the potential primary <span class="hlt">production</span> by benthic microalgae, the estuary as a whole is <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophic during spring, <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic during the nonbloom seasons, and has a balanced <span class="hlt">net</span> metabolism over a full annual period. The seasonal shift from <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophy to heterotrophy during the transition from spring to summer was accompanied by a large shift from dominance by pelagic respiration to dominance by benthic respiration. This suggests that changes in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem metabolism can reflect changes in the pathways of energy flow in shallow coastal ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746286E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746286E"><span>Decoupling of soil carbon and nitrogen turnover partly explains increased <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> in response to nitrogen fertilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ehtesham, Emad; Bengtson, Per</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>During the last decade there has been an ongoing controversy regarding the extent to which nitrogen fertilization can increase carbon sequestration and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> in forest ecosystems. The debate is complicated by the fact that increased nitrogen availability caused by nitrogen deposition has coincided with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The latter could further stimulate primary <span class="hlt">production</span> but also result in increased allocation of carbon to root exudates, which could potentially ‘prime’ the decomposition of soil organic matter. Here we show that increased input of labile carbon to forest soil caused a decoupling of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, which was manifested as a reduction in respiration of soil organic matter that coincided with a substantial increase in gross nitrogen mineralization. An estimate of the magnitude of the effect demonstrates that the decoupling could potentially result in an increase in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> by up to 51 kg C ha-1 day-1 in nitrogen fertilized stands during peak summer. Even if the effect is several times lower on an annual basis, the results still suggest that nitrogen fertilization can have a much stronger influence on <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> than can be expected from a direct stimulation of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938594','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938594"><span>Combining Costs and Benefits of Animal Activities to Assess <span class="hlt">Net</span> Yield Outcomes in Apple Orchards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Luck, Gary W.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Diverse animal <span class="hlt">communities</span> influence ecosystem function in agroecosystems through positive and negative plant-animal interactions. Yet, past research has largely failed to examine multiple interactions that can have opposing impacts on agricultural <span class="hlt">production</span> in a given context. We collected data on arthropod <span class="hlt">communities</span> and yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss and <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes) in three major apple-growing regions in south-eastern Australia. We quantified the <span class="hlt">net</span> yield outcome (accounting for positive and negative interactions) of multiple animal activities (pollination, fruit damage, biological control) across the entire growing season on <span class="hlt">netted</span> branches, which excluded vertebrate predators of arthropods, and open branches. <span class="hlt">Net</span> outcome was calculated as the number of undamaged fruit at harvest as a proportion of the number of blossoms (i.e., potential fruit yield). Vertebrate exclusion resulted in lower levels of fruit set and higher levels of arthropod damage to apples, but did not affect <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes. Yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss, <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes) were not directly associated with arthropod functional groups. Model variance and significant differences between the ratio of pest to beneficial arthropods between regions indicated that complex relationships between environmental factors and multiple animal interactions have a combined effect on yield. Our results show that focusing on a single crop stage, species group or ecosystem function/service can overlook important complexity in ecological processes within the system. Accounting for this complexity and quantifying the <span class="hlt">net</span> outcome of ecological interactions within the system, is more informative for research and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. PMID:27391022</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391022"><span>Combining Costs and Benefits of Animal Activities to Assess <span class="hlt">Net</span> Yield Outcomes in Apple Orchards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saunders, Manu E; Luck, Gary W</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Diverse animal <span class="hlt">communities</span> influence ecosystem function in agroecosystems through positive and negative plant-animal interactions. Yet, past research has largely failed to examine multiple interactions that can have opposing impacts on agricultural <span class="hlt">production</span> in a given context. We collected data on arthropod <span class="hlt">communities</span> and yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss and <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes) in three major apple-growing regions in south-eastern Australia. We quantified the <span class="hlt">net</span> yield outcome (accounting for positive and negative interactions) of multiple animal activities (pollination, fruit damage, biological control) across the entire growing season on <span class="hlt">netted</span> branches, which excluded vertebrate predators of arthropods, and open branches. <span class="hlt">Net</span> outcome was calculated as the number of undamaged fruit at harvest as a proportion of the number of blossoms (i.e., potential fruit yield). Vertebrate exclusion resulted in lower levels of fruit set and higher levels of arthropod damage to apples, but did not affect <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes. Yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss, <span class="hlt">net</span> outcomes) were not directly associated with arthropod functional groups. Model variance and significant differences between the ratio of pest to beneficial arthropods between regions indicated that complex relationships between environmental factors and multiple animal interactions have a combined effect on yield. Our results show that focusing on a single crop stage, species group or ecosystem function/service can overlook important complexity in ecological processes within the system. Accounting for this complexity and quantifying the <span class="hlt">net</span> outcome of ecological interactions within the system, is more informative for research and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/41317','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/41317"><span>Relationships between <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and forest stand age in U.S. forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Liming He; Jing M. Chen; Yude Pan; Richard Birdsey; Jens Kattge</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) is a key flux in the terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance, as it summarizes the autotrophic input into the system. Forest NPP varies predictably with stand age, and quantitative information on the NPP-age relationship for different regions and forest types is therefore fundamentally important for forest carbon cycle modeling. We used four...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=348571','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=348571"><span>Country-level <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> distribution and response to drought and land cover change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems can offset emissions and thereby offers an alternative way of achieving the target of reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) is the first step in the sequestration of carbon by terrestrial ecosystems. This stud...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1079102-estimating-crop-net-primary-production-using-inventory-data-modis-derived-parameters','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1079102-estimating-crop-net-primary-production-using-inventory-data-modis-derived-parameters"><span>Estimating crop <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> using inventory data and MODIS-derived parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bandaru, Varaprasad; West, Tristram O.; Ricciuto, Daniel M.</p> <p>2013-06-03</p> <p>National estimates of spatially-resolved cropland <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) are needed for diagnostic and prognostic modeling of carbon sources, sinks, and <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon flux. Cropland NPP estimates that correspond with existing cropland cover maps are needed to drive biogeochemical models at the local scale and over national and continental extents. Existing satellite-based NPP <span class="hlt">products</span> tend to underestimate NPP on croplands. A new Agricultural Inventory-based Light Use Efficiency (AgI-LUE) framework was developed to estimate individual crop biophysical parameters for use in estimating crop-specific NPP. The method is documented here and evaluated for corn and soybean crops in Iowa and Illinois inmore » years 2006 and 2007. The method includes a crop-specific enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), shortwave radiation data estimated using Mountain Climate Simulator (MTCLIM) algorithm and crop-specific LUE per county. The combined aforementioned variables were used to generate spatially-resolved, crop-specific NPP that correspond to the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) land cover <span class="hlt">product</span>. The modeling framework represented well the gradient of NPP across Iowa and Illinois, and also well represented the difference in NPP between years 2006 and 2007. Average corn and soybean NPP from AgI-LUE was 980 g C m-2 yr-1 and 420 g C m-2 yr-1, respectively. This was 2.4 and 1.1 times higher, respectively, for corn and soybean compared to the MOD17A3 NPP <span class="hlt">product</span>. Estimated gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (GPP) derived from AgI-LUE were in close agreement with eddy flux tower estimates. The combination of new inputs and improved datasets enabled the development of spatially explicit and reliable NPP estimates for individual crops over large regional extents.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ferris&pg=4&id=EJ657714','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ferris&pg=4&id=EJ657714"><span>The <span class="hlt">Net</span>-Enhanced University.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sederburg, William A.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Using the example of Ferris State University, discusses how a "<span class="hlt">net</span>-enhanced" university functions and offers guiding principles: serve the core activity, recognize the limits to technology, create a policy structure, provide technical infrastructure, provide personnel infrastructure, build <span class="hlt">communities</span>, digitize, and don't duplicate. (EV)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/962682','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/962682"><span>Lake Roosevelt Volunteer <span class="hlt">Net</span> Pens, Lake Roosevelt Rainbow Trout <span class="hlt">Net</span> Pens, 2002-2003 Annual Report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Smith, Gene</p> <p>2003-11-01</p> <p>The completion of Grand Coulee Dam for power <span class="hlt">production</span>, flood control, and irrigation resulted in the creation of a blocked area above the dam and in the loss of anadromous fish. Because of lake level fluctuations required to meet the demands for water release or storage, native or indigenous fish were often threatened. For many years very little effort was given to stocking the waters above the dam. However, studies by fish biologists showed that there was a good food base capable of supporting rainbow and kokanee (Gangmark and Fulton 1949, Jagielo 1984, Scholz etal 1986, Peone etal 1990). Furthermore » studies indicated that artificial <span class="hlt">production</span> might be a way of restoring or enhancing the fishery. In the 1980's volunteers experimented with <span class="hlt">net</span> pens. The method involved putting fingerlings in <span class="hlt">net</span> pens in the fall and rearing them into early summer before release. The result was an excellent harvest of healthy fish. The use of <span class="hlt">net</span> pens to hold the fingerlings for approximately nine months appears to reduce predation and the possibility of entrainment during draw down and to relieve the hatcheries to open up available raceways for future <span class="hlt">production</span>. The volunteer <span class="hlt">net</span> pen program grew for a few years but raising funds to maintain the pens and purchase food became more and more difficult. In 1995 the volunteer <span class="hlt">net</span> pen project (LRDA) was awarded a grant through the Northwest Power Planning Council's artificial <span class="hlt">production</span> provisions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150020444&hterms=amazon+rainforest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Damazon%2Brainforest','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150020444&hterms=amazon+rainforest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Damazon%2Brainforest"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> of Terrestrial Ecosystems from 2000 to 2009</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Potter, Christopher; Klooster, Steven; Genovese, Vanessa</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford) ecosystem model has been used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems from 2000 to 2009, with global data inputs from NASA's Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation cover mapping. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) flux for atmospheric carbon dioxide has varied slightly from year-to-year, but was predicted to have increased over short multi-year periods in the regions of the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, South Asia, Central Africa, and the western Amazon since the year 2000. These CASA results for global NPP were found to be in contrast to other recently published modeling trends for terrestrial NPP with high sensitivity to regional drying patterns. Nonetheless, periodic declines in regional NPP were predicted by CASA for the southern and western Untied States, the southern Amazon, and southern and eastern Africa. NPP in tropical forest zones was examined in greater detail to discover lower annual <span class="hlt">production</span> values than previously reported in many global models across the tropical rainforest zones, likely due to the enhanced detection of lower <span class="hlt">production</span> ecosystems replacing primary rainforest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909578','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909578"><span>Reversal of ocean acidification enhances <span class="hlt">net</span> coral reef calcification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Albright, Rebecca; Caldeira, Lilian; Hosfelt, Jessica; Kwiatkowski, Lester; Maclaren, Jana K; Mason, Benjamin M; Nebuchina, Yana; Ninokawa, Aaron; Pongratz, Julia; Ricke, Katharine L; Rivlin, Tanya; Schneider, Kenneth; Sesboüé, Marine; Shamberger, Kathryn; Silverman, Jacob; Wolfe, Kennedy; Zhu, Kai; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2016-03-17</p> <p>Approximately one-quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year is absorbed by the global oceans, causing measurable declines in surface ocean pH, carbonate ion concentration ([CO3(2-)]), and saturation state of carbonate minerals (Ω). This process, referred to as ocean acidification, represents a major threat to marine ecosystems, in particular marine calcifiers such as oysters, crabs, and corals. Laboratory and field studies have shown that calcification rates of many organisms decrease with declining pH, [CO3(2-)], and Ω. Coral reefs are widely regarded as one of the most vulnerable marine ecosystems to ocean acidification, in part because the very architecture of the ecosystem is reliant on carbonate-secreting organisms. Acidification-induced reductions in calcification are projected to shift coral reefs from a state of <span class="hlt">net</span> accretion to one of <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution this century. While retrospective studies show large-scale declines in coral, and <span class="hlt">community</span>, calcification over recent decades, determining the contribution of ocean acidification to these changes is difficult, if not impossible, owing to the confounding effects of other environmental factors such as temperature. Here we quantify the <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification response of a coral reef flat to alkalinity enrichment, and show that, when ocean chemistry is restored closer to pre-industrial conditions, <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification increases. In providing results from the first seawater chemistry manipulation experiment of a natural coral reef <span class="hlt">community</span>, we provide evidence that <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification is depressed compared with values expected for pre-industrial conditions, indicating that ocean acidification may already be impairing coral reef growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.531..362A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.531..362A"><span>Reversal of ocean acidification enhances <span class="hlt">net</span> coral reef calcification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Albright, Rebecca; Caldeira, Lilian; Hosfelt, Jessica; Kwiatkowski, Lester; MacLaren, Jana K.; Mason, Benjamin M.; Nebuchina, Yana; Ninokawa, Aaron; Pongratz, Julia; Ricke, Katharine L.; Rivlin, Tanya; Schneider, Kenneth; Sesboüé, Marine; Shamberger, Kathryn; Silverman, Jacob; Wolfe, Kennedy; Zhu, Kai; Caldeira, Ken</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Approximately one-quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year is absorbed by the global oceans, causing measurable declines in surface ocean pH, carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]), and saturation state of carbonate minerals (Ω). This process, referred to as ocean acidification, represents a major threat to marine ecosystems, in particular marine calcifiers such as oysters, crabs, and corals. Laboratory and field studies have shown that calcification rates of many organisms decrease with declining pH, [CO32-], and Ω. Coral reefs are widely regarded as one of the most vulnerable marine ecosystems to ocean acidification, in part because the very architecture of the ecosystem is reliant on carbonate-secreting organisms. Acidification-induced reductions in calcification are projected to shift coral reefs from a state of <span class="hlt">net</span> accretion to one of <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution this century. While retrospective studies show large-scale declines in coral, and <span class="hlt">community</span>, calcification over recent decades, determining the contribution of ocean acidification to these changes is difficult, if not impossible, owing to the confounding effects of other environmental factors such as temperature. Here we quantify the <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification response of a coral reef flat to alkalinity enrichment, and show that, when ocean chemistry is restored closer to pre-industrial conditions, <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification increases. In providing results from the first seawater chemistry manipulation experiment of a natural coral reef <span class="hlt">community</span>, we provide evidence that <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification is depressed compared with values expected for pre-industrial conditions, indicating that ocean acidification may already be impairing coral reef growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..315B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..315B"><span>Comparing the impact of the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves on <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> in Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bastos, Ana; Gouveia, Célia M.; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Running, Steve W.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Climate variability is known to influence primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> on land ecosystems (Nemani et al., 2003). In particular, extreme climatic events such as major droughts and heatwaves are known to have severe impact on primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and, therefore, to affect significantly the carbon dioxide uptake by land ecosystems at regional (Ciais et al., 2005) or even global scale (Zhao and Running, 2010). In the last decade, Europe was struck by two outstanding heatwaves, the 2003 event in Western Europe and the recent 2010 episode over Eastern Europe. Both were characterised by record breaking temperatures at the daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal scales, although the amplitude and spatial extent of the 2010 mega-heatwave surpassed the 2003 event (Barriopedro et al., 2011). This work aims to assess the influence of both mega-heatwaves on yearly <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> (NPP) and seasonal <span class="hlt">Net</span> Photosynthesis (NP), which corresponds to the difference between Gross Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> and maintenance respiration. The work relies on yearly NPP and monthly NP data derived from satellite imagery obtained from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor at 1km spatial resolution. Data were selected for the period between 2000 and 2011 over a region extending from 34.6N to 73.5N and 12.1W to 46.8E, covering Eurasia. In 2010 very low primary <span class="hlt">production</span> anomalies are observed over a very large area in Eastern Europe, at the monthly, seasonal and yearly scale. In western Russia, yearly NPP anomalies fall below 50% of average. These widespread negative anomalous values of NP fields over the western Russia region match the patterns of very high temperature values combined with below-average precipitation, at the seasonal (summer) scale. Moreover, the impact of the heatwave is not only evident at the regional level but also at the wider continental (European) scale and is significantly more extensive and intense than the corresponding heatwave of 2003 in Western Europe</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf"><span>27 CFR 5.38 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 5.38 Section 5.38 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF DISTILLED SPIRITS Labeling Requirements for Distilled Spirits § 5.38 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Bottles...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf"><span>27 CFR 5.38 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 5.38 Section 5.38 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF DISTILLED SPIRITS Labeling Requirements for Distilled Spirits § 5.38 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Bottles...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf"><span>27 CFR 5.38 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 5.38 Section 5.38 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF DISTILLED SPIRITS Labeling Requirements for Distilled Spirits § 5.38 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Bottles...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf"><span>27 CFR 5.38 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 5.38 Section 5.38 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF DISTILLED SPIRITS Labeling Requirements for Distilled Spirits § 5.38 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Bottles...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title27-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title27-vol1-sec5-38.pdf"><span>27 CFR 5.38 - <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. 5.38 Section 5.38 Alcohol, Tobacco <span class="hlt">Products</span> and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS LABELING AND ADVERTISING OF DISTILLED SPIRITS Labeling Requirements for Distilled Spirits § 5.38 <span class="hlt">Net</span> contents. (a) Bottles...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239958','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239958"><span>N-player mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> game: individual and social rationality in the misuse of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Honjo, Keita; Satake, Akiko</p> <p>2014-02-07</p> <p>Many governmental and non-governmental organizations have distributed insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) to malaria endemic areas, which contributed to the reduction of malaria deaths. However, some people in malaria endemic areas used ITNs for alternative purposes such as fishery and agriculture. It is unclear why people threatened by malaria misuse ITNs. Here we develop a N-player mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> game, and theoretically show that the misuse of ITNs might be underpinned by individual and social rationality. In the mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> game, each player uses ITNs for malaria prevention or alternative purposes. The proper ITN use decreases the probability of malaria infection, while the improper ITN use increases the player's labor <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Each player's expected payoff is influenced by other players' strategies. We found that the misuse of ITNs can be a Pareto efficient Nash equilibrium. The maximum number of players using ITNs for malaria prevention is limited by insecticidal effectiveness of ITNs and extra income from ITN misuse. Furthermore, we found that players in a low-income <span class="hlt">community</span> are attracted to the misuse of ITNs even if the probability of malaria infection is high. Introduction of a tax on ITN misuse was shown to be effective to motivate the players to use ITNs for malaria prevention. Our results demonstrate that understanding decision making of people in malaria endemic areas is essential to design more effective malaria control programs. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12017265','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12017265"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of some aquatic macrophytes in sewage-sullage mixture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kanungo, V K; Sinha, S; Naik, M L</p> <p>2001-07-01</p> <p>Sewage-sullage mixture from Raipur city is spread over a vast area surrounding the city. This mixture has a pH always above neutrality with high turbidity. Transparency was nil with the absence of phenolphthalein alkalinity and dissolved oxygen. Hardness was high with low nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. Human consumable. acquatic macrophytes are cultivated in such waste water. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of three macrophytes: Ipomoea aquatica, Marsilea quadrifolia and Nelumbo nucifera were evaluated while being cultivated in such sewage-sullage mixture. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> was determined either with periodic biomass removal (I. aquatica and M. quadrifolia) or through removing the biomass only once at the time of growing season (N. nucifera). Growing season <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of up to 27.48. 19.81 and 9.49 g m(-2) and day(-1) and extrapolated <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of up to 100.30, 72.31 and 34.64 mt. ha(-1) yr(-1) was recorded for I. aquatica. M. quadrifolia and N. nucifera respectively. Thus, these macrophytes are yielding a high amount of human consumable biomass from an area which neither be a useless wetland.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090027823','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090027823"><span>Review of FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> Biophysical Monitoring Requirements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ross, K. W.; Brown, Molly E.; Verdin, J.; Underwood, L. W.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>) provides monitoring and early warning support to decision makers responsible for responding to famine and food insecurity. FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> transforms satellite remote sensing data into rainfall and vegetation information that can be used by these decision makers. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has recently funded activities to enhance remote sensing inputs to FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>. To elicit Earth observation requirements, a professional review questionnaire was disseminated to FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> expert end-users: it focused upon operational requirements to determine additional useful remote sensing data and; subsequently, beneficial FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> biophysical supplementary inputs. The review was completed by over 40 experts from around the world, enabling a robust set of professional perspectives to be gathered and analyzed rapidly. Reviewers were asked to evaluate the relative importance of environmental variables and spatio-temporal requirements for Earth science data <span class="hlt">products</span>, in particular for rainfall and vegetation <span class="hlt">products</span>. The results showed that spatio-temporal resolution requirements are complex and need to vary according to place, time, and hazard: that high resolution remote sensing <span class="hlt">products</span> continue to be in demand, and that rainfall and vegetation <span class="hlt">products</span> were valued as data that provide actionable food security information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRG..120.2081V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRG..120.2081V"><span>Variations of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> due to seasonal precipitation differences in a tropical dry forest of northwest Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verduzco, Vivian S.; Garatuza-Payán, Jaime; Yépez, Enrico A.; Watts, Christopher J.; Rodríguez, Julio C.; Robles-Morua, Agustin; Vivoni, Enrique R.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Due to their large extent and high primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, tropical dry forests (TDF) are important contributors to atmospheric carbon exchanges in subtropical and tropical regions. In northwest Mexico, a bimodal precipitation regime that includes winter precipitation derived from Pacific storms and summer precipitation from the North American monsoon (NAM) couples water availability with ecosystem processes. We investigated the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> of a TDF ecosystem using a 4.5 year record of water and carbon fluxes obtained from the eddy covariance method complemented with remotely sensed data. We identified a large CO2 efflux at the start of the summer season that is strongly related to the preceding winter precipitation and greenness. Since this CO2 efflux occurs prior to vegetation green-up, we infer that respiration is mainly due to decomposition of soil organic matter accumulated from the prior growing season. Overall, ecosystem respiration has an important effect on the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> but can be overwhelmed by the strength of the primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> during the NAM. Precipitation characteristics during NAM have significant controls on sustaining carbon fixation in the TDF into the fall season. We identified that a threshold of ~350 to 400 mm of monsoon precipitation leads to a switch in the annual carbon balance in the TDF ecosystem from a <span class="hlt">net</span> source (+102 g C/m2/yr) to a <span class="hlt">net</span> sink (-249 g C/m2/yr). This monsoonal precipitation threshold is typically exceeded one out of every 2 years. The close coupling of winter and summer periods with respect to carbon fluxes suggests that the annual carbon balance is dependent on precipitation amounts in both seasons in TDF ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616580','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616580"><span>Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in earth's terrestrial ecosystems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haberl, Helmut; Erb, K Heinz; Krausmann, Fridolin; Gaube, Veronika; Bondeau, Alberte; Plutzar, Christoph; Gingrich, Simone; Lucht, Wolfgang; Fischer-Kowalski, Marina</p> <p>2007-07-31</p> <p>Human appropriation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (HANPP), the aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems, is a prominent measure of the human domination of the biosphere. We present a comprehensive assessment of global HANPP based on vegetation modeling, agricultural and forestry statistics, and geographical information systems data on land use, land cover, and soil degradation that localizes human impact on ecosystems. We found an aggregate global HANPP value of 15.6 Pg C/yr or 23.8% of potential <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, of which 53% was contributed by harvest, 40% by land-use-induced <span class="hlt">productivity</span> changes, and 7% by human-induced fires. This is a remarkable impact on the biosphere caused by just one species. We present maps quantifying human-induced changes in trophic energy flows in ecosystems that illustrate spatial patterns in the human domination of ecosystems, thus emphasizing land use as a pervasive factor of global importance. Land use transforms earth's terrestrial surface, resulting in changes in biogeochemical cycles and in the ability of ecosystems to deliver services critical to human well being. The results suggest that large-scale schemes to substitute biomass for fossil fuels should be viewed cautiously because massive additional pressures on ecosystems might result from increased biomass harvest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1170238-relative-contributions-mercury-bioavailability-microbial-growth-rate-net-methylmercury-production-anaerobic-mixed-cultures','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1170238-relative-contributions-mercury-bioavailability-microbial-growth-rate-net-methylmercury-production-anaerobic-mixed-cultures"><span>Relative contributions of mercury bioavailability and microbial growth rate on <span class="hlt">net</span> methylmercury <span class="hlt">production</span> by anaerobic mixed cultures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kucharzyk, Katarzyna H.; Deshusses, Marc A.; Porter, Kaitlyn A.; ...</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of methylmercury correlated with sulfate reduction rates in cultures exposed to dissolved Hg, but was insensitive to sulfate reduction rates for cultures exposed to nanoparticulate HgS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1619C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1619C"><span>Do ecohydrology and <span class="hlt">community</span> dynamics feed back to banded-ecosystem structure and <span class="hlt">productivity</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Callegaro, Chiara; Ursino, Nadia</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Mixed <span class="hlt">communities</span> including grass, shrubs and trees are often reported to populate self-organized vegetation patterns. Patterns of survey data suggest that species diversity and complementarity strengthen the dynamics of banded environments. Resource scarcity and local facilitation trigger self organization, whereas coexistence of multiple species in vegetated self-organizing patches, implying competition for water and nutrients and favorable reproduction sites, is made possible by differing adaptation strategies. Mixed <span class="hlt">community</span> spatial self-organization has so far received relatively little attention, compared with local <span class="hlt">net</span> facilitation of isolated species. We assumed that soil moisture availability is a proxy for the environmental niche of plant species according to Ursino and Callegaro (2016). Our modelling effort was focused on niche differentiation of coexisting species within a tiger bush type ecosystem. By minimal numerical modelling and stability analysis we try to answer a few open scientific questions: Is there an adaptation strategy that increases biodiversity and ecosystem functioning? Does specific adaptation to environmental niches influence the structure of self-organizing vegetation pattern? What specific niche distribution along the environmental gradient gives the highest global <span class="hlt">productivity</span>?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086399','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086399"><span>Evaluation of new tools for malaria vector control in Cameroon: focus on long lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Etang, Josiane; Nwane, Philippe; Piameu, Michael; Manga, Blaise; Souop, Daniel; Awono-Ambene, Parfait</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>From 2006 to 2011, biological activity of insecticides for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), conventional treatment of <span class="hlt">nets</span> (CTNs) or long lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) was evaluated before their approval in Cameroon. The objective of the study was to select the best tools for universal malaria vector control coverage. Bioassays were performed using WHO cones and the Kisumu susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s.. Among tested <span class="hlt">products</span>, residual activity and wash resistance of Alpha-cypermethrin LLINs (Interceptor) and CTNs (Fendona) were assessed during 5 months in the Ntougou neighborhood. All the 14 tested <span class="hlt">products</span> were found effective (95-100% knockdown and mortality rates), although a significant decrease of efficacy was seen with lambda-cyhalothrinWP IRS, alpha-cypermethrin CTNs and LLINs (p< 0.05). However, the efficacy of Interceptor <span class="hlt">nets</span> did not decrease during the 5 months evaluation, even after 25 washes (0.07<p< 0.9). Meanwhile Fendona SC <span class="hlt">nets</span> displayed a drastic decrease of activity after 5 washes, odds ratio was 3.07 (1.0-8.59). This study provided useful data for decision making and <span class="hlt">community</span> education toward universal coverage of malaria vector control in Cameroon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781108','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3781108"><span>Evaluation of New Tools for Malaria Vector Control in Cameroon: Focus on Long Lasting Insecticidal <span class="hlt">Nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Etang, Josiane; Nwane, Philippe; Piameu, Michael; Manga, Blaise; Souop, Daniel; Awono-Ambene, Parfait</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background From 2006 to 2011, biological activity of insecticides for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), conventional treatment of <span class="hlt">nets</span> (CTNs) or long lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) was evaluated before their approval in Cameroon. The objective of the study was to select the best tools for universal malaria vector control coverage. Methodology Bioassays were performed using WHO cones and the Kisumu susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s.. Among tested <span class="hlt">products</span>, residual activity and wash resistance of Alpha-cypermethrin LLINs (Interceptor) and CTNs (Fendona) were assessed during 5 months in the Ntougou neighborhood. Principal Findings All the 14 tested <span class="hlt">products</span> were found effective (95–100% knockdown and mortality rates), although a significant decrease of efficacy was seen with lambda-cyhalothrinWP IRS, alpha-cypermethrin CTNs and LLINs (p< 0.05). However, the efficacy of Interceptor <span class="hlt">nets</span> did not decrease during the 5 months evaluation, even after 25 washes (0.07<p< 0.9). Meanwhile Fendona SC <span class="hlt">nets</span> displayed a drastic decrease of activity after 5 washes, odds ratio was 3.07 (1.0–8.59). Conclusion This study provided useful data for decision making and <span class="hlt">community</span> education toward universal coverage of malaria vector control in Cameroon. PMID:24086399</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020039793&hterms=productivity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dproductivity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020039793&hterms=productivity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dproductivity"><span>Estimating <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Using Satellite and Ancillary Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Choudhury, B. J.; Houser, Paul (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (C) or annual rate of carbon accumulation per unit ground area by terrestrial plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> is the difference of the rate of gross photosynthesis (A(sub g)) and autotrophic respiration (R) per unit ground area. Although available observations show that R is a large and variable fraction of A(sub g), viz., 0.3 to 0.7, it is generally recognized that much uncertainties exist in this fraction due to difficulties associated with the needed measurements. Additional uncertainties arise when these measurements are extrapolated to regional or global land surface using empirical equations, for example, using regression equations relating C to mean annual precipitation and air temperature. Here, a process-based approach has been taken to calculate A(sub g) and R using satellite and ancillary data. A(sub g) has been expressed as a <span class="hlt">product</span> of radiation use efficiency, magnitude of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and normalized by stresses due to soil water shortage and air temperature away from the optimum range. A biophysical model has been used to determine the radiation use efficiency from the maximum rate of carbon assimilation by a leaf, foliage temperature, and the fraction of diffuse PAR incident on a canopy. All meteorological data (PAR, air temperature, precipitation, etc.) needed for the calculation are derived from satellite observations, while a land use, land cover data (based on satellite and ground measurements) have been used to assess the maximum rate of carbon assimilation by a leaf of varied cover type based on field measurements. R has been calculated as the sum of maintenance and growth components. The maintenance respiration of foliage and live fine roots at a standard temperature of different land cover has been determined from their nitrogen content using field and satellite measurements, while that of living fraction of woody stem (viz., sapwood) from the seasonal maximum leaf area index as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EurSS..48..608A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EurSS..48..608A"><span>Specific features of determination of the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of nitrous oxide by soils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ananyeva, N. D.; Ivashchenko, K. V.; Stolnikova, E. V.; Stepanov, A. L.; Kudeyarov, V. N.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The rate of the <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrous oxide (N2O) <span class="hlt">production</span>, the content of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), and its portion in the total soil organic carbon (Corg) were determined in the samples from podzol, soddy-podzolic soils, gray forest soils, chernozems, burozems, and carbolithozems of natural, arable, and fallow ecosystems in Kostroma, Vladimir, Moscow, Kaluga, Voronezh oblasts, and Krasnodar region. The most sustainable N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> was found in the soils enriched with glucose or its mixture with ammonium sulfate at 22°C upon the preliminary incubation of the soil samples (7 days, 60% of water holding capacity). In the profiles of forest soils, a direct correlation was found between the N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> and the Cmic content ( r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05, n = 18). In the upper mineral layers (0-10 cm) of soddy-podzolic soils of the cropland, fallow, young, secondary and native forests, the inverse relationship between the N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> and the Cmic content ( r = -0.75, p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) was observed. In a series of the fallowed, cultivated, and forest soils, the <span class="hlt">net</span> N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> decreased (239, 69, and 38 ng N2O-N × 10-3/g per h), and the Cmic content and Cmic: Corg ratio increased (181, 569, and 1020 μg C/g; 1.4, 2.6, and 3.0%, respectively) attesting to the increasing N2O flux in the anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. The application of cycloheximide (20-50 mg/g) to the soil lowered the N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> by 69-99%, which pointed to a significant contribution of fungi to this process. An approach to separate nitrification and denitrification in the soil using low concentrations of acetylene (1.8 Pa) was proposed. The conditions of preparation of the soil samples for sustainable detection of N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> were specified. It was shown that this process is tightly related to the soil microbial biomass and its fungal component.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3272425','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3272425"><span>Relationships between climate, <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and vegetation in southern Mongolian drylands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>von Wehrden, H.; Wesche, K.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We assessed the relationship between open-source data on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and precipitation for the southern Mongolian Gobi, and related this information to data obtained from a set of 1418 vegetation relevés sampled in the region. Gradients determining plant <span class="hlt">community</span> diversity and composition were examined, and the relation between α-diversity and key environmental parameters was tested. The correlation between <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and precipitation within our working area was fairly high (r2 = 0.66). The variance of the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> was related to the average annual precipitation; at sites with more than ~220 mm/a precipitation the median coefficient of variation in <span class="hlt">productivity</span> data decreased, indicating a rather gradual shift from a non-equilibrium ecosystem towards an equilibrium ecosystem with increasing moisture. A DCA-ordination showed that the main gradient in plant <span class="hlt">community</span> composition was closely correlated to environmental variables for altitude, precipitation and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>. All three parameters were also significant predictors of the species diversity. The final model, which included an additional quadratic term for longitude, predicted local plant biodiversity at r2 = 0.57. The results can be directly applied to both resource management and nature conservation within the area. For future studies a closer focus on the characterisation of non-equilibrium rangelands based on modelled <span class="hlt">productivity</span> layers is suggested. PMID:22318349</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=319950&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=accounting&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=319950&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=accounting&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Estimating Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> National <span class="hlt">Product</span> for Puerto Rico: An Economic Measure of Sustainability (Journal article)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This paper presents the data sources and methodology used to estimate Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> National <span class="hlt">Product</span> (GNNP), an economic metric of sustainability, for Puerto Rico. Using the change in GNNP as a one-sided test of weak sustainability (i.e., positive growth in GNNP is not enough to show...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234324','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234324"><span>Assessing the impact of urbanization on regional <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in Jiangyin County, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, C; Liu, M; An, S; Chen, J M; Yan, P</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Urbanization is one of the most important aspects of global change. The process of urbanization has a significant impact on the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The Yangtze Delta region has one of the highest rates of urbanization in China. In this study, carried out in Jiangyin County as a representative region within the Yangtze Delta, land use and land cover changes were estimated using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. With these satellite data and the BEPS process model (Boreal Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Simulator), the impacts of urbanization on regional <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and annual <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> were assessed for 1991 and 2002. Landsat-based land cover maps in 1991 and 2002 showed that urban development encroached large areas of cropland and forest. Expansion of residential areas and reduction of vegetated areas were the major forms of land transformation in Jiangyin County during this period. Mean NPP of the total area decreased from 818 to 699 gCm(-2)yr(-1) during the period of 1991 to 2002. NPP of cropland was only reduced by 2.7% while forest NPP was reduced by 9.3%. Regional annual primary <span class="hlt">production</span> decreased from 808 GgC in 1991 to 691 GgC in 2002, a reduction of 14.5%. Land cover changes reduced regional NPP directly, and the increasing intensity and frequency of human-induced disturbance in the urbanized areas could be the main reason for the decrease in forest NPP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=project+AND+physics+AND+book&pg=5&id=ED374960','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=project+AND+physics+AND+book&pg=5&id=ED374960"><span>Lab<span class="hlt">Net</span>: Toward A <span class="hlt">Community</span> of Practice. Technology in Education Series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ruopp, Richard, Ed.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Many educators advocate the use of projects in the science classroom. This document describes an effort (Lab<span class="hlt">Net</span>) that has successfully implemented a program that allows students to learn science using projects. Chapter 1, "An Introduction to Lab<span class="hlt">Net</span>" (Richard Ruopp, Megham Pfister), provides an initial framework for understanding the…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46824','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46824"><span>Estimating climate change effects on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> of rangelands in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Matthew C. Reeves; Adam L. Moreno; Karen E. Bagne; Steven W. Running</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The potential effects of climate change on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) of U.S. rangelands were evaluated using estimated climate regimes from the A1B, A2 and B2 global change scenarios imposed on the biogeochemical cycling model, Biome-BGC from 2001 to 2100. Temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, day length, solar radiation, CO2 enrichment and nitrogen...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255621','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255621"><span>Aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> responses to water availability in the Chihuhuan Desert: importance of legacy effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>In arid ecosystems, current year precipitation explains a small proportion of annual aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP). Precipitation that occurred in previous years may be responsible for the observed difference between actual and expected ANPP, a concept that we called legacy. Thus, previo...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN33C0137D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN33C0137D"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-CF: Supporting Earth System Science with Data Access, Analysis, and Visualization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davis, E.; Zender, C. S.; Arctur, D. K.; O'Brien, K.; Jelenak, A.; Santek, D.; Dixon, M. J.; Whiteaker, T. L.; Yang, K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-CF is a <span class="hlt">community</span>-developed convention for storing and describing earth system science data in the <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF binary data format. It is an OGC recognized standard with numerous existing FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) and commercial software tools can explore, analyze, and visualize data that is stored and described as <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF data. To better support a larger segment of the earth system science <span class="hlt">community</span>, a number of efforts are underway to extend the <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF convention with the goal of increasing the types of data that can be represented as <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF data. This presentation will provide an overview and update of work to extend the existing <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF convention. It will detail the types of earth system science data currently supported by <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF and the types of data targeted for support by current <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF convention development efforts. It will also describe some of the tools that support the use of <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF compliant datasets, the types of data they support, and efforts to extend them to handle the new data types that <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-CF will support.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10886028','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10886028"><span>Mouse<span class="hlt">Net</span> database: digital management of a large-scale mutagenesis project.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pargent, W; Heffner, S; Schäble, K F; Soewarto, D; Fuchs, H; Hrabé de Angelis, M</p> <p>2000-07-01</p> <p>The Munich ENU Mouse Mutagenesis Screen is a large-scale mutant <span class="hlt">production</span>, phenotyping, and mapping project. It encompasses two animal breeding facilities and a number of screening groups located in the general area of Munich. A central database is required to manage and process the immense amount of data generated by the mutagenesis project. This database, which we named Mouse<span class="hlt">Net</span>(c), runs on a Sybase platform and will finally store and process all data from the entire project. In addition, the system comprises a portfolio of functions needed to support the workflow management of the core facility and the screening groups. Mouse<span class="hlt">Net</span>(c) will make all of the data available to the participating screening groups, and later to the international scientific <span class="hlt">community</span>. Mouse<span class="hlt">Net</span>(c) will consist of three major software components:* Animal Management System (AMS)* Sample Tracking System (STS)* Result Documentation System (RDS)Mouse<span class="hlt">Net</span>(c) provides the following major advantages:* being accessible from different client platforms via the Internet* being a full-featured multi-user system (including access restriction and data locking mechanisms)* relying on a professional RDBMS (relational database management system) which runs on a UNIX server platform* supplying workflow functions and a variety of plausibility checks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4703291','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4703291"><span>Investigating a Non-Mesh Mosquito <span class="hlt">Net</span> among Outdoor Sleeping Nomadic <span class="hlt">Communities</span> in Kenya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gore-Langton, Georgia R.; Mungai, James; Alenwi, Nfornuh; Abagira, Abdullahi; Bicknell, Owen M.; Harrison, Rebecca E.; Hassan, Farah Amin; Munga, Stephen; Eves, Katie; Juma, Elizabeth; Allan, Richard</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Rising reports of exophagic malaria vectors make even more pressing the need for alternatives to traditional, mesh, long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) designed for indoor sleeping and often inadequate in the protection of outdoor-sleeping populations. This study tests and evaluates the retention, utilization, and durability of novel, non-mesh <span class="hlt">nets</span> designed for outdoor use. Longitudinal, cross-sectional surveys were conducted, the physical condition of <span class="hlt">nets</span> was assessed, and bio-efficacy and insecticide content were tested. At 22 months, retention was 98.0%; 97.1% of <span class="hlt">nets</span> fell within the World Health Organization (WHO) category of being in “good” condition; none were in the “torn” category. At 18 months post-distribution, 100% of <span class="hlt">nets</span> had at least WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES)-acceptable levels of insecticide, this proportion was 66.7% at 22 months. This novel mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> has the potential to provide a durable and context-specific tool to prevent malaria among traditionally hard-to-protect and highly vulnerable populations. PMID:26416107</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=222287&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=Accounting+AND+measurement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=222287&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=Accounting+AND+measurement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> Regional <span class="hlt">Product</span> for the San Luis Basin, Colorado: An Economic Measure of Regional Sustainability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This paper presents the data sources and methodology used to estimate Green <span class="hlt">Net</span> Regional <span class="hlt">Product</span> (GNRP), a green accounting approach, for the San Luis Basin (SLB). GNRP is equal to aggregate consumption minus the depreciation of man-made and natural capital. We measure the move...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3538722','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3538722"><span>Geographical Factors Affecting Bed <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ownership, a Tool for the Elimination of Anopheles-Transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Hard-to-Reach <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Stanton, Michelle C.; Bockarie, Moses J.; Kelly-Hope, Louise A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Vector control, including the use of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span>, is recommended as a possible strategy for eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) in post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study examined the geographical factors that influence bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership in DRC in order to identify hard-to-reach <span class="hlt">communities</span> that need to be better targeted. In particular, urban/rural differences and the influence of population density, proximity to cities and health facilities, plus access to major transport networks were investigated. Demographic and Health Survey geo-referenced cluster level data were used to map bed <span class="hlt">net</span> coverage (proportion of households with at least one of any type of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> or at least one insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">net</span> (ITN)), and ITN density (ITNs per person) for 260 clusters. Bivariate and multiple logistic or Poisson regression analyses were used to determine significant relationships. Overall, bed <span class="hlt">net</span> (30%) and ITN (9%) coverage were very low with significant differences found between urban and rural clusters. In rural clusters, ITN coverage/density was positively correlated with population density (r = 0.25, 0.27 respectively, p<0.01), and negatively with the distance to the two largest cities, Kinshasa or Lubumbashi (r = −0.28, −0.30 respectively, p<0.0001). Further, ownership was significantly negatively correlated with distance to primary national roads and railways (all three measures), distance to main rivers (any bed <span class="hlt">net</span> only) and distance to the nearest health facility (ITNs only). Logistic and Poisson regression models fitted to the rural cluster data indicated that, after controlling for measured covariates, ownership levels in the Bas-Congo province close to Kinshasa were much larger than that of other provinces. This was most noticeable when considering ITN coverage (odds ratio: 5.3, 95% CI: 3.67–7.70). This analysis provides key insights into the barriers of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership, which will help inform both LF</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23308281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23308281"><span>Geographical factors affecting bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership, a tool for the elimination of Anopheles-transmitted lymphatic filariasis in hard-to-reach <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stanton, Michelle C; Bockarie, Moses J; Kelly-Hope, Louise A</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Vector control, including the use of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span>, is recommended as a possible strategy for eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) in post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study examined the geographical factors that influence bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership in DRC in order to identify hard-to-reach <span class="hlt">communities</span> that need to be better targeted. In particular, urban/rural differences and the influence of population density, proximity to cities and health facilities, plus access to major transport networks were investigated. Demographic and Health Survey geo-referenced cluster level data were used to map bed <span class="hlt">net</span> coverage (proportion of households with at least one of any type of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> or at least one insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">net</span> (ITN)), and ITN density (ITNs per person) for 260 clusters. Bivariate and multiple logistic or Poisson regression analyses were used to determine significant relationships. Overall, bed <span class="hlt">net</span> (30%) and ITN (9%) coverage were very low with significant differences found between urban and rural clusters. In rural clusters, ITN coverage/density was positively correlated with population density (r = 0.25, 0.27 respectively, p<0.01), and negatively with the distance to the two largest cities, Kinshasa or Lubumbashi (r = -0.28, -0.30 respectively, p<0.0001). Further, ownership was significantly negatively correlated with distance to primary national roads and railways (all three measures), distance to main rivers (any bed <span class="hlt">net</span> only) and distance to the nearest health facility (ITNs only). Logistic and Poisson regression models fitted to the rural cluster data indicated that, after controlling for measured covariates, ownership levels in the Bas-Congo province close to Kinshasa were much larger than that of other provinces. This was most noticeable when considering ITN coverage (odds ratio: 5.3, 95% CI: 3.67-7.70). This analysis provides key insights into the barriers of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership, which will help inform both LF and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35.1311P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CorRe..35.1311P"><span>Differential modification of seawater carbonate chemistry by major coral reef benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Page, Heather N.; Andersson, Andreas J.; Jokiel, Paul L.; Rodgers, Ku'ulei S.; Lebrato, Mario; Yeakel, Kiley; Davidson, Charlie; D'Angelo, Sydney; Bahr, Keisha D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification (OA) resulting from uptake of anthropogenic CO2 may negatively affect coral reefs by causing decreased rates of biogenic calcification and increased rates of CaCO3 dissolution and bioerosion. However, in addition to the gradual decrease in seawater pH and Ω a resulting from anthropogenic activities, seawater carbonate chemistry in these coastal ecosystems is also strongly influenced by the benthic metabolism which can either exacerbate or alleviate OA through <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification (NCC = calcification - CaCO3 dissolution) and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> organic carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP = primary <span class="hlt">production</span> - respiration). Therefore, to project OA on coral reefs, it is necessary to understand how different benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> modify the reef seawater carbonate chemistry. In this study, we used flow-through mesocosms to investigate the modification of seawater carbonate chemistry by benthic metabolism of five distinct reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> [carbonate sand, crustose coralline algae (CCA), corals, fleshy algae, and a mixed <span class="hlt">community</span>] under ambient and acidified conditions during summer and winter. The results showed that different <span class="hlt">communities</span> had distinct influences on carbonate chemistry related to the relative importance of NCC and NCP. Sand, CCA, and corals exerted relatively small influences on seawater pH and Ω a over diel cycles due to closely balanced NCC and NCP rates, whereas fleshy algae and mixed <span class="hlt">communities</span> strongly elevated daytime pH and Ω a due to high NCP rates. Interestingly, the influence on seawater pH at night was relatively small and quite similar across <span class="hlt">communities</span>. NCC and NCP rates were not significantly affected by short-term acidification, but larger diel variability in pH was observed due to decreased seawater buffering capacity. Except for corals, increased <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution was observed at night for all <span class="hlt">communities</span> under OA, partially buffering against nighttime acidification. Thus, algal-dominated areas of coral reefs and increased</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122..745D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122..745D"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> modulates coral reef pH and the sensitivity of ecosystem calcification to ocean acidification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>DeCarlo, Thomas M.; Cohen, Anne L.; Wong, George T. F.; Shiah, Fuh-Kwo; Lentz, Steven J.; Davis, Kristen A.; Shamberger, Kathryn E. F.; Lohmann, Pat</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Coral reefs are built of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced biogenically by a diversity of calcifying plants, animals, and microbes. As the ocean warms and acidifies, there is mounting concern that declining calcification rates could shift coral reef CaCO3 budgets from <span class="hlt">net</span> accretion to <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution. We quantified <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem calcification (NEC) and <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) on Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea, over a 2 week period that included a transient bleaching event. Peak daytime pH on the wide, shallow reef flat during the nonbleaching period was ˜8.5, significantly elevated above that of the surrounding open ocean (˜8.0-8.1) as a consequence of daytime NEP (up to 112 mmol C m-2 h-1). Diurnal-averaged NEC was 390 ± 90 mmol CaCO3 m-2 d-1, higher than any other coral reef studied to date despite comparable calcifier cover (25%) and relatively high fleshy algal cover (19%). Coral bleaching linked to elevated temperatures significantly reduced daytime NEP by 29 mmol C m-2 h-1. pH on the reef flat declined by 0.2 units, causing a 40% reduction in NEC in the absence of pH changes in the surrounding open ocean. Our findings highlight the interactive relationship between carbonate chemistry of coral reef ecosystems and ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> and calcification rates, which are in turn impacted by ocean warming. As open-ocean waters bathing coral reefs warm and acidify over the 21st century, the health and composition of reef benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> will play a major role in determining on-reef conditions that will in turn dictate the ecosystem response to climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490221','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490221"><span>Natural Health <span class="hlt">Products</span> and <span class="hlt">Community</span> Pharmacy-Remove the Mysticism Not the <span class="hlt">Product</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blackburn, David F; Gill, Munpreet; Krol, Ed; Taylor, Jeff</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The allure of natural <span class="hlt">products</span> has captivated humans for centuries. Although they can be compatible with evidence-based care, attitudes surrounding natural <span class="hlt">products</span> can seem almost mystical and may even be accompanied by contempt toward Western medicine. Considering the high volumes of natural <span class="hlt">products</span> sold in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies, pharmacists can inject balanced information to minimize the mysticism and help patients make informed decisions. The aim of this article is to argue for standardized guidelines pertaining to the management of natural <span class="hlt">products</span> in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacy practice.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=338768','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=338768"><span>Effects of precipitation changes on aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and soil respiration in a switchgrass field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This study attempted to test whether switchgrass aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (ANPP) responds to precipitation (PPT) changes in a double asymmetry pattern as framed by Knapp et al. (2016), and whether it is held true for other ecosystem processes such as soil respiration (SR). Data were colle...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.B13D..07I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.B13D..07I"><span>Exploring Global Patterns in Human Appropriation of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> Using Earth Observation Satellites and Statistical Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Imhoff, M.; Bounoua, L.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>A unique combination of satellite and socio-economic data were used to explore the relationship between human consumption and the carbon cycle. Biophysical models were applied to consumption data to estimate the annual amount of Earth's terrestrial <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> humans require for food, fiber and fuel using the same modeling architecture as satellite-supported NPP measurements. The amount of Earth's NPP required to support human activities is a powerful measure of the aggregate human impacts on the biosphere and indicator of societal vulnerability to climate change. Equations were developed estimating the amount of landscape-level NPP required to generate all the <span class="hlt">products</span> consumed by 230 countries including; vegetal foods, meat, milk, eggs, wood, fuel-wood, paper and fiber. The amount of NPP required was calculated on a per capita basis and projected onto a global map of population to create a spatially explicit map of NPP-carbon demand in units of elemental carbon. NPP demand was compared to a map of Earth's average annual <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> or supply created using 17 years (1982-1998) of AVHRR vegetation index to produce a geographically accurate balance sheet of terrestrial NPP-carbon supply and demand. Globally, humans consume 20 percent of Earth's total <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> on land. Regionally the NPP-carbon balance percentage varies from 6 to over 70 percent and locally from near 0 to over 30,000 percent in major urban areas. The uneven distribution of NPP-carbon supply and demand, indicate the degree to which various human populations rely on NPP imports, are vulnerable to climate change and suggest policy options for slowing future growth in NPP demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED127630.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED127630.pdf"><span>A <span class="hlt">Community</span> Television <span class="hlt">Production</span> Experience.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Dept. of Technical Journalism.</p> <p></p> <p>The major goal of the Basic Video <span class="hlt">Production</span> Workshop program of the Denver <span class="hlt">Community</span> Video Center was to communicate basic <span class="hlt">production</span> skills, through the use of extensive hands-on experience, to people with little or no training in the use of visual media. The ideas and exercises presented in this manual focus on the design and completion of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.A51B..14W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.A51B..14W"><span>MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> data <span class="hlt">products</span> available at co-located AERONET sites and field experiment locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Welton, E. J.; Campbell, J. R.; Berkoff, T. A.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Micro-pulse lidar (MPL) systems are small, eye-safe lidars capable of profiling the vertical distribution of aerosol and cloud layers. There are now over 20 MPL systems around the world, and they have been used in numerous field experiments. A new project was started at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 2000. The new project, MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span>, is a coordinated network of long-time MPL sites. The network also supports a limited number of field experiments each year. Most MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> sites and field locations are co-located with AERONET sunphotometers. At these locations, the AERONET and MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> data are combined together to provide both column and vertically resolved aerosol and cloud measurements. The MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> project coordinates the maintenance and repair for all instruments in the network. In addition, data is archived and processed by the project using common, standardized algorithms that have been developed and utilized over the past 10 years. These procedures ensure that stable, calibrated MPL systems are operating at sites and that the data quality remains high. Rigorous uncertainty calculations are performed on all MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> data <span class="hlt">products</span>. Automated, real-time level 1.0 data processing algorithms have been developed and are operational. Level 1.0 algorithms are used to process the raw MPL data into the form of range corrected, uncalibrated lidar signals. Automated, real-time level 1.5 algorithms have also been developed and are now operational. Level 1.5 algorithms are used to calibrate the MPL systems, determine cloud and aerosol layer heights, and calculate the optical depth and extinction profile of the aerosol boundary layer. The co-located AERONET sunphotometer provides the aerosol optical depth, which is used as a constraint to solve for the extinction-to-backscatter ratio and the aerosol extinction profile. Browse images and data files are available on the MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> web-site. An overview of the processing algorithms and initial results from selected sites and field</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN23A1758B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN23A1758B"><span>Linking <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF Data with the Semantic Web - Enhancing Data Discovery Across Domains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biard, J. C.; Yu, J.; Hedley, M.; Cox, S. J. D.; Leadbetter, A.; Car, N. J.; Druken, K. A.; Nativi, S.; Davis, E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Geophysical data <span class="hlt">communities</span> are publishing large quantities of data across a wide variety of scientific domains which are overlapping more and more. Whilst <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF is a common format for many of these <span class="hlt">communities</span>, it is only one of a large number of data storage and transfer formats. One of the major challenges ahead is finding ways to leverage these diverse data sets to advance our understanding of complex problems. We describe a methodology for incorporating Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples into <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF files called <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-LD (<span class="hlt">net</span>CDF Linked Data). <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF-LD explicitly connects the contents of <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF files - both data and metadata, with external web-based resources, including vocabularies, standards definitions, and data collections, and through them, a whole host of related information. This approach also preserves and enhances the self describing essence of the <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF format and its metadata, whilst addressing the challenge of integrating various conventions into files. We present a case study illustrating how reasoning over RDF graphs can empower researchers to discover datasets across domain boundaries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910016318','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910016318"><span>Software reuse issues affecting Ada<span class="hlt">NET</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mcbride, John G.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> program is reviewing its long-term goals and strategies. A significant concern is whether current Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> plans adequately address the major strategic issues of software reuse technology. The major reuse issues of providing Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> services that should be addressed as part of future Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> development are identified and reviewed. Before significant development proceeds, a plan should be developed to resolve the aforementioned issues. This plan should also specify a detailed approach to develop Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span>. A three phased strategy is recommended. The first phase would consist of requirements analysis and produce an Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> system requirements specification. It would consider the requirements of Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> in terms of mission needs, commercial realities, and administrative policies affecting development, and the experience of Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> and other projects promoting the transfer software engineering technology. Specifically, requirements analysis would be performed to better understand the requirements for Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> functions. The second phase would provide a detailed design of the system. The Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> should be designed with emphasis on the use of existing technology readily available to the Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> program. A number of reuse <span class="hlt">products</span> are available upon which Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> could be based. This would significantly reduce the risk and cost of providing an Ada<span class="hlt">Net</span> system. Once a design was developed, implementation would proceed in the third phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010obta.book..303T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010obta.book..303T"><span>The Strategic Partners Network's Extraction: The XStrat.<span class="hlt">Net</span> Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taifi, Nouha; Passiante, Giuseppina</p> <p></p> <p>The firms in the business environment have to choose adequate partners in order to sustain their competitive advantage and their economic performance. Plus, the creation of special <span class="hlt">communities</span> consisting of these partners is essential for the life-long development of these latter and the firms creating them. The research project XStrat.<span class="hlt">Net</span> aims at the identification of factors and indicators about the organizations for the modelling of intelligent agents -XStrat intelligent agents- and the engineering of a software -XStrat- to process these backbones intelligent agents. Through the use of the software, the firms will be able to select the needed partners for the creation of special <span class="hlt">communities</span> for the purpose of learning, interest or innovation. The XStrat.<span class="hlt">Net</span> project also intends to provide guidelines for the creation of the special <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46974','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46974"><span>Managing forest <span class="hlt">products</span> for <span class="hlt">community</span> benefit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Susan Charnley; Jonathan W. Long</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Forest <span class="hlt">products</span> harvesting and use from national forest lands remain important to local residents and <span class="hlt">communities</span> in some parts of the Sierra Nevada science synthesis area. Managing national forests for the sustainable <span class="hlt">production</span> of timber, biomass, nontimber forest <span class="hlt">products</span>, and forage for livestock can help support forestbased livelihoods in parts of the region where...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048518','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048518"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of temperate grasslands in northern China: An upscaling study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Zhang, Li; Guo, Huadong; Jia, Gensuo; Wylie, Bruce; Gilmanov, Tagir; Howard, Daniel M.; Ji, Lei; Xiao, Jingfeng; Li, Jing; Yuan, Wenping; Zhao, Tianbao; Chen, Shiping; Zhou, Guangsheng; Kato, Tomomichi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Grassland is one of the widespread biome types globally, and plays an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. We examined <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) for the temperate grasslands in northern China from 2000 to 2010. We combined flux observations, satellite data, and climate data to develop a piecewise regression model for NEP, and then used the model to map NEP for grasslands in northern China. Over the growing season, the northern China's grassland had a <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon uptake of 158 ± 25 g C m−2 during 2000–2010 with the mean regional NEP estimate of 126 Tg C. Our results showed generally higher grassland NEP at high latitudes (northeast) than at low latitudes (central and west) because of different grassland types and environmental conditions. In the northeast, which is dominated by meadow steppes, the growing season NEP generally reached 200–300 g C m−2. In the southwest corner of the region, which is partially occupied by alpine meadow systems, the growing season NEP also reached 200–300 g C m−2. In the central part, which is dominated by typical steppe systems, the growing season NEP generally varied in the range of 100–200 g C m−2. The NEP of the northern China's grasslands was highly variable through years, ranging from 129 (2001) to 217 g C m−2 growing season−1 (2010). The large interannual variations of NEP could be attributed to the sensitivity of temperate grasslands to climate changes and extreme climatic events. The droughts in 2000, 2001, and 2006 reduced the carbon uptake over the growing season by 11%, 29%, and 16% relative to the long-term (2000–2010) mean. Over the study period (2000–2010), precipitation was significantly correlated with NEP for the growing season (R2 = 0.35, p-value < 0.1), indicating that water availability is an important stressor for the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the temperate grasslands in semi-arid and arid regions in northern China. We conclude that northern temperate grasslands have the potential to</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B31H0573N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B31H0573N"><span>Hydrological and Climate Controls on Hyporheic Contributions to River <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Newcomer, M. E.; Hubbard, S. S.; Fleckenstein, J. H.; Maier, U.; Schmidt, C.; Laube, G.; Chen, N.; Ulrich, C.; Dwivedi, D.; Steefel, C. I.; Rubin, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Hyporheic zone contributions to river <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) can represent a substantial source or sink for organic and inorganic carbon (C). Hyporheic zone processes are estimated to vary with network location as a function of river-aquifer interactions as well as with climatic factors supporting riverbed gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Even though hyporheic zone NEP is hypothesized to be a significant budgetary component to river-aquifer biogeochemical cycling, models of river NEP often parameterize hyporheic zone contributions as a space-time constant input of CO2 to rivers, leading to overestimation of hyporheic zone NEP and underestimation of C storage. This assumption is problematic during the summer growing season, when GPP is largest and C is stored in surface and subsurface biomass. We investigated the dynamic role of hyporheic zone NEP using the MIN3P flow and reactive transport model with surface water GPP and ecosystem respiration simulated as a function of light, depth, temperature, pH, and atmospheric CO2. We simulated hyporheic zone NEP for low-order and high-order streams, which collectively represent a range of characteristic flow paths and subsurface residence times. Downscaled climate predictions of temperature and atmospheric CO2 representing carbon emission futures were used to force the models and to compare future and current hyporheic zone NEP. Our results show that river-aquifer flow conditions determine the relative role of the river as either a store or sink of C through direct contributions of O2 and dissolved organic content from river GPP. Modeled results show that high discharge, high order rivers are <span class="hlt">net</span> stores of CO2 from the atmosphere; however this is dependent on perturbation events that allow stored C from summer GPP to be released (i.e. rising water tables during winter storms). Lacking a perturbation event, C remains in pore-water storage as dissolved CO2 and biomass. Conversely, low</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15840','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15840"><span>Improved estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> from MODIS satellite data at regional and local scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Yude Pan; Richard Birdsey; John Hom; Kevin McCullough; Kenneth Clark</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>We compared estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) from the MODIS satellite with estimates from a forest ecosystem process model (PnET-CN) and forest inventory and analysis (FIA) data for forest types of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The regional means were similar for the three methods and for the dominant oak? hickory forests in the region. However...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020083154&hterms=Net+Present+Value&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DNet%2BPresent%2BValue','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020083154&hterms=Net+Present+Value&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DNet%2BPresent%2BValue"><span>MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Vertical Distributions at Co-Located AERONET Sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Welton, Ellsworth J.; Campbell, James R.; Berkoff, Timothy A.; Spinhirne, James D.; Tsay, Si-Chee; Holben, Brent; Starr, David OC. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p> processing routines, which calculate the aerosol layer top height and extinction profile, and our MPL calibration value. A variety of other data <span class="hlt">products</span> are available or under development. We present an overview of the MPL-<span class="hlt">Net</span> project and discuss data <span class="hlt">products</span> useful to the AERONET <span class="hlt">community</span>. Results from several sites and field experiments will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044056','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020044056"><span>Southern Ocean Seasonal <span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Production</span> from Satellite, Atmosphere, and Ocean Data Sets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Keeling, Ralph F.; Campbell, J. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A new climatology of monthly air-sea O2 flux was developed using the <span class="hlt">net</span> air-sea heat flux as a template for spatial and temporal interpolation of sparse hydrographic data. The climatology improves upon the previous climatology of Najjar and Keeling in the Southern Hemisphere, where the heat-based approach helps to overcome limitations due to sparse data coverage. The climatology is used to make comparisons with <span class="hlt">productivity</span> derived from CZCS images. The climatology is also used in support of an investigation of the plausible impact of recent global warming an oceanic O2 inventories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17129660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17129660"><span>Observation and simulation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in Qilian Mountain, western China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Y; Zhu, Q; Chen, J M; Wang, Y Q; Liu, J; Sun, R; Tang, S</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>We modeled <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) at high spatial resolution using an advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) image of a Qilian Mountain study area using the boreal ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> simulator (BEPS). Two key driving variables of the model, leaf area index (LAI) and land cover type, were derived from ASTER and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Other spatially explicit inputs included daily meteorological data (radiation, precipitation, temperature, humidity), available soil water holding capacity (AWC), and forest biomass. NPP was estimated for coniferous forests and other land cover types in the study area. The result showed that NPP of coniferous forests in the study area was about 4.4 tCha(-1)y(-1). The correlation coefficient between the modeled NPP and ground measurements was 0.84, with a mean relative error of about 13.9%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556338','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556338"><span>Greater deciduous shrub abundance extends tundra peak season and increases modeled <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 uptake.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sweet, Shannan K; Griffin, Kevin L; Steltzer, Heidi; Gough, Laura; Boelman, Natalie T</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Satellite studies of the terrestrial Arctic report increased summer greening and longer overall growing and peak seasons since the 1980s, which increases <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and the period of carbon uptake. These trends are attributed to increasing air temperatures and reduced snow cover duration in spring and fall. Concurrently, deciduous shrubs are becoming increasingly abundant in tundra landscapes, which may also impact canopy phenology and <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Our aim was to determine the influence of greater deciduous shrub abundance on tundra canopy phenology and subsequent impacts on <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) during the growing and peak seasons in the arctic foothills region of Alaska. We compared deciduous shrub-dominated and evergreen/graminoid-dominated <span class="hlt">community</span>-level canopy phenology throughout the growing season using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We used a tundra plant-<span class="hlt">community</span>-specific leaf area index (LAI) model to estimate LAI throughout the green season and a tundra-specific NEE model to estimate the impact of greater deciduous shrub abundance and associated shifts in both leaf area and canopy phenology on tundra carbon flux. We found that deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier compared to evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season. The combined effect of the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled the modeled <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon uptake of deciduous shrub <span class="hlt">communities</span> compared to evergreen/graminoid <span class="hlt">communities</span>, while the longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub <span class="hlt">communities</span>. These results suggest that greater deciduous shrub abundance increases carbon uptake not only due to greater leaf area, but also due to an extension of the period of peak greenness, which extends the period of maximum carbon uptake. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288487"><span>Fishing with bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> on Lake Tanganyika: a randomized survey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McLean, Kate A; Byanaku, Aisha; Kubikonse, Augustine; Tshowe, Vincent; Katensi, Said; Lehman, Amy G</p> <p>2014-10-07</p> <p>Malaria is among the most common causes of death along Lake Tanganyika, a problem which many aid organizations have attempted to combat through the distribution of free mosquito bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> to high-risk <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The Lake Tanganyika Floating Health Clinic (LTFHC), a health-based non-governmental organization (NGO), has observed residents of the Lake Tanganyika basin using bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> to fish small fry near the shoreline, despite a series of laws that prohibit bed <span class="hlt">net</span> use and other fine-gauge <span class="hlt">nets</span> for fishing, implemented to protect the near-shore fish ecology. The LTFHC sought to quantify the sources of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> and whether they were being used for fishing. The LTFHC conducted a survey of seven lakeside villages in Lagosa Ward, Tanzania. The government has divided each village into two to six pre-existing geographic sub-villages depending on population size. Seven households per sub-village were chosen at random for survey administration. The survey consisted of 23 questions regarding mosquito bed <span class="hlt">net</span> practices, including the use of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> for fishing, as well as questions pertaining to any perceived changes to the fish supply. A total of 196 surveys were administered over a four-week period with a 100% response rate. Over 87% of households surveyed have used a mosquito bed <span class="hlt">net</span> for fishing at some point. The majority of respondents reported receiving their bed <span class="hlt">net</span> for free (96.4%), observing "many" residents of their village using bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> for fishing (97.4%), and noticing a subjective decrease in the fish supply over time (64.9%). The findings of this study raise concerns that the use of free malaria bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> for fishing is widespread along Lake Tanganyika, and that this dynamic will have an adverse effect on fish ecology. Further studies are indicated to fully define the scope of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> misuse and the effects of alternative vector control strategies in water-based <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26561820','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26561820"><span>Seasonal Changes in Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid <span class="hlt">Production</span> Rate with Respect to Natural Phytoplankton Species Composition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ha, Sun-Yong; Lee, Yeonjung; Kim, Min-Seob; Kumar, K Suresh; Shin, Kyung-Hoon</p> <p>2015-11-06</p> <p>After in situ incubation at the site for a year, phytoplanktons in surface water were exposed to natural light in temperate lakes (every month); thereafter, the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate of photoprotective compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) was calculated using (13)C labeled tracer. This is the first report describing seasonal variation in the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate of individual MAAs in temperate lakes using a compound-specific stable isotope method. In the mid-latitude region of the Korean Peninsula, UV radiation (UVR) usually peaks from July to August. In Lake Paldang and Lake Cheongpyeong, diatoms dominated among the phytoplankton throughout the year. The relative abundance of Cyanophyceae (Anabaena spiroides) reached over 80% during July in Lake Cheongpyeong. Changes in phytoplankton abundance indicate that the phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure is influenced by seasonal changes in the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate and concentration of MAAs. Notably, particulate organic matter (POM) showed a remarkable change based on the UV intensity occurring during that period; this was because of the fact that cyanobacteria that are highly sensitive to UV irradiance dominated the <span class="hlt">community</span>. POM cultured in Lake Paldang had the greatest shinorine (SH) <span class="hlt">production</span> rate during October, i.e., 83.83 ± 10.47 fgC·L(-1)·h(-1). The dominance of diatoms indicated that they had a long-term response to UVR. Evaluation of POM cultured in Lake Cheongpyeong revealed that there was an increase in the <span class="hlt">net</span> MAA <span class="hlt">production</span> in July (when UVR reached the maximum); a substantial amount of SH, i.e., 17.62 ± 18.34 fgC·L(-1)·h(-1), was recorded during this period. Our results demonstrate that both the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate as well as the concentration of MAAs related to photoinduction depended on the phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. In addition, seasonal changes in UVR also influenced the quantity and <span class="hlt">production</span> of MAAs in phytoplanktons (especially Cyanophyceae).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376579','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376579"><span>Evaluation of dairy cattle manure as a supplement to improve <span class="hlt">net</span> energy gain in fermentative hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> from sucrose.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Perera, Karnayakage Rasika J; Nirmalakhandan, Nagamany</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>This study evaluated fermentative biohydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span> from sucrose supplemented with dairy cattle manure at different sucrose:manure ratios. Hydrogen yields found in this study (2.9-5.3M hydrogen/M sucrose) at ambient temperature are higher than literature results obtained at mesophilic temperatures. This study demonstrated that dairy cattle manure could serve as a buffering agent to maintain recommended pH levels; as a nutrient source to provide the required nutrients for hydrogen <span class="hlt">production</span>; as a seed to produce hydrogen from sucrose; and as a co-substrate to improve the hydrogen yield. Based on an analysis of the <span class="hlt">net</span> energy gain, it is concluded that positive <span class="hlt">net</span> energy gains can be realized with non-thermal pretreatment and/or by combining dark fermentation with anaerobic digestion or microbial fuel cells to extract additional energy from the aqueous <span class="hlt">products</span> of dark fermentation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B33E0224B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B33E0224B"><span>Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>) Contributions to Strengthening Resilience and Sustainability for the East African <span class="hlt">Community</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Budde, M. E.; Galu, G.; Funk, C. C.; Verdin, J. P.; Rowland, J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The Planning for Resilience in East Africa through Policy, Adaptation, Research, and Economic Development (PREPARED) is a multi-organizational project aimed at mainstreaming climate-resilient development planning and program implementation into the East African <span class="hlt">Community</span> (EAC). The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>) has partnered with the PREPARED project to address three key development challenges for the EAC; 1) increasing resiliency to climate change, 2) managing trans-boundary freshwater biodiversity and conservation and 3) improving access to drinking water supply and sanitation services. USGS FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> has been instrumental in the development of gridded climate data sets that are the fundamental building blocks for climate change adaptation studies in the region. Tools such as the Geospatial Climate Tool (GeoCLIM) have been developed to interpolate time-series grids of precipitation and temperature values from station observations and associated satellite imagery, elevation data, and other spatially continuous fields. The GeoCLIM tool also allows the identification of anomalies and assessments of both their frequency of occurrence and directional trends. A major effort has been put forth to build the capacities of local and regional institutions to use GeoCLIM to integrate their station data (which is not typically available to the public) into improved national and regional gridded climate data sets. In addition to the improvements and capacity building activities related to geospatial analysis tools, FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> will assist in two other areas; 1) downscaling of climate change scenarios and 2) vulnerability impact assessments. FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> will provide expertise in statistical downscaling of Global Climate Model output fields and work with regional institutions to assess results of other downscaling methods. Completion of a vulnerability impact assessment (VIA) involves the examination of sectoral consequences in identified climate "hot spots". FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990042021&hterms=dry+cooler&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Ddry%2Bcooler','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990042021&hterms=dry+cooler&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Ddry%2Bcooler"><span>Sensitivity of Spruce/Moss Boreal Forest <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> to Seasonal Anomalies in Weather</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frolking, Steve</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Abstract. A process-oriented, daily time step model of a spruce/moss boreal ecosystem simulated 1994 and 1995 <span class="hlt">productivity</span> for a Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study site near Thompson, Manitoba. Simulated black spruce <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) was 139 g C m(exp -2) in 1994 and 112 in 1995; feathermoss NPP was 13.0 g C m(exp -2) in 1994 and 9.7 in 1995; decomposition was 126 g C m(exp -2) in 1994 and 130 in 1995; <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) was an uptake of 26.3 g C m(exp -2)in 1994 and 2.5 in 1995. A very dry period for the first half of the 1995 summer was the major cause of that year's lower <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Sensitivity simulations explored the impact of 2-month long warmer, cooler, wetter, and drier spells on ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Warmer summers decreased spruce NPP, moss NPP, and NEP; cooler summers had the opposite effect. Earlier snowmelt (due to either warmer spring temperatures or reduced winter precipitation) increased moss and spruce NPP; later snowmelt had the opposite effect. The largest effect on decomposition was a 5% reduction due to a drier summer. One-month droughts (April through October) were also imposed on 1975 base year weather. Early summer droughts reduced moss annual NPP by -30-40%; summer droughts reduced spruce annual NPP by 10%; late summer droughts increased moss NPP by about 20% due to reduced respiration; May to September monthly droughts reduced heterotrophic respiration by about 10%. Variability in NEP was up to roughly +/- 35%. Finally, 1975 growing season precipitation was redistributed into frequent, small rainstorms and infrequent, large rainstorms. These changes had no effect on spruce NPP. Frequent rainstorms increased decomposition by a few percent, moss NPP by 50%, and NEP by 20%. Infrequent rainstorms decreased decomposition by 5%, moss NPP by 50% and NEP by 15%. The impact of anomalous weather patterns on <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of this ecosystem depended on their timing during the year. Multiyear data sets are necessary to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3046/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3046/"><span>Visualizing <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF Files by Using the EverVIEW Data Viewer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Conzelmann, Craig; Romañach, Stephanie S.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Over the past few years, modelers in South Florida have started using Network Common Data Form (<span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF) as the standard data container format for storing hydrologic and ecologic modeling inputs and outputs. With its origins in the meteorological discipline, <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF was created by the Unidata Program Center at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, in conjunction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and other organizations. <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF is a portable, scalable, self-describing, binary file format optimized for storing array-based scientific data. Despite attributes which make <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF desirable to the modeling <span class="hlt">community</span>, many natural resource managers have few desktop software packages which can consume <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF and unlock the valuable data contained within. The U.S. Geological Survey and the Joint Ecosystem Modeling group, an ecological modeling <span class="hlt">community</span> of practice, are working to address this need with the EverVIEW Data Viewer. Available for several operating systems, this desktop software currently supports graphical displays of <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF data as spatial overlays on a three-dimensional globe and views of grid-cell values in tabular form. An included Open Geospatial Consortium compliant, Web-mapping service client and charting interface allows the user to view Web-available spatial data as additional map overlays and provides simple charting visualizations of <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF grid values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CMaPh.357..249L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CMaPh.357..249L"><span>Rotational KMS States and Type I Conformal <span class="hlt">Nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Longo, Roberto; Tanimoto, Yoh</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We consider KMS states on a local conformal <span class="hlt">net</span> on S 1 with respect to rotations. We prove that, if the conformal <span class="hlt">net</span> is of type I, namely if it admits only type I DHR representations, then the extremal KMS states are the Gibbs states in an irreducible representation. Completely rational <span class="hlt">nets</span>, the U(1)-current <span class="hlt">net</span>, the Virasoro <span class="hlt">nets</span> and their finite tensor <span class="hlt">products</span> are shown to be of type I. In the completely rational case, we also give a direct proof that all factorial KMS states are Gibbs states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.6073Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.6073Y"><span>Ozone and haze pollution weakens <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yue, Xu; Unger, Nadine; Harper, Kandice; Xia, Xiangao; Liao, Hong; Zhu, Tong; Xiao, Jingfeng; Feng, Zhaozhong; Li, Jing</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Atmospheric pollutants have both beneficial and detrimental effects on carbon uptake by land ecosystems. Surface ozone (O3) damages leaf photosynthesis by oxidizing plant cells, while aerosols promote carbon uptake by increasing diffuse radiation and exert additional influences through concomitant perturbations to meteorology and hydrology. China is currently the world's largest emitter of both carbon dioxide and short-lived air pollutants. The land ecosystems of China are estimated to provide a carbon sink, but it remains unclear whether air pollution acts to inhibit or promote carbon uptake. Here, we employ Earth system modeling and multiple measurement datasets to assess the separate and combined effects of anthropogenic O3 and aerosol pollution on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) in China. In the present day, O3 reduces annual NPP by 0.6 Pg C (14 %) with a range from 0.4 Pg C (low O3 sensitivity) to 0.8 Pg C (high O3 sensitivity). In contrast, aerosol direct effects increase NPP by 0.2 Pg C (5 %) through the combination of diffuse radiation fertilization, reduced canopy temperatures, and reduced evaporation leading to higher soil moisture. Consequently, the <span class="hlt">net</span> effects of O3 and aerosols decrease NPP by 0.4 Pg C (9 %) with a range from 0.2 Pg C (low O3 sensitivity) to 0.6 Pg C (high O3 sensitivity). However, precipitation inhibition from combined aerosol direct and indirect effects reduces annual NPP by 0.2 Pg C (4 %), leading to a <span class="hlt">net</span> air pollution suppression of 0.8 Pg C (16 %) with a range from 0.6 Pg C (low O3 sensitivity) to 1.0 Pg C (high O3 sensitivity). Our results reveal strong dampening effects of air pollution on the land carbon uptake in China today. Following the current legislation emission scenario, this suppression will be further increased by the year 2030, mainly due to a continuing increase in surface O3. However, the maximum technically feasible reduction scenario could drastically relieve the current level of NPP damage by 70 % in 2030</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847575"><span>Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> and their rates of <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolism.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Noonan, Sam H C; Kluibenschedl, Anna; Fabricius, Katharina E</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification is expected to alter <span class="hlt">community</span> composition on coral reefs, but its effects on reef <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolism are poorly understood. Here we document how early successional benthic coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> change in situ along gradients of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the consequences of these changes on rates of <span class="hlt">community</span> photosynthesis, respiration, and light and dark calcification. Ninety standardised benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> were grown on PVC tiles deployed at two shallow-water volcanic CO2 seeps and two adjacent control sites in Papua New Guinea. Along the CO2 gradient, both the upward facing phototrophic and the downward facing cryptic <span class="hlt">communities</span> changed in their composition. Under ambient CO2, both <span class="hlt">communities</span> were dominated by calcifying algae, but with increasing CO2 they were gradually replaced by non-calcifying algae (predominantly green filamentous algae, cyanobacteria and macroalgae, which increased from ~30% to ~80% cover). Responses were weaker in the invertebrate <span class="hlt">communities</span>, however ascidians and tube-forming polychaetes declined with increasing CO2. Differences in the carbonate chemistry explained a far greater amount of change in <span class="hlt">communities</span> than differences between the two reefs and successional changes from five to 13 months, suggesting <span class="hlt">community</span> successions are established early and are under strong chemical control. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, rates of gross photosynthesis and dark respiration of the 13-month old reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> (upper and cryptic surfaces combined) significantly increased by 10% and 20%, respectively, in response to altered <span class="hlt">community</span> composition. As a consequence, <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> remained constant. Light and dark calcification rates both gradually declined by 20%, and low or negative daily <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates were observed at an aragonite saturation state of <2.3. The study demonstrates that ocean acidification as predicted for the end of this century will strongly alter reef <span class="hlt">communities</span>, and will significantly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5976151','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5976151"><span>Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> and their rates of <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kluibenschedl, Anna; Fabricius, Katharina E.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification is expected to alter <span class="hlt">community</span> composition on coral reefs, but its effects on reef <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolism are poorly understood. Here we document how early successional benthic coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> change in situ along gradients of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the consequences of these changes on rates of <span class="hlt">community</span> photosynthesis, respiration, and light and dark calcification. Ninety standardised benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> were grown on PVC tiles deployed at two shallow-water volcanic CO2 seeps and two adjacent control sites in Papua New Guinea. Along the CO2 gradient, both the upward facing phototrophic and the downward facing cryptic <span class="hlt">communities</span> changed in their composition. Under ambient CO2, both <span class="hlt">communities</span> were dominated by calcifying algae, but with increasing CO2 they were gradually replaced by non-calcifying algae (predominantly green filamentous algae, cyanobacteria and macroalgae, which increased from ~30% to ~80% cover). Responses were weaker in the invertebrate <span class="hlt">communities</span>, however ascidians and tube-forming polychaetes declined with increasing CO2. Differences in the carbonate chemistry explained a far greater amount of change in <span class="hlt">communities</span> than differences between the two reefs and successional changes from five to 13 months, suggesting <span class="hlt">community</span> successions are established early and are under strong chemical control. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, rates of gross photosynthesis and dark respiration of the 13-month old reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> (upper and cryptic surfaces combined) significantly increased by 10% and 20%, respectively, in response to altered <span class="hlt">community</span> composition. As a consequence, <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> remained constant. Light and dark calcification rates both gradually declined by 20%, and low or negative daily <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification rates were observed at an aragonite saturation state of <2.3. The study demonstrates that ocean acidification as predicted for the end of this century will strongly alter reef <span class="hlt">communities</span>, and will significantly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC24G..03P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC24G..03P"><span>Inferring biome-scale <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> from tree-ring isotopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pederson, N.; Levesque, M.; Williams, A. P.; Hobi, M. L.; Smith, W. K.; Andreu-Hayles, L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Satellite estimates of vegetation growth (<span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>; NPP), tree-ring records, and forest inventories indicate that ongoing climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration are altering <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and carbon storage of forests worldwide. The impact of global change on the trends of NPP, however, remain unknown because of the lack of long-term high-resolution NPP data. For the first time, we tested if annually resolved carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) stable isotopes from the cellulose of tree rings from trees in temperate regions could be used as a tool for inferring NPP across spatiotemporal scales. We compared satellite NPP estimates from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer sensor (MODIS, <span class="hlt">product</span> MOD17A) and a newly developed global NPP dataset derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) dataset to annually resolved tree-ring width and δ13C and δ18O records from four sites along a hydroclimatic gradient in Eastern and Central United States. We found strong correlations across large geographical regions between satellite-derived NPP and tree-ring isotopes that ranged from -0.40 to -0.91. Notably, tree-ring derived δ18O had the strongest relation to climate. The results were consistent among the studied tree species (Quercus rubra and Liriodendron tulipifera) and along the hydroclimatic conditions of our network. Our study indicates that tree-ring isotopes can potentially be used to reconstruct NPP in time and space. As such, our findings represent an important breakthrough for estimating long-term changes in vegetation <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at the biome scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRD..108.8167G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRD..108.8167G"><span>Vegetation, plant biomass, and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> patterns in the Canadian Arctic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gould, W. A.; Raynolds, M.; Walker, D. A.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>We have developed maps of dominant vegetation types, plant functional types, percent vegetation cover, aboveground plant biomass, and above and belowground annual <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> for Canada north of the northern limit of trees. The area mapped covers 2.5 million km2 including glaciers. Ice-free land covers 2.3 million km2 and represents 42% of all ice-free land in the Circumpolar Arctic. The maps combine information on climate, soils, geology, hydrology, remotely sensed vegetation classifications, previous vegetation studies, and regional expertise to define polygons drawn using photo-interpretation of a 1:4,000,000 scale advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) color infrared image basemap. Polygons are linked to vegetation description, associated properties, and descriptive literature through a series of lookup tables in a graphic information systems (GIS) database developed as a component of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM) project. Polygons are classified into 20 landcover types including 17 vegetation types. Half of the region is sparsely vegetated (<50% vegetation cover), primarily in the High Arctic (bioclimatic subzones A-C). Whereas most (86%) of the estimated aboveground plant biomass (1.5 × 1015 g) and 87% of the estimated above and belowground annual <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (2.28 × 1014 g yr-1) are concentrated in the Low Arctic (subzones D and E). The maps present more explicit spatial patterns of vegetation and ecosystem attributes than have been previously available, the GIS database is useful in summarizing ecosystem properties and can be easily updated and integrated into circumpolar mapping efforts, and the derived estimates fall within the range of current published estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159381','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159381"><span>NASA <span class="hlt">Net</span> Zero Energy Buildings Roadmap</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pless, S.; Scheib, J.; Torcellini, P.</p> <p></p> <p>In preparation for the time-phased <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy requirement for new federal buildings starting in 2020, set forth in Executive Order 13514, NASA requested that the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to develop a roadmap for NASA's compliance. NASA detailed a Statement of Work that requested information on strategic, organizational, and tactical aspects of <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy buildings. In response, this document presents a high-level approach to <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy planning, design, construction, and operations, based on NREL's first-hand experience procuring <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy construction, and based on NREL and other industry research on <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy feasibility. The strategicmore » approach to <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy starts with an interpretation of the executive order language relating to <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy. Specifically, this roadmap defines a <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy acquisition process as one that sets an aggressive energy use intensity goal for the building in project planning, meets the reduced demand goal through energy efficiency strategies and technologies, then adds renewable energy in a prioritized manner, using building-associated, emission- free sources first, to offset the annual energy use required at the building; the <span class="hlt">net</span> zero energy process extends through the life of the building, requiring a balance of energy use and <span class="hlt">production</span> in each calendar year.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....1016923C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGD....1016923C"><span>Neural network-based estimates of Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> from in-situ O2 / Ar and satellite observation: a methodological study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, C.-H.; Johnson, N. C.; Cassar, N.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Southern Ocean organic carbon export plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, yet its basin-scale climatology and variability are uncertain due to limited coverage of in situ observations. In this study, a neural network approach based on the self-organizing map (SOM) is adopted to construct weekly gridded (1° × 1°) maps of organic carbon export for the Southern Ocean from 1998 to 2009. The SOM is trained with in situ measurements of O2 / Ar-derived <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) that are tightly linked to the carbon export in the mixed layer on timescales of 1-2 weeks, and six potential NCP predictors: photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll (Chl), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and mixed layer depth (MLD). This non-parametric approach is based entirely on the observed statistical relationships between NCP and the predictors, and therefore is strongly constrained by observations. A thorough cross-validation yields three retained NCP predictors, Chl, PAR, and MLD. Our constructed NCP is further validated by good agreement with previously published independent in situ derived NCP of weekly or longer temporal resolution through real-time and climatological comparisons at various sampling sites. The resulting November-March NCP climatology reveals a pronounced zonal band of high NCP roughly following the subtropical front in the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific sectors, and turns southeastward shortly after the dateline. Other regions of elevated NCP include the upwelling zones off Chile and Namibia, Patagonian Shelf, Antarctic coast, and areas surrounding the Islands of Kerguelen, South Georgia, and Crozet. This basin-scale NCP climatology closely resembles that of the satellite POC field and observed air-sea CO2 flux. The long-term mean area-integrated NCP south of 50° S from our dataset, 14 mmol C m-2 d-1, falls within the range of 8.3-24 mmol C m-2 d-1 from other model</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMIN31B1288K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMIN31B1288K"><span>Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> climate station network region Feldbach/Austria: From local measurements to weather and climate data <span class="hlt">products</span> at 1 km-scale resolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kabas, T.; Leuprecht, A.; Bichler, C.; Kirchengast, G.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>South-eastern Austria is characteristic for experiencing a rich variety of weather and climate patterns. For this reason, the county of Feldbach was selected by the Wegener Center as a focus area for a pioneering observation experiment at very high resolution: The Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> climate station network (in brief Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span>) comprises 151 meteorological stations within an area of about 20 km × 15 km (~ 1.4 km × 1.4 km station grid). All stations measure the main parameters temperature, humidity and precipitation with 5 minute sampling. Selected further stations include measurements of wind speed and direction completed by soil parameters as well as air pressure and <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation. The collected data is integrated in an automatic processing system including data transfer, quality control, <span class="hlt">product</span> generation, and visualization. Each station is equipped with an internet-attached data logger and the measurements are transferred as binary files via GPRS to the Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> server in 1 hour intervals. The incoming raw data files of measured parameters as well as several operating values of the data logger are stored in a relational database (PostgreSQL). Next, the raw data pass the Quality Control System (QCS) in which the data are checked for its technical and physical plausibility (e.g., sensor specifications, temporal and spatial variability). In consideration of the data quality (quality flag), the Data <span class="hlt">Product</span> Generator (DPG) results in weather and climate data <span class="hlt">products</span> on various temporal scales (from 5 min to annual) for single stations and regular grids. Gridded data are derived by vertical scaling and squared inverse distance interpolation (1 km × 1 km and 0.01° × 0.01° grids). Both subsystems (QCS and DPG) are realized by the programming language Python. For application purposes the resulting data <span class="hlt">products</span> are available via the bi-lingual (dt, en) Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> data portal (www.wegenernet.org). At this time, the main interface is still online in a system in which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254481-validation-spatiotemporal-analysis-ceres-surface-net-radiation-product','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254481-validation-spatiotemporal-analysis-ceres-surface-net-radiation-product"><span>Validation and Spatiotemporal Analysis of CERES Surface <span class="hlt">Net</span> Radiation <span class="hlt">Product</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Jia, Aolin; Jiang, Bo; Liang, Shunlin; ...</p> <p>2016-01-23</p> <p>The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) generates one of the few global satellite radiation <span class="hlt">products</span>. The CERES ARM Validation Experiment (CAVE) has been providing long-term in situ observations for the validation of the CERES <span class="hlt">products</span>. However, the number of these sites is low and their distribution is globally sparse, and particularly the surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> has not been rigorously validated yet. Therefore, additional validation efforts are highly required to determine the accuracy of the CERES radiation <span class="hlt">products</span>. In this study, global land surface measurements were comprehensively collected for use in the validation of the CERES netmore » radiation (R n) <span class="hlt">product</span> on a daily (340 sites) and a monthly (260 sites) basis, respectively. The validation results demonstrated that the CERES R n <span class="hlt">product</span> was, overall, highly accurate. The daily validations had a Mean Bias Error (MBE) of 3.43 W·m −2, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 33.56 W·m −2, and R 2 of 0.79, and the monthly validations had an MBE of 3.40 W·m −2, RMSE of 25.57 W·m −2, and R 2 of 0.84. The accuracy was slightly lower for the high latitudes. Following the validation, the monthly CERES R n <span class="hlt">product</span>, from March 2000 to July 2014, was used for a further analysis. We analysed the global spatiotemporal variation of the R n, which occurred during the measurement period. In addition, two hot spot regions, the southern Great Plains and south-central Africa, were then selected for use in determining the driving factors or attribution of the R n variation. We determined that R n over the southern Great Plains decreased by −0.33 W·m −2 per year, which was mainly driven by changes in surface green vegetation and precipitation. In south-central Africa, R n decreased at a rate of −0.63 W·m −2 per year, the major driving factor of which was surface green vegetation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1254481','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1254481"><span>Validation and Spatiotemporal Analysis of CERES Surface <span class="hlt">Net</span> Radiation <span class="hlt">Product</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jia, Aolin; Jiang, Bo; Liang, Shunlin</p> <p></p> <p>The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) generates one of the few global satellite radiation <span class="hlt">products</span>. The CERES ARM Validation Experiment (CAVE) has been providing long-term in situ observations for the validation of the CERES <span class="hlt">products</span>. However, the number of these sites is low and their distribution is globally sparse, and particularly the surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> has not been rigorously validated yet. Therefore, additional validation efforts are highly required to determine the accuracy of the CERES radiation <span class="hlt">products</span>. In this study, global land surface measurements were comprehensively collected for use in the validation of the CERES netmore » radiation (R n) <span class="hlt">product</span> on a daily (340 sites) and a monthly (260 sites) basis, respectively. The validation results demonstrated that the CERES R n <span class="hlt">product</span> was, overall, highly accurate. The daily validations had a Mean Bias Error (MBE) of 3.43 W·m −2, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 33.56 W·m −2, and R 2 of 0.79, and the monthly validations had an MBE of 3.40 W·m −2, RMSE of 25.57 W·m −2, and R 2 of 0.84. The accuracy was slightly lower for the high latitudes. Following the validation, the monthly CERES R n <span class="hlt">product</span>, from March 2000 to July 2014, was used for a further analysis. We analysed the global spatiotemporal variation of the R n, which occurred during the measurement period. In addition, two hot spot regions, the southern Great Plains and south-central Africa, were then selected for use in determining the driving factors or attribution of the R n variation. We determined that R n over the southern Great Plains decreased by −0.33 W·m −2 per year, which was mainly driven by changes in surface green vegetation and precipitation. In south-central Africa, R n decreased at a rate of −0.63 W·m −2 per year, the major driving factor of which was surface green vegetation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1682d0015J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1682d0015J"><span>A new variant of Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> controlled grammars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jan, Nurhidaya Mohamad; Turaev, Sherzod; Fong, Wan Heng; Sarmin, Nor Haniza</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>A Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> controlled grammar is a Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> with respect to a context-free grammar where the successful derivations of the grammar can be simulated using the occurrence sequences of the <span class="hlt">net</span>. In this paper, we introduce a new variant of Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> controlled grammars, called a place-labeled Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> controlled grammar, which is a context-free grammar equipped with a Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> and a function which maps places of the <span class="hlt">net</span> to <span class="hlt">productions</span> of the grammar. The language consists of all terminal strings that can be obtained by parallelly applying multisets of the rules which are the images of the sets of the input places of transitions in a successful occurrence sequence of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>. We study the effect of the different labeling strategies to the computational power and establish lower and upper bounds for the generative capacity of place-labeled Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> controlled grammars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/storagecapacity/','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/storagecapacity/"><span>Working and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Available Shell Storage Capacity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Working and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Available Shell Storage Capacity is the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) report containing storage capacity data for crude oil, petroleum <span class="hlt">products</span>, and selected biofuels. The report includes tables detailing working and <span class="hlt">net</span> available shell storage capacity by type of facility, <span class="hlt">product</span>, and Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PAD District). <span class="hlt">Net</span> available shell storage capacity is broken down further to show the percent for exclusive use by facility operators and the percent leased to others. Crude oil storage capacity data are also provided for Cushing, Oklahoma, an important crude oil market center. Data are released twice each year near the end of May (data for March 31) and near the end of November (data for September 30).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104845','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104845"><span>Life cycle assessment and sustainable engineering in the context of near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape grown components: striving towards a sustainable way of future <span class="hlt">production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kämpfer, Christoph; Seiler, Thomas-Benjamin; Beger, Anna-Lena; Jacobs, Georg; Löwer, Manuel; Moser, Franziska; Reimer, Julia; Trautz, Martin; Usadel, Björn; Wormit, Alexandra; Hollert, Henner</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Technical <span class="hlt">product</span> harvesting (TEPHA) is a newly developing interdisciplinary approach in which bio-based <span class="hlt">production</span> is investigated from a technical and ecological perspective. Society's demand for ecologically produced and sustainably operable goods is a key driver for the substitution of conventional materials like metals or plastics through bio-based alternatives. Technical <span class="hlt">product</span> harvesting of near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape grown components describes the use of suitable biomass for the <span class="hlt">production</span> of technical <span class="hlt">products</span> through influencing the natural shape of plants during their growth period. The use of natural materials may show positive effects on the amount of non-renewable resource consumption. This also increases the <span class="hlt">product</span> recyclability at the end of its life cycle. Furthermore, through the near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape growth of biomass, <span class="hlt">production</span> steps can be reduced. As a consequence such approaches may save energy and the needed resources like crude oil, coal or gas. The derived near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape grown components are not only considered beneficial from an environmental point of view. They can also have mechanical advantages through an intrinsic topology optimization in contrast to common natural materials, which are influenced in their shape after harvesting. In order to prove these benefits a comprehensive, interdisciplinary scientific strategy is needed. Here, both mechanical investigations and life cycle assessment as a method of environmental evaluation are used.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.V41A..09L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.V41A..09L"><span><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Estimation of Hypersaline Microbial Mat <span class="hlt">Communities</span> - Diurnal Cycles of Dissolved Oxygen</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Less, G.; Cohen, Y.; Luz, B.; Lazar, B.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Hypersaline microbial mat <span class="hlt">communities</span> (MMC) are the modern equivalents of the Archean stromatolities, the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth. An estimate of their oxygen <span class="hlt">production</span> rate is important to the understanding of oxygen evolution on Earth ca. 2 b.y.b.p. Here we use the diurnal cycle of dissolved oxygen, O2/Ar ratio and the isotopic composition of dissolved oxygen to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> and gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of MMC growing in a large scale (80 m2) experimental pan. The pan is inoculated with MMC taken from the Solar Lake, Sinai, Egypt and filled with 90\\permil evaporated Red Sea water brine up to a depth of ca. 0.25 m. It is equipped with computerized flow through system that is programmed to pump pan water at selected time intervals into a sampling cell fitted with dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and temperature sensors connected to a datalogger. Manual brine samples were taken for calibrating the sensors, mass spectrometric analyses and for measurements of additional relevant parameters. Dissolved oxygen concentrations fluctuate during the diurnal cycle being highly supersaturated except for the end of the night. The O2 curve varies seasonally and has a typical "shark fin" shape due to the MMC metabolic response to the shape of the diurnal light curve. The dissolved oxygen data were fitted to a smooth curve that its time derivative (dO2 /dt) is defined as: Z dO2 /dt=GP-R-k(O2(meas)- O2(sat)) where z is the depth (m); GP and R are the MMC gross <span class="hlt">production</span> and respiration (mol m-2 d-1), respectively; k is the gas exchange coefficient (m d-1); O2(meas) and O2(sat) (mol L-1) are the measured and equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentrations, respectively. The high resolution sampling of the automated system produces O2 curves that enable the calculation of smooth and reliable time derivatives. The calculations yield <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> values that vary between 1,000 10-6 to -100 10-6 mol O2 m-2 h-1 and day respiration rates between 60 10-6 to 30 10</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/commar.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/commar.htm"><span>COMMERCIAL MARITIME COAST STATIONS and WEATHER <span class="hlt">NETS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Tsunamis 406 EPIRB's National Weather Service Marine Forecasts <em>COMMERCIAL</em> MARITIME COAST STATIONS and <span class="hlt">PRODUCTS</span> VIA <em>COMMERCIAL</em> MARITIME COAST STATIONS and WEATHER <span class="hlt">NETS</span> <em>Commercial</em> maritime coast stations, which ;<span class="hlt">NETS</span>" operating on <em>commercial</em> marine VHF, MF and HF frequencies, where weather information is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2579156','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2579156"><span>CHIME-<span class="hlt">Net</span>, The Connecticut Health Information Network: A Pilot Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Reed-Fourquet, LL; Durand, D; Johnson, L; Beaudin, S; Trask, J; DiSilvestro, E; Smith, L; Courtway, P; Pappanikou, J; Bretaigne, R; Pendleton, R; Vogler, E; Lobb, J; Dalal, S; Lynch, JT</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>CHIME-<span class="hlt">Net</span> is a state-wide <span class="hlt">community</span> health information network project which uses a frame-relay approach to interfacility and internet connectivity. This is a collaborative effort among competitive institutions, which embraces technologies new to the health care industry. The experiences of implementation of the CHIME-<span class="hlt">Net</span> pilot project are presented as a first milestone for the state-wide effort. PMID:8563347</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1399215-netflow-dynamics','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1399215-netflow-dynamics"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Corbet Jr., Thomas F; Beyeler, Walter E; Vanwestrienen, Dirk</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics is a web-accessible analysis environment for simulating dynamic flows of materials on model networks. Performing a simulation requires both the <span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics application and a network model which is a description of the structure of the nodes and edges of a network including the flow capacity of each edge and the storage capacity of each node, and the sources and sinks of the material flowing on the network. <span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics consists of databases for storing network models, algorithms to calculate flows on networks, and a GIS-based graphical interface for performing simulations and viewing simulation results. Simulated flows aremore » dynamic in the sense that flows on each edge of the network and inventories at each node change with time and can be out of equilibrium with boundary conditions. Any number of network models could be simulated using <span class="hlt">Net</span> Flow Dynamics. To date, the models simulated have been models of petroleum infrastructure. The main model has been the National Transportation Fuels Model (NTFM), a network of U.S. oil fields, transmission pipelines, rail lines, refineries, tank farms, and distribution terminals. <span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics supports two different flow algorithms, the Gradient Flow algorithm and the Inventory Control algorithm, that were developed specifically for the <span class="hlt">Net</span>Flow Dynamics application. The intent is to add additional algorithms in the future as needed. The ability to select from multiple algorithms is desirable because a single algorithm never covers all analysis needs. The current algorithms use a demand-driven capacity-constrained formulation which means that the algorithms strive to use all available capacity and stored inventory to meet desired flows to sinks, subject to the capacity constraints of each network component. The current flow algorithms are best suited for problems in which a material flows on a capacity-constrained network representing a supply chain in which the material supplied can be stored</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450432"><span>Association between <span class="hlt">community</span> socioeconomic factors, animal feeding operations, and campylobacteriosis incidence rates: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (Food<span class="hlt">Net</span>), 2004-2010.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rosenberg Goldstein, Rachel E; Cruz-Cano, Raul; Jiang, Chengsheng; Palmer, Amanda; Blythe, David; Ryan, Patricia; Hogan, Brenna; White, Benjamin; Dunn, John R; Libby, Tanya; Tobin-D'Angelo, Melissa; Huang, Jennifer Y; McGuire, Suzanne; Scherzinger, Karen; Lee, Mei-Ling Ting; Sapkota, Amy R</p> <p>2016-07-22</p> <p>Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Campylobacter infections have been associated with individual risk factors, such as the consumption of poultry and raw milk. Recently, a Maryland-based study identified <span class="hlt">community</span> socioeconomic and environmental factors that are also associated with campylobacteriosis rates. However, no previous studies have evaluated the association between <span class="hlt">community</span> risk factors and campylobacteriosis rates across multiple U.S. states. We obtained Campylobacter case data (2004-2010; n = 40,768) from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (Food<span class="hlt">Net</span>) and socioeconomic and environmental data from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, the 2011 American <span class="hlt">Community</span> Survey, and the 2007 U.S. Census of Agriculture. We linked data by zip code and derived incidence rate ratios using negative binomial regression models. <span class="hlt">Community</span> socioeconomic and environmental factors were associated with both lower and higher campylobacteriosis rates. Zip codes with higher percentages of African Americans had lower rates of campylobacteriosis (incidence rate ratio [IRR]) = 0.972; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.970,0.974). In Georgia, Maryland, and Tennessee, three leading broiler chicken producing states, zip codes with broiler operations had incidence rates that were 22 % (IRR = 1.22; 95 % CI = 1.03,1.43), 16 % (IRR = 1.16; 95 % CI = 0.99,1.37), and 35 % (IRR = 1.35; 95 % CI = 1.18,1.53) higher, respectively, than those of zip codes without broiler operations. In Minnesota and New York Food<span class="hlt">Net</span> counties, two top dairy producing areas, zip codes with dairy operations had significantly higher campylobacteriosis incidence rates (IRR = 1.37; 95 % CI = 1.22, 1.55; IRR = 1.19; 95 % CI = 1.04,1.36). <span class="hlt">Community</span> socioeconomic and environmental factors are important to consider when evaluating the relationship between possible risk factors and Campylobacter infection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49510','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49510"><span>Inter-annual variability and spatial coherence of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> across a western Oregon Cascades landscape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Travis J. Woolley; Mark E. Harmon; Kari B. O’Connell</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Inter-annual variability (IAV) of forest <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> (NPP) is a function of both extrinsic (e.g., climate) and intrinsic (e.g., stand dynamics) drivers. As estimates of NPP in forests are scaled from trees to stands to the landscape, an understanding of the relative effects of these factors on spatial and temporal behavior of NPP is important. Although a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A31F0099L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A31F0099L"><span>Was There a Significantly Negative Anomaly of Global Land Surface <span class="hlt">Net</span> Radiation from 2001-2006?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, S.; Jia, A.; Jiang, B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation, which characterizes surface energy budget, can be estimated from in-situ measurements, satellite <span class="hlt">products</span>, model simulations, and reanalysis. Satellite <span class="hlt">products</span> are usually validated using ground measurements to characterize their uncertainties. The surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> from the CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) has been widely used. After validating it using extensive ground measurements, we also verified that the CERES surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> is highly accurate. When we evaluated the temporal variations of the averaged global land surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation from the CERES <span class="hlt">product</span>, we found a significantly negative anomaly starting from 2001, reaching the maximum in 2004, and gradually coming back to normal in 2006. The valley has the magnitude of approximately 3 Wm-2 centered at 2004. After comparing with the high-resolution GLASS (Global LAnd Surface Satellite) <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span> developed at Beijing Normal University, the CMIP5 model simulations, and the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset, we concluded that the significant decreasing pattern of land surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation from 2001-2006 is an artifact mainly due to inaccurate longwave <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation of the CERES surface <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation <span class="hlt">product</span>. The current ground measurement networks are not spatially dense enough to capture the false negative anomaly from the CERES <span class="hlt">product</span>, which calls for more ground measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..137a2103P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..137a2103P"><span>Household economic modelsof gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishermen at Madura strait</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Primyastanto, M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The purposes of this research was to analyze household economic models of gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishermen at Madura strait. 30 families of gillnet fishermenwere used for purposive sampling. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative and quantitative (regression analysis). Quantitative descriptive analysis was used to analyze research and compare to factors that affecting household economic models of gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishermen family. Research results showed tha thousehold economic models of gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishermen at Madura strait was <span class="hlt">production</span> value level or fishermen revenue at sea was strongly influenced byp roduction asset <span class="hlt">production</span>, education level, fuel, and work flow. Work flow rate of fishermen families affected by asset <span class="hlt">production</span>, non fisheries workflow and number of male workforce. Non fishing income level was strongly influenced by non-fishery business assets, number of family members owned andnon-fishing work flow. Spending levels of gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishermen at Madura strait was affected by fishing income, non-fishing income, fishermen wife education and fishermen family members.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966452','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966452"><span>Health and agricultural <span class="hlt">productivity</span>: Evidence from Zambia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fink, Günther; Masiye, Felix</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>We evaluate the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> effects of investment in preventive health technology through a randomized controlled trial in rural Zambia. In the experiment, access to subsidized bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> was randomly assigned at the <span class="hlt">community</span> level; 516 farmers were followed over a one-year farming period. We find large positive effects of preventative health investment on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>: among farmers provided with access to free <span class="hlt">nets</span>, harvest value increased by US$ 76, corresponding to about 14.7% of the average output value. While only limited information was collected on farming inputs, shifts in the extensive and the intensive margins of labor supply appear to be the most likely mechanism underlying the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> improvements observed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OSJ....52..243L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OSJ....52..243L"><span>Estimation of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem metabolism of seagrass meadows in the coastal waters of the East Sea and Black Sea using the noninvasive eddy covariance technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Jae Seong; Kang, Dong-Jin; Hineva, Elitsa; Slabakova, Violeta; Todorova, Valentina; Park, Jiyoung; Cho, Jin-Hyung</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We measured the <span class="hlt">community</span>-scale metabolism of seagrass meadows in Bulgaria (Byala [BY]) and Korea (Hoopo Bay [HP]) to understand their ecosystem function in coastal waters. A noninvasive in situ eddy covariance technique was applied to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> O2 flux in the seagrass meadows. From the high-quality and high-resolution time series O2 data acquired over > 24 h, the O2 flux driven by turbulence was extracted at 15-min intervals. The spectrum analysis of vertical flow velocity and O2 concentration clearly showed well-developed turbulence characteristics in the inertial subrange region. The hourly averaged <span class="hlt">net</span> O2 fluxes per day ranged from -474 to 326 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 (-19 ± 41 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) at BY and from -74 to 482 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 (31 ± 17 mmol O2 m-2 d-1) at HP. The <span class="hlt">net</span> O2 <span class="hlt">production</span> rapidly responded to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and showed a good relationship between <span class="hlt">production</span> and irradiance (P-I curve). The hysteresis pattern of P-I relationships during daytime also suggested increasing heterotrophic respiration in the afternoon. With the flow velocity between 3.30 and 6.70 cm s-1, the <span class="hlt">community</span> metabolism during daytime and nighttime was significantly increased by 20 times and 5 times, respectively. The local hydrodynamic characteristics may be vital to determining the efficiency of <span class="hlt">community</span> photosynthesis. The <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem metabolism at BY was estimated to be -17 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, which was assessed as heterotrophy. However, that at HP was 36 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, which suggested an autotrophic state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MMTB...44..272H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MMTB...44..272H"><span>Near-<span class="hlt">Net</span>-Shape <span class="hlt">Production</span> of Hollow Titanium Alloy Components via Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxide Precursors in Molten Salts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Di; Xiao, Wei; Chen, George Z.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Metal oxide precursors (ca. 90 wt pct Ti, 6 wt pct Al, and 4 wt pct V) were prepared with a hollow structure in various shapes such as a sphere, miniature golf club head, and cup using a one-step solid slip-casting process. The precursors were then electro-deoxidized in molten calcium chloride [3.2 V, 1173 K (900 °C)] against a graphite anode. After 24 hours of electrolysis, the near-<span class="hlt">net</span>-shape Ti-6Al-4V <span class="hlt">product</span> maintained its original shape with controlled shrinkage. Oxygen contents in the Ti-6Al-4V components were typically below 2000 ppm. The maximum compressive stress and modulus of electrolytic <span class="hlt">products</span> obtained in this work were approximately 243 MPa and 14 GPa, respectively, matching with the requirement for medical implants. Further research directions are discussed for mechanical improvement of the <span class="hlt">products</span> via densification during or after electrolysis. This simple, fast, and energy-efficient near-<span class="hlt">net</span>-shape manufacturing method could allow titanium alloy components with desired geometries to be prepared directly from a mixture of metal oxides, promising an innovative technology for the low-cost <span class="hlt">production</span> of titanium alloy components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290382-disturbance-complexity-succession-net-ecosystem-production-north-americas-temperate-deciduous-forests','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290382-disturbance-complexity-succession-net-ecosystem-production-north-americas-temperate-deciduous-forests"><span>Disturbance, complexity, and succession of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> in North America’s temperate deciduous forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gough, Christopher; Curtis, Peter; Hardiman, Brady</p> <p></p> <p>Century-old forests in the U.S. upper Midwest and Northeast power much of North Amer- ica’s terrestrial carbon (C) sink, but these forests’ <span class="hlt">production</span> and C sequestration capacity are expected to soon decline as fast-growing early successional species die and are replaced by slower growing late successional species. But will this really happen? Here we marshal empirical data and ecological theory to argue that substantial declines in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) owing to reduced forest growth, or <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP), are not imminent in regrown temperate deciduous forests over the next several decades. Forest age and <span class="hlt">production</span> data for temperatemore » deciduous forests, synthesized from published literature, suggest slight declines in NEP and increasing or stable NPP during middle successional stages. We revisit long-held hypotheses by EP Odum and others that suggest low-severity, high-frequency disturbances occurring in the region’s aging forests will, against intuition, maintain NEP at higher-than- expected rates by increasing ecosystem complexity, sustaining or enhancing NPP to a level that largely o sets rising C losses as heterotrophic respiration increases. This theoretical model is also supported by biological evidence and observations from the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment in Michigan, USA. Ecosystems that experience high-severity disturbances that simplify ecosystem complexity can exhibit substantial declines in <span class="hlt">production</span> during middle stages of succession. However, observations from these ecosystems have exerted a disproportionate in uence on assumptions regarding the trajectory and magnitude of age-related declines in forest <span class="hlt">production</span>. We conclude that there is a wide ecological space for forests to maintain NPP and, in doing so, lessens the declines in NEP, with signi cant implications for the future of the North American carbon sink. Our intellectual frameworks for understanding forest C cycle dynamics and resilience</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728041','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728041"><span>Organizing uninsured safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> access to specialist physician services.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hall, Mark A</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Arranging referrals for specialist services is often the greatest difficulty that safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> access programs face in attempting to provide fairly comprehensive services for the uninsured. When office-based <span class="hlt">community</span> specialists are asked to care for uninsured patients, they cite the following barriers: difficulty determining which patients merit charity care, having to arrange for services patients need from other providers, and concerns about liability for providing inadequate care. Solutions to these barriers to specialist access can be found in the same institutional arrangements that support primary care and hospital services for the uninsured. These safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> organization structures can be extended to include specialist physician care by funding <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers to contract for specialist referrals, using free-standing referral programs to subsidize <span class="hlt">community</span> specialists who accept uninsured patients at discounted rates, and encouraging hospitals through tax exemption or disproportionate share funding to require specialists on their medical staffs to accept an allocation of uninsured office-based referrals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B21E1992L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B21E1992L"><span>Partitioning <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of CO2 into gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration in northern high-latitude ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lund, M.; Zona, D.; Jackowicz-Korczynski, M.; Xu, X.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The eddy covariance methodology is the primary tool for studying landscape-scale land-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases. Since the choice of instrumental setup and processing algorithms may influence the results, efforts within the international flux <span class="hlt">community</span> have been made towards methodological harmonization and standardization. Performing eddy covariance measurements in high-latitude, Arctic tundra sites involves several challenges, related not only to remoteness and harsh climate conditions but also to the choice of processing algorithms. Partitioning of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 into gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) in the FLUXNET2015 dataset is made using either Nighttime or Daytime methods. These variables, GPP and Reco, are essential for calibration and validation of Earth system models. North of the Arctic Circle, sun remains visible at local midnight for a period of time, the number of days per year with midnight sun being dependent on latitude. The absence of nighttime conditions during Arctic summers renders the Nighttime method uncertain, however, no extensive assessment on the implications for flux partitioning has yet been made. In this study, we will assess the performance and validity of both partitioning methods along a latitudinal transect of northern sites included in the FLUXNET2015 dataset. We will evaluate the partitioned flux components against model simulations using the <span class="hlt">Community</span> Land Model (CLM). Our results will be valuable for users interested in simulating Arctic and global carbon cycling.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51F..03B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51F..03B"><span>Earth Observations for Early Detection of Agricultural Drought: Contributions of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Budde, M. E.; Funk, C.; Husak, G. J.; Peterson, P.; Rowland, J.; Senay, G. B.; Verdin, J. P.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long history of supporting the use of Earth observation data for food security monitoring through its role as an implementing partner of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>) program. The use of remote sensing and crop modeling to address food security threats in the form of drought, floods, pests, and changing climatic regimes has been a core activity in monitoring FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> countries. In recent years, it has become a requirement that FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> apply monitoring and modeling frameworks at global scales to assess emerging crises in regions that FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> does not traditionally monitor. USGS FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>, in collaboration with the University of California, Santa Barbara, has developed a number of new global applications of satellite observations, derived <span class="hlt">products</span>, and efficient tools for visualization and analyses to address these requirements. (1) A 35-year quasi-global (+/- 50 degrees latitude) time series of gridded rainfall estimates, the Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) dataset, based on infrared satellite imagery and station observations. Data are available as 5-day (pentadal) accumulations at 0.05 degree spatial resolution. (2) Global actual evapotranspiration data based on application of the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model using 10-day MODIS Land Surface Temperature composites at 1-km resolution. (3) <span class="hlt">Production</span> of global expedited MODIS (eMODIS) 10-day NDVI composites updated every 5 days. (4) Development of an updated Early Warning eXplorer (EWX) tool for data visualization, analysis, and sharing. (5) Creation of stand-alone tools for enhancement of gridded rainfall data and trend analyses. (6) Establishment of an agro-climatology analysis tool and knowledge base for more than 90 countries of interest to FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span>. In addition to these new <span class="hlt">products</span> and tools, FEWS <span class="hlt">NET</span> has partnered with the GEOGLAM <span class="hlt">community</span> to develop a Crop Monitor for Early Warning (CM4EW) which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404461','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404461"><span>The effects of tropospheric ozone on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and implications for climate change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ainsworth, Elizabeth A; Yendrek, Craig R; Sitch, Stephen; Collins, William J; Emberson, Lisa D</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is a global air pollutant that causes billions of dollars in lost plant <span class="hlt">productivity</span> annually. It is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and as a secondary air pollutant, it is present at high concentrations in rural areas far from industrial sources. It also reduces plant <span class="hlt">productivity</span> by entering leaves through the stomata, generating other reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress, which in turn decreases photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. The deposition of O(3) into vegetation through stomata is an important sink for tropospheric O(3), but this sink is modified by other aspects of environmental change, including rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising temperature, altered precipitation, and nitrogen availability. We review the atmospheric chemistry governing tropospheric O(3) mass balance, the effects of O(3) on stomatal conductance and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and implications for agriculture, carbon sequestration, and climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ECSS..166...13L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ECSS..166...13L"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span>, calcification and CO2 fluxes on a reef flat in Northeastern Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Longhini, Cybelle M.; Souza, Marcelo F. L.; Silva, Ananda M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The carbon cycle in coral reefs is usually dominated by the organic carbon metabolism and precipitation-dissolution of CaCO3, processes that control the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in seawater and the CO2 fluxes through the air-sea interface. In order to characterize these processes and the carbonate system, four sampling surveys were conducted at the reef flat of Coroa Vermelha during low tide (exposed flat). <span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP), <span class="hlt">net</span> precipitation-dissolution of CaCO3 (G) and CO2 fluxes across the air-water interface were calculated. The reef presented <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophy and calcification at daytime low tide. The NEP ranged from -8.7 to 31.6 mmol C m-2 h-1 and calcification from -13.1 to 26.0 mmol C m-2 h-1. The highest calcification rates occurred in August 2007, coinciding with the greater NEP rates. The daytime CO2 fluxes varied from -9.7 to 22.6 μmol CO2 m-2 h-1, but reached up to 13,900 μmol CO2 m-2 h-1 during nighttime. Carbon dioxide influx to seawater was predominant in the reef flat during low tide. The regions adjacent to the reef showed a supersaturation of CO2, acting as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere (from -22.8 to -2.6 mol CO2 m-2 h-1) in the reef flat during ebbing tide. Nighttime gas release to the atmosphere indicates a <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 release from the Coroa Vermelha reef flat within 24 h, and that these fluxes can be important to carbon budget in coral reefs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRI..130....1S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRI..130....1S"><span>Submesoscale hotspots of <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and respiration: Insights from high-resolution oxygen and fluorescence sections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stanley, Rachel H. R.; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.; Sandwith, Zoe O.; Pleskow, Haley M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Modeling studies have shown that mesoscale and submesoscale processes can stimulate phytoplankton <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and export <span class="hlt">production</span>. Here, we present observations from an undulating, towed Video Plankton Recorder (VPR-II) in the tropical Atlantic. The VPR-II collected profiles of oxygen, fluorescence, temperature and salinity in the upper 140 m of the water column at a spatial resolution of 1 m in the vertical and <2 km in the horizontal. The data reveal remarkable "hotspots", i.e. locations 5-10 km wide which have elevated fluorescence and decreased oxygen, both of which are likely the result of intense submesoscale upwelling. Based on estimates of source water, estimated from identical temperature and salinity surfaces, hotspots are more often areas of <span class="hlt">net</span> respiration than areas of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> - although the inferred changes in oxygen are subject to uncertainty in the determination of the source of the upwelled waters since the true source water may not have been sampled. We discuss the spatial distribution of these hotspots and present a conceptual model outlining their possible generation and decline. Simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar in the mixed layer from a shipboard mass spectrometer provide estimates of rates of surface <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. We find that the subsurface biological hotspots are often expressed as an increase in mixed layer rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>. Overall, the large number of these hotspots support the growing evidence that submesoscale processes are important drivers in upper ocean biological <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B51C0566B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B51C0566B"><span>Comparing the impact of the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves on <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Production</span> in Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bastos, A. F.; Gouveia, C. M.; Trigo, R. M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Climate variability is known to influence primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> on land ecosystems (Nemani et al., 2003). In particular, extreme climatic events such as major droughts and heatwaves are known to have severe impact on primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and, therefore, to affect significantly the carbon dioxide uptake by land ecosystems at regional (Ciais et al., 2005) or even global scale (Zhao and Running, 2010). In the last decade, Europe was struck by two outstanding heatwaves, the 2003 event in Western Europe and the recent 2010 episode over Eastern Europe. Both were characterised by record breaking temperatures at the daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal scales, although the amplitude and spatial extent of the 2010 mega-heatwave surpassed the 2003 event (Barriopedro et al., 2011). This work aims to assess the influence of both mega-heatwaves on seasonal and yearly <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Production</span> (NEP). The work relies on monthly NEP data derived from satellite imagery obtained from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor at 1km spatial resolution. Data were selected for the period between 2000 and 2011 over a region extending from 34.6 oN to 73.5 oN and 12.1 oW to 46.8 oE, covering Eurasia. In 2010 very low NEP anomalies are observed over a very large area in Eastern Europe, at the monthly, seasonal and yearly scale. In western Russia, yearly NEP anomalies fall below 50% of average cumulative NEP. These widespread negative anomalous values of NEP fields over the western Russia region match the patterns of very high temperature values combined with below-average precipitation, at the seasonal (summer) scale. Moreover, the impact of the heatwave is not only evident at the regional level but also at the wider continental (European) scale and is significantly more extensive and intense than the corresponding heatwave of 2003 in Western Europe (Ciais et al., 2005). References: Barriopedro, D., E. M. Fischer, J. Luterbacher, R. M. Trigo, and R. Garcia-Herrera (2011</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3856457','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3856457"><span>User-determined end of <span class="hlt">net</span> life in Senegal: a qualitative assessment of decision-making related to the retirement of expired <span class="hlt">nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Procurement and distribution of long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) in the African region has decreased from 145 million in 2010 to 66 million <span class="hlt">nets</span> in 2012. As resources for LLIN distribution appear to stagnate, it is important to understand the users’ perception of the life span of a <span class="hlt">net</span> and at what point and why they stop using it. In order to get the most value out of distributed <span class="hlt">nets</span> and to ensure that they are used for as long as possible, programmes must communicate to users about how to assess useful <span class="hlt">net</span> life and how to extend it. Methods Data were collected from 114 respondents who participated in 56 in-depth interviews (IDIs) and eight focus group discussions (FGDs) in August 2012 in eight regions in Senegal. Households were eligible for the study if they owned at least one <span class="hlt">net</span> and had an available household member over the age of 18. Data were coded by a team of four coders in ATLAS.ti using a primarily deductive approach. Results Respondents reported assessing useful <span class="hlt">net</span> life using the following criteria: the age of <span class="hlt">net</span>, the number and size of holes and the presence of mosquitoes in the <span class="hlt">net</span> at night. If they had the means to do so, many respondents preferred the acquisition of a new <span class="hlt">net</span> rather than the continued use of a very torn <span class="hlt">net</span>. However, respondents would preferentially use newer <span class="hlt">nets</span>, saving older, but useable <span class="hlt">nets</span> for the future or sharing them with family or friends. Participants reported observing alternative uses of <span class="hlt">nets</span>, primarily for <span class="hlt">nets</span> that were considered expired. Conclusions The results indicate that decisions regarding the end of <span class="hlt">net</span> life vary among <span class="hlt">community</span> members in Senegal, but are primarily related to <span class="hlt">net</span> integrity. Additional research is needed into user-determined end of <span class="hlt">net</span> life as well as care and repair behaviours, which could extend useful <span class="hlt">net</span> life. The results from this study and from future research on this topic should be used to understand current behaviours and develop communication programmes to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144077','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144077"><span>Africa's largest long-lasting insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">net</span> producer: lessons from A to Z Textiles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Masum, Hassan; Shah, Ronak; Schroeder, Karl; Daar, Abdallah S; Singer, Peter A</p> <p>2010-12-13</p> <p>Field trials have demonstrated the efficacy of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, and the WHO has recently endorsed a shift toward Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) due to factors such as reduced distribution costs. However, the need for LLINs poses several challenges. Is it possible to manufacture LLINs in large quantities in the African continent, where malaria is most endemic? When <span class="hlt">production</span> is located in low-income countries, what role is played by local funding and employment, scaling up manufacturing, and partnerships? What factors influence availability and pricing? A case study of A to Z Textiles was undertaken to answer the question of how large-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> of LLINs can occur in a low income setting. One of the largest sources of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> for Africa, A to Z Textiles is Africa-based, and its Tanzanian operations have a <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity of 30 million LLINs per year, along with full WHO recommendation for its <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with key informants familiar with A to Z, site visits in Tanzania, and literature reviews.This paper discusses the history and current status of A to Z Textiles, identifies the factors that led to its success, and suggests policy considerations that could support similar initiatives in the future. Local funding, scaling up manufacturing, technology transfer, and partnerships all played important roles in A to Z's ascent, as did perceived benefits of local employment and capacity-building. Regulatory issues and procurement rules acted as barriers. A to Z cost-effectively manufactures high-quality LLINs where malaria is most endemic. With a <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity of 30 million LLINs per year, and full WHOPES (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) certification, A to Z Textiles demonstrates how key health goods can be successfully produced in the low-income countries that use them. Its example may be instructive and of high interest to readers in the malaria <span class="hlt">community</span>, especially in developing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939695','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939695"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> point distribution of insecticide-treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> health worker hang-up visits in rural Zambia: a decision-focused evaluation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Paul; Connor, Alison L; Joudeh, Ammar S; Steinberg, Jeffrey; Ndhlovu, Ketty; Siyolwe, Musanda; Ntebeka, Bristol; Chibuye, Benjamin; Hamainza, Busiku</p> <p>2016-03-03</p> <p>In 2013, the Zambian Ministry of Health through its National Malaria Control Programme distributed over two million insecticide-treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) in four provinces using a door-to-door distribution strategy, and more than 6 million ITNs were allocated to be distributed in 2014. This study was commissioned to measure attendance rates at a <span class="hlt">community</span> point distribution and to examine the impact of follow-up <span class="hlt">community</span> health worker (CHW) hang-up visits on short and medium-term ITN retention and usage with a view of informing optimal ITN distribution strategy in Zambia. Households received ITNs at <span class="hlt">community</span> point distributions conducted in three rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> in Rufunsa District, Zambia. Households were then randomly allocated into five groups to receive CHW visits to hang any unhung ITNs at different intervals: 1-3, 5-7, 10-12, 15-17 days, and no hang-up visit. Follow-up surveys were conducted among all households at 7-11 weeks after distribution and at 5-6 months after distribution to measure short- and medium-term household retention and usage of ITNs. Of the 560 pre-registered households, 540 (96.4 %) attended the <span class="hlt">community</span> point distribution. Self-installation of ITNs by households increased over the first 10 days after the <span class="hlt">community</span> point distribution. Retention levels remained high over time with 90.2 % of distributed ITNs still in the household at 7-11 weeks and 85.7 % at 5-6 months. Retention did not differ between households that received a CHW visit and those that did not. At 7-11 weeks, households had an average of 73.8 % of sleeping spaces covered compared to 80.3 % at 5-6 months. On average, 65.6 % of distributed ITNs were hanging at 7-11 weeks compared to 63.1 % at 5-6 months. While a CHW hang-up visit was associated with increased usage at 7-11 weeks, this difference was no longer apparent at 5-6 months. This evaluation revealed that (1) the <span class="hlt">community</span> point distributions achieved high attendance rates followed by acceptable rates of short</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4663551','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4663551"><span>Seasonal Changes in Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid <span class="hlt">Production</span> Rate with Respect to Natural Phytoplankton Species Composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ha, Sun-Yong; Lee, Yeonjung; Kim, Min-Seob; Kumar, K. Suresh; Shin, Kyung-Hoon</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>After in situ incubation at the site for a year, phytoplanktons in surface water were exposed to natural light in temperate lakes (every month); thereafter, the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate of photoprotective compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) was calculated using 13C labeled tracer. This is the first report describing seasonal variation in the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate of individual MAAs in temperate lakes using a compound-specific stable isotope method. In the mid-latitude region of the Korean Peninsula, UV radiation (UVR) usually peaks from July to August. In Lake Paldang and Lake Cheongpyeong, diatoms dominated among the phytoplankton throughout the year. The relative abundance of Cyanophyceae (Anabaena spiroides) reached over 80% during July in Lake Cheongpyeong. Changes in phytoplankton abundance indicate that the phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure is influenced by seasonal changes in the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate and concentration of MAAs. Notably, particulate organic matter (POM) showed a remarkable change based on the UV intensity occurring during that period; this was because of the fact that cyanobacteria that are highly sensitive to UV irradiance dominated the <span class="hlt">community</span>. POM cultured in Lake Paldang had the greatest shinorine (SH) <span class="hlt">production</span> rate during October, i.e., 83.83 ± 10.47 fgC·L−1·h−1. The dominance of diatoms indicated that they had a long-term response to UVR. Evaluation of POM cultured in Lake Cheongpyeong revealed that there was an increase in the <span class="hlt">net</span> MAA <span class="hlt">production</span> in July (when UVR reached the maximum); a substantial amount of SH, i.e., 17.62 ± 18.34 fgC·L−1·h−1, was recorded during this period. Our results demonstrate that both the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rate as well as the concentration of MAAs related to photoinduction depended on the phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. In addition, seasonal changes in UVR also influenced the quantity and <span class="hlt">production</span> of MAAs in phytoplanktons (especially Cyanophyceae). PMID:26561820</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=299408','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=299408"><span>Los Angeles Free-<span class="hlt">Net</span>: an experiment in interactive telecommunication between lay members of the Los Angeles <span class="hlt">community</span> and health care experts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bluming, A; Mittelman, P S</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The Los Angeles Free-<span class="hlt">Net</span>, an interactive <span class="hlt">community</span> information resource, was established in part to help <span class="hlt">community</span> members become more effective consumers of health care services. By providing timely, expert answers to anonymously asked medical questions at no charge, we hope to decrease unnecessary physician-patient encounters, encourage effective preventive-health measures, and improve the overall results of health care in our <span class="hlt">community</span>. Although it is too early to assess health care benefits from this system, the following observations may help guide the development of similar systems around the nation: (1) A small annual registration fee generates both moral and financial public support. (2) Demographic information from registered users can help direct attempts at enfranchising all members of the <span class="hlt">community</span>. (3) Toll-free access, free public-instruction sessions, moderated forums, extensive volunteer help, and encryption security are encouraged, while Internet censorship is difficult and counterproductive. (4) Access to Internet resources is important, but the strength of a <span class="hlt">community</span> system lies primarily in the sharing of expertise and resources among members of the <span class="hlt">community</span>. (5) A critical mass of available physicians to answer questions must be matched with a critical level of question input for this type of interactive medical information resource to function in a time-sensitive fashion. PMID:8826627</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8826627','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8826627"><span>Los Angeles Free-<span class="hlt">Net</span>: an experiment in interactive telecommunication between lay members of the Los Angeles <span class="hlt">community</span> and health care experts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bluming, A; Mittelman, P S</p> <p>1996-04-01</p> <p>The Los Angeles Free-<span class="hlt">Net</span>, an interactive <span class="hlt">community</span> information resource, was established in part to help <span class="hlt">community</span> members become more effective consumers of health care services. By providing timely, expert answers to anonymously asked medical questions at no charge, we hope to decrease unnecessary physician-patient encounters, encourage effective preventive-health measures, and improve the overall results of health care in our <span class="hlt">community</span>. Although it is too early to assess health care benefits from this system, the following observations may help guide the development of similar systems around the nation: (1) A small annual registration fee generates both moral and financial public support. (2) Demographic information from registered users can help direct attempts at enfranchising all members of the <span class="hlt">community</span>. (3) Toll-free access, free public-instruction sessions, moderated forums, extensive volunteer help, and encryption security are encouraged, while Internet censorship is difficult and counterproductive. (4) Access to Internet resources is important, but the strength of a <span class="hlt">community</span> system lies primarily in the sharing of expertise and resources among members of the <span class="hlt">community</span>. (5) A critical mass of available physicians to answer questions must be matched with a critical level of question input for this type of interactive medical information resource to function in a time-sensitive fashion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814992G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814992G"><span>Forest cockchafer larvae as methane <span class="hlt">production</span> hotspots in soils and their importance for <span class="hlt">net</span> soil methane fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Görres, Carolyn-Monika; Kammann, Claudia; Murphy, Paul; Müller, Christoph</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Certain groups of soil invertebrates, namely scarab beetles and millipedes, are capable of emitting considerable amounts of methane due to methanogens inhabiting their gut system. It was already pointed out in the early 1990's, that these groups of invertebrates may represent a globally important source of methane. However, apart from termites, the importance of invertebrates for the soil methane budget is still unknown. Here, we present preliminary results of a laboratory soil incubation experiment elucidating the influence of forest cockchafer larvae (Melolontha hippocastani FABRICIUS) on soil methane cycling. In January/February 2016, two soils from two different management systems - one from a pine forest (extensive use) and one from a vegetable field (intensive use) - were incubated for 56 days either with or without beetle larvae. <span class="hlt">Net</span> soil methane fluxes and larvae methane emissions together with their stable carbon isotope signatures were quantified at regular intervals to estimate gross methane <span class="hlt">production</span> and gross methane oxidation in the soils. The results of this experiment will contribute to testing the hypothesis of whether methane <span class="hlt">production</span> hotspots can significantly enhance the methane oxidation capacity of soils. Forest cockchafer larvae are only found in well-aerated sandy soils where one would usually not suspect relevant gross methane <span class="hlt">production</span>. Thus, besides quantifying their contribution to <span class="hlt">net</span> soil methane fluxes, they are also ideal organisms to study the effect of methane <span class="hlt">production</span> hotspots on overall soil methane cycling. Funding support: Reintegration grant of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) (#57185798).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25444870','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25444870"><span>Reprint of Design of synthetic microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> for biotechnological <span class="hlt">production</span> processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jagmann, Nina; Philipp, Bodo</p> <p>2014-12-20</p> <p>In their natural habitats microorganisms live in multi-species <span class="hlt">communities</span>, in which the <span class="hlt">community</span> members exhibit complex metabolic interactions. In contrast, biotechnological <span class="hlt">production</span> processes catalyzed by microorganisms are usually carried out with single strains in pure cultures. A number of <span class="hlt">production</span> processes, however, may be more efficiently catalyzed by the concerted action of microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>. This review will give an overview of organismic interactions between microbial cells and of biotechnological applications of microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>. It focuses on synthetic microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> that consist of microorganisms that have been genetically engineered. Design principles for such synthetic <span class="hlt">communities</span> will be exemplified based on plausible scenarios for biotechnological <span class="hlt">production</span> processes. These design principles comprise interspecific metabolic interactions via cross-feeding, regulation by interspecific signaling processes via metabolites and autoinducing signal molecules, and spatial structuring of synthetic microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>. In particular, the implementation of metabolic interdependencies, of positive feedback regulation and of inducible cell aggregation and biofilm formation will be outlined. Synthetic microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> constitute a viable extension of the biotechnological application of metabolically engineered single strains and enlarge the scope of microbial <span class="hlt">production</span> processes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710567','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710567"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and carbon dynamics of the traditionally managed Imperata grasslands of North East India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pathak, Karabi; Malhi, Yadvinder; Sileshi, G W; Das, Ashesh Kumar; Nath, Arun Jyoti</p> <p>2018-09-01</p> <p>There have been few comprehensive descriptions of how fire management and harvesting affect the carbon dynamics of grasslands. Grasslands dominated by the invasive weed Imperata cylindrica are considered as environmental threats causing low land <span class="hlt">productivity</span> throughout the moist tropical regions in Asia. Imperata grasslands in North East India are unique in that they are traditionally managed and culturally important in the rural landscapes. Given the importance of fire in the management of Imperata grassland, we aimed to assess (i) the seasonal pattern of biomass <span class="hlt">production</span>, (ii) the eventual pathways for the produced biomass, partitioned between in situ decomposition, harvesting and combustion, and (iii) the effect of customary fire management on the ecosystem carbon cycle. Comparatively high biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> was recorded during pre-monsoon (154 g m -2 month -1 ) and monsoon (214 g m -2 month -1 ) compared to the post-monsoon (91 g m -2 month -1 ) season, and this is attributed to nutrient return into the soil immediately after fire in February. Post fire effects might have killed roots and rhizomes leading to high belowground litter <span class="hlt">production</span> 30-35 g m -2 during March to August. High autotrophic respiration was recorded during March-July, which was related to high belowground biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> (35-70 g m -2 ) during that time. Burning removed all the surface litter in March and this appeared to hinder surface decomposition and result in low heterotrophic respiration. Annual total biomass carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> was estimated at 886 g C m -2 . Annual harvest of biomass (estimated at 577 g C m -2 ) was the major pathway for carbon fluxes from the system. <span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) of Imperata grassland was estimated at 91 g C m -2 yr -1 indicating that these grasslands are a <span class="hlt">net</span> sink of CO 2 , although this is greatly influenced by weather and fire management. Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089759&hterms=herbicide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dherbicide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040089759&hterms=herbicide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dherbicide"><span>Microscale characterization of dissolved organic matter <span class="hlt">production</span> and uptake in marine microbial mat <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Paerl, H. W.; Bebout, B. M.; Joye, S. B.; Des Marais, D. J.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Intertidal marine microbial mats exhibited biologically mediated uptake of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (DOM), including D-glucose, acetate, and an L-amino acid mixture at trace concentrations. Uptake of all compounds occurred in darkness, but was frequently enhanced under natural illumination. The photosystem 2 inhibitor, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) generally failed to inhibit light-stimulated DOM uptake. Occasionally, light plus DCMU-amended treatments led to uptake rates higher than light-incubated samples, possibly due to phototrophic bacteria present in subsurface anoxic layers. Uptake was similar with either 3H- or 14C-labeled substrates, indicating that recycling of labeled CO2 via photosynthetic fixation was not interfering with measurements of light-stimulated DOM uptake. Microautoradiographs showed a variety of pigmented and nonpigmented bacteria and, to a lesser extent, cyanobacteria and eucaryotic microalgae involved in light-mediated DOM uptake. Light-stimulated DOM uptake was often observed in bacteria associated with sheaths and mucilage surrounding filamentous cyanobacteria, revealing a close association of organisms taking up DOM with photoautotrophic members of the mat <span class="hlt">community</span>. The capacity for dark- and light-mediated heterotrophy, coupled to efficient retention of fixed carbon in the mat <span class="hlt">community</span>, may help optimize <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> and accretion of mats, even in oligotrophic waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..556.1110O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..556.1110O"><span>Validation and correction of rainfall data from the Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> high density network in southeast Austria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O, Sungmin; Foelsche, U.; Kirchengast, G.; Fuchsberger, J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Eight years of daily rainfall data from Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> were analyzed by comparison with data from Austrian national weather stations. Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> includes 153 ground level weather stations in an area of about 15 km × 20 km in the Feldbach region in southeast Austria. Rainfall has been measured by tipping bucket gauges at 150 stations of the network since the beginning of 2007. Since rain gauge measurements are considered close to true rainfall, there are increasing needs for Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> data for the validation of rainfall data <span class="hlt">products</span> such as remote sensing based estimates or model outputs. Serving these needs, this paper aims at providing a clearer interpretation on Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> rainfall data for users in hydro-meteorological <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Five clusters - a cluster consists of one national weather station and its four closest Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> stations - allowed us close comparison of datasets between the stations. Linear regression analysis and error estimation with statistical indices were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> daily rainfall data. It was found that rainfall data between the stations show good linear relationships with an average correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97 , while Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> sensors tend to underestimate rainfall according to the regression slope (0.87). For the five clusters investigated, the bias and relative bias were - 0.97 mm d-1 and - 11.5 % on average (except data from new sensors). The average of bias and relative bias, however, could be reduced by about 80 % through a simple linear regression-slope correction, with the assumption that the underestimation in Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> data was caused by systematic errors. The results from the study have been employed to improve Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> data for user applications so that a new version of the data (v5) is now available at the Wegener<span class="hlt">Net</span> data portal (www.wegenernet.org).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34754','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34754"><span>Model estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, evaportranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Hanqin Tian; Guangsheng Chen; Mingliang Liu; Chi Zhang; Ge Sun; Chaoqun Lu; Xiaofeng Xu; Wei Ren; Shufen Pan; Arthur Chappelka</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The effects of global change on ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and water resources in the southern United States (SUS), a traditionally âwater-richâ region and the âtimber basketâ of the country, are not well quantified. We carried out several simulation experiments to quantify ecosystem <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET)...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGeo...11.3279C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGeo...11.3279C"><span>Neural network-based estimates of Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> from in situ O2 / Ar and satellite observation: a methodological study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, C.-H.; Johnson, N. C.; Cassar, N.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Southern Ocean organic carbon export plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, yet its basin-scale climatology and variability are uncertain due to limited coverage of in situ observations. In this study, a neural network approach based on the self-organizing map (SOM) is adopted to construct weekly gridded (1° × 1°) maps of organic carbon export for the Southern Ocean from 1998 to 2009. The SOM is trained with in situ measurements of O2 / Ar-derived <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) that are tightly linked to the carbon export in the mixed layer on timescales of one to two weeks and with six potential NCP predictors: photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll (Chl), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and mixed layer depth (MLD). This nonparametric approach is based entirely on the observed statistical relationships between NCP and the predictors and, therefore, is strongly constrained by observations. A thorough cross-validation yields three retained NCP predictors, Chl, PAR, and MLD. Our constructed NCP is further validated by good agreement with previously published, independent in situ derived NCP of weekly or longer temporal resolution through real-time and climatological comparisons at various sampling sites. The resulting November-March NCP climatology reveals a pronounced zonal band of high NCP roughly following the Subtropical Front in the Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific sectors, and turns southeastward shortly after the dateline. Other regions of elevated NCP include the upwelling zones off Chile and Namibia, the Patagonian Shelf, the Antarctic coast, and areas surrounding the Islands of Kerguelen, South Georgia, and Crozet. This basin-scale NCP climatology closely resembles that of the satellite POC field and observed air-sea CO2 flux. The long-term mean area-integrated NCP south of 50° S from our dataset, 17.9 mmol C m-2 d-1, falls within the range of 8.3 to 24 mmol</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27859221','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27859221"><span>Soil moisture mediates alpine life form and <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> responses to warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Winkler, Daniel E; Chapin, Kenneth J; Kueppers, Lara M</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Climate change is expected to alter primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> composition in alpine ecosystems, but the direction and magnitude of change is debated. Warmer, wetter growing seasons may increase <span class="hlt">productivity</span>; however, in the absence of additional precipitation, increased temperatures may decrease soil moisture, thereby diminishing any positive effect of warming. Since plant species show individual responses to environmental change, responses may depend on <span class="hlt">community</span> composition and vary across life form or functional groups. We warmed an alpine plant <span class="hlt">community</span> at Niwot Ridge, Colorado continuously for four years to test whether warming increases or decreases <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of life form groups and the whole <span class="hlt">community</span>. We provided supplemental water to a subset of plots to alleviate the drying effect of warming. We measured annual above-ground <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and soil temperature and moisture, from which we calculated soil degree days and adequate soil moisture days. Using an information-theoretic approach, we observed that positive <span class="hlt">productivity</span> responses to warming at the <span class="hlt">community</span> level occur only when warming is combined with supplemental watering; otherwise we observed decreased <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Watering also increased <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in the absence of warming. Forbs accounted for the majority of the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at the site and drove the contingent <span class="hlt">community</span> response to warming, while cushions drove the generally positive response to watering and graminoids muted the <span class="hlt">community</span> response. Warming advanced snowmelt and increased soil degree days, while watering increased adequate soil moisture days. Heated and watered plots had more adequate soil moisture days than heated plots. Overall, measured changes in soil temperature and moisture in response to treatments were consistent with expected <span class="hlt">productivity</span> responses. We found that available soil moisture largely determines the responses of this forb-dominated alpine <span class="hlt">community</span> to simulated climate warming. © 2016</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUSM...B32A18B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUSM...B32A18B"><span>Annual <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> of Wetlands: A Comparison of Automated and Manual Chamber Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burrows, E. H.; Bubier, J. L.; Mosedale, A.; Crill, P. M.</p> <p>2001-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in a minerotrophic poor fen in southeastern New Hampshire during the 2000 growing season using two types of chamber methods. Instantaneous CO2 flux was measured with transparent lexan and teflon static climate controlled chambers by calculating the change in headspace CO2 concentration in the chamber over time. Once per week the flux was sampled from ten manually operated chambers using a LI-COR 6200 portable photosynthesis system, which included a LI-6250 infrared gas analyzer, connected to the chambers. Ten automated chambers were installed in May of 2000, sampling CO2 flux every three hours over the diurnal cycle using a LI-COR 6262 infrared gas analyzer. The chambers and collars were placed throughout the fen in order to sample the range of plant <span class="hlt">communities</span>. The manual sampling was done during the middle of the day, but the rate of photosynthesis changes depending on the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In order to simulate varying light levels, shrouds blocking different amounts of light were placed over each manual chamber. An opaque shroud was used to measure respiration. NEE ranged from -13.0 to 12.5 μ mol CO2/m2/s in the manual chambers and -16.2 to 11.8 μ mol CO2/m2/s in the automated chambers for the mid-summer growing season. Manual respiration fluxes were measured under higher temperature regimes and the response of respiration to temperature will be factored in when comparing the two chamber techniques. Research during the summer of 2001 will also include diurnal measurements. Growing season <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) will be estimated and compared for the two chamber systems. Several models will be used to estimate the flux when the manual chambers were not being sampled. The models will be based on biomass and dominant species in each chamber, and various environmental factors including water table, pH, relative humidity, PAR, air and peat temperature</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028752','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028752"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> maturity, species saturation and the variant diversity- <span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships in grasslands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Guo, Q.; Shaffer, T.; Buhl, T.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Detailed knowledge of the relationship between plant diversity and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> is critical for advancing our understanding of ecosystem functioning and for achieving success in habitat restoration efforts. However, effects and interactions of diversity, succession and biotic invasions on <span class="hlt">productivity</span> remain elusive. We studied newly established <span class="hlt">communities</span> in relation to preexisting homogeneous vegetation invaded by exotic plants in the northern Great Plains, USA, at four study sites for 3 years. We observed variant diversity-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships for the seeded <span class="hlt">communities</span> (generally positive monotonic at three sites and non-monotonic at the other site) but no relationships for the resident <span class="hlt">community</span> or the seeded and resident <span class="hlt">communities</span> combined at all sites and all years. <span class="hlt">Community</span> richness was enhanced by seeding additional species but <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was not. The optimal diversity (as indicated by maximum <span class="hlt">productivity</span>) changed among sites and as the <span class="hlt">community</span> developed. The findings shed new light on ecosystem functioning of biodiversity under different conditions and have important implications for restoration. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396247-thermal-adaptation-net-ecosystem-exchange','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396247-thermal-adaptation-net-ecosystem-exchange"><span>Thermal adaptation of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Yuan, W.; Luo, Y.; Liang, S.; ...</p> <p>2011-06-06</p> <p>Thermal adaptation of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). Here in this study, we constructed temperature response curves of NEE against temperature using 380 site-years of eddy covariance data at 72 forest, grassland and shrubland ecosystems located at latitudes ranging from ~29° N to 64° N. The response curves were used to define two critical temperatures: transition temperature (T b) at which ecosystem transfer from carbon source to sinkmore » and optimal temperature (T o) at which carbon uptake is maximized. T b was strongly correlated with annual mean air temperature. T o was strongly correlated with mean temperature during the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon uptake period across the study ecosystems. Our results imply that the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of carbon adapts to the temperature across the geographical range due to intrinsic connections between vegetation primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396247','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396247"><span>Thermal adaptation of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yuan, W.; Luo, Y.; Liang, S.</p> <p></p> <p>Thermal adaptation of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). Here in this study, we constructed temperature response curves of NEE against temperature using 380 site-years of eddy covariance data at 72 forest, grassland and shrubland ecosystems located at latitudes ranging from ~29° N to 64° N. The response curves were used to define two critical temperatures: transition temperature (T b) at which ecosystem transfer from carbon source to sinkmore » and optimal temperature (T o) at which carbon uptake is maximized. T b was strongly correlated with annual mean air temperature. T o was strongly correlated with mean temperature during the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon uptake period across the study ecosystems. Our results imply that the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of carbon adapts to the temperature across the geographical range due to intrinsic connections between vegetation primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1423062-carbon-amendments-alter-microbial-community-structure-net-mercury-methylation-potential-sediments','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1423062-carbon-amendments-alter-microbial-community-structure-net-mercury-methylation-potential-sediments"><span>Carbon Amendments Alter Microbial <span class="hlt">Community</span> Structure and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Mercury Methylation Potential in Sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Christensen, Geoff A.; Somenahally, Anil C.; Moberly, James G.; ...</p> <p>2017-11-17</p> <p>Neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) is produced by anaerobic Bacteria and Archaea possessing the genes hgcAB, but it is unknown how organic substrate and electron acceptor availability impacts the distribution and abundance of these organisms. We evaluated the impact of organic substrate amendments on mercury (Hg) methylation rates, microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure, and the distribution of hgcAB + microbes with sediments. Sediment slurries were amended with short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, or a polysaccharide. Minimal increases in MeHg were observed following lactate, ethanol, and methanol amendments, while a significant decrease (~70%) was observed with cellobiose incubations. Postincubation, microbial diversity was assessed via 16S rRNAmore » amplicon sequencing. The presence of hgcAB + organisms was assessed with a broad-range degenerate PCR primer set for both genes, while the presence of microbes in each of the three dominant clades of methylators (Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and methanogenic Archaea) was measured with clade-specific degenerate hgcA quantitative PCR (qPCR) primer sets. The predominant microorganisms in unamended sediments consisted of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Clade-specific qPCR identified hgcA + Deltaproteobacteria and Archaea in all sites but failed to detect hgcA + Firmicutes. Cellobiose shifted the <span class="hlt">communities</span> in all samples to ~90% non-hgcAB-containing Firmicutes (mainly Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.). These results suggest that either expression of hgcAB is downregulated or, more likely given the lack of 16S rRNA gene presence after cellobiose incubation, Hg-methylating organisms are largely outcompeted by cellobiose degraders or degradation <span class="hlt">products</span> of cellobiose. These results represent a step toward understanding and exploring simple methodologies for controlling MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span> in the environment. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin produced by microorganisms that bioacummulates in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423062','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423062"><span>Carbon Amendments Alter Microbial <span class="hlt">Community</span> Structure and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Mercury Methylation Potential in Sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Christensen, Geoff A.; Somenahally, Anil C.; Moberly, James G.</p> <p></p> <p>Neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) is produced by anaerobic Bacteria and Archaea possessing the genes hgcAB, but it is unknown how organic substrate and electron acceptor availability impacts the distribution and abundance of these organisms. We evaluated the impact of organic substrate amendments on mercury (Hg) methylation rates, microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure, and the distribution of hgcAB + microbes with sediments. Sediment slurries were amended with short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, or a polysaccharide. Minimal increases in MeHg were observed following lactate, ethanol, and methanol amendments, while a significant decrease (~70%) was observed with cellobiose incubations. Postincubation, microbial diversity was assessed via 16S rRNAmore » amplicon sequencing. The presence of hgcAB + organisms was assessed with a broad-range degenerate PCR primer set for both genes, while the presence of microbes in each of the three dominant clades of methylators (Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and methanogenic Archaea) was measured with clade-specific degenerate hgcA quantitative PCR (qPCR) primer sets. The predominant microorganisms in unamended sediments consisted of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Clade-specific qPCR identified hgcA + Deltaproteobacteria and Archaea in all sites but failed to detect hgcA + Firmicutes. Cellobiose shifted the <span class="hlt">communities</span> in all samples to ~90% non-hgcAB-containing Firmicutes (mainly Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.). These results suggest that either expression of hgcAB is downregulated or, more likely given the lack of 16S rRNA gene presence after cellobiose incubation, Hg-methylating organisms are largely outcompeted by cellobiose degraders or degradation <span class="hlt">products</span> of cellobiose. These results represent a step toward understanding and exploring simple methodologies for controlling MeHg <span class="hlt">production</span> in the environment. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin produced by microorganisms that bioacummulates in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1000559','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1000559"><span>Horizontal ichthyoplankton tow-<span class="hlt">net</span> system with unobstructed <span class="hlt">net</span> opening</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Nester, Robert T.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The larval fish sampler described here consists of a modified bridle, frame, and <span class="hlt">net</span> system with an obstruction-free <span class="hlt">net</span> opening and is small enough for use on boats 10 m or less in length. The tow <span class="hlt">net</span> features a square <span class="hlt">net</span> frame attached to a 0.5-m-diameter cylinder-on-cone plankton <span class="hlt">net</span> with a bridle designed to eliminate all obstructions forward of the <span class="hlt">net</span> opening, significantly reducing currents and vibrations in the water directly preceding the <span class="hlt">net</span>. This system was effective in collecting larvae representing more than 25 species of fish at sampling depths ranging from surface to 10 m and could easily be used at greater depths.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2010GL046179.shtml','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2010GL046179.shtml"><span><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McGillis, W.R.; Langdon, C.; Loose, B.; Yates, K.K.; Corredor, Jorge</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The metabolism of Cayo Enrique Reef, Puerto Rico, was studied using in situ methods during March 2009. Benthic O2 fluxes were used to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> using both the boundary layer gradient and enclosure techniques. The boundary layer O2 gradient and the drag coefficients were used to calculate <span class="hlt">productivity</span> ranging from -12.3 to 13.7 mmol O2 m-2 h-1. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> measurements from the enclosure method ranged from -11.0 to 12.9 mmol O2 m-2 h-1. During the study, the mean hourly difference between the methods was 0.65 mmol O2 m-2 h-1 (r2 = 0.92), resulting in well-reconciled estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> between the boundary layer (-33.1 mmol m-2 d-1) and enclosure (-46.3 mmol m-2 d-1) techniques. The results of these independent approaches corroborate quantified rates of metabolism at Cayo Enrique Reef. Close agreement between methods demonstrates that boundary layer measurements can provide near real-time assessments of coral reef health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70036931','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70036931"><span><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> of a coral reef using boundary layer and enclosure methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McGillis, W.R.; Langdon, C.; Loose, B.; Yates, K.K.; Corredor, J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The metabolism of Cayo Enrique Reef, Puerto Rico, was studied using in situ methods during March 2009. Benthic O2 fluxes were used to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> using both the boundary layer gradient and enclosure techniques. The boundary layer O2 gradient and the drag coefficients were used to calculate <span class="hlt">productivity</span> ranging from -12.3 to 13.7 mmol O 2 m-2 h-1. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> measurements from the enclosure method ranged from -11.0 to 12.9 mmol O2 m-2 h-1. During the study, the mean hourly difference between the methods was 0.65 mmol O2 m-2 h-1 (r2 = 0.92), resulting in well-reconciled estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> between the boundary layer (-33.1 mmol m-2 d-1) and enclosure (-46.3 mmol m-2 d-1) techniques. The results of these independent approaches corroborate quantified rates of metabolism at Cayo Enrique Reef. Close agreement between methods demonstrates that boundary layer measurements can provide near real-time assessments of coral reef health. Copyright ?? 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol2-sec51-489.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol2-sec51-489.pdf"><span>7 CFR 51.489 - Well <span class="hlt">netted</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... FRESH FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND OTHER <span class="hlt">PRODUCTS</span> 1,2 (INSPECTION, CERTIFICATION, AND STANDARDS) United States... characteristic of the variety the cantaloup is well covered with fully developed, well raised <span class="hlt">netting</span>, some...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=305344','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=305344"><span>Climatic controls of aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in semi-arid grasslands along a latitudinal gradient portend low sensitivity to warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Although climate models forecast warmer temperatures with a high degree of certainty, precipitation is the primary driver of aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (ANPP) in most grasslands. In contrast, variations in temperature seldom are related to patterns of ANPP. Thus forecasting responses to wa...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/631208','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/631208"><span>Worldwide estimates and bibliography of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> derived from pre-1982 publications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Esser, G.; Lieth, H.F.H.; Scurlock, J.M.O.</p> <p></p> <p>An extensive compilation of more than 700 field estimates of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide was synthesized in Germany in the 1970s and early 1980s. Although the Osnabrueck data set has not been updated since the 1980s, it represents a wealth of information for use in model development and validation. This report documents the development of this data set, its contents, and its recent availability on the Internet from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics. Caution is advised in using these data, which necessarily include assumptions and conversions that maymore » not be universally applicable to all sites.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407979.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407979.pdf"><span>Economic Development Network (ED><span class="hlt">Net</span>): 1995-96 Report to the Governor and the Legislature.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>California Community Colleges, Sacramento. Office of the Chancellor.</p> <p></p> <p>The Economic Development Network (ED><span class="hlt">Net</span>) of the California <span class="hlt">Community</span> Colleges was designed to advance the state's economic growth and competitiveness by coordinating and facilitating workforce improvement, technology deployment, and business development initiatives. This report reviews outcomes for ED><span class="hlt">Net</span> for 1995-96 based on reports…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4970010','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4970010"><span>Use of MODIS Sensor Images Combined with Reanalysis <span class="hlt">Products</span> to Retrieve <span class="hlt">Net</span> Radiation in Amazonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>de Oliveira, Gabriel; Brunsell, Nathaniel A.; Moraes, Elisabete C.; Bertani, Gabriel; dos Santos, Thiago V.; Shimabukuro, Yosio E.; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In the Amazon region, the estimation of radiation fluxes through remote sensing techniques is hindered by the lack of ground measurements required as input in the models, as well as the difficulty to obtain cloud-free images. Here, we assess an approach to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation (Rn) and its components under all-sky conditions for the Amazon region through the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model utilizing only remote sensing and reanalysis data. The study period comprised six years, between January 2001–December 2006, and images from MODIS sensor aboard the Terra satellite and GLDAS reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> were utilized. The estimates were evaluated with flux tower measurements within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) project. Comparison between estimates obtained by the proposed method and observations from LBA towers showed errors between 12.5% and 16.4% and 11.3% and 15.9% for instantaneous and daily Rn, respectively. Our approach was adequate to minimize the problem related to strong cloudiness over the region and allowed to map consistently the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation components in Amazonia. We conclude that the integration of reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> and satellite data, eliminating the need for surface measurements as input model, was a useful proposition for the spatialization of the radiation fluxes in the Amazon region, which may serve as input information needed by algorithms that aim to determine evapotranspiration, the most important component of the Amazon hydrological balance. PMID:27347957</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27347957','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27347957"><span>Use of MODIS Sensor Images Combined with Reanalysis <span class="hlt">Products</span> to Retrieve <span class="hlt">Net</span> Radiation in Amazonia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Oliveira, Gabriel; Brunsell, Nathaniel A; Moraes, Elisabete C; Bertani, Gabriel; Dos Santos, Thiago V; Shimabukuro, Yosio E; Aragão, Luiz E O C</p> <p>2016-06-24</p> <p>In the Amazon region, the estimation of radiation fluxes through remote sensing techniques is hindered by the lack of ground measurements required as input in the models, as well as the difficulty to obtain cloud-free images. Here, we assess an approach to estimate <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation (Rn) and its components under all-sky conditions for the Amazon region through the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model utilizing only remote sensing and reanalysis data. The study period comprised six years, between January 2001-December 2006, and images from MODIS sensor aboard the Terra satellite and GLDAS reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> were utilized. The estimates were evaluated with flux tower measurements within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) project. Comparison between estimates obtained by the proposed method and observations from LBA towers showed errors between 12.5% and 16.4% and 11.3% and 15.9% for instantaneous and daily Rn, respectively. Our approach was adequate to minimize the problem related to strong cloudiness over the region and allowed to map consistently the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">net</span> radiation components in Amazonia. We conclude that the integration of reanalysis <span class="hlt">products</span> and satellite data, eliminating the need for surface measurements as input model, was a useful proposition for the spatialization of the radiation fluxes in the Amazon region, which may serve as input information needed by algorithms that aim to determine evapotranspiration, the most important component of the Amazon hydrological balance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1710565B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1710565B"><span>Chemical processes related to <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone tendencies in the free troposphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bozem, Heiko; Butler, Tim M.; Lawrence, Mark G.; Harder, Hartwig; Martinez, Monica; Kubistin, Dagmar; Lelieveld, Jos; Fischer, Horst</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Ozone (O3) is an important atmospheric oxidant, a greenhouse gas, and a hazard to human health and agriculture. Here we describe airborne in situ measurements and model simulations of O3 and its precursors during tropical and extratropical field campaigns over South America and Europe, respectively. Using the measurements, <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone formation/destruction tendencies are calculated and compared to 3-D chemistry-transport model simulations. In general, observation-based <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone tendencies are positive in the continental boundary layer and the upper troposphere at altitudes above ˜ 6 km in both environments. On the other hand, in the marine boundary layer and the middle troposphere, from the top of the boundary layer to about 6-8 km altitude, <span class="hlt">net</span> O3 destruction prevails. The ozone tendencies are controlled by ambient concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx). In regions with <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone destruction the available NOx is below the threshold value at which <span class="hlt">production</span> and destruction of O3 balance. While threshold NO values increase with altitude, in the upper troposphere NOx concentrations are generally higher due to the integral effect of convective precursor transport from the boundary layer, downward transport from the stratosphere and NOx produced by lightning. Two case studies indicate that in fresh convective outflow of electrified thunderstorms <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone <span class="hlt">production</span> is enhanced by a factor 5-6 compared to the undisturbed upper tropospheric background. The chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC generally reproduces the pattern of observation-based <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone tendencies but mostly underestimates the magnitude of the <span class="hlt">net</span> tendency (for both <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone <span class="hlt">production</span> and destruction).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24591802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24591802"><span>Willingness to pay for insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> in Berehet District, Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia: implication of social marketing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aleme, Adisu; Girma, Eshetu; Fentahun, Netsanet</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the feasibility of achieving widespread coverage with Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> has to be preceded by learning how people value the Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> and estimating the potential demand and willingness to pay so that sustainability of the intervention can be assured. The objective of this study was to determine willingness to pay for Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> among households in Berehet District, Northern Ethiopia. A <span class="hlt">community</span>-based cross-sectional study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods in five randomly selected Kebeles from January-February 2012. Open ended contingent valuation technique with follow-up method was used. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and observation methods. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. The average number of individuals per Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> was 3.83. Nearly 68.5% persons had willingness to buy Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> if they have access to these <span class="hlt">Nets</span>. The median maximum price a person is willingness to pay for blue rectangular Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Net</span> was 20 ETB. People had willingness to pay 30 ETB for blue and white conical insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Working on knowledge of malaria (OR=0.68, CI (0.47, 0.98; p<0.05), perceived benefit of Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> (OR=0.28, CI (0.2-0.4; p<0.05), perceived susceptibility (OR=0.64(0.44-0.93; p<0.05) and perceived severity of malaria (OR=0.65(0.47-0.91, p<0.05) had significant association with a willingness to pay Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span>. Respondents who prefer Kebele/place/ to buy Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Net</span> for rectangular shape had a significant association with a willingness to pay for Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span> (OR=1.92, CI= 1.07-3.92). Promotions, <span class="hlt">products</span>, price and place had significant association with willingness to pay for Insecticide-Treated <span class="hlt">Nets</span>. Designing a social marketing strategy helps ensure sustainable supply of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898h2003S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898h2003S"><span>High-Throughput and Low-Latency Network Communication with <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schumacher, Jörn; Plessl, Christian; Vandelli, Wainer</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>HPC network technologies like Infiniband, TrueScale or OmniPath provide low- latency and high-throughput communication between hosts, which makes them attractive options for data-acquisition systems in large-scale high-energy physics experiments. Like HPC networks, DAQ networks are local and include a well specified number of systems. Unfortunately traditional network communication APIs for HPC clusters like MPI or PGAS exclusively target the HPC <span class="hlt">community</span> and are not suited well for DAQ applications. It is possible to build distributed DAQ applications using low-level system APIs like Infiniband Verbs, but it requires a non-negligible effort and expert knowledge. At the same time, message services like ZeroMQ have gained popularity in the HEP <span class="hlt">community</span>. They make it possible to build distributed applications with a high-level approach and provide good performance. Unfortunately, their usage usually limits developers to TCP/IP- based networks. While it is possible to operate a TCP/IP stack on top of Infiniband and OmniPath, this approach may not be very efficient compared to a direct use of native APIs. <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO is a simple, novel asynchronous message service that can operate on Ethernet, Infiniband and similar network fabrics. In this paper the design and implementation of <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO is presented and described, and its use is evaluated in comparison to other approaches. <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO supports different high-level programming models and typical workloads of HEP applications. The ATLAS FELIX project [1] successfully uses <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO as its central communication platform. The architecture of <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO is described in this paper, including the user-level API and the internal data-flow design. The paper includes a performance evaluation of <span class="hlt">Net</span>IO including throughput and latency measurements. The performance is compared against the state-of-the- art ZeroMQ message service. Performance measurements are performed in a lab environment with Ethernet and FDR Infiniband networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=340275&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=Time+AND+Series+AND+Design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=340275&Lab=NHEERL&keyword=Time+AND+Series+AND+Design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Seasonal Oxygen Dynamics in a Warm Temperate Estuary: Effects of Hydrologic Variability on Measurements of Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span>, Respiration, and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Metabolism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Seasonal responses in estuarine metabolism (primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, respiration, and <span class="hlt">net</span> metabolism) were examined using two complementary approaches. Total ecosystem metabolism rates were calculated from dissolved oxygen time series using Odum’s open water method. Water column rates...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC21J..02D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC21J..02D"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Production</span> and Actionable Negative Emissions Strategies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>DeCicco, J. M.; Heo, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Negative emissions strategies, designed to increase the rate at which carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are removed from the atmosphere, are an important aspect of broader strategies for mitigating climate change. Not only is CO2 the dominant greenhouse gas and the one most intimately tied to existing commercial energy use, but it is also part of the global carbon cycle. On the order of 200 PgC•yr-1 circulates between the atmosphere and the major carbon stocks of the terrestrial biosphere, oceans and geosphere. Anthropogenic flows of roughly 10 PgC•yr-1 from fossil fuel use and 1 PgC•yr-1 from land-use change significantly exceed the Earth's natural carbon sink, and this imbalance causes the buildup of carbon in the atmosphere. In addition to strategies for reducing CO2 emissions, increasing negative emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is crucial for reducing carbon cycle imbalance in the near term as well as meeting long-term goals such as a 2°C limit. Terrestrial carbon management is important for both reducing emissions and enhancing sinks. Photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems is the form of CDR that is now most actionable, referring to mechanisms that can be economically implemented at meaningful scales without technology breakthroughs. <span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) is a crucial metric for guiding CDR involving the terrestrial biosphere, including options such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and other forms of bio-based mitigation. We derive the necessary conditions for effective implementation of this category of negative emissions measures, emphasizing the importance of NEP measurement, baselines and appropriate methods of carbon accounting. We present a method for quantitative spatio-temporal analysis of land-use and land-cover changes for estimating landscape-scale NEP; provide a preliminary baseline NEP estimate for the continental United States; apply the method to reveal a cautionary tale</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=351508','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=351508"><span>Lifetime <span class="hlt">Net</span> Merit vs. annualized <span class="hlt">net</span> present value as measures of profitability of selection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Current USDA linear selection indexes such as Lifetime <span class="hlt">Net</span> Merit (NM$) estimate lifetime profit given a combination of 13 traits. In these indexes, every animal gets credit for 2.78 lactations of the traits expressed per lactation, independent of its <span class="hlt">productive</span> life (PL). Selection among animals wit...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7121M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7121M"><span>Extending <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF and CF conventions to support enhanced Earth Observation Ontology services: the Prod-Trees project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mazzetti, Paolo; Valentin, Bernard; Koubarakis, Manolis; Nativi, Stefano</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Access to Earth Observation <span class="hlt">products</span> remains not at all straightforward for end users in most domains. Semantically-enabled search engines, generally accessible through Web portals, have been developed. They allow searching for <span class="hlt">products</span> by selecting application-specific terms and specifying basic geographical and temporal filtering criteria. Although this mostly suits the needs of the general public, the scientific <span class="hlt">communities</span> require more advanced and controlled means to find <span class="hlt">products</span>. Ranges of validity, traceability (e.g. origin, applied algorithms), accuracy, uncertainty, are concepts that are typically taken into account in research activities. The Prod-Trees (Enriching Earth Observation Ontology Services using <span class="hlt">Product</span> Trees) project will enhance the CF-<span class="hlt">net</span>CDF <span class="hlt">product</span> format and vocabulary to allow storing metadata that better describe the <span class="hlt">products</span>, and in particular EO <span class="hlt">products</span>. The project will bring a standardized solution that permits annotating EO <span class="hlt">products</span> in such a manner that official and third-party software libraries and tools will be able to search for <span class="hlt">products</span> using advanced tags and controlled parameter names. Annotated EO <span class="hlt">products</span> will be automatically supported by all the compatible software. Because the entire <span class="hlt">product</span> information will come from the annotations and the standards, there will be no need for integrating extra components and data structures that have not been standardized. In the course of the project, the most important and popular open-source software libraries and tools will be extended to support the proposed extensions of CF-<span class="hlt">net</span>CDF. The result will be provided back to the respective owners and maintainers for ensuring the best dissemination and adoption of the extended format. The project, funded by ESA, has started in December 2012 and will end in May 2014. It is coordinated by Space Applications Services, and the Consortium includes CNR-IIA and the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The first activities included</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3572415','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3572415"><span>Physical condition and maintenance of mosquito bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> in Kwale County, coastal Kenya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Despite the extensive ownership and use of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) over the last decade, the effective lifespan of these <span class="hlt">nets</span>, especially their physical integrity, under true operational conditions is not well-understood. Usefulness of <span class="hlt">nets</span> declines primarily due to physical damage or loss of insecticidal activity. Methods A <span class="hlt">community</span> based cross-sectional survey was used to determine the physical condition and to identify predictors of poor physical condition for bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> owned by individuals from <span class="hlt">communities</span> in Kwale County, coastal Kenya. A proportionate hole index (pHI) was used as a standard measure, and the cut-offs for an ‘effective net’ (offer substantial protection against mosquito bites) and ‘ineffective nets’ (offer little or no protection against mosquito bites) were determined (pHI ≤88 (about ≤500 cm2 of holes surface area) and pHI of >88 (≥500 cm2 of holes surface area), respectively). Results The vast majority (78%) of the surveyed <span class="hlt">nets</span> had some holes. The median pHI was 92 (range: 1–2,980). Overall, half of the <span class="hlt">nets</span> were categorized as ‘effective nets’ or ‘serviceable nets’. Physical deterioration of <span class="hlt">nets</span> was associated with higher use and washing frequency. Young children and older children were found to use ineffective bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> significantly more often than infants, while the physical integrity of <span class="hlt">nets</span> owned by pregnant women was similar to those owned by infants. Estuarine environment inhabitants owned <span class="hlt">nets</span> with the worst physical condition, while <span class="hlt">nets</span> owned by the coastal slope inhabitants were in fairly good physical condition. The results suggest that bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> are optimally utilized when they are new and physically intact. Thereafter, bed <span class="hlt">net</span> utilization decreases gradually with increasing physical deterioration, with most <span class="hlt">net</span> owners withdrawing physically damaged <span class="hlt">nets</span> from routine use. This withdrawal commonly happens following 1.5 years of use, making bed <span class="hlt">net</span> use the most important predictor of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870046165&hterms=cite+right&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcite%2Bright','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870046165&hterms=cite+right&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcite%2Bright"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> ozone photochemical <span class="hlt">production</span> over the eastern and central North Pacific as inferred from GTE/CITE 1 observations during fall 1983</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chameides, W. L.; Davis, D. D.; Rodgers, M. O.; Bradshaw, J.; Sandholm, S.; Sachse, G.; Hill, G.; Gregory, G.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The role of photochemistry in the budget of tropospheric ozone is studied. Measurements of O3, NO, CO, H2O vapor, and temperature obtained during the fall of 1983 during the GTE/CITE project over the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean are analyzed. The effect of altitude on the measurements is discussed. The analysis reveals a correlation between ozone and NO levels; both increase in concentration and variability with altitude. It is observed that an additional source of secondary importance associated wih CO-rich air parcels exists. A photochemical model is utilized to calculate the <span class="hlt">net</span> rate of ozone <span class="hlt">production</span> by photochemical reactions. A <span class="hlt">net</span> photochemical source of ozone in the free troposphere and a <span class="hlt">net</span> sink in the boundary layer are detected. The relation between the ozone source in the free troposphere and NO is examined. It is estimated that photochemistry provides a <span class="hlt">net</span> ozone source to the free troposphere overlying the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean of about 5 x 10 to the 10th molecules/sq cm sec and a <span class="hlt">net</span> sink of ozone to the boundary layer overlying this region of about 3 x 10 to the 10th molecules/sq cm sec.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816342R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816342R"><span>Flood effects on efflux and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of nitrous oxide in river floodplain soils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riaz, Muhammad; Bruderer, Christian; Niklaus, Pascal A.; Luster, Jörg</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Floodplain soils are often rich in nutrients and exhibit high spatial heterogeneity in terms of geomorphology, soil environmental conditions and substrate availability for processes involved in carbon and nutrient cycling. In addition, fluctuating water tables lead to temporally changing redox conditions. In such systems, there are ideal conditions for the occurrence of hot spots and moments of nitrous oxide emissions, a potent greenhouse gas. The factors that govern the spatial heterogeneity and dynamics of N2O formation in floodplain soils and the surface efflux of this gas are not fully understood. A particular issue is the contribution of N2O formation in the subsoil to surface efflux. We studied this question in the floodplain of a restored section of the Thur river (NE Switzerland) which is characterized by a flashy flow regime. As a consequence, the floodplain soils are unsaturated most of the time. We showed earlier that saturation during flood pulses leads to short phases of generally anoxic conditions followed by a drying phase with anoxic conditions within aggregates and oxic conditions in larger soil pores. The latter conditions are conducive for spatially closely-coupled nitrification-denitrification and related hot moments of nitrous oxide formation. In a floodplain zone characterized by about one meter of young, sandy sediments, that are mostly covered by the tall grass Phalaris arundinacea, we measured at several time points before and after a small flood event N2O surface efflux with the closed-chamber method, and assessed N2O concentrations in the soil air at four different depths using gas-permeable tubings. In addition, we calculated the N2O diffusivity in the soil from Radon diffusivity. The latter was estimated in-situ from the recovery of Radon concentration in the gas-permeable tubings after purging with ambient air. All these data were then used to calculate <span class="hlt">net</span> N2O <span class="hlt">production</span> rates at different soil depths with the gradient method. In</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1123240-soil-carbon-change-net-energy-associated-biofuel-production-marginal-lands-regional-modeling-perspective','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1123240-soil-carbon-change-net-energy-associated-biofuel-production-marginal-lands-regional-modeling-perspective"><span>Soil Carbon Change and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Energy Associated with Biofuel <span class="hlt">Production</span> on Marginal Lands: A Regional Modeling Perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bandaru, Varaprasad; Izaurralde, Roberto C.; Manowitz, David H.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The use of marginal lands (MLs) for biofuel <span class="hlt">production</span> has been contemplated as a promising solution for meeting biofuel demands. However, there have been concerns with spatial location of MLs, their inherent biofuel potential, and possible environmental consequences with the cultivation of energy crops. Here, we developed a new quantitative approach that integrates high-resolution land cover and land <span class="hlt">productivity</span> maps and uses conditional probability density functions for analyzing land use patterns as a function of land <span class="hlt">productivity</span> to classify the agricultural lands. We subsequently applied this method to determine available <span class="hlt">productive</span> croplands (P-CLs) and non-crop marginal lands (NC-MLs) in amore » nine-county Southern Michigan. Furthermore, Spatially Explicit Integrated Modeling Framework (SEIMF) using EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) was used to understand the <span class="hlt">net</span> energy (NE) and soil organic carbon (SOC) implications of cultivating different annual and perennial <span class="hlt">production</span> systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..65...35A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..65...35A"><span>MODIS EVI-based <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Sahel 2000-2014</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ardö, Jonas; Tagesson, Torbern; Jamali, Sadegh; Khatir, Abdelrahman</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Africa is facing resource problems due to increasing demand combined with potential climate-induced changes in supply. Here we aim to quantify resources in terms of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP [g C m-2 yr-1]) of vegetation in the Sahel region for 2000-2014. Using time series of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from MODIS, NPP was estimated for the Sahel region with a 500 × 500 m spatial resolution and 8-day temporal resolution. The estimates were based on local eddy covariance flux measurements from six sites in the Sahel region and the carbon use efficiency originating from a dynamic vegetation model. No significant NPP change was found for the Sahel as a region but, for sub-regions, significant changes, both increasing and decreasing, were observed. Substantial uncertainties related to NPP estimates and the small availability of evaluation data makes verification difficult. The simplicity of the methodology used, dependent on earth observation only, is considered an advantage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27079380','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27079380"><span>Comparing ownership and use of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> at two sites with differential malaria transmission in western Kenya.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ernst, Kacey C; Hayden, Mary H; Olsen, Heather; Cavanaugh, Jamie L; Ruberto, Irene; Agawo, Maurice; Munga, Stephen</p> <p>2016-04-14</p> <p>Challenges persist in ensuring access to and optimal use of long-lasting, insecticidal bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs). Factors associated with ownership and use may differ depending on the history of malaria and prevention control efforts in a specific region. Understanding how the cultural and social-environmental context of bed <span class="hlt">net</span> use may differ between high- and low-risk regions is important when identifying solutions to improve uptake and appropriate use. <span class="hlt">Community</span> forums and a household, cross-sectional survey were used to collect information on factors related to bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership and use in western Kenya. Sites with disparate levels of transmission were selected, including an endemic lowland area, Miwani, and a highland epidemic-prone area, Kapkangani. Analysis of ownership was stratified by site. A combined site analysis was conducted to examine factors associated with use of all available bed <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Logistic regression modelling was used to determine factors associated with ownership and use of owned bed <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Access to bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> as the leading barrier to their use was identified in <span class="hlt">community</span> forums and cross-sectional surveys. While disuse of available bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> was discussed in the forums, it was a relatively rare occurrence in both sites. Factors associated with ownership varied by site. Education, perceived risk of malaria and knowledge of individuals who had died of malaria were associated with higher bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership in the highlands, while in the lowlands individuals reporting it was easy to get a bed <span class="hlt">net</span> were more likely to own one. A combined site analysis indicated that not using an available bed <span class="hlt">net</span> was associated with the attitudes that taking malaria drugs is easier than using a bed <span class="hlt">net</span> and that use of a bed <span class="hlt">net</span> will not prevent malaria. In addition, individuals with an unused bed <span class="hlt">net</span> in the household were more likely to indicate that bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> are difficult to use, that purchased bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> are better than freely distributed ones, and that bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> should only</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRG..118.1546G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRG..118.1546G"><span>Improved assessment of gross and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of Canada's landmass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Price, David T.; Kurz, Werner A.; Liu, Jane; Boisvenue, Céline; Hember, Robbie A.; Wu, Chaoyang; Chang, Kuo-Hsien</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>assess Canada's gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (GPP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) using boreal ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> simulator (BEPS) at 250 m spatial resolution with improved input parameter and driver fields and phenology and nutrient release parameterization schemes. BEPS is a process-based two-leaf enzyme kinetic terrestrial ecosystem model designed to simulate energy, water, and carbon (C) fluxes using spatial data sets of meteorology, remotely sensed land surface variables, soil properties, and photosynthesis and respiration rate parameters. Two improved key land surface variables, leaf area index (LAI) and land cover type, are derived at 250 m from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor. For diagnostic error assessment, we use nine forest flux tower sites where all measured C flux, meteorology, and ancillary data sets are available. The errors due to input drivers and parameters are then independently corrected for Canada-wide GPP and NPP simulations. The optimized LAI use, for example, reduced the absolute bias in GPP from 20.7% to 1.1% for hourly BEPS simulations. Following the error diagnostics and corrections, daily GPP and NPP are simulated over Canada at 250 m spatial resolution, the highest resolution simulation yet for the country or any other comparable region. Total NPP (GPP) for Canada's land area was 1.27 (2.68) Pg C for 2008, with forests contributing 1.02 (2.2) Pg C. The annual comparisons between measured and simulated GPP show that the mean differences are not statistically significant (p > 0.05, paired t test). The main BEPS simulation error sources are from the driver fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915683L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915683L"><span><span class="hlt">NET</span>-VISA, a Bayesian method next-generation automatic association software. Latest developments and operational assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Le Bras, Ronan; Kushida, Noriyuki; Mialle, Pierrick; Tomuta, Elena; Arora, Nimar</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has been developing a Bayesian method and software to perform the key step of automatic association of seismological, hydroacoustic, and infrasound (SHI) parametric data. In our preliminary testing in the CTBTO, <span class="hlt">NET</span>_VISA shows much better performance than its currently operating automatic association module, with a rate for automatic events matching the analyst-reviewed events increased by 10%, signifying that the percentage of missed events is lowered by 40%. Initial tests involving analysts also showed that the new software will complete the automatic bulletins of the CTBTO by adding previously missed events. Because <span class="hlt">products</span> by the CTBTO are also widely distributed to its member States as well as throughout the seismological <span class="hlt">community</span>, the introduction of a new technology must be carried out carefully, and the first step of operational integration is to first use <span class="hlt">NET</span>-VISA results within the interactive analysts' software so that the analysts can check the robustness of the Bayesian approach. We report on the latest results both on the progress for automatic processing and for the initial introduction of <span class="hlt">NET</span>-VISA results in the analyst review process</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3001614','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3001614"><span>Africa's largest long-lasting insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">net</span> producer: lessons from A to Z Textiles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Field trials have demonstrated the efficacy of insecticide-treated <span class="hlt">nets</span>, and the WHO has recently endorsed a shift toward Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) due to factors such as reduced distribution costs. However, the need for LLINs poses several challenges. Is it possible to manufacture LLINs in large quantities in the African continent, where malaria is most endemic? When <span class="hlt">production</span> is located in low-income countries, what role is played by local funding and employment, scaling up manufacturing, and partnerships? What factors influence availability and pricing? Discussion A case study of A to Z Textiles was undertaken to answer the question of how large-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> of LLINs can occur in a low income setting. One of the largest sources of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> for Africa, A to Z Textiles is Africa-based, and its Tanzanian operations have a <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity of 30 million LLINs per year, along with full WHO recommendation for its <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with key informants familiar with A to Z, site visits in Tanzania, and literature reviews. This paper discusses the history and current status of A to Z Textiles, identifies the factors that led to its success, and suggests policy considerations that could support similar initiatives in the future. Local funding, scaling up manufacturing, technology transfer, and partnerships all played important roles in A to Z’s ascent, as did perceived benefits of local employment and capacity-building. Regulatory issues and procurement rules acted as barriers. A to Z cost-effectively manufactures high-quality LLINs where malaria is most endemic. Summary With a <span class="hlt">production</span> capacity of 30 million LLINs per year, and full WHOPES (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) certification, A to Z Textiles demonstrates how key health goods can be successfully produced in the low-income countries that use them. Its example may be instructive and of high interest to readers in the malaria</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030211','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030211"><span>A comparison of shoreline seines with fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span> for sampling littoral fish <span class="hlt">communities</span> in floodplain lakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Clark, S.J.; Jackson, J.R.; Lochmann, S.E.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We compared shoreline seines with fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span> in terms of their ability to sample fish species in the littoral zone of 22 floodplain lakes of the White River, Arkansas. Lakes ranged in size from less than 0.5 to 51.0 ha. Most contained large amounts of coarse woody debris within the littoral zone, thus making seining in shallow areas difficult. We sampled large lakes (>2 ha) using three fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span>; small lakes (<2 ha) were sampled using two fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span> were set for 24 h. Large lakes were sampled with an average of 11 seine hauls/ lake and small lakes were sampled with an average of 3 seine hauls/lake, but exact shoreline seining effort varied among lakes depending on the amount of open shoreline. Fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span> collected more fish and produced greater species richness and diversity measures than did seining. Species evenness was similar for the two gear types. Two species were unique to seine samples, whereas 13 species and 3 families were unique to fyke-<span class="hlt">net</span> samples. Although fyke <span class="hlt">nets</span> collected more fish and more species than did shoreline seines, neither gear collected all the species present in the littoral zone of floodplain lakes. These results confirm the need for a multiple-gear approach to fully characterize the littoral fish assemblages in floodplain lakes. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4810167','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4810167"><span>Aboveground <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in a Riparian Wetland Following Restoration of Hydrology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Koontz, Melissa; Lundberg, Christopher; Lane, Robert; Day, John; Pezeshki, Reza</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This research presents the initial results of the effects of hydrological restoration on forested wetlands in the Mississippi alluvial plain near Memphis, Tennessee. Measurements were carried out in a secondary channel, the Loosahatchie Chute, in which rock dikes were constructed in the 1960s to keep most flow in the main navigation channel. In 2008–2009, the dikes were notched to allow more flow into the secondary channel. Study sites were established based on relative distance downstream of the notched dikes. Additionally, a reference site was established north of the Loosahatchie Chute where the dikes remained unnotched. We compared various components of vegetation composition and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at sites in the riparian wetlands for two years. Salix nigra had the highest Importance Value at every site. Species with minor Importance Values were Celtis laevigata, Acer rubrum, and Plantanus occidentalis. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> increased more following the introduction of river water in affected sites compared to the reference. Aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was highest at the reference site (2926 ± 458.1 g·m−2·year−1), the intact site; however, there were greater increase at the sites in the Loosahatchie Chute, where measurements ranged from 1197.7 ± 160.0 g m−2·year−1·to 2874.2 ± 794.0 g·m−2·year−1. The site furthest from the notching was the most affected. Pulsed inputs into these wetlands may enhance forested wetland <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Continued monitoring will quantify impacts of restored channel hydrology along the Mississippi River. PMID:26861409</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861409','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861409"><span>Aboveground <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in a Riparian Wetland Following Restoration of Hydrology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koontz, Melissa; Lundberg, Christopher; Lane, Robert; Day, John; Pezeshki, Reza</p> <p>2016-02-04</p> <p>This research presents the initial results of the effects of hydrological restoration on forested wetlands in the Mississippi alluvial plain near Memphis, Tennessee. Measurements were carried out in a secondary channel, the Loosahatchie Chute, in which rock dikes were constructed in the 1960s to keep most flow in the main navigation channel. In 2008-2009, the dikes were notched to allow more flow into the secondary channel. Study sites were established based on relative distance downstream of the notched dikes. Additionally, a reference site was established north of the Loosahatchie Chute where the dikes remained unnotched. We compared various components of vegetation composition and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at sites in the riparian wetlands for two years. Salix nigra had the highest Importance Value at every site. Species with minor Importance Values were Celtis laevigata, Acer rubrum, and Plantanus occidentalis. <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> increased more following the introduction of river water in affected sites compared to the reference. Aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was highest at the reference site (2926 ± 458.1 g·m(-2)·year(-1)), the intact site; however, there were greater increase at the sites in the Loosahatchie Chute, where measurements ranged from 1197.7 ± 160.0 g m(-2)·year(-1)·to 2874.2 ± 794.0 g·m(-2)·year(-1). The site furthest from the notching was the most affected. Pulsed inputs into these wetlands may enhance forested wetland <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Continued monitoring will quantify impacts of restored channel hydrology along the Mississippi River.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13D0542G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13D0542G"><span>Disturbance severity and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> resilience of a Great Lakes forest ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goodrich-Stuart, E. J.; Fahey, R.; De La Cruz, A.; Gough, C. M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>As many Eastern deciduous forests of North America transition from early to mid-succession, the future of regional terrestrial carbon (C) storage is uncertain. The gradual, patchy senescence of early-successional trees accompanying this transition is comparable in severity to moderate disturbances such as silvicultural thinnings or insect outbreaks. While stand-replacing disturbance causes forests to temporarily become C sources, more moderate disturbances may inflict little to no decline in C sequestration. Identifying the disturbance severity at which <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) declines and the underlying mechanisms that drive forest C storage resistance to disturbance is increasingly important as moderate disturbances increase in frequency and extent across the region. The Forest Accelerated Succession ExperimenT (FASET) at the University of Michigan Biological Station subjected 39 ha of forest to moderate disturbance in 2008 by advancing age-related tree mortality through the stem girdling of early successional aspen and birch. Stand-scale disturbance severity, expressed as relative basal area of girdled aspen and birch, was 39% but plot-scale severity varied substantially within the experimental area (9 to 66% in 0.1 ha plots) because of the heterogeneous distribution of aspen and birch. We used this disturbance severity gradient to examine: 1) the relationship between NPP resilience and disturbance severity; 2) the disturbance severity at which NPP resilience prompts a shift in dominance from canopy to subcanopy vegetation; 3) how NPP resilience relates to disturbance-driven changes in resource-use efficiency, and 4) how disturbance severity shapes emerging forest <span class="hlt">communities</span> We found that NPP is highly resilient to low to moderate levels of disturbance, but that <span class="hlt">production</span> declines once a higher disturbance threshold is exceeded. Several complementary mechanisms, including canopy structural reorganization and the reallocation of growth-limiting light and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988DSRA...35..209J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988DSRA...35..209J"><span>Measures of <span class="hlt">net</span> oxidant concentration in seawater</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jackson, George A.; Williams, Peter M.</p> <p>1988-02-01</p> <p>Dissolved oxygen deficits in the ocean have been used as a measure of the organic matter oxidized in a volume of water. Such organic matter is usually assumed to be predominantly settled particles. Using dissolved oxygen concentration in this way has two problems: first, it does not differentiate between oxidant consumed by the pool of dissolved organic matter present near the ocean surface and oxidant consumed by organic matter contained by falling particles; second, it does not account for other oxidant sources, such as nitrate, which can be as important to organic matter decay as oxygen in low-oxygen water, such as off Peru or in the Southern California submarine basins. New parameters provide better measures of the <span class="hlt">net</span> oxidant concentration in a water parcel. One such, <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox, is changed only by gaseous exchange with the atmosphere, exchange with the benthos, or the <span class="hlt">production</span> or consumption of sinking particles. A simplified version of <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox, <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox = [O2] + 1.25[NO3-] - [TOC], where TOC (total organic carbon), the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plus the suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), provides an index based on the usually dominant variables. Calculation of <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox and a second property, <span class="hlt">Net</span>OC ([O2] - [TOC]), for data from GEOSECS and ourselves in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans using property-property graphs show differences from those from oxygen deficits alone. Comparison of <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox and <span class="hlt">Net</span>OC concentrations at high and low latitudes of the Pacific Ocean shows the difference in surface water oxidant concentrations is even larger than the difference in oxygen concentration. Vertical particle fluxes off Peru calculated from <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox gradients are much greater than those calculated from oxygen gradients. The potential value of <span class="hlt">Net</span>Ox and <span class="hlt">Net</span>OC as parameters to understand particle fluxes implies that determination of TOC should be a routine part of hydrographic measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003DSRI...50..529S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003DSRI...50..529S"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> respiration/<span class="hlt">production</span> and bacterial activity in the upper water column of the central Arctic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sherr, Barry F.; Sherr, Evelyn B.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Community</span> metabolism (respiration and <span class="hlt">production</span>) and bacterial activity were assessed in the upper water column of the central Arctic Ocean during the SHEBA/JOIS ice camp experiment, October 1997-September 1998. In the upper 50 m, decrease in integrated dissolved oxygen (DO) stocks over a period of 124 d in mid-winter suggested a respiration rate of ˜3.3 nM O 2 h -1 and a carbon demand of ˜4.5 gC m -2. Increase in 0-50 m integrated stocks of DO during summer implied a <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of ˜20 gC m -2. <span class="hlt">Community</span> respiration rates were directly measured via rate of decrease in DO in whole seawater during 72-h dark incubation experiments. Incubation-based respiration rates were on average 3-fold lower during winter (11.0±10.6 nM O 2 h -1) compared to summer (35.3±24.8 nM O 2 h -1). Bacterial heterotrophic activity responded strongly, without noticeable lag, to phytoplankton growth. Rate of leucine incorporation by bacteria (a proxy for protein synthesis and cell growth) increased ˜10-fold, and the cell-specific rate of leucine incorporation ˜5-fold, from winter to summer. Rates of <span class="hlt">production</span> of bacterial biomass in the upper 50 m were, however, low compared to other oceanic regions, averaging 0.52±0.47 ngC l -1 h -1 during winter and 5.1±3.1 ngC l -1 h -1 during summer. Total carbon demand based on respiration experiments averaged 2.4±2.3 mgC m -3 d -1 in winter and 7.8±5.5 mgC m -3 d -1 in summer. Estimated bacterial carbon demand based on bacterial <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and an assumed 10% gross growth efficiency was much lower, averaging about 0.12±0.12 mgC m -3 d -1 in winter and 1.3±0.7 mgC m -3 d -1 in summer. Our estimates of bacterial activity during summer were an order of magnitude less than rates reported from a summer 1994 study in the central Arctic Ocean, implying significant inter-annual variability of microbial processes in this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17187920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17187920"><span>Effects of topography on simulated <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at landscape scale.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, X F; Chen, J M; An, S Q; Ju, W M</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Local topography significantly affects spatial variations of climatic variables and soil water movement in complex terrain. Therefore, the distribution and <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of ecosystems are closely linked to topography. Using a coupled terrestrial carbon and hydrological model (BEPS-TerrainLab model), the topographic effects on the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) are analyzed through four modelling experiments for a 5700 km(2) area in Baohe River basin, Shaanxi Province, northwest of China. The model was able to capture 81% of the variability in NPP estimated from tree rings, with a mean relative error of 3.1%. The average NPP in 2003 for the study area was 741 gCm(-2)yr(-1) from a model run including topographic effects on the distributions of climate variables and lateral flow of ground water. Topography has considerable effect on NPP, which peaks near 1350 m above the sea level. An elevation increase of 100 m above this level reduces the average annual NPP by about 25 gCm(-2). The terrain aspect gives rise to a NPP change of 5% for forests located below 1900 m as a result of its influence on incident solar radiation. For the whole study area, a simulation totally excluding topographic effects on the distributions of climatic variables and ground water movement overestimated the average NPP by 5%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v538/p35-52/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v538/p35-52/"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> metabolism in shallow coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, lower Florida Keys</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Turk, Daniela; Yates, Kimberly K.; Vega-Rodriguez, Maria; Toro-Farmer, Gerardo; L'Esperance, Chris; Melo, Nelson; Ramsewak, Deanesch; Estrada, S. Cerdeira; Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Herwitz, Stan R.; McGillis, Wade</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Diurnal variation of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification (NEC) were measured in coral reef and seagrass biomes during October 2012 in the lower Florida Keys using a mesocosm enclosure and the oxygen gradient flux technique. Seagrass and coral reef sites showed diurnal variations of NEP and NEC, with positive values at near-seafloor light levels >100–300 µEinstein m-2 s-1. During daylight hours, we detected an average NEP of 12.3 and 8.6 mmol O2 m-2 h-1 at the seagrass and coral reef site, respectively. At night, NEP at the seagrass site was relatively constant, while on the coral reef, <span class="hlt">net</span> respiration was highest immediately after dusk and decreased during the rest of the night. At the seagrass site, NEC values ranged from 0.20 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 during daylight to -0.15 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 at night, and from 0.17 to -0.10 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 at the coral reef site. There were no significant differences in pH and aragonite saturation states (Ωar) between the seagrass and coral reef sites. Decrease in light levels during thunderstorms significantly decreased NEP, transforming the system from <span class="hlt">net</span> autotrophic to <span class="hlt">net</span> heterotrophic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28049477','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28049477"><span>The effect of small solar powered 'Bͻkͻͻ' <span class="hlt">net</span> fans on mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> use: results from a randomized controlled cross-over trial in southern Ghana.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Briët, Olivier J T; Yukich, Joshua O; Pfeiffer, Constanze; Miller, William; Jaeger, Mulako S; Khanna, Nitin; Oppong, Samuel; Nardini, Peter; Ahorlu, Collins K; Keating, Joseph</p> <p>2017-01-03</p> <p>Long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) are ineffective malaria transmission prevention tools if they are unused. Discomfort due to heat is the most commonly reported reason for not using <span class="hlt">nets</span>, but this problem is largely unaddressed. With increasing rural electrification and the dropping price of solar power, fans could improve comfort inside <span class="hlt">nets</span> and be affordable to populations in malaria endemic areas. Here, results are presented from a pilot randomized controlled cross-over study testing the effect of fans on LLIN use. Eighty-three households from two rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> in Greater Accra, Ghana, randomized into three groups, participated in a 10-month cross-over trial. After a screening survey to identify eligible households, all households received new LLINs. Bͻkͻͻ <span class="hlt">net</span> fan systems (one fan per member) were given to households in Group 1 and water filters were given to households in Group 2. At mid-point, Group 1 and 2 crossed over interventions. Households in Group 1 and 2 participated in fortnightly surveys on households' practices related to <span class="hlt">nets</span>, fans and water filters, while households in Group 3 were surveyed only at screening, mid-point and study end. Entomological and weather data were collected throughout the study. Analysis took both 'per protocol' (PP) and 'intention to treat' (ITT) approaches. The mid- and end-point survey data from Group 1 and 2 were analysed using Firth logistic regressions. Fortnightly survey data from all groups were analysed using logistic regressions with random effects. Provision of fans to households appeared to increase <span class="hlt">net</span> use in this study. Although the increase in <span class="hlt">net</span> use explained by fans was not significant in the primary analyses (ITT odds ratio 3.24, p > 0.01; PP odds ratio = 1.17, p > 0.01), it was significant in secondary PP analysis (odds ratio = 1.95, p < 0.01). <span class="hlt">Net</span> use was high at screening and even higher after provision of new LLINs and with follow up. Fan use was 90-100% depending on the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24890042','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24890042"><span>Macroalgal blooms alter <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in marine ecosystems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lyons, Devin A; Arvanitidis, Christos; Blight, Andrew J; Chatzinikolaou, Eva; Guy-Haim, Tamar; Kotta, Jonne; Orav-Kotta, Helen; Queirós, Ana M; Rilov, Gil; Somerfield, Paul J; Crowe, Tasman P</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>Eutrophication, coupled with loss of herbivory due to habitat degradation and overharvesting, has increased the frequency and severity of macroalgal blooms worldwide. Macroalgal blooms interfere with human activities in coastal areas, and sometimes necessitate costly algal removal programmes. They also have many detrimental effects on marine and estuarine ecosystems, including induction of hypoxia, release of toxic hydrogen sulphide into the sediments and atmosphere, and the loss of ecologically and economically important species. However, macroalgal blooms can also increase habitat complexity, provide organisms with food and shelter, and reduce other problems associated with eutrophication. These contrasting effects make their overall ecological impacts unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall effects of macroalgal blooms on several key measures of ecosystem structure and functioning in marine ecosystems. We also evaluated some of the ecological and methodological factors that might explain the highly variable effects observed in different studies. Averaged across all studies, macroalgal blooms had negative effects on the abundance and species richness of marine organisms, but blooms by different algal taxa had different consequences, ranging from strong negative to strong positive effects. Blooms' effects on species richness also depended on the habitat where they occurred, with the strongest negative effects seen in sandy or muddy subtidal habitats and in the rocky intertidal. Invertebrate <span class="hlt">communities</span> also appeared to be particularly sensitive to blooms, suffering reductions in their abundance, species richness, and diversity. The total <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and respiration of benthic ecosystems were higher during macroalgal blooms, but blooms had negative effects on the <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and respiration of other organisms. These results suggest that, in addition to their direct social and</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7145E..0SC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7145E..0SC"><span>Spatial scaling of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> using subpixel landcover information</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, X. F.; Chen, Jing M.; Ju, Wei M.; Ren, L. L.</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Gridding the land surface into coarse homogeneous pixels may cause important biases on ecosystem model estimations of carbon budget components at local, regional and global scales. These biases result from overlooking subpixel variability of land surface characteristics. Vegetation heterogeneity is an important factor introducing biases in regional ecological modeling, especially when the modeling is made on large grids. This study suggests a simple algorithm that uses subpixel information on the spatial variability of land cover type to correct <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) estimates, made at coarse spatial resolutions where the land surface is considered as homogeneous within each pixel. The algorithm operates in such a way that NPP obtained from calculations made at coarse spatial resolutions are multiplied by simple functions that attempt to reproduce the effects of subpixel variability of land cover type on NPP. Its application to a carbon-hydrology coupled model(BEPS-TerrainLab model) estimates made at a 1-km resolution over a watershed (named Baohe River Basin) located in the southwestern part of Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China, improved estimates of average NPP as well as its spatial variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7701B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7701B"><span>Definition of an ISO 19115 metadata profile for SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> II Cruise Summary Reports and its XML encoding</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boldrini, Enrico; Schaap, Dick M. A.; Nativi, Stefano</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> implements a distributed pan-European infrastructure for Ocean and Marine Data Management whose nodes are maintained by 40 national oceanographic and marine data centers from 35 countries riparian to all European seas. A unique portal makes possible distributed discovery, visualization and access of the available sea data across all the member nodes. Geographic metadata play an important role in such an infrastructure, enabling an efficient documentation and discovery of the resources of interest. In particular: - Common Data Index (CDI) metadata describe the sea datasets, including identification information (e.g. <span class="hlt">product</span> title, interested area), evaluation information (e.g. data resolution, constraints) and distribution information (e.g. download endpoint, download protocol); - Cruise Summary Reports (CSR) metadata describe cruises and field experiments at sea, including identification information (e.g. cruise title, name of the ship), acquisition information (e.g. utilized instruments, number of samples taken) In the context of the second phase of SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> (SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> 2 EU FP7 project, grant agreement 283607, started on October 1st, 2011 for a duration of 4 years) a major target is the setting, adoption and promotion of common international standards, to the benefit of outreach and interoperability with the international initiatives and <span class="hlt">communities</span> (e.g. OGC, INSPIRE, GEOSS, …). A standardization effort conducted by CNR with the support of MARIS, IFREMER, STFC, BODC and ENEA has led to the creation of a ISO 19115 metadata profile of CDI and its XML encoding based on ISO 19139. The CDI profile is now in its stable version and it's being implemented and adopted by the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> tools and software. The effort has then continued to produce an ISO based metadata model and its XML encoding also for CSR. The metadata elements included in the CSR profile belong to different models: - ISO 19115: E.g. cruise identification information, including</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChJOL..31..762J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChJOL..31..762J"><span>Spatio-temporal distribution of <span class="hlt">net</span>-collected phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> and its response to marine exploitation in Xiangshan Bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Zhibing; Zhu, Xuyu; Gao, Yu; Chen, Quanzhen; Zeng, Jiangning; Zhu, Genhai</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>To explore the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton <span class="hlt">community</span> and evaluate the combined effects of marine resource exploitation, <span class="hlt">net</span>-collected phytoplankton and physical-chemical parameters were investigated in the Xiangshan Bay during the four seasons of 2010. A total of eight phyla, 97 genera, and 310 species were found, including 232 diatom species, 45 dinoflagellate species and 33 other taxa. The phytoplankton abundances presented a significant ( P<0.001) seasonal difference with the average of 60.66×104 cells/m3. Diatoms (mainly consisting of Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Cerataulina pelagica, Skeleto n ema costatum, and genus Chaetoceros) dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in all seasons. We found great spatio-temporal variation in <span class="hlt">community</span> composition based on the multidimensional scaling and similarity analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis show that temperature, nutrition, illumination, and salinity were the main variables associated with microalgal assemblage. Compared with the previous studies, an increase in phytoplankton abundance and change in the dominant species coincided with increased exploitation activities in this bay (e.g. operation of coastal power plants, intensive mariculture, tidal flat reclamation, and industrial and agricultural development). The present findings suggest that the government should exercise caution when deciding upon developmental patterns in the sea-related economy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/951618','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/951618"><span>Secondary succession: Composition of the vegetation and primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in the field-to-forest at Brookhaven, Long Island, N.Y.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Woodwell,G.M.; Holt, B. R.; Flaccus, E.</p> <p>1973-08-23</p> <p>Natural <span class="hlt">communities</span> respond to disruption through a series of changes in plant and animal <span class="hlt">communities</span> that are broadly predictable. The field-to-forest sere of central Long Island follows the pattern set forth earlier for the Piedmont of North Carolina and for New Jersey. The <span class="hlt">communities</span> of herbs that occur in the years immediately after abandonment are followed by an Andropogon stage which is replaced before the 20th year by pine forest. The pine is replaced in the next 25 years by oak-pine, which in the normal Course is followed by oak-hickory. With repeated burning the oak-pine stage in various combinations ofmore » oaks and pine may be maintained indefinitely. Diversity, measured as number of species per unit land area, increased in this sere through the 3-5th years after abandonment to a maximum, dropped, and rose again in the later forest stages. Exotics were a conspicuous part of the <span class="hlt">communities</span> of the earlier stages but their importance diminished as succession progressed and their contribution to <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was zero beyond the 20th year. The removal of exotics would probably not have changed the pattern of diversity appreciably. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> increased with succession in this sere with major changes occurring as life-forms of the dominants shifted to woody plants. The peak <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> was in the most mature forest, about 1200 g/m{sup 2}/yr. Root/shoot ratios declined from 4-5 in the early stages of succession to 0.3-0.5 with later stages. The standing crop of organic matter including humus throughout the sere was about 15 times the <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>, indicating a halftime of residence for all organic matter throughout the sere of about 10 years.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39979','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39979"><span>Combining tower mixing ratio and <span class="hlt">community</span> model data to estimate regional-scale <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon exchange by boundary layer inversion over four flux towers in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Xueri Dang; Chun-Ta Lai; David Y. Hollinger; Andrew J. Schauer; Jingfeng Xiao; J. William Munger; Clenton Owensby; James R. Ehleringer</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated an idealized boundary layer (BL) model with simple parameterizations using vertical transport information from <span class="hlt">community</span> model outputs (NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis and ECMWF Interim Analysis) to estimate regional-scale <span class="hlt">net</span> CO2 fluxes from 2002 to 2007 at three forest and one grassland flux sites in the United States. The BL modeling...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...10427735L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...10427735L"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, J.; Chen, J. M.; Cihlar, J.; Chen, W.</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to upscale tower measurements of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) to the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) study region by means of remote sensing and modeling. The Boreal Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Simulator (BEPS) with a new daily canopy photosynthesis model was first tested in one coniferous and one deciduous site. The simultaneous CO2 flux measurements above and below the tree canopy made it possible to isolate daily <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of the tree canopy for model validation. Soil water holding capacity and gridded daily meteorological data for the region were used as inputs to BEPS, in addition to 1 km resolution land cover and leaf area index (LAI) maps derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data. NPP statistics for the various cover types in the BOREAS region and in the southern study area (SSA) and the northern study area (NSA) are presented. Strong dependence of NPP on LAI was found for the three major cover types: coniferous forest, deciduous forest and cropland. Since BEPS can compute total photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy in each pixel, light use efficiencies for NPP and gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> could also be analyzed. From the model results, the following area-averaged statistics were obtained for 1994: (1) mean NPP for the BOREAS region of 217 g C m-2 yr-1; (2) mean NPP of forests (excluding burnt areas in the region) equal to 234 g C m-2 yr-1; (3) mean NPP for the SSA and the NSA of 297 and 238 g C m-2 yr-1, respectively; and (4) mean light use efficiency for NPP equal to 0.40, 0.20, and 0.33 g C (MJ APAR)-1 for deciduous forest, coniferous forest, and crops, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068082"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> pediatric hospitalists providing care in the emergency department: an analysis of physician <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and financial performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dudas, Robert A; Monroe, David; McColligan Borger, Melissa</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Community</span> hospital pediatric inpatient programs are being threatened by current financial and demographic trends. We describe a model of care and report on the financial implications associated with combining emergency department (ED) and inpatient care of pediatric patients. We determine whether this type of model could generate sufficient revenue to support physician salaries for continuous in-house coverage in <span class="hlt">community</span> hospitals. Financial <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and selected performance indicators were obtained from a retrospective review of registration and billing records. Data were obtained from 2 <span class="hlt">community</span>-based pediatric hospitalist programs, which are part of a single health system and included care delivered in the ED and inpatient settings during a 1-year period from July 1, 2008, to July 1, 2009. Together, the combined programs were able to generate 6079 total relative value units and collections of $244,828 annually per full-time equivalent (FTE). Salary, benefits, and practice expenses totaled $235,674 per FTE. Thus, combined daily revenues exceeded expenses and provided 104% of physician salary, benefits, and practice expenses. However, 1 program generated a <span class="hlt">net</span> profit of $329,715 ($40,706 per FTE), whereas the other recorded a loss of $207,969 ($39,994 per FTE). Emergency department throughput times and left-without-being-seen rates at both programs were comparable to national benchmarks. Incorporating ED care into a pediatric hospitalist program can be an effective strategy to maintain the financial viability of pediatric services at <span class="hlt">community</span> hospitals with low inpatient volumes that seek to provide 24-hour pediatric staffing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4591998','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4591998"><span>Determinants of Bed <span class="hlt">Net</span> Use in Southeast Nigeria following Mass Distribution of LLINs: Implications for Social Behavior Change Interventions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Russell, Cheryl L.; Sallau, Adamu; Emukah, Emmanuel; Graves, Patricia M.; Noland, Gregory S.; Ngondi, Jeremiah M.; Ozaki, Masayo; Nwankwo, Lawrence; Miri, Emmanuel; McFarland, Deborah A.; Richards, Frank O.; Patterson, Amy E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Millions of long-lasting insecticide treated <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) have been distributed as part of the global malaria control strategy. LLIN ownership, however, does not necessarily guarantee use. Thus, even in the ideal setting in which universal coverage with LLINs has been achieved, maximal malaria protection will only be achieved if LLINs are used both correctly and consistently. This study investigated the factors associated with <span class="hlt">net</span> use, independent of <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership. Data were collected during a household survey conducted in Ebonyi State in southeastern Nigeria in November 2011 following a statewide mass LLIN distribution campaign and, in select locations, a <span class="hlt">community</span>-based social behavior change (SBC) intervention. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for household bed <span class="hlt">net</span> ownership, were conducted to examine the association between individual <span class="hlt">net</span> use and various demographic, environmental, behavioral and social factors. The odds of <span class="hlt">net</span> use increased among individuals who were exposed to tailored SBC in the context of a home visit (OR = 17.11; 95% CI 4.45–65.79) or who received greater degrees of social support from friends and family (ptrend < 0.001). Factors associated with decreased odds of <span class="hlt">net</span> use included: increasing education level (ptrend = 0.020), increasing malaria knowledge level (ptrend = 0.022), and reporting any disadvantage of bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.23–0.78). The findings suggest that LLIN use is significantly influenced by social support and exposure to a malaria-related SBC home visit. The malaria <span class="hlt">community</span> should thus further consider the importance of <span class="hlt">community</span> outreach, interpersonal communication and social support on adoption of <span class="hlt">net</span> use behaviors when designing future research and interventions. PMID:26430747</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233920"><span>Global sale of tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and electronic nicotine delivery systems in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hudmon, Karen Suchanek; Elkhadragy, Nervana; Kusynová, Zuzana; Besançon, Luc; Brock, Tina Penick; Corelli, Robin L</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>To estimate the proportion of countries/territories that allow sales of tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) member organisations were contacted by email and asked to respond to a two-item survey assessing whether their country/territory allowed sales of (a) tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and (b) ENDS in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies. Of 95 countries/territories contacted, responses were received from 60 (63.2%). Seven countries (11.7%) reported that tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> were sold in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies, and 11 countries (18.3%) reported that ENDS were sold in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies. Among the FIP member organisations, there are few countries that allow the sale of tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and ENDS in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies, with ENDS being more likely than tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> to be sold. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26591730','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26591730"><span>Scepticism towards insecticide treated mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> for malaria control in rural <span class="hlt">community</span> in north-western Tanzania.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nnko, Soori E; Whyte, Susan R; Geissler, Wenzel P; Aagaard-Hansen, Jens</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Despite existence of effective tools for malaria control, malaria continues to be one of the leading killer diseases especially among under-five year children and pregnant women in poor rural populations of Sub Saharan Africa. In Tanzania Mainland the disease contributes to 39.4% of the total OPD attendances. In terms of mortality, malaria is known to be responsible for more than one third of deaths among children of age below 5 years and also contributes for up to one fifth of deaths among pregnant women. This paper is based on a study conducted in a rural <span class="hlt">community</span> along the shores of Lake Victoria in Mwanza region, North-Western Tanzania. The study explores reasons for scepticism and low uptake of insecticide treated mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITNs) that were promoted through social marketing strategy for malaria control prior to the introduction of long lasting <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLN). The paper breaks from traditional approach that tend to study low uptake of health interventions in terms of structural practical constraints--cost, accessibility, everyday priorities--or in terms of cognition--insufficient knowledge of benefits e.g. ignorance of public health messages. This paper has shown that, the majority of people who could afford the prices of ITNs and who knew where to obtain the insecticides did not necessarily buy them. This suggests that, although people tend to report cost-related factors as a barrier against the use of ITNs, there are other critical concerns at work. Without underestimating the practical factors, our study have recommended to consider critical examinations of those other concerns that hinder optimal utilization of ITN for malaria control, and the basis for those concerns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1363723','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1363723"><span>Wealth, mother's education and physical access as determinants of retail sector <span class="hlt">net</span> use in rural Kenya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Background Insecticide-treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (ITN) provide real hope for the reduction of the malaria burden across Africa. Understanding factors that determine access to ITN is crucial to debates surrounding the optimal delivery systems. The influence of homestead wealth on use of <span class="hlt">nets</span> purchased from the retail sector is well documented, however, the competing influence of mother's education and physical access to <span class="hlt">net</span> providers is less well understood. Methods Between December 2004 and January 2005, a random sample of 72 rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> was selected across four Kenyan districts. Demographic, assets, education and <span class="hlt">net</span> use data were collected at homestead, mother and child (aged < 5 years) levels. An assets-based wealth index was developed using principal components analysis, travel time to <span class="hlt">net</span> sources was modelled using geographic information systems, and factors influencing the use of retail sector <span class="hlt">nets</span> explored using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Homestead heads and guardians of 3,755 children < 5 years of age were interviewed. Approximately 15% (562) of children slept under a <span class="hlt">net</span> the night before the interview; 58% (327) of the <span class="hlt">nets</span> used were purchased from the retail sector. Homestead wealth (adjusted OR = 10.17, 95% CI = 5.45–18.98), travel time to nearest market centres (adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.37–0.72) and mother's education (adjusted OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.93–4.41) were significantly associated with use of retail sector <span class="hlt">nets</span> by children aged less than 5 years. Conclusion Approaches to promoting access to <span class="hlt">nets</span> through the retail sector disadvantage poor and remote <span class="hlt">communities</span> where mothers are less well educated. PMID:16436216</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759831','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759831"><span>Root mass, <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and turnover in aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steele, Sarah J.; Gower, Stith T.; Vogel, Jason G.; Norman, John M.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Root biomass, <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and turnover were studied in aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests in two contrasting climates. The climate of the Southern Study Area (SSA) near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan is warmer and drier in the summer and milder in the winter than the Northern Study Area (NSA) near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. Ingrowth soil cores and minirhizotrons were used to quantify fine root <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPPFR). Average daily fine root growth (m m(-2) day(-1)) was positively correlated with soil temperature at 10-cm depth (r(2) = 0.83-0.93) for all three species, with black spruce showing the strongest temperature effect. At both study areas, fine root biomass (measured from soil cores) and fine root length (measured from minirhizotrons) were less for jack pine than for the other two species. Except for the aspen stands, estimates of NPPFR from minirhizotrons were significantly greater than estimates from ingrowth cores. The core method underestimated NPPFR because it does not account for simultaneous fine root growth and mortality. Minirhizotron NPPFR estimates ranged from 59 g m(-2) year(-1) for aspen stands at SSA to 235 g m(-2) year(-1) for black spruce at NSA. The ratio of NPPFR to total detritus <span class="hlt">production</span> (aboveground litterfall + NPPFR) was greater for evergreen forests than for deciduous forests, suggesting that carbon allocation patterns differ between boreal evergreen and deciduous forests. In all stands, NPPFR consistently exceeded annual fine root turnover and the differences were larger for stands in the NSA than for stands in the SSA, whereas the difference between study areas was only significant for black spruce. The imbalance between NPPFR and fine root turnover is sufficient to explain the <span class="hlt">net</span> accumulation of carbon in boreal forest soils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27402693','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27402693"><span>PetriScape - A plugin for discrete Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> simulations in Cytoscape.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Almeida, Diogo; Azevedo, Vasco; Silva, Artur; Baumbach, Jan</p> <p>2016-06-04</p> <p>Systems biology plays a central role for biological network analysis in the post-genomic era. Cytoscape is the standard bioinformatics tool offering the <span class="hlt">community</span> an extensible platform for computational analysis of the emerging cellular network together with experimental omics data sets. However, only few apps/plugins/tools are available for simulating network dynamics in Cytoscape 3. Many approaches of varying complexity exist but none of them have been integrated into Cytoscape as app/plugin yet. Here, we introduce PetriScape, the first Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> simulator for Cytoscape. Although discrete Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> are quite simplistic models, they are capable of modeling global network properties and simulating their behaviour. In addition, they are easily understood and well visualizable. PetriScape comes with the following main functionalities: (1) import of biological networks in SBML format, (2) conversion into a Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>, (3) visualization as Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>, and (4) simulation and visualization of the token flow in Cytoscape. PetriScape is the first Cytoscape plugin for Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span>. It allows a straightforward Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> model creation, simulation and visualization with Cytoscape, providing clues about the activity of key components in biological networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29215984','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29215984"><span>PetriScape - A plugin for discrete Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> simulations in Cytoscape.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Almeida, Diogo; Azevedo, Vasco; Silva, Artur; Baumbach, Jan</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Systems biology plays a central role for biological network analysis in the post-genomic era. Cytoscape is the standard bioinformatics tool offering the <span class="hlt">community</span> an extensible platform for computational analysis of the emerging cellular network together with experimental omics data sets. However, only few apps/plugins/tools are available for simulating network dynamics in Cytoscape 3. Many approaches of varying complexity exist but none of them have been integrated into Cytoscape as app/plugin yet. Here, we introduce PetriScape, the first Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> simulator for Cytoscape. Although discrete Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> are quite simplistic models, they are capable of modeling global network properties and simulating their behaviour. In addition, they are easily understood and well visualizable. PetriScape comes with the following main functionalities: (1) import of biological networks in SBML format, (2) conversion into a Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>, (3) visualization as Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>, and (4) simulation and visualization of the token flow in Cytoscape. PetriScape is the first Cytoscape plugin for Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span>. It allows a straightforward Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> model creation, simulation and visualization with Cytoscape, providing clues about the activity of key components in biological networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=287745','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=287745"><span>Plant functional traits improve diversity-based predictions of temporal stability of grassland <span class="hlt">productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (ANPP) varies in response to temporal fluctuations in weather. Temporal stability (mean/standard deviation) of <span class="hlt">community</span> ANPP may be increased, on average, by increasing plant species richness, but stability also may differ widely at a given richness level imply...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346662-spatial-successional-dynamics-microbial-biofilm-communities-grassland-stream-ecosystem','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346662-spatial-successional-dynamics-microbial-biofilm-communities-grassland-stream-ecosystem"><span>Spatial and successional dynamics of microbial biofilm <span class="hlt">communities</span> in a grassland stream ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Veach, Allison M.; Stegen, James C.; Brown, Shawn P.; ...</p> <p>2016-09-06</p> <p>Biofilms represent a metabolically active and structurally complex component of freshwater ecosystems. Ephemeral prairie streams are hydrologically harsh and prone to frequent perturbation. Elucidating both functional and structural <span class="hlt">community</span> changes over time within prairie streams provides a general understanding of microbial responses to environmental disturbance. In this study, we examined microbial succession of biofilm <span class="hlt">communities</span> at three sites in a third-order stream at Konza Prairie over a 2- to 64-day period. Microbial abundance (bacterial abundance, chlorophyll a concentrations) increased and never plateaued during the experiment. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (<span class="hlt">net</span> balance of oxygen consumption and <span class="hlt">production</span>) of the developing biofilms didmore » not differ statistically from zero until 64 days suggesting a balance of the use of autochthonous and allochthonous energy sources until late succession. Bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> (MiSeq analyses of the V4 region of 16S rRNA) established quickly. Bacterial richness, diversity and evenness were high after 2 days and increased over time. Several dominant bacterial phyla (Beta-, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi) and genera ( Luteolibacter, Flavobacterium, Gemmatimonas, Hydrogenophaga) differed in relative abundance over space and time. Bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition differed across both space and successional time. Pairwise comparisons of phylogenetic turnover in bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition indicated that early-stage succession (≤16 days) was driven by stochastic processes, whereas later stages were driven by deterministic selection regardless of site. Finally, our data suggest that microbial biofilms predictably develop both functionally and structurally indicating distinct successional trajectories of bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> in this ecosystem.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346662','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346662"><span>Spatial and successional dynamics of microbial biofilm <span class="hlt">communities</span> in a grassland stream ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Veach, Allison M.; Stegen, James C.; Brown, Shawn P.</p> <p></p> <p>Biofilms represent a metabolically active and structurally complex component of freshwater ecosystems. Ephemeral prairie streams are hydrologically harsh and prone to frequent perturbation. Elucidating both functional and structural <span class="hlt">community</span> changes over time within prairie streams provides a general understanding of microbial responses to environmental disturbance. In this study, we examined microbial succession of biofilm <span class="hlt">communities</span> at three sites in a third-order stream at Konza Prairie over a 2- to 64-day period. Microbial abundance (bacterial abundance, chlorophyll a concentrations) increased and never plateaued during the experiment. <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (<span class="hlt">net</span> balance of oxygen consumption and <span class="hlt">production</span>) of the developing biofilms didmore » not differ statistically from zero until 64 days suggesting a balance of the use of autochthonous and allochthonous energy sources until late succession. Bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> (MiSeq analyses of the V4 region of 16S rRNA) established quickly. Bacterial richness, diversity and evenness were high after 2 days and increased over time. Several dominant bacterial phyla (Beta-, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi) and genera ( Luteolibacter, Flavobacterium, Gemmatimonas, Hydrogenophaga) differed in relative abundance over space and time. Bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition differed across both space and successional time. Pairwise comparisons of phylogenetic turnover in bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition indicated that early-stage succession (≤16 days) was driven by stochastic processes, whereas later stages were driven by deterministic selection regardless of site. Finally, our data suggest that microbial biofilms predictably develop both functionally and structurally indicating distinct successional trajectories of bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> in this ecosystem.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3179639','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3179639"><span>The allocation of ecosystem <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in tropical forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Malhi, Yadvinder; Doughty, Christopher; Galbraith, David</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The allocation of the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) of an ecosystem between canopy, woody tissue and fine roots is an important descriptor of the functioning of that ecosystem, and an important feature to correctly represent in terrestrial ecosystem models. Here, we collate and analyse a global dataset of NPP allocation in tropical forests, and compare this with the representation of NPP allocation in 13 terrestrial ecosystem models. On average, the data suggest an equal partitioning of allocation between all three main components (mean 34 ± 6% canopy, 39 ± 10% wood, 27 ± 11% fine roots), but there is substantial site-to-site variation in allocation to woody tissue versus allocation to fine roots. Allocation to canopy (leaves, flowers and fruit) shows much less variance. The mean allocation of the ecosystem models is close to the mean of the data, but the spread is much greater, with several models reporting allocation partitioning outside of the spread of the data. Where all main components of NPP cannot be measured, litterfall is a good predictor of overall NPP (r2 = 0.83 for linear fit forced through origin), stem growth is a moderate predictor and fine root <span class="hlt">production</span> a poor predictor. Across sites the major component of variation of allocation is a shifting allocation between wood and fine roots, with allocation to the canopy being a relatively invariant component of total NPP. This suggests the dominant allocation trade-off is a ‘fine root versus wood’ trade-off, as opposed to the expected ‘root–shoot’ trade-off; such a trade-off has recently been posited on theoretical grounds for old-growth forest stands. We conclude by discussing the systematic biases in estimates of allocation introduced by missing NPP components, including herbivory, large leaf litter and root exudates <span class="hlt">production</span>. These biases have a moderate effect on overall carbon allocation estimates, but are smaller than the observed range in allocation values across sites. PMID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Product+AND+demand&pg=6&id=EJ664023','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Product+AND+demand&pg=6&id=EJ664023"><span>Creating New Learning <span class="hlt">Communities</span>: Towards Effective E-Learning <span class="hlt">Production</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Russell, David; Calvey, David; Banks, Mark</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Case study research and a literature review suggest that formation of new learning <span class="hlt">communities</span> is a strategy being used to meet demand for electronic learning <span class="hlt">products</span> such as CD-ROMs and web-based learning tools. Companies, external experts, clients, and learners are the constituents of the learning <span class="hlt">community</span> that must converge to create…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29704449','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29704449"><span>Contribution of sea ice microbial <span class="hlt">production</span> to Antarctic benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> is driven by sea ice dynamics and composition of functional guilds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wing, Stephen R; Leichter, James J; Wing, Lucy C; Stokes, Dale; Genovese, Sal J; McMullin, Rebecca M; Shatova, Olya A</p> <p>2018-04-28</p> <p>Organic matter produced by the sea ice microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> (SIMCo) is an important link between sea ice dynamics and secondary <span class="hlt">production</span> in near-shore food webs of Antarctica. Sea ice conditions in McMurdo Sound were quantified from time series of MODIS satellite images for Sept. 1 through Feb. 28 of 2007-2015. A predictable sea ice persistence gradient along the length of the Sound and evidence for a distinct change in sea ice dynamics in 2011 were observed. We used stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) of SIMCo, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) and shallow water (10-20 m) macroinvertebrates to reveal patterns in trophic structure of, and incorporation of organic matter from SIMCo into, benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> at eight sites distributed along the sea ice persistence gradient. Mass-balance analysis revealed distinct trophic architecture among <span class="hlt">communities</span> and large fluxes of SIMCo into the near-shore food web, with the estimates ranging from 2 to 84% of organic matter derived from SIMCo for individual species. Analysis of patterns in density, and biomass of macroinvertebrate <span class="hlt">communities</span> among sites allowed us to model <span class="hlt">net</span> incorporation of organic matter from SIMCo, in terms of biomass per unit area (g/m 2 ), into benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Here, organic matter derived from SIMCo supported 39 to 71 per cent of total biomass. Furthermore, for six species, we observed declines in contribution of SIMCo between years with persistent sea ice (2008-2009) and years with extensive sea ice breakout (2012-2015). Our data demonstrate the vital role of SIMCo in ecosystem function in Antarctica and strong linkages between sea ice dynamics and near-shore secondary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. These results have important implications for our understanding of how benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> will respond to changes in sea ice dynamics associated with climate change and highlight the important role of shallow water macroinvertebrate <span class="hlt">communities</span> as sentinels of change for the Antarctic marine</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821845','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821845"><span>The equivalency between logic Petri workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span> and workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Jing; Yu, ShuXia; Du, YuYue</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Logic Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LPNs) can describe and analyze batch processing functions and passing value indeterminacy in cooperative systems. Logic Petri workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LPWNs) are proposed based on LPNs in this paper. Process mining is regarded as an important bridge between modeling and analysis of data mining and business process. Workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span> (WF-<span class="hlt">nets</span>) are the extension to Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> (PNs), and have successfully been used to process mining. Some shortcomings cannot be avoided in process mining, such as duplicate tasks, invisible tasks, and the noise of logs. The online shop in electronic commerce in this paper is modeled to prove the equivalence between LPWNs and WF-<span class="hlt">nets</span>, and advantages of LPWNs are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4363987','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4363987"><span>The Equivalency between Logic Petri Workflow <span class="hlt">Nets</span> and Workflow <span class="hlt">Nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Jing; Yu, ShuXia; Du, YuYue</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Logic Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LPNs) can describe and analyze batch processing functions and passing value indeterminacy in cooperative systems. Logic Petri workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LPWNs) are proposed based on LPNs in this paper. Process mining is regarded as an important bridge between modeling and analysis of data mining and business process. Workflow <span class="hlt">nets</span> (WF-<span class="hlt">nets</span>) are the extension to Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> (PNs), and have successfully been used to process mining. Some shortcomings cannot be avoided in process mining, such as duplicate tasks, invisible tasks, and the noise of logs. The online shop in electronic commerce in this paper is modeled to prove the equivalence between LPWNs and WF-<span class="hlt">nets</span>, and advantages of LPWNs are presented. PMID:25821845</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatGe..11..415S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatGe..11..415S"><span>Continental-scale decrease in <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in streams due to climate warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Chao; Dodds, Walter K.; Rüegg, Janine; Argerich, Alba; Baker, Christina L.; Bowden, William B.; Douglas, Michael M.; Farrell, Kaitlin J.; Flinn, Michael B.; Garcia, Erica A.; Helton, Ashley M.; Harms, Tamara K.; Jia, Shufang; Jones, Jeremy B.; Koenig, Lauren E.; Kominoski, John S.; McDowell, William H.; McMaster, Damien; Parker, Samuel P.; Rosemond, Amy D.; Ruffing, Claire M.; Sheehan, Ken R.; Trentman, Matt T.; Whiles, Matt R.; Wollheim, Wilfred M.; Ballantyne, Ford</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Streams play a key role in the global carbon cycle. The balance between carbon intake through photosynthesis and carbon release via respiration influences carbon emissions from streams and depends on temperature. However, the lack of a comprehensive analysis of the temperature sensitivity of the metabolic balance in inland waters across latitudes and local climate conditions hinders an accurate projection of carbon emissions in a warmer future. Here, we use a model of diel dissolved oxygen dynamics, combined with high-frequency measurements of dissolved oxygen, light and temperature, to estimate the temperature sensitivities of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration in streams across six biomes, from the tropics to the arctic tundra. We find that the change in metabolic balance, that is, the ratio of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> to ecosystem respiration, is a function of stream temperature and current metabolic balance. Applying this relationship to the global compilation of stream metabolism data, we find that a 1 °C increase in stream temperature leads to a convergence of metabolic balance and to a 23.6% overall decline in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> across the streams studied. We suggest that if the relationship holds for similarly sized streams around the globe, the warming-induced shifts in metabolic balance will result in an increase of 0.0194 Pg carbon emitted from such streams every year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CorRe...3...13A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CorRe...3...13A"><span>Model of a coral reef ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, Marlin J.; Grigg, Richard W.</p> <p>1984-08-01</p> <p>The ECOPATH model for French Frigate Shoals estimates the benthic plant <span class="hlt">production</span> (<span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in kg wet weight) required to support the atoll food chain. In this section we estimate the benthic <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of the atoll based on metabolism studies of reef flat, knolls, and lagoon <span class="hlt">communities</span> at French Frigate Shoals Hawaii. <span class="hlt">Community</span> metabolism was measured during winter and summer. The reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> at French Frigate Shoals exhibited patterns and rates of organic carbon <span class="hlt">production</span> and calcification similar to other reefs in the world. The estimate of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> is 6.1·106 kg wet weight km-2 year-1±50%, a value remarkably close to the estimate by the ECOPATH model of 4.3·106 kg wet weight km-2 year-1. Our estimate of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> or the amount of carbon not consumed by the benthos was high; approximately 15% of the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>. Model results indicate that about 5% of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> is passed up the food chain to mobile predators. This suggests about 10% of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (˜6% of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span>) may be permanently lost to the system via sediment burial or export offshore.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19389','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19389"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and canopy nitrogen in a temperate forest landscape: an analysis using imaging spectroscopy, modeling and field data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Scott V. Ollinger; Marie-Louise Smith</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Understanding spatial patterns of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) is central to the study of terrestrial ecosystems, but efforts are frequently hampered by a lack of spatial information regarding factors such as nitrogen availability and site history. Here, we examined the degree to which canopy nitrogen can serve as an indicator of patterns of NPP at the Bartlett...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...744415W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...744415W"><span>Assessing the Spatiotemporal Variation and Impact Factors of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Xue; Tan, Kun; Chen, Baozhang; Du, Peijun</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>In this study, the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) in China from 2001 to 2012 was estimated based on the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and meteorological datasets, and the accuracy was verified by a ChinaFLUX dataset. It was found that the spatiotemporal variations in NPP present a downward trend with the increase of latitude and longitude. Moreover, the influence of climate change on the evolution of NPP shows that NPP has had different impact factors in different regions and periods over the 12 years. The eastern region has shown the largest increase in gross regional <span class="hlt">product</span> (GRP) and a significant fluctuation in NPP over the 12 years. Meanwhile, NPP in the eastern and central regions is significantly positively correlated with annual solar radiation, while NPP in these two regions is significantly negatively correlated with the growth rate of GRP. It is concluded that both the development of the economy and climate change have influenced NPP evolution in China. In addition, NPP has shown a steadily rising trend over the 12 years as a result of the great importance attributed to ecological issues when developing the economy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11605011N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11605011N"><span>KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> tower data acquisition and data transport electronics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicolau, C. A.; Ameli, F.; Biagioni, A.; Capone, A.; Frezza, O.; Lonardo, A.; Masullo, R.; Mollo, C. M.; Orlando, A.; Simeone, F.; Vicini, P.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In the framework of the KM3<span class="hlt">Net</span> European project, the <span class="hlt">production</span> stage of a large volume underwater neutrino telescope has started. The forthcoming installation includes 8 towers and 24 strings, that will be installed 100 km off-shore Capo Passero (Italy) at 3500 m depth. The KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> tower, whose layout is strongly based on the NEMO Phase-2 prototype tower deployed in March 2013, has been re-engineered and partially re-designed in order to optimize <span class="hlt">production</span> costs, power consumption, and usability. This contribution gives a description of the main electronics, including front-end, data transport and clock distribution system, of the KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> tower detection unit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043448','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043448"><span>Are HPV vaccination services accessible to high-risk <span class="hlt">communities</span>? A spatial analysis of HPV-associated cancer and Chlamydia rates and safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsui, Jennifer; Rodriguez, Hector P; Gee, Gilbert C; Escobedo, Loraine A; Kominski, Gerald F; Bastani, Roshan</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>While HPV vaccines can greatly benefit adolescents and young women from high-risk areas, little is known about whether safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> immunization services are geographically accessible to <span class="hlt">communities</span> at greatest risk for HPV-associated diseases. We explore the spatial relationship between areas with high HPV risk and proximity to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics from an ecologic perspective. We used cancer registry data and Chlamydia surveillance data to identify neighborhoods within Los Angeles County with high risk for HPV-associated cancers. We examined proximity to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics among neighborhoods with the highest risk. Proximity was measured as the shortest distance between each neighborhood center and the nearest clinic and having a clinic within 3 miles of each neighborhood center. The average 5-year non-age-adjusted rates were 1,940 cases per 100,000 for Chlamydia and 60 per 100,000 for HPV-associated cancers. A large majority, 349 of 386 neighborhoods with high HPV-associated cancer rates and 532 of 537 neighborhoods with high Chlamydia rates, had a clinic within 3 miles of the neighborhood center. Clinics were more likely to be located within close proximity to high-risk neighborhoods in the inner city. High-risk neighborhoods outside of this urban core area were less likely to be near accessible clinics. The majority of high-risk neighborhoods were geographically near safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics with HPV vaccination services. Due to low rates of vaccination, these findings suggest that while services are geographically accessible, additional efforts are needed to improve uptake. Programs aimed to increase awareness about the vaccine and to link underserved groups to vaccination services are warranted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842032','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842032"><span>Are HPV vaccination services accessible to high-risk <span class="hlt">communities</span>?: A spatial analysis of HPV-associated cancer and Chlamydia rates and safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tsui, Jennifer; Rodriguez, Hector P.; Gee, Gilbert C.; Escobedo, Loraine A.; Kominski, Gerald F.; Bastani, Roshan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Purpose While HPV vaccines can greatly benefit adolescents and young women from high-risk areas, little is known about whether safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> immunization services are geographically accessible to <span class="hlt">communities</span> at greatest risk for HPV-associated diseases. We explore the spatial relationship between areas with high HPV risk and proximity to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics from an ecologic perspective. Methods We used cancer registry data and Chlamydia surveillance data to identify neighborhoods within Los Angeles County with high risk for HPV-associated cancers. We examined proximity to safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics among neighborhoods with the highest risk. Proximity was measured as the shortest distance between each neighborhood center and the nearest clinic and having a clinic within 3 miles of each neighborhood center. Results The average 5-year non-age-adjusted rates were 1,940 cases per 100,000 for Chlamydia and 60 per 100,000 for HPV-associated cancers. A large majority, 349 of 386 neighborhoods with high HPV-associated cancer rates and 532 of 537 neighborhoods with high Chlamydia rates had a clinic within 3 miles of the neighborhood center. Clinics were more likely to be located within close proximity to high-risk neighborhoods in the inner city. High-risk neighborhoods outside of this urban core area were less likely to be near accessible clinics. Conclusions The majority of high-risk neighborhoods were geographically near safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinics with HPV vaccination services. Due to low rates of vaccination, these findings suggest that while services are geographically accessible, additional efforts are needed to improve uptake. Programs aimed to increase awareness about the vaccine and to link underserved groups to vaccination services are warranted. PMID:24043448</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B33F0684J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B33F0684J"><span>Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Aboveground <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in the Eurasian Steppe from 1982 to 2013</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiao, C.; Yu, G.; He, N.; Chen, X.; Zhang, C.; Hu, Z.; Ge, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPPA) is a key integrator for characterizing vegetation activity and assessing the carbon balance of ecosystem. In this study, we combined datasets of Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and NPPA field observations to propose a remote sensing-based model for NPPA (ENPPAModel) estimation in the Eurasian steppe Region (EASR). About 25% of NPPA field observations were extracted randomly to validate ENPPAModel. ENPPAModel was then used to discuss spatiotemporal dynamics of NPPA in EASR from 1982 to 2013. Validation against field observations showed good performance of ENPPAModel over the study region, with an overall coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.66 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 19.33 g C m-2 yr-1. The annual total aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (TNPPA) of EASR was 378.97 Tg C yr-1, accounting for 26.46% of the global grasslands. For 3 subregions in EASR, the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion had highest TNPPA, amounting to 45.67% of the EASR. The annual average aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPPA) was 43.78 g C m-2 yr-1 in EASR, lower than that of global grasslands and higher than that of global temperate grasslands (excluding savannas).NPPA showed apparent spatial variations, which was consistent with geographical patterns of vegetation types, reflecting hydrothermal conditions in EASR. TNPPA displayed an overall increasing trend by 0.49% per year in EASR from 1982 to 2013. TNPPA increasing trend was much greater than that of global average and North America. Temporal trends of TNPPA of EASR were significantly various during three different periods. During 1982-1995, TNPPA of EASR increased obviously due to lengthened growing season associated with warming. In the period of 1996 - 2007, TNPPA of EASR decreased significantly attributed to decreasing spring temperature in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe subregion and decreasing summer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=videos+AND+pedagogy&pg=3&id=EJ1069372','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=videos+AND+pedagogy&pg=3&id=EJ1069372"><span>Critical Assessment of Video <span class="hlt">Production</span> in Teacher Education: Can Video <span class="hlt">Production</span> Foster <span class="hlt">Community</span>-Engaged Scholarship?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Yang, Kyung-Hwa</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In the theoretical framework of <span class="hlt">production</span> pedagogy, I reflect on a video <span class="hlt">production</span> project conducted in a teacher education program and discuss the potential of video <span class="hlt">production</span> to foster <span class="hlt">community</span>-engaged scholarship among pre-service teachers. While the importance of engaging learners in creating media has been emphasized, studies show little…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11066669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11066669"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> one, <span class="hlt">net</span> two: the primary care network income statement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Halley, M D; Little, A W</p> <p>1999-10-01</p> <p>Although hospital-owned primary care practices have been unprofitable for most hospitals, some hospitals are achieving competitive advantage and sustainable practice operations. A key to the success of some has been a <span class="hlt">net</span> income reporting tool that separates practice operating expenses from the costs of creating and operating a network of practices to help healthcare organization managers, physicians, and staff to identify opportunities to improve the network's financial performance. This "<span class="hlt">Net</span> One, <span class="hlt">Net</span> Two" reporting allows operations leadership to be held accountable for <span class="hlt">Net</span> One expenses and strategic leadership to be held accountable for <span class="hlt">Net</span> Two expenses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258164','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258164"><span>Automation of Presentation Record <span class="hlt">Production</span> Based on Rich-Media Technology Using SNT Petri <span class="hlt">Nets</span> Theory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martiník, Ivo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Rich-media describes a broad range of digital interactive media that is increasingly used in the Internet and also in the support of education. Last year, a special pilot audiovisual lecture room was built as a part of the MERLINGO (MEdia-rich Repository of LearnING Objects) project solution. It contains all the elements of the modern lecture room determined for the implementation of presentation recordings based on the rich-media technologies and their publication online or on-demand featuring the access of all its elements in the automated mode including automatic editing. Property-preserving Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> process algebras (PPPA) were designed for the specification and verification of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> processes. PPPA does not need to verify the composition of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> processes because all their algebraic operators preserve the specified set of the properties. These original PPPA are significantly generalized for the newly introduced class of the SNT Petri process and agent <span class="hlt">nets</span> in this paper. The PLACE-SUBST and ASYNC-PROC algebraic operators are defined for this class of Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> and their chosen properties are proved. The SNT Petri process and agent <span class="hlt">nets</span> theory were significantly applied at the design, verification, and implementation of the programming system ensuring the pilot audiovisual lecture room functionality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4516835','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4516835"><span>Automation of Presentation Record <span class="hlt">Production</span> Based on Rich-Media Technology Using SNT Petri <span class="hlt">Nets</span> Theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martiník, Ivo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Rich-media describes a broad range of digital interactive media that is increasingly used in the Internet and also in the support of education. Last year, a special pilot audiovisual lecture room was built as a part of the MERLINGO (MEdia-rich Repository of LearnING Objects) project solution. It contains all the elements of the modern lecture room determined for the implementation of presentation recordings based on the rich-media technologies and their publication online or on-demand featuring the access of all its elements in the automated mode including automatic editing. Property-preserving Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> process algebras (PPPA) were designed for the specification and verification of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> processes. PPPA does not need to verify the composition of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> processes because all their algebraic operators preserve the specified set of the properties. These original PPPA are significantly generalized for the newly introduced class of the SNT Petri process and agent <span class="hlt">nets</span> in this paper. The PLACE-SUBST and ASYNC-PROC algebraic operators are defined for this class of Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> and their chosen properties are proved. The SNT Petri process and agent <span class="hlt">nets</span> theory were significantly applied at the design, verification, and implementation of the programming system ensuring the pilot audiovisual lecture room functionality. PMID:26258164</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Bund&id=EJ526972','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Bund&id=EJ526972"><span>Ties, <span class="hlt">Nets</span> and an Elastic Bund: <span class="hlt">Community</span> in the Postmodern City.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Greg</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Clarifies the value-laden meanings of "<span class="hlt">community</span>" in <span class="hlt">community</span> work discourse. Centers on the concepts of Gemeinschaft (<span class="hlt">community</span>), Gesellschaft (association), and Bund (league or federation). Examines the insights of <span class="hlt">community</span> studies and the practice of <span class="hlt">community</span> work within the Judeo-Christian value system. (SK)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ESASP.724..141W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ESASP.724..141W"><span>Monitoring of Typical Steppe Desertification Based on Time Series of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Hongyan; Li, Qiangzi; Gao, Zhihai</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Monitoring of grassland condition is a basic prerequisite for finding the degradation of a territory under climatic and human pressures leading to desertification. The temporal change in vegetation <span class="hlt">productivity</span> is a key indicator of grassland degradation. In this paper, taking the Xilin Gol League as a case, the <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) dynamic trends during 2001-2010 were analyzed, with the Mann-Kendall test. In this paper, in the study area where precipitation and NPP has significantly positive correlation, the residual trend method (RESTREND) was used to remove the annual NPP fluctuation caused by rainfall fluctuation and reduce the effect of precipitation on vegetation monitoring indicators. The results showed that An overall strong liner correlation between NPP and precipitation was observed in the Xilin Gol grassland, with 68.52% of the pixels analyzed being significantly correlated (α =0.1). The statistical analysis reveals that the NPP trend estimation generally shows a decreasing trend, with 13.02% of the Xilin Gol grassland being analyzed showing a significant trend (11.47% decrease and 1.55% increase). However, the Xilin Gol grassland desertification was not serious in the past ten years, only 5.16% of the study area where the vegetation <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was significantly decreases (reducing the effect of precipitation).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=269141','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=269141"><span>Thermal adaptation of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Thermal adaptation of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). In this study, we const...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES..100a2088A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES..100a2088A"><span>Linking microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and <span class="hlt">product</span> spectrum of rice straw fermentation with undefined mixed culture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ai, Binling; Chi, Xue; Meng, Jia; Sheng, Zhanwu; Zheng, Lili; Zheng, Xiaoyan; Li, Jianzheng</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Undefined mixed culture-based fermentation is an alternative strategy for biofuels and bioproducts <span class="hlt">production</span> from lignocellulosic biomass without supplementary cellulolytic enzymes. Mixed culture produces mixed carboxylates. To estimate the relationship between microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and <span class="hlt">product</span> spectrum, carboxylate <span class="hlt">production</span> was initiated by mixed cultures with different microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. All the inoculum cultures were derived from the same enrichment culture from the combination of cattle manure, pig manure compost, corn field soil and rotten wood. Due to the differences in the preparation method and culture time, the inoculum cultures for batch fermentation had high similarity in microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure, while the <span class="hlt">community</span> structure of each inoculum culture for repeated batch fermentation differed from that of another. The inoculum cultures with similar <span class="hlt">community</span> structure led to a similar <span class="hlt">product</span> spectrum. In batch fermentation, the selectivity of main <span class="hlt">product</span> butyric acid stabilized around 76%. The inoculum cultures with different <span class="hlt">community</span> structures resulted in different <span class="hlt">product</span> spectra. In repeated batch fermentation, the butyric acid content gradually decreased to 27%, and the by-<span class="hlt">product</span> acetic acid content steadily increased to 56%. The other by-<span class="hlt">products</span> including propionic, valeric and caproic acids were also increased. It is deduced that keeping the microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> structure stable makes the basic and key precondition for steady <span class="hlt">production</span> of specific carboxylic acid with undefined mixed culture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033468','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033468"><span>Carbon cycling and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> at an early stage of secondary succession in an abandoned coppice forest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki; Shizu, Yoko; Nishiwaki, Ai; Yashiro, Yuichiro; Koizumi, Hiroshi</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Secondary mixed forests are one of the dominant forest cover types in human-dominated temperate regions. However, our understanding of how secondary succession affects carbon cycling and carbon sequestration in these ecosystems is limited. We studied carbon cycling and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) over 4 years (2004-2008) in a cool-temperate deciduous forest at an early stage of secondary succession (18 years after clear-cutting). <span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> of the 18-year-old forest in this study was 5.2 tC ha(-1 )year(-1), including below-ground coarse roots; this was partitioned into 2.5 tC ha(-1 )year(-1) biomass increment, 1.6 tC ha(-1 )year(-1) foliage litter, and 1.0 tC ha(-1 )year(-1) other woody detritus. The total amount of annual soil surface CO(2) efflux was 6.8 tC ha(-1 )year(-1), which included root respiration (1.9 tC ha(-1 )year(-1)) and heterotrophic respiration (RH) from soils (4.9 tC ha(-1 )year(-1)). The 18-year forest at this study site exhibited a great increase in biomass pool as a result of considerable total tree growth and low mortality of tree stems. In contrast, the soil organic matter (SOM) pool decreased markedly (-1.6 tC ha(-1 )year(-1)), although further study of below-ground detritus <span class="hlt">production</span> and RH of SOM decomposition is needed. This young 18-year forest was a weak carbon sink (0.9 tC ha(-1 )year(-1)) at this stage of secondary succession. The NEP of this 18-year forest is likely to increase gradually because biomass increases with tree growth and with the improvement of the SOM pool through increasing litter and dead wood <span class="hlt">production</span> with stand development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025933','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025933"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> metabolism during early development of a restored wetland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McKenna, J.E.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> is an important ecological function of any natural system and may be quite high in wetlands. Restoration of <span class="hlt">productive</span> wetlands may play a key role in re-establishing ecological function to portions of the vast areas of wetlands (roughly 86%) drained and otherwise altered in the United States over the past two centuries. A restored wetland at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge (upstate New York, USA) was examined to determine if ecological function (i.e., <span class="hlt">productivity</span>), as well as biotic structure, was restored. Physicochemical conditions and both aquatic and terrestrial <span class="hlt">productivity</span> were measured at the restoration site and compared with rates and conditions in a reference wetland. Gross aquatic <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> rates (based on diurnal oxygen curves) were similar at each site (1,679 and 2,311 g O2 · m−2 · yr−1) and within the range expected for the habitat. Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Net</span> Aboveground Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> rates (measured by monthly biomass changes) (2,400 and 2,500 g dry wt. · m−2 · yr−1) were also similar between sites when tree and herb <span class="hlt">production</span> were combined. Aquatic respiration rates (3,704 and 4,552 g O2 · m−2· yr−1) were also similar but high, typically more than twice as large as gross aquatic <span class="hlt">production</span>. As a result, <span class="hlt">net</span> aquatic <span class="hlt">production</span> rates at both sites were usually negative, indicating that these small wetlands are organic matter sinks that satisfy aquatic respiration by consumption of both autochthonous aquatic <span class="hlt">production</span> and imported terrestrial <span class="hlt">production</span>. They enhance diversity of the local landscape by producing populations of aquatic consumers that cannot be supported by aquatic <span class="hlt">production</span> alone. Typical wetland conditions and processes developed quickly after restoration, but differences in biotic <span class="hlt">community</span> structure indicate that observed rates of <span class="hlt">production</span> and respiration at both sites were maintained by flow through different foodweb pathways. Despite the relatively high process rates, and</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..661M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GBioC..30..661M"><span>Dynamics of carbonate chemistry, <span class="hlt">production</span>, and calcification of the Florida Reef Tract (2009-2010): Evidence for seasonal dissolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muehllehner, Nancy; Langdon, Chris; Venti, Alyson; Kadko, David</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification is projected to lower the Ωar of reefal waters by 0.3-0.4 units by the end of century, making it more difficult for calcifying organisms to secrete calcium carbonate while at the same time making the environment more favorable for abiotic and biotic dissolution of the reefal framework. There is great interest in being able to project the point in time when coral reefs will cross the tipping point between being <span class="hlt">net</span> depositional to <span class="hlt">net</span> erosional in terms of their carbonate budgets. Periodic in situ assessments of the balance between carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span> and dissolution that spans seasonal time scales may prove useful in monitoring and formulating projections of the impact of ocean acidification on reefal carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span>. This study represents the first broad-scale geochemical survey of the rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP) and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> calcification (NCC) across the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). Surveys were performed at approximately quarterly intervals in 2009-2010 across seven onshore-offshore transects spanning the upper, middle, and lower Florida Keys. Averaged across the FRT, the rates of NCP and NCC were positive during the spring/summer at 62 ± 7 and 17 ± 2 mmol m-2 d-1, respectively, and negative during the fall/winter at -33 ± 6 and -7 ± 2 mmol m-2 d-1. The most significant finding of the study was that the northernmost reef is already <span class="hlt">net</span> erosional (-1.1 ± 0.4 kg CaCO3 m-2 yr-1) and midreefs to the south were <span class="hlt">net</span> depositional on an annual basis (0.4 ± 0.1 kg CaCO3 m-2 yr-1) but erosional during the fall and winter. Only the two southernmost reefs were <span class="hlt">net</span> depositional year-round. These results indicate that parts of the FRT have already crossed the tipping point for carbonate <span class="hlt">production</span> and other parts are getting close.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29290247','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29290247"><span>Can We Do That Here? Establishing the Scope of Surgical Practice at a New Safety-<span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Hospital Through a Transparent, Collaborative Review of Physician Privileges.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>O'Neill, Sean M; Seresinghe, Sarah; Sharma, Arun; Russell, Tara A; Crawford, L'Orangerie; Frencher, Stanley K</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Stewarding of physician privileges wisely is imperative, but no guidelines exist for how to incorporate system-level factors in privileging decisions. A newly opened, safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> hospital tailored the scope of surgical practice through review of physician privileges. Martin Luther King, Jr. <span class="hlt">Community</span> Hospital is a public-private partnership, safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> institution in South Los Angeles that opened in July 2015. It has 131 beds, including a 28-bed emergency department, a 20-bed ICU, and 5 operating rooms. Staff privileging decisions were initially based only on physicians' training and experience, but this resulted in several cases that tested the boundaries of what a small <span class="hlt">community</span> hospital was prepared to handle. A collaborative, transparent process to review physician privileges was developed. This began with physician-only review of procedure lists, followed by a larger, multidisciplinary group to assess system-level factors. Specific questions were used to guide discussion, and unanimous approval from all stakeholders was required to include a procedure. An initial list of 558 procedures across 11 specialties was reduced to 321 (57.5%). No new cases that fall outside these new boundaries have arisen. An inclusive process was crucial for obtaining buy-in and establishing cultural norms. Arranging transfer agreements remains a significant challenge. Accumulation of institutional experience continues through regular performance reviews. As this hospital's capabilities mature, a blueprint has been established for expanding surgical scope of practice based explicitly on system-level factors. Copyright © 2017 The Joint Commission. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960003743','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960003743"><span><span class="hlt">Production</span> of aluminum-lithium near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape extruded cylinders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hartley, Paula J.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>In the late 1980's, under funding from the Advanced Launch System Program, numerous near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape technologies were investigated as a means for producing high quality, low cost Aluminum-Lithium (Al-Li) hardware. Once such option was to extrude near <span class="hlt">net</span> shape barrel panels instead of producing panels by machining thick plate into a final tee-stiffened configuration (which produced up to 90% scrap). This method offers a reduction in the volume of scrap and consequently reduces the buy-to-fly cost. Investigation into this technology continued under Shuttle-C funding where four Al alloys 2219, 2195, 2096, and RX 818 were extruded. Presented herein are the results of that program. Each alloy was successfully extruded at Wyman Gordon, opened and flattened at Ticorm, and solution heat treated and stretched at Reynolds Metals Company. The first two processes were quite successful while the stretching process did offer some challenges. Due to the configuration of the panels and the stretch press set-up, it was difficult to induce a consistent percentage of cold work throughout the length and width of each panel. The effects of this variation will be assessed in the test program to be conducted at a future date.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29017531','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29017531"><span>Can the collection of expired long-lasting insecticidal <span class="hlt">nets</span> reduce their coverage and use? Sociocultural aspects related to LLIN life cycle management and use in four districts in Madagascar.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramanantsoa, Ambinina; Wilson-Barthes, Marta; Rahenintsoa, Rindra; Hoibak, Sarah; Ranaivoharimina, Harilala; Rahelimalala, Martha Delphine; Rakotomanga, Avotiana; Finlay, Alyssa; Muela Ribera, Joan; Peeters Grietens, Koen</p> <p>2017-10-10</p> <p>There is growing awareness of the likely impact increased numbers of LLINs will have on the environment, if not disposed of or recycled appropriately. As part of a World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) pilot study to assess environmentally-sound and cost-effective LLIN recycling strategies, the USAID-Deliver Project collected 22,559 used bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> in Madagascar. A social science study was conducted to provide data on socio-cultural factors related to collection and replacement of LLINs, including impact on primary and other <span class="hlt">net</span> uses. Ethnographic exploratory research was carried out following the pilot USAID-Deliver <span class="hlt">net</span> collection and recycling campaign in Betioky, Tsihombe, Fenerive Est and Ambanja districts of Madagascar, triangulating participant observation, interviewing and group discussions. Sampling was theoretical and data analysis was a continuous and iterative process concurrent to data collection. Final analysis was conducted using NVivo10. The following themes emerged as contributing to the success of collecting expired LLINs in the <span class="hlt">community</span> for recycling purposes: (i) <span class="hlt">net</span> adequacy and preference: characteristic differences between collected and newly distributed <span class="hlt">nets</span> lead to <span class="hlt">communities</span>' reticence to relinquish old <span class="hlt">nets</span> before confirming new <span class="hlt">nets</span> were appropriate for intended use. Where newly distributed <span class="hlt">nets</span> failed to meet local requirements, this was expected to increase alternative uses and decrease household turn over. (ii) <span class="hlt">Net</span> collection strategies: the <span class="hlt">net</span> collection campaign brought <span class="hlt">net</span> use out of the private sphere and into the public arena. <span class="hlt">Net</span> owners reported feeling ashamed when presenting damaged <span class="hlt">nets</span> in public for collection, leading to reduced <span class="hlt">net</span> relinquishment. (iii) <span class="hlt">Net</span> lifecycle: <span class="hlt">communities</span> perceived <span class="hlt">nets</span> as being individually owned and economic value was attributed both to good-condition <span class="hlt">nets</span> for sleeping and to worn <span class="hlt">nets</span> for alternative/secondary purposes. Collecting <span class="hlt">nets</span> at the stage of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6998925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6998925"><span><span class="hlt">Product</span>-market differentiation: a strategic planning model for <span class="hlt">community</span> hospitals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Milch, R A</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Community</span> hospitals would seem to have every reason to identify and capitalize on their <span class="hlt">product</span>-market strengths. The strategic marketing/planning model provides a framework for rational analysis of the <span class="hlt">community</span> hospital dilemma and for developing sensible solutions to the complex problems of accelerating hospital price-inflation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27..854K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27..854K"><span>C:n:p Stoichiometry of New <span class="hlt">Production</span> In The North Atlantic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koeve, W.</p> <p></p> <p>Recently and independently published estimates of global <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> which were based on seasonal changes of either nutrients (NO3 and PO4) or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the surface ocean indicate that the stoichiometry of new pro- duction strongly differs from the well established remineralisation ratios in the deep ocean (the Redfield ratio). This difference appears to be most pronounce in the North Atlantic ocean. Data quality issues as well as methodological differences in the data analysis applied in the published studies, however, make this comparison of nutri- ent and carbon based estimated ambigious. In this presentation historical data (World Ocean Atlas and Data 1998), data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and empirical approaches are combined in a consistent way to provide a reassessment of the C:N:P elemental ratio of new (export) <span class="hlt">production</span> in the North Atlantic. It is found that published nutrient budgets are severe underestimates and hence apparent C:N:P ratios were overestimated. At least in the North Atlantic the uncertainty of the winter time distribution of nutrients (and DIC) is a major source of the uncertainty of the C:N:P ratio of <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27763471','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27763471"><span>Fostering a Commitment to Quality: Best Practices in Safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> Hospitals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hochman, Michael; Briggs-Malonson, Medell; Wilkes, Erin; Bergman, Jonathan; Daskivich, Lauren Patty; Moin, Tannaz; Brook, Ilanit; Ryan, Gery W; Brook, Robert H; Mangione, Carol M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In 2007, the Martin Luther King, Jr.-Harbor Hospital (MLK-Harbor), which served a large safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> population in South Los Angeles, closed due to quality challenges. Shortly thereafter, an agreement was made to establish a new hospital, Martin Luther King, Jr. <span class="hlt">Community</span> Hospital (MLKCH), to serve the unmet needs of the <span class="hlt">community</span>. To assist the newly appointed MLKCH Board of Directors in building a culture of quality, we conducted a series of interviews with five high-performing hospital systems. In this report, we describe our findings. The hospitals we interviewed achieved a culture of quality by: 1) developing guiding principles that foster quality; 2) hiring and retaining personnel who are stewards of quality; 3) promoting efficient resource utilization; 4) developing a well-organized quality improvement infrastructure; and 5) cultivating integrated, patient-centric care. The institutions highlighted in this report provide important lessons for MLKCH and other safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> institutions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4551410','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4551410"><span>Counteraction of antibiotic <span class="hlt">production</span> and degradation stabilizes microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelsic, Eric D.; Zhao, Jeffrey; Vetsigian, Kalin; Kishony, Roy</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Summary A major challenge in theoretical ecology is understanding how natural microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> support species diversity1-8, and in particular how antibiotic producing, sensitive and resistant species coexist9-15. While cyclic “rock-paper-scissors” interactions can stabilize <span class="hlt">communities</span> in spatial environments9-11, coexistence in unstructured environments remains an enigma12,16. Here, using simulations and analytical models, we show that the opposing actions of antibiotic <span class="hlt">production</span> and degradation enable coexistence even in well-mixed environments. Coexistence depends on 3-way interactions where an antibiotic degrading species attenuates the inhibitory interactions between two other species. These 3-way interactions enable coexistence that is robust to substantial differences in inherent species growth rates and to invasion by “cheating” species that cease producing or degrading antibiotics. At least two antibiotics are required for stability, with greater numbers of antibiotics enabling more complex <span class="hlt">communities</span> and diverse dynamical behaviors ranging from stable fixed-points to limit cycles and chaos. Together, these results show how multi-species antibiotic interactions can generate ecological stability in both spatial and mixed microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span>, suggesting strategies for engineering synthetic ecosystems and highlighting the importance of toxin <span class="hlt">production</span> and degradation for microbial biodiversity. PMID:25992546</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0251F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0251F"><span>Importance of Past Human and Natural Disturbance in Present-Day <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Felzer, B. S.; Phelps, P.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Gridded datasets of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Exchange derived from eddy covariance and remote sensing measurements provide a means of validating <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> (NEP, opposite of NEE) from terrestrial ecosystem models. While most forested regions in the U.S. are observed to be moderate to strong carbon sinks, models not including human or natural disturbances will tend to be more carbon neutral, which is expected of mature ecosystems. We have developed the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model Hydro version (TEM-Hydro) to include both human and natural disturbances to compare against gridded NEP datasets. Human disturbances are based on the Hurtt et al. (2006) land use transition dataset and include transient agricultural (crops and pasture) conversion and abandonment and timber harvest. We include natural disturbances of storms and fires based on stochastic return intervals. Tropical storms and hurricane return intervals are based on Zheng et al. (2009) and occur only along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Fire return intervals are based on LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment Vegetation Models and vegetation types from the Hurtt dataset. We are running three experiments with TEM-Hydro from 1700-2011 for the conterminous U.S.: potential vegetation (POT), human disturbance only (agriculture and timber harvest, LULC), and human plus natural disturbance (agriculture, timber harvest, storms, and fire, DISTURB). The goal is to compare our NEP values to those obtained by FLUXNET-MTE (Jung et al. 2009) from 1982-2008 and ECMOD (Xiao et al., 2008) from 2000-2006 for different plant functional types (PFTs) within the conterminous U.S. Preliminary results show that, for the entire U.S., potential vegetation yields an NEP of 10.8 gCm-2yr-1 vs 128.1 gCm-2yr-1 for LULC and 89.8 gCm-2yr-1 for DISTURB from 1982-2008. The effect of regrowth following agricultural and timber harvest disturbance therefore contributes substantially to the present-day carbon sink, while stochastic storms and fires</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1638F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1638F"><span>SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span>: Pan-European infrastructure for ocean and marine data management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fichaut, M.; Schaap, D.; Maudire, G.; Manzella, G. M. R.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The overall objective of the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> project is the upgrade the present SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure into an operationally robust and state-of-the-art Pan-European infrastructure for providing up-to-date and high quality access to ocean and marine metadata, data and data <span class="hlt">products</span> originating from data acquisition activities by all engaged coastal states, by setting, adopting and promoting common data management standards and by realising technical and semantic interoperability with other relevant data management systems and initiatives on behalf of science, environmental management, policy making, and economy. SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> is undertaken by the National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODCs), and marine information services of major research institutes, from 31 coastal states bordering the European seas, and also includes Satellite Data Centres, expert modelling centres and the international organisations IOC, ICES and EU-JRC in its network. Its 40 data centres are highly skilled and have been actively engaged in data management for many years and have the essential capabilities and facilities for data quality control, long term stewardship, retrieval and distribution. SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> undertakes activities to achieve data access and data <span class="hlt">products</span> services that meet requirements of end-users and intermediate user <span class="hlt">communities</span>, such as GMES Marine Core Services (e.g. MyOcean), establishing SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> as the core data management component of the EMODNet infrastructure and contributing on behalf of Europe to global portal initiatives, such as the IOC/IODE - Ocean Data Portal (ODP), and GEOSS. Moreover it aims to achieve INSPIRE compliance and to contribute to the INSPIRE process for developing implementing rules for oceanography. • As part of the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> upgrading and capacity building, training courses will be organised aiming at data managers and technicians at the data centres. For the data managers it is important, that they learn to work with the upgraded common SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203928"><span>Changes in <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of boreal black spruce stands in response to changes in temperature at diurnal and seasonal time scales.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grant, R F; Margolis, H A; Barr, A G; Black, T A; Dunn, A L; Bernier, P Y; Bergeron, O</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) of boreal coniferous forests is believed to rise with climate warming, thereby offsetting some of the rise in atmospheric CO(2) concentration (C(a)) by which warming is caused. However, the response of conifer NEP to warming may vary seasonally, with rises in spring and declines in summer. To gain more insight into this response, we compared changes in CO(2) exchange measured by eddy covariance and simulated by the ecosystem process model ecosys under rising mean annual air temperatures (T(a)) during 2004-2006 at black spruce stands in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Quebec. Hourly <span class="hlt">net</span> CO(2) uptake was found to rise with warming at T(a) < 15 degrees C and to decline with warming at T(a) > 20 degrees C. As mean annual T(a) rose from 2004 to 2006, increases in <span class="hlt">net</span> CO(2) uptake with warming at lower T(a) were greater than declines with warming at higher T(a) so that annual gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and hence NEP increased. Increases in <span class="hlt">net</span> CO(2) uptake measured at lower T(a) were explained in the model by earlier recovery of photosynthetic capacity in spring, and by increases in carboxylation activity, using parameters for the Arrhenius temperature functions of key carboxylation processes derived from independent experiments. Declines in <span class="hlt">net</span> CO(2) uptake measured at higher T(a) were explained in the model by sharp declines in mid-afternoon canopy stomatal conductance (g(c)) under higher vapor pressure deficits (D). These declines were modeled from a hydraulic constraint to water uptake imposed by low axial conductivity of conifer roots and boles that forced declines in canopy water potential (psi(c)), and hence in g(c) under higher D when equilibrating water uptake with transpiration. In a model sensitivity study, the contrasting responses of <span class="hlt">net</span> CO(2) uptake to specified rises in T(a) caused annual NEP of black spruce in the model to rise with increases in T(a) of up to 6 degrees C, but to decline with further increases at mid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168815','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168815"><span>Response of plant <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> to experimental drought and flooding in an Alaskan fen</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Churchill, A.C.; Turetsky, Merritt R.; McGuire, A. David; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Northern peatlands represent a long-term <span class="hlt">net</span> sink for atmospheric CO2, but these ecosystems can shift from <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon (C) sinks to sources based on changing climate and environmental conditions. In particular, changes in water availability associated with climate control peatland vegetation and carbon uptake processes. We examined the influence of changing hydrology on plant species abundance and ecosystem primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in an Alaskan fen by manipulating the water table in field treatments to mimic either sustained flooding (raised water table) or drought (lowered water table) conditions for 6 years. We found that water table treatments altered plant species abundance by increasing sedge and grass cover in the raised water table treatment and reducing moss cover while increasing vascular green area in the lowered water table treatment. Gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> was lower in the lowered treatment than in the other plots, although there were no differences in total biomass or vascular <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> among the treatments. Overall, our results indicate that vegetation abundance was more sensitive to variation in water table than total biomass and vascular biomass accrual. Finally, in our experimental peatland, drought had stronger consequences for change in vegetation abundance and ecosystem function than sustained flooding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..138a2003D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..138a2003D"><span>Partitioning of <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon dioxide flux measured by automatic transparent chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dyukarev, EA</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Mathematical model was developed for describing carbon dioxide fluxes at open sedge-sphagnum fen during growing season. The model was calibrated using the results of observations from automatic transparent chamber and it allows us to estimate autotrophic, heterotrophic and ecosystem respiration fluxes, gross and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary vegetation <span class="hlt">production</span>, and the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon balance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(88)90090-4','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(88)90090-4"><span>Fuelwood <span class="hlt">production</span> and use in rural Swaziland: a case-study of two <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Allen, J.A.; Pimentel, D.P.; Lasoie, J.P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Information of fuelwood consumption and the local <span class="hlt">production</span> of wood was collected in two small rural <span class="hlt">communities</span> in Swaziland. Fuelwood consumption was estimated to be 0.77 t persona??1 yeara??1 in one <span class="hlt">community</span> (Sigombeni), and 0.63 t persona??1 in the other (Bhekinkhosi). Bhekinkhosi was found to be experiencing a significant fuelwood <span class="hlt">production</span>/consumption deficit and it expected that Sigombeni will also experience fuelwood deficits by 1990. Individual farm woodlots provided the largest proportion of annual woody biomass <span class="hlt">production</span> in both areas, accounting for 45% of all profuction in Sigombeni and 73% in Bhekinkhosi. Thirty-seven percent of all farms in Sigombeni and 23% in Bhekinkhosi had woodlots. Virtually all these woodlots consisted primarily of black or green wattle and were established by direct seeding. Two types of <span class="hlt">community</span> woodlots were identified a?? those established when the area was a private farm and those established with government assistance. The first type of <span class="hlt">community</span> woodlots was found only in Sigombeni, where it accounted for at least 20% of annual fuelwood <span class="hlt">production</span>. <span class="hlt">Community</span> wooslots established with government assistance were an insignificant source of fuelwood in both areas. At an estimated cost of nearly US $500 haa??1, <span class="hlt">community</span> woodlots planted with government assistance are far more expensive to establish than individual farm woodlots which require no monetary expenditure, assuming local collection of seed. The results indicate a need to increase the local <span class="hlt">production</span> of fuelwood in rural Swaziland and that encouraging the establishment of onfarm woodlots may be the most effective means of increasing <span class="hlt">production</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED174804.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED174804.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Product</span> Safety, It's No Accident. A Consumer <span class="hlt">Product</span> Safety Monthly Planning Guide for <span class="hlt">Community</span> Organizations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC.</p> <p></p> <p>A consumer <span class="hlt">product</span> safety monthly planning guide for <span class="hlt">community</span> organizations is provided. The material is organized into suggested monthly topics with seasonal emphasis. Each section highlights selected information about how to identify potential hazards associated with categories of <span class="hlt">products</span>. Each section also includes recommendaitons of ways to…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544777','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544777"><span>Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span>: a deep-learning platform for medical imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gibson, Eli; Li, Wenqi; Sudre, Carole; Fidon, Lucas; Shakir, Dzhoshkun I; Wang, Guotai; Eaton-Rosen, Zach; Gray, Robert; Doel, Tom; Hu, Yipeng; Whyntie, Tom; Nachev, Parashkev; Modat, Marc; Barratt, Dean C; Ourselin, Sébastien; Cardoso, M Jorge; Vercauteren, Tom</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Medical image analysis and computer-assisted intervention problems are increasingly being addressed with deep-learning-based solutions. Established deep-learning platforms are flexible but do not provide specific functionality for medical image analysis and adapting them for this domain of application requires substantial implementation effort. Consequently, there has been substantial duplication of effort and incompatible infrastructure developed across many research groups. This work presents the open-source Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> platform for deep learning in medical imaging. The ambition of Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> is to accelerate and simplify the development of these solutions, and to provide a common mechanism for disseminating research outputs for the <span class="hlt">community</span> to use, adapt and build upon. The Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure provides a modular deep-learning pipeline for a range of medical imaging applications including segmentation, regression, image generation and representation learning applications. Components of the Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> pipeline including data loading, data augmentation, network architectures, loss functions and evaluation metrics are tailored to, and take advantage of, the idiosyncracies of medical image analysis and computer-assisted intervention. Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> is built on the TensorFlow framework and supports features such as TensorBoard visualization of 2D and 3D images and computational graphs by default. We present three illustrative medical image analysis applications built using Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure: (1) segmentation of multiple abdominal organs from computed tomography; (2) image regression to predict computed tomography attenuation maps from brain magnetic resonance images; and (3) generation of simulated ultrasound images for specified anatomical poses. The Nifty<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure enables researchers to rapidly develop and distribute deep learning solutions for segmentation, regression, image generation and representation learning applications, or extend the platform to new</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314890','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314890"><span>Preliminary response of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> composition to precipitation variation in a temperate grassland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>a) Background/Questions/Methods Grassland ecosystems are water-limited and show the highest interannual ANPP variability across biomes. Changes in annual amounts or seasonality of rainfall may interact with soil texture to impact grassland ecosystem functions including <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020087026','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020087026"><span>Catamaran <span class="hlt">Nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>West Coast <span class="hlt">Netting</span>, Inc.'s <span class="hlt">net</span> of Hyperester twine, is made of three strands of fiber twisted together by a company-invented sophisticated twisting machine and process that maintain precisely the same tension on each strand. The resulting twine offers higher strength and improved abrasion resistance. The technology that created the Hyperester supertwine has found spinoff applications, first as an extra-efficient seine for tuna fishing, then as a capture <span class="hlt">net</span> for law enforcement agencies. The newest one is as a deck for racing catamarans. Hyperester twine <span class="hlt">net</span> has been used on most of the high performance racing catamarans of recent years, including the America's Cup Challenge boats. They are tough and hold up well in the continual exposure to sunlight and saltwater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191461','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191461"><span>Assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates at Nile tilapia <span class="hlt">production</span> using artificial substrate samplers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moura E Silva, M S G; Graciano, T S; Losekann, M E; Luiz, A J B</p> <p>2016-05-17</p> <p>Biomonitoring is a cheap and effective tool for evaluation of water quality, and infer on the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The benthic macroinvertebrates are bioindicators sensitive to environmental changes, and can assist in detecting and preventing impacts such as organic enrichment and imbalance in the food chain. We compared the structure of benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> on artificial substrate samplers located in places near and far from <span class="hlt">net</span> cages for <span class="hlt">production</span> of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Samplers were manufactured with nylon <span class="hlt">net</span>, using substrates such as crushed stone, gravel, loofah and cattail leaves. Samples were collected after 30 days of colonization, rinsed and then the specimens were identified and quantified. The following metrics were calculated: richness of Operational Taxonomic Units, Margalef richness, abundance of individuals, Shannon index and evenness index. The macrobenthic <span class="hlt">community</span> structure was strongly modified according to the proximity of the <span class="hlt">net</span> cages. Metrics showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between near and distant sites, for both periods (dry and rainy seasons). The position of the samplers significantly affected the structure of macroinvertebrate <span class="hlt">community</span>, as near sites showed higher values for the <span class="hlt">community</span> metrics, such as richness and diversity. Near sites presented a larger number of individuals, observed both in the dry and rainy seasons, with a predominance of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the dry season and Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) in the rainy season.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473181','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473181"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> cooperatives and insecticide-treated materials for malaria control: a new experience in Latin America.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kroeger, Axel; Aviñna, Ana; Ordoñnez-Gonzalez, José; Escandon, Celia</p> <p>2002-11-15</p> <p>Insecticide-treated materials (ITMs) are effective in substantially reducing the burden of malaria and other vector-borne diseases; but how can high coverage rates of ITMs be achieved and maintained? In south Mexico and on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Colombia 14 <span class="hlt">community</span>-based cooperatives offering three different kinds of ITM services (sale of impregnation services; sale of impregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span>; <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">nets</span> and sale of impregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span>) were formed and supervised by a national health service (IMSS-SOLIDARIDAD, Mexico) and by an academic institution (the Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine) along with local district health services. The objectives of this research were to analyse the processes and results of this approach and to identify the favourable and limiting factors. The methods used for data collection and analysis were group discussions, individual and semi-structured interviews with users and non-users of ITMs, individual in-depth interviews with cooperative members and supervisors, checks of sales book and observation of impregnation services. Coverage with unimpregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span> was above 50% in all study areas. The fastest increase of ITM coverage was achieved through the exclusive sale of impregnation services. Low-cost social marketing techniques were used to increase demand. The large-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">nets</span> in two cooperatives was only possible with the aid of an international NGO which ordered impregnated bednets for their target group. A number of favourable and limiting factors relating to the success of ITM cooperatives were identified. Of particular importance for the more successful Mexican cooperatives were: a) support by health services, b) smaller size, c) lesser desire for quick returns and d) lower ITM unit costs. ITM <span class="hlt">community</span> cooperatives supported and supervised by the health services have good potential in the Latin American context for achieving and maintaining high impregnation rates.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149386','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149386"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> cooperatives and insecticide-treated materials for malaria control: a new experience in Latin America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kroeger, Axel; Aviñna, Ana; Ordoñnez-Gonzalez, José; Escandon, Celia</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Background and objectives Insecticide-treated materials (ITMs) are effective in substantially reducing the burden of malaria and other vector-borne diseases; but how can high coverage rates of ITMs be achieved and maintained? In south Mexico and on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Colombia 14 <span class="hlt">community</span>-based cooperatives offering three different kinds of ITM services (sale of impregnation services; sale of impregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span>; <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">nets</span> and sale of impregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span>) were formed and supervised by a national health service (IMSS-SOLIDARIDAD, Mexico) and by an academic institution (the Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine) along with local district health services. The objectives of this research were to analyse the processes and results of this approach and to identify the favourable and limiting factors. Methods The methods used for data collection and analysis were group discussions, individual and semi-structured interviews with users and non-users of ITMs, individual in-depth interviews with cooperative members and supervisors, checks of sales book and observation of impregnation services. Results Coverage with unimpregnated <span class="hlt">nets</span> was above 50% in all study areas. The fastest increase of ITM coverage was achieved through the exclusive sale of impregnation services. Low-cost social marketing techniques were used to increase demand. The large-scale <span class="hlt">production</span> of <span class="hlt">nets</span> in two cooperatives was only possible with the aid of an international NGO which ordered impregnated bednets for their target group. A number of favourable and limiting factors relating to the success of ITM cooperatives were identified. Of particular importance for the more successful Mexican cooperatives were: a) support by health services, b) smaller size, c) lesser desire for quick returns and d) lower ITM unit costs. Conclusions ITM <span class="hlt">community</span> cooperatives supported and supervised by the health services have good potential in the Latin American context for achieving and maintaining high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25350670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25350670"><span>Interspecific neighbor interactions promote the positive diversity-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationship in experimental grassland <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yuhua; Wang, Yongfan; Yu, Shixiao</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Because the frequency of heterospecific interactions inevitably increases with species richness in a <span class="hlt">community</span>, biodiversity effects must be expressed by such interactions. However, little is understood how heterospecific interactions affect ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> because rarely are biodiversity ecosystem functioning experiments spatially explicitly manipulated. To test the effect of heterospecific interactions on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, direct evidence of heterospecific neighborhood interaction is needed. In this study we conducted experiments with a detailed spatial design to investigate whether and how heterospecific neighborhood interactions promote primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in a grassland <span class="hlt">community</span>. The results showed that increasing the heterospecific: conspecific contact ratio significantly increased <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. We found there was a significant difference in the variation in plant height between monoculture and mixture <span class="hlt">communities</span>, suggesting that height-asymmetric competition for light plays a central role in promoting <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Heterospecific interactions make tall plants grow taller and short plants become smaller in mixtures compared to monocultures, thereby increasing the efficiency of light interception and utilization. Overyielding in the mixture <span class="hlt">communities</span> arises from the fact that the loss in the growth of short plants is compensated by the increased growth of tall plants. The positive correlation between species richness and primary <span class="hlt">production</span> was strengthened by increasing the frequency of heterospecific interactions. We conclude that species richness significantly promotes primary ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> through heterospecific neighborhood interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920003282','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920003282"><span>Using <span class="hlt">Net</span>Master to manage IBM networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ginsburg, Guss</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>After defining a network and conveying its importance to support the activities at the JSC, the need for network management based on the size and complexity of the IBM SNA network at JSC is demonstrated. Network Management consists of being aware of component status and the ability to control resources to meet the availability and service needs of users. The concerns of the user are addressed as well as those of the staff responsible for managing the network. It is explained how <span class="hlt">Net</span>Master (a network management system for managing SNA networks) is used to enhance reliability and maximize service to SNA network users through automated procedures. The following areas are discussed: customization, problem and configuration management, and system measurement applications of <span class="hlt">Net</span>Master. Also, several examples are given that demonstrate <span class="hlt">Net</span>Master's ability to manage and control the network, integrate various <span class="hlt">product</span> functions, as well as provide useful management information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007435','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007435"><span>Moving from HDF4 to HDF5/<span class="hlt">net</span>CFD-4</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pourmal, Elena; Yang, Kent; Lee, Joe</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this presentation, we will go over the major differences between two file formats and libraries, and will talk about the HDF5 features that users should consider when designing new <span class="hlt">products</span> in HDF5<span class="hlt">net</span>CDF4. We will also discuss the h4h5tools toolkit that can facilitate conversion of data in the existing HDF4 files to HDF5 and <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-4, and we will engage the participants in the discussion of how The HDF Group can help with the transition and adoption of HDF5 and <span class="hlt">net</span>CDF-4.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.S53E..02N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.S53E..02N"><span>Application of deconvolution interferometry with both Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> and KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakata, N.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Application of deconvolution interferometry to wavefields observed by KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span>, a strong-motion recording network in Japan, is useful for estimating wave velocities and S-wave splitting in the near surface. Using this technique, for example, Nakata and Snieder (2011, 2012) found changed in velocities caused by Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan. At the location of the borehole accelerometer of each KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span> station, a velocity sensor is also installed as a part of a high-sensitivity seismograph network (Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span>). I present a technique that uses both Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> and KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span> records for computing deconvolution interferometry. The deconvolved waveform obtained from the combination of Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> and KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span> data is similar to the waveform computed from KiK-<span class="hlt">net</span> data only, which indicates that one can use Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> wavefields for deconvolution interferometry. Because Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> records have a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and high dynamic resolution, the S/N and the quality of amplitude and phase of deconvolved waveforms can be improved with Hi-<span class="hlt">net</span> data. These advantages are especially important for short-time moving-window seismic interferometry and deconvolution interferometry using later coda waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3258293','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3258293"><span>Factors associated with mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> use by individuals in households owning <span class="hlt">nets</span> in Ethiopia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background Ownership of insecticidal mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> has dramatically increased in Ethiopia since 2006, but the proportion of persons with access to such <span class="hlt">nets</span> who use them has declined. It is important to understand individual level <span class="hlt">net</span> use factors in the context of the home to modify programmes so as to maximize <span class="hlt">net</span> use. Methods Generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAMM) were used to investigate <span class="hlt">net</span> use using individual level data from people living in <span class="hlt">net</span>-owning households from two surveys in Ethiopia: baseline 2006 included 12,678 individuals from 2,468 households and a sub-sample of the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) in 2007 included 14,663 individuals from 3,353 households. Individual factors (age, sex, pregnancy); <span class="hlt">net</span> factors (condition, age, <span class="hlt">net</span> density); household factors (number of rooms [2006] or sleeping spaces [2007], IRS, women's knowledge and school attendance [2007 only], wealth, altitude); and cluster level factors (rural or urban) were investigated in univariate and multi-variable models for each survey. Results In 2006, increased <span class="hlt">net</span> use was associated with: age 25-49 years (adjusted (a) OR = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.7) compared to children U5; female gender (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.5); fewer <span class="hlt">nets</span> with holes (Ptrend = 0.002); and increasing <span class="hlt">net</span> density (Ptrend < 0.001). Reduced <span class="hlt">net</span> use was associated with: age 5-24 years (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.2-0.3). In 2007, increased <span class="hlt">net</span> use was associated with: female gender (aOR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.1-1.6); fewer <span class="hlt">nets</span> with holes (aOR [all <span class="hlt">nets</span> in HH good] = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1); increasing <span class="hlt">net</span> density (Ptrend < 0.001); increased women's malaria knowledge (Ptrend < 0.001); and urban clusters (aOR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.5-4.1). Reduced <span class="hlt">net</span> use was associated with: age 5-24 years (aOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.4); number of sleeping spaces (aOR [per additional space] = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7); more old <span class="hlt">nets</span> (aOR [all <span class="hlt">nets</span> in HH older than 12 months] = 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.7); and increasing household altitude</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4495041','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4495041"><span>Drag of Clean and Fouled <span class="hlt">Net</span> Panels – Measurements and Parameterization of Fouling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gansel, Lars Christian; Plew, David R.; Endresen, Per Christian; Olsen, Anna Ivanova; Misimi, Ekrem; Guenther, Jana; Jensen, Østen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Biofouling is a serious problem in marine aquaculture and it has a number of negative impacts including increased forces on aquaculture structures and reduced water exchange across <span class="hlt">nets</span>. This in turn affects the behavior of fish cages in waves and currents and has an impact on the water volume and quality inside <span class="hlt">net</span> pens. Even though these negative effects are acknowledged by the research <span class="hlt">community</span> and governmental institutions, there is limited knowledge about fouling related effects on the flow past <span class="hlt">nets</span>, and more detailed investigations distinguishing between different fouling types have been called for. This study evaluates the effect of hydroids, an important fouling organism in Norwegian aquaculture, on the forces acting on <span class="hlt">net</span> panels. Drag forces on clean and fouled <span class="hlt">nets</span> were measured in a flume tank, and <span class="hlt">net</span> solidity including effect of fouling were determined using image analysis. The relationship between <span class="hlt">net</span> solidity and drag was assessed, and it was found that a solidity increase due to hydroids caused less additional drag than a similar increase caused by change in clean <span class="hlt">net</span> parameters. For solidities tested in this study, the difference in drag force increase could be as high as 43% between fouled and clean <span class="hlt">nets</span> with same solidity. The relationship between solidity and drag force is well described by exponential functions for clean as well as for fouled <span class="hlt">nets</span>. A method is proposed to parameterize the effect of fouling in terms of an increase in <span class="hlt">net</span> solidity. This allows existing numerical methods developed for clean <span class="hlt">nets</span> to be used to model the effects of biofouling on <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Measurements with other types of fouling can be added to build a database on effects of the accumulation of different fouling organisms on aquaculture <span class="hlt">nets</span>. PMID:26151907</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24583494','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24583494"><span>Shaking up the dental safety-<span class="hlt">net</span>: elimination of optional adult dental Medicaid benefits in California.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wides, Cynthia; Alam, Sonia Rab; Mertz, Elizabeth</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>In July 2009, California eliminated funding for most adult non-emergency Medicaid dental benefits (Denti-Cal). This paper presents the findings from a qualitative assessment of the impacts of the Denti-Cal cuts on California's oral health safety-<span class="hlt">net</span>. Interviews were conducted with dental safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> providers throughout the state, including public health departments, <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers, dental schools, Native American health clinics, and private providers, and were coded thematically using Atlas.ti. Safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> providers reported decreased utilization by Denti-Cal-eligible adults, who now primarily seek emergency dental services, and reported shifting to focus on pediatric and privately-insured patients. Significant changes were reported in safety-<span class="hlt">net</span> clinic finances, operations, and ability to refer. The impact of the Denti-Cal cuts has been distributed unevenly across the safety-<span class="hlt">net</span>, with private providers and County Health Departments bearing the highest burden.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70176291','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70176291"><span>Richness, biomass, and nutrient content of a wetland macrophyte <span class="hlt">community</span> affect soil nitrogen cycling in a diversity-ecosystem functioning experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Korol, Alicia R.; Ahn, Changwoo; Noe, Gregory</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The development of soil nitrogen (N) cycling in created wetlands promotes the maturation of multiple biogeochemical cycles necessary for ecosystem functioning. This development proceeds from gradual changes in soil physicochemical properties and influential characteristics of the plant <span class="hlt">community</span>, such as competitive behavior, phenology, <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, and nutrient composition. In the context of a 2-year diversity experiment in freshwater mesocosms (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 richness levels), we assessed the direct and indirect impacts of three plant <span class="hlt">community</span> characteristics – species richness, total biomass, and tissue N concentration – on three processes in the soil N cycle – soil <span class="hlt">net</span> ammonification, <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrification, and denitrification potentials. Species richness had a positive effect on <span class="hlt">net</span> ammonification potential (NAP) through higher redox potentials and likely faster microbial respiration. All NAP rates were negative, however, due to immobilization and high rates of ammonium removal. <span class="hlt">Net</span> nitrification was inhibited at higher species richness without mediation from the measured soil properties. Higher species richness also inhibited denitrification potential through increased redox potential and decreased nitrification. Both lower biomass and/or higher tissue ratios of carbon to nitrogen, characteristics indicative of the two annual plants, were shown to have stimulatory effects on all three soil N processes. The two mediating physicochemical links between the young macrophyte <span class="hlt">community</span> and microbial N processes were soil redox potential and temperature. Our results suggest that early-successional annual plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> play an important role in the development of ecosystem N multifunctionality in newly created wetland soils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title9-vol1-sec52-5.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title9-vol1-sec52-5.pdf"><span>9 CFR 52.5 - Report of <span class="hlt">net</span> salvage proceeds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 9 Animals and Animal <span class="hlt">Products</span> 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Report of <span class="hlt">net</span> salvage proceeds. 52.5 Section 52.5 Animals and Animal <span class="hlt">Products</span> ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF LIVESTOCK OR POULTRY DISEASES SWINE DESTROYED BECAUSE OF...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7907W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7907W"><span>Impact of Icebergs on <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in the Southern Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Shuang-Ye; Hou, Shugui</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in the Southern Ocean (SO) is iron-limited, and supply of iron dissolved from aeolian dust is believed to be the main source from outside the marine environment. However, recent studies show that icebergs could provide comparable amount of bioavailable iron to the SO as aeolian dust. In addition, small scale areal studies suggest increased concentrations of chlorophyll, krill, and seabirds surrounding icebergs. Based on previous research, this study aims to examine whether iceberg occurrence has a significant impact on marine <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at the scale of the SO, using remote sensing data of iceberg occurrences and ocean <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) covering the period 2002-2014. The impacts of both large and small icebergs are examined in four major ecological zones of the SO: the continental shelf zone (CSZ), the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), the permanent open ocean zone (POOZ) and the polar front zone (PFZ). We found that both large and small icebergs have an observable positive impact on NPP, but their impacts vary in different zones. Small icebergs on average increase NPP in most iron deficient zones: by 21% for the SIZ, 16% for the POOZ, and 12% for the PFZ, but have relatively small effect in the CSZ where iron is supplied from melt water and sediment input from the continent. Large icebergs on average increase the NPP by about 10%. Their impacts are stronger at higher latitudes, where they are more concentrated. From 1992-2014, there is a significant increasing trend for both small and large icebergs. The increase was most rapid in the early 2000s, and has levelled off since then. As the climate continues to warm, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is expected to experience increased mass loss as a whole, which could lead to more icebergs in the region. Based on our study, this could result in higher level of NPP in the SO as a whole, providing a negative feedback for global warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BGeo...13.4721J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BGeo...13.4721J"><span>Degradation of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in a semiarid rangeland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jackson, Hasan; Prince, Stephen D.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Anthropogenic land degradation affects many biogeophysical processes, including reductions of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP). Degradation occurs at scales from small fields to continental and global. While measurement and monitoring of NPP in small areas is routine in some studies, for scales larger than 1 km2, and certainly global, there is no regular monitoring and certainly no attempt to measure degradation. Quantitative and repeatable techniques to assess the extent of deleterious effects and monitor changes are needed to evaluate its effects on, for example, economic yields of primary <span class="hlt">products</span> such as crops, lumber, and forage, and as a measure of land surface properties which are currently missing from dynamic global vegetation models, assessments of carbon sequestration, and land surface models of heat, water, and carbon exchanges. This study employed the local NPP scaling (LNS) approach to identify patterns of anthropogenic degradation of NPP in the Burdekin Dry Tropics (BDT) region of Queensland, Australia, from 2000 to 2013. The method starts with land classification based on the environmental factors presumed to control (NPP) to group pixels having similar potential NPP. Then, satellite remotely sensing data were used to compare actual NPP with its potential. The difference in units of mass of carbon and percentage loss were the measure of degradation. The entire BDT (7.45 × 106 km2) was investigated at a spatial resolution of 250 × 250 m. The average annual reduction in NPP due to anthropogenic land degradation in the entire BDT was -2.14 MgC m-2 yr-1, or 17 % of the non-degraded potential, and the total reduction was -214 MgC yr-1. Extreme average annual losses of 524.8 gC m-2 yr-1 were detected. Approximately 20 % of the BDT was classified as "degraded". Varying severities and rates of degradation were found among the river basins, of which the Belyando and Suttor were highest. Interannual, negative trends in reductions of NPP occurred in 7 % of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000056995','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000056995"><span>Spice <span class="hlt">Products</span> Available to The Planetary Science <span class="hlt">Community</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Acton, Charles</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents the availability of SPICE <span class="hlt">products</span> to the Planetary Science <span class="hlt">Community</span>. The topics include: 1) What Are SPICE Data; 2) SPICE File Types; 3) SPICE Software; 4) Examples of What Can Be Computed Using SPICE Data and Software; and 5) SPICE File Avalability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10696E..2ON','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10696E..2ON"><span>Squeeze-Seg<span class="hlt">Net</span>: a new fast deep convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nanfack, Geraldin; Elhassouny, Azeddine; Oulad Haj Thami, Rachid</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The recent researches in Deep Convolutional Neural Network have focused their attention on improving accuracy that provide significant advances. However, if they were limited to classification tasks, nowadays with contributions from Scientific <span class="hlt">Communities</span> who are embarking in this field, they have become very useful in higher level tasks such as object detection and pixel-wise semantic segmentation. Thus, brilliant ideas in the field of semantic segmentation with deep learning have completed the state of the art of accuracy, however this architectures become very difficult to apply in embedded systems as is the case for autonomous driving. We present a new Deep fully Convolutional Neural Network for pixel-wise semantic segmentation which we call Squeeze-Seg<span class="hlt">Net</span>. The architecture is based on Encoder-Decoder style. We use a Squeeze<span class="hlt">Net</span>-like encoder and a decoder formed by our proposed squeeze-decoder module and upsample layer using downsample indices like in Seg<span class="hlt">Net</span> and we add a deconvolution layer to provide final multi-channel feature map. On datasets like Camvid or City-states, our <span class="hlt">net</span> gets Seg<span class="hlt">Net</span>-level accuracy with less than 10 times fewer parameters than Seg<span class="hlt">Net</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25776736','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25776736"><span>Staff perceptions of a <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Services implementation: A qualitative interview study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bradley, Dominique Kim Frances; Griffin, Murray</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Productive</span> Series is a collection of change programmes designed by the English National Health Service (NHS) Institute for Innovation and Improvement to help frontline healthcare staff improve quality and reduce wasted time, so that this time can be reinvested into time spent with patients. The programmes have been implemented in at least 14 countries around the world. This study examines an implementation of the <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Services programme that took place in a <span class="hlt">Community</span> healthcare organisation in England from July 2010 to March 2012. To explore staff members' perceptions of a <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Services implementation. Cross-sectional interview. <span class="hlt">Community</span> Healthcare Organisation in East Anglia, England. 45 participants were recruited using purposive, snowballing and opportunistic sampling methods to represent five main types of staff group in the organisation; clinical team members, administrative team members, service managers/team leaders, senior managers and software support staff. Team members were recruited on the basis that they had submitted data for at least one <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Services module. Semi-structured individual and group interviews were carried out after the programme concluded and analysed using thematic analysis. This report focuses on six of the themes identified. The analysis found that communication was not always effective, and there was a lack of awareness, knowledge and understanding of the programme. Many staff did not find the <span class="hlt">Productive</span> <span class="hlt">Community</span> Services work relevant, and although certain improvements were sustained, suboptimal practices crept back. Although negative outcomes were reported, such as the programme taking time away from patients initially, many benefits were described including improved stock control and work environments, and better use of the Electronic Patient Record system. One of the themes identified highlighted the positive perceptions of the programme, however a focus on five other themes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/2000065','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/2000065"><span>Comparison of catch and lake trout bycatch in commercial trap <span class="hlt">nets</span> and gill <span class="hlt">nets</span> targeting lake whitefish in northern Lake Huron</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Johnson, James E.; Ebener, Mark P.; Gebhardt, Kenneth; Bergstedt, Roger</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p> injury. Studies such as ours should prove useful to managers developing harvest allocation options that are consistent with the need to protect nontarget populations. For example, applying our seasonal lake trout-whitefish catch ratios to a hypothetical small-boat gill <span class="hlt">net</span> fishery, the lake trout bycatch from harvest of 100,000 kg of whitefish would equal the estimated lake trout <span class="hlt">production</span> available for harvest in the study area for year 2002. The two trap <span class="hlt">net</span> fisheries may have incidentally killed half this number of lake trout annually from 1995-99. Bycatch estimates are also important inputs to catch-at-age decision models used in developing rehabilitation and harvest strategies for target and bycatch species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4467','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4467"><span>Measuring <span class="hlt">Net</span> Investment and <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in Timber <span class="hlt">Production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David N. Wear</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>An index number approach is developed for measuring changes in inputs, outputs, and total factor <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in a timber-producing sector. These methods are applied to timber <span class="hlt">production</span> in the U.S. South for the period 1952 to 1985. Results suggest that development of the sector may be described by an adjustment phase between 1952 and 1962 and a growth phase between...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077896','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077896"><span>Study of Scientific <span class="hlt">Production</span> of <span class="hlt">Community</span> Medicines' Department Indexed in ISI Citation Databases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khademloo, Mohammad; Khaseh, Ali Akbar; Siamian, Hasan; Aligolbandi, Kobra; Latifi, Mahsoomeh; Yaminfirooz, Mousa</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>In the scientometric, the main criterion in determining the scientific position and ranking of the scientific centers, particularly the universities, is the rate of scientific <span class="hlt">production</span> and innovation, and in all participations in the global scientific development. One of the subjects more involved in repeatedly dealt with science and technology and effective on the improvement of health is medical science fields. In this research using scientometric and citation analysis, we studied the rate of scientific <span class="hlt">productions</span> in the field of <span class="hlt">community</span> medicine, which is the numbers of articles published and indexed in ISI database from 2000 to 2010. This study is scientometric using the survey and analytical citation. The study samples included all of the articles in the ISI database from 2000 to 2010. For the data collection, the advance method of searching was used at the ISI database. The ISI analyses software and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results showed that among the five top universities in producing documents, Tehran University of Medical Sciences with 88 (22.22%) documents are allocated to the first rank of scientific <span class="hlt">products</span>. M. Askarian with 36 (90/9%) published documents; most of the scientific outputs in <span class="hlt">Community</span> medicine, in the international arena is the most active author in this field. In collaboration with other writers, Iranian departments of <span class="hlt">Community</span> Medicine with 27 published articles have the greatest participation with scholars of English authors. In the process of scientific outputs, the results showed that the scientific process was in its lowest in the years 2000 to 2004, and while the department of <span class="hlt">Community</span> medicine in 2009 allocated most of the <span class="hlt">production</span> process to itself. Iranian Journal of Public Health and Saudi Medical Journal each of them had 16 articles which had most participation rate in the publishing of <span class="hlt">community</span> medicine's department. On the type of carrier, <span class="hlt">community</span> medicine's department by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BGeo...12..365C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BGeo...12..365C"><span>Ocean acidification accelerates dissolution of experimental coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Comeau, S.; Carpenter, R. C.; Lantz, C. A.; Edmunds, P. J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification (OA) poses a severe threat to tropical coral reefs, yet much of what is know about these effects comes from individual corals and algae incubated in isolation under high pCO2. Studies of similar effects on coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> are scarce. To investigate the response of coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> to OA, we used large outdoor flumes in which <span class="hlt">communities</span> composed of calcified algae, corals, and sediment were combined to match the percentage cover of benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the shallow back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. Reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the flumes were exposed to ambient (~ 400 μatm) and high pCO2 (~ 1300 μatm) for 8 weeks, and calcification rates measured for the constructed <span class="hlt">communities</span> including the sediments. <span class="hlt">Community</span> calcification was reduced by 59% under high pCO2, with sediment dissolution explaining ~ 50% of this decrease; <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification of corals and calcified algae remained positive but was reduced by 29% under elevated pCO2. These results show that, despite the capacity of coral reef calcifiers to maintain positive <span class="hlt">net</span> accretion of calcium carbonate under OA conditions, reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> might transition to <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution as pCO2 increases, particularly at night, due to enhanced sediment dissolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....1112323C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....1112323C"><span>Ocean acidification accelerates dissolution of experimental coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Comeau, S.; Carpenter, R. C.; Lantz, C. A.; Edmunds, P. J.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Ocean acidification (OA) poses a severe threat to tropical coral reefs, yet much of what is know about these effects comes from individual corals and algae incubated in isolation under high pCO2. Studies of similar effects on coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> are scarce. To investigate the response of coral reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> to OA, we used large outdoor flumes in which <span class="hlt">communities</span> composed of calcified algae, corals, and sediment were combined to match the percentage cover of benthic <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the shallow back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. Reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the flumes were exposed to ambient (~400 μatm) and high pCO2 (~1300 μatm) for 8 weeks, and calcification rates measured for the constructed <span class="hlt">communities</span> including the sediments. <span class="hlt">Community</span> calcification was depressed 59% under high pCO2, with sediment dissolution explaining ~50% of this decrease; <span class="hlt">net</span> calcification of corals and calcified algae remained positive, but was reduced 29% under elevated pCO2. These results show that despite the capacity of coral reef calcifiers to maintain positive <span class="hlt">net</span> accretion of calcium carbonate under OA conditions, reef <span class="hlt">communities</span> might switch to <span class="hlt">net</span> dissolution as pCO2 increases, particularly at night, due to enhanced sediment dissolution.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B53F0728D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B53F0728D"><span>CHANS-<span class="hlt">Net</span>: Opportunities in the Bigger Picture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Depolo, J. M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>CHANS-<span class="hlt">Net</span>: International Network of Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems is an NSF-funded effort that facilitates communication and collaboration among scholars from around the world who are interested in coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) (e.g., coupled human-environment systems, social-ecological systems, ecological-economic systems, population-environment systems) and who strive to find sustainable solutions that both benefit the environment and enable people to thrive. Reaching across research boundaries to study coupled human and natural systems has been documented to put genuine sustainability in reach. But the design also is more challenging as a researcher ventures into unfamiliar disciplines. The network is striving to build a supportive <span class="hlt">community</span> of researchers to enhance collaboration and partnerships and offer examples of best practices. CHANS-<span class="hlt">Net</span> researchers have found that seemingly unconnected issues, divorce and the environment for example, are interrelated and affect each other in ways that we are only just beginning to understand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23480257','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23480257"><span>Temperature response of denitrification rate and greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">production</span> in agricultural river marginal wetland soils.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bonnett, S A F; Blackwell, M S A; Leah, R; Cook, V; O'Connor, M; Maltby, E</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Soils are predicted to exhibit significant feedback to global warming via the temperature response of greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">production</span>. However, the temperature response of hydromorphic wetland soils is complicated by confounding factors such as oxygen (O2 ), nitrate (NO3-) and soil carbon (C). We examined the effect of a temperature gradient (2-25 °C) on denitrification rates and <span class="hlt">net</span> nitrous oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4 ) <span class="hlt">production</span> and heterotrophic respiration in mineral (Eutric cambisol and Fluvisol) and organic (Histosol) soil types in a river marginal landscape of the Tamar catchment, Devon, UK, under non-flooded and flooded with enriched NO3- conditions. It was hypothesized that the temperature response is dependent on interactions with NO3--enriched flooding, and the physicochemical conditions of these soil types. Denitrification rate (mean, 746 ± 97.3 μg m(-2) h(-1) ), <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> (mean, 180 ± 26.6 μg m(-2) h(-1) ) and <span class="hlt">net</span> CH4 <span class="hlt">production</span> (mean, 1065 ± 183 μg m(-2) h(-1) ) were highest in the organic Histosol, with higher organic matter, ammonium and moisture, and lower NO3- concentrations. Heterotrophic respiration (mean, 127 ± 4.6 mg m(-2) h(-1) ) was not significantly different between soil types and dominated total GHG (CO2 eq) <span class="hlt">production</span> in all soil types. Generally, the temperature responses of denitrification rate and <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> were exponential, whilst <span class="hlt">net</span> CH4 <span class="hlt">production</span> was unresponsive, possibly due to substrate limitation, and heterotrophic respiration was exponential but limited in summer at higher temperatures. Flooding with NO3- increased denitrification rate, <span class="hlt">net</span> N2 O <span class="hlt">production</span> and heterotrophic respiration, but a reduction in <span class="hlt">net</span> CH4 <span class="hlt">production</span> suggests inhibition of methanogenesis by NO3- or N2 O produced from denitrification. Implications for management and policy are that warming and flood events may promote microbial interactions in soil between distinct microbial <span class="hlt">communities</span> and increase</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMIN51A1682K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMIN51A1682K"><span>Terra Populus and Data<span class="hlt">Net</span> Collaboration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kugler, T.; Ruggles, S.; Fitch, C. A.; Clark, P. D.; Sobek, M.; Van Riper, D.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Terra Populus, part of NSF's new Data<span class="hlt">Net</span> initiative, is developing organizational and technical infrastructure to integrate, preserve, and disseminate data describing changes in the human population and environment over time. Terra Populus will incorporate large microdata and aggregate census datasets from the United States and around the world, as well as land use, land cover, climate and other environmental datasets. These data are widely dispersed, exist in a variety of data structures, have incompatible or inadequate metadata, and have incompatible geographic identifiers. Terra Populus is developing methods of integrating data from different domains and translating across data structures based on spatio-temporal linkages among data contents. The new infrastructure will enable researchers to identify and merge data from heterogeneous sources to study the relationships between human behavior and the natural world. Terra Populus will partner with data archives, data producers, and data users to create a sustainable international organization that will guarantee preservation and access over multiple decades. Terra Populus is also collaborating with the other projects in the Data<span class="hlt">Net</span> initiative - DataONE, the Data<span class="hlt">Net</span> Federation Consortium (DFC) and Sustainable Environment-Actionable Data (SEAD). Taken together, the four projects address aspects of the entire data lifecycle, including planning, collection, documentation, discovery, integration, curation, preservation, and collaboration; and encompass a wide range of disciplines including earth sciences, ecology, social sciences, hydrology, oceanography, and engineering. The four projects are pursuing activities to share data, tools, and expertise between pairs of projects as well as collaborating across the Data<span class="hlt">Net</span> program on issues of cyberinfrastructure and <span class="hlt">community</span> engagement. Topics to be addressed through program-wide collaboration include technical, organizational, and financial sustainability; semantic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4211843','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4211843"><span>Interspecific Neighbor Interactions Promote the Positive Diversity-<span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Relationship in Experimental Grassland <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yuhua; Wang, Yongfan; Yu, Shixiao</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Because the frequency of heterospecific interactions inevitably increases with species richness in a <span class="hlt">community</span>, biodiversity effects must be expressed by such interactions. However, little is understood how heterospecific interactions affect ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> because rarely are biodiversity ecosystem functioning experiments spatially explicitly manipulated. To test the effect of heterospecific interactions on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, direct evidence of heterospecific neighborhood interaction is needed. In this study we conducted experiments with a detailed spatial design to investigate whether and how heterospecific neighborhood interactions promote primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in a grassland <span class="hlt">community</span>. The results showed that increasing the heterospecific: conspecific contact ratio significantly increased <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. We found there was a significant difference in the variation in plant height between monoculture and mixture <span class="hlt">communities</span>, suggesting that height-asymmetric competition for light plays a central role in promoting <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. Heterospecific interactions make tall plants grow taller and short plants become smaller in mixtures compared to monocultures, thereby increasing the efficiency of light interception and utilization. Overyielding in the mixture <span class="hlt">communities</span> arises from the fact that the loss in the growth of short plants is compensated by the increased growth of tall plants. The positive correlation between species richness and primary <span class="hlt">production</span> was strengthened by increasing the frequency of heterospecific interactions. We conclude that species richness significantly promotes primary ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> through heterospecific neighborhood interactions. PMID:25350670</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DSRII..49.2345B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DSRII..49.2345B"><span>Microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> dynamics and taxon-specific phytoplankton <span class="hlt">production</span> in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 monsoon seasons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, S. L.; Landry, M. R.; Christensen, S.; Garrison, D.; Gowing, M. M.; Bidigare, R. R.; Campbell, L.</p> <p></p> <p>As part of the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study in 1995, we investigated temporal and spatial patterns in microbial dynamics and <span class="hlt">production</span> during the late Southwest (SW) Monsoon (August-September 1995) and the early Northeast (NE) Monsoon (November-December 1995) seasons using the seawater-dilution technique. Experiments were coupled with population assessments from high-performance liquid chromatography, flow cytometry, and microscopy to estimate further taxon-specific phytoplankton growth, grazing and <span class="hlt">production</span>. Dilution estimates of total primary <span class="hlt">production</span> varied substantially, from 7 to 423 μg C l -1 d -1, and were generally in good agreement with rate estimates from 14C-uptake incubations. Both primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and secondary bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> were, on average, 2.5× higher during the SW Monsoon than the NE Monsoon. Relative to the total <span class="hlt">community</span>, photosynthetic prokaryotes contributed 23% and 53% of <span class="hlt">production</span> during the SW and NE Monsoons, respectively. Prochlorococcus spp. <span class="hlt">production</span> was well balanced by grazing losses, while >50% of Synechococcus spp. <span class="hlt">production</span> during the SW Monsoon appeared to escape grazing by protists. Diatoms comprised >30% of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> at a high biomass station during the SW Monsoon but <30% at all stations during the NE Monsoon. Growth rates of Synechococcus spp. and diatoms appeared to be limited by inorganic nitrogen concentrations, while Prochlorococcus spp., dinoflagellates and Phaeocystis spp. were not. Losses to protistan grazing were strongly correlated with phytoplankton biomass and <span class="hlt">production</span>. Despite sufficient prey levels, protistan biomass was modest and constant across the region during both seasons. Of the larger taxa, diatoms were grazed the least effectively with only 50% of daily <span class="hlt">production</span> accounted for by protistan grazing. Combined estimates of protistan and mesozooplankton grazing at upwelling stations during the SW Monsoon leave ˜10% of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> unaccounted for and available for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E9115S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E9115S"><span>Asymmetric warming significantly affects <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, but not ecosystem carbon balances of forest and grassland ecosystems in northern China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Hongxin; Feng, Jinchao; Axmacher, Jan C.; Sang, Weiguo</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We combine the process-based ecosystem model (Biome-BGC) with climate change-scenarios based on both RegCM3 model outputs and historic observed trends to quantify differential effects of symmetric and asymmetric warming on ecosystem <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) of six ecosystem types representing different climatic zones of northern China. Analysis of covariance shows that NPP is significant greater at most ecosystems under the various environmental change scenarios once temperature asymmetries are taken into consideration. However, these differences do not lead to significant differences in NEP, which indicates that asymmetry in climate change does not result in significant alterations of the overall carbon balance in the dominating forest or grassland ecosystems. Overall, NPP, Rh and NEP are regulated by highly interrelated effects of increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations and precipitation changes, while the magnitude of these effects strongly varies across the six sites. Further studies underpinned by suitable experiments are nonetheless required to further improve the performance of ecosystem models and confirm the validity of these model predictions. This is crucial for a sound understanding of the mechanisms controlling the variability in asymmetric warming effects on ecosystem structure and functioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766381','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766381"><span>Asymmetric warming significantly affects <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, but not ecosystem carbon balances of forest and grassland ecosystems in northern China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Su, Hongxin; Feng, Jinchao; Axmacher, Jan C; Sang, Weiguo</p> <p>2015-03-13</p> <p>We combine the process-based ecosystem model (Biome-BGC) with climate change-scenarios based on both RegCM3 model outputs and historic observed trends to quantify differential effects of symmetric and asymmetric warming on ecosystem <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) of six ecosystem types representing different climatic zones of northern China. Analysis of covariance shows that NPP is significant greater at most ecosystems under the various environmental change scenarios once temperature asymmetries are taken into consideration. However, these differences do not lead to significant differences in NEP, which indicates that asymmetry in climate change does not result in significant alterations of the overall carbon balance in the dominating forest or grassland ecosystems. Overall, NPP, Rh and NEP are regulated by highly interrelated effects of increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations and precipitation changes, while the magnitude of these effects strongly varies across the six sites. Further studies underpinned by suitable experiments are nonetheless required to further improve the performance of ecosystem models and confirm the validity of these model predictions. This is crucial for a sound understanding of the mechanisms controlling the variability in asymmetric warming effects on ecosystem structure and functioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4357852','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4357852"><span>Asymmetric warming significantly affects <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span>, but not ecosystem carbon balances of forest and grassland ecosystems in northern China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Su, Hongxin; Feng, Jinchao; Axmacher, Jan C.; Sang, Weiguo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We combine the process-based ecosystem model (Biome-BGC) with climate change-scenarios based on both RegCM3 model outputs and historic observed trends to quantify differential effects of symmetric and asymmetric warming on ecosystem <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NEP) of six ecosystem types representing different climatic zones of northern China. Analysis of covariance shows that NPP is significant greater at most ecosystems under the various environmental change scenarios once temperature asymmetries are taken into consideration. However, these differences do not lead to significant differences in NEP, which indicates that asymmetry in climate change does not result in significant alterations of the overall carbon balance in the dominating forest or grassland ecosystems. Overall, NPP, Rh and NEP are regulated by highly interrelated effects of increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations and precipitation changes, while the magnitude of these effects strongly varies across the six sites. Further studies underpinned by suitable experiments are nonetheless required to further improve the performance of ecosystem models and confirm the validity of these model predictions. This is crucial for a sound understanding of the mechanisms controlling the variability in asymmetric warming effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. PMID:25766381</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A13L3328C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A13L3328C"><span>Optimizing Photosynthetic and Respiratory Parameters Based on the Seasonal Variation Pattern in Regional <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Obtained from Atmospheric Inversion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Z.; Chen, J.; Zheng, X.; Jiang, F.; Zhang, S.; Ju, W.; Yuan, W.; Mo, G.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In this study, we explore the feasibility of optimizing ecosystem photosynthetic and respiratory parameters from the seasonal variation pattern of the <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon flux. An optimization scheme is proposed to estimate two key parameters (Vcmax and Q10) by exploiting the seasonal variation in the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon flux retrieved by an atmospheric inversion system. This scheme is implemented to estimate Vcmax and Q10 of the Boreal Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Simulator (BEPS) to improve its NEP simulation in the Boreal North America (BNA) region. Simultaneously, in-situ NEE observations at six eddy covariance sites are used to evaluate the NEE simulations. The results show that the performance of the optimized BEPS is superior to that of the BEPS with the default parameter values. These results have the implication on using atmospheric CO2 data for optimizing ecosystem parameters through atmospheric inversion or data assimilation techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430660.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430660.pdf"><span>Report on <span class="hlt">Community</span> College Industrial <span class="hlt">Production</span> Technology Programs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Illinois Community Coll. Board, Springfield.</p> <p></p> <p>This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Industrial <span class="hlt">Production</span> Technology Programs in Illinois, which, according to Illinois <span class="hlt">Community</span> College Board policy, must be reviewed at least once every five years. The disciplines included in this report are: industrial manufacturing technology, corrosion technology, plastics technology, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4380S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4380S"><span>SeaDataCloud - further developing the pan-European SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure for marine and ocean data management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schaap, Dick M. A.; Fichaut, Michele</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p> increasing their usage by adopting cloud and High Performance Computing technology. SeaDataCloud will empower researchers with a packaged collection of services and tools, tailored to their specific needs, supporting research and enabling generation of added-value <span class="hlt">products</span> from marine and ocean data. Substantial activities will be focused on developing added-value services, such as data subsetting, analysis, visualisation, and publishing workflows for users, both regular and advanced users, as part of a Virtual Research Environment (VRE). SeaDataCloud aims at a number of leading user <span class="hlt">communities</span> that have new challenges for upgrading and expanding the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> standards and services: Science, EMODnet, Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and EuroGOOS, and International scientific programmes. The presentation will give information on present services of the SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> infrastructure and services, and the new challenges in SeaDataCloud, and will highlight a number of key achievements in SeaDataCloud so far.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900007373','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900007373"><span>Dynamics of carbon dioxide exchange of a wheat <span class="hlt">community</span> grown in a semi-closed environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Corey, Kenneth A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A wheat (Triticum aestivum Yecora Rojo) <span class="hlt">community</span> was grown in the semi-closed conditions of the NASA/KSC Biomass <span class="hlt">Production</span> Chamber (BPC). Experiments were conducted to determine whole <span class="hlt">community</span> carbon dioxide exchange rates as influenced by growth and development, carbon dioxide concentration, time within the photoperiod, irradiance, and temperature. Plants were grown at a population of about 1500 per sq meter using a 20 hour light/4 hour dark daily regime. Light was supplied by HPS vapor lamps and irradiance was maintained in the range of 590 to 675 mu mol per sq meter. The temperature regime was 20 C light/16 C dark and nutrients were supplied hydroponically as a thin film. Fractional interception of PPF by the <span class="hlt">community</span> increased rapidly during growth reaching a maximum of 0.96, 24 days after planting. This time corresponded to canopy closure and maximum rates of <span class="hlt">net</span> photosynthesis (NP). <span class="hlt">Net</span> daily CO2 utilization rates were calculated to day 48 and a 4th order regression equation integrated to obtain total moles of CO2 fixed by the <span class="hlt">community</span>. This procedure may be useful for monitoring and prediction of biomass yields in a closed ecology life support system (CELSS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B33B2082F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B33B2082F"><span>Applying and Individual-Based Model to Simultaneously Evaluate <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Production</span> and Tree Diameter Increment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, F. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Reconciling observations at fundamentally different scales is central in understanding the global carbon cycle. This study investigates a model-based melding of forest inventory data, remote-sensing data and micrometeorological-station data ("flux towers" estimating forest heat, CO2 and H2O fluxes). The individual tree-based model FORCCHN was used to evaluate the tree DBH increment and forest carbon fluxes. These are the first simultaneous simulations of the forest carbon budgets from flux towers and individual-tree growth estimates of forest carbon budgets using the continuous forest inventory data — under circumstances in which both predictions can be tested. Along with the global implications of such findings, this also improves the capacity for forest sustainable management and the comprehensive understanding of forest ecosystems. In forest ecology, diameter at breast height (DBH) of a tree significantly determines an individual tree's cross-sectional sapwood area, its biomass and carbon storage. Evaluation the annual DBH increment (ΔDBH) of an individual tree is central to understanding tree growth and forest ecology. Ecosystem Carbon flux is a consequence of key ecosystem processes in the forest-ecosystem carbon cycle, Gross and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Production</span> (GPP and NPP, respectively) and <span class="hlt">Net</span> Ecosystem Respiration (NEP). All of these closely relate with tree DBH changes and tree death. Despite advances in evaluating forest carbon fluxes with flux towers and forest inventories for individual tree ΔDBH, few current ecological models can simultaneously quantify and predict the tree ΔDBH and forest carbon flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.1453Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.1453Q"><span>Spatio-Temporal Changes of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> and its Response to Phenology in Northeast China during 2000-2015</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qiu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, D.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The relationship between <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) and phenological changes is of great significance to the study of regional ecosystem processes. In this study, firstly, NPP was estimated with the remote sensing model based on the SPOT-VGT NDVI dataset (2000-2015), meteorological data and the vegetation map in Northeast China. Then, using NDVI time series data which was reconstructed by polynomial fitting, phenology was extracted with the dynamic threshold method. Finally, the relationship between NPP and phenology was analyzed. The results showed that NPP mainly increased in the cropland, grassland, forestland and shrubland; however, vegetation NPP decreased in the ecotone among cropland, grassland and forestland. Correlation analysis suggested that the relationships between NPP and phenological metrics (i.e., the start of the growing season (SOS), the end of the growing season (EOS), the length of the growing season (LOS)) were different due to geographical location. On the whole, there was a positive correlation between NPP and the LOS in the forestland, and negative in the cropland and grassland, indicating that extended LOS can promote the accumulation of forestland NPP. By analyzing the monthly NDVI data during the vigorous growth period, the increase of NPP in the grassland and cropland was mainly due to the better growth from June to August, and shortened LOS did not lead to reduce the NPP. Generally, the response of NPP to phenology in Northeast China were more complex, showing obvious difference of vegetation types and spatial variability, we need to consider topography, <span class="hlt">community</span> structure and other factors in the further studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4267090','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4267090"><span>Making <span class="hlt">products</span> available among <span class="hlt">community</span> health workers: Evidence for improving <span class="hlt">community</span> health supply chains from Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chandani, Yasmin; Andersson, Sarah; Heaton, Alexis; Noel, Megan; Shieshia, Mildred; Mwirotsi, Amanda; Krudwig, Kirstin; Nsona, Humphreys; Felling, Barbara</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background A UNICEF review of the challenges to scaling up integrated <span class="hlt">community</span> case management (iCCM) found that drug shortages were a common bottleneck. In many settings, little thought has gone into the design of supply chains to the <span class="hlt">community</span> level and limited evidence exists for how to address these unique challenges. SC4CCM’s purpose was to conduct intervention research to identify proven, simple, affordable solutions that address the unique supply chain challenges faced by CHWs and to demonstrate that supply chain constraints at the <span class="hlt">community</span> level can be overcome. Methods SC4CCM selected three countries to implement supply chain innovations and developed a theory of change (TOC) framework for the learning phase, which identified the main drivers of <span class="hlt">product</span> availability and was used for baseline assessments, design, implementation and evaluation of interventions in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda. Interventions were developed in each country and tested over 12–24 months. Mixed–method follow up assessments were conducted in each country in 2012–2013. The Supply Chain for <span class="hlt">Community</span> Case Management (SC4CCM) Project then simplified the TOC into a <span class="hlt">Community</span> Health Supply Chain (CHSC) framework to enable cross country analysis Results The findings from interventions in the three countries suggest that the greatest supply chain benefits are realized when all three CHSC framework elements (data flow, <span class="hlt">product</span> flow, and effective people) are in place and working together. The synergistic effect of these three elements on supply chain performance was most effectively demonstrated by results from the Enhanced Management and Quality Collaborative interventions in Malawi and Rwanda, respectively, which were characterized by lower mean stockout rates and higher in stock rates on day of visit, when compared to other interventions. Conclusions Many conditions are necessary to ensure continuous <span class="hlt">product</span> availability at the <span class="hlt">community</span> level, however a supply chain works</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPB10029M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DPPB10029M"><span>Scoping study for compact high-field superconducting <span class="hlt">net</span> energy tokamaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mumgaard, R. T.; Greenwald, M.; Freidberg, J. P.; Wolfe, S. M.; Hartwig, Z. S.; Brunner, D.; Sorbom, B. N.; Whyte, D. G.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The continued development and commercialization of high temperature superconductors (HTS) may enable the construction of compact, <span class="hlt">net</span>-energy tokamaks. HTS, in contrast to present generation low temperature superconductors, offers improved performance in high magnetic fields, higher current density, stronger materials, higher temperature operation, and simplified assembly. Using HTS along with <span class="hlt">community</span>-consensus confinement physics (H98 =1) may make it possible to achieve <span class="hlt">net</span>-energy (Q>1) or burning plasma conditions (Q>5) in DIII-D or ASDEX-U sized, conventional aspect ratio tokamaks. It is shown that, by operating at high plasma current and density enabled by the high magnetic field (B>10T), the required triple <span class="hlt">products</span> may be achieved at plasma volumes under 20m3, major radii under 2m, with external heating powers under 40MW. This is at the scale of existing devices operated by laboratories, universities and companies. The trade-offs in the core heating, divertor heat exhaust, sustainment, stability, and proximity to known plasma physics limits are discussed in the context of the present tokamak experience base and the requirements for future devices. The resulting HTS-based design space is compared and contrasted to previous studies on high-field copper experiments with similar missions. The physics exploration conducted with such HTS devices could decrease the real and perceived risks of ITER exploitation, and aid in quickly developing commercially-applicable tokamak pilot plants and reactors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512747R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512747R"><span>Ecosystem carbon partitioning: aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> correlates with the root carbon input in different land use types of Southern Alps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodeghiero, Mirco; Martinez, Cristina; Gianelle, Damiano; Camin, Federica; Zanotelli, Damiano; Magnani, Federico</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Terrestrial plant carbon partitioning to above- and below-ground compartments can be better understood by integrating studies on biomass allocation and estimates of root carbon input based on the use of stable isotopes. These experiments are essential to model ecosystem's metabolism and predict the effects of global change on carbon cycling. Using in-growth soil cores in conjunction with the 13C natural abundance method we quantified <span class="hlt">net</span> plant-derived root carbon input into the soil, which has been pointed out as the main unaccounted NPP (<span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>) component. Four land use types located in the Trentino Region (northern Italy) and representing a range of aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (ANPP) values (155-868 gC m-2 y-1) were investigated: conifer forest, apple orchard, vineyard and grassland. Cores, filled with soil of a known C4 isotopic signature were inserted at 18 sampling points for each site and left in place for twelve months. After extraction, cores were analysed for %C and d13C, which were used to calculate the proportion of new plant-derived root C input by applying a mass balance equation. The GPP (gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>) of each ecosystem was determined by the eddy covariance technique whereas ANPP was quantified with a repeated inventory approach. We found a strong and significant relationship (R2 = 0.93; p=0.03) between ANPP and the fraction of GPP transferred to the soil as root C input across the investigated sites. This percentage varied between 10 and 25% of GPP with the grassland having the lowest value and the apple orchard the highest. Mechanistic ecosystem carbon balance models could benefit from this general relationship since ANPP is routinely and easily measured at many sites. This result also suggests that by quantifying site-specific ANPP, root carbon input can be reliably estimated, as opposed to using arbitrary root/shoot ratios which may under- or over-estimate C partitioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389124','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389124"><span>Effect of coloured shade-<span class="hlt">nets</span> on plant leaf parameters and tomato fruit quality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ilić, Zoran S; Milenković, Lidija; Šunić, Ljubomir; Fallik, Elazar</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The concept of photo-selective <span class="hlt">netting</span> using commercial cultivation practices was studied in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Vedetta') summer cultivation in south Serbia (under high solar radiation 910 W m(-2) , with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1661 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ), under four different coloured shade-<span class="hlt">nets</span> (pearl, red, blue and black) with 40% relative shading. The aim of the study was to determine how different environmental control technologies (coloured shade-<span class="hlt">nets</span> as screen house or plastic-house integrated with coloured shade-<span class="hlt">nets</span>) could influence plant parameters, <span class="hlt">production</span> and quality traits in tomato fruits cultivated in south Serbia (Balkan region). The leaf area index (LAI) ranged from 4.6 to 5.8 in open field and plastic tunnels plants (control) with maximum LAI values of 7.9-8.2 in <span class="hlt">net</span> houses with red colour <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Shade-grown leaves generally have higher total chlorophyll and carotenoids content than do control leaves. Pericarp thickness was significantly higher tomatoes grown under pearl (7.215.82 µm), red (7099.00 µm) and blue <span class="hlt">nets</span> (6802.29 µm) compared to other treatments and to control (6202.48 µm). The highest concentration of lycopene was detected in tomatoes grown in plastic houses integrated with red colour <span class="hlt">nets</span> (64.9 µg g(-1) fresh weight). The plastic house and open field (control) tomato <span class="hlt">production</span> had a taste index mean value of 1.09-1.10. This is significantly higher than the values determined for the treatments with different coloured shade-<span class="hlt">nets</span>. These results show that red and pearl photo-selective <span class="hlt">nets</span> create optimal growing conditions for the growth of the plant and produce fruits with thicker pericarp, the highest lycopene content, a satisfactory level of taste index and can be further implemented within protected cultivation practices. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BGeo...13.4751V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BGeo...13.4751V"><span>Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on planktonic metabolic rates and microbial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition in the Baltic Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vaquer-Sunyer, Raquel; Reader, Heather E.; Muthusamy, Saraladevi; Lindh, Markus V.; Pinhassi, Jarone; Conley, Daniel J.; Kritzberg, Emma S.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The Baltic Sea is the world's largest area suffering from eutrophication-driven hypoxia. Low oxygen levels are threatening its biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The main causes for eutrophication-driven hypoxia are high nutrient loadings and global warming. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) contribute to eutrophication as they are important sources of nitrogen to coastal areas. Here, we evaluated the effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on Baltic Sea planktonic <span class="hlt">communities</span> in four experiments. We tested for effects of effluent inputs on chlorophyll a content, bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition, and metabolic rates: gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (GPP), <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> (NCP), <span class="hlt">community</span> respiration (CR) and bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> (BP). Nitrogen-rich dissolved organic matter (DOM) inputs from effluents increased bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> and decreased primary <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> respiration. Nutrient amendments and seasonally variable environmental conditions lead to lower alpha-diversity and shifts in bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> composition (e.g. increased abundance of a few cyanobacterial populations in the summer experiment), concomitant with changes in metabolic rates. An increase in BP and decrease in CR could be caused by high lability of the DOM that can support secondary bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span>, without an increase in respiration. Increases in bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> and simultaneous decreases of primary <span class="hlt">production</span> lead to more carbon being consumed in the microbial loop, and may shift the ecosystem towards heterotrophy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21136204','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21136204"><span>A systematic petri <span class="hlt">net</span> approach for multiple-scale modeling and simulation of biochemical processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Ming; Hu, Minjie; Hofestädt, Ralf</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>A method to exploit hybrid Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> for modeling and simulating biochemical processes in a systematic way was introduced. Both molecular biology and biochemical engineering aspects are manipulated. With discrete and continuous elements, the hybrid Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> can easily handle biochemical factors such as metabolites concentration and kinetic behaviors. It is possible to translate both molecular biological behavior and biochemical processes workflow into hybrid Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> in a natural manner. As an example, penicillin <span class="hlt">production</span> bioprocess is modeled to illustrate the concepts of the methodology. Results of the dynamic of <span class="hlt">production</span> parameters in the bioprocess were simulated and observed diagrammatically. Current problems and post-genomic perspectives were also discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=computer+AND+Operating+AND+systems&pg=5&id=EJ1160457','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=computer+AND+Operating+AND+systems&pg=5&id=EJ1160457"><span>Barriers to Fanfiction Access: Results from a Usability Inspection of Fanfiction.<span class="hlt">net</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lammers, Jayne C.; Palumbo, Nicholas P.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As researchers encourage teachers to bring fanfiction into classrooms, questions remain about whether online fanfiction <span class="hlt">communities</span> are accessible to all students. This paper presents results from a practitioner-oriented usability inspection of FanFiction.<span class="hlt">net</span>, investigating challenges students with disabilities might encounter as they participate.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951687','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951687"><span>The <span class="hlt">net</span> effects of the Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work return-to-work case management experiment on participant earnings, benefit receipt, and other outcomes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kornfeld, R; Rupp, K</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The Social Security Administration (SSA) initiated Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work in 1991 to test case management as a means of promoting employment among persons with disabilities. The demonstration, which targeted Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) applicants and recipients, offered intensive outreach, work-incentive waivers, and case management/referral services. Participation in Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work was voluntary. Volunteers were randomly assigned to the "treatment" group or the "control" group. Those assigned to the treatment group met individually with a case or referral manager who arranged for rehabilitation and employment services, helped clients develop an individual employment plan, and provided direct employment counseling services. Volunteers assigned to the control group could not receive services from Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work but remained eligible for any employment assistance already available in their <span class="hlt">communities</span>. For both treatment and control groups, the demonstration waived specific DI and SSI program rules considered to be work disincentives. The experimental impact study thus measures the incremental effects of case and referral management services. The eight demonstration sites were successful in implementing the experimental design roughly as planned. Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work staff were able to recruit large numbers of participants and to provide rehabilitation and employment services on a substantial scale. Most of the sites easily reached their enrollment targets and were able to attract volunteers with demographic characteristics similar to those of the entire SSI and DI caseload and a broad range of moderate and severe disabilities. However, by many measures, volunteers were generally more "work-ready" than project eligible in the demonstration areas who did not volunteer to receive <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work services. Project <span class="hlt">Net</span>Work case management increased average annual earnings by $220 per year over the first 2 years following</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED063150.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED063150.pdf"><span>Evaluating ITV <span class="hlt">Production</span> Techniques: <span class="hlt">Community</span> of Living Things.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Crum, Lawrence E.</p> <p></p> <p>Effective <span class="hlt">production</span> techniques for an ITV series, "<span class="hlt">Community</span> of Living Things," are evaluated in this paper. The program is part of a junior high life science series. Five basic practices, chosen for their student interest and instructional value, were utilized: (1) rapidity of visualization, (2) few teacher appearances, (3) repetitive film…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.824..322M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.824..322M"><span>The Central Logic Board for the KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> detector: Design and <span class="hlt">production</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Musico, P.; KM3NeT Collaboration</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> deep sea neutrino observatory will include a very large number of multi-Photomultiplier (PMT) optical modules (DOM) to detect the Cherenkov light generated by secondary particles produced in neutrino interactions. The Central Logic Board (CLB) has been developed to acquire timing and amplitude information from the PMT signals, implementing time-to-digital conversion (TDC) with time over threshold (TOT) technique. The board is also used to configure all the DOM subsystems, to assist in the DOM position and orientation, calibration and to monitor temperature and humidity in the DOM itself. All the collected data are transmitted to shore using a wide-bandwidth optical network. Moreover, through the optical network, all the DOMs are kept synchronized in time within 1 ns precision using the White Rabbit (WR) Precision Time Protocol (PTP) over an Ethernet connection. A large Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been adopted to implement all the specifications witht the requested performances. The CLB will be also used in the base container of the detection unit (DU) to set-up and monitor all the requested functionalities: in this scenario a dedicated firmware and software will be deployed on board. The design has been started in early 2013 and several prototypes have been developed. After deep test carried on in different EU laboratories, the final mass <span class="hlt">production</span> batch of 600 boards has been ordered and built: all the CLB are now ready for integration in the DOMs and base containers. The first two KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> DU will be deployed in summer 2015 and all other units are in advanced stage of integration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5203738','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5203738"><span>Study of Scientific <span class="hlt">Production</span> of <span class="hlt">Community</span> Medicines’ Department Indexed in ISI Citation Databases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Khademloo, Mohammad; Khaseh, Ali Akbar; Siamian, Hasan; Aligolbandi, Kobra; Latifi, Mahsoomeh; Yaminfirooz, Mousa</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background: In the scientometric, the main criterion in determining the scientific position and ranking of the scientific centers, particularly the universities, is the rate of scientific <span class="hlt">production</span> and innovation, and in all participations in the global scientific development. One of the subjects more involved in repeatedly dealt with science and technology and effective on the improvement of health is medical science fields. In this research using scientometric and citation analysis, we studied the rate of scientific <span class="hlt">productions</span> in the field of <span class="hlt">community</span> medicine, which is the numbers of articles published and indexed in ISI database from 2000 to 2010. Methods: This study is scientometric using the survey and analytical citation. The study samples included all of the articles in the ISI database from 2000 to 2010. For the data collection, the advance method of searching was used at the ISI database. The ISI analyses software and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that among the five top universities in producing documents, Tehran University of Medical Sciences with 88 (22.22%) documents are allocated to the first rank of scientific <span class="hlt">products</span>. M. Askarian with 36 (90/9%) published documents; most of the scientific outputs in <span class="hlt">Community</span> medicine, in the international arena is the most active author in this field. In collaboration with other writers, Iranian departments of <span class="hlt">Community</span> Medicine with 27 published articles have the greatest participation with scholars of English authors. In the process of scientific outputs, the results showed that the scientific process was in its lowest in the years 2000 to 2004, and while the department of <span class="hlt">Community</span> medicine in 2009 allocated most of the <span class="hlt">production</span> process to itself. Iranian Journal of Public Health and Saudi Medical Journal each of them had 16 articles which had most participation rate in the publishing of <span class="hlt">community</span> medicine’s department. On the type of carrier, <span class="hlt">community</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3035/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3035/"><span>Filtering <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF Files by Using the EverVIEW Slice and Dice Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Conzelmann, Craig; Romañach, Stephanie S.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Network Common Data Form (<span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF) is a self-describing, machine-independent file format for storing array-oriented scientific data. It was created to provide a common interface between applications and real-time meteorological and other scientific data. Over the past few years, there has been a growing movement within the <span class="hlt">community</span> of natural resource managers in The Everglades, Fla., to use <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF as the standard data container for datasets based on multidimensional arrays. As a consequence, a need surfaced for additional tools to view and manipulate <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF datasets, specifically to filter the files by creating subsets of large <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF files. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Joint Ecosystem Modeling (JEM) group are working to address these needs with applications like the EverVIEW Slice and Dice Tool, which allows users to filter grid-based <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF files, thus targeting those data most important to them. The major functions of this tool are as follows: (1) to create subsets of <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF files temporally, spatially, and by data value; (2) to view the <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF data in table form; and (3) to export the filtered data to a comma-separated value (CSV) file format. The USGS and JEM will continue to work with scientists and natural resource managers across The Everglades to solve complex restoration problems through technological advances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991NaAIJ..23...58W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991NaAIJ..23...58W"><span>Realization of planning design of mechanical manufacturing system by Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> simulation model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Yanfang; Wan, Xin; Shi, Weixiang</p> <p>1991-09-01</p> <p>Planning design is to work out a more overall long-term plan. In order to guarantee a mechanical manufacturing system (MMS) designed to obtain maximum economical benefit, it is necessary to carry out a reasonable planning design for the system. First, some principles on planning design for MMS are introduced. Problems of <span class="hlt">production</span> scheduling and their decision rules for computer simulation are presented. Realizable method of each <span class="hlt">production</span> scheduling decision rule in Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> model is discussed. Second, the solution of conflict rules for conflict problems during running Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> is given. Third, based on the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> model of MMS which includes part flow and tool flow, according to the principle of minimum event time advance, a computer dynamic simulation of the Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> model, that is, a computer dynamic simulation of MMS, is realized. Finally, the simulation program is applied to a simulation exmple, so the scheme of a planning design for MMS can be evaluated effectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18898','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18898"><span>Tropospheric O3 compromises <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in young stands of trembling aspen, paper birch and sugar maple in response to elevated atmospheric CO2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>John S. King; Mark E. Kubiske; Kurt S. Pregitzer; George R. Hendrey; Evan P. McDonald; Christian P. Giardina; Vanessa S. Quinn; David F. Karnosky</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric ozone (O3) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. Using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474759"><span>Study protocol for "Study of Practices Enabling Implementation and Adaptation in the Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> (SPREAD-<span class="hlt">NET</span>)": a pragmatic trial comparing implementation strategies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gold, Rachel; Hollombe, Celine; Bunce, Arwen; Nelson, Christine; Davis, James V; Cowburn, Stuart; Perrin, Nancy; DeVoe, Jennifer; Mossman, Ned; Boles, Bruce; Horberg, Michael; Dearing, James W; Jaworski, Victoria; Cohen, Deborah; Smith, David</p> <p>2015-10-16</p> <p>Little research has directly compared the effectiveness of implementation strategies in any setting, and we know of no prior trials directly comparing how effectively different combinations of strategies support implementation in <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers. This paper outlines the protocol of the Study of Practices Enabling Implementation and Adaptation in the Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> (SPREAD-<span class="hlt">NET</span>), a trial designed to compare the effectiveness of several common strategies for supporting implementation of an intervention and explore contextual factors that impact the strategies' effectiveness in the <span class="hlt">community</span> health center setting. This cluster-randomized trial compares how three increasingly hands-on implementation strategies support adoption of an evidence-based diabetes quality improvement intervention in 29 <span class="hlt">community</span> health centers, managed by 12 healthcare organizations. The strategies are as follows: (arm 1) a toolkit, presented in paper and electronic form, which includes a training webinar; (arm 2) toolkit plus in-person training with a focus on practice change and change management strategies; and (arm 3) toolkit, in-person training, plus practice facilitation with on-site visits. We use a mixed methods approach to data collection and analysis: (i) baseline surveys on study clinic characteristics, to explore how these characteristics impact the clinics' ability to implement the tools and the effectiveness of each implementation strategy; (ii) quantitative data on change in rates of guideline-concordant prescribing; and (iii) qualitative data on the "how" and "why" underlying the quantitative results. The outcomes of interest are clinic-level results, categorized using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, within an interrupted time-series design with segmented regression models. This pragmatic trial will compare how well each implementation strategy works in "real-world" practices. Having a better understanding of how different</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1836b0028S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1836b0028S"><span>Bi-directional transition <span class="hlt">nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Staines, Anthony Spiteri</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Ordinary Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> are forward directed transition systems. Modern transition systems events and event flows are reversible. Hence modeling structures that reflect this are important. The creation of a bi-directional Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> extends the modeling power of Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span>. This work presents the successful implementation of a bi-directional transition <span class="hlt">net</span>. Some toy examples in comparison to Petri <span class="hlt">nets</span> are given showing the increased modeling power in a compacted form. The results show some interesting findings on how the expressive power of these structures has been increased.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Easter&id=EJ815102','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Easter&id=EJ815102"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Gains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fielker, David</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The Easter conference 2008 had several activities which for the author raised the same questions on cube <span class="hlt">nets</span> in some work with eight-year-olds some time ago. In this article, the author muses on some problems from the Easter conference regarding <span class="hlt">nets</span> of shapes. (Contains 1 note.)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA564254','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA564254"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> Zero Water Update</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-05-12</p> <p>www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09048/600r09048.pdf • http://www.epa.gov/awi/res_rehabilitation.html <span class="hlt">Net</span> Zero Waste • http://www.army.mil/-news/2011/02...24/52403-<span class="hlt">net</span>- zero - waste -goal-becoming-a-reality- at-jblm/ • http://www.operationfree.<span class="hlt">net</span>/2011/04/11/u-s-army-looks-to-<span class="hlt">net</span>- zero - waste / 27</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19999138','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19999138"><span>[<span class="hlt">Productive</span> activities and well-being among <span class="hlt">community</span>-dwelling elderly].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Okamoto, Hideaki</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>This study examined the association between engagement in <span class="hlt">productive</span> activities and well-being among <span class="hlt">community</span>-dwelling elderly. Data for 576 older adults were obtained from a mail survey in Osaka City. The <span class="hlt">productive</span> activities was measured with reference to three domains (paid work, unpaid work at home, and unpaid work outside the home) and the number of <span class="hlt">productive</span> roles. Well-being was assessed by two measures: life satisfaction (LSIK) and self-rated health. The author used multivariate analyses with each of the two measures of well-being as dependent variables, and each of the <span class="hlt">productive</span> activities as independent variables. The analyses were conducted separately for men and women, controlling for sociodemographic variables, IADL(instrumental activities of daily living) and social relationships. Multivariate analyses revealed the following findings. Paid work was positively associated with life satisfaction of women and self-rated health of men and women. Unpaid work at home was not significantly associated with life satisfaction or self-rated health for either men or women. However, unpaid work outside the home was related to higher scores for life satisfaction and self-rated health among women. The numbers of <span class="hlt">productive</span> roles were positively associated with life satisfaction of women and self-rated health of men and women. <span class="hlt">Productive</span> engagement was generally beneficial to older women's well-being except for unpaid work at home. Among men, only paid work out of the three activity domains and the number of <span class="hlt">productive</span> roles were associated with better self-rated health. Public health policies and programs that bring older women into <span class="hlt">productive</span> engagement outside the home may thus improve their well-being and generate benefits for <span class="hlt">communities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcAau.139..332S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcAau.139..332S"><span>Experiments and simulation of a <span class="hlt">net</span> closing mechanism for tether-<span class="hlt">net</span> capture of space debris</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharf, Inna; Thomsen, Benjamin; Botta, Eleonora M.; Misra, Arun K.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>This research addresses the design and testing of a debris containment system for use in a tether-<span class="hlt">net</span> approach to space debris removal. The tether-<span class="hlt">net</span> active debris removal involves the ejection of a <span class="hlt">net</span> from a spacecraft by applying impulses to masses on the <span class="hlt">net</span>, subsequent expansion of the <span class="hlt">net</span>, the envelopment and capture of the debris target, and the de-orbiting of the debris via a tether to the chaser spacecraft. To ensure a debris removal mission's success, it is important that the debris be successfully captured and then, secured within the <span class="hlt">net</span>. To this end, we present a concept for a <span class="hlt">net</span> closing mechanism, which we believe will permit consistently successful debris capture via a simple and unobtrusive design. This <span class="hlt">net</span> closing system functions by extending the main tether connecting the chaser spacecraft and the <span class="hlt">net</span> vertex to the perimeter and around the perimeter of the <span class="hlt">net</span>, allowing the tether to actuate closure of the <span class="hlt">net</span> in a manner similar to a cinch cord. A particular embodiment of the design in a laboratory test-bed is described: the test-bed itself is comprised of a scaled-down tether-<span class="hlt">net</span>, a supporting frame and a mock-up debris. Experiments conducted with the facility demonstrate the practicality of the <span class="hlt">net</span> closing system. A model of the <span class="hlt">net</span> closure concept has been integrated into the previously developed dynamics simulator of the chaser/tether-<span class="hlt">net</span>/debris system. Simulations under tether tensioning conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the closure concept for debris containment, in the gravity-free environment of space, for a realistic debris target. The on-ground experimental test-bed is also used to showcase its utility for validating the dynamics simulation of the <span class="hlt">net</span> deployment, and a full-scale automated setup would make possible a range of validation studies of other aspects of a tether-<span class="hlt">net</span> debris capture mission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70178474','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70178474"><span>Grassland and cropland <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> of the U.S. Great Plains: Regression tree model development and comparative analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wylie, Bruce K.; Howard, Daniel; Dahal, Devendra; Gilmanov, Tagir; Ji, Lei; Zhang, Li; Smith, Kelcy</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents the methodology and results of two ecological-based <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> (NEP) regression tree models capable of up scaling measurements made at various flux tower sites throughout the U.S. Great Plains. Separate grassland and cropland NEP regression tree models were trained using various remote sensing data and other biogeophysical data, along with 15 flux towers contributing to the grassland model and 15 flux towers for the cropland model. The models yielded weekly mean daily grassland and cropland NEP maps of the U.S. Great Plains at 250 m resolution for 2000–2008. The grassland and cropland NEP maps were spatially summarized and statistically compared. The results of this study indicate that grassland and cropland ecosystems generally performed as weak <span class="hlt">net</span> carbon (C) sinks, absorbing more C from the atmosphere than they released from 2000 to 2008. Grasslands demonstrated higher carbon sink potential (139 g C·m−2·year−1) than non-irrigated croplands. A closer look into the weekly time series reveals the C fluctuation through time and space for each land cover type.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.3089Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.3089Z"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, allocation pattern and carbon use efficiency in an apple orchard assessed by integrating eddy covariance, biometric and continuous soil chamber measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zanotelli, D.; Montagnani, L.; Manca, G.; Tagliavini, M.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Carbon use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) over gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (GPP), is a functional parameter that could possibly link the current increasingly accurate global GPP estimates with those of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange, for which global predictors are still unavailable. Nevertheless, CUE estimates are actually available for only a few ecosystem types, while information regarding agro-ecosystems is scarce, in spite of the simplified spatial structure of these ecosystems that facilitates studies on allocation patterns and temporal growth dynamics. We combined three largely deployed methods, eddy covariance, soil respiration and biometric measurements, to assess monthly values of CUE, NPP and allocation patterns in different plant organs in an apple orchard during a complete year (2010). We applied a measurement protocol optimized for quantifying monthly values of carbon fluxes in this ecosystem type, which allows for a cross check between estimates obtained from different methods. We also attributed NPP components to standing biomass increments, detritus cycle feeding and lateral exports. We found that in the apple orchard, both <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> and gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> on a yearly basis, 380 ± 30 g C m-2 and 1263 ± 189 g C m-2 respectively, were of a magnitude comparable to those of natural forests growing in similar climate conditions. The largest differences with respect to forests are in the allocation pattern and in the fate of produced biomass. The carbon sequestered from the atmosphere was largely allocated to <span class="hlt">production</span> of fruit: 49% of annual NPP was taken away from the ecosystem through apple <span class="hlt">production</span>. Organic material (leaves, fine root litter, pruned wood and early fruit falls) contributing to the detritus cycle was 46% of the NPP. Only 5% was attributable to standing biomass increment, while this NPP component is generally the largest in forests. The CUE, with an annual average of 0.71 ± 0.12, was higher</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....914091Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGD.....914091Z"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, allocation pattern and carbon use efficiency in an apple orchard assessed by integrating eddy-covariance, biometric and continuous soil chamber measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zanotelli, D.; Montagnani, L.; Manca, G.; Tagliavini, M.</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a functional parameter that could possibly link the current increasingly accurate global estimates of gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> with those of <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem exchange, for which global predictors are still unavailable. Nevertheless, CUE estimates are actually available for only a few ecosystem types, while information regarding agro-ecosystems is scarce, in spite of the simplified spatial structure of these ecosystems that facilitates studies on allocation patterns and temporal growth dynamics. We combined three largely deployed methods, eddy covariance, soil respiration and biometric measurements, to assess monthly values of CUE, <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) and allocation patterns in different plant organs in an apple orchard during a complete year (2010). We applied a~measurement protocol optimized for quantifying monthly values of carbon fluxes in this ecosystem type, which allows for a cross-check between estimates obtained from different methods. We also attributed NPP components to standing biomass increments, detritus cycle feeding and lateral exports. We found that in the apple orchard both <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem <span class="hlt">production</span> and gross primary <span class="hlt">production</span> on yearly basis, 380 ± 30 g C m-2 and 1263 ± 189 g C m-2 respectively, were of a magnitude comparable to those of natural forests growing in similar climate conditions. The largest differences with respect to forests are in the allocation pattern and in the fate of produced biomass. The carbon sequestered from the atmosphere was largely allocated to <span class="hlt">production</span> of fruits: 49% of annual NPP was taken away from the ecosystem through apple <span class="hlt">production</span>. Organic material (leaves, fine root litter, pruned wood and early fruit falls) contributing to the detritus cycle was 46% of the NPP. Only 5% was attributable to standing biomass increment, while this NPP component is generally the largest in forests. The CUE, with an annual average of 0.71 ± 0.09, was higher than the previously suggested</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.953a2106B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.953a2106B"><span>Geotourism <span class="hlt">products</span> industry element: A <span class="hlt">community</span> approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Basi Arjana, I. W.; Ernawati, N. M.; Astawa, I. K.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The ability of a tourism area to provide <span class="hlt">products</span> that could satisfy the needs and desires of tourists is the key to success in developing tourism. Geotourists are a niche market that has specific needs. This study aims to identify the needs of geotourists, which is undertaken by evaluating the perceptions of geotourists with respect to 6 elements which are the industrial aspects of <span class="hlt">community</span>-based tourism <span class="hlt">products</span>, using a qualitative approach. In-depth interview technique is used as data collection method. These <span class="hlt">products</span> are as follows: there are five major categories of geotourism commercial elements, which include: travel services, accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, souvenir and packaging. The research results show that there are various <span class="hlt">products</span> which are the output of the industry elements desired by tourists in Batur representing the needs of different market segments and accommodating the sustainability of nature. These needs are arised and inspired by local culture. The necessity to offer an assortment of <span class="hlt">products</span> packages is indicated to provide plentiful options for tourists, to lengthen tourist’s stay, and also to introduce various <span class="hlt">product</span> components available in Batur. The research output could be used and contribute in providing a reference in developing geotourism <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25315261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25315261"><span>Impaired clearance of neutrophils extracellular trap (<span class="hlt">NET</span>) may induce detrimental tissular effect.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anjos, Paula M F; Fagundes-Netto, Fernanda S; Volpe, Caroline M O; Nogueira-Machado, Jose A</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Neutrophils Extracellular Trap (<span class="hlt">NET</span>) is composed of nuclear chromatin with hyper segmentation of nuclear lobes, citrullination of histone-associated DNA and mixing with cytoplasmic proteins including the enzyme myeloperoxidase. It is believed that neutrophils trap can kill microorganisms and constitutes a new form of innate defense. However, in some conditions, <span class="hlt">NET</span> formation may be detrimental to the organism due to its association with autoantibody formation. Thus, <span class="hlt">NETs</span> can be beneficial or detrimental depending of the DNA clearance recent registered patents describing the processes, <span class="hlt">products</span>, methods and therapeutic indications of the neutrophil extracellular trap (<span class="hlt">NET</span>) phenomenon have been reported. The patents US8710039; EP2465536; EP2651440; US20130302345; US20140099648; US20130183662; WO2012166611; and RU2463349C2, related to NETosis, suggest an association between <span class="hlt">NET</span> formation and autoimmunity. However, its function is still not fully understood. Some parasites have learned to escape from <span class="hlt">NET</span> using nucleases. <span class="hlt">NET</span> persistence could be due to a possible enzymatic inhibition as suggested in Grabar´s theory for explaining the induction of physiologic or pathologic autoantibodies. In the present mini-review <span class="hlt">NET</span> persistence due to impairment in the homeostasis clearance of DNA is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5791988','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5791988"><span>The use of mosquito <span class="hlt">nets</span> in fisheries: A global perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gurung, Rajina; Rowcliffe, Marcus; Hill, Nicholas; Milner-Gulland, E. J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Free or subsidised mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> (MN) distribution has been an increasingly important tool in efforts to combat malaria in recent decades throughout the developing world, making great strides towards eradicating this hugely detrimental disease. However, there has been increasing concern in the natural resource management and healthcare <span class="hlt">communities</span> over alternative use of MNs, particularly in artisanal fisheries where it has been suggested they pose a threat to sustainability of fish stocks. So far, little evidence has been presented as to the global prevalence and characteristics of MN fishing, limiting global management initiatives and incentives for action across disciplines. We conducted a rapid global assessment of mosquito <span class="hlt">net</span> fishing (MNF) observations from expert witnesses living and/or working in malarial zones using an internet survey. MNF was found to be a broadly pan-tropical activity, particularly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. MNF is conducted using a variety of deployment methods and scales including seine <span class="hlt">nets</span>, scoop/dip <span class="hlt">nets</span>, set <span class="hlt">nets</span> and traps. MNF was witnessed in a broad range of marine and freshwater habitats and was seen to exploit a wide range of taxa, with capture of juvenile fish reported in more than half of responses. Perceived drivers of MNF were closely related to poverty, revealing potentially complex and arguably detrimental livelihood and food security implications which we discuss in light of current literature and management paradigms. The key policies likely to influence future impacts of MNF are in health, regarding <span class="hlt">net</span> distribution, and natural resource management regarding restrictions on use. We outline critical directions for research and highlight the need for a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to development of both localised and broad-scale policy. PMID:29385189</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3543363','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3543363"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> solar salt <span class="hlt">production</span> in Goa, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Traditional salt farming in Goa, India has been practised for the past 1,500 years by a few <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Goa’s riverine estuaries, easy access to sea water and favourable climatic conditions makes salt <span class="hlt">production</span> attractive during summer. Salt produced through this natural evaporation process also played an important role in the economy of Goa even during the Portuguese rule as salt was the chief export commodity. In the past there were 36 villages involved in salt <span class="hlt">production</span>, which is now reduced to 9. Low income, lack of skilled labour, competition from industrially produced salt, losses incurred on the yearly damage of embankments are the major reasons responsible for the reduction in the number of salt pans. Salt pans (Mithagar or Mithache agor) form a part of the reclaimed waterlogged khazan lands, which are also utilised for aquaculture, pisciculture and agriculture. Salt pans in Goa experience three phases namely, the ceased phase during monsoon period of June to October, preparatory phase from December to January, and salt harvesting phase, from February to June. After the monsoons, the salt pans are prepared manually for salt <span class="hlt">production</span>. During high tide, an influx of sea water occurs, which enters the reservoir pans through sluice gates. The sea water after 1–2 days on attaining a salinity of approximately 5ºBé, is released into the evaporator pans and kept till it attains a salinity of 23 - 25ºBé. The brine is then released to crystallizer pans, where the salt crystallises out 25 - 27ºBé and is then harvested. Salt pans form a unique ecosystem where succession of different organisms with varying environmental conditions occurs. Organisms ranging from bacteria, archaea to fungi, algae, etc., are known to colonise salt pans and may influence the quality of salt produced. The aim of this review is to describe salt farming in Goa’s history, importance of salt <span class="hlt">production</span> as a <span class="hlt">community</span> activity, traditional method of salt <span class="hlt">production</span> and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23198813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23198813"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> solar salt <span class="hlt">production</span> in Goa, India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mani, Kabilan; Salgaonkar, Bhakti B; Das, Deepthi; Bragança, Judith M</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Traditional salt farming in Goa, India has been practised for the past 1,500 years by a few <span class="hlt">communities</span>. Goa's riverine estuaries, easy access to sea water and favourable climatic conditions makes salt <span class="hlt">production</span> attractive during summer. Salt produced through this natural evaporation process also played an important role in the economy of Goa even during the Portuguese rule as salt was the chief export commodity. In the past there were 36 villages involved in salt <span class="hlt">production</span>, which is now reduced to 9. Low income, lack of skilled labour, competition from industrially produced salt, losses incurred on the yearly damage of embankments are the major reasons responsible for the reduction in the number of salt pans.Salt pans (Mithagar or Mithache agor) form a part of the reclaimed waterlogged khazan lands, which are also utilised for aquaculture, pisciculture and agriculture. Salt pans in Goa experience three phases namely, the ceased phase during monsoon period of June to October, preparatory phase from December to January, and salt harvesting phase, from February to June. After the monsoons, the salt pans are prepared manually for salt <span class="hlt">production</span>. During high tide, an influx of sea water occurs, which enters the reservoir pans through sluice gates. The sea water after 1-2 days on attaining a salinity of approximately 5ºBé, is released into the evaporator pans and kept till it attains a salinity of 23 - 25ºBé. The brine is then released to crystallizer pans, where the salt crystallises out 25 - 27ºBé and is then harvested.Salt pans form a unique ecosystem where succession of different organisms with varying environmental conditions occurs. Organisms ranging from bacteria, archaea to fungi, algae, etc., are known to colonise salt pans and may influence the quality of salt produced.The aim of this review is to describe salt farming in Goa's history, importance of salt <span class="hlt">production</span> as a <span class="hlt">community</span> activity, traditional method of salt <span class="hlt">production</span> and the biota</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TCry...11..707W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TCry...11..707W"><span>Impact of icebergs on <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in the Southern Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Shuang-Ye; Hou, Shugui</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Productivity</span> in the Southern Ocean (SO) is iron-limited, and supply of iron dissolved from aeolian dust is believed to be the main source from outside the marine environment. However, recent studies show that icebergs could provide a comparable amount of bioavailable iron to the SO as aeolian dust. In addition, small-scale areal studies suggest increased concentrations of chlorophyll, krill, and seabirds surrounding icebergs. Based on previous research, this study aims to examine whether iceberg occurrence has a significant impact on marine <span class="hlt">productivity</span> at the scale of the SO, using remote sensing data of iceberg occurrences and ocean <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) covering the period 2002-2014. The impacts of both large and small icebergs are examined in four major ecological zones of the SO: the continental shelf zone (CSZ), the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), the permanent open ocean zone (POOZ), and the polar front zone (PFZ). We found that the presence of icebergs is associated with elevated levels of NPP, but the differences vary in different zones. Grid cells with small icebergs on average have higher NPP than other cells in most iron-deficient zones: 21 % higher for the SIZ, 16 % for the POOZ, and 12 % for the PFZ. The difference is relatively small in the CSZ where iron is supplied from meltwater and sediment input from the continent. In addition, NPP of grid cells adjacent to large icebergs on average is 10 % higher than that of control cells in the vicinity. The difference is larger at higher latitudes, where most large icebergs are concentrated. From 1992 to 2014, there is a significant increasing trend for both small and large icebergs. The increase was most rapid in the early 2000s and has leveled off since then. As the climate continues to warm, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is expected to experience increased mass loss as a whole, which could lead to more icebergs in the region. Based on our study, this could result in a higher level of NPP in the SO as a whole</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588275','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588275"><span>Differential ubiquitination in <span class="hlt">NETs</span> regulates macrophage responses in systemic lupus erythematosus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barrera-Vargas, Ana; Gómez-Martín, Diana; Carmona-Rivera, Carmelo; Merayo-Chalico, Javier; Torres-Ruiz, Jiram; Manna, Zerai; Hasni, Sarfaraz; Alcocer-Varela, Jorge; Kaplan, Mariana J</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>To assess if ubiquitinated proteins potentially present in neutrophil extracellular traps (<span class="hlt">NETs</span>) can modify cellular responses and induce inflammatory mechanisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy subjects. We studied 74 subjects with SLE and 77 healthy controls. Neutrophils and low-density granulocytes were isolated, and <span class="hlt">NETs</span> were induced. Ubiquitin content was quantified in <span class="hlt">NETs</span> by western blot analysis, ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy, while ubiquitination of <span class="hlt">NET</span> proteins was assessed by immunoprecipitation. Monocyte-derived macrophages from SLE and controls were isolated and stimulated with <span class="hlt">NETs</span> or ubiquitin. Calcium flux and cytokine synthesis were measured following these stimuli. <span class="hlt">NETs</span> contain ubiquitinated proteins, with a lower expression of polyubiquitinated proteins in subjects with SLE than in controls. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in ubiquitinated form in <span class="hlt">NETs</span>. Patients with SLE develop antiubiquitinated MPO antibodies, and titres positively correlate with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score (P<0.01), and negatively correlate with complement components (P<0.01). Stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages with <span class="hlt">NETs</span> or with ubiquitin led to enhanced calcium flux. In addition, stimulation with <span class="hlt">NETs</span> led to enhanced cytokine (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10) <span class="hlt">production</span> in macrophages from patients with SLE when compared with controls, which was hampered by inhibition of <span class="hlt">NET</span> internalisation by macrophages. This is the first study to find ubiquitinated proteins in <span class="hlt">NETs</span>, and evidence for adaptive immune responses directed towards ubiquitinated <span class="hlt">NET</span> proteins in SLE. The distinct differences in ubiquitin species profile in <span class="hlt">NETs</span> compared with healthy controls may contribute to dampened anti-inflammatory responses observed in SLE. These results also support a role for extracellular ubiquitin in inflammation in SLE. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26547598','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26547598"><span><span class="hlt">Community</span> pharmacist participation in a practice-based research network: a report from the Medication Safety Research Network of Indiana (Rx-Safe<span class="hlt">Net</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patel, Puja; Hemmeger, Heather; Kozak, Mary Ann; Gernant, Stephanie A; Snyder, Margie E</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>To describe the experiences and opinions of pharmacists serving as site coordinators for the Medication Safety Research Network of Indiana (Rx-Safe<span class="hlt">Net</span>). Retail chain, independent, and hospital/health system outpatient <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies throughout Indiana, with a total of 127 pharmacy members represented by 26 site coordinators. Rx-Safe<span class="hlt">Net</span>, a statewide practice-based research network (PBRN) formed in 2010 and administered by the Purdue University College of Pharmacy. Barriers and facilitators to participation in available research studies, confidence participating in research, and satisfaction with overall network communication. 22 of 26 site coordinators participated, resulting in an 85% response rate. Most (72.2%) of the respondents had received a doctor of pharmacy degree, and 13.6% had postgraduate year (PGY)1 residency training. The highest reported benefits of PBRN membership were an enhanced relationship with the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (81% agreed or strongly agreed) and enhanced professional development (80% agreed or strongly agreed). Time constraints were identified as the greatest potential barrier to network participation, reported by 62% of respondents. In addition, the majority (59%) of survey respondents identified no prior research experience. Last, respondents' confidence in performing research appeared to increase substantially after becoming network members, with 43% reporting a lack of confidence in engaging in research before joining the network compared with 90% reporting confidence after joining the network. In general, Rx-Safe<span class="hlt">Net</span> site coordinators appeared to experience increased confidence in research engagement after joining the network. While respondents identified a number of benefits associated with network participation, concerns about potential time constraints remained a key barrier to participation. These findings will assist network leadership in identifying opportunities to positively increase member participation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=2D+AND+materials&pg=4&id=EJ815093','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=2D+AND+materials&pg=4&id=EJ815093"><span>Pull-Up <span class="hlt">Nets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Meenan, Liz</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>When the author began teaching, she always hit a problem when it came to 3D shapes. She wanted the pupils to get a feel for them, and she would get them to make the shapes from their <span class="hlt">nets</span>. The pupils would first try to visualize how the 2D <span class="hlt">nets</span> could become 3D shapes and then they would physically fold the <span class="hlt">nets</span> into the shapes for themselves.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017199','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017199"><span>Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a <span class="hlt">net</span> producer of long-chain marine ω-3 fatty acids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sanden, Monica; Stubhaug, Ingunn; Berntssen, Marc H G; Lie, Øyvind; Torstensen, Bente E</p> <p>2011-12-14</p> <p>The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of replacing high levels of marine ingredients with vegetable raw materials and with emphasis on lipid metabolism and <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of long-chain polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids (EPA + DHA). Atlantic salmon were fed three different replacement vegetable diets and one control marine diet before sensory attributes, β-oxidation capacity, and fatty acid <span class="hlt">productive</span> value (FAPV) of ingested fatty acids (FAs) were evaluated. Fish fed the high replacement diet had a <span class="hlt">net</span> <span class="hlt">production</span> of 0.8 g of DHA and a FAPV of 142%. Fish fed the marine diet had a <span class="hlt">net</span> loss of DHA. The present work shows that Atlantic salmon can be a <span class="hlt">net</span> producer of marine DHA when dietary fish oil is replaced by vegetable oil with minor effects on sensory attributes and lipid metabolism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1211864S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1211864S"><span>Enabling conformity to international standards within SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schaap, Dick M. A.; Boldrini, Enrico; de Korte, Arjen; Santoro, Mattia; Manzella, Giuseppe; Nativi, Stefano</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> objective is to construct a standardized system for managing the large and diverse data sets collected by the oceanographic fleets and the new automatic observation systems. The aim is to network and enhance the currently existing infrastructures, which are the national oceanographic data centres and satellite data centres of 36 countries, active in data collection. The networking of these professional data centres, in a unique virtual data management system will provide integrated data sets of standardized quality on-line. The Common Data Index (CDI) is the middleware service adopted by SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> for discovery and access of the available data. In order to develop an interoperable and effective system, the use of international de facto and de jure standards is required. In particular the new goal object of this presentation is to introduce and discuss the solutions for making SeaData<span class="hlt">Net</span> compliant with the European Union (EU) INSPIRE directive and in particular with its Implementing Rules (IR). The European INSPIRE directive aims to rule the creation of an European Spatial Data Infrastructure (ESDI). This will enable the sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organisations and better facilitate public access to spatial information across Europe. To ensure that the spatial data infrastructures of the European Member States are compatible and usable in a <span class="hlt">community</span> and transboundary context, the directive requires that common IRs are adopted in a number of specific areas (Metadata, Data Specifications, Network Services, Data and Service Sharing and Monitoring and Reporting). Often the use of already approved digital geographic information standards is mandated, drawing from international organizations like the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the latter by means of its Technical Committee 211 (ISO/TC 211). In the context of geographic data discovery a set of mandatory</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=web+AND+social&pg=5&id=EJ841806','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=web+AND+social&pg=5&id=EJ841806"><span>Web 2 Technologies for <span class="hlt">Net</span> Native Language Learners: A "Social CALL"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Karpati, Andrea</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In order to make optimal educational use of social spaces offered by thousands of international <span class="hlt">communities</span> in the second generation web applications termed Web 2 or Social Web, ICT competences as well as social skills are needed for both teachers and learners. The paper outlines differences in competence structures of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Natives (who came of age…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14C..07N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14C..07N"><span>Fine-Root <span class="hlt">Production</span> in an Amazon Rain Forest: Deep Roots are an Important Component of <span class="hlt">Net</span> Primary <span class="hlt">Productivity</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Norby, R.; Cordeiro, A. L.; Oblitas, E.; Valverde-Barrantes, O.; Quesada, C. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> is a significant component of <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP), but it is the most difficult of the major components to measure. Data on fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> are especially sparse from tropical forests, and therefore the estimates of tropical forest NPP may not be accurate. Many estimates of fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> are based on observations in the top 15 or 30 cm of soil, with the implicit assumption that this approach will capture most of the root distribution. We measured fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> in a 30-m tall, old-growth, terra firme rain forest near Manaus, Brazil, which is the site for a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. Ten minirhizotrons were installed at a 45 degree angle to a depth of 1.1 meters; the tubes were installed 2 years before any measurements were made to allow the root systems to recover from disturbance. Images were collected biweekly, and measurements of root length per area of minirhizotron window were scaled up to grams of root per unit land area. Scaling up minirhizotron measurments is problematic, but our estimate of fine-root standing crop in the top 15 cm of soil (281 ± 37 g dry matter m-2) compares well with a direct measurement of fine roots in two nearby 15-cm soil cores (290 ± 37 g m-2). Although the largest fraction of the fine-root standing crop was in the upper soil horizons, 44% of the fine-root mass was deeper than 30 cm, and 17% was deeper than 60 cm. Annual fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> was 934 ± 234 g dry matter m-2 (453 ± 113 g C m-2), which was 35% of estimated NPP of the forest stand (1281 g C m-2). A previous estimate of NPP of the forest at this site was smaller (1010 g m-2), but that estimate relied on fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> measured elsewhere and only in the top 10 or 30 cm of soil; fine roots accounted for 21% of NPP in that analysis. Extending root observations deeper into the soil will improve estimates of the contribution of fine-root <span class="hlt">production</span> to NPP, which will in turn improve estimates of ecosystem</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED462122.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED462122.pdf"><span>Fiscal Year 2000 Unit Cost Report for the Illinois Public <span class="hlt">Community</span> Colleges.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Illinois Community Coll. Board, Springfield.</p> <p></p> <p>This report shows <span class="hlt">net</span> instructional unit costs from fiscal year 1995 through fiscal year 2000. The five sections are: (1) Comparison of Fiscal Year 2000 <span class="hlt">Net</span> Instructional Unit Cost with Previous Years; (2) <span class="hlt">Net</span> Instructional Unit Cost in Illinois Public <span class="hlt">Community</span> Colleges Since Fiscal Year 1995; (3) Fiscal Year 2000 <span class="hlt">Net</span> Instructional Unit Cost,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43J..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43J..02H"><span>Population, Migration, and Arctic <span class="hlt">Community</span> Change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hamilton, L.; Wirsing, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>North American Arctic <span class="hlt">communities</span> commonly show decadal trends in population growth, driven by natural increase but variably offset by <span class="hlt">net</span> migration with year-to-year volatility. Migration rates themselves can be a social indicator, integrating a range of push and pull factors. Population and population change of Arctic <span class="hlt">communities</span> are basic scale properties affecting the resources needed to achieve sustainability, and the adaptations that may be required for climate change (such as relocation from flood-threatened locations). We examine interannual changes 1990-2016 in population and <span class="hlt">net</span> migration of 43 Alaska Arctic <span class="hlt">communities</span>, some facing serious threats of flooding. Our Alaska analysis updates previous work with additional years of data. We also extend this demographic analysis for the first time to 25 towns and villages of Nunavut, Canada.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.396e2074W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.396e2074W"><span>ROOT.<span class="hlt">NET</span>: Using ROOT from .<span class="hlt">NET</span> languages like C# and F#</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Watts, G.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>ROOT.<span class="hlt">NET</span> provides an interface between Microsoft's Common Language Runtime (CLR) and .<span class="hlt">NET</span> technology and the ubiquitous particle physics analysis tool, ROOT. ROOT.<span class="hlt">NET</span> automatically generates a series of efficient wrappers around the ROOT API. Unlike pyROOT, these wrappers are statically typed and so are highly efficient as compared to the Python wrappers. The connection to .<span class="hlt">NET</span> means that one gains access to the full series of languages developed for the CLR including functional languages like F# (based on OCaml). Many features that make ROOT objects work well in the .<span class="hlt">NET</span> world are added (properties, IEnumerable interface, LINQ compatibility, etc.). Dynamic languages based on the CLR can be used as well, of course (Python, for example). Additionally it is now possible to access ROOT objects that are unknown to the translation tool. This poster will describe the techniques used to effect this translation, along with performance comparisons, and examples. All described source code is posted on the open source site CodePlex.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19306544','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19306544"><span>Comparing the financial condition of Texas hospitals using a novel definition for the safety <span class="hlt">net</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stauffer, Brett D; Amarasingham, Ruben; Pickens, Sue; Anderson, Ron J</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>Lack of health insurance is more prevalent in the state of Texas than in the rest of the country. To get necessary medical care, uninsured Texans must rely on safety <span class="hlt">net</span> hospitals. Economic turmoil and fluctuating public support routinely threaten the financial stability of these hospitals. Safety <span class="hlt">net</span> hospitals must be identified to craft public policy solutions that ensure their viability. In this paper, we propose a new method to identify these hospitals by incorporating criteria established previously by economists with additional measures of <span class="hlt">community</span> value. Our data indicate that safety <span class="hlt">net</span> hospitals continue to face financial challenges. Texas will need to move forward along several policy fronts to preserve this vital system of care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031039','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031039"><span>Does species diversity limit <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in natural grassland <span class="hlt">communities</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Grace, J.B.; Anderson, T.M.; Smith, M.D.; Seabloom, E.; Andelman, S.J.; Meche, G.; Weiher, E.; Allain, L.K.; Jutila, H.; Sankaran, M.; Knops, J.; Ritchie, M.; Willig, M.R.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Theoretical analyses and experimental studies of synthesized assemblages indicate that under particular circumstances species diversity can enhance <span class="hlt">community</span> <span class="hlt">productivity</span> through niche complementarity. It remains unclear whether this process has important effects in mature natural ecosystems where competitive feedbacks and complex environmental influences affect diversity-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships. In this study, we evaluated diversity-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships while statistically controlling for environmental influences in 12 natural grassland ecosystems. Because diversity-<span class="hlt">productivity</span> relationships are conspicuously nonlinear, we developed a nonlinear structural equation modeling (SEM) methodology to separate the effects of diversity on <span class="hlt">productivity</span> from the effects of <span class="hlt">productivity</span> on diversity. Meta-analysis was used to summarize the SEM findings across studies. While competitive effects were readily detected, enhancement of <span class="hlt">production</span> by diversity was not. These results suggest that the influence of small-scale diversity on <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in mature natural systems is a weak force, both in absolute terms and relative to the effects of other controls on <span class="hlt">productivity</span>. ?? 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20144236','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20144236"><span>Simulation of a Petri <span class="hlt">net</span>-based model of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hawari, Aliah Hazmah; Mohamed-Hussein, Zeti-Azura</p> <p>2010-02-09</p> <p>The development and simulation of dynamic models of terpenoid biosynthesis has yielded a systems perspective that provides new insights into how the structure of this biochemical pathway affects compound synthesis. These insights may eventually help identify reactions that could be experimentally manipulated to amplify terpenoid <span class="hlt">production</span>. In this study, a dynamic model of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway was constructed based on the Hybrid Functional Petri <span class="hlt">Net</span> (HFPN) technique. This technique is a fusion of three other extended Petri <span class="hlt">net</span> techniques, namely Hybrid Petri <span class="hlt">Net</span> (HPN), Dynamic Petri <span class="hlt">Net</span> (HDN) and Functional Petri <span class="hlt">Net</span> (FPN). The biological data needed to construct the terpenoid metabolic model were gathered from the literature and from biological databases. These data were used as building blocks to create an HFPNe model and to generate parameters that govern the global behaviour of the model. The dynamic model was simulated and validated against known experimental data obtained from extensive literature searches. The model successfully simulated metabolite concentration changes over time (pt) and the observations correlated with known data. Interactions between the intermediates that affect the <span class="hlt">production</span> of terpenes could be observed through the introduction of inhibitors that established feedback loops within and crosstalk between the pathways. Although this metabolic model is only preliminary, it will provide a platform for analysing various high-throughput data, and it should lead to a more holistic understanding of terpenoid biosynthesis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/111151-whalenet-environet','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/111151-whalenet-environet"><span>Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span>/environet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Williamson, J.M.</p> <p>1994-12-31</p> <p>Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span> has established a network where students, educators, and scientists can interact and share data for use in interdisciplinary curricular and student research activities in classrooms around the world by utilizing telecommunication. This program enables students to participate in marine/whale research programs in real-time with Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span> data and supplementary curriculum materials regardless of their geographic location. Systems have been established with research organizations and whale watch companies whereby research data is posted by scientists and students participating in whale watches on the Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span> bulletin board and shared with participating classrooms. Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span> presently has contacts with classrooms across the nation, andmore » with research groups, whale watch organizations, science museums, and universities from Alaska to North Carolina, Hawaii to Maine, and Belize to Norway. Whale<span class="hlt">Net</span> has plans to make existing whale and fisheries research databases available for classroom use and to have research data from satellite tagging programs on various species of whales available for classroom access in real-time.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcO....77...85H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcO....77...85H"><span>Weed <span class="hlt">communities</span> of rain-fed lowland rice vary with infestation by Rhamphicarpa fistulosa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Houngbédji, Tossimidé; Dessaint, Fabrice; Nicolardot, Bernard; Shykoff, Jacqui A.; Gibot-Leclerc, Stéphanie</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The facultative hemiparasitic plant Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Orobanchaceae) thrives in seasonally wet soils in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in marginal lowland rice growing environments where weeds are already a major constraint for rice <span class="hlt">production</span>. Because lowland rice <span class="hlt">production</span> is increasing in tropical Africa, it is important to ascertain the influence of R. fistulosa on weed plant <span class="hlt">communities</span> in these rice-growing habitats. We investigated weed plant <span class="hlt">community</span> richness and composition at four different levels of R. fistulosa infestation across two years of surveys from lowland rice fields in northern Togo (West Africa). Despite a lack of significant differences in <span class="hlt">community</span> richness among sites with different R. fistulosa infestation levels, there were significant differences in <span class="hlt">community</span> composition, both when estimated from presence-absence data and from relative abundance data, after controlling statistically for geographic proximity among sites. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa infestation, therefore, may influence the competitive balance between rice and its weeds and shape weed <span class="hlt">community</span> structure. However, experimental studies are required to elucidate the weed host range of R. fistulosa and the direct and indirect effects of this hemiparasite in rice fields in order to predict its <span class="hlt">net</span> impact on rice and its weed species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644021','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644021"><span>Availability of tobacco and alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span> in Los Angeles <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Corelli, Robin L; Aschebrook-Kilfoy, Briseis; Kim, Gilwan; Ambrose, Peter J; Hudmon, Karen Suchanek</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>The availability of tobacco and alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span> in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies contradicts the pharmacists' Code of Ethics and presents challenges for a profession that is overwhelmingly not in favor of the sale of these <span class="hlt">products</span> in its practice settings. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of pharmacies that sell tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and/or alcoholic beverages and to characterize promotion of these <span class="hlt">products</span>. The proportion of pharmacies that sell non-prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) <span class="hlt">products</span> as aids to smoking cessation also was estimated. Among 250 randomly-selected <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies in Los Angeles, 32.8% sold cigarettes, and 26.0% sold alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span>. Cigarettes were more likely to be available in traditional chain pharmacies and grocery stores than in independently-owned pharmacies (100% versus 10.8%; P < 0.001), and traditional chain drug stores and grocery stores were more likely to sell alcoholic beverages than were independently-owned pharmacies (87.5% vs. 5.4%; P < 0.001). Thirty-four (41.5%) of the 82 pharmacies that sold cigarettes and 47 (72.3%) of the 65 pharmacies that sold alcohol also displayed promotional materials for these <span class="hlt">products</span>. NRT <span class="hlt">products</span> were merchandised by 58% of pharmacies. Results of this study suggest that when given a choice, pharmacists choose not to sell tobacco or alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3394176','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3394176"><span>Availability of Tobacco and Alcohol <span class="hlt">Products</span> in Los Angeles <span class="hlt">Community</span> Pharmacies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Aschebrook-Kilfoy, Briseis; Kim, Gilwan; Ambrose, Peter J.; Hudmon, Karen Suchanek</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The availability of tobacco and alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span> in <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies contradicts the pharmacists’ Code of Ethics and presents challenges for a profession that is overwhelmingly not in favor of the sale of these <span class="hlt">products</span> in its practice settings. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of pharmacies that sell tobacco <span class="hlt">products</span> and/or alcoholic beverages and to characterize promotion of these <span class="hlt">products</span>. The proportion of pharmacies that sell non-prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) <span class="hlt">products</span> as aids to smoking cessation also was estimated. Among 250 randomly-selected <span class="hlt">community</span> pharmacies in Los Angeles, 32.8% sold cigarettes, and 26.0% sold alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span>. Cigarettes were more likely to be available in traditional chain pharmacies and grocery stores than in independently-owned pharmacies (100% versus 10.8%; P < 0.001), and traditional chain drug stores and grocery stores were more likely to sell alcoholic beverages than were independently-owned pharmacies (87.5% vs. 5.4%; P < 0.001). Thirty-four (41.5%) of the 82 pharmacies that sold cigarettes and 47 (72.3%) of the 65 pharmacies that sold alcohol also displayed promotional materials for these <span class="hlt">products</span>. NRT <span class="hlt">products</span> were merchandised by 58% of pharmacies. Results of this study suggest that when given a choice, pharmacists choose not to sell tobacco or alcohol <span class="hlt">products</span>. PMID:21644021</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1197906-freeze-out-conditions-from-net-proton-net-charge-fluctuations-rhic','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1197906-freeze-out-conditions-from-net-proton-net-charge-fluctuations-rhic"><span>Freeze-out conditions from <span class="hlt">net</span>-proton and <span class="hlt">net</span>-charge fluctuations at RHIC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Alba, Paolo; Alberico, Wanda; Bellwied, Rene; ...</p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p>We calculate ratios of higher-order susceptibilities quantifying fluctuations in the number of <span class="hlt">net</span>-protons and in the <span class="hlt">net</span>-electric charge using the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model. We take into account the effect of resonance decays, the kinematic acceptance cuts in rapidity, pseudo-rapidity and transverse momentum used in the experimental analysis, as well as a randomization of the isospin of nucleons in the hadronic phase. By comparing these results to the latest experimental data from the STAR Collaboration, we determine the freeze-out conditions from <span class="hlt">net</span>-electric charge and <span class="hlt">net</span>-proton distributions and discuss their consistency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1166','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1166"><span>Aboveground <span class="hlt">production</span> and nutrient circulation along a flooding gradient in a South Carolina Coastal Plain forest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>B. Graeme Lockaby; William H. Conner</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Relative to effects of flooding, little is known about the influence of hydrology-nutrient interactions on aboveground <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) in forested wetlands. The authors found that nutrient circulation and NPP were closely related along a complex physical, chemical, and hydrologic gradient in a bottomland hardwood forest with four distinct <span class="hlt">communities</span>....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=social+AND+issues+AND+society+AND+community&pg=5&id=EJ989617','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=social+AND+issues+AND+society+AND+community&pg=5&id=EJ989617"><span>Being Involved in the Country: <span class="hlt">Productive</span> Ageing in Different Types of Rural <span class="hlt">Communities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Davis, Sandra; Crothers, Natalie; Grant, Jeanette; Young, Sari; Smith, Karly</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Productive</span> ageing recognises the contribution of older people to economic, social and cultural growth and helps build a sustainable <span class="hlt">community</span>. Being involved in <span class="hlt">community</span> life is good for individuals and good for society. However, we know very little about the participation of and contribution by people aged 50 and over in rural <span class="hlt">communities</span>. This…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=industry+AND+productivity&pg=4&id=EJ738944','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=industry+AND+productivity&pg=4&id=EJ738944"><span>Conditions for <span class="hlt">Productive</span> Learning in Networked Learning Environments: A Case Study from the VO@<span class="hlt">NET</span> Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ryberg, Thomas; Koottatep, Suporn; Pengchai, Petch; Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Lone</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>In this article we bring together experiences from two international research projects: the Kaleidoscope ERT research collaboration and the VO@<span class="hlt">NET</span> project. We do this by using a shared framework identified for cross-case analyses within the Kaleidoscope ERT to analyse a particular case in the VO@<span class="hlt">NET</span> project, a training course called "Green…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=job+AND+demands+AND+safety&id=EJ836312','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=job+AND+demands+AND+safety&id=EJ836312"><span>No Safety <span class="hlt">Net</span> Required</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Benigni, Mark D.; Moylan, Maureen</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This article discusses the Berlin (Connecticut) High School's <span class="hlt">NET</span> (Non-Traditional Educational Training) program. <span class="hlt">NET</span> is a self-contained program that is composed of three components: academics, social and emotional support, and vocational training. Rather than treat students alike, the <span class="hlt">NET</span> program tailors their high school experience to meet…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007326','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007326"><span>Development of a Multilayer MODIS IST-Albedo <span class="hlt">Product</span> of Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hall, D. K.; Comiso, J. C.; Cullather, R. I.; Digirolamo, N. E.; Nowicki, S. M.; Medley, B. C.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A new multilayer IST-albedo Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) <span class="hlt">product</span> of Greenland was developed to meet the needs of the ice sheet modeling <span class="hlt">community</span>. The multiple layers of the <span class="hlt">product</span> enable the relationship between IST and albedo to be evaluated easily. Surface temperature is a fundamental input for dynamical ice sheet models because it is a component of the ice sheet radiation budget and mass balance. Albedo influences absorption of incoming solar radiation. The daily <span class="hlt">product</span> will combine the existing standard MODIS Collection-6 ice-surface temperature, derived melt maps, snow albedo and water vapor <span class="hlt">products</span>. The new <span class="hlt">product</span> is available in a polar stereographic projection in <span class="hlt">Net</span>CDF format. The <span class="hlt">product</span> will ultimately extend from March 2000 through the end of 2017.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234327','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234327"><span><span class="hlt">Net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> of China's terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feng, X; Liu, G; Chen, J M; Chen, M; Liu, J; Ju, W M; Sun, R; Zhou, W</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>The terrestrial carbon cycle is one of the foci in global climate change research. Simulating <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems is important for carbon cycle research. In this study, China's terrestrial NPP was simulated using the Boreal Ecosystem <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Simulator (BEPS), a carbon-water coupled process model based on remote sensing inputs. For these purposes, a national-wide database (including leaf area index, land cover, meteorology, vegetation and soil) at a 1 km resolution and a validation database were established. Using these databases and BEPS, daily maps of NPP for the entire China's landmass in 2001 were produced, and gross primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (GPP) and autotrophic respiration (RA) were estimated. Using the simulated results, we explore temporal-spatial patterns of China's terrestrial NPP and the mechanisms of its responses to various environmental factors. The total NPP and mean NPP of China's landmass were 2.235 GtC and 235.2 gCm(-2)yr(-1), respectively; the total GPP and mean GPP were 4.418 GtC and 465 gCm(-2)yr(-1); and the total RA and mean RA were 2.227 GtC and 234 gCm(-2)yr(-1), respectively. On average, NPP was 50.6% of GPP. In addition, statistical analysis of NPP of different land cover types was conducted, and spatiotemporal patterns of NPP were investigated. The response of NPP to changes in some key factors such as LAI, precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, VPD and AWC are evaluated and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20192972','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20192972"><span>Temperature controls on aquatic bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> dynamics in arctic lakes and streams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adams, Heather E; Crump, Byron C; Kling, George W</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The impact of temperature on bacterial activity and <span class="hlt">community</span> composition was investigated in arctic lakes and streams in northern Alaska. Aquatic bacterial <span class="hlt">communities</span> incubated at different temperatures had different rates of <span class="hlt">production</span>, as measured by (14)C-leucine uptake, indicating that populations within the <span class="hlt">communities</span> had different temperature optima. Samples from Toolik Lake inlet and outlet were collected at water temperatures of 14.2 degrees C and 15.9 degrees C, respectively, and subsamples incubated at temperatures ranging from 6 degrees C to 20 degrees C. After 5 days, <span class="hlt">productivity</span> rates varied from 0.5 to approximately 13.7 microg C l(-1) day(-1) and two distinct activity optima appeared at 12 degrees C and 20 degrees C. At these optima, activity was 2- to 11-fold higher than at other incubation temperatures. The presence of two temperature optima indicates psychrophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria dominate under different conditions. <span class="hlt">Community</span> fingerprinting via denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes showed strong shifts in the composition of <span class="hlt">communities</span> driven more by temperature than by differences in dissolved organic matter source; e.g. four and seven unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found only at 2 degrees C and 25 degrees C, respectively, and not found at other incubation temperatures after 5 days. The impact of temperature on bacteria is complex, influencing both bacterial <span class="hlt">productivity</span> and <span class="hlt">community</span> composition. Path analysis of measurements of 24 streams and lakes sampled across a catchment 12 times in 4 years indicates variable timing and strength of correlation between temperature and bacterial <span class="hlt">production</span>, possibly due to bacterial <span class="hlt">community</span> differences between sites. As indicated by both field and laboratory experiments, shifts in dominant <span class="hlt">community</span> members can occur on ecologically relevant time scales (days), and have important implications for understanding the relationship of bacterial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4687872','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4687872"><span>The Role of Competition in Structuring Primate <span class="hlt">Communities</span> under Different <span class="hlt">Productivity</span> Regimes in the Amazon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rocha, Juliana Monteiro de Almeida; Pinto, Míriam Plaza; Boubli, Jean Philippe; Grelle, Carlos Eduardo Viveiros</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The factors responsible for the formation of Amazonian primate <span class="hlt">communities</span> are not well understood. Here we investigated the influence of interspecific competition in the assembly of these <span class="hlt">communities</span>, specifically whether they follow an assembly rule known as "favored states". According to this rule, interspecific competition influences final species composition, resulting in functional groups that are equally represented in the <span class="hlt">community</span>. We compiled presence-absence data for primate species at 39 Amazonian sites in Brazil, contrasting two regions with distinct <span class="hlt">productivity</span> regimes: the eutrophic Juruá River basin and the oligotrophic Negro River basin. We tested two hypotheses: that interspecific competition is a mechanism that influences the structure of Amazonian primate <span class="hlt">communities</span>, and that competition has had a greater influence on the structure of primate <span class="hlt">communities</span> in regions with low <span class="hlt">productivity</span>, where resources are more limited. We used null models to test the statistical significance of the results, and found a non-random pattern compatible with the favored states rule in the two regions. Our findings suggest that interspecific competition is an important force driving primate <span class="hlt">community</span> assembly regardless of <span class="hlt">productivity</span> regimes. PMID:26696089</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5407N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5407N"><span>Multi-year <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon balance at a horticulture-extracted restored peatland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nugent, Kelly; Strachan, Ian; Strack, Maria</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p> small source of CO2, NEE in the Typha plots showed significantly greater CO2 uptake capacity relative to any other restored plant <span class="hlt">community</span>. High <span class="hlt">productivity</span> combined with reduced CH4 flux suggests that Typha may be playing a key role in reducing the overall impact of the remnant ditches on the <span class="hlt">net</span> ecosystem carbon balance. A preliminary footprint analysis suggests that ecosystem-level CH4 flux is being primarily driven by release from hotspots while the majority of the tower source area is a very small source of methane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3689647','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3689647"><span>Planning long lasting insecticide treated <span class="hlt">net</span> campaigns: should households’ existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> be taken into account?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) has led to large increases in LLIN coverage in many African countries. As LLIN ownership levels increase, planners of future mass distributions face the challenge of deciding whether to ignore the <span class="hlt">nets</span> already owned by households or to take these into account and attempt to target individuals or households without <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Taking existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account would reduce commodity costs but require more sophisticated, and potentially more costly, distribution procedures. The decision may also have implications for the average age of <span class="hlt">nets</span> in use and therefore on the maintenance of universal LLIN coverage over time. Methods A stochastic simulation model based on the <span class="hlt">Net</span>CALC algorithm was used to determine the scenarios under which it would be cost saving to take existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account, and the potential effects of doing so on the age profile of LLINs owned. The model accounted for variability in timing of distributions, concomitant use of continuous distribution systems, population growth, sampling error in pre-campaign coverage surveys, variable <span class="hlt">net</span> ‘decay’ parameters and other factors including the feasibility and accuracy of identifying existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field. Results Results indicate that (i) where pre-campaign coverage is around 40% (of households owning at least 1 LLIN), accounting for existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the campaign will have little effect on the mean age of the <span class="hlt">net</span> population and (ii) even at pre-campaign coverage levels above 40%, an approach that reduces LLIN distribution requirements by taking existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account may have only a small chance of being cost-saving overall, depending largely on the feasibility of identifying <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field. Based on existing literature the epidemiological implications of such a strategy is likely to vary by transmission setting, and the risks of leaving older <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field when accounting for existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> must be considered</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763773','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763773"><span>Planning long lasting insecticide treated <span class="hlt">net</span> campaigns: should households' existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> be taken into account?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yukich, Joshua; Bennett, Adam; Keating, Joseph; Yukich, Rudy K; Lynch, Matt; Eisele, Thomas P; Kolaczinski, Kate</p> <p>2013-06-14</p> <p>Mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated bed <span class="hlt">nets</span> (LLINs) has led to large increases in LLIN coverage in many African countries. As LLIN ownership levels increase, planners of future mass distributions face the challenge of deciding whether to ignore the <span class="hlt">nets</span> already owned by households or to take these into account and attempt to target individuals or households without <span class="hlt">nets</span>. Taking existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account would reduce commodity costs but require more sophisticated, and potentially more costly, distribution procedures. The decision may also have implications for the average age of <span class="hlt">nets</span> in use and therefore on the maintenance of universal LLIN coverage over time. A stochastic simulation model based on the <span class="hlt">Net</span>CALC algorithm was used to determine the scenarios under which it would be cost saving to take existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account, and the potential effects of doing so on the age profile of LLINs owned. The model accounted for variability in timing of distributions, concomitant use of continuous distribution systems, population growth, sampling error in pre-campaign coverage surveys, variable <span class="hlt">net</span> 'decay' parameters and other factors including the feasibility and accuracy of identifying existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field. Results indicate that (i) where pre-campaign coverage is around 40% (of households owning at least 1 LLIN), accounting for existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the campaign will have little effect on the mean age of the <span class="hlt">net</span> population and (ii) even at pre-campaign coverage levels above 40%, an approach that reduces LLIN distribution requirements by taking existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> into account may have only a small chance of being cost-saving overall, depending largely on the feasibility of identifying <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field. Based on existing literature the epidemiological implications of such a strategy is likely to vary by transmission setting, and the risks of leaving older <span class="hlt">nets</span> in the field when accounting for existing <span class="hlt">nets</span> must be considered. Where pre-campaign coverage</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ909577.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ909577.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Productivity</span>, Social Networks and <span class="hlt">Net</span> <span class="hlt">Communities</span> in the Workplace</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Asunda, Paul</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The 21st century workplace is being shaped by ever-changing technological innovations, shifting demographic patterns, globalization and power shifts, in addition to different economic players such as policymakers, employers, education and training institutions that shape the quality of the future workforce. In today's work environment,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2021L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2021L"><span>Interannual Variations in Global <span class="hlt">Net</span> Carbon <span class="hlt">Production</span> in the Absence of Fixed Nitrogen: Implication of New <span class="hlt">Production</span> Supported by Dinitrogen Fixing Microorganisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, K.; Ko, Y. H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In the ocean without the measurable levels of nitrate, new <span class="hlt">production</span>, i.e. the amount of carbon transported from the sunlit upper water to deep water, was estimated by summing the seasonal reduction in the total dissolved inorganic carbon (NCT = CT x 35/S) concentration in the surface mixed layer. Total reduction in the mixed layer NCT inventory in each 4o latitude by 5o longitude was calculated using an annual cycle of NCT, which was deduced from global monthly records of partial pressure of CO2 (based on more than 6.5 million data) and total alkalinity fields using thermodynamic models. The estimation of total NCT reduction for each pixel was then corrected for small changes caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition and <span class="hlt">net</span> air-sea CO2 exchange. This novel method yields 0.8 ± 0.3 petagrams of global new <span class="hlt">production</span> per year (Pg C yr, Pg = 1015 grams), which is likely to be mediated exclusively by dinitrogen (N2) fixing microorganisms. These organisms utilize the inexhaustible pool of dissolved N2 and thereby circumvent nitrate limitation, particularly in the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70104546','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70104546"><span>Controls of vegetation structure and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> in restored grasslands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Munson, Seth M.; Lauenroth, William K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>1. Vegetation structure and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">production</span> (NPP) are fundamental properties of ecosystems. Understanding how restoration practices following disturbance interact with environmental factors to control these properties can provide insight on how ecosystems recover and guide management efforts. 2. We assessed the relative contribution of environmental and restoration factors in controlling vegetation structure, above- and below-ground investment in <span class="hlt">production</span> across a chronosequence of semiarid Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields recovering from dryland wheat cropping relative to undisturbed grassland. Importantly, we determined the role of plant diversity and how seeding either native or introduced perennial grasses influenced the recovery of vegetation properties. 3. Plant basal cover increased with field age and was highest in CRP fields seeded with native perennial grasses. In contrast, fields seeded with introduced perennial grasses had tall-growing plants with relatively low basal cover. These vegetation structural characteristics interacted with precipitation, but not soil characteristics, to influence above-ground NPP (ANPP). Fields enrolled in the CRP program for >7 years supported twice as much ANPP as undisturbed shortgrass steppe in the first wet year of the study, but all CRP fields converged on a common low amount of ANPP in the following dry year and invested less than half as much as the shortgrass steppe in below-ground biomass. 4. ANPP in CRP fields seeded with native perennial grasses for more than 7 years was positively related to species richness, whereas ANPP in CRP fields seeded with introduced perennial grasses were controlled more by dominant species. 5. Synthesis and applications. Seeding with introduced, instead of native, perennial grasses had a strong direct influence on vegetation structure, including species richness, which indirectly affected NPP through time. However, the effects of restoring either native or introduced</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1666d0004D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1666d0004D"><span>KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>de Jong, M.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> is a large research infrastructure, that will consist of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. The main objective of KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> is the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. A further physics perspective is the measurement of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. A corresponding study, ORCA, is ongoing within KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span>. A cost effective technology for (very) large water Cherenkov detectors has been developed based on a new generation of low price 3-inch photo-multiplier tubes. Following the successful deployment and operation of two prototypes, the construction of the KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> research infrastructure has started. The prospects of the different phases of the implementation of KM3<span class="hlt">NeT</span> are summarised.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29940006','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29940006"><span>Light quality characterization under climate screens and shade <span class="hlt">nets</span> for controlled-environment agriculture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kotilainen, Titta; Robson, T Matthew; Hernández, Ricardo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Climate screens are typically used inside glass greenhouses to improve control of humidity and temperature, and thus reduce energy expenditure. Shade <span class="hlt">nets</span> are more appropriate to use, either with or without polyethylene cladding, at locations less-reliant on climate control, but where protection against hail, wind and excessive solar radiation might be needed. In addition, insect screens and <span class="hlt">nets</span> can be employed to hinder insect pests and other invertebrates entering either type of <span class="hlt">production</span> environment, and to keep invertebrates used in pest management contained inside. Screens and <span class="hlt">nets</span> both transmit sunlight in a wavelength-specific manner, giving them the potential to affect plant morphology and physiology. Screens and <span class="hlt">nets</span> of various colours and nominal shading factors have been described and studied; however, detailed measurements of their spectral characteristics are scarce. We measured solar spectral photon-irradiance and its attenuation by climate screens, shade <span class="hlt">nets</span>, insect <span class="hlt">nets</span>, greenhouse glass, and polyethylene covers. Our aim was to elucidate the effects of different patterns, colours, and shading factors, on light quality in <span class="hlt">production</span> environments. Our measurements reveal that there are large differences both in the fraction of global irradiance attenuated and spectral ratios received under materials that are otherwise superficially similar in terms of their appearance and texture. We suggest that the type of spectral characterization that we performed is required to fully interpret the results of research examining plant responses to different types of screen and <span class="hlt">net</span>. These data on spectral irradiance would benefit material manufacturers, researchers, growers, and horticultural consultants, enabling material selection to better match the solutions sought by growers and their desired outcomes regarding plant performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17166651','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17166651"><span>Measurements and simulation of forest leaf area index and <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> in Northern China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, P; Sun, R; Hu, J; Zhu, Q; Zhou, Y; Li, L; Chen, J M</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Large scale process-based modeling is a useful approach to estimate distributions of global <span class="hlt">net</span> primary <span class="hlt">productivity</span> (NPP). In this paper, in order to validate an existing NPP model with observed data at site level, field experiments were conducted at three sites in northern China. One site is located in Qilian Mountain in Gansu Province, and the other two sites are in Changbaishan Natural Reserve and Dunhua County in Jilin Province. Detailed field experiments are discussed and field data are used to validate the simulated NPP. Remotely sensed images including Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+, 30 m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, 15m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) are used to derive maps of land cover, leaf area index, and biomass. Based on these maps, field measured data, soil texture and daily meteorological data, NPP of these sites are simulated for year 2001 with the boreal ecosystem <span class="hlt">productivity</span> simulator (BEPS). The NPP in these sites ranges from 80 to 800 gCm(-2)a(-1). The observed NPP agrees well with the modeled NPP. This study suggests that BEPS can be used to estimate NPP in northern China if remotely sensed images of high spatial resolution are available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020083049&hterms=MPL&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DMPL','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020083049&hterms=MPL&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DMPL"><span>MPL-<span class="hlt">net</span> at ARM Sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spinhirne, J. D.; Welton, E. J.; Campbell, J. R.; Berkoff, T. A.; Starr, David OC. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The NASA MPL-<span class="hlt">net</span> project goal is consistent data <span class="hlt">products</span> of the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosol from globally distributed lidar observation sites. The four ARM micro pulse lidars are a basis of the network to consist of over twelve sites. The science objective is ground truth for global satellite retrievals and accurate vertical distribution information in combination with surface radiation measurements for aerosol and cloud models. The project involves improvement in instruments and data processing and cooperation with ARM and other partners.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7348E..0LB','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7348E..0LB"><span>AN-CASE <span class="hlt">NET</span>-CENTRIC modeling and simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baskinger, Patricia J.; Chruscicki, Mary Carol; Turck, Kurt</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>The objective of mission training exercises is to immerse the trainees into an environment that enables them to train like they would fight. The integration of modeling and simulation environments that can seamlessly leverage Live systems, and Virtual or Constructive models (LVC) as they are available offers a flexible and cost effective solution to extending the "war-gaming" environment to a realistic mission experience while evolving the development of the <span class="hlt">net</span>-centric enterprise. From concept to full <span class="hlt">production</span>, the impact of new capabilities on the infrastructure and concept of operations, can be assessed in the context of the enterprise, while also exposing them to the warfighter. Training is extended to tomorrow's tools, processes, and Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs). This paper addresses the challenges of a <span class="hlt">net</span>-centric modeling and simulation environment that is capable of representing a <span class="hlt">net</span>-centric enterprise. An overview of the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Airborne Networking Component Architecture Simulation Environment (AN-CASE) is provide as well as a discussion on how it is being used to assess technologies for the purpose of experimenting with new infrastructure mechanisms that enhance the scalability and reliability of the distributed mission operations environment.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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