31 CFR 92.3 - Manufacture and sale of “proof” coins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Manufacture and sale of âproofâ coins. 92.3 Section 92.3 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNITED STATES MINT OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES Numismatic Operations...

31 CFR 92.3 - Manufacture and sale of “proof” coins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Manufacture and sale of âproofâ coins. 92.3 Section 92.3 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNITED STATES MINT OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES Numismatic Operations...

Ancient Coins and their Modern Fakes: An Attempt of Physico-Chemical Unmasking.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mezzasalma, A. M.; Mondio, G.; Serafino, T.; De Fulvio, G.; Romeo, M.; Salici, A.

As a consequence of police operations in Messina (Sicily), a huge quantity of perfect imitations of ancient coins, realized by a sicilian forger, has been recently found. Such fakes have been realized by the lost wax casting technique and reproduce coins issued by different authorities in different historical epochs. In order to overcome the obvious subjectivity of the traditional (autoptical) numismatic analysis, which sometime provides contrasting interpretations, five of these fakes have been analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersed X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The results obtained have given information on the microstructure, the homogeneity and the elemental composition of the alloys used by the forger. Furthermore, evident traces of the chemical treatment utilized for the artificial ageing of the coins have been found. Due to the presumable and dangerous large diffusion of these sicilian fakes in the international market, the results of such analyses may certainly be of noticeable interest for Numismatics and forensic applications as well, representing a set of proofs to be used in the unmasking of analogous counterfeiting cases.

Linking Information to Objects: A Hypertext Prototype for Numismatists.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moline, Judi

1991-01-01

This report focuses on the user of a prototype hypertext application designed to help coin collectors link ancient coins with relevant numismatic information. It is noted that hypertext systems promote the collection of information that may be multimedia in nature and may be linked so that information can be accessed in a non-linear manner. The…

76 FR 67793 - Notification of Expanded Pricing Grid for Precious Metals Products Containing Platinum and Gold...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY United States Mint Notification of Expanded Pricing Grid for Precious... in the Federal Register on January 6, 2009, outlining the new pricing methodology for numismatic... considerably, and is approaching the upper bracket of the pricing grid. As a result, it is necessary to expand...

31 CFR 92.2 - Sale of “list” medals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES Numismatic Operations § 92.2 Sale of “list” medals. Medals on the regular Mint list, when available, are sold to the public at a charge sufficient to cover their cost, and to include mailing cost when mailed. Copies of the list of medals available for sale and their selling prices may be...

10 CFR 1050.302 - Use or disposal of gifts and decorations accepted on behalf of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... pending their final disposition. (b) Whenever possible, the gift or decoration shall be returned to the... adverse effect upon the United States foreign relations might result from return of the gift or decoration... possible historic or numismatic value), or is a noncash monetary gift such as a check, money order, bonds...

16 CFR 304.6 - Marking requirements for imitation numismatic items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension of not less than two millimeters (2.0 mm) or not... minimum total horizontal dimension of the word “COPY” shall be six millimeters (6.0 mm) or not less than... nonincusable material shall be imprinted with the word “COPY” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension...

16 CFR 304.6 - Marking requirements for imitation numismatic items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension of not less than two millimeters (2.0 mm) or not... minimum total horizontal dimension of the word “COPY” shall be six millimeters (6.0 mm) or not less than... nonincusable material shall be imprinted with the word “COPY” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension...

16 CFR 304.6 - Marking requirements for imitation numismatic items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension of not less than two millimeters (2.0 mm) or not... minimum total horizontal dimension of the word “COPY” shall be six millimeters (6.0 mm) or not less than... nonincusable material shall be imprinted with the word “COPY” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension...

16 CFR 304.6 - Marking requirements for imitation numismatic items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension of not less than two millimeters (2.0 mm) or not... minimum total horizontal dimension of the word “COPY” shall be six millimeters (6.0 mm) or not less than... nonincusable material shall be imprinted with the word “COPY” in sans-serif letters having a vertical dimension...

Micro-XRF analysis of silver coins from medieval Poland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

del Hoyo-Meléndez, Julio M.; Świt, Paweł; Matosz, Marta; Woźniak, Mateusz; Klisińska-Kopacz, Anna; Bratasz, Łukasz

2015-04-01

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis has become a standard method in archaeological science due to its non-invasive and non-destructive nature. This technique has extensively been used for the study of numismatic collections since the data derived from it can be correlated with manufacturing processes, provenance of raw materials, and geographical distribution of ancient mints. A group of 71 silver coins of the first Piasts: Boleslaus the Brave (996-1025) and Mieszko II Lambert (1025-1034) belonging to the collections of the National Museum in Krakow have been characterized using micro-XRF spectrometry. This is the most numerous collection of their coins representing nearly 30% of all known coins from these rulers. The research has focused on evaluating the use of this technique as a screening tool for elemental surface characterization of the alloys. Surveyed coins are mainly constituted by Ag, Cu and Pb along with trace levels of Fe, Ni, Zn, Au, Hg, Bi, and Br. Quantitative analyses have revealed Ag contents in the 81.6-97.5% range for all the evaluated coins. This study had the goal of providing information about the elemental composition of these objects, which will serve to enhance the existing knowledge about geographical and chronological diversification of Polish numismatic collections.

EDXRF study of Indian punch-marked silver coins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vijayan, V.; Rautray, T. R.; Basa, D. K.

2004-09-01

Coins are important archaeological objects that can provide valuable information regarding coin minting methodology and provenance as well as politics and economics of the time. Punch-marked coins are the oldest known numismatics used in ancient India. 23 Indian punch-marked silver coins were analysed, for the first time, by using multi-elemental non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Our study reveals that silver, copper, iron, gold and lead are the significant constituents of the Indian punch marked silver coins, with minor/trace of elements like Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, As and Y also seems to indicate the fragmentation as well as the impoverishment of the power for the regimes that had produced the studied coins.

Neutron tomographic analysis: Material characterization of silver and electrum coins from the 6th and 5th centuries BCE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Salvemini, F., E-mail: filomena.salvemini@ansto.go

Neutron tomography was applied to study a set of Greek silver coins and a single Lydian electrum coin minted in the 6 and 5th centuries BCE. The investigation was conducted at the new neutron imaging station DINGO at ANSTO in order to demonstrate capabilities and to explore limits of this non-invasive method in characterizing numismatic materials. From the reconstructed volume of each sample, the morphology, porosity, inclusions, and presence of composite structures can be revealed and evaluated. This information can be used to elucidate ancient minting technology and to prove authenticity. Moreover, the state of conservation, corrosion processes and attemptsmore » to repair the coins can be determined. - Highlights: •Pre-Roman coins •Non-destructive analysis •Neutron tomography: limit and capability.« less

'Magic coins' and 'magic squares': the discovery of astrological sigils in the Oldenburg Letters.

PubMed

Roos, Anna Marie

2008-09-20

Enclosed in a 1673 letter to Henry Oldenburg were two drawings of a series of astrological sigils, coins and amulets from the collection of Strasbourg mathematician Julius Reichelt (1637-1719). As portrayals of particular medieval and early modern sigils are relatively rare, this paper will analyse the role of these medals in medieval and early modern medicine, the logic behind their perceived efficacy, and their significance in early modern astrological and cabalistic practice. I shall also demonstrate their change in status in the late seventeenth century from potent magical healing amulets tied to the mysteries of the heavens to objects kept in a cabinet for curiosos. The evolving perception of the purpose of sigils mirrored changing early modem beliefs in the occult influences of the heavens upon the body and the natural world, as well as the growing interests among virtuosi in collecting, numismatics and antiquities.

XRF and micro-PIXE studies of inhomogeneity of ancient bronze and silver alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasilescu, A.; Constantinescu, B.; Stan, D.; Talmatchi, G.; Ceccato, D.

2017-09-01

New results regarding alloy composition and microstructure for a series of ancient bronze and silver items by X-ray Fluorescence and micro-Particle Induced X-ray Emission spectrometry were obtained in the framework of an extensive numismatic project (Scythian-type arrowheads, arrowhead-shaped monetary signs and wheel coins produced by Histria, 7th-4th century of BCE, and Dacian Radulesti-Hunedoara-type silver tetradrachms, 2nd-1st century of BCE). In Histria, warfare arrowheads were used for trade with Barbarian neighbors at first, then mechanically modified, next melted and cast as dedicated monetary signs, being, in the end, replaced by wheel coins. Three different types of alloys have been identified, and Cu-Mn and Cu-Pb segregation shown. In a blank for Radulesti-Hunedoara-type coins, Ag-(Cu+Pb) segregation has been demonstrated, suggesting an imperfectly alloyed silver-leaded bronze.

The Ilac-Project Supporting Ancient Coin Classification by Means of Image Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavelar, A.; Zambanini, S.; Kampel, M.; Vondrovec, K.; Siegl, K.

2013-07-01

This paper presents the ILAC project, which aims at the development of an automated image-based classification system for ancient Roman Republican coins. The benefits of such a system are manifold: operating at the suture between computer vision and numismatics, ILAC can reduce the day-to-day workload of numismatists by assisting them in classification tasks and providing a preselection of suitable coin classes. This is especially helpful for large coin hoard findings comprising several thousands of coins. Furthermore, this system could be implemented in an online platform for hobby numismatists, allowing them to access background information about their coin collection by simply uploading a photo of obverse and reverse for the coin of interest. ILAC explores different computer vision techniques and their combinations for the use of image-based coin recognition. Some of these methods, such as image matching, use the entire coin image in the classification process, while symbol or legend recognition exploit certain characteristics of the coin imagery. An overview of the methods explored so far and the respective experiments is given as well as an outlook on the next steps of the project.

Militares medici in nummis repraesentati: the heritage of military medicine in coins and medals.

PubMed

Pearn, John

2002-01-01

Coins and commemorative medals constitute one special repository of the history of military medicine. The numismatic record has proven to be the most enduring, albeit one of the most selective, records of the progress of history. Matters of health, and especially of military medicine, have been central to the endeavors and indeed the survival of many cultures and societies. Many such themes in the national and international history of military medicine are preserved in the medallic record. Coins and medallions thus constitute one record of the chronology of this profession, one parallel to that of the more traditional history to be found in oral and written records. This account presents a four-part classification of medical coins and medals of military interest. These examples include (1) medals that portray military surgeons and physicians; (2) medals that commemorate special events of military medicine: (3) coins that portray the themes of the discipline of military medicine and health; and (4) a miscellaneous group that includes such examples as disease "touch pieces" and the militarily worn medals of such bodies as the International Red Cross and the Order of St. John, the latter of which are awarded inter alia for contributions to prehospital care in the field. A representative photo archive of such exemplars is included in this account.

A Golden Drachma From Bruttia: Counterfeit Money Revealed By Scanning Electron Microscopy and Cathodoluminescence.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pingitore, Valentino; Barberio, Marianna; Oliva, Antonino; Noce, Nicoletta; Gattuso, Caterina; Davoli, Mariano

Diagnostic studies performed on an ancient coin are presented in order to find if the coin is authentic or is a coinage proof. Our investigation includes Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Cathodoluminescence (CL). The coin is a Drachma representing on the obverse the portrait of Poseidon and, on the reverse the figure of Anfitrite riding a seahorse while Eros is shooting an arrow. The coin is well known in the numismatic studies and originals can also be found in Catanzaro, Naples or Milan museums. The EDX analysis, executed on narrow points of the surface, revealed Pb and Cu as main components of the coin on both sides: 51% of Pb and 35% of Cu their weight and surprisingly on both sides traces of gold was found. The maximum dimensions and the percentage in weight of the small revealed gold spots were respectively on the order of 20 μm and 95%. At the same time luminescence emission induced by electron bombardment (CL) on these spots was executed. This analysis confirmed SEM results, though the presence of Au was more evident than in SEM analysis. In fact CL analysis showed a little presence of Au throughout the sample surface.

Estimation of distribution overlap of urn models.

PubMed

Hampton, Jerrad; Lladser, Manuel E

2012-01-01

A classical problem in statistics is estimating the expected coverage of a sample, which has had applications in gene expression, microbial ecology, optimization, and even numismatics. Here we consider a related extension of this problem to random samples of two discrete distributions. Specifically, we estimate what we call the dissimilarity probability of a sample, i.e., the probability of a draw from one distribution not being observed in [Formula: see text] draws from another distribution. We show our estimator of dissimilarity to be a [Formula: see text]-statistic and a uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator of dissimilarity over the largest appropriate range of [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, despite the non-Markovian nature of our estimator when applied sequentially over [Formula: see text], we show it converges uniformly in probability to the dissimilarity parameter, and we present criteria when it is approximately normally distributed and admits a consistent jackknife estimator of its variance. As proof of concept, we analyze V35 16S rRNA data to discern between various microbial environments. Other potential applications concern any situation where dissimilarity of two discrete distributions may be of interest. For instance, in SELEX experiments, each urn could represent a random RNA pool and each draw a possible solution to a particular binding site problem over that pool. The dissimilarity of these pools is then related to the probability of finding binding site solutions in one pool that are absent in the other.

[Ludovicus Nonnius (1553-1645) Marrano physician in Antwerp, author of the 'Diaeteticon'].

PubMed

Tricot, J P

1996-01-01

In 1492 and 1497 respectively the King of Spain and the King of Portugal promulgated decrees expelling jewish families from the Iberic Peninsula. The Nuñes family, that came to live in Antwerp at about 1550, was of marranic iberian descent. Alvarez Nuñes, Luis's (Ludovicus) father was for some time professor of medicine at the Louvain University and he practised private medicine in Antwerp for 30 years. He belonged to the group of Portuguese-marranic physicians who in Antwerp gave medicine a new impulse in the XVIth century, thanks to the return to Arabic-Islamic sources and consequently to the Greek tradition. The art of printing, in full expansion in Antwerp (e.g. Christophe Plantin), had also a stimulating influence. Ludovicus Nonnius was born in Antwerp in 1553; he obtained his medical degree in about 1577 in Louvain and settled down in his native town. He built up an important practice and became in 1620 a cofounder of the first medical society in the Southern Netherlands, the 'Collegium Medicum Antverpiense'. As physician, naturalist, writer, latin poet, numismatist and connaisseur of the Greek and Latin authors, this man is a good example of a Renaissance humanist. He died in 1645 at the age of 92. Numerous data point to his friendship with Rubens. Firstly, the frontispieces of two of Nonnius' books were signed by the Antwerp master. Secondly, there is Nonnius' portrait by Rubens. Thirdly, Rubens asked several times for Nonnius' medical advice. The artist appreciated especially his dietary prescriptions. Numerous writings from the hand of Ludovicus Nonnius have been preserved: his correspondence with Justus Lipsius and with the physician and writer from Dordrecht, Jan van Beverwyck, his comments on Latin classics, books on geography and history and several books on numismatics. A special merit of the author is that he can be considered to be the founder of medical dietetics. He was the first to systematically study foods from a medical and hygienic point of view. His work, however, is based upon empiricism and the booklearning of his century. The first of Nonnius' books on dietetics, "Ichthyophagia", describes 37 species of noble fish. He asserts that eating fish is very healthy. The main work of Nonnius is his "Diaeteticon sive de re cibaria libri IV" (first edition 1627, second edition 1645). The four parts of the "Diaeteticon" are full of references to and comments on numerous authors. In his first book he exposes the basic principles of a healthy feeding. Then follows the description of four kinds of bread, an enumeration of vegetables and fruit, with a description of their action upon the body humors. Finally a praise of salt, the universal preserving substance. The second part treats meat, even pork, that, according to Nonnius, may be eaten moderately. In the third book the produce of sea and rivers are examined, in fact a new version of the "Ichthyophagia". Finally in the "Liber Quartus" Nonnius discusses beverages: he describes several sorts of wine and the advises against the mixing of wines. Nonnius gave a great importance to the curative properties of mineral water, for instance by kidney stones. This subject was also dealt with in the correspondence between Nonnius and van Beverwyck. The mild pinotherapy was in any case more advisable than the lithotomy applied in season and out of season at that time. Nonnius' works had a great notoriety which was a rare fact for books about medicine. Nowadays, the general principles the author formulated about 'healthy food' are still valuable. In his view they evidently lean only on empirism; that is why many of his counsels cannot be followed any longer. Nevertheless the insistence of Nonxius on eating fish and drinking mineral water may still be fully agreed with.